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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/78804-0.txt b/78804-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c4a23a --- /dev/null +++ b/78804-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14873 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78804 *** + + + + +Transcriber’s Notes: + + Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ + in the original text. + Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= + in the original text. + Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. + Deprecated spellings have been preserved. + Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + + STUDIES OF CHESS; + CONTAINING + CAISSA, A POEM, + + BY + SIR WILLIAM JONES; + + _A Systematic Introduction to the Game_; + AND + THE WHOLE + ANALYSIS OF CHESS, + + COMPOSED BY + MR. A. D. PHILIDOR: + + WITH + Original Critical Remarks. + + IN TWO VOLUMES. + + “_Ludimus effigiem belli._” + + VOL. I. + + London: + PRINTED FOR SAMUEL BAGSTER, NO. 81, STRAND. + + 1803. + + _Printed by W. Smith, + King Street, Seven Dials._ + + + + +_Contents of the First Volume._ + + + PAGE + Caïssa, a Poem, by Sir William Jones 1 + Introduction to Chess 21 + Elementary Institutes 23 + Description of the Pieces 24 + General Maxims 35 + Progressive Examples—First Essay 54 + —— —— Second Essay 68 + Scale of Powers 82 + Second Essay resumed 85 + The Scholar’s-Mate 98 + Game of Combinations 112 + Analysis of Chess 125 + Philidor’s own Games—First Party 127 + —— —— —— Second Party 143 + —— —— —— Third Party 157 + —— —— —— Fourth Party 175 + Philidor’s First Gambit 190 + —— Second Gambit 212 + —— Third Gambit 235 + The Cunningham Gambit 251 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Chess is distinguished from other games, by having long had the +suffrages of contemplative men in its favor; the countenance of +illustrious characters of the most opposite professions. Generals have +modelled their operations on its little portable field; philosophers +have traced consequences through its range of combinations; divines +have exercised contemplation in its vicissitudes. Teeming, through its +varied progress and turns, with excitements to thinking, it is, in its +essential tendency, a _gymnasium_ of the mind. + +It is unnecessary to insist on the right of this game to be classed +alone, as the distinction with which it is viewed is a general +sentiment. The EDITOR is equally unoriginal on another subject, his +own merely coinciding with public impressions. This is the excellence +of the work of PHILIDOR, as a deposit of science and experience. It +is a publication intrinsically pervaded by invention and skill. The +substance alone is, however, entitled to unqualified eulogy: it must be +admitted, that PHILIDOR presented it in a dress capable of improvement. +This partly arose from an implicit adoption of terms which he found +in the game; and partly from the difficulty of giving his ideas an +expression, as clear as their conception, when conveying them in a +foreign language. + +Hence the EDITOR found it necessary to recompose some, and to retouch +almost all the notes of the _ANALYSIS_. For any degree of obscurity +which may remain, or have acceded, he is thus become chargeable. He +hopes he has not unsuccessfully endeavoured at clearness; and he felt +it not a duty, incumbent on his province, to aim at elegance. + +In the notation of the moves, the following are the principal +alterations upon which he has ventured. When the first lessons at Chess +were given to PHILIDOR, a habit of speaking of a piece, as making two +moves at once, infected his masters; and he imbibed it. “The king’s +pawn _two moves_.” It would be as proper to direct a bishop to make at +once seven moves. For phrases which have been repeated till they cease +to be strange, in marking the distance to be passed by a pawn, the +EDITOR uses the phrases, “_one square_”—“_two squares_.” + +When two or three captures succeed without intermission, he found the +word _retake_ employed. But a piece once lost, is recovered by a +different process than capture; and though a player may make reprisals +or retaliate, he cannot, by any latitude of accommodation, be said +to retake. As this expression must perplex a novitiate, by implying +a resemblance in Chess and arms, which, in this respect, does not +exist, and cannot be agreeable to the proficient who considers its +incorrectness, it is rescinded, in the present copy, for the simple +word _take_. + +The term _double check_ was indiscriminately applied, in the +_ANALYSIS_, to a situation which it precisely marks, and to another +situation. _The king in check with two pieces_, and _one piece taking +such an attitude to give check, that a part of the assailing power +diverges on a second piece_, are, surely, different relations of the +mimic forces. The EDITOR has introduced the new term _divergent check_, +for the latter situation + +The high reputation of PHILIDOR, has not deterred the EDITOR from +critically examining each successive example in the ANALYSIS, whether +invented or adopted; and if an inquisitorial review has detected +circumstances, in the collision of the pieces, which appear to flow +from oversight, it is a just encomium on that accomplished player, that +they are very few. Aware of the delicacy with which movements dependent +on complicate play should be touched, the EDITOR has uniformly retained +the original course assigned by PHILIDOR; with regard to any change +of course, merely proposing it in a stricture, or pursuing it in the +detached form of a variation. + +The _ANALYSIS_, as left by our professor, was not accompanied by a +compendium of the first elements of Chess, though a standard display of +the constitution of the game must be more or less necessary to every +person who consults a Chess Book. The _INTRODUCTION_ now prefixed, +proceeds on the supposition, that the reader is an inquirer on _every_ +point connected with the board and pieces; any other idea excludes +method, and involves rejections that may be attributed to caprice. The +divisions will enable each reader to pass, in masses, those particulars +of which he does not want to be informed. + +The rising series of games form an ascent to _PHILIDOR_. The inceptive +party is interspersed with moves which are declared to be wrong: +these may have a parallel use with the examples of false construction +inserted in grammars. The latter have long been pronounced to furnish +an improving exercise. + +The scale of powers is a branch of Theory, new in its design. An +engaging part of the work remains to be noticed. + +The Poem of Sir WILLIAM JONES is introduced as a relief from a serious +application to the game, and an elegant embellishment. Among its +numerous beauties, the description of the operations of the knight, +may be pointed out as eminently happy. The reader of taste, far from +disapproving the assignation of twenty pages to this admired effusion, +will regret that the recreative flight is so soon suspended; and the +amateur and polite scholar will hail, with pleasure, such a classical +offering to Chess. + + + + + CAÏSSA . + OR + THE GAME AT CHESS. + + A POEM. + + WRITTEN IN THE YEAR 1763. + BY SIR WILLIAM JONES. + + +The first idea of the following piece was taken from a Latin poem of +Vida, entitled SCACCHIA LUDUS, which was translated into Italian by +Marino, and inserted in the fifteenth Canto of his Adonis: the author +thought it fair to make an acknowledgment in the notes for the passages +which he borrowed from those two poets; but he must also do them the +justice to declare, that most of the descriptions, and the whole story +of Caïssa, which is written in imitation of Ovid, are his own, and +their faults must be imputed to him only. The characters in the poem +are no less imaginary than those in the episode; in which the invention +of Chess is poetically ascribed to Mars, though it is certain that the +game was originally brought from India. + +CAÏSSA. + + Of[1] armies on the chequer’d field array’d, + And guiltless war in pleasing form display’d; + When two bold kings contend with vain alarms, + In ivory this, and that in ebon arms; + Sing, sportive maids, that haunt the sacred hill + Of Pindus, and the fam’d Pierian rill. + [2]Thou, joy of all below, and all above, + Mild Venus, queen of laughter, queen of love; + Leave thy bright island, where on many a rose + And many a pink thy blooming train repose: + Assist me, goddess! since a lovely pair + Command my song, like thee divinely fair. + +[1] Ludimus effigiem belli, simulataque veris Prælia, buxo acies +fictas, et ludicra regna: Ut gemini inter se reges, albusque nigerque, +Pro laude oppositi certent bicoloribus armis. Dicite, Seriades Nymphæ, +certamina tanta. _Vida._ + + +[2] Æneadum genitrix, hominum divûmque voluptas, Alma Venus! &c. +_Lucretius._ + + + Near yon cool stream, whose living waters play, + And rise translucent in the solar ray; + Beneath the covert of a fragrant bower, + Where spring’s soft influence purpled every flower; + Two smiling nymphs reclin’d in calm retreat, + And envying blossoms crouded round their seat; + Here Delia was enthron’d, and by her side + The sweet Sirena, both in beauty’s pride: + Thus shine two roses, fresh with early bloom, + That from their native stalk dispense perfume; + Their leaves unfolding to the dawning day + Gems of the glowing mead, and eyes of May. + A band of youths and damsels sat around, + Their flowing locks with braided myrtle bound; + Agatis, in the graceful dance admir’d, + And gentle Thyrsis, by the muse inspir’d; + With Sylvia, fairest of the mirthful train; + And Daphnis, doom’d to love, yet love in vain. + Now, whilst a purer blush o’erspreads her cheeks, + With soothing accents thus Sirena speaks: + + “The meads and lawns are ting’d with beamy light, + “And wakeful larks begin their vocal flight; + “Whilst on each bank the dewdrops sweetly smile; + “What sport, my Delia, shall the hours beguile? + “Shall heavenly notes, prolong’d with various art, + “Charm the fond ear, and warm the rapturous heart? + “At distance shall we view the sylvan chace? + “Or catch with silken lines the finny race?” + + Then Delia thus: “Or rather, since we meet + “By chance assembled in this cool retreat, + “In artful contest let our warlike train + “Move well-directed o’er the colour’d plain; + “Daphnis, who taught us first, the play shall guide; + “Explain its laws, and o’er the field preside: + “No prize we need, our ardour to inflame; + “We fight with pleasure, if we fight for fame.” + + The nymph consents: the maids and youths prepare + To view the combat, and the sport to share: + But Daphnis most approv’d the bold design, + Whom Love instructed, and the tuneful Nine. + He rose, and on the cedar table plac’d + A polish’d board, with differing colours grac’d; + [3]Squares eight times eight in equal order lie; + These bright as snow, those dark with sable dye; + Like the broad target by the tortoise born, + Or like the hide by spotted panthers worn. + Then from a chest, with harmless heroes stor’d, + O’er the smooth plain two well-wrought hosts he pour’d; + The champions burn’d their rivals to assail. + [4]Twice eight in black, twice eight in milkwhite mail; + In shape and station different, as in name, + Their motions various, nor their power the same. + Say, muse! (for Jove has nought from thee conceal’d) + Who form’d the legions on the level field? + +[3] Sexaginta insunt et quatuor ordine sedes Octono; parte ex omni, via +limite quadrat Ordinibus paribus; necnon forma omnibus una Sedibus, +æquale et spatium, sed non color unus: Alternant semper variæ, +subeuntque vicissim Albentes nigris; testudo picta superne Qualia +devexo gestat discrimina tergo. _Vida._ + + +[4] Agmina bina pari numeroque, et viribus æquis, Bis niveâ cum veste +octo, totidemque nigranti. Ut variæ facies, pariter sunt et sua cuique +Nomina, diversum munus, non æqua potestas. _Vida._ + + + High in the midst the reverend kings appear, + And o’er the rest their pearly scepters rear: + One solemn step, majestically slow, + They gravely move, and shun the dangerous foe; + If e’er they call, the watchful subjects spring, + And die with rapture if they save their king; + On him the glory of the day depends, + He once imprison’d, all the conflict ends. + + The queens exulting near their consorts stand; + Each bears a deadly falchion in her hand; + Now here, now there, they bound with furious pride, + And thin the trembling ranks from side to side; + Swift as Camilla flying o’er the main, + Or lightly skimming o’er the dewy plain: + Fierce as they seem, some bold Plebeian spear + May pierce their shield, or stop their full career. + + The valiant guards, their minds on havock bent, + Fill the next squares, and watch the royal tent; + Tho’ weak their spears, tho’ dwarfish be their height, + [5]Compact they move, the bulwark of the fight. + + To right and left the martial wings display + Their shining arms, and stand in close array. + Behold, four archers, eager to advance, + Send the light reed, and rush with sidelong glance; + Through angles ever they assault the foes, + True to the colour, which at first they chose. + Then four bold knights for courage fam’d and speed, + Each knight exalted on a prancing steed: + [6]Their arching course no vulgar limit knows, + Transverse they leap, and aim insidious blows: + Nor friends, nor foes, their rapid force restrain, + By one quick bound two changing squares they gain; + From varying hues renew the fierce attack, + And rush from black to white, from white to black. + Four solemn elephants the sides defend; + Beneath the load of ponderous towers they bend: + In one unalter’d line they tempt the fight; + Now crush the left, and now o’erwhelm the right. + Bright in the front the dauntless soldiers raise + Their polish’d spears; their steely helmets blaze: + Prepar’d they stand the daring foe to strike, + Direct their progress, but their wounds oblique. + +[5] The chief art in the Tactics of Chess consists in the nice conduct +of the royal pawns; in supporting them against every attack; and, +if they are taken, in supplying their places with others equally +supported: a principle, on which the success of the game in great +measure depends, though it seems to be omitted by the very accurate +Vida. + +[6] Il cavallo leggier per dritta lista, Come gli altri, l’ arringo +unqua non fende, Mà la lizza attraversa, e fiero in vista Curvo in +giro, e lunato il salto stende, E sempre nel saltar due case acquista, +Quel colore abbandona, e questo prende. _Marino, Adone. 15._ + + Now swell th’ embattled troops with hostile rage, + And clang their shields, impatient to engage; + When Daphnis thus: A varied plain behold, + Where fairy kings their mimick tents unfold, + As Oberon, and Mab, his wayward queen, + Lead forth their armies on the daisied green. + No mortal hand the wondrous sport contriv’d, + By Gods invented, and from Gods deriv’d; + [7]From them the British nymphs receiv’d the game, + And play each morn beneath the crystal Thame; + Hear then the tale, which they to Colin sung, + As idling o’er the lucid wave he hung. + +[7] Quæ quondam sub aquis gaudent spectacla tueri Nereides, vastique +omnis gens accola ponti; Siquando placidum mare, et humida regna +quierunt. _Vida._ + + + A lovely Dryad rang’d the Thracian wild, + Her air enchanting, and her aspect mild: + To chase the bounding hart was all her joy, + Averse from Hymen, and the Cyprian boy; + O’er hills and valleys was her beauty fam’d, + And fair Caïssa was the damsel nam’d. + Mars saw the maid; with deep surprise he gaz’d, + Admir’d her shape, and every gesture prais’d: + His golden bow the child of Venus bent, + And through his breast a piercing arrow sent: + The reed was Hope; the feathers, keen Desire; + The point, her eyes; the barbs, ethereal fire, + Soon to the nymph he pour’d his tender strain; + The haughty Dryad scorn’d his amorous pain: + He told his woes, where’er the maid he found, + And still he press’d, yet still Caïssa frown’d; + But ev’n her frowns (ah, what smiles have done!) + Fir’d all his soul, and all his senses won. + He left his car, by raging tigers drawn, + And lonely wander’d o’er the dusky lawn; + Then lay desponding near a murmuring stream, + And fair Caïssa was his plaintive theme. + A Naiad heard him from her mossy bed, + And through the crystal rais’d her placid head; + Then mildly spake: “O thou, whom love inspires, + “Thy tears will nourish, nor allay thy fires. + “The smiling blossoms drink the pearly dew; + “And ripening fruit the feather’d race pursue; + “The scaly shoals devour the silken weeds; + “Love on our sighs, and on our sorrow feeds. + “Then weep no more; but, ere thou canst obtain + “Balm to thy wounds, and solace to thy pain, + “With gentle art thy martial look beguile; + “Be mild, and teach thy rugged brow to smile. + “Canst thou no play, no soothing game devise; + “To make thee lovely in the damsel’s eyes? + “So may thy prayers assuage the scornful dame, + “And ev’n Caïssa own a mutual flame. + “Kind nymph, said Mars, thy counsel I approve; + “Art, only art, her ruthless breast can move. + “But when? or how? Thy dark discourse explain: + “So may thy stream ne’er swell with gushing rain; + “So may thy waves in one pure current flow, + And flowers eternal on thy border blow!” + + To whom the maid replied with smiling mien: + “Above the palace of the Paphian queen + “[8]Love’s brother dwells, a boy of graceful port, + “By gods nam’d Euphron, and by mortals Sport: + “Seek him; to faithful ears unfold thy grief, + “And hope, ere morn return, a sweet relief. + “His temple hangs below the azure skies; + “Seest thou yon argent cloud? ’Tis there it lies.” + This said, she sunk beneath the liquid plain, + And sought the mansion of her blue-hair’d train. + +[8] Ecco d’astuto ingegno, e pronta mano Garzon, che sempre scherza, e +vola ratto. _Gioco_ s’apella, ed è _d’amor germano_. _Marino, Adone. +15._ + + + Meantime the god, elate with heart-felt joy, + Had reach’d the temple of the sportful boy; + He told Caïssa’s charms, his kindled fire, + The Naiad’s counsel, and his warm desire. + “Be swift, he added, give my passion aid; + “A god requests.”—He spake, and Sport obey’d. + He fram’d a tablet of celestial mold, + Inlay’d with squares of silver and of gold; + Then of two metals form’d the warlike band, + That here compact in show of battle stand; + He taught the rules that guide the pensive game, + And call’d it _Cassa_ from the Dryad’s name: + (Whence Albion’s sons, who most its praise confess, + Approv’d the play, and nam’d it thoughtful _Chess_.) + The god delighted thank’d indulgent Sport; + Then grasp’d the board, and left his airy court. + With radiant feet he pierc’d the clouds; nor stay’d, + Till in the woods he saw the beauteous maid: + Tir’d with the chase the damsel set reclin’d, + Her girdle loose, her bosom unconfin’d. + He took the figure of a wanton Faun, + And stood before her on the flowery lawn; + Then show’d his tablet: pleas’d the nymph survey’d + The lifeless troops in glittering ranks display’d; + She ask’d the wily sylvan to explain + The various motions of the splendid train; + With eager heart she caught the winning lore, + And thought ev’n Mars less hateful than before; + “What spell, said she, deceiv’d my careless mind? + “The god was fair, and I was most unkind.” + She spoke, and saw the changing Faun assume + A milder aspect, and a fairer bloom; + His wreathing horns, that from his temples grew, + Flow’d down in curls of bright celestial hue; + The dappled hairs, that veil’d his loveless face, + Blaz’d into beams, and show’d a heavenly grace; + The shaggy hide, that mantled o’er his breast, + Was soften’d to a smooth transparent vest, + That through its folds his vigorous bosom show’d, + And nervous limbs, where youthful ardour glow’d: + (Had Venus view’d him in those blooming charms, + Not Vulcan’s net had forc’d her from his arms.) + With goatlike feet no more he mark’d the ground, + But braided flowers his silken sandals bound. + The Dryad blush’d; and, as he press’d her, smil’d, + Whilst all his cares one tender glance beguil’d. + + He ends: _To arms_, the maids and striplings cry; + _To arms_, the groves and sounding vales reply. + Sirena led to war the swarthy crew, + And Delia those that bore the lily’s hue. + Who first, O muse, began the bold attack; + The white refulgent, or the mournful black? + Fair Delia first, as favouring lots ordain, + Moves her pale legions tow’rd the sable train: + From thought to thought her lively fancy flies, + Whilst o’er the board she darts her sparkling eyes. + + At length the warrior moves with haughty strides; + Who from the plain the snowy king divides: + With equal haste his swarthy rival bounds; + His quiver rattles, and his buckler sounds: + Ah! hapless youths, with fatal warmth you burn; + Laws, ever fix’d, forbid you to return. + Then from the wing a short-liv’d spearman flies, + Unsafely bold, and see! he dies, he dies: + The dark-brow’d hero, with one vengeful blow + Of life and place deprives his ivory foe. + Now rush both armies o’er the burnish’d field, + Hurl the swift dart, and rend the bursting shield. + Here furious knights on fiery coursers prance, + Here archers spring, and lofty towers advance. + But see! the white-rob’d Amazon beholds + Where the dark host its opening van unfolds: + Soon as her eye discerns the hostile maid, + By ebon shield, and ebon helm betray’d; + Seven squares she passes with majestic mien, + And stands triumphant o’er the falling queen. + Perplex’d, and sorrowing at his consort’s fate, + The monarch burn’d with rage, despair, and hate: + Swift from his zone th’ avenging blade he drew, + And, mad with ire, the proud virago slew. + Meanwhile sweet smiling Delia’s wary king + Retir’d from fight behind his circling wing. + + Long time the war in equal balance hung; + Till, unforeseen, an ivory courser sprung, + And, wildly prancing in an evil hour, + Attack’d at once the monarch and the tower: + Sirena blush’d; for, as the rules requir’d, + Her injur’d sovereign to his tent retir’d; + Whilst her lost castle leaves his threatening height, + And adds new glory to th’ exulting knight. + + At this, pale fear oppress’d the drooping maid, + And on her cheek the rose began to fade: + A crystal tear, that stood prepar’d to fall, + She wip’d in silence, and conceal’d from all; + From all but Daphnis: He remark’d her pain, + And saw the weakness of her ebon train; + Then gently spoke: “Let me your loss supply, + “And either nobly win, or nobly die; + “Me oft has fortune crown’d with fair success, + “And led to triumph in the fields of Chess.” + He said: the willing nymph her place resign’d, + And sat at distance on the bank reclin’d. + Thus when Minerva call’d her chief to arms, + And Troy’s high turret shook with dire alarms, + The Cyprian goddess wounded left the plain, + And Mars engag’d a mightier force in vain. + + Strait Daphnis leads his squadron to the field; + (To Delia’s arms ’tis ev’n a joy to yield.) + Each guileful snare, and subtle art he tries, + But finds his heart less powerful than her eyes: + Wisdom and strength superior charms obey; + And beauty, beauty, wins the long-fought day. + By this a hoary chief, on slaughter bent, + Approach’d the gloomy king’s unguarded tent; + Where, late, his consort spread dismay around, + Now her dark corse lies bleeding on the ground. + Hail, happy youth! thy glories not unsung + Shall live eternal on the poet’s tongue; + For thou shalt soon receive a splendid change, + And o’er the plain with nobler fury range. + The swarthy leaders saw the storm impend, + And strove in vain their sovereign to defend: + Th’ invader wav’d his silver lance in air, + And flew like lightning to the fatal square; + His limbs dilated in a moment grew + To stately height, and widen’d to the view; + More fierce his look, more lion-like his mien, + Sublime he mov’d, and seem’d a warrior queen. + As when the sage on some unfolding plant + Has caught a wandering fly, or frugal ant, + His hand the microscopick frame applies, + And lo! a bright hair’d monster meets his eyes; + He sees new plumes in slender cases roll’d; + Here stain’d with azure, there bedropp’d with gold; + Thus, on the alter’d chief both armies gaze, + And both the kings are fix’d with deep amaze. + The sword, which arm’d the snow-white maid before, + He now assumes, and hurls the spear no more; + Then springs indignant on the dark-rob’d band, + And knights and archers feel his deadly hand. + + Now flies the monarch of the sable shield, + His legions vanquish’d, o’er the lonely field: + [9]So when the morn, by rosy coursers drawn, + With pearls and rubies sows the verdant lawn, + Whilst each pale star from heaven’s blue vault retires, + Still Venus gleams, and last of all expires. + He hears, where’er he moves, the dreadful sound; + _Check_ the deep vales, and _Check_ the woods rebound. + No place remains: he sees the certain fate, + And yields his throne to ruin, and Check-mate. + + A brighter blush o’erspreads the damsel’s cheeks, + And mildly thus the conquer’d stripling speaks: + “A double triumph, Delia, hast thou won, + “By Mars protected, and by Venus’ son; + “The first with conquest crowns thy matchless art, + “The second points those eyes at Daphnis’ heart.” + She smil’d; the nymphs and amorous youths arise, + And own that beauty gain’d the nobler prize. + + Low in their chest the mimic troops were lay’d, + [10]And peaceful slept the sable hero’s shade. + +[9] —— Medio rex æquore inermis Constitit amissis sociis: velut æthere +in alto Expulit ardentes flammas ubi lutea bigis Luciferis Aurora, +tuus pulcherrimus ignis Lucet adhuc, Venus, et cœlo mox ultimus exit. +_Vida_, ver 604. + +[10] A parody of the last line in Pope’s translation of the Iliad, +“And peaceful slept the mighty Hector’s shade.” + + + + + + A + SYSTEMATIC + _INTRODUCTION_ + TO + + THE GAME OF CHESS. + +INTRODUCTION TO CHESS. + + +CHAPTER I. + +=_Elementary Institutes_=. + +The board on which this game is played, like that used at _Draughts_, +is a square, divided into sixty-four lesser squares, and checquered +black and white. At _Chess_ these squares have the technical name of +_houses_, and are all made use of in play. + +In placing the board, care must be taken that one of the two white +corner squares be at the right hand of each player. _Note_—That when +the board is in this position, the several ranges of houses running +in a strait line from left to right, are called _ranks_; those +perpendicular to them, running from one player to the other, take the +name of _files_, and the two ranges, sloping from one corner of the +board to the opposite, (one of white, the other of black squares, +touching at the corner), are _diagonals_; so are the lesser ranges +which run in a parallel direction. + + +THE PIECES + +Allotted to each competitor are sixteen, viz. a king, a queen, two +bishops, two knights, two rooks, and eight pawns. As a necessary +distinction, each set is coloured in a different way; one is commonly +white, the other red or black. + +THE DISPOSITION OF THE PIECES ON THE BOARD + +Is as follows: The white king is to be seated on the first or nearest +rank, on the fourth house (a black one) from that corner of the board +which is to the right of the player to whom he belongs; his queen +close to him on his left, on a house of her own colour—on one side of +each of these, a bishop—adjoining each of the bishops, a knight—and +last of all, at the corners of the board, the two rooks. Having thus +arranged the first line, let the whole of the second rank be occupied +by the pawns, one before each of the dignified pieces. As to the +counter set, the black king is to be placed on the farther side of the +board, exactly opposite the white one—his queen opposite the white +queen—and so on; placing all the pieces opposite those of corresponding +denominations—the pawns on the second rank as before. + +To illustrate what has been said, and to prevent any misunderstanding +respecting it, as well as to shew the forms of the pieces, the plate +forming the frontispiece is given; which see. + +THEIR POWERS AND MODE OF ACTION. + +The gradation in rising from the lowest, to the higher pieces, will +shew the _comparative worth of each kind_. + +I. Of the PAWN. When one of the pawns is moved, it must be along the +file in which he has been first placed, in a strait line towards the +adverse party. The first move may be either _one_ or _two_ squares, at +the option of the player: after which, no one of them, while he remains +a pawn, can advance more than _one_ house at a time. When once brought +out, a pawn, more restrained than any other piece, cannot retreat or +move back again. He is prohibited too from quitting his own file for +that of another, except in the single case of making a capture; on +which occasion he moves obliquely into the next file, to the right or +left (as the case may happen) one house forward; _placing himself on +the square of the piece taken_,[11] which is removed from the board; +after which he is confined to moving directly forwards as before, and +cannot leave his new file for another, but on a similar occasion to +that which led him into it. + +A pawn, like every other agent on the board, takes any piece that comes +within his reach, indiscriminately from one of his own quality to the +queen. + +[11] This is the custom of all the pieces on a capture. + +II. The KNIGHT. The move of the knight is peculiar to himself, and +difficult to explain. It is two squares at once (three, including his +own) in a direction partly diagonal and partly strait. The house he +goes into, is always of a _different colour_ from that which he leaves. +It may likewise be said to be uniformly _next but one_ to the latter; +although in his passage to it he passes transversely over the corners +of _two_. + +The knight’s power of capture reaches to any square that his move will +take him into. + +Note—That this is the only piece that has a _vaulting motion_; or +that is not precluded from going to a square, between which and his +own other pieces intervene: just to shew what is meant, if good play +permitted it, any one of the knights could move out before a pawn had +stirred, alighting on the third square of either the bishop or the +rook; without waiting, as the other superior pieces are obliged, till +an opening be made. + +III. The BISHOP. By observing the plate it will be seen, that the +bishops of the same set are placed on squares of a different colour; +the white king’s bishop, for instance, being seated on a white, and +the white queen’s bishop on a black square. What makes it necessary +to remark this, which is common to the knight and rook, is, that the +bishop, unlike all the other pieces, is obliged to walk, throughout the +game, on that colour of the exchequer[12] that he was placed on at the +commencement of it; which is a necessary consequence of his motion +being purely _diagonal_. His step is in other respects very unlimited, +as he may, at a single effort, go any length of squares from one to +eight. The bishop, if the road be open for him, takes at any distance. + +[12] A technical name for the board. + +IV. The ROOK. The rook moves in _strait lines_, forwards or sideways. +He can, at one step, pass along a whole rank, or a whole file, or +stop short at the first, second, third, or any other square of a rank +or file, as occasion may require. Like the bishop, and on the same +condition, he takes at any distance[13]. + +[13] Having gotten through the last of the pieces of which there are +more than one of a sort, in order to confirm the reader in what he +might suppose, and to leave him no question to make, we turn aside +to observe to him, that the difference in the worth of pieces of the +same kind, is indeed _next to nothing_; that the little odds there is, +between superior pieces of the same description, is in favour of that +on the king’s side; and that of the four centre commoners, which are +reckoned rather the best, the king’s bishop’s commoner is the most +esteemed. + +V. The QUEEN—unites the moves of the _bishop_ and _rook_; and, like +them, when the road is open, takes at any distance. + +VI. The KING—_except_ when he avails himself of the privilege of +_castling_, can move only _one square_ at a time; of course he can take +at no greater distance: he may, however, both move and take either +forwards, backwards, sideways, or aslant. When policy shall invite the +player to the expedient, and the previous unarbitrary removal of the +bishop and knight on his right, or of the bishop, rook and queen on his +left, has rendered it effectible without any violence to propriety, the +king may _castle_ with either of his rooks; which is done by placing +the king on that knight’s square that is next to the rook with whom +he castles, and by placing the rook at the other side of the king, on +the bishop’s square adjoining. This _ambidextral_ manœuvre of changing +the situation of two pieces at one time, the player is allowed to +employ but once; and not at all if the king has previously moved. It is +impracticable and unnecessary at the beginning of the game. The only +prerogative of the king, is a great one; that of _never being taken_. + +OF PROMOTING A PAWN TO BE A QUEEN, ROOK, &c. + +When a pawn has penetrated to the farthest rank on the adverse side +of the board, he is rewarded with promotion to the _highest vacant +dignity_[14]; that is to say, if the person playing him there has lost +his queen, he succeeds to the honor. If instead of his queen one or +both of the rooks be lost, he is made a rook. If the queen and rooks +have escaped capture, he is made a bishop. If the bishops have likewise +been preserved, he is made a knight. The ceremony of transformation +taking place in either case, and which is necessary to distinguish him, +is very short: A sort of exchange: The pawn is removed from the board, +and put among those taken by the adversary; and a captured piece, +of the denomination he is advanced to, is taken from thence, and +substituted in his room. It can hardly be necessary to say, that his +powers and mode of action alter with his quality. + +[14] Under the scheme that advances the pawn to the _rank of the piece +whose square he gets into_, it happens that when his player has not +lost a piece of that identical quality, the only reward of the pawn is +to stand exposed to incessant attacks, without the power of retreating +in any direction:—To have _both the bishops of a set moving on the +same colour_, an anomaly which will seldom occur, and which the other +is just as liable to induce, is the only one that can result from this +scheme. + +OF GIVING CHECK, AND CHECK-MATE. + +Upon this the game hinges. As the king is never taken, whenever an +adversary is advanced upon him in such a manner, as that, remaining +where he is, if he were _any other piece_ he would be captured; the +person advancing it is to salute him with the word “_Check_,” warning +him of his situation; upon which it is absolutely necessary for him to +alter it in one of the following ways: either, _relatively_, by taking +the threatening piece, or interposing[15] one of his own between that +and himself; or, _positively_, by removing to a square where neither +that nor any other of the adversary’s pieces reach. If he cannot do +one of these, the game is lost. This inextricable _contact_ with an +_adverse piece_ is technically termed CHECK-MATE. + +[15] _Note_—This second mode of defending himself cannot be practised +when he is checked by the knight, owing to the vaulting motion of that +piece; he must then have recourse to either the first, or the third: +and should he be checked by any two pieces at once, which is called +_double check_, the third only will avail. + +OF GIVING A STALE. + +The game may be lost too in quite an _opposite_ manner. By the +constitution of Chess, the king is on no account to move into check; +and, therefore, when, as it not unfrequently happens, one party has +crowded up the king of the other with so many pieces, that the only +move left him would take him into check; if the person to whom the king +so circumstanced belongs has no other piece, or no other that can be +moved, the contest must necessarily stagnate. Come to an end before the +arrival of the regular result, it can be proceeded in no further. It +is not, however, _undecided_. The player giving the other the _stale_, +(so, in the language of Chess, the _dilemma_ which the king is in is +called) is, by a rule immemorially acquiesced in, adjudged to have +_defeated himself_. + +REASONS FOR ASSIGNING, IN THE CASE OF A STALE-MATE, THE VICTORY TO THE +PARTY SUFFERING IT. + +A little reflection will shew that this rule is not incapable of the +justification which at first sight it may seem to want. It would be an +intolerable defect in the game to have it perpetually liable to an +accident that would render it undecisive. The only way of avoiding this +defect, is the instituting an artificial rule, awarding the victory, +whenever a stale happens, to one party or the other. + +The necessity of making some kind of decision being arrived at, the +propriety of placing the bias where it is may be easily evinced. + +It is to be recollected that the rule under discussion is an arbitrary +one. The expediency of an arbitrary rule, however great, cannot +entirely divest it of the dissatisfactory; and therefore the seldomer +there is occasion for it the better: now the making him to lose by a +stale, who may always avoid it by caution, is an effective bar to its +happening very often. + +Other properties of this rule do not merely justify—they highly +recommend it. The bias which it has adopted serves to balance the +advantages of the game, as it is entirely in favour of the weaker +party. Owing to this very bias, whenever the critical case, to which +it is applied, is likely to occur, _a greater exertion of intellect in +conducting the approach is incited_; than which nothing can be more +agreeable to the genius of the game, as the professed object of Chess +is to call out the powers of the mind. + +Thus a defect inherent in the structure of the game, and from which +it were impossible to free it, is overruled so as to give it a higher +degree of interest. Upon the whole, the necessity for this rule is not +to be deplored. + +OF A DRAW GAME. + +If it be not superfluous to put it any where, it must be added here, +that whenever from the greatness of the loss on each side, (the more +potent pieces, and those capable of becoming so, being gone), or +from any other cause, it becomes certain that neither party can give +the other Check-mate; the game is to be discontinued as insipid and +useless, the players consenting to draw their pieces, and begin afresh. + + +CHAP. II. + +=_General Maxims_=. + +These questions occur at every evolution—_What piece is to be moved? +Where is it to be moved to?_ After the first time, for a very obvious +reason to the practical player, (the abstraction from any particular +situation, which from the latitude of moves in the power of the +adversary, the mind of the theorist is forced to make), we can only +give helps for the reader himself to decide them. + +The game cannot be better opened than by advancing the _king’s pawn +two squares_. If the first adventurer be threatened, the queen’s or +bishop’s pawn may lend him support. Which of the others should succeed +will depend greatly on the moves of the opposite party. The pawns must +not be so placed as to interrupt the freedom of the other pieces. Where +the pawns are not equal to the defence of each other, the other pieces +must be brought out to support them:[16]—in this business the bishops +are in general the preferable agents, as they are not so liable as the +knights to be clogged by the obstructions which this early stage of the +game from its crouded stage is sure to present[17]. + +[16] One piece to guard another, at Chess, must be placed so that if +the piece he is designed to guard were an opponent he could take him. +The protection results from the adversary’s being deterred from a +capture by the certainty of a reprisal. The king alone is to be guarded +in a different mode, and that mode will be explained in its place. + +[17] It may seem strange that the knight, which overleaps every other +piece, should be more liable to obstruction than the bishop: the reason +of the fact is, that the knight cannot stop short of, any more than +exceed, a very limited extent. + +_Prudence_ requires that the superior pieces be not over forward in +acting offensively; because by every one that is driven back you lose +a move: but when a few pieces have been[18] changed, and the game +is somewhat advanced, and there is no danger of their stopping the +progress of such of the pawns as you wish to push on, you need not be +shy of using the _knights_, any more than the _bishops_, in occasional +attacks on the most unguarded of the adversaries. + +[18] To change our exchange pieces is to lose one or two of your own +for the sake of taking one or two of the adversary’s. It serves to +clear the board, and enlarge the scene of action; and, when you get a +piece of greater value than that lost, it encreases your comparative +strength. Nevertheless it is only to be done with caution, and of those +pieces for which you have the least occasion. + +The _queen_ must not be moved hastily;—for offence in particular, not +till some kind of method pervades the rest of your pieces—and you can +guess what aspect the game is likely to assume. To put this piece in +motion before you had digested a set of measures, and had a probable +certainty of succeeding in them, would be entirely to misemploy her +great powers. + +As the _rooks_, while the game is thronged, can effect nothing worthy +their attempting; generally speaking, it is advisable to keep them in +reserve till towards the conclusion of the game. The usefulness of +the rook, gradually increasing as the crisis approaches, is then very +little inferior to that of the queen[19]. + +[19] To the adversary’s king stript of his attendants, the rook, with +the sole assistance of his own king, is capable of giving check-mate +beyond the possibility of illusion; a degree of prowess which, besides +the queen, no other piece than the rook can boast. + +The _king_ is not to act offensively. He is to be put where he will be +least open to attack; and, while a fatal one is possible, neither move +nor take but with a view to his own defence. _The two points_ to which +every thing else is to subserve, are, _the giving check-mate to the +adversary’s king_, and _the preservation of your own_. + + +To make you as much acquainted with the right way of endeavouring at +these, as _bare Theory_ is able to do; it will be necessary to be a +little more particular. + + +§ 1. On that side of the board, whether right or left, on which you +mean to castle the king—neither the bishop’s, the knight’s, nor the +rook’s pawn must stir from its place; because the principal inducement +to the measure, is, the protection he will receive by retiring behind +them. + +2. The other pawns must be kept together and well supported; and not +suffered to straggle forwards alone. A party of these, managed with +address, may, in a future part of the game, repair the loss of a +capital piece, or do some other signal service. + +3. At the same time that you are concerting the attack of the +adversary, endeavour (but not so as to interfere with any thing of more +importance) to have your own king so circumstanced that he may castle +when he pleases. Should this convenience be effected, if his not being +castled be no obstruction to your other operations, let him remain at +his own square till there is a necessity for his going to the retreat +secured for him. The advantage to be gained by this procedure is, that +the adversary will be obliged to form two distinct systems of attack. + +4. As soon as the adversary has castled, if it be on a different side +of the board from that on which you have castled, or intend to castle, +let your pawns opposite bear down upon his king. The queen and what +other pieces you can spare, in particular the rook to whom their +removal opens a field, must support them in this onset[20]. + +[20] If the adversary castles on the same side with you, an adherence +to what is contained in the first section will lead you to attack him +with the superior pieces only. + +5. Where a direct attack upon the adversary’s king is impolitic or +impracticable, you must endeavour to take those of his pieces that most +contribute to render it so. + +6. Ineffectual checks, or checks that the adversary can easily elude, +are in general to be refrained from; as they are very apt to lead +to loss of move, loss of the checking-piece, and so on. Experience, +however, will furnish a few cases, in which there is a propriety in +giving such a check—where it will force the adversary’s king into a +more exposed situation—where the movement, necessary to avert it, +will leave a capital piece unguarded—where, the adversary’s king not +having castled, nor being in a condition to do so, it will force him by +moving to forfeit that privilege—and where, having a piece of your own +attacked, that you are not able otherwise to save, it will cause the +removal of some piece that impedes his escape. + +7. In defending your own king when closely attacked—where it will +either cause the adversary to lose a move, or increase your comparative +strength; and at the same time, be a successful means of parrying the +check—you should offer to make an exchange of pieces. + +8. If the king be castled, the pawns forming a cordon before, or round +him, should be guarded as much as possible from the brunts of the +adversary. + +9. Whenever, from being either reduced in number, or obliged to +quit their stations, the defence afforded the king by these becomes +precarious—or whenever the king is not castled at all—some of the +superior pieces should be kept in readiness to contribute actively to +his safety; being posted so, that where they cannot prevent, they may +at least cover him from check. Their number and quality circumstances +must decide. Those that operate at a distance, will not on this service +be out of their province; nor will it often be found of them, as it +will of the knights, that they are thereby rendered the less prepared +to act offensively. The keeping, too, such pieces as the rook, the +bishop, or the queen, near your own king, may sometimes cause the +adversary to relax in his caution where it does not add to his security. + +10. Of the queen, it is however to be noted, that she must never stand +in such a way before the king, as that were an adverse rook or bishop +to attack her, her moving aside would leave the king in check; because +were she to be so attacked, should the rook or bishop be well guarded, +and you had no piece to interpose, as it would not do to expose the +king, you could no how avoid losing the queen for a less valuable piece. + +11. Great advantages are often gained by an _ambuscade_; which is the +having one piece, a pawn, for instance, so placed before another, we +will say the queen, that though the adversary, on a cursory view, +might seem to be safe; yet by simply playing the piece in front, whose +intervention alone keeps him from it, check, single or double[21], will +be discovered to his king. + +[21] A rook and a bishop may be placed so that the adversary’s king is +in check with neither; and yet by moving that nearest him forwards or +sideways, he will be in check with both; and so with respect to others. + +12. While intent on projects of offence, take care that you are not +surprised yourself. Indeed every detail of a stratagem to be practised +on the adversary, carries with it a tacit admonition to beware of the +like from him; as to caution against any evolution, is saying, “look +out for an opportunity to practise it.” + +13. Take care that an adverse pawn does not advance upon two +superior pieces, which is called forking them; knights and rooks are +particularly liable to be attacked in this way, the pawns not requiring +to be guarded, because the moves of those pieces do not comprehend the +moves of the pawn. Thus where there is not a reciprocity in the mode +of action between a smaller and a larger piece, the approach of the +smaller may be very dangerous. + +14. Hence it is, that unremitting vigilance must be exerted throughout +the game, to prevent either of the adverse knights from checking the +king and queen at the same time; because as the king can only save +himself from the knight by a positive removal, the sacrifice of the +queen is rendered inevitable. + +15. Nor must the adversary be suffered to direct the insidious power of +the knight, on any other two pieces of more importance than himself; as +the loss of one of them for the knight, or for nothing, will be sure to +follow. + +16. When two pieces are attacked in such a way, that one of them at +least must be lost; in deciding which to give up, you must not think +so much on the difference in their worth, which may be more than +counterbalanced by other circumstances, as on the particular effects +which the capture of this or that is likely to have. + +17. Whenever you are so well prepared for the worst, as to have two or +three pawns so near the adversary’s farthest rank, and so well posted, +that you are almost certain of reaching it with one of them when you +please; you may be the bolder with your capital pieces—and, where you +would be otherwise in doubt which to surrender, the less tenacious of +retaining one of them in preference to another that is less capital. + +18. Without there should be no other way of saving the king, or no +other but what would be attended with a greater disadvantage, never +cover him from check by placing a superior piece in that manner, that a +pawn of the adversary, by being advanced a move, could take him; lest +the adversary, availing himself of the opportunity, oblige you to a +losing exchange. + +19. In order to have as powerful pieces as you can in play, let +those that are stationed to guard some other stationary ones, be of +no greater force than is necessary; that is, where the motives for +employing one of several pieces on this service are in other respects +equal, take the lowest. + +20. Where two of the adversaries are so circumstanced that you take +either, similar considerations to those in the 16th section will +determine you. + +21. Where an adversary is so exposed that you can take him when you +please, be in no haste about it: but see whether there be not some +danger to avert, or advantage to seize, in another quarter, and let him +alone till it be effected. It may at length be in your power to combine +the piece that shall move into his square in some extensive scheme, as +he may be supposed to move merely to take this piece. + +22. Where an adverse pawn has advanced to the square immediately before +your king, do not take him, unless some consideration superior to his +worth impels his removal from the board; as an adverse pawn before the +king is generally found to be a safeguard. + +23. Whenever you can anticipate by calculation that the sacrifice of +such and such a piece, though it can yield no immediate requital, will +yet lead to such an arrangement, as will enable you in the end to give +the adversary check-mate, true policy requires that you make it. + +24. Never let an over-eagerness of the victory which a superiority +may promise you, lead you to endanger its forfeiture by giving a +stale: on the contrary, till you can give check-mate without a risk of +miscarriage, always leave the adversary ample room to move. + +25. Whenever you have clearly the disadvantage of the game in other +respects, and yet happen to be in a position that by good management, +may be turned into a stale; you must, as your only resource, endeavour +to avail yourself of it. To do this, the following case will serve +as a general clue. Your king is close pressed on all sides, and you +have only the queen and an inferior piece left in play—take the first +opportunity of playing the inferior piece so, that by its being either +blocked up or lost, the king would be in a stale already if you had not +the queen.—This done, with the queen keep giving incessant[22] check +to the adversary’s king, till at length, to avoid a check-mate, the +adversary is forced to capture him. Your object will then be attained. + +_Note_—Sometimes a check-mate or a stale will speedily terminate the +game; sometimes it will happen that the pieces are nearly played away, +without either taking place. To the latter case, the six sections that +next follow are exclusively adapted. + +[22] The kings, in the course of play, may happen to be circumstanced +so nearly alike, as for the adversary’s to be liable to a stale at +the same time with yours. This will be a very nice point indeed, and +require your utmost skill and caution in checking—and now and then a +temporary forbearance. + +26. When the adversary’s force is so much diminished, that your king, +if in any, is in no immediate danger—and your own force is so much +diminished likewise, that you can make no effective attack without +him—the necessity and policy of confining the king to defence only will +be superseded. + +27. Among other uses to which he may then be devoted,—you must take +every opportunity of putting him in motion, where your doing so, will +be the only or the best way of either gaining or preserving the move, +which it is of such importance to have, that if the contest has been +otherwise equally conducted, your getting the game will depend upon +nothing else. + +28. He may then, too, as circumstances vary, occasionally be of +service, either in protecting some pawn of your own which may be more +advanced than the rest, and which you want to raise to queen; or in +taking or harrassing any pawns of the adversary on the like expedition. + +29. The note at the bottom of page 37, respecting the rook, is a +sufficient intimation that the king may, in this stage of the game, +be employed in combination with another piece in giving check to his +antagonist. + + From the same note it is to be inferred, that if one party + has only a king, and the other in addition to the king + has but one piece, and that piece be a knight or a + bishop, it must be a draw game; and therefore that, next + to a queen or a rook, it is best for that piece to be a + pawn, from the possibility of making him a piece of the + first power. This serves to introduce the two following + + +PARTICULAR CASES. + +30. The adversary has the king and a pawn, and you have only the king. +You will naturally endeavour to intercept that pawn—his king, if he be +in any danger, will as naturally go to his assistance—this, if the king +is time enough to save him, will bring them together. Though you will +then have failed in taking the pawn; yet, if you can get before either +to the square towards which the pawn is moving; by manœuvering on the +first square of that file, and the second of that and the adjoining +files, you will either make a draw game, or win by a stale. + +31. Upon certain contingencies, the adversary may have the king, a +bishop, and a pawn, when you have only the king, without being able +to beat you: which contingencies are these:—If the pawn be on a rook’s +file—if you can get into the square at your end of that file—if this +square be of a color different from that on which the bishop moves—all +these concurring, it is even possible for you to win by a stale. + +32. To conclude; if you would have something more than a mere exemption +from defeat, depending on chances, to hope for, let this rule, in +connection with the others, be specially regarded. From first to last, +the changes and declensions, successively taking place in the number, +value, and situation of the pieces must be noted with exactness; and no +movement at any time made till the consequences are considered. This, +among other good effects, will the better enable you to conjecture what +the adversary may mean to do, and to take measures accordingly. If +closely pursued, it will at once prevent you from giving any advantage +to the adversary, and from overlooking any which he may give to you. + +The initiate reader, having arrived thus far, will perhaps be impatient +to make a practical essay. From that, though it may originate in +a mistake, we would not withhold him. As what we design, is his +progressive improvement, we do not care how soon he is convinced that +he cannot make himself master of the whole at once. After he has made +the experiment, we would, for his next essays, direct his attention to +two or three games which we mean to detail as examples, move by move. +By studying these, and noting the foregoing directions, one at a time, +as the advantages of pursuing, or the effects of deviating from them +are laid open, he will soon imprint the spirit of them on his memory; +and practice, either by himself, or with a friend, will imperceptibly +confer on him a habit of adopting them with promptness. + +If he is a genius, practice will do more; it will lead him to form +maxims of his own for indescribable cases. + +After setting down the laws of the game, which will end this chapter; +we give the examples promised, chiefly as vehicles for rules for +particular situations, which can only be imparted with clearness, when +particular situations are exhibited on the board. + + +THE LAWS OF THE GAME, + +_Reduced to their most simple Construction, are_, + +I. If a player touches a piece, he must play it somewhere; and when he +has quitted it, he cannot change its place. + +II. If one party, by mistake or otherwise, makes a false move, and +it is not discovered till after the other has played in his turn, it +cannot be revised or rectified by either. + +III. If a player misplaces the pieces, and, before he finds it out, +plays two moves, it is at the choice of his opponent to permit him to +begin the game afresh or not. + +IV. If one party plays or discovers check to the king of the other, and +neglects to notify it, the other may let him remain in open check till +he does. + +V. After the king has moved, or if both the rooks have moved, he cannot +be castled. + + Where the object is mutual improvement, and not decision + of skill—or where the superiority of one party is + admitted, and the object is the improvement of the + other—the first four of these may be dispensed with. + + + + +CHAP. III. + +=_Progressive Examples_=. + + +APOLOGETIC INTRODUCTION. + +As it is not the habit of every reader to wade patiently through a +preface, the author begs leave to condense here the substance of an +apology, which, from the influx of topics, could not there be presented +in a disentangled form. + +Whoever has marked the experiments of a novitiate in Chess, must have +observed a propensity to a variety of moves, which while they appear to +open a field teeming with advantage, really lead to results that are +disastrous. Some of these are interspersed in the following examples, +and the adverse consequences with which they are pregnant traced to +their source. Thus by the publication of games with notes, a plan to +which Philidor led the way, the student steps by a short route on the +high ground, to which the guides who framed the artificial passage, +only reached by repeated labor and experience. But a gigantic genius, +it would seem, cannot conceive exactly what are the desiderata of a +mind of less compass; and Philidor left a trying distance between the +level from which the inexperienced would rise, and the steps at the +bottom of his ascending ladder. A professor, who is not incapacitated +by extraordinary powers from imagining where interposition is wanted, +may supply acceptable remedies for these vacuities. + +Let us now attend the pupil at the board, and conduct him through such +evolutions as may fit him to appreciate and enjoy the enterprise and +spirit of Cunningham, the brilliant promptness at resource of Salvio, +and the comprehension and foresight of Philidor. + + + + +=_First Essay_=. + + +EXAMPLE I. + +FIRST COUPLET OF MOVES. + + White. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + Black. The same. + + 2. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a) + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at king’s bishop’s 3d square.(b) + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c) + + 4. + W. The king’s pawn takes the black[23] pawn. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the white pawn. + +(a) Unless necessity call for it, no one of the other six pawns should +be moved until you have ascertained on which side to castle. The +queen’s pawn advances but one square, not so much because the black one +prevents his going farther as to support that of his own king. + +(b): This move is partly accounted for by the remark on the last. + +(c) The same remark will shew, that the whites are played with more +propriety than the blacks. + +[23] Note. When there is but one piece that can move, or take, or be +taken, in the manner described; as it would be unnecessary, we shall +never circumstantially name it. + + 5. + W. The king’s knight takes the black pawn. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(d) + + 6. + W. King’s knight at the king’s bishop’s 3d square. + B. Queen’s bishop at queen’s 2d square.(e) + + 7. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(f) + B. Queen’s knight at queen’s bishop’s 3d square. + + 8. + W. Queen’s bishop at queen’s knight’s 2d square.(g) + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + +(d) If this move had been made before, the king’s pawn of this party +might have been preserved; the snatching away of which, has rendered +them in situation and comparative strength, much inferior to their +adversaries. + +(e) The chief object of this, and some subsequent moves, is the having +the king in readiness to castle. + +(f) Finding that his adversary means to castle with the queen’s rook, +the player of the whites begins to get his opposite pawns ready to +advance. + +(g) This attack on the black rook is not a good move; for the bringing +out of the black knight, which it incites as the only, though an easy +mode of parrying it—a movement which his player might not otherwise +have meditated—or if he had, must have lost a move in effecting—gives +the rook an opportunity to be very troublesome to the opposite pawns. + + 9. + + W. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h) + B. Queen at the king’s 2d square, giving the white king check.(i) + + 10. + W. King’s bishop at king’s 2d square, covering the check. + B. King’s rook at his knight’s square. + + 11. + W. The king castles with his rook.(k) + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(l) + +(h) This is to protect the knight’s pawn from the black knight. + +(i) There is no impropriety in the queen’s standing thus before her +king, so long as no guarded rook of the counter set can be brought +to attack her; and while her player has several pieces that he could +interpose. + +(k) If he did not castle now, he could not preserve his knight’s pawn +in it’s place, without forfeiting the privilege. To have advanced him a +square, would, however, have been better. + +(l) To make way for the following move. If the white queen’s bishop had +not quitted his house, the command he would have had of the diagonal +into which this move is made, would have prevented it; which it will be +presently seen it was the interest of that player to have done. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(m) + B. The queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square.(n) + + 13. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square.(o) + +(m) Any move that is properly made, and which preceding remarks, or a +subsequent move will shew the reason of, we shall not observe on. It +may, however, be of use to review the situations of the two sets of +pawns; those of the white party to the left of the king, are advanced +so as to derive from themselves all the support they want: whereas +the pawns to the left of the other player must depend entirely on the +superior pieces for protection. When pawns are seated, like these, +on files that do not adjoin, they are, considered by themselves, as +insecure as they can be. + +(n) But if the pawns are played worse, the bishops and knights of this +party are played better than those of the other. + +(o) The move of the white pawn, which was necessary to the prosecution +of the white queen’s scheme, gave the black knight an opportunity of +coming here without suspicion, as he seems to remove merely for his own +safety. + + 14. + W. Queen at her rook’s 4th square. + B. Queen’s bishop takes the white knight. + + 15. + W. King’s bishop takes the black bishop.(p) + B. The queen’s knight takes the white bishop, and gives check.(q) + + 16. + W. The king retires to his rook’s square. + B. The knight at the 4th square of the same rook.(r) + + 17. + W. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square, discovering check. + B. The king castles. + +(p) From the cramped situation in which the player of the white’s too +eager attention to projects of offence, had left this bishop, whether +he takes the black one or not, he must be lost. + +(q) Though the player of the blacks is a knight, and the difference +there is between a king’s bishop and a queen’s bishop, the better for +these exchanges; he might have conducted them in a way by which he +would have profited more essentially; as the third example will shew. + +(r) To avoid being taken by the knight’s pawn. + + 18. + W. The queen takes the black pawn, and gives check.(s) + + B. As the king, if he takes the queen, will be in check + with the pawn, he is _check-mated_.(t) + +(s) Had the white pawn made this capture, the black king, instead of +receiving the defeat which the present move has given him, by retiring +to his rook’s square, would have been a long while secure from any +further attack. + +(t): But as he was made to castle when he did, merely to shew that it +is not _always_ a measure of safety; we shall, in the next example, +point out how he might have acted better. + +⁂ When the student is conscious of having done wrong, and yet at a loss +to know what rule he has broke, he may conclude it to be the last, that +contained in section xxxii.: this is indeed so comprehensive, that all +the others might be resolved into it. + + +EXAMPLE II. + +THE PRECEDING GAME CONTINUED FROM THE SIXTEENTH COUPLET. + +_Note—Games which, like this, are taken up from others, are called +Back-Games._ + + COUPLET 17. + + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square, discovering check. + B. The knight covers the check. + + 18. + W. The pawn takes the bishop’s pawn.(a) + B. The king’s rook takes the opposite pawn.(b) + + 19. + W. Queen at black queen’s knight’s 4th square.(c) + B. Queen at her king’s 3d square. + +(a) He is thus ready to be converted into a capital piece, and as long +as he remains there, will prevent the black king from moving into any +square on the queen’s part of the file. + +(b) If the rook’s only object was to snatch this pawn and retire, it +was worth the effort; he has, however, something else in view. + +(c) Intending at the next move, by taking the opposite pawn, to secure +making a bishop of his own. + + 20. + W. Queen takes the black pawn. + + B. Queen at the white king’s rook’s 3d square.(d) + + 21. + W. Queen takes the black rook, and gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.(e) + + 22. + W. Queen at the black queen’s 4th square, giving check.(f) + B. The king at his knight’s 3d square.(g) + +(d) To seize this advantageous post, he has left a rook to be taken and +his king to be checked. The bold kind of play which each pursues, can +only be justified by a conviction that the result will be favourable. +Both, however, cannot have this conviction. The event will shew which +is right. + +(e) He prefers this to his own second square, that he may not be +checked by the white rook. + +(f) As the black queen, who cannot be dislodged, will, at her next +move, by taking the pawn, give the king check-mate—the player of the +whites has no other resource than constantly checking the black king—if +he cannot mate him, and can be stopped from checking, the moment he is, +he will lose the game. + +(g) He takes care to move on white, that he may not be checked by the +bishop. + + 23. + W. The queen at the black king’s 3d square, still giving check.(h) + B. The king at his rook’s 4th square. + + 24. + W. Queen at her own king’s 2d square, still giving check. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, covering the check. + + 25. + W. The queen at the black king’s square, still giving check. + B. The knight covers the check. + + 26. + W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s 4th square.(i) + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + +(h) If this player could give perpetual check, it would be a draw +game—fifty moves in this way would make it so—or a less number, if a +course of moves was begun that had before been made. + +(i) As the queen can no longer check the king without being taken, the +bishop is placed here to prevent the black queen from taking the pawn; +which, however, he can do but for a moment. + + 27. + W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. One of the knights takes the queen.(k) + + 28. + W. The pawn is made a queen. + + B. Queen takes the rook’s pawn, and gives _check-mate_. + +(k) If the player of the whites could in this way have lost all his +pieces, he would have won by being in a _stale_; this, however, from +their number, was never possible; or it would not have been prudent in +the adversary to have made the 20th move—a move which has won him the +game. + + +EXAMPLE III. + +A SECOND BACK-GAME. + +_Continued from the Thirteenth Couplet of_ EXAMPLE I. + + COUPLET 14. + W. Queen at her rook’s 4th square. + B. The knight takes the white knight, and gives check. + + 15. + W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.(a) + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 16. + W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.(b) + B. The rook takes the opposite pawn, and gives check. + +(a) If, instead of the bishop, the pawn had taken the knight; the black +bishop, by taking that pawn, would have given check-mate instantly. + +(b) The object of this and the future moves of the white player, is +to prevent check-mate, which he now perceives the other thus early +to meditate. When the tyro has seen what these moves are, it will +edify him to try whether better ones might not have been adopted. On +this, however, and similar experiments, he must not hastily conclude; +because was he to move the whites not so well, and the blacks more than +proportionally worse, the necessary consequence might lead him to think +that he had moved the former better. + + 17. + W. The king at his rook’s square. + B. The rook takes the pawn, and discovers check from the bishop. + + 18. + W. The king at his knight’s square. + B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d square, giving check. + + 19. + W. The king takes the rook. + B. The queen advances to the white knight’s 3d square, and gives + _check-mate_.(c) + +(c) Without the co-operation of the black pawn, this could not have +been done. The player of the whites should have taken this straggler +before he proceeded to detach the queen. + + +EXAMPLE IV. + +VARIATION TO THE FIRST BACK-GAME. + +_Beginning from the Nineteenth Couplet of_ EXAMPLE II. + + COUPLET 20. + W. The rook at his knight’s square.(a) + B. Queen at her king’s knight’s 3d square.(b) + + 21. + W. The rook at the king’s square, checking.(c) + B. The bishop covers the check. + + 22. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the pawn. + + 23. + W. Queen takes the rook, and gives check.(d) + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square. + +(a) He offers to change rooks, that such a dangerous neighbour as the +black one may be either taken or driven away. + +(b) This, however, not only prevents either, but keeps the white queen +from going to the black king’s rook’s 4th square; by which the black +knight, whose vicinity is as incompatible as the rook’s with the safety +of the white king, would have been obliged to remove to cover the check. + +(c) To remain, or to remove without checking the adversary, would have +been equally dangerous. + +(d) As the player of the whites cannot remove either of the pieces +menacing his king, he has now, as he had in Example II. no other way of +defending him than attacking the black one. + + 24. + W. The pawn becomes a bishop. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 25. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The rook at the black knight’s square giving check. + + 26. + W. The rook takes the rook.(e) + + B. The queen at the white king’s 4th square, + giving check-mate. + +(e) If the king had taken the rook, the game would have lasted one +move longer. In that case the black queen must have gone to her king’s +knight 3d square, and then to the black knight’s 2d square; so she +should have done, if, at the 24th move, instead of that set down, the +white knight had gone to his queen’s bishop’s 3d square. + +_Remarks._ + +⁂ Of two different modes of playing, both of which end in a defeat, +that is the best which protracts the game the longest. + +†§† No game can end so soon as the longest form of that we have already +given, that is played throughout well on both sides. + + + + +=_Second Essay_=. + + +EXAMPLE V. + +_Exhibiting Situations rendered critical by Enterprise, and the +Resources of Play in those Situations._ + + COUPLET 1. + White. KING’s pawn 2 squares. + Black. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at queen’s bishop’s 4th square.(a) + B. The same. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(b) + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + +(a) Not for any purpose that it will immediately answer, but that he +may escape the obstruction, which, if it should be necessary to advance +the queen’s pawn a square, would be opposed by his moving directly out. +We have seen in Example III. that by a pawn on one side, and a knight +on the other, this bishop was so embarrassed, as not to be able to move +even for his own preservation. + +(b) The having two pawns a-breast of each other, at houses 4. of the +king and queen, secured by the changes which brought them there from +capture by pieces of their own quality, and therefore, in their further +progress to the promotion line, easily protected— is a great step +towards making one of them a queen. To have them in this position, +is the object of the present and several succeeding moves: of the +corresponding moves of the blacks, the object is to prevent it. + + 4. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(c) + B. The same.(d) + + 5. + W. The bishop takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 6. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the pawn.(e) + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop at the king’s 3d square. + B. The knight at the king’s 3d square.(f) + +(c) To provoke the black pawn to capture him, on the presumption that +his player would prefer doing that to retiring with his bishop—The +player of the whites intending afterwards to supply his place by a +reprisal. + +(d) The player of the blacks, willing neither to take the pawn nor to +retire with his bishop, plays this pawn here, in order that if the +white one takes his bishop, he may retaliate in kind. + +(e) The plan of having two pawns in the middle of the exchequer is thus +rendered abortive. The bringing this knight out was the principal mean +of defeating it. + +(f) This leaves the king’s bishop liable to be changed for the bishop +of the adversary’s queen. If, however, the knight had not moved at all, +or moved otherwise, his player might have been obliged to an exchange, +in which the difference against him would have been of real moment. + + 8. + W. The bishop takes the bishop.(g) + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 9. + W. King’s pawn 1 square.(h) + B. Queen at king’s 2d square. + +(g) Between equal players the minutest advantage should be seized on. +It may be observed here, that the superestimation of the king’s bishop +over the bishop of the queen, rests on his not being prevented by +the colour of his field, from checking the adversary at his original +square. The white player having had the first move, the other could not +well have foiled him, with regard to the pawns, at a less expence. + +(h) That he may not be taken by the knight if the bishop should remove. + +_Variation._ + +To protect him from the knight, instead of pushing him a square, the +queen’s knight is moved to the 3d house of the queen’s bishop. This +would be ineffective—the adversary, by placing his king’s knight at his +king’s bishop’s 3d square, might counteract it so completely as to make +the bishop retreat at the same time that he secured taking the pawn—at +least, secured an exchange, by which he would get the pawn to boot. + + 10. + W. King’s knight at king’s bishop’s 3d square.(i) + B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square.(k) + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(l) + B. Bishop takes the knight. + + 12. + W. Queen takes the bishop. + B. Queen takes the pawn, and gives check. + + 13. + W. The king castles. + B. Queen takes the rook. + + 14. + W. Pawn takes the knight. + B. The king castles.(m) + + 15. + W. Knight at queen’s bishop’s 3d square.(n) + B. Queen at the knight’s 2d square.(o) + +(i) To support the pawn. + +(k) An adventurous speculation, in which the risk is but little. + +(l) Ditto. + +(m) To preserve the means of preservation. + +(n) To lay an embargo on the black queen. + +(o) Any where else, she would be taken. + + 16. + W. The rook at the same knight’s 1st square.(p) + B. The rook at his king’s square.(q) + + 17. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(r) + B. Queen at the white queen’s 2d square.(s) + + 18. + W. Bishop takes the bishop’s pawn. + B. Rook at the white king’s square, giving check.(t) + + 19. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. Queen takes the rook, and checks. + +(p) The comment on the next is a comment on this. + +(q) If the black queen had moved aside into one of the three squares to +which her sphere of action is at present reduced, the white rook, by +taking the pawn opposite, might have ensured check-mate in another move. + +(r) Had the queen’s rook taken the black queen, the black king’s rook, +by crossing to the white king’s square, would have won the game; by the +present move, that way of receiving check-mate is rendered impossible. +In advancing a pawn to the adverse party, let it always be as far as is +consistent with security. + +(s) In order to extricate herself. + +(t) He does this, which will cause him to be exchanged for the +white rook, to save his own king from the check-mate which is still +impending, and which, had the white queen been suffered to take his +king’s knight’s pawn, would by now have been inflicted. + + 20. + W. The king removes. + B. Queen at her king’s 4th square, still giving check.(s) + + 21. + W. King’s knight’s pawn covers the check. + B. Queen takes the other pawn. + + 22. + W. Knight at the king’s 4th square. + B. Queen at her king’s 2d square. + + 23. + W. Queen at her knight’s 3d square. + B. Queen takes the knight. + + 24. + W. Bishop at the black queen’s 4th square. + B. Queen takes the bishop.(t) + +(s) The black queen has thus made a triumphant retreat. To the +advantages which sometimes attend giving check, although it can +be easily eluded or covered, already enumerated, may be added +that of gaining a move. There is still another: under the present +circumstances, the taking of a piece is ensured by it. + +(t) This player could not do better to prevent the check-mate, which +the white queen would else have given, by taking the pawn. + + 25. + W. Queen takes the queen. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(u) + + 26. + W. Queen at the black king’s 4th square.(v1) + B. Knight at his bishop’s 3d square.(v2) + + 27. + W. Queen at the black king’s 2d square. + B. Rook at his knight’s square. + +(u) That the liability of check-mate by the white minister’s stepping +into their first rank may at once be quashed. An instance similar has +before occurred. Of the moves in general now, but a few, we imagine, +will require to be observed on. + +(v2) To preserve his pawn (v1) (v2). The subsequent moves will for some +time be conducted on the plan of these. Of the player of the whites, +inferior in numbers, though not in force, the object is, either to +take, or keep in inaction, these pieces of the adversary preparatory to +advancing his own pawns on this side. The pawns of the adversary on the +other side, which are so disposed that he could make no impression on +them, he is not concerned at present to obstruct any otherwise than his +movements in this quarter virtually will. The object of the player of +the blacks will declare itself. + + 28. + W. Queen at the black king’s bishop’s 2d square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(w) + + 29. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 30. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Rook at the queen’s square.(x) + + 31. + W. Queen takes the knight’s pawn. + B. Rook at the queen’s 3d square.(y) + +(w) Of the rook, the knight, and the knight’s pawn on the other side, +no one can move without one of them being taken; this player has, +therefore, no better alternative than urging to promotion the pawns on +this. + +(x) The advancing a white pawn on the black knight, a step that is +in readiness, would have enabled the white queen to make great havoc +among the pieces she hovers over, had this rook remained where he was. +The present movement, and timely sacrifice of a pawn will prevent any +further uncompensated loss. + +(y) The knight protects the pawn, the rook protects the knight. + + 32. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(z) + B. Rook at the white queen’s 2d, giving check.(a) + + 33. + W. The king at his rook’s 3d.(b) + B. The knight at the queen’s 4th. + + 34. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + + 35. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(z) The opportunity of giving check, which the white queen neglects, is +one of those cases in which it ought to be avoided. The black king, by +removing to his queen’s bishop’s 2d, would have covered both himself +and the rook; and the whites (including the loss of one to themselves +and the gain of one to their adversaries) would have sustained a +difference against them of two moves. + +(a) This secures an equivalent for the pawn which the knight will be +forced to desert. + +(b) The king, when his pieces are advancing to the adversary’s side, +should keep as near to them as possible. + + 36. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(c) + + 37. + W. The pawn becomes a rook and discovers check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 38. + W. Rook at black queen’s knight’s square, giving check.(d) + B. King at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(e) + +(c) If the king did not remove now, the white pawn, on becoming a rook, +would check-mate him. + +(d) Though it is not to be presumed that the player of the whites, with +his present force, will check-mate the other, yet he is now acting +rightly; for were he to refrain any longer from offence, his adversary +would make a queen before he could make an additional rook, and perhaps +turn the tables on him. What he aims at present, is not a mate, nor +primarily a capture; but to bring about such a change in the position +of the blacks, that the foremost of his pawns may wrest the move from +the foremost of theirs. + +(e) Any where else he would, probably, either soon lose his rook, or +suffer a worse disaster. + + 39. + W. Rook at the black queen’s bishop’s square, still checking. + B. The king at the white queen’s 4th square.(f) + + 40. + W. The queen at her king’s 4th giving check. + B. The king at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 41. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 42. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(g) + B. The king at the white queen’s knight’s 2d.(h) + + 43 and 44. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + +(f) Had he gone to the white queen’s knight’s 4th square—and had the +white queen then moved to the 1st square of that knight—the loss of the +black rook would have been inevitable. + +(g) The remaining black pieces are posited so, that an attempt at this +time to make any further capture, or to give check-mate, might only +bring their pawns nearer to promotion. As this piece has now the start, +this is the moment to push him on. + +(h) He thus makes way for the black pawn without exposing either +himself or the rook. + + 45. + W. Queen at the black king’s knight’s 4th square.(i) + B. Rook at the white queen’s rook’s square. + + 46. + W. The queen at the black king’s 4th square, checking. + B. King at the white queen’s knight’s square. + + 47. + W. The pawn becomes a rook. + B. The pawn becomes a queen. + + 48. + W. The rook takes the queen. + B. The king takes the rook. + + 49. + W. The queen takes the rook, and checks. + B. The king at the white queen’s 2d.(k) + +(i) For some of the moves commented on, we were in doubt whether the +tyro, unaided, could in passing have accounted: of this, and the +following ones, we are persuaded he will at once see the reason. + +(k) As check-mate is unavoidable, it is a matter of indifference what +moves he makes. He adopts those which will put off the evil longest. We +set them down merely that the game may not seem unfinished. + + 50. + W. The rook at the black queen’s square, giving check. + B. King at the white queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 51. + W. The rook checks again. + B. King at the white queen’s 3d. + + 52. + W. The queen at her bishop’s 3d square, giving check. + B. The king removes. + + 53. + W. The rook checks. + B. The king at the square of the white queen. + + 54. + W. The rook at his king’s square, gives _check-mate_. + +The move at which the fortune of the blacks began to decline, and at +which a back-game may with most interest be taken up, is that where +the queen takes the white knight (couplet 23). At the moment before +(numbers and force considered apart from position) the advantage was +on their side. What followed this move will impress on the student, +that whenever an adversary seems to expose a piece to capture without +securing an equivalent, or without securing a proper one the reprisal +which the white bishop might have made on the black knight, as it +would have spoilt the position of the white pieces, and lessened their +comparative strength, could not be considered a proper one] he must not +attribute to accident what may be the effect of design, and take the +exposed piece without hesitation. If the player he is contending with +be not contemptible, it is rather to be suspected that he has, as the +player of the whites had in the present case, some ambuscaded motive +for losing the piece: whether he has or no, it behooves the student, +before taking it, well to examine. + +The game just ended, affords occasion likewise to observe, that sudden +incursions on the adversary’s pieces are only to be made with caution. +The 13th move of the blacks, the difficulty with which the queen +retreats, and her being once within an ace of capture, very forcibly +suggest this maxim. Of this move, however, we do not mean to impeach +the propriety. + +At the 10th move, to have acted more systematically, the black bishop +should have stopped at the 4th square of the bishop of his king. In +the counterstep to this and other moves, the whites, too, might have +acted more systematically: but as we mean to give separate examples of +that kind of play, from which these are deviations, and as many of the +intervening moves are properly consequent one of the other, it will not +be necessary to begin any variation of the last example at an earlier +move than the 1st of the 23d couplet. + + + + +FIRST SCALE OF POWERS. + + +The introductory chapter classes the pieces in the order of their +relative values; but nothing is added of the ratio in value, which +two or three inferior pieces bear to a superior, or two superior; as +the introduction of minute discriminations, before the attainment +of some practical knowledge, might have perplexed the reader. As, +however, situations occur on the board, in which it is necessary that +the most critical calculations of force should be consulted, and as +the propriety of accepting or declining some exchanges depends on +punctilious considerations, it is thought proper to give, as a prelude +to the remaining examples, the following scale: + + 2⅕, 14, + 9, 15, + 9, 28. + +With respect to qualification for attack and defence, the facility of +conducing to these ends, by a stationary attitude, or by moving, and +extent of action, the powers of the pawn, the knight, the king, the +bishop, the rook, and the queen, are to each other in this proportion. + +The values of all the pieces, except the pawn and king, are +commensurate with their powers. + +The nature of the game puts the king’s value above competition. + +The value of every pawn, taking into the account the probability of his +becoming a capital piece, is on the average, about 5⅖. + + +SECOND SCALE OF POWERS. + +In the foregoing estimate, of the five superior pieces the highest +force is taken; that is to say, each is supposed to be in that part of +the board where its sphere of action is largest: assuming, however, +that in play the probability of their occupying any given square is +equal, their powers will be, + + 2³²/₁₆₀, Pawn 9¹²⁰/₁₆₀, Bishop + 6⁴⁰/₁₆₀, Knight 15, Rook + 7⁹⁰/₁₆₀, King 23¹²⁰/₁₆₀ , Queen. + +The pawn’s chance of promotion makes his value 4¹⁴³/₁₆₀. + +It will be perceived, that by this scale, the relative powers of the +pawn and rook, with respect to each other, remain as before; while with +respect to the other pieces, that of the former is trivially, and that +of the latter, greatly enhanced. + +In finding both scales, the part of the board within the sphere of each +respective piece wherever it is placed, is supposed to be unoccupied. + +As the player cannot always put the pieces where their range of action +will be the most extensive, the latter scale is the safer to be +adopted, as a datum from which to estimate their values, in balancing +one piece against two pieces, two against three, previously to +suffering or effecting such a kind of exchange. + + + + +EXAMPLE VI. + +THE SECOND ESSAY CONTINUED FROM THE TWENTY-SECOND COUPLET. + + COUPLET 23. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d square. + B. The knight at his rook’s 3d square.(a) + + 24. + W. The bishop at the black queen’s 4th.(b) + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(c) + + 25. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d) + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + +(a) His standing before the pawns on this side is of no consequence, as +their only use will be to obstruct the white ones: those on the other +side are what this player must expect to promote. The only other way of +preserving this knight, moving the black queen to the 1st rank, would +have been a bad step. + +(b) He would have been safe before the black queen; but by thus +threatening check-mate he gains a move, and is in a better position. + +(c) The king must not only not move into check himself, but no piece +must move so as to expose him to it; therefore, if, instead of this, +the bishop’s pawn had moved a square, the white bishop might have taken +his assailant with security. + +(d) To keep the black knight from checking the king. Had this pawn +been moved further, the black knight, at the white knight’s 4th house, +supported by the black queen and rook’s pawn, would have totally +obstructed him and his companions. + + 26. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Rook at his king’s bishop’s square.(e) + + 27. + W. The king at his rook’s 3d square.(f) + B. Knight at his bishop’s 2d square.(g) + + 28. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Knight at his king’s 4th square. + + +(e) As, from the impendence of the white queen and bishop, the +protection of both the knight and the rook is necessary to the pawns +on the other side, moving forward with safety, this player is about to +transfer them there. + +(f) To sustain the rook’s pawn when that of the knight advances. + +(g) He could not get to the square he is going to without first coming +here: to protect him in this first stage of his gambit[24], was the +chief reason of placing the rook where he is. + +[24] A gambit is an indirect and circuitous movement, by several +intermediate steps, to a particular square. In a larger sense, a gambit +is a game mostly made up of such movements; it, perhaps, includes the +idea of one player being quickly circumvented. + + 29. + W. Knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th square.(h) + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 30. + W. Knight at the black king’s 3d square. + B. Rook at the queen’s bishop’s 1st square. + + 31. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(i) + B. Knight at his queen’s 2d square. + +(h) He moved to save the king’s bishop’s pawn, now amply protected. The +pieces are so arranged, you see, that if the black player was to begin +exchanging, the white one would have the last capture. At the time of +observing (g) the reverse was the case. + +(i) Pawns, as they are pushed on, increase in value. Of a set of pawns, +one at least of which you are striving to promote, neither should, if +possible, be moved without having a piece as guardian, should no enemy +at the moment be at hand; for a sudden occurrence, the same which may +prevent you from providing for his safety, may bring an adversary in +a position to command him. But though this pawn, as thus moved, is in +the predicament of having no support, it would have been still worse +to have stirred any other; if the rook’s pawn had advanced a square, +the knight’s pawn of the blacks, by advancing two squares, might have +completely blockaded all three. A circumspect resiler from enterprise, +instead of moving either, would have placed the king behind the +knight’s pawn. + + 32. + W. Knight at his queen’s 4th square.(k) + B. Queen at the king’s bishop’s 3d square.(l) + + 33. + W. The knight gives check. + B. The king at the rook’s square. + + 34. + W. The knight at the black king’s 2d square discovering check. + B. The bishop’s pawn covers the check. + + 35. + W. The knight takes the rook. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 36. + W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The king removes. + +(k) This more than prevents the black pawn’s being advanced upon the +bishop. + +(l) She could not do better. If the black bishop’s pawn had been moved +against the bishop, the white knight would have taken him. If the +rook had taken the knight, the bishop would then have taken the rook. +Combinations, such as these, may be carried to a great extent, and very +much try the skill of the player. + + 37. + W. Queen takes the knight. + B. Queen at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d square, giving check.(m) + + 38. + W. King at his rook’s 2d square. + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 39. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The king takes the queen. + + 40. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(n) + +_Variation._ (m) This queen takes the king’s bishop’s pawn. + + 38. + The white knight takes the pawn. + The black queen at the white king’s 3d square, giving check. + + 39. + The white king removes. + The black queen takes the knight. + + 40. + The white queen takes the pawn—and so on. + + The result is, as it will be of the present way of moving, + that the black king is check-mated. + + +(n) Nothing better could be done than to offer this. Paradoxical as it +may seem to the unpractised reader, if the three pawns on the queen’s +side of the board were entirely away, the player of the blacks would +be better off. By moving his king to intercept the white ones, and +by judiciously managing his own, he might then, and the other could +not help it, so exchange one for one, that to the white king and +single pawn left, his own would at length stand opposed in the manner +described at the end of Section xxx; the consequence of which would be, +that the adversary, to avoid a stale, would resign his pawn, content +neither to beat nor be beaten. But, circumstanced as he now is, the +player of the blacks would be soonest check-mated on the interception +plan. We will suppose him to have gone upon it, and to have arrived at +the point just mentioned. The white king instead of surrendering his +pawn, closely supports him, leaving the black king without a move, and, +but for having other pieces, in a stale. Then follows the move at which +we are pausing. The white pawn takes the pawn, and leaves the black +queen’s rook’s a free passage. The white pawn gets to the promotion +line a move before his rival, and at the moment of doing so, gives +check-mate. + + 41. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(o) + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + +(o) It is better now to lose a pawn than a move. If the queen’s +rook’s pawn were to take the black one, the other player would make a +queen first; for the black queen’s rook’s pawn having then nothing to +interrupt him, would be virtually a move before either of the other +white ones; and as to the capturing pawn, then in the knight’s file, +the black king need not lose the time of one step to keep him from +promotion. + + 42. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 43. + W. The pawn takes the king’s rook’s pawn. + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 44. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 45. + W. The pawn becomes a queen, and gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d square. + + 46. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 47. + W. The queen at her knight’s 2d square. + B. The king moves obliquely to his right. + +Though at the risk of dividing the reader’s attention, we have been +fuller on the part just preceding, in order that it may serve as a +precedent for cases not exactly similar. The moves after this, however, +will require no remark from us. + + 48. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The king moves to support his remaining pawn. + + 49. + W. The queen at her rook’s 3d. + B. The king where he can support the pawn without being checked. + + 50, &c. + +When the queen made the last capture, the game was virtually ended. If, +however, the player of the blacks is obstinate enough still to continue +it, the following is the most summary way of mating him. + +From 50 to 54, the white king crosses toward his queen, the black king +in the mean time regrading in the same two squares, so as to prevent +the queen, who remains inactive, from taking his pawn: 55, (the white +king being at his queen’s bishop’s 3d square) the queen gives check; +the king removes: 56 to the end, the queen takes the pawn, and in +concert with her king, effects the check-mate. + + +EXAMPLE VII. + +A SECOND BACK-GAME TO EXAMPLE V. TAKEN UP AFTER THE 24th COUPLET OF +EXAMPLE VI. pa. 85. + + COUPLET 25. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight at the bishop’s 4th square. + + 26. + W. The king at his rook’s 3d square.(a) + B. The knight at the white queen’s 4th.(b) + + 27. + W. Queen at her own 3d square.(c) + B. Queen at her king’s 4th square.(d) + + 28. + W. Knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(e) + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) Combining with his knight’s, in support of his rook’s pawn. + +(b) Instead of supporting his right hand pawns from behind, as he did +in the last game, in order to advance them against the white queen +and bishop—a plan that was found unsuccessful—this player is now +endeavouring to remove the white queen and bishop in the first instance. + +(c) To save herself and the pawn. + +(d) Chiefly to preserve her knight. + +(e) To protect the bishop. + + 29. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 30. + W. The bishop at his king’s 4th square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(f) + + 31. + W. Queen at the square of her king’s bishop.(g) + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 32. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(h) + + 33. + W. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + +(f) Pawns, whose only use is obstruction, can seldom promote their +object by moving forwards[25]—and therefore, while there is any thing +to do in another quarter, they should in general only be moved, as this +has been now, for self-preservation. + +[25] When those they are to stop are more than a step off, they never +can. + +(g) To support the bishop’s pawn in his next move. + +(h) In employing only the king to escort his pawns, to which he is at +present adequate—and reserving his rook as an ambuscaded check to the +advancement of the white ones—this player pursues an eligible policy. + + 34. + W. Queen at her king’s knight’s 4th.(i) + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 35. + W. Queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th square. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 36. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + + 37. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same.(k) + +(i) The white pawns are very critically situated, for they can hardly +move without committing themselves. Had the knight’s advanced a square, +and his immediate opponent two squares, an uncompensated loss would +have been inevitable; so that this move of the queen, though not the +most obvious, is, perhaps, the best that could be made. + +(k) This is far better than moving the queen away. When one is sure +of promoting a pawn before the adversary—if an occasion of exchanging +queen for queen does not offer, it ought to be sought—that the +preponderance which the promoted pawn will give, may be as great as +possible. + + 38. + W. Queen takes the pawn of the black knight.(l) + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 39. + W. The pawn takes the queen. + B. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the knight’s. + + 40. + W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d square.(m) + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 41. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 42. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(n) + +(l) This, and not the reverse, that his pawns may not be doubled, or +two in a file—which, had this player taken the queen, would have been +the case. Doubling pawns is chiefly to be avoided, when, as here, there +would be no pawn in an adjoining file: when there are others to support +them, it is an evil so evanescent, that no sacrifice ought to be made +to prevent it. + +(m) To make way for the knight. + +(n) If he had taken the pawn, the critical square would have been +within the range of the white bishop. + + 43. + W. Knight at the black king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 44. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Rook takes the pawn of the white rook, and gives check.(o) + + 45. + W. The king at his knight’s 3d square. + B. The pawn becomes a queen. + + 46. + W. The pawn becomes a queen. + B. The queen at the white king’s knight’s square, + giving check-mate. + +(o) The rook’s forbearing this capture thus long, is an exemplication +of rule 21. If it had been material to prevent the white player from +having a queen, this player would have detached the rook along his own +rank to a square out of the knight’s reach; and on the white pawn’s +becoming a queen, would have exchanged the rook for the queen. + + + + +=_The Scholar’s-Mate_=. + + +EXAMPLE VIII. + +_Meditating and evading that Stratagem._ + + COUPLET 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at the queen’s bishop’s 4th square. + B. The same. + + 3. + W. The queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th square.(a) + B. The queen at her king’s 2d.(b) + +(a) In this example, and the rest that make up the section, which after +the 2d move are very different from those that go before, it is rather +the movements of the blacks than of the whites that are proposed for +imitation. The mode to be pursued by one player, depends in a great +measure on that pursued by the other: we have therefore given these, +that the tyro might not be surprised into a defeat, or uncompensated +loss, if an opponent, having the first move, should at the 3d couplet +take the same step that the whites have done here—a step of that +fundamental kind, that the future aspect of the game is influenced +materially by it. + +(b) She thus prevents the white queen, as well from taking the king’s, +as from giving check-mate by taking the bishop’s pawn. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. Knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th.(c) + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + W. The bishop takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 7. + W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th.(d) + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + +(c) The object of the white player now is, either to snatch a piece +and retire, or, by the sacrifice of a knight or a bishop, make a +practicable breach in the black pawns. + +(d) The remaining moves, declare their object. + +The reader will observe, that the game might be finished at the 4th +couplet; which is the earliest termination it can well be made to +receive, and is called the _scholar’s-mate_. + +The game may be finished in two couplets, the fatal stroke being given +by the second move of the second player: but there requires so much +fatuity to permit this, that it has the name of the _fools-mate_. + + 8. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight takes the king’s pawn. + + 9. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square. + + 10. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop at the white king’s bishop’s 2d square, + giving check. + + 11. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The rook takes the queen. + + 12. + W. The king takes the rook. + B. The queen takes the knight, &c. &c.(e) + +(e) As the forces of both are at par, or nearly so, and the intricacies +consequent on the 3d, 4th, and 5th steps gotten over, it is not +essential to our purpose to proceed any further. If the reader likes to +pursue the subject, the economy of the pawns and other pieces during +the rest of the game, is not very different from the finishings in the +second essay. In the mean time we submit to him some variations, all +of which, however, as soon as the blacks are equal or superior to the +whites, and the future moves of both, independent of those that have +preceded, will, like this, be discontinued. + + +EXAMPLE IX. + +MOVES CONSEQUENT ON THE ATTEMPT TO GIVE THE SCHOLAR’S-MATE. + +_Beginning after the Sixth Couplet of_ EXAMPLE VIII. + + COUPLET 7. + W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. The bishop takes the knight’s pawn. + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 9. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The pawn takes the queen. + + 10. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 11. + W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square. + + 12. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop takes the pawn, and checks. + + 13. + W. The king at his 2d square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + W. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.(a) + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th, checking. + + 16. + W. King at his queen’s 2d. + B. King at his 1st square. + + 17. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The bishop takes the pawn. + + 18. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The king takes the rook. + + 19. + W. The knight at his king’s 2d. + B. The bishop at the white rook’s 4th. + + 20. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, &c. + +(a) Owing to this, the black bishop cannot move without exposing the +rook. To save his bishop, and the knight’s pawn, or to lose neither +without a recompense, will require the black player’s utmost skill. + + +EXAMPLE X. + +_Beginning after the Ninth Couplet of_ EXAMPLE IX. + + COUPLET 10. + W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The knight at the white knight’s 4th. + + 12. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a) + B. The knight takes the rook’s pawn. + + 13. + W. The king at his queen’s square.(b) + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c) + +(a) The white player _must_ lose one of the pawns without a recompense, +and had he suffered this to be taken, he would have lost two—because +the knight would then have attacked the king’s pawn and rook, and both +could not have been saved. + +(b) If the king had not removed, the black knight would have taken the +bishop’s pawn and given check; the consequence would have been, that +the rook as well as the pawn, would have been lost for the mere knight. +Now the knight cannot remove without exposing his own rook. + +(c) Of his gambit, which he may not have occasion to finish, the object +is, to support the black rook when the other knight removes. + + 14. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s knight’s 4th, giving check. + B. The knight covers the check. + + 16. + W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 3d. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 17. + W. The bishop takes the rook. + B. The pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. The king at his 2d square. + B. Queen’s bishop gives check. + + 19. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + B. The pawn becomes a queen. + + 20. + W. The rook takes the queen. + B. The knight takes the rook and gives check. + + 21. + W. The king at his 1st square. + B. The king castles. + + 22. + W. Bishop at black king’s bishop’s 3d, &c. + + +EXAMPLE XI. + +_Beginning, like the last, after the 9th Couplet of_ EXAMPLE IX. + + COUPLET 10. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 11. + W. The bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the bishop.(a) + + 12. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 13. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The knight takes the 1st pawn in the king’s bishop’s file. + + ----------------------------------------------- + _Variation._ + 11. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king at his bishop’s 3d. + + 12. + W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the bishop(a), &c. + ----------------------------------------------- + +(a) Had the black player suffered the white bishop to take his bishop, +moving out his knight in order to capture him with his rook, he would +be unable to break the white pawns. + + 14. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square. + + 15. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + + 16. + W. King’s rook at his bishop’s square, &c. &c. + + +EXAMPLE XII. + +_Beginning after the Seventh Couplet of_ EXAMPLE IX. + + COUPLET 8. + W. The knight at the black king’s 3d square, giving check. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 9. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The king takes the queen. + + 10. + W. The bishop takes the pawn. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 12. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. The king’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 13. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight takes the pawn, &c. &c. + +A better mode to be pursued by the blacks than any yet exhibited, is +the following. + + +EXAMPLE XIII. + +_Beginning at the Fifth Couplet of_ EXAMPLE VIII. + + COUPLET 5. + W. Knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 6. + W. The bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. The knight takes the rook’s pawn. + B. Queen’s knight at the queen’s 2d. + + 8. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight at the king’s bishop’s square.(a) + + 9. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook takes the knight. + + 10. + W. The queen at her home, &c. &c. + +(a) The player of the white knight, feeling his insecurity, would be +glad to exchange him; therefore had this knight gone to the bishop’s +3d square instead of the 1st, the white one would have taken him. The +white knight, by giving check, would have afforded his queen time to +remove from the rook. + + +EXAMPLE XIV. + +_Beginning after the Seventh Couplet of_ EXAMPLE XIII. + + COUPLET 8. + W. Queen at the black king’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen at the white king’s rook’s 4th.(a) + + 9. + W. Knight’s pawn 1 square.(b) + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 10. + W. The queen takes the queen.(c) + B. The rook takes the queen, &c. &c. + +(a) If, instead of this, the black knight had moved, as in the 8th move +of the last Example, the white knight would have taken him. + +(b) If the white player had neglected this move to take the pawn in his +queen’s power, the black queen, would have captured, in addition to +the bishop’s pawn, by afterwards successively checking the king, two +or three other pawns, without ultimately suffering the white knight to +escape. + +(c) It was not a matter of indifference whether or not be exchanged the +queen: if he had not, he must have lost the king’s pawn uncompensated. + + +GENERAL REMARKS. + +On the part of the blacks it is to be observed, that the result of +the two last ways of moving, though something more in their favour +than the result of any of the others, is not so decidedly superior as +at the first view it may seem. The white player’s having preserved +all his pawns entire is a circumstance that almost counter-balances +his disadvantages; for to prevent one of the three white pawns on the +king’s side from becoming a queen, the other player must exchange for +them, at least two knights and the pawn opposite: Suppose these changes +to have taken place, and the difference in favour of the blacks will be +very inconsiderable. + +With respect to the propriety of the reader’s opening the game in +this way, when his having the first move puts it in his power, we +know but one case in which there would be any.—When there is any +reason to think, that, from the antagonist’s estrangement to it, +notwithstanding his having had some practice, the triumph of beating +him in four moves might be attained[26]. In such a case, as there is +a probability of snatching a piece on its failure, and as no decisive +loss is to be apprehended if one be defeated even in that, it cannot +be very imprudent to try it. Another consideration which, in such a +case, lessens the impropriety, is, that if you meet with success, +either complete or partial, the adversary, at his turn of moving first, +may be induced to adopt the same mode, which most probably, from its +novelty, will to him be disastrous. As soon as this stratagem ceases +to profit, or if it fails in the first instance, it will of course be +instinctively resigned. + +[26] If he is inexperienced, it will be no triumph. + +A deviation on this plan, from the maxim, “Never count on the mistakes +of your adversary, or act as if you expected him to adopt measures +different from those which you would adopt in his situation,” is, +perhaps, the only kind of one not very reprehensible. + + + + +EXAMPLE XV. + +=_Game of Involved Combinations_=, + +A STUDY. + + + COUPLET 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at the queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(b) + +(a) That this move should precede all the others, is right in theory as +well as in practice. We add the following, which is more definite, to +the reasons directly or indirectly already dropt for it. The rooks are +useless at the beginning of the game,—the knights, to step out, require +no pawn to be moved,—the bishops cannot render their immediate service +without an opening;—the advancement of the king’s pawns 2 squares, +which leaves the king’s bishop and queen at liberty to act, without +exposing the king, either in front or obliquely, is therefore dictated +by propriety, as the preliminary movement. And there are other reasons, +if it would not divide the attention to give them here. + +(b) This move, in these circumstances, may now and then be used with +advantage as a change, instead of that which places the king’s bishop +at the same square; it will, though the adversary has the first move, +prevent him from getting two pawns a-breast in the centre—and if he be +unused to it, rather confine and disconcert his other operations: at +the same time, your own king’s bishop will, in some degree, be cramped +by it. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. † + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. ⸸ + + 4. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. † + + 5. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. ⸸ + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 7. + W. King’s bishop at queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + + 9. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + +_Remarks._ + +†⸸ The moves, with this mark (†) will be found to menace, with this (⸸) +to parry. + + 10. + W. Queen at her 3d square. † + B. King’s knight at the queen’s 3d.(c) + + 11. + W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s 4th.(d) + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 12. + W. Queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 13. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(e) + + 14. + W. King’s bishop takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 15. + W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. Queen’s bishop covers the check. + +(c) Saving himself and the pawn. + +(d) With a view to take the king’s pawn with his knight, which would be +secured from the black knight by the ambuscade on the rook; and if he +be disappointed in the way he expects, with another view. + +(e) To save the king from check-mate. + + 16. + W. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(f) + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. †(g) + + 17. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. ⸸(h) + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. Knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th. † + + 19. + W. Queen at the black queen’s bishop’s 3d, giving check. ‡ + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + +(f) This player’s object now will be to promote the pawns on his +queen’s side as soon as he can. + +(g) This player having no pawns which he has any prospect of promoting, +at least while those on the adverse king’s side remain unbroken, cannot +do better than, availing himself of his superiority in other pieces, +endeavour to snatch some of the pawns of the adversary; attacking him +first on one wing, then on the other, and bringing two or three pieces +to bear upon one. + +(h) If the knight’s pawn, with a view to save this, had moved a square, +the black bishop would have taken the knight’s pawn. + +_Remarks._ + +‡ The moves with this mark, will be found not directly to parry a +menaced blow; but merely, by making a counter attack, to suspend its +execution. + + 20. + W. Queen’s bishop at his 1st square. ⸸(i) + B. King’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check. + + 21. + W. The king castles. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 22. + W. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen at her own bishop’s 2d. † + + 23. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. ⸸ + B. Queen’s rook at the square of the queen’s knight. † + + 24. + W. Queen at her king’s 2d. ⸸ + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th. + + 25. + W. Knight at his bishop’s 3d. †(k) + B. Queen’s bishop at the queen’s knight’s + 2d. ⸸(l) + +(i) To save himself and the knight’s pawn. + +(k) The pawns cannot advance with safety at present. + +(l) This is hardly parrying an attack, it is rather flying from it; +however, he is only driven to the square to which he was gambiting. + + 26. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. Knight at his king’s 4th square. + + 27. + W. Knight at the black queen’s knight’s 4th. † + B. Queen at the bishop’s 3d. ‡ + + 28. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(m) + B. King’s bishop gives check.(n) + + 29. + W. The king at his knight’s 2d. + B. King’s rook at the king’s square.(o) + + 30. + W. The bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + +(m) To save the king from check-mate. + +(n) The assault of the white knight prevented this player from +executing the scheme that he intended; or otherwise, instead of giving +check with his bishop, he would have taken the white king’s bishop’s +pawn with his knight. + +(o) When a player has fewer pawns, and more superior pieces than the +adversary, he should bring as many of the latter into play as he can: +if he adduce, on the whole, but one more piece, and carry on the +combination with skill, the other _must_ give way at last. + + 31. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. The queen takes the rook. + + 32. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The bishop takes the queen. + + 33. + W. The king takes the bishop. + B. The rook takes the bishop and gives check. + + 34. + W. The king at his bishop’s 4th.(p) + B. Queen’s rook at the king’s square.(q) + + 35. + W. The king at his knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s rook gives check. + + 36. + W. The king at his rook’s 3d. + B. The knight’s pawn 2 squares. + +(p) Of the four squares which he may go into, if he were not to take +one of the two next his adversary’s side, he would, at the next move, +lose either a pawn or his rook. + +(q) The black player has now virtually won: we shall make the rest of +the moves as summary as propriety will allow. + + 37. + W. The rook at his queen’s bishop’s square. + B. The knight’s pawn gives check. + + 38. + W. The king at his knight’s 2d. + B. The king’s rook gives check. + + 39. + W. The king at the bishop’s 1st.(r) + B. The king’s rook gives check at the white + bishop’s 2d. + + 40. + W. The king removes. + B. King’s rook at the white queen’s bishop 2d, + discovering check from the bishop. + + 41. + W. The king removes either to his right or left. + B. The king’s rook takes the rook and gives check. + + 42. + W. The king removes. + B. Queen’s rook at the white king’s 2d, + giving _check-mate_. + +(r) If he goes to his rook’s 1st, the black king’s rook checks him at +his first square; and when the white rook takes the black king’s rook, +the black queen’s rook takes the capturer, and repeats check: the king +removes, and is check-mated. + + +=_Conclusion_=. + +In the former edition of this work, the author took occasion to +introduce, with a game of PHILIDOR, some observations on the critical +situations, into which an inexperienced player may get, from attempting +that master’s mode of managing the pawns, on account of the address +and ability which a successful pursuit of it requires. The difficulty +is, should the adversary abandon the direct mode of opposition with +his own pawns, to guard against the facility which he thereby obtains, +of employing a great number of his superior pieces in forcing the +position of your king. This inconvenience is to be prevented, without +relinquishing the defence of the pawns, or failing in their ultimate +promotion, but there is danger, in pursuing any plan intensely, of +acquiring a manner. The judicious player will avail himself of the +masterly instructions which PHILIDOR gives for the evolutions of +the minor pieces; without reposing on his system on all occasions; +adopting or declining it, as he finds it successful or disastrous +with different players; and obstructing, or conniving at its trial on +himself, as it may be in unison with the general mode of the person +who would practise it. The models of CUNNINGHAM and SALVIO, requiring +great stores of resource to prevent the adventurer from suffering by +enterprise, will in practice be equally delicate to follow. The spirit +of these accomplished specimens is what you should endeavour to seize. +In opposition to any project, to adhere invariably to the routine of +moves in the best edited forms is ineligible; for instance, if you were +to imitate exactly the second mover in the first party of PHILIDOR, an +inferior player might beat you by rote. And though the black player, +under the conduct of PHILIDOR, suffering the establishment of two white +pawns in the centre, proceeds on the conception, that it could not be +prevented, without giving his skilful opponent in some shape or other +an equivalent advantage; you will sometimes find it profitable to try +the effect of that equivalent advantage, where the variation forces +the adversary to the resource of his own talents. Thus, while with a +mixture of prudence and spirit, you do not disdain to adopt from edited +forms moves that are suited to the situation; the features of your +play will be impressed with the character of your own powers; and you +will guard against a habit of ingrafting moves in a mechanical series, +as if you wanted that promptness which should conform itself to all +circumstances. + +You may play the game of HANNIBAL or FABIUS. If you have naturally a +disposition for enterprise, and are fertile in expedients, you will do +well to cultivate it, as it will prevent an adversary of slower parts +from prosecuting those systematic plans, which he has tried and proved. +If, on the contrary, your abilities are rather solid than splendid, you +must, even in those speculations into which a player of an opposite +turn will sometimes draw you, keep as near as possible to the shore +of certainty, never launching into a new track with wantonness, never +without deliberation. But whether your ingenuity expatiate, or your +judgment, preponderate, your best guide will be Experience. If you have +enlisted both these in your accomplishments, you will not want, though +you will excuse, the officiousness of advice. + +The observations on points, respecting which the practice is not +entirely uniform, are postponed to the appendix. + + + + + ANALYSIS + OF + THE GAME OF CHESS. + + + BY MR. PHILIDOR. + + TO WHICH IS ADDED, + SEVERAL PARTIES, PLAYED BY THE + AUTHOR BLINDFOLD, + AGAINST + THREE ADVERSARIES. + + =_A New Edition_=, + + WITH CORRECTIONS BY THE EDITOR, + CHIEFLY REGARDING THE PERSPICUITY OF THE LANGUAGE. + + _Ludimus effigiem belli._ VIDA. + +=_Advertisement_=. + +It is to be observed, that in the Notes, the reader is addressed as the +player supposed to move the white pieces, and the player of the blacks, +an imaginary antagonist of the reader, is spoken of in the third +person, to avoid equivocation. + +It is also to be observed, that when the manœuvre of castling is +performed in the following examples, the king stands on the square +_next but one to his own_, and the rook on the _square adjoining +the king’s original square_;—so that the place for castling on the +king’s and on the queen’s side, is not, as in the preceding games, +uniform:—but the king and rook stand on the same squares on the king’s +side. + + + + + ANALYSIS OF _CHESS_. + + =_Philidor’s own Games_=. + + FIRST PARTY, + + _With Two Back Games; the First beginning from the Twelfth, + and the Second from the Thirty-seventh Move, of the Black_. + + 1. + + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th square. + B. The same. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + + 4. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + +(a) This pawn, is pushed two steps, for two reasons: the first, to +hinder the adversary’s king’s bishop from attacking your king’s +bishop’s pawn; the second, to bring the strength of your pawns into the +centre of the chess-board. + + 5. + W. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) + B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(c) + + 6. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + B. The king castles. + + 7. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.(d) + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(b) When you find your game in the present situation, _viz._ two pawns +in a front line, you must take care not to push either of them, before +your adversary proposes to change one for the other: which you will +then avoid, by pushing forwards the attacked pawn. + +(c) If, instead of being withdrawn, this bishop gives check, you are to +cover the check with the bishop; and, in case he takes your bishop, you +must take his bishop with your knight, who will then defend your king’s +pawn. + +(d) Before the bishop’s pawn has been pushed two squares, avoid playing +the knight at the bishop’s 3d, when it will answer the purpose to play +him any where else; for the obstruction which the knight gives to the +motion of the pawn, is sometimes inconvenient in its consequences. + + 8. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(e) + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his king’s square. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f) + + 11. + W. The queen at her 2d square.(g) + B. The pawn takes the pawn.(h) + +(e) The bishop retires, to avoid being attacked by the adversary’s +queen’s pawn, because that would force you to take his pawn with yours, +and separate your pawns. + +(f) He plays this pawn to give an opening to the rook; and this cannot +be hindered, whether he or you take. + +(g) You should not take the pawn which is offered you, because your +king’s pawn would then lose its file; whereas, leaving yours to be +taken, you supply its place by the pawn of your queen, and sustain it +afterwards with your king’s bishop’s pawn. These two pawns united will +undoubtedly win the game. + +(h) He takes the pawn to pursue his design of giving an opening to his +rook. + + 12. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.(i) + + 13. + W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.(k) + B. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s bishop takes the black bishop.(l) + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + +(i) He plays this bishop to add to the security of his queen’s pawn, +and to enable him to push afterwards his queen’s bishop’s pawn: you +could, it is true, oblige him to double a pawn in the knight’s file, by +taking his king’s bishop with your queen’s bishop, but this would make +an opening to his king’s rook: besides a doubled pawn, when connected +with others, as his would be, is by no means disadvantageous; however, +the present attitude of the pieces will be the subject of a back game, +making him take your queen’s bishop with that of his king. + +(k) Your king’s pawn being as yet in no danger, your knight attacks his +bishop, in order to take him, or have him removed. + +(l) It is always dangerous to let the adversary’s king’s bishop command +the diagonal of your king’s bishop’s pawn; and therefore when your +queen’s pawn cannot form a bar to his action, it is necessary to oppose +him with your queen’s bishop, and to exchange him for that piece, if +you cannot procure him for a smaller. + + 15. + W. The king castles with his rook.(m) + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square. + + 16. + W. King’s knight takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 17. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square. + + 18. + W. The queen’s rook at its king’s square. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(n) + + 19. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(o) + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + +(m) You castle on that side, in order to sustain and strengthen your +king’s bishop’s pawn, which you will advance two squares as soon as +your king’s pawn is attacked. + +(n) He is forced to push this pawn, to hinder you from playing your +king’s bishop’s pawn upon his queen, which would give you two pawns in +a front line upon his field. + +(o) This pawn is played to enable you to push your king’s knight’s pawn +two steps. + + 20. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th square. + B. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(p) + + 21. + W. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The 1st of the double pawns 1 square. + + 22. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th square. + + 23. + W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d square.(q) + B. King’s knight at the white king’s 3d square.(r) + +(p) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight entering his game, and +forcing his queen to remove, which would immediately make an opening +for your pawns. + +(q) You play this knight to enable yourself to push your king’s +bishop’s pawn next, which will be then supported by three pieces, the +rook, the bishop, and the knight. + +(r) He plays this knight, in order to cut off the communication between +your pieces, and break the strength of your pawns; which he would +undoubtedly do, by pushing his king’s knight’s pawn; but you prevent +his design, by sacrificing your rook. + + 24. + W. Queen’s rook takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the rook. + + 25. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn. + + 26. + W. The rook at its king’s square.(s) + B. The queen takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + + 27. + W. The queen at her king’s 4th square. + B. The queen at her king’s 3d square.(t) + + 28. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 29. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen at her 4th square.(u) + +(s) You play the rook to support your king’s pawn, which would be left +without adequate support, were you to push your king’s bishop’s pawn. + +(t) The queen returns to this square, in order to hinder the +check-mate, now prepared. + +(u) The queen offers to be exchanged with the other queen, in order to +break the scheme of a check-mate, by the adverse bishop and queen. + + 30. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The pawn takes the queen. + + 31. + W. The bishop takes the pawn in his way. + B. The knight at his 3d square. + + 32. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(x) + B. Queen’s rook at the white queen’s knight’s 2d square. + + 33. + W. The bishop at the queen’s 3d square. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square. + +(x) You are to observe, that when your bishop runs upon the white +squares, you must put your pawns upon the black ones; or, if your +bishop runs upon the black, you must have your pawns upon the white; by +which course the bishop prevents the adversary’s pieces from intruding +between your pawns. This rule is hardly ever to be dispensed with, +in case you attack, and have some pawns advanced; but, in case of a +defence, the rule must be reversed, and the pawns set upon the bishop’s +colour. + + 34. + W. The bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 4th square.(y) + B. The knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th square. + + 35. + W. The knight at the black king’s rook’s 4th square. + B. King’s rook gives check. + + 36. + W. The bishop covers the check. + B. Knight at the white queen’s 2d square. + + 37. + W. King’s pawn gives check. + B. King at his knight’s 3d square.(z) ☜ + + 38. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s square. + + 39. + W. The knight gives check at the 4th square of his king’s bishop. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d square. + +(y) Here is an example of the above note: if your bishop run black, +your adversary’s king might insinuate between your two pawns. + +(z) As the king may retire to his bishop’s square, we will make it the +subject of a second back game. + + 40. + W. The bishop at the black king’s rook 4th square. + B. Plays any where: the white pushes to queen. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST PARTY, + + _On the Twelfth Move of the Black_. + + 12. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s bishop takes the queen’s bishop. + + 13. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square. + + 14. + W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square. + B. Queen at her king’s 2d square. + + 15. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 16. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square. + + 17. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his 2d square. + + 19. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + W. The knight at his king’s 2d square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 21. + W. The queen at her 2d square. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + + 22. + W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d square. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th square. + + 23. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square. + B. Queen’s knight at the white king’s 3d square. + + 24. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the rook. + + 25. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + + 26. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen takes the pawn. + + 27. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight at his king’s square. + + 28. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at the white queen’s 4th square. + + 29. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The pawn takes the queen. + + 30. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight at his queen’s 3d square. + + 31. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th square. + B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square. + + 32. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the rook. + + 33. + W. The knight at the black queen’s 3d square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, + or any move indifferently, the game being unavoidably lost. + + 34. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Rook at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 35. + W. The bishop gives check. + B. The king retires, having but one place. + + 36. + W. The knight gives check. + B. The king removes. + + 37. + W. The knight at the black queen’s square, discovering check. + B. The king removes where he can. + + 38. + W. King’s pawn becomes a queen, and gives check-mate. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST PARTY, + + _On the Thirty-seventh Move of the Black_. + + 37. + W. King’s pawn gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 38. + W. The rook at the queen’s rook’s square. + B. The rook gives check at the white queen’s knight’s square. + + 39. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The knight takes the rook. + + 40. + W. The king at his rook’s 2d square. + B. Knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d square. + + 41. + W. Knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square. + B. Knight at the white king’s 4th square. + + 42. + W. The knight takes the pawn. + B. The rook at his king’s knight’s 4th square. + + 43. + W. King’s pawn 1 square, and gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square. + + 44. + W. Bishop gives check at the black king’s 3d square. + B. The king takes the bishop. + + 45. + W. King’s pawn becomes a queen, and wins the game. + + + + +SECOND PARTY, + + +_With Three Back Games: the First on the Third, the Second on the +Eighth, and the last on the Twenty-sixth Move of the Black_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) + + 4. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) It is absolutely necessary to advance this pawn two squares to +prevent your adversary from bringing his pawns into the centre of the +board; and this he certainly could effect, by pushing his queen’s pawn +two squares against your bishop, which would give him the move and +attack. + +(b) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn two squares instead of taking, it +would have materially altered the game, so we will make it the subject +of a back game. + + 5. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(c) + + 6. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(d) + +(c) He has two reasons for playing this bishop: the first is, to push +his queen’s pawn, in order to make room for his king’s bishop; the +second, to oppose it to your king’s bishop, and take him from the field +in time, according to the rule prescribed in the first game. + +(d) If, instead of getting out his superior pieces, by playing his +knight, he should continue to advance his pawns, he might with ease be +made to lose the game. It must be observed, that one or two pawns, too +far advanced, may be reckoned as lost, except when there is an open +field for other pieces to protect them, or when the same pawns may be +sustained or supplied by others. By a back game it will convincingly +appear, that two pawns in a front line, situated upon the chess-board’s +fourth square, are better than upon the sixth square. + + 9. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(e) + + 11. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(f) + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 12. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 13. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th. + +(e) He pushes this pawn two squares to prevent your pawns falling upon +his.—Here observe, two equal bodies of pawns are on the board: you have +four to three on your king’s side, and he has four to three on his +queen’s side; the player that is able first to separate his adversary’s +pawns, on the side where they are most in number, will undoubtedly win +the game. + +(f) This move is material, by its seasonable anticipation, because by +pushing his king’s rook’s pawn a square, he would have cut off the +communication between your pawns; your king’s knight’s pawn being then +unable to join that of your bishop, without being exposed to be taken +by his rook’s pawn. + + 14. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight gives check to the king, and attacks the rook. + + 16. + W. The king at his knight’s 2d square. + B. The knight takes the rook. + + 17. + W. The king takes the knight.(g) + B. The queen at her 2d square. + + 18. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s square.(h) + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + +(g) Though a rook is commonly more valued than a knight, yet your game +may be better than his: because, notwithstanding this loss, your king +is safe, and you are the better enabled to form your attack on which +ever side your adversary may chuse to castle. + +(h) It is essential to play your queen to sustain your king’s knight’s +pawn, least he should sacrifice his bishop for your two pawns, which +he certainly would; because all the strength of your game consisting +in your pawns, the breaking of them would give him the attack, and +probably make you lose the game. + + 19. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.(i) + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d square. + B. The king castles on his queen’s side.(k) + + 21. + W. The king’s bishop gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square. + + 22. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.(l) + B. Queen’s rook at its own square. + + 23. + W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s knight’s 4th square. + B. The queen at her own square.(m) + +(i) In order to engage your adversary to push his queen’s bishop’s +pawn, which would give you the victory very soon, by making an opening +for your knights. + +(k) He castles on that side to avoid the strength of your pawns upon +his king, which present a menacing front, and are already farther +advanced than those on the side of your queen. + +(l) Had you given him check with this knight, you would have entangled +your bishop, and lost many moves: it is therefore better to go back. + +(m) He brings back his queen to her home, with a design to place her +next at her king’s bishop’s square, to increase the support of his +queen’s bishop’s pawn. + + 24. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square. + + 25. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 26. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.(n) + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(o) + + 27. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(p) + + 28. + W. The bishop gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d square. + +(n) With a view to pursue your attack on his pawn. + +(o) In order to gain a move, and to hinder your king’s knight from +placing himself at your queen’s knight’s third square; but as the +twenty-sixth move might have been different, it will be the subject of +a back game. + +(p) Let him now play as he will, his situation is irretrievable; +because your knights have got a free passage into his game. + + 29. + W. The bishop takes the knight and checks. + B. The king takes the bishop. + + 30. + W. King’s knight gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.(q) + + 31. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop at his king’s knight’s square. + + 32. + W. The pawn gives check. + B. The king at his own square. + + 33. + W. King’s knight at the black queen’s knight’s 4th square. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square. + + 34. + W. The queen at her 4th square.(r) + B. Lost every where. + +(q) If his king takes your queen’s bishop, you have his queen by a +discovered check; and if he removes his king elsewhere, he loses his +queen’s bishop. + +(r) The queen next takes the adversary’s queen’s pawn, exposes every +one of his pieces, and wins the game. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND PARTY, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 4. + W. King’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 5. + W. The bishop gives check. + B. Queen’s bishop covers the check. + + 6. + W. King’s bishop takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s knight takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + B. The same. + + 9. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + B. The king castles. + + 10. + W. Bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + + 11. + W. The king castles. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 12. + W. King’s knight takes the queen. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 15. + W. King’s rook at its 3d square. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d square. + + 16. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The rook takes the bishop. + + 17. + W. King’s rook at its queen’s 3d square. + B. Queen’s rook at its king’s square. + + 18. + W. King’s knight takes the pawn. + B. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th square. + + 19. + W. King’s rook at its king’s 3d square. + B. Knight takes the rook’s pawn, and gives check. + + 20. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + B. The knight retires. + + 21. + W. The knight at once checks the king, and attacks the rook, &c. &c. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND PARTY, + + _On the Eighth Move of the Black_. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. King’s bishop at his 3d square. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th. + + 12. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 14. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 15. + W. King’s knight takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square. + + 16. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square. + B. The rook at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 17. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + + 18. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop at the white queen’s knight’s 4th. + + 19. + W. The king castles, and will undoubtedly win the game. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND PARTY, + + _On the Twenty-sixth Move of the Black_. + + 26. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 27. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 28. + W. The queen’s bishop gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 29. + W. King’s knight gives check at the black queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 30. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her bishop’s square. + + 31. + W. The rook at the queen’s knight’s square. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square. + + 32. + W. Queen’s bishop gives check at the black queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 33. + W. The queen gives check at the black queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king any where, loses the game. + + + + +THIRD PARTY, + + +THE BLACK PLAYER MOVING FIRST; + + _With Three Back Games_. + + N. B. The tactics of this game are not quite regular; + but the first moves of the white are very well + calculated, especially when some odds are granted. + + 1. + B. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The same. + + 2. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + + 4. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) It is always advantageous to change your king’s bishop’s pawn for +the adversary’s king’s pawn, because, by that means, your king’s and +queen’s pawns may place themselves in the centre of the chess-board; +besides, in castling on the right wing, your rook is at liberty to act, +at the beginning of the game, as will be shewn by a back game on the +same play. + + 5. + B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) + W. The bishop takes the pawn. + + 6. + B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + + 7. + + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.(c) + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + B. The bishop retires. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.(d) + +(b) If your adversary should refuse taking your bishop’s pawn, you +are still to leave it exposed, and not move it forward until he has +castled; when the pawns of your right wing, must form an attack upon +the pawns which cover his king, as is explained in a back game on that +move. You are, in general, to decline shewing hastily whether you have +determined to push the pawns on your right or left wing before your +adversary’s king has castled, because he will otherways retire on the +side where your pawns are less advanced, and consequently less able to +hurt him. + +(c) Should he take your knight with his bishop, you must take the +bishop with your pawn, in order to concentre your pawns. + +(d) This is the best square your king’s bishop can chuse, except the +fourth of your queen’s bishop: in that place he may be of use in +forming your attack upon the adverse king’s rook’s pawn, in case he +castles on his left side. + + 9. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + W. The same. + + 10. + B. The king castles with his rook.(e) + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square. + + 11. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(f) + W. The queen at her king’s 3d square. + +(e) If he had castled on his queen’s side, it would then have been your +game to castle on your king’s side, in order to assail him with all the +pawns on your left. It should be observed, that as it is dangerous to +attack the adversary too soon, you should forbear engaging him closely, +until your pawns are previously sustained by one another, and the +supporting pawns by your superior pieces. The unsuccessful result of a +premature assault is exhibited in a back game. + +(f) He plays the knight to make room for his king’s bishop’s pawn, with +a design next to advance it two squares, to endeavour to break your +cordon of pawns. + + 12. + B. King’s knight takes the bishop.(g) + W. The queen takes the knight. + + 13. + B. Queen’s bishop takes the knight.(h) + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 14. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + + 15. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + +(g) If he had pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, instead of +taking your bishop, you should in the first place have attacked his +queen with your queen’s bishop, and then have pushed your king’s rook’s +pawn upon his bishop, to force him to take your knight; then his bishop +must be taken with your pawn, in order the better to support your +king’s pawn, and replace it if lost. + +(h) If he did not take this knight, the bishop would remain imprisoned +by your pawns; or his player would lose three moves, which would ruin +his situation. + + 16. + B. King’s rook at his king’s bishop’s 3d.(i) + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(k) + + 17. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s bishop’s square. + W. The king’s castles with his queen’s rook. + + 18. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s pawn 1 square.(l) + +(i) With the design either to attack and remove your queen, or to +double it, if necessary, with the other rook. + +(k) To give room to your queen, in case your adversary attacks her with +his king’s rook. + +(l) The refined motives which produced this move make it difficult +to comprehend and explain. Preparatory to analysing it, let it be +observed, that when you have a range of pawns extending diagonally, the +pawn which is the leader must take his successive stations cautiously, +not protruding without necessity more than a square before the second +in the range, so as to want support. One project of the adversary, was +to force you to commit your pawns. Seeing your king’s pawn out of the +oblique line formed by your other pawns, and unprepared for any useful +co-operation; he proposed, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn, either +to induce your queen’s pawn to advance a square, that its progress +might be blocked by his pawn, while your king’s pawn was left behind, +or to cause your king’s pawn to move to its support, one effect of +which would be, that your own pawn would shield his king’s rook’s pawn +from the menacing action of your bishop. Both these designs you defeat +by impelling the king’s pawn against his rook, and it is eligible to +sacrifice it, rather than accomplish his views. Should he take your +king’s pawn, a free passage is obtained for the pawn of your queen, +which you are to advance immediately, and sustain in case of need, +with your others, in order to move it to queen, or engage it in some +exertion that may conduce to the game. It is true that his queen’s +pawn, passing, at the capture, into the king’s file, appears to have +the same advantage of having no opposition from your pawns to make a +queen; however there is a difference, because his pawn being separated, +and incapable of support from the other pawns, will be in danger, all +along its passage, of seizure by your pieces. This move, as I observed +before, is difficult to comprehend in all its bearings, and it requires +a proficiency in play, to see the propriety of it. + + 19. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + B. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(m) + +(m) It was expedient to play this knight, to stop his king’s pawn: it +concerned you the more to stop this pawn, because in its present state, +it blocks the passage of its own bishop, and even of its knight. + + 21. + B. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d square. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d. + + 22. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(n) + W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 23. + B. The queen gives check. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 24. + B. The rook takes the bishop.(o) + W. The rook takes the rook. + +(n) He plays his queen, in order afterwards to give check, but if, +instead of playing her, he had pushed his king’s rook’s pawn, to hinder +the attack of your knight, you must have pushed your queen’s pawn one +square, which would have insured you the game. + +(o) He takes the bishop to save his king’s rook’s pawn; besides, the +bishop proves more incommodious to him than all your other pieces, and +by this play he keeps your queen’s rook from moving, after capturing +yours, as it would discover check to the king. + + 25. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th. + W. The queen at her king’s 4th.(p) + + 26. + B. The queen takes the queen. + W. The knight takes the queen. + + 27. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 28. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s 3d. + + 29. + B. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s 3d. + + 30. + B. The knight takes the knight. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + +(p) Having the advantage of a rook against a bishop, towards the end of +a party, you will gain by changing the queen. His queen is troublesome +to you, and might render him effective service could he keep her, but +as you have placed yours, he is forced to exchange, to avoid check-mate. + + 31. + B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s rook at his queen’s square.(q) + + 32. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + W. The king’s rook at the adverse queen’s 2d—wins the game. + +(q) You must seize the open files, to bring the rooks into play, +especially at the latter end of the game. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE THIRD PARTY, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + B. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 5. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th square. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 7. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 9. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + W. The king castles. + + 11. + B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th square. + W. The bishop gives check. + + 12. + B. The bishop covers the check. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 13. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 15. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn, passing by.[27] + W. Rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + +[27] _Takes the pawn, passing by._ To some readers this will be an +enigma, and to them is offered the solution. It was an institute of +MR. PHILIDOR, that when a pawn has penetrated to the fifth square, of +his own file, which is the fourth on the adversary’s side; adverse +pawns, on adjoining files, not having moved, forfeit the privilege of +going two squares; and if one of them should move two squares, the +advanced pawn may take him, placing himself as if the captured pawn had +moved but one square. This player, celebrated for his skill, was very +anxious to have this rule, and the mode of enforcing it, received into +general practice; but notwithstanding the dazzle of his example, there +seems, in its principle, an unnecessary deviation from system, into +caprice and irregularity. In the appendix, its claims to be a permanent +institute of Chess, are analysed. + + 16. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square. + + 17. + B. The bishop at his king’s 2d. + W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 18. + B. King’s knight at his own square. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + + 19. + B. King’s rook at its 2d square. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + B. Queen at her knight’s 2d square. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 21. + B. King’s bishop at his 3d square. + W. King’s rook takes the pawn. + + 22. + B. The king castles. + W. King’s rook takes the adverse queen’s knight. + + 23. + B. The pawn takes the rook. + W. Queen’s rook takes the pawn. + + 24. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. The rook gives check. + + 25. + B. The king retires. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 26. + B. The queen at her knight’s 4th. + W. The queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 27. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th. + W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 4th. + + 28. + B. The queen takes the knight, not knowing an effective + resource for her king. + W. The bishop gives check. + + 29. + B. The king retires. + W. The knight gives check-mate. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE THIRD PARTY. + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black._ + + 5. + B. The king castles. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 7. + B. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + W. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 8. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + B. The queen at her 3d square. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + B. King’s knight at his king’s square. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 11. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + + 12. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. The bishop takes the king’s bishop’s pawn. + + 14. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s rook’s pawn. + + 15. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th square—commands + the event of the game. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE THIRD PARTY, + + _On the Tenth Move of the Black_. + + 10. + B. The king castles with the queen’s rook. + W. The king castles with his rook. + + 11. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square. + + 12. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square. + + 13. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 14. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 15. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + + 16. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + + 17. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + B. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 19. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 20. + B. King’s rook at his 4th square. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 21. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 22. + B. King’s knight at his king’s square. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + W. The king’s rook takes the pawn. + + 24. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s 4th. + + 25. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s bishop takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + + 26. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check. + + 27. + B. The king retires. + W. The queen gives check. + + 28. + B. The knight covers the check. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 29. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d square. + W. The queen takes the queen’s pawn and gives check. + + 30. + B. The king retires. + + W. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square—has so evidently the game + by various modes, that it is unnecessary to proceed. + + + + +FOURTH PARTY, + + +WITH TWO BACK GAMES, + +_The First on the Fifth, and the other on the Sixth Move_. + + 1. + B. King’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The same. + + 2. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a) + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 3. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + + 4. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b) + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + +(a) Ill play of the adversary in these circumstances; because by +pushing your queen’s pawn two squares, you regain the advantage of the +move. + +(b) If, instead of moving the pawn here, he had moved the king’s knight +to the king’s second square, you should have pushed your king’s pawn an +additional square; sustaining it afterwards with your king’s bishop’s +pawn. + + 5. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c) + W. King’s pawn 1 square.(d) + + 6. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d. + +(c) If, instead of pushing this pawn, he had moved his queen’s bishop +to the king’s third, you must have moved your king’s bishop to the +queen’s third, and then the situation of the game would have been +exactly as it is at the sixth move of the Second Party: but if he had +attacked your queen with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, he would have +played very ill, because his queen’s pawn would have been left behind. +_Vide note_ (l) pa. 161. + +(d) It is policy to decline changing your king’s pawn for your +adversary’s king’s bishop’s pawn, or your queen’s pawn for his queen’s +bishop’s pawn; on account of the paramount utility of the royal pawns; +occupying the centre, they preclude the adversary from the most +advantageous posts. + +(e) If, instead of pushing his queen’s pawn, he had taken your king’s, +you should have taken his queen; his pawn would have been in your +power afterwards; and by preventing him from castling, you would have +kept the attack in your hands; but as he could seat his queen at her +bishop’s second square, that alternative is traced through a second +back game. + + 7. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 8. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th. + + 9. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + B. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 11. + B. King’s bishop takes the knight. + W. The pawn takes the bishop.(f) + + 12. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 13. + B. The king castles with his rook. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + +(f) When you have two bodies of pawns, with an interval between, and +an opportunity of transferring a pawn from one body to another, by +exchange; the pawn should pass to the larger division, to concentre +them. + + 14. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d square.(g) + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 15. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. The same.(h) + + 16. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + + 17. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. The king castles with his queen’s rook.(i) + +(g) Having no object for the power of his queen as she stood, he +removes her to make room for his pawns, with an intent to push them +upon you. + +(h) The pushing of this pawn, it is confessed, obstructs the game, +by lessening the facility of exchanging; but the power to make an +opening with your king’s rook’s pawn, is still reserved, and it will +be expedient to use it, as soon as your pieces are ready to form and +sustain the attack. + +(i) You castle on your queen’s side to acquire more freedom in +attacking on your right. If, instead of castling, you had taken +the pawn exposed, the result would have united in the centre the +adversary’s pawns, and impeded the operation of your pieces. + + 18. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + W. The bishop takes the pawn. + + 19. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(k) + + 20. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + W. The rook takes the knight. + + 21. + B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.(l) + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 22. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(m) + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s 3d square. + + 23. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + +(k) Had you taken the knight with your queen’s bishop, you had fallen +into the error, above deprecated, of uniting in the centre the +adversary’s pawns. + +(l) He plays this bishop to fill the place of his king’s knight’s pawn, +in case it be taken. + +(m) He plays this pawn to attack the knight that covers your king, +having no move that is obviously better; for by taking your pawn he +would be equally subject to lose the game. + + 24. + B. The bishop at his king’s square.(n) + W. King’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 25. + B. The bishop takes the pawn. + W. The rook takes the rook’s pawn. + + 26. + B. The bishop takes the rook. + W. The king’s rook takes the bishop. + + 27. + B. The king takes the rook. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s rook’s 4th square. + + 28. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + W. The queen gives check-mate.(o) + +(n) If he takes the pawn with his bishop, he equally loses the game. + +(o) It would appear, that if you can succeed in planting round the +retreat of the adverse king two or three pawns, making an approach +for your powerful pieces, by an exchange, the utmost address of the +adversary, after permitting this, cannot accomplish the king’s safety. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE FOURTH PARTY, + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black_. + + 5. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s bishop gives check. + + 6. + B. The bishop covers the check. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 7. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + W. The queen at her 3d square. + + 8. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s knight’s 4th. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 10. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 11. + B. King’s bishop at his 3d square. + W. Queen’s knight at the black queen’s 4th. + + 12. + B. The queen’s knight takes the knight. + W. The king’s pawn takes the knight. + + 13. + B. The knight at his king’s 2d square. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + + 14. + B. The king castles with his rook. + W. The queen at her 3d square. + + 15. + B. King’s rook at his king’s square. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square. + + 16. + B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 17. + B. The knight at the white queen’s 4th. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square. + + 18. + B. The knight takes the knight. + W. The king takes the knight. + + 19. + B. The bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + W. The queen’s rook attacks the bishop. + + 20. + B. The bishop retires to his 3d square. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 21. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. The same. + + 22. + B. The bishop at his king’s knight 2d square. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + B. King’s rook at his king’s 2d square. + W. King’s rook at his 4th square. + + 24. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square. + W. The bishop at his queen’s 2d square. + + 25. + B. King’s rook at the white king’s 4th. + W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 26. + B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s square. + + 27. + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 28. + B. The rook gives check. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square. + + 29. + B. The rook takes the queen. + W. The king’s rook gives check. + + 30. + B. The bishop takes the rook. + W. The rook takes the bishop and gives _check-mate_. + + +VARIATION BY THE EDITOR. + +To the State previous to the 28th Move, return the Pieces. + + The black king to his knight’s square. + The black bishop to the same knight’s 2d square. + The black rook to the white king’s 4th. + The white queen to her own 3d. + The white rooks one to the 1st, and one to the 4th square + of their king’s rook. + + 28. + B. The bishop takes the bishop.(a) + W. The queen takes the bishop. + +(a) When the king is impeded by his own pieces, it is termed a +_smothered-mate_. As the mate in the back game was partly smothered, +the object of this variation is to prevent a repetition of that, by +timely removes and exchanges. + + 29. + B. The king’s rook gives check. + W. The queen takes the rook. + + 30. + B. The rook takes the queen. + W. The king takes the rook. + + 31. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + W. King’s rook at the black king’s rook’s square, giving check. + + 32. + B. The king at his 2d square. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square. + + 33. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.(b) + W. The king at his bishop’s 3d, discovering check. + + 34. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + W. King’s rook at the black king’s square. + + 35. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + W. Queen’s rook at the black king’s 2d, giving check. + +(b) She opens for her king the only passage by which he can escape. + + 36. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + W. The king’s rook gives check. + + 37. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + W. The rook takes the pawn, and checks. + + 38. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 3d. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s 3d. + + 39. + B. Were the black queen to resign herself for the rook, the present + impending check-mate would be averted in one obvious way; but + that would leave the whites an effective preponderance; she + therefore makes it a _draw game_, by perpetual check. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE FOURTH PARTY, + + _On the Sixth Move of the Black_. + + 6. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d square. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 7. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 8. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. The queen at the black queen’s 4th. + + 9. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 10. + B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s knight’s 4th. + W. The queen at her own square. + + 11. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 12. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d square. + W. The king castles. + + 13. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s knight’s 4th. + + 14. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 15. + B. King’s knight at his own square. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop. + + 16. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + W. King’s knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th. + + 17. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 18. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. The queen at the black queen’s 4th. + + 19. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. + W. Queen at the black queen’s 3d. + + 20. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + + 21. + B. Queen’s bishop at his 3d square. + W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square. + + 22. + B. King’s knight at the white king’s knight’s 4th. + W. The queen gives check at the black queen’s 2d. + + 23. + B. The bishop takes the queen. + W. The pawn takes the bishop and gives check. + + 24. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + W. The knight gives check-mate at the adverse king’s 3d. + + + + +=_Philidor’s Gambits_=. + +FIRST GAMBIT, + + +WITH SEVEN BACK GAMES; + + _Two on the Fourth Move, One on the Fifth, One on the Sixth, + Two on the Seventh, the last on the Eighth_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a) + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(b) + +(a): Instead of that move, you might have pushed your king’s rook’s +pawn two squares. This will be the subject of a back game. + +(b) Instead of playing this bishop, he might have moved his king’s +knight’s pawn one square. A subject for another back game. + + 5. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(c) + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(d) ☜ + + 6. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) ☜ + +(c) By playing this pawn you force him to defend his king’s knight’s +pawn with that of his rook; by drawing out his rook’s pawn, you keep +his king’s knight confined; nor can he then sally without exposing his +pawns to be taken. + +(d) He had two other ways of playing; he might push his king’s bishop’s +pawn a square, in which case you sacrifice your knight, in order +afterwards to give check with your queen, which insures you the game; +or, he might push his king’s knight’s pawn a square upon your knight. +The latter is made the subject of a third back game. + +(e) If, instead, he had advanced his queen’s bishop’s pawn a square, +you must have played that of your king, in order afterwards to take his +queen’s pawn in passing, in case he was to push it two moves, with a +design to obstruct your king’s bishop. Another subject for a back game. + + N. B. You are to observe, that in the attack of Gambits, the king’s + bishop is the best superior piece, and the king’s pawn the + best pawn. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. ☜ + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f) ☜ + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(g) ☜ + + 9. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(h) + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + +(f) If, instead of moving this pawn, he had played his queen’s bishop +either to his king’s third square, or to your king’s knight’s fourth +square, he might have been made to lose two different ways. Both +experiments are traced to their consequences, in two back games, +beginning at this seventh move. + +(g) He may now without danger play his bishop on this square, as your +queen can no more double with your king’s bishop by attacking two of +his pawns; but if, instead of moving this bishop so, he had moved him +to his king’s third square, he would have lost the game. The result of +such play is seen in the last back game. + +(h) It is very material in the attack of Gambits, not to spare your +pawns on the king’s side, and even to sacrifice them all, if it be +requisite, though merely for the sake of the adversary’s king’s pawn, +because that pawn hinders your queen’s bishop from coming into play, +and co-operating with the pieces that form your attack. + + 10. + W. The King’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The bishop takes the rook. + + 12. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s knight’s pawn. + B. The king’s bishop at his 3d square.(i) + + 13. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + + 14. + W. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The same. + + 15. + W. The king castles. + B. The same. + + 16. + W. The rook at his king’s knight’s square. + B. The queen at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + +(i) If, instead of exposing this bishop, he had taken yours with his +queen, or had taken your knight with his queen’s bishop, he would have +lost the game. + + 17. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 18. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 19. + W. The rook takes the queen. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 20. + W. The king’s bishop takes the knight. + B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight. + + 21. + W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 22. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s square. + + 23. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 24. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d.(k) + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(k) If you had pushed your queen’s bishop’s pawn, you would have lost +the game; because your adversary by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn, +would have forced you to remove your queen’s pawn, to take it, and have +afterwards attacked at once your rook and your bishop with his knight. + + 25. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 26. + W. The bishop takes the rook.(l) + +(l) From the manner in which the two parties are balanced, as to +position, and the number of pieces, it is evident that it is become a +draw game, unless some very great error is committed. This game shews, +that a Gambit equally well attacked and defended, will not be decisive +on either side; it is true that he who gives the pawn has the pleasure +of uniformly attacking, and a prospect of winning, which would be +realized, if he on the defensive did not maintain the most undeviating +good play for the first ten or twelve moves. + +STRICTURE BY THE EDITOR. + +At the 17th move, there is an oversight in each player, one giving, and +one overlooking a material advantage. Though one white knight, at the +first view, seems protected by the other, the king’s knight is exposed +to the bishop, on account of the ambuscaded action of the queen upon +the king. Were the bishop to take, as he should, a train of involved +movements might arise. The plain course, suggested by the position, +would be best for the white player, though it leave the rival party the +majority of a knight. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT, + + _On the Fourth Move of the White_. + + 4. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. The king’s knight at the adversary’s king’s 4th. + B. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 6. + W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king’s rook at its 2d square. + + 7. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + + 9. + W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 10. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The king’s pawn 1 square + + 11. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 12. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 13. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d square. + B. The king’s bishop at his rook’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The king’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. The queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + B. The king’s bishop takes the knight. + + 16. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 17. + W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn. + + 18. + W. The knight or the bishop takes the knight. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT, + + _On the Fourth Move of the Black_. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at the adversary’s king’s 4th. + B. The queen gives check. + + 6. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen gives check. + + 10. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. The queen gives check. + + 11. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. King’s knight at his own square. + + 12. + W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop at his rook 3d. + + 13. + W. King’s bishop at his own square, attacking the queen. + B. The queen takes the rook. + + 14. + W. The king’s bishop gives check, and the queen is lost. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT, + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black_. + + 5. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 10. + W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s knight at his own square. + + 11. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 12. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The queen at her queen’s bishop’s square. + + 13. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. Loses the game. + +On a review of the board where the gambit ceased, the white pieces +appear very judiciously placed. + + +FOURTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT, + + _On the Sixth Move of the Black_. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 8. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his rook’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square. + B. The queen at her knight’s 3d square, or any where.[28] + + 12. + W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s 3d square. + +[28] PHILIDOR surrenders the position of the blacks as desperate; but +it would appear, that if the queen wait to move to more advantage, the +king’s bishop resuming his square; after the exchange of the bishop for +the knight, if the white knight chuse to check, they would be fortified +at every point. + + +FIFTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT, + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 8. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d square. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th. + + 9. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 10. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 11. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, giving check to the king + and rook; wins the latter powerful piece, and consequently + the game. + + +SIXTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT. + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square. + + 8. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 9. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + B. The queen at her bishop’s square, to defend the 2 pawns. + + 10. + W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The bishop takes the rook. + + 12. + W. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 13. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 15. + W. The king castles. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 16. + W. The rook at his king’s rook’s square. + B. The king’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 17. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the rook. + + 18. + W. The queen takes the king’s pawn and gives check. + B. The king retires where he pleases, the game is lost. + +VARIATION on the 16th Move. + +Return the black king’s knight to his square, the black queen to her +bishop’s first, the black bishop to his rook’s square, the black +pawn to his king’s third, the white queen to her knight’s third, the +white rook to its king’s rook’s square—and the resources of the black +player will be found not exhausted. AS SCIPIO saved ROME by attacking +CARTHAGE; so a counter stroke in Chess, is often the best defence. + +Instead of regarding the assault of the white rook on the bishop, which +is to draw the black queen, by an exchange, from the square where she +supports the king’s pawn; at the countermove, let the black player +assail the white queen with his rook’s pawn; when he has obliged her +to quit a square from which she has an aspect on his king’s pawn, he +may protect his bishop, by moving his knight, and the party will not be +circumvented, as a necessary consequence of the preceding moves. The +white queen may not retire, but persevere in taking the king’s pawn, +though defeated in her design of removing the rival queen; the train of +changes to which this will lead, will leave the white party a majority +of two pawns, added to the difference between a knight and a bishop; as +one of the pawns will stand alone, and the black pieces will be well +disposed for manœuvring, this superiority cannot be considered decisive. + + +SEVENTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST GAMBIT, + + _On the Eighth Move of the Black_. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 9. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 10. + W. The king’s pawn 1 move. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 12. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same. + + 13. + W. The knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 14. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 15. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The king castles. + + 16. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 17. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + + 18. + W. The bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 19. + W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s bishop at his own square. + + 21. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 22. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 23. + W. The knight gives check. + B. The king retires. + + 24. + W. Queen’s rook at its knight’s own square. + B. The queen’s knight takes the pawn. + + 25. + W. The knight takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + B. The knight takes the knight. + + 26. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s square. + + 27. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 1st square. + + 28. + W. The king’s rook at its 2d square. + B. The queen’s rook at its queen’s 2d square. + + 29. + W. The king’s rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d square. + B. The king’s rook at its 2d square. + + 30. + W. The queen takes the adverse queen’s bishop’s pawn, + and wins the game. + +The science of PHILIDOR has kept the balance critically suspended to +the last. + + + + +SECOND GAMBIT, + + +WITH FIVE BACK GAMES: + +_The First on the Third Move, the Second and Third on the Fourth, the +Fourth on the Ninth, and the Fifth on the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The queen gives check.(a) ☜ + + 4. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(b) ☜ + +(a) A better way of playing at this move, would be to advance your +king’s bishop’s pawn two squares; as you will see by a back game. + +(b) There are two other ways of playing in this place; the one, playing +the king’s bishop to the queen’s bishop’s fourth square; the other, +pushing the pawn of the queen a square; which will make the subject of +two back games. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th.(c) + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d ☜) + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + +(c) He might have removed his queen to one of two other squares, but +this is the best; for had he made her retire to your king’s knight’s +fourth, you might have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn, by first +attacking her, and then giving check, and perhaps afterwards have +forced his queen; and if he had carried her to his king’s rook’s third +square, you could have attacked his king’s bishop’s pawn with your +king’s knight, which would entirely have decided the game in your +favour. + +(d) It is essential in the gambits to play this pawn, that you may +afterwards be able to place your queen at her knight’s third square, +by so doing you strengthen your position and perplex your adversary, +especially if he has played his queen’s bishop, without attacking one +of your pieces. See, respecting this, the fifth and sixth back games of +the first gambit. + + 8. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(e) ☜ + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 10. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 11. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the queen.(f) ☜ + + 12. + W. The king takes the queen.(g) + B. The pawn gives check. + +(e) If, instead, he take your king’s knight, with his bishop; a third +back game will shew you how to act. + +(f) If, instead of taking your queen, he had given check, a fourth back +game will shew you the course to make him lose the game. + +(g) I have given it as a general rule, always to unite your pawns, +and bring them into the centre. Here is, however, an exception for +two reasons; first, if you take with your king you gain a pawn, your +adversary not being able to prevent it; secondly, the queens having +been exchanged, your king has nothing to fear, and by bringing him into +play, he may be as useful as any other piece. + + 13. + W. The king takes the other pawn. + B. The king’s bishop gives check at his rook’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(h) + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 15. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 16. + W. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The king at his own 2d. + + 17. + W. King’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.(i) + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(k) + +(h) Your king would not be safe on that square, if your adversary had +a bishop running white to drive him from the post; but, as it is, your +king sustains all your pawns. + +(i) You might have played this rook to your king’s square; but in this +case your queen’s rook would have been rendered almost useless; it is +better therefore to retard your attack, and get all your pieces into +action. + +(k) He prepares to push his queen’s pawn a square, to break your +centre; but you must prevent it, by putting him under the necessity of +defending himself. + + 18. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(l) + + 19. + W. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 20. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 21. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th. + + 22. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(m) + B. Queen’s knight at his own 3d. + + 23. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.(n) + +(l) He endeavours to attack you on your left, and make an opening for +his rooks. + +(m) You would have played wrong had you taken his knight with your +bishop, because by taking your bishop with his pawn, that pawn would +obstruct the passage of your knight; it was therefore necessary to play +this knight first, in order to have no useless piece. + +(n) If he had taken your knight, you must have taken his knight with +the pawn, and afterwards attacked his king’s bishop’s pawn, by playing +your queen’s rook to the adverse king’s second square. + + 24. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d.(o) + + 25. + W. The pawn takes the pawn and gives check from the rook. + B. The king takes the pawn. + + 26. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 27. + W. The knight takes the rook’s pawn and gives check. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d. + + 28. + W. The king’s rook gives check. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + +(o) If, instead of playing the rook, he had taken your pawn, you would +have won the game in a few moves, because he would have lost his +queen’s bishop’s pawn; so, if he had taken your knight with his own, +you would have taken his pawn with yours, giving check by discovery. + + 29. + W. The king’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d square. + B. The queen’s rook at his queen’s square.(p) + + 30. + W. The bishop takes the adverse queen’s knight, and wins the game. + +(p) If he had played his king instead of his queen’s rook, you might +have given check with your queen’s rook, and taken that of his king. +It must be observed here, that what has decided the game in favour of +the white, is, that the king, having been in a situation, to enter +the field with safety, which rarely happens, has been as instrumental +to victory, as the best of his pieces. CHARLES XII. of Sweden was +observed, very characteristically, to move the king more than any other +piece; but this conduct is seldom to be imitated, on account of the +ruin which involves the whole community of pieces, if the king meet +with a disaster. + +VARIATION. + +At the 28th move, let the bishop check, instead of the rook; and +the check-mate will be effected, almost at the instant, without +circumevolution, or difficulty. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND GAMBIT, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. The pawn takes the pawn.(a) + B. The queen gives check. + + 5. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square.(b) + + 6. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn and gives check.(c) + +(a) I make the white pawn take that pawn, to shew that it must cause +the loss of the game; the best move in this puzzling situation, would +have been to play your queen to your king’s second square. + +(b) He exposes your king’s bishop to be taken by his queen. + +(c) So situated he cannot chuse but win. + + 7. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The king’s rook takes the bishop and wins the game. + +PHILIDOR does not seem to think this worth pursuing. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND GAMBIT, + + _On the Fourth Move of the Black_. + + 4. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 5. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 6. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen at the white king’s knight’s 4th. + + 7. + W. The king’s bishop takes the king’s bishop’s pawn and gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square, because if he takes the bishop + he loses his queen.(a) + + 8. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at the white king’s knight’s 3d. + +(a) By the check of the knight. + + 9. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king takes the bishop. + + 10. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The king’s knight gives check to the king and queen, + and wins the game. + +The white player’s suffering his bishop to be taken, to get so good a +compensation for him, has something very ingenious in it. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND GAMBIT, + + _On the Fourth Move of the Black_. + + 4. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 7. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th. + + 8. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 10. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the pawn. + + 12. + W. The knight at his king’s 2d. + B. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 13. + W. The knight takes the pawn. + B. The queen at her own square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + + 15. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The queen at her own 2d. + + 16. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The king castles. + + 17. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 18. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s square. + + 19. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 21. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 22. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 23. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + + 24. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + + 25. + W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.[29] + + 26. + W. The knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 4th. + +[29] Q. Would it not be better to put the _queen’s_ knight at his +_king’s_ second square, because that would force away the white bishop; +and the black king’s bishop might then take the pawn guarded by the +queen, as a gratuitous capture? + + 27. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 28. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 2d. + + 29. + W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 30. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 31. + W. The king at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square. + + 32. + W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s bishop’s square. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s 3d square. + + 33. + W. The bishop at the black queen’s knight’s 2d. + B. King’s rook at his knight’s square. + + 34. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 35. + W. The bishop takes the rook. + B. The king takes the bishop. + + 36. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 37. + W. The queen at her bishop’s 4th. + B. The queen at her own 2d. + + 38. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, to prevent the queen’s check. + B. The rook at its king’s knight’s square. + + 39. + W. The queen at the black queen’s bishop’s 3d.(a) + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 40. + W. The pawn takes the queen. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 41. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) This is highly tactical, because one of the white pawns is doubled, +and this will extend them on the four centre files;—for the black queen +_must_ exchange. + + 42. + W. The rook at his king’s rook’s square. + B. The same. + + 43. + W. The rook at his king’s knight’s square. + B. The rook at his 2d square. + + 44. + W. The rook at the black king’s knight’s square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 45. + W. The rook at the black queen’s rook’s square. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 46. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 47. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at the queen’s square. + + 48. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 49. + W. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 50. + W. The pawn gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 51. + W. The rook gives check, the king removes, the pawn is queened, + and wins the game. + + +FOURTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND GAMBIT, + + _On the Ninth Move of the Black_. + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 10. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 11. + W. The pawn takes the queen. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + + 12. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + W. King’s rook at his knight’s square. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 2d. + + 14. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn. + B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s pawn and gives check. + + 15. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 16. + W. King’s rook at the black king’s knight’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 17. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen’s knight takes the pawn. + + 18. + W. The bishop takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 19. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 20. + W. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square. + + 21. + W. The king’s rook gives check at the black king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his own square. + + 22. + W. Queen’s rook at the black king’s knight’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s square. + + 23. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s 4th square—the whites + _must_ win the game. + +THE EDITOR must however confess, that if the queen’s rook, at the +countermove, return to its square; he does not know how to press the +white pieces upon the black king, so that he shall not elude the mate. +If any other piece than the black rook move, there will be an immediate +smothered-mate. If the rook move to any square short of his own, the +defeat of the king will be retarded, in proportion to the area which is +left him. + + +FIFTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE SECOND GAMBIT, + + _On the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 11. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The knight gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 12. + W. The king at his knight’s square. + B. The king knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 13. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The knight at his queen’s rook’s 3d. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 15. + W. The pawn takes the queen. + B. The king’s knight at his rook’s 4th. + + 16. + W. The king’s rook takes the pawn. + B. The king’s knight takes the bishop. + + 17. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. The king castles. + + 19. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s rook’s square. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 21. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The rook takes the bishop. + + 22. + W. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The bishop at his queen’s square. + + 24. + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 25. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 26. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game. + + + + +THIRD GAMBIT, + + +WITH THREE BACK GAMES: + + _The First on the Second, the Second on the Third, + and the Third on the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) ☜ + + 3. + W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the pawn.(b) ☜ + +(a) If he had pushed this pawn but one square, it would have entirely +changed the game; therefore, I make it the subject of a back game. + + N. B. It is the best way of playing it, in order to avoid + the snares of your adversary in the Gambit, when you + receive the advantage of a piece. + +(b) He might take your king’s bishop’s pawn with his king’s pawn; the +basis of a material change, and the subject of a back game. + + 4. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the pawn and gives check. + + 5. + W. The bishop covers the check.(c) + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 6. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 8. + W. The king castles. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 9. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + +(c) So situated, the game must appear equal: but on a minute balance +the advantage is in your scale, because on your left wing you have four +connected pawns, whilst your adversary’s pawns are in divisions of +three and three, and all separated from the centre. + + 11. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king castles with his rook.(d) ☜ + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(e) + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th. + B. The queen at her own square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th.(f) + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + +(d) It was indifferent to him whether he castled on the king’s or on +the queen’s side. After the manœuvre of castling, I have already given +a general rule for impelling your pawns, against his covering pawns; +however, for illustration, I shall give a back game on that duplicate +move. + +(e) This would have been wrong had he not castled on his king’s side, +because by pushing his king’s rook’s pawn, he had forced your bishop to +retire; but, at present, it is your interest to excite him to push the +pawns that cover his king, to prepare a breach for the attack. + +(f) If he had not removed his queen, to replace her with the king’s +bishop, the play of this knight would have perplexed his game. + + 15. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.(g) + + 16. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The knight takes the knight. + + 17. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 18. + W. The queen at her king’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 19. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the knight.(h) + +(g) If, instead of playing his queen, he had taken your knight, you +must have taken his knight with your queen; forcing him to derange +his pieces, by manœuvering to save the mate, with which he would be +threatened. + +(h) If, instead of taking, he had withdrawn his bishop, you would then +have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with your knight, and that would +have given you the game. + + 20. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.(i) + + 21. + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen at her 2d square.(k) + + 22. + W. The king’s rook takes the king’s knight’s pawn, and gives check. + B. The pawn takes the rook. + + 23. + W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The king at his rook’s square.(l) + +(i) If he had attacked your queen with his bishop, instead of playing +his rook, you would have taken his bishop with your king’s rook; this, +by making an opening upon his king, would have given you an easier +attack. + +(k) If he had not played his queen to this square, you must have taken +his bishop with your rook, and that would have secured the game. + +(l) If, instead of withdrawing his king, he had covered him with his +queen, you must have taken his bishop, giving him check; and you would +have been left on the right wing with two pawns and a bishop against a +rook only, added to a good attack, which, improved, would be sufficient +to win the game; but, as he has played his king instead of his queen, +you cannot do better than make an end of the party by a drawn game, +with a perpetual check. + + 24. + W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives a perpetual check. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE THIRD GAMBIT, + + _On the Second Move of the Black_. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 5. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 6. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th. + + 8. + W. The king’s bishop gives check at the adverse + queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. The bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 10. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 11. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s pawn takes the queen’s pawn. + + 12. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king castles. + + 13. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The queen’s knight takes the pawn. + + 15. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s knight returns to the white queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 16. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 17. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 18. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen gives check. + + 19. + W. The king at his queen’s square. + B. The queen at the white queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook at his bishop’s square. + B. The queen takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + + 21. + W. The queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th. + B. Queen’s rook at his knight’s square. + + 22. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s rook at the white queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 24. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 25. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 26. + W. The king’s rook takes the pawn. + B. The king takes the rook. + + 27. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + B. The king where he can. + + 28. + W. The queen taking the pawn gives check—makes the following move. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE THIRD GAMBIT, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen takes the pawn. + + 5. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s 4th. + + 6. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 7. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 3d. + + 8. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The queen at her own 2d. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 12. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king castles. + + 13. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 14. + W. King’s knight at the black king’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 15. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. King’s knight at his king’s square. + + 16. + W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 17. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 18. + W. The queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 19. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d. + B. The queen gives check. + + 20. + W. The king at his knight’s 3d. + B. The queen’s knight takes the king’s pawn. + + 21. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s 4th. + + 22. + W. The knight gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The knight takes the knight. + + 23. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + B. The game is lost, the mate being forced.[30] + +[30] A _forced-mate_ is a mate, which, though a few desperate +sacrifices might protract it, is inevitable. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE THIRD GAMBIT, + + _On the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 11. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king castles on his queen’s side. + + 12. + W. King’s rook at his king’s square. + B. The queen retires to her king’s bishop’s square. + + 13. + W. The queen at her rook’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 16. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 17. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s rook at his bishop’s square. + + 18. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 19. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook at his knight’s square. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th. + + 21. + W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 22. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th. + B. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d. + + 23. + W. The king at his rook’s square. + B. The queen returns to her 3d square. + + 24. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + + 25. + W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square. + + 26. + W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s square. + B. The knight from his king’s 4th to his queen’s 2d. + + 27. + W. The queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn. + B. The knight takes the rook. + + 28. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. The queen’s rook at his bishop’s 2d. + + 29. + W. The queen’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game. + +If, at the 28th move, the king, instead of the rook, be placed at the +bishop’s second, the game may be protracted, though the mate cannot +be finally eluded.—The practice of forbearing to involve the king in +the conflicts of the field, is a necessary part of good play; but a +mechanical habit of leaving him inactive, without reflecting whether +a sally would or would not promote his defence, must be kept from +insinuating into the player’s manner. + + + + +=_The Cunningham Gambit_=, + + +WITH TWO BACK GAMES: + + _One on the Seventh Move of the Black, + and One on the Eleventh of the White_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 5. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 6. + W. The king castles. + B. The pawn takes the pawn and gives check. + + 7. + W. The king at his rook’s square. + B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.(a) ☜ + + 8. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b) + + 9. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + + 10. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + +(a) If, instead of playing this bishop to his third square, he had +played him to his king’s second square, you would have won the game in +a few moves, as will be seen by a back game. + + PHILIDOR. + +But if the stricture on the tenth move of that back game be correct, +no _previous_ move involves a necessity for the speedy mate which the +black king suffers. + + EDITOR. + +(b) If he did not sacrifice his bishop, you would certainly win the +game; but losing _that_ for three pawns, he must conquer by the +superiority of his pawns, provided he is not too hasty in pushing them +before he has got out all his pieces. + + 11. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) ☜ + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(d) + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn close to his king. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(e) + +(c) By pushing this pawn two squares you had given his knight a free +entry into your game, which would have lost you the party. The subject +of a back game. + +(d) This move is of great consequence to him for ensuring the party, +because it hinders you from attacking his king’s knight with your +queen’s bishop, to effect afterwards a separation of his pawns, by +sacrificing a rook for one of his knights, and this would have turned +the game in your favour. + +(e) He plays this knight to take your queen’s bishop, who would be +troublesome to him, were he to castle on his queen’s side. Here we +may observe, as a general rule, that when a player has advanced +pawns, it becomes policy to commence a distinct hostility against the +bishops, because they can menace the pawns, and block their way, more +effectually than any other piece. + + 15. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(f) + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 16. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. The queen at her knight’s square.(g) + + 17. + W. The queen takes the queen.(h) + B. The rook takes the queen. + + 18. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + +(f) Knowing no expedient way to save your bishop, you play your queen +to replace him; for if you had seated him at your king’s bishop’s +fourth, to hinder the check of his knight, he would have pushed his +king’s knight’s pawn upon the bishop, and made you lose the game +immediately. + +(g) He offers to exchange queens to break the direction of yours, so +that he may place his queen at her third square, in case you refuse to +take her. + +(h) If you did not take the queen, your situation would be still worse. + + 19. + W. The king’s knight gives check. + B. The knight takes the knight. + + 20. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d. + + 21. + W. King’s rook at his king’s square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 22. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square. + + 23. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 24. + W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 25. + W. The king at his knight’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(i) + + 26. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s 2d. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + +(i) If he had pushed this pawn two squares you had gained his queen’s +pawn, which would have improved your game. + + 27. + W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 28. + W. King’s rook at his queen’s rook’s square. + B. Queen’s rook at his own square.(k) + + 29. + W. King’s rook returns to his king’s square. + B. The bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 30. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 31. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(l) + +(k) You must never resign the passages, nor suffer the opponent to +double his rooks; accordingly, rather than suffer this, he proposes to +change piece for piece. + +(l) He plays this in order afterwards to push his king’s knight’s pawn +upon your knight, to force him from his position; but if he had pushed +his knight’s pawn before playing this, your knight, vaulting to your +king’s rook’s fourth, would have stopped the progress of all his pawns. + + 32. + W. King’s rook at his own square. + B. King’s rook at his 4th square.(m) + + 33. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s square. + + 34. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 35. + W. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. King’s rook at his king’s knight’s 4th. + + 36. + W. King’s rook at his king’s bishop’s square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 37. + W. The rook takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 38. + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The pawn gives check. + +(m) Had he given check with his rook’s pawn, instead of playing this, +he would have acted contrary to the instruction given in the first +party. _Vide note (x)._ + + 39. + W. The king at his knight’s square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 40. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The pawn gives check. + + 41. + W. The king takes the knight’s pawn. + B. The rook’s pawn makes a queen, and gives check. + + 42. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook gives check at his king’s bishop’s square. + + 43. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d. + + 44. + W. The knight covers the check. + B. The queen takes the knight, and gives mate in a few moves. + +The black pawns are conducted in a masterly manner on each wing, so as +to lay a foundation for a beneficial result; but the halting march of +the white pawn, which consumes the 33d and 34th moves of the white, +seems to be a waste of a move at a critical period. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT, + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. The king at his rook’s square. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 8. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The king takes the bishop. + + 9. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th square, + giving double check. + B. The king at his 3d square; any where, he is liable + to lose the queen. + + 10. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.(a) + B. The king takes the knight. + + 11. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d. + +(a) You waive the capture of the queen, to seize the opportunity of +forcing a mate. + + 12. + W. The queen gives check-mate at the adverse queen’s 4th. + +STRICTURE, and OUTLINES of a VARIATION. + +The station assigned to the bishop at the 7th move, is as injudicious +as the advantage taken of it is brilliant;—nevertheless there is no +critical necessity for the mate being so precipitate. The king, at the +10th move, should refuse taking the knight. This creates him chances +of escape, and leaves the hostile party but one mode of effecting +any thing decisive. The knight, adopting that mode, at the following +move, assaults both king and queen. The difficulty and embarrassment +of the black pieces will then appear. The king, in protracting the +struggle, exposes to dispersion and destruction his left wing. Equal +play, exerted so long after a critical stroke, cannot retrieve the +step on which the interest of this back game turns: but equal play +may prevent the sudden extinction of manœuvring; and the practice of +the best defence in situations of which various points are open to +the enemy, imparts a facility at resource. It is not necessary to +be circumstantial, in marking the conduct of the variation. Other +expedients present themselves to retard defeat, the turns of which +the reader may explore: but as the EDITOR finds already one variation +on this back game, he declines multiplying ingraftments of a branch +upon a branch, lest the principle of the gambit should be lost in its +ramifications, and the attention diverted from the leading effect. + + +SEQUEL + +TO THE FIRST BACK GAME; + + _Shewing how to accomplish a Mate, if the King refuse to + take the Bishop_. + + 8. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 9. + W. The king’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 10. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s square. + + 11. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook at his king’s knight’s square. + + 12. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 14. + W. The bishop takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 15. + W. The queen at her king’s square. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th. + + 16. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 17. + W. The queen’s bishop gives check. + B. The rook covers the check. + + 18. + W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 19. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 20. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the knight. + + 21. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The king takes the queen. + + 22. + W. The bishop takes the rook; and wins the game. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT, + + _On the Eleventh Move of the White_. + + 11. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 14. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 16. + W. Queen’s rook at his bishop’s square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 17. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the knight. + + 18. + W. The knight takes the pawn close to his king. + B. The king castles with his rook. + + 19. + W. The queen at her 2d square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square. + + 21. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 22. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 23. + W. The knight takes the rook. + B. The queen at her 3d square. + + 24. + W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 25. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The rook takes the queen. + + 26. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + + 27. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 28. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight at his king’s 2d. + + 29. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook at his queen’s 2d. + + 30. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The bishop takes the rook. + + 31. + W. The king at his knight’s 2d. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 32. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his rook’s 4th. + + 33. + W. The king’s bishop gives check. + B. The bishop covers the check. + + 34. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The king takes the bishop. + + 35. + W. The knight gives check at his king’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 36. + W. The king at his rook’s 3d square. + B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 37. + W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 38. + W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 39. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 40. + W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The knight takes the queen’s pawn, and wins the party. + +During the latter part of this game, the whites had the majority of +a bishop; the blacks that of three pawns: the aid derivable from the +bishop could not countervail the manœuvring of three pawns. + + +COMPENDIUM of the CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT. + +From all the preceding forms of this gambit it appears, that on the +system of action and counteraction there pursued, the blacks must win, +if they do not at the seventh move withdraw the bishop to the king’s +second; and that therefore, on the part of the white pieces, it is +expedient to change the mode of operation previous to that move. When +the black bishop checks, at the fourth countermove, no eventual good +is obtained by covering with the pawn. CUNNINGHAM shews that the step +below is an effective substitution. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 4. + W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The bishop gives check. + + 5. + W. The king at his bishop’s square.(a) + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 7. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 8. + W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 9. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th. + +(a) Playing the king to the bishop’s square, makes it impossible for +the adversary to preserve the gambit pawn, which it will be always in +your power to take; and you will acquire by it a constant attack upon +him. + + 10. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th. The whites have the advantage + of position, and must win. + +END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. + + _Printed by W. Smith, + King Street, Seven Dials._ + + + + + STUDIES OF CHESS; + CONTAINING + CAÏSSA, A POEM, + + BY + SIR WILLIAM JONES; + + _A Systematic Introduction to the Game_; + + AND + THE WHOLE + ANALYSIS OF CHESS, + + COMPOSED BY + MR. A. D. PHILIDOR: + WITH + Original Critical Remarks. + + IN TWO VOLUMES. + + "_Ludimus effigiem belli._" + + VOL. II. + + London: + PRINTED FOR SAMUEL BAGSTER, NO. 81, STRAND. + 1803. + + _Printed by W. Smith, + King Street, Seven Dials._ + + + _Contents of the Second Volume._ + + PHILIDOR’S WORK CONTINUED. + + PAGE + The Queen’s Gambit 1 + Regular Parties 33 + First Regular Party 34 + Second Regular Party 49 + Third Regular Party 54 + Fourth Regular Party 69 + Fifth Regular Party 75 + Sixth Regular Party 81 + The Salvio Gambit—First Party 88 + —————— Second Party 101 + Supplements to former Games 107 + Practical Mates and Ends of Parties 120 + Rook and Bishop against a Rook 121 + Mate with a Knight and Bishop 135 + A Rook and Pawn against a Bishop 142 + Mate with a Rook 148 + The Queen against a Rook and Pawn 152 + The Queen against a Rook 160 + Rook and Pawn against a Rook 168 + Queen and Pawn against a Queen 172 + Drawn Game with a Pawn 181 + A Knight against a Pawn 185 + Two Pawns against One 187 + Two separate, against Two united Pawns 194 + Observations on Ends of Parties, + and Powers of Pieces combined 196 + The Laws of Chess 199 + Games played without seeing the Board 205 + —— First Match 206 + —— Second Match 226 + —— Third Match 244 + Appendix 259 + + + + +ANALYSIS OF _CHESS_. + + +The Queen’s Gambit, + +OTHERWISE CALLED THE GAMBIT OF ALEPPO, WITH SIX BACK GAMES; + +_Respectively on the Third Move of the White, the Third Move of the +Black, the Fourth Move of the White, the Seventh Move of the White, the +Eighth Move of the Black, and the Tenth Move of the White_. + + 1. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares.(a) ☜ + B. King’s pawn 2 squares.(b) ☜ + + 4. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) ☜ + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d) + + 5. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + +(a) Had you pushed this pawn but one square, your adversary would have +confined your queen’s bishop during half the game. The subject of the +first back game. + +(b) If, instead of playing this, he had sustained the gambit pawn, he +would have lost the game; as will be seen by the second back game: but, +if he had neither pushed this pawn, nor sustained the gambit pawn, you +must have pushed your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, in order to +have three pawns in front. + +(c) Had you taken his king’s pawn, you would have lost the advantage of +the attack. The subject of the third back game. + +(d) If he had played any thing else, by pushing _your_ king’s bishop’s +pawn two squares, you would have procured for your pieces an entire +liberty to act. + + 7. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(e) ☜ + B. The bishop takes the king’s knight.(f) + + 8. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. The King castles.(g) ☜ + + 9. + W. The knight returns to his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + +(e) If, instead of playing your knight, in order to get rid of his +king’s bishop, according to the rule prescribed in the first party, +note (_c_), you had taken the gambit’s pawn, you had lost the game. The +subject of the fourth back game. + +(f) If, instead of taking your knight, he had played his bishop to your +queen’s fourth, you might have attacked him with your king’s knight, +and left him no possibility of escape. + +(g) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, in order +to sustain the gambit pawn, he had lost the game; (as is exemplified +in the fifth back game) and if, instead of that, or the move he has +adopted, he had chosen to take your king’s pawn, your taking his +capturing pawn would not commit yours to his knight; because, were +he to take it with his knight, he would lose the game, through a +subsequent check from your queen. + + 10. + W. The king’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.(h) ☜ + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. The pawn takes the pawn.(i) + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 13. + W. The queen at her 2d square. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + + 14. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The rook’s pawn takes the bishop. + + 15. + W. The king castles on his queen’s side. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + +(h) This critical move requires a back game: if you had taken the first +of his double pawns with your king’s bishop’s pawn, you would have lost +the game. + +(i) In taking with this pawn, you give your rook an opening upon his +king. + + 16. + + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 17. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d. + B. The queen at her 3d square. + + 18. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 19. + W. The pawn takes the bishop; uniting with his queen’s pawn.[31] + B. The king’s rook at his king’s square. + + 20. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th.(k) + +(k) Your queen’s imposing aspect on the adversary’s left wing, +continually alarms him for the safety of his king. He sees that were +you to place your queen’s rook at the king’s bishop’s square, he could +only prevent check-mate, were he to keep the queen, by placing her at +the counter-square, which would contract her sphere of action very +much; he therefore makes an offer to change the queens, as the most +eligible mode of extinguishing the danger; which you must accept, or +give him the attack. + +[31] It is not strictly uniform to insert comments in the text, yet as +the ease of the reader seems consulted by it, when they are so simple +as to require no pause, the Editor retains them there. + + 21. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The pawn takes the queen. + + 22. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(l) + + 23. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 24. + W. King’s rook at its knight’s 3d. + B. The knight at his king’s rook’s 4th. + + 25. + W. The rook assailed by the knight at its queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 26. + W. The queen’s pawn 1 square, to make an opening for your rook + and bishop. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + +(l) Some moves which want an obvious motive, are explained by the +following move. + + 27. + W. The king’s rook takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + + 28. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + B. The knight at its king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 29. + W. The king’s rook gives check. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + + 30. + W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 4th; to stop + the adversary’s pawn. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 31. + W. The rook takes the knight. + B. King’s rook at its bishop’s square. + + 32. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 2d. + B. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 33. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 34. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + + 35. + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 36. + W. One of the rooks takes the pawn. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 37. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 38. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + + 39. + W. The rook’s pawn 2 squares.(m) + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 40. + W. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 41. + W. The rook at its king’s square. + B. The knight’s pawn 1 square. + +(m) If, instead of playing this, you had taken his pawn with your rook, +you would have lost the game; because your king would have prevented +your rook from arriving at the promotion line, in time to stop the +passage of his knight’s pawn. + + 42. + W. The rook at its king’s knight’s square. + B. The rook gives check. + + 43. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + + 44. + W. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at its knight’s 2d. + + 45. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 46. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 47. + W. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook takes the pawn.(n) + + 48. + W. The rook takes the pawn.(o) + B. The rook at his king’s rook’s 2d. + +(n) Had he not taken your pawn, you would have won the game immediately. + +(o) If, instead of taking his pawn, you had taken his rook, you would +have lost the game. + + 49. + W. The pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn 1 square. + + 50. + W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 51. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + + 52. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his knight’s 4th. + + 53. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 54. + W. The pawn advances. + + B. Takes the pawn with the rook, and playing afterwards + his king upon the rook, it must be a drawn game. + +In pursuing a literal course through the steps of this gambit, the +attention is repaid by numberless strokes, well designed and well +parried. It is observable that this is the first party that has not +opened with the move of the king’s pawn. For the leading steps of this +model, the boards of EUROPE are indebted to a City in the EAST—the +EAST which as it gave birth to Chess, has had expert players from an +immemorial era. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT, + + _On the Third Move of the White_. + + 3. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 7. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 8. + W. The king castles. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 10. + W. The rook takes the queen. + B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 12. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 13. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 14. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d square. + B. The knight at his queen’s 4th. + + 16. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 17. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 19. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 20. + W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s square. + + 21. + W. Queen’s bishop at his 3d square. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 22. + W. The bishop takes the rook. + B. The pawn takes the king’s pawn giving check. + + 23. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The rook takes the bishop. + + 24. + W. King’s bishop at his 3d square. + B. The king at his 3d square. + + 25. + W. King’s rook at his queen’s 2d. + B. The queen’s pawn gives check. + + 26. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s 4th. + + 27. + W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square. + B. The king at his queen’s 4th. + + 28. + W. King’s rook at its king’s 2d. + B. The rook at its king’s square. + + 29. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 30. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 31. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 32. + W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 33. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king’s bishop’s gives check at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 34. + W. The king at his bishop’s 4th square, having no better place. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game. + +The mode in the Cunningham Gambit was synthetical: but it will be +recollected, that the conduct of this gambit is properly analytical. +The first form of it presents a series of moves critically good; +embracing, throughout, the expedient, in moving for both parties. +Slightly surveyed, it may seem less brilliant than the back games, as +the balance of play precludes a decisive result, while it is, on that +account, superior to them. As the management of the queen’s gambit +is delicate, and depends on circumstances apparently trivial, at the +opening; the back games are to shew the advantage which one party gives +to the other, by deviating from the model at particular stages. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The gambit pawn takes the pawn. + + 6. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 7. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The bishop covers the check. + + 8. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 9. + W. The queen takes the bishop, and gives check. + B. The queen covers the check. + + 10. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The knight takes the queen. + + 11. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 12. + W. The king at his 2d square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th. + + 15. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 16. + W. Queen’s bishop at its rook’s 3d. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 17. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. The knight at his 2d square. + + 18. + W. The knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + B. King’s rook at its queen’s knight’s square. + + 19. + W. The knight at his king’s 2d. + B. The king at his 3d square. + + 20. + W. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square. + B. King’s rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 21. + W. The queen’s rook gives check. + B. The knight covers the check. + + 22. + W. King’s rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + + 24. + W. The queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 25. + W. The rook takes the rook, and must win the game. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT, + + _On the Fourth Move of the White_. + + 4. + W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 5. + W. The king takes the queen. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 6. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 7. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 8. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The king castles. + + 10. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 11. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 12. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 14. + W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 15. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 16. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 17. + W. Queen’s rook at its 2d square. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 19. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 20. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 21. + W. The rook at its queen’s square. + B. The queen’s knight gives check at the white queen’s 4th. + + 22. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 23. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 24. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 25. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 26. + W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 27. + W. The knight at his king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + + 28. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + + 29. + W. The bishop takes the pawn. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 30. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 31. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 32. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square. + + 33. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + B. The rook gives check. + + 34. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + B. The rook gives heck-mate at the bishop’s square. + + +FOURTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT, + + _On the Seventh Move of the White_. + + 7. + W. The king’s bishop takes the gambit pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 8. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 9. + W. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + B. The queen gives check. + + 10. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + B King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 12. + W. The queen at her 3d square. + B. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + + 13. + W. King’s knight at his own square. + B. The queen at the adverse king’s square, giving check. + + 14. + W. The king retires. + B. The king’s bishop takes the knight, and must win the game. + + +FIFTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT, + + _On the Eighth Move of the Black_. + + 8. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 9. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king castles. + + 10. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 12. + W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The bishop takes the pawn. + + 13. + W. Queen’s knight pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 14. + W. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 15. + W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 16. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + + 17. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 19. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight at his rook’s 4th. + + 20. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 21. + W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + B. The knight takes the bishop, to avoid the mate. + + 22. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 23. + W. The queen gives check. + B. The king retires. + + 24. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop takes the pawn. + + 25. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 26. + W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 27. + W. The queen’s rook takes the queen. + B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d. + + 28. + W. The king at his 2d square. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 29. + W. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 30. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + B. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 31. + W. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square. + B. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 32. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s 3d. + B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d. + + 33. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 34. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 35. + W. The king takes the rook. + B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 36. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 37. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 38. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + + 39. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 40. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 41. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 42. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 43. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 44. + W. The pawn covers the check. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 45. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king at his own square. + + 46. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 3d. + + 47. + + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d, and + by pushing his pawn he will win the game. + + +SIXTH BACK GAME, + +TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT, + + _On the Tenth Move of the White_. + + 10. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn. + + 11. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The queen gives check. + + 12. + W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 13. + W. The king’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + B. The queen takes the rook’s pawn. + + 14. + W. King’s rook at its bishop’s square. + B. The queen takes the knight, and gives check. + + 15. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 16. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 17. + W. The queen at her king’s square. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d, + and must win the game. + +Setting aside the move in each, which is distinctly pointed out +as inducing defeat in its ultimate tendency, the moves in these +back-games are made with a penetrating regard to consequences; and in +a circumspection in the use of stratagem and resource, which is not +detected intermitting, in any of the skirmishes of the party, may be +traced the revising attentions, and mellowing touches, of a succession +of players. + + + + +=_Regular Parties_=. + + +The range of gambits is not completed, and yet we propose to enter +on some regular parties. Without proceeding on the idea, that the +reader will play the games as they are presented, the order of which a +diversity in the degree of proficiency, and an individual pursuit of +peculiar attainments, as _desiderata_, will occasion every one more or +less to break; it will perhaps be expected, that modes of play, which +by their properties seem assigned to a common class, should not be +detached in their arrangement, without apology or explanation. + +The various gambits agree in this, that they proceed rather on +experiment than on system, and the surrender of the pawn, is a feature +common to them all: but they so diverge in the field of stratagem +after this step, that their course of evolutions cannot be traced to +any participation of principle, nor is there any necessary connection +between them.—For these reasons, and that the cultivation of regular +play may not continue suspended, without an adequate cause, the EDITOR +follows the arrangement of PHILIDOR, in introducing some examples of +attack and defence strictly systematic before the Salvio gambits. +By pursuing alternately the severe walk of method, which moves to +the end by a gradual process; and the devious flight of adventure, +which attempts the game by a _coup de main_; the spirit of each may +be rendered easier to seize, as the traits in which their opposition +consists, are seen in contrast. + + + + +=_First Regular Party_=, + + +WITH FOUR BACK GAMES; + +_The First on the Third Move of the Black, the Second on the Fourth +Move of the White, the Third on the Fifth Move of the Black, the last +on the Sixth Move of the White_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a) + B. The same.(b) + +(a) This is the best place the king’s bishop can occupy in the first +moves of a party; here, he batters the adverse king’s bishop’s pawn, +against which the first attacks are generally formed. + +(b) The black being able to play different ways, we will make different +parties of it. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.(c) ☜ + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d) ☜ + B. The same.(e) ☜ + + 5. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(f) + +(c) He prevents you from establishing two pawns a-breast, and occupying +the centre. To prevent that, the black has three other ways of moving +at this period, the effects of which are severally shewn, in the first +back game, the supplement to the first back game, and the third back +game. + +(d) If you had moved this knight to your king’s second square, you +would have lost the game: one object exemplified in the second back +game. + +(e) He would have laid a foundation for his own defeat, had he taken +your pawn with his bishop: another object exemplified in the second +back game. + +(f) Had he attacked your king’s bishop’s pawn with his knight, it +would have given you time to establish your pawns in the centre. The +consequence is seen in the third back game. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(g) ☜ + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(h) + + 7. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same.(i) + + 8. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(k) + B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.(l) + +(g) If you had pushed this pawn two squares, you might have occupied +the centre for a moment, but could not have remained there; as is shewn +by the fourth back game. + +(h) If he had moved his queen’s bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth +square, you must equally have advanced your king’s rook’s pawn; you +must never leave your superior pieces to the menace of the adverse +bishop. + +(i) The pawns have been played on both sides to prevent the bishops +from becoming troublesome to the knights. + +(k) When your queen’s pawn cannot be interposed to the action of +the adverse king’s bishop upon your king’s bishop’s pawn, you must +have your queen’s bishop in reserve, to be posted at your king’s +third square; because the queen’s bishop is the only piece which can +effectually be opposed to the adverse king’s bishop. + +(l) If he had moved back his king’s bishop, instead of taking your +bishop, he would have lost a turn: when you exchange pieces it is an +advantage to take first. + + 9. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 10. + W. The king’s bishop takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the bishop.(m) + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The same. + + 12. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. The same. + +(m): An additional advantage now appears from playing your king’s +rook’s pawn at the seventh move, for he might at present attack you +with his king’s knight, and afterwards play his king’s bishop’s pawn +to bring the knight again into action; these hits ought to be eagerly +improved, especially in parties wherein your adversary forces out your +knights before your pawns. + +The game is equal; the white has only, what he set out with, the move; +he who can first bring his king’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing +it two squares, without making any sacrifice, or deranging his pieces, +will have the superiority of situation. The uniformity arises from the +black player’s making his moves duplicates of the adverse moves, which +he has hitherto done with propriety and success: but such a plan of +counteraction is to be pursued with reserve and discrimination, and not +excessively or mechanically. A player who should continue it, from this +situation, having the move against him, would certainly lose. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) + + 4. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜ + + 5. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. The king takes the bishop.(c) + +(a) He plays this knight to hinder you from pushing your queen’s pawn +two squares. If, instead of this knight, he had played his queen’s +bishop’s pawn a square, your next move might equally take place. + +(b) He might have withdrawn his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, +which move will make a supplement to this back game. + +(c) If he refuse to take your bishop, you must take his king’s knight, +and push your queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, attacking his bishop; +and afterwards push the same pawn upon his knight, in order to take the +pawn with your queen’s bishop’s pawn gratuitously, instead of changing +pawns. + + 6. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. The queen takes the bishop, and will have a very good game. + + +SUPPLEMENT + +TO THE FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Fourth Move of the Black_. + + 4. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. The queen at her 3d square. + B. The king castles. + + 7. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 8. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square.(a) + B. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b) + +(a) If on this attack, he withdraws his knight, he gives you an +opportunity of establishing your pawns in the centre. + +(b) He hereby limits the operation of your king’s bishop, and gains +time to assign a place of safety and utility to his knight. + + 9. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + + 10. + W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c) + + 11. + W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d) + +(c) In order that he may place his queen’s bishop at his king’s third +square, without disturbance from your pawn. + +(d) In this situation the black pieces have as good a game as the +white; there is indeed a pawn passed and sustained on the side of the +white; but this advantage is counterbalanced by the imposing attitude +of the black king’s knight, who cannot be dislodged but by changing +piece for piece; and in that case, the pawns of the black would unite +in the centre, giving, equally to them as to the white, a passed pawn. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Fourth Move of the White_. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.(a) + B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. + + 5. + W. The king takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check. + + 6. + W. The queen’s pawn covers the check. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b) + +(a) If this move did not cost you a pawn, it would undoubtedly be +the most politic, as it is the most convenient place for the knight; +because, here he does not obstruct the passage of the pawns. But it is +sometimes expedient to obstruct the pawns with the knight, to avoid a +greater disadvantage. See the supplement to this back game. + +(b) The black must win the game, having the advantage of a pawn, added +to a good situation. + + +SUPPLEMENT + +TO THE SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Fourth Move of the White_. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.(a) + + 5. + W. The king takes the bishop. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check. + + 6. + W, The queen’s pawn covers the check. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn. + B. The queen at her king’s 3d. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) This, by forcing your king to move, disables him from castling; but +there is no disadvantage involved in not castling, when your pieces can +easily get out; very often it is even better so, provided your king be +safe. + + 9. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 10. + W. King’s rook at its king’s square. + B. The king castles.(b) + +(b) So situated the white player has the advantage, his pieces being +brought out to better effect, and more conveniently arranged. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black_. + + 5. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 7. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 8. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) + B. The king’s knight returns to his bishop’s 3d.(b) + +(a) If he take this knight with his bishop it will mend your game, +because the change will bring your pawns into the centre. + +(b) You might push your king’s pawn on his knight, and get two moves by +so doing; but this pawn once pushed, your adversary would offer twice +to change it, by pushing his queen’s pawn a square, and his king’s +bishop’s pawn a square: your pawn would then remain alone and separate; +it is therefore better to leave your two pawns a-breast, to avoid +opening your game. In marching his knight, and retrograding, he has +uselessly consumed two moves. + + 9. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king castles.(c) + + 10. + W. The king castles. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.(d) + +(c) He castles, to attack your king’s pawn with his rook; you +must therefore castle, to be ready to sustain the pawn with your +counter-rook. + +(d) It is evident that the white player has the better game, having +the advantage of three moves more than the black, and the centre pawns +tactically advanced: nothing remains on the side of the white, but to +remove the obstruction to the motion of the king’s bishop’s pawn as +soon as possible; that will decide the game against the black. + + +FOURTH BACK GAME, + + _On the Sixth Move of the White_. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 7. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 8. + W. The queen’s bishop covers the check. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 9. + W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + +This party is equal; your pawns in the centre are broken: this mode +of play may be ventured with an antagonist to whom you give some +advantage: by such a player, you rely that every critical opportunity +will not be seized, or you would not give the advantage. + + + + +=_Second Regular Party_=, + + +VARIANT FROM THE FIRST PARTY, AT THE SECOND MOVE OF THE BLACK. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 3. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) Though stationing the pieces before the pawns must not be wantonly +engaged in, I think this play is necessary in the present situation, to +keep the advantage of the move; nevertheless, you might at the fourth +move push your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares: such a game, though +it embarks in danger, is calculated to disconcert a mere observer of +routine, to whom some advantage is given. + + 5. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king castles.(b) + + 6. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same.(c) + + 7. + W. The king castles. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d) + + 8. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + +(b) If, instead of castling, he had played his queen’s bishop to +your king’s knight’s fourth, you might have played your queen to her +knight’s third, which would have given you the game; but should he +play the same bishop to his king’s third, take him with yours, and +afterwards play your queen to her knight’s third. + +(c) If he had not adopted counterplay, his king’s bishop must have been +forced by your pawns. + +(d) Had he played this bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth, you must +have pushed your queen’s pawn; and, varying again, if he take your +king’s knight with his bishop, you take with your knight’s pawn, the +better to bring your rooks into play, as they then have an approach to +the pawns that cover the adverse king. + + 9. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(e) + B. The queen at her bishop’s square. + + 10. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f) + + 12. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The same. + + 13. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + +(e) Your queen attacks two pawns, which your adversary can only sustain +by placing his queen at her bishop’s square; this situation may take +place in the first moves of a party, and very frequently your adversary +finds himself unable to sustain the two pawns at once. + +(f) If he had played his bishop to your queen’s knight’s fourth, your +must have sustained your king’s pawn with your queen. + + 14. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(g) + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 15. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h) + + 16. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 17. + W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d. + B. The queen at her 2d square. + +(g) You thus force the knight to retreat or to take, which is better +than suffering him to hover over the pieces, to make a capture at his +own discretion. + +(h) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight from attacking his king’s +pawn, as otherwise he would be forced to defend it with his rook, which +would afford you time to double your rooks on the file of your king’s +bishop. It is proper to observe, that in almost every case, whoever +commands an opening with double rooks, must have the advantage; it is +therefore an established maxim not to yield up these passes. + + 18. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(i) + +(i) So situated, the white must have chiefly in view to oblige the +adversary to push his king’s pawn a square, so that he may place a +knight, sustained by two pawns, at the fourth square of the adverse +king’s bishop, which ought to decide the game in his favour: the black +will, in opposition, seek the means of doubling the two rooks, and +bring the queen’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing him two squares. + + + + +=_Third Regular Party_=, + + +Variant from the First Party, at the Second Move of the Black, + +WITH THREE BACK GAMES; + + _On the Third, the Seventh, and the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a) + + 3. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜ + +(a) He prepares to push his queen’s pawn two squares, in order to +intercept the action of your king’s bishop, occupy the centre with his +pawns, and recover the advantage of the move. + +(b) He might, according to his first design, have pushed his queen’s +pawn two squares. This will furnish interest for a back game. + + 4. + W. The queen takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) + + 5. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d) + + 6. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) ☜ + +(c) If he had played his king’s knight to his bishop’s third square, +you must have attacked the knight with your king’s pawn, by which play +you would have won many moves. + +(d) If, instead, he had advanced his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, +you must then have pushed your king’s pawn. + +(e) He makes this move in order to break your pawns in the centre, or +be able to establish his pawns strongly on his queen’s side: he would +have played wrong, had he pushed his queen’s bishop’s pawn upon your +queen; as appears by a back game. + + 8. + W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(f) + + 9. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(g) + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 11. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(h) ☜ + +(f) It would have been improper for the adversary to take with his +queen’s bishop’s pawn, because his pieces would be confined, and their +sphere of action less extensive than yours. + +(g) It would be wrong to give check with your queen, because it would +answer no useful purpose, and for any other, she ought not to be +removed from one of the four files in the centre; you must, on the +contrary, keep her behind your principal pawns, especially in the +beginning of a party. + +(h) It would have been bad play to push his queen’s bishop’s pawn; and +a back game on this move will shew it to be of consequence, when you +have a cordon of pawns, to push the leading one. + + 12. + W. The king castles. + B. The queen at her 4th square. + + 13. + W. King’s rook at its queen’s square.(i) + B. The king castles.(k) + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 15. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 16. + W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(l) + +(i) This move is indispensible to prevent him from pushing his queen’s +bishop’s pawn, which would bring two of his pawns a-breast upon your +ground; besides, affording a favourable opportunity for his bishop to +get out. + +(k) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, you would +have won a pawn, by attacking his queen with your queen’s knight. + +(l) This party is quite even, the position is as good on one side as +the other, the bishops are reduced to a narrow field, and the rooks are +free. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 4. + W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 5. + W. The king’s bishop gives check.(a) + B. The bishop covers the check. + + 6. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + +(a) If, instead of giving check, you had removed this bishop to your +queen’s third square, you would have lost the advantage, both of the +move and of the situation, because he would immediately have made +himself master of the centre, by pushing his king’s pawn. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The same.(b) + + 9. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king castles. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The king castles. + +(b) If he had sustained this knight by any other piece, he would have +been subject to lose him, by your pushing the king’s bishop’s pawn two +squares. + +PHILIDOR leaving the conduct of the party here—adds—"Such being the +situation of the game, you have chiefly two objects in view: first, +to fortify the queen’s bishop, whose direction annoys the adverse +king, and next to attack the queen’s pawn, which being separated from +the other pawns, can no longer be sustained but by the pieces. It is +always advantageous to attack a separated pawn, were it only to employ +the adverse pieces." This direction consigns the black pieces to the +defensive: but if the EDITOR rightly interprets the indications of +their situation, timid play must be discarded. As the black knight +loses two moves, by the retreating course, assigned him in the back +game, it is requisite to attempt a variation. + + +VARIATION BY THE EDITOR, + + _On the Tenth Move of the Black_. + + Return the king to his square—the rook to his + square—the white queen’s bishop to his square—the + black queen’s knight to his king’s fourth. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a) + +(a) He takes an assailing position, leaving you to attack the exposed +pawn as you can. The knight is protected by an ambuscaded check. +Several pieces, in the course of the variation, are so protected. + + 11. + W. The king castles. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + + 12. + W. The queen gives check.(b) + B. The rook covers the check. + + 13. + W. The queen’s rook takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the pawn and gives check. + + 14. + W. The king removes. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.(c) + + 15. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 16. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + B. The king’s bishop at the adverse queen’s + knight’s 4th. + +(b) Were the adverse queen suffered to take the pawn, in the present +situation of the pieces, there would be a smothered-mate. + +(c) To prevent check-mate. From the present position, he must not stir, +while the adverse rook and queen menace his queen, unless to take the +rook, or to give check. + +The black player has the best of the game. Whatever changes take place +must be to his advantage. As the juncture did not favor the promotion +of the single black pawn; involved play against the adverse superior +pieces, was the only expedient by which the black pieces could support +a competition. If at the 11th move, the white king should not castle, +and the attacked pawn should be moved against the knight, the black +queen must still go to the adverse knight’s 4th. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a) + + 8. + W. The queen at her 3d square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 9. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The same. + + 10. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(b) + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + +(a This allows you to lay a foundation for a result) in your favour. +You must give him no other opportunity of pushing his queen’s pawn; if +you succeed, his king’s bishop must remain imprisoned, and your pieces +will cover more ground than those of your adversary. + +(b) This move is essential; he would otherwise have attacked your queen +with his queen’s knight; by which he would have obtained liberty to +push his queen’s pawn, and disengage his pieces. + + 11. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. + B. The king castles. + + 12. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(c) + B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(d) + + 13. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 14. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + +(c) If circumstances had permitted you to remove your queen’s bishop to +the king’s third square, he would have played his king’s knight to his +fifth square, in order to take your bishop, and free that of his king. +It is convenient to preserve a bishop of the same diagonal with your +adversary. The oblique action of the bishop is very dangerous, and the +best defence is to oppose bishop to bishop. + +(d) He plays this knight in order to exchange him for your bishop. + + 15. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s knight’s square.(e) + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(f) + + 16. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 17. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th. + + 18. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(g) + +(e) None of the attacks of the adversary are dangerous, because they +do not break your centre; and you may dislodge the knights whenever +you please; this proves that real attacks are to be made only by the +co-operation of several pieces, and very seldom succeed with one or two. + +(f) In order to hinder your queen’s knight from attacking his queen’s +pawn. + +(g) Instead of removing this knight, he might have sustained him by +playing his queen to her knight’s third square: then you would have +pushed your king’s knight’s pawn. + + 19. + W. The king castles.(h) + +(h) In this situation you have a practicable road for the attainment +of the game, but it will depend on preventing the adverse queen’s pawn +from advancing, and on not being too hasty in pushing the pawns on the +right wing, till the king is ready to sustain them. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + + _On the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 11. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 13. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 14. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.(b) + + 15. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.(c) + B. The king’s knight takes the bishop. + +(a) If he take your knight, his queen must necessarily fall into your +hands, because it cannot be sustained by any other pawn; besides, you +may attack it with all your pieces. + +(b) He plays this knight to get rid of your bishop, and open afterwards +a passage for his king’s bishop upon your king and queen, which would +prove very dangerous. + +(c) Your view is, to oblige him, either to sustain the pawn of his +queen, or to take your knight. + + 16. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 17. + W. The king at his rook’s square.(d) + B. The king’s bishop takes the knight.(e) + + 18. + W. The pawn takes the bishop. + B. The king castles.(f) + +(d) You might have taken his queen’s pawn with your knight, and +afterwards played your queen to your king’s fourth, to force his +knight; but he would then have disentangled his queen by giving check; +so that this move is previously necessary. + +(e) Being no longer able defensively to sustain his queen’s pawn; he is +forced to take your knight, to preserve it. + +(f) In this situation, the white player must win; the remaining +measures being, to hinder the adverse queen’s pawn from coming into +play, and to sustain the centre pawns, not advancing them too hastily. + + + + +=_Fourth Regular Party_=, + + +Variant from the First Party on the Third Move of the Black, + +WITH ONE BACK GAME, + + _On the Fifth Move of the White_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The same. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 4. + + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + +(a) You might push this pawn only one square, but then your situation +would be the same, as that already shewn in the first variation. + + 5. + W. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜ + B. The king’s bishop gives check.(c) + + 6. + W. The queen’s bishop covers the check. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 7. + W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(d) + + 8. + W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + + 9. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(e) + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(b) Instead of taking, you might push the king’s pawn a square, which +would not be amiss against a player to whom some advantage is given. +The subject of a back game. + +(c) Had he removed his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, he would +have committed himself, and conspired to establish your pawns in the +centre. + +(d) Had he not played in this manner, he would have given you time to +occupy the centre with your pawns. + +(e) You might give check with your queen at your king’s second square, +but this move would enable your adversary to educe his queen’s bishop; +besides, the king and queen are, generally, not to be placed on the +same line, especially when the file is left open by the exchange of +each party’s pawn. + + 10. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. The king castles. + + 11. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f) + + 12. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 13. + W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(g) + B. The same.(h) + +(f) He plays this with a view, either to get out his queen’s bishop, or +to remove your king’s bishop. + +(g) You push this pawn to break the chain of pawns that cover his king. + +(h) As he has pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, you must +endeavour to post one of your knights at the adverse king’s fourth +square, from whence he cannot be removed but by an exchange, and an +exchange will unite your pawns in the centre. + + 15. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 16. + W. Queen’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop 3d.(i) + + 17. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th. + + 18. + W. The queen at her 2d square.(k) + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 19. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(l) + +(i) He will not concentre your pawns by taking your knight. + +(k) This move is necessary, to prevent his knight from occupying your +king’s third square. + +(l) I should think the white has the better game, on account of the +place where the queen’s knight stands; however, such an advantage, +unaccompanied by any other, is not decisive: the black must not take +the knight before he has displaced one of the pawns that sustain the +knight, which may be done by changing the queen’s bishop’s pawn for the +adverse queen’s pawn, and then both games will be even. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Fifth Move of the White_. + + 5. + W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d.(a) + + 6. + W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The King’s bishop gives check. + + 7. + W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.(b) + B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop. + + 8. + W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) + +(a) Had he withdrawn his knight, that move alone would have given you +the game. + +(b) You might cover check with your queen’s knight, placing him at his +bishop’s third, and if he then played his king’s knight to your king’s +fourth, you would not be without means of sustaining your centre; in +that situation, his best play would be to push his queen’s pawn two +squares. + +(c) Had he pushed this pawn two squares, your centre would have been +safe. + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(d) + B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 10. + W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 11. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 12. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.(e) + +(d) If your king’s bishop’s pawn had been played two squares, he might +have broken your pawns, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn to the +full extent. + +(e) The black player has succeeded in breaking the white central pawns. +The design of this back game is to prove, how dangerous it is, when +two pawns stand on a front line in the centre, to advance one, before +your adversary offers to change. You should wait the offer, and then +the pawn may be pushed safely. If, even after you had incautiously +assailed the knight with your pawn, instead of pushing his queen’s and +his bishop’s pawn one square only, he had advanced either of them two +squares, offering to change, your centre would have remained safe. + + + + +=_Fifth Regular Party_=, + + +Variant from the First Party, on the Third Move of the Black; + +WITH ONE BACK GAME, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The same. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) ☜ + +(a) As, instead of this move, he might have played his queen to your +king’s rook’s fourth, it will be the subject of a back game. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c) + + 5. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(d) + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 6. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(e) + +(b) He forces you to get out your king’s knight before your pawn; but +after repelling the attack, you may manœuvre to bring the pawn into +play. You might for the knight have substituted the queen; but she is +better at her home, because she enables you to advance, with effect, +the queen’s pawn upon his king’s bishop. + +(c) He plays his knight with a view to hinder you from pushing your +queen’s pawn two squares, nevertheless this move may be ventured; as is +illustrated in another party. + +(d) It is not always advantageous to push the pawns on the wings; as +the removal of the knight’s pawn, in particular, lays open the rook, +such a step must be taken cautiously. + +(e) If he had advanced this pawn two squares, you must have pushed +yours upon his knight, according to the rule already prescribed, always +to advance the attacked pawn. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same. + + 8. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same. + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(f) + + 10. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 11. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the bishop.(g) + + 12. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th. + B. The king castles with his rook.(h) + + 13. + W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. + B. The pawn takes the knight. + +(f) Not being able to turn your king’s bishop’s action with his pawns, +he interposes his queen’s bishop. + +(g) He might take with the pawn, and it would not be bad play. + +(h) Had he castled on his queen’s side, he would have committed to you +the advantage of situation. + + 14. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The king’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 15. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 16. + W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(i) + B. The queen takes the pawn.(k) + +(i) Had you not taken this pawn, he would have advanced it another move +upon your bishop, have dislodged him, and obtained an easy attack upon +your king’s wing with his pawns. + +(k) Now, the pursuit of the white must be, to change the king’s +bishop’s pawn with the adverse king’s pawn, and that will turn the +advantage on his side. + + +BACK GAME, + + _On the Third Move of the Black_. + + 3. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + + 4. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 5. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 6. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(a) + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(b) + + 7. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c) + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) On this move, the king’s knight might be played to his bishop’s +third. + +(b) If, instead of his queen’s retreating, his bishop had taken your +king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, you must have taken his bishop with +your queen; and you would have gained a piece. + +(c) The rook’s third square is not the best place for the knight, but +it is necessary in the present crisis. + + 8. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d.(d) + + 9. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the knight. + B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop. + + 10. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight. + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The same.(e) + +(d) Had he withdrawn this knight, you must then have placed yours, now +attacked, at his bishop’s second square; and at the subsequent move, +have played your queen’s bishop to the king’s third, to take off the +adverse bishop. + +(e) It is evident, that the white player has several moves over the +black. The black pieces have been engaged in a speculation which always +proves miscalculated against a good player. The queen, making the +premature attack has retreated, and she must again remove, to avoid the +approach of the adverse, and to make way for her own pawns. + + + + +=_Sixth Regular Party_=. + + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + +(a) This way of opening the game, when you have not the move, is +entirely defensive, and therefore not to be adopted if any advantage +is granted; but commencing on equal terms, it is a good experiment on +strength of an adversary with whose skill you are unacquainted. + +(b) On this move he might have forced you to play the gambit, by +pushing his king’s pawn two squares; and you could not take without +being exposed to a check from his queen. The train of moves, then +induced, would terminate in his favor, if he played critically correct. + + 4. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(c) + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 5. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d) + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(e) + +(c) You might have pushed your queen’s pawn two squares, in order to +change it with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, and this move would not be +amiss; but it would bring his king’s bishop to his queen’s bishop’s +fourth, where he would give great annoyance to your pieces, unless you +had your queen’s bishop to oppose him. + +(d) He might have played his queen’s pawn one square; in that case, +you must have taken his pawn with yours, to hinder him from placing +his pieces on the side of his queen, correspondingly to those on your +king’s side. + +(e) It would be bad play in him to take your pawn, as that would be +clearing the way for your queen’s knight; so it would be wrong for you +to take his pawn with yours, as that would present an advantageous post +to his king’s bishop. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(f) + + 8. + W. The queen at her 2d square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.(g) + + 9. + W. The queen’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.(h) + B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + + 10. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + +(f) He attacks your queen’s knight’s pawn in order to induce you to +push it, but it is better to sustain it; for if it leaves its place, he +may, by pushing his queen’s rook’s pawn two squares, form a successful +attack on your left wing. + +(g) Had he attacked your queen’s bishop with this knight, you must not +have suffered him to change piece for piece; but have withdrawn your +bishop, and forced his knight to retreat afterwards. + +(h) As your queen’s knight cannot sally, without exposing you to the +risk, of having either a pawn doubled, or your queen forced, it is +necessary to take off his king’s bishop. + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(i) + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(k) + + 12. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(l) + + 13. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.(m) + +(i) You play this knight that he may be in a course to co-operate with +your king’s knight at your queen’s fourth; the rook’s third is the best +post he can at present take. In general, it is essential to keep open a +free communication between the knights; as it is desirable to post them +on squares, where they can neither be attacked by pawns, nor forced by +other pieces to retreat. + +(k) He pushes this pawn with a view to break your centre, and it would +be assisting his scheme to take it. + +(l) His design is to make an opening for his king’s rook, and were he +allowed to push this pawn another square, he would force and break the +rear of your cordon of pawns. + +(m) As your king’s knight, sustained by two pawns, may safely place +himself at his fifth square, so the adversary takes your pawn, that he +may procure for his knight a similar post. + + 14. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s rook at its knight’s square.(n) + + 15. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(o) + + 16. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 17. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th.(p) + B. The king at his 2d square. + +(n) He plays this rook, to secure the command of the file. Here is a +juncture at which a rook may well be sacrificed for another piece. +Supposing that you were not to close this line with your knight, he +would remove his rook to your king’s knight’s fourth square, where, +supported by two pawns, it could not be taken, without concentring his +pawns. + +(o) He plays this knight with a design of procuring him as good a place +as yours now occupies. + +(p) By this move you break the direction of his queen, and your two +knights are united to attack and take his knight’s pawn. + + 18. + W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 19. + W. The king castles with his rook.(q) + B. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.(r) + +(q) It would be dangerous to castle on your left, because the adversary +might form an easy attack upon your king; besides, your king must +occupy his knight’s third square, in order to restrain the adverse +king’s knight, and in the mean while sustain your pawns. + +(r) This is necessary to prevent him from making himself master of that +file, by changing his knight for yours, the consequence of which would +give him the game. The rooks are never to yield up the openings. At +present the game is even, except that the pawn advanced on the ground +of the black, may be said to give the white some little advantage. + +The conduct of the regular parties is analytical, the most consummate +form of each taking the lead, from which the back games that branch, +are inferior either in the dexterity or the regularity of the moves. +By some of the back games it appears, that a player may commence his +investment of the adverse party in form, and yet, from the manner of +the play that is opposed to him, be diverted into irregularity. Again, +on the other hand it will appear, from some examples of the Salvio +Gambit, on which we are going to enter; that when one player meditates +a speedier circumvention than regularity of approach could effect; +defensive movements may be adopted by the other, of a systematic +character, the influence of which shall be so strong, as to impress, by +degrees, a conformity to method on the attitude of both sets of pieces. +At the same time, in practice it will be found, that a continual +recurrence to principle must modulate the movements of gambits, or they +will resemble the incursions of the Cossacks. The difficulty is, when +you attempt a _coup de main_ at Chess, to preserve such an arrangement, +that you may return to the progressive method, if obliged, without +taking lower ground than the adversary. + + + + +=_The Salvio Gambit_=. + + +FIRST PARTY, + +WITH THREE BACK GAMES. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The queen gives check. + + 6. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) + +(a) DOCTOR SALVIO, in his Treatise, printed at Naples, in the year +1723, lays down this defence of the gambit, but without examining +thoroughly any combination; the great number of moves which arise and +succeed each other every instant in this party, very possibly may have +prevented him from analyzing and calculating the matter. + +PHILIDOR can only mean, that SALVIO has not particularised any +combinations different from the step dictated, in collateral notes on +the play; though it is evident that he must have traced them, from his +ultimately fixing on the most complete defence. + + 7. + W. The queen at her king’s square.(b) ☜ + B. The queen takes the queen.(c) ☜ + + 8. + W. The king takes the queen. + B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(d) ☜ + +(b) The seventh move may be played different ways; two only however are +eligible: the first, to take the pawn with the bishop, and give check; +the other, to play the queen’s pawn two squares—pursued in two back +games. + +(c) If, instead of taking your queen, he had pushed his king’s knight’s +pawn, you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, and +then have played your knight to your king’s bishop’s third square. + +(d) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one square, instead of taking your +pawn with his knight; you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with +your knight, and sacrificed the knight and bishop for two pawns and a +rook; the subject of a back game. + + 9. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The king at his 2d square.(e) + + 10. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f) + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(g) + + 11. + W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + +(e) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, it would have been +your game, to have drawn back your king’s bishop, in order to give +double check with your knight, or make him lose a turn. + +(f) In this situation you must either win a pawn, or force the change +of his king’s rook for your knight. + +(g) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one move, it would have been proper +to have attacked his rook with your knight, and then to take his +queen’s pawn with the knight, leaving his rook exposed to your bishop. + + 12. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(h) + B. King’s pawn 1 square.(i) + + 13. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 14. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 15. + W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 16. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.(k) + +(h) It would be bad play to attack his rook with your knight, who being +without a retreat, would at length be forced and taken. + +(i) Being no longer able to sustain this pawn, he pushes it: you must +readily take it, because all pawns separated and advanced on your +ground must be lost. + +(k) In this position the white party have this advantage, that their +pieces are disposed in better order; nevertheless, this manner of +playing the gambit is no ways advantageous against a player, to whom +a piece is granted; though this party, when played without odds, is a +very good one. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST PARTY, + + _On the Seventh Move of the White_. + + 7. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The king at his 2d square.(a) + + 8. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(b) + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) + +(a) SALVIO here directs the removal of the king to his queen’s square; +but, after the most exact calculations, I think it would be better to +play the king to his second square: that the reader may, however, judge +which is the preferable course, I exhibit both ways of playing, adding +a variation on the seventh move of the black. + +(b) You are forced to withdraw the bishop, in order to avoid the loss +of a piece. + +(c) If he had taken your king’s pawn with his knight, you must have +played your queen to your king’s square, to offer an exchange of +queens, which would restore your game to a firm state of defence; but +if, instead of pushing this pawn, he had played his knight to his +king’s rook’s fourth, you should have taken his king’s knight’s pawn +with your queen, permitting afterwards double check: then, by taking +his knight and sacrificing your rook, your situation from embarrassing +rises to advantageous. + + 9. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d) + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th. + + 10. + W. The queen at her king’s square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e) + + 11. + W. The king at his knight’s square.(f) + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g) + +(d) This is a very bad retreat for your knight; but if you had attacked +his rook, your piece would have been forced. It is the adverse king, +played to his second square, on the seventh move, that has thrown your +game into so perplexing a situation. + +(e Had he given double check with his knight, you) would have won a +piece by removing your king; and if he had exchanged queens, you would +have put an end to his attack. + +(f) This move is very requisite, to disengage your king’s rook. + +(g) If you were to take his pawn with yours, he would instantly give +you check-mate. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 4th. + + 13. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 14. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. The queen takes the bishop. + + 15. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h) + B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + + 16. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(i) + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 17. + W. King’s knight at his king’s square.(k) + +(h) It is advisable to push this pawn; and not to take, which would +establish his king’s knight upon your ground. + +(i) You thus prepare for bringing out the pieces of your left wing, +without being obliged to place your knight at his bishop’s third. + +(k) In this position, though the black pieces have the advantage, yet +the game is not irrecoverably lost, because the white have still some +chance of succeeding in placing their pawns in the centre. + + +SUPPLEMENT + +TO THE FIRST BACK GAME. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a) + + 8. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn and gives check. + + 10. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The queen gives check, &c. &c.(b) + +(a) Had he taken your king’s pawn, you must have played your queen to +your king’s second. + +(b) It is unnecessary to proceed; the variations of the first back game +recur, with the difference that you have one pawn less. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST PARTY, + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s square.(a) + + 8. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b) + B. King’s pawn 1 square.(c) + +(a) This creates no necessity of withdrawing your bishop as in the +first back game, so that remaining in advance, he may hinder the +adverse king’s knight from posting himself at his king’s rook’s fourth; +a move portending danger. + +(b) Had you withdrawn your king’s bishop to attack the king and rook +with your knight, he would have played his knight to his king’s rook’s +fourth, and sacrificed his rook to win the game. + +(c) There were two other ways for him to have played; the first, to +force your knight to retreat, by pushing his queen’s pawn upon him; +the other, to take your king’s pawn with his knight, in which case you +should offer an exchange of queens, by playing yours to your king’s +square. + + 9. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d) + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 11. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The queen gives check. + + 12. + W. The king at his knight’s square.(e) + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.(f) + +(d) Had you taken his pawn with yours, he would have won the game. + +(e) If you had moved the king to his bishop’s second square, the black +would have won the game, by giving check with his king’s knight’s pawn, +and, at the next move, check with his king’s knight. + +(f) This move forces his queen to retreat, and allows time to put +your game in a state of defence. If you could exchange queens, your +condition would be still better, for your pawns not only stand in the +centre, but are farther advanced than his. + +Before the retreat of the queen, it will be proper for the gambit pawn +to take, giving check; that it may not be lost without compensation: +and the queen, on her retreat, must make such a demonstration by her +position as will effectually dislodge the bishop. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + +TO THE FIRST PARTY OF THE SALVIO GAMBIT, + + _On the Eighth Move of the Black_. + + 8. + W. The king takes the queen. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(a) + + 9. + W. The king’s knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn. + B. The queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.(b) + B. The king’s knight takes the bishop. + +(a) If instead of this, he had played his queen’s knight to his +bishop’s third, you must have taken his knight with yours, and +sustained your king’s pawn, by that of your queen. + +(b) It is better to take his pawn, than to surrender your bishop to it, +because his rook still remains exposed. + + 11. + W. The knight takes the rook. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c) + + 12. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + + 13. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d) + B. The bishop takes the knight.(e) + + 14. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.(f) + +(c) He might with his knight have attacked your queen’s bishop’s pawn, +which you would have defended with your queen’s knight. + +(d) This move is necessary, because he could have taken your king’s +pawn by sacrificing his knight, and afterwards have taken your queen’s +knight’s pawn with his bishop. + +(e) He could not have sustained the king’s or gambit pawn for more than +two or three moves. + +(f) In this situation, it is better to advance the king under the +pawns, than to castle, and you will have then a better game than your +adversary. + + + + +=_Second Party_= + +OF THE SALVIO GAMBIT, + + +WITH ONE BACK GAME, + + _On the Seventh Move of the White_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th square.(a) + B. The queen gives check. + +(a) You might castle at the fifth move, and suffer him to take your +knight; you then take his knight’s pawn with your queen, and depend for +reprisals on attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn. All your pieces would +easily get out, and before he could secure his king, it would be easy +for you to regain some advantage. + + 6. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 7. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) ☜ + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) + + 8. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d) + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + +(b) If you had taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with your knight, he +would, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares, have gained two pieces +for his king’s rook. As the same pawn might have been taken by the +bishop, and check given at the same time, it will form the subject of a +back game. + +(c) Had he brought out his queen’s knight to his bishop’s third, you +must have taken his knight with yours, and then offered queen for queen +at your king’s square. + +(d) Had you taken his king’s pawn with your knight, he would have left +his rook exposed, playing his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, as a +prelude to a double attack on your king and rook, which would throw you +into a disagreeable situation. + + 9. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e) + B. The queen gives check. + + 10. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. The queen gives check. + + 11. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 12. + W. The king’s knight covers the check. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f) + + 13. + W. The queen at its king’s bishop’s square. + B. The queen takes the queen. + +(e) Had you taken the pawn with yours, he would, by taking with his +king’s knight’s pawn, have opened the line for his queen’s bishop; +by which you would be exposed to the hazard of losing your queen, or +receiving check-mate. + +(f) He plays this pawn to prevent his queen being forced. (See the +situation at the thirteenth move of the second back game of the first +gambit, volume the first.) And should he castle, or otherwise vary his +play, it would be your game to propose queen for queen, at your king’s +bishop’s square. + + 14. + W. The king’s bishop takes the queen. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g) + + 15. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 16. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(h) + +(g) It was of consequence to withdraw his bishop, for by pushing your +king’s rook’s pawn two squares, you would have broken all his pawns. + +(h) From this period the endeavour of each must be, to bring out the +pieces as soon as possible; but the white must persist in not taking +the king’s knight’s pawn with his rook’s pawn; and, though the black +have the advantage in numbers, by a pawn, the situation of the white +will then be preferable. + + +BACK GAME, + + _On the Seventh Move of the White_. + + 7. + W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. + B. The king at his 2d square.(a) + + 8. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b) + + 9. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th. + +(a) Had he withdrawn his king to his queen’s square, you should have +pushed your queen’s pawn to its extent, and you would have obtained a +firm position; but by this move, he dictates the retreat of your king’s +bishop, otherwise by pushing his queen’s pawn he would gain a piece. + +(b) He had two other ways of playing; the one, to take your king’s pawn +with his knight, on which you play your queen to your king’s second +square, letting him give double check with his knight, that sacrificing +your rook for the knight, you might win the game. The other way would +be, to transport his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, in which case +you ought to propose an exchange of queen’s at your king’s square. + + 10. + W. The queen at her king’s square. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(c) + + 11. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 12. + W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 13. + W. The king’s knight takes the queen.(d) + +(c) Had he given double check with his knight, you ought to have +withdrawn your king to his knight’s square, and then he would lose a +piece; and had he taken your queen, you ought to have taken with your +knight, to facilitate the bringing out your pieces. + +(d) In the present situation the white seem to have the best of the +game. + + + + +=_Supplements to former Games_=. + + +SUPPLEMENT + +To the First Gambit in the First Volume: + +WITH TWO BACK GAMES; + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black, and the Sixth of the White_. + + 1. + W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) ☜ + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn. + + 8. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.(b) + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(c) + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + +(a) You might have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with yours, but your +pieces would then have been too much entangled; nevertheless, I shall +make it the subject of a back game. + +(b) At present he has the superiority over you of a pawn: but in +abatement of that advantage, it is to be observed, that the pawn which +should be foremost, being left behind, will remain useless till it +attain your king’s bishop’s fourth square. + +(c) Let him have played what piece he would, you certainly should have +played as you have done, unless he had exposed some piece to be taken. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 11. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 12. + W. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d) + + 13. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The king castles with his rook.(e) + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + +(d) His knight, which he arms with two pawns, you must forbear taking; +as it would unite his pawns in the centre, introducing his king’s +bishop’s pawn, now useless, to a post that would ensure him the game. + +(e) It is better to castle on your right than on your left; because +your king will sustain the knight’s pawn, in case your adversary takes +your queen’s bishop. + + 15. + W. The king at his rook’s 2d. + B. The king castles.(f) + +(f) The position of the two parties is nearly even. The white pieces +must carry all their disposable force against the adverse king’s +bishop’s pawn, in order to take it: the black, on the other hand, +must manœuvre to exchange the king’s knight, in order to unite their +pawns in the centre. It is apparent from this gambit, that it is not +advantageous to push the king’s rook’s pawn two squares, at the fourth +move. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black_. + + 5. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 6. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. The king’s knight takes the king’s knight’s pawn. + B. The queen takes the king’s pawn, and gives check. + + 8. + W. The queen covers the check.(b) + +(a) Had you taken the exposed pawn with your knight, he would have +pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn upon your knight, forcing him to retire +to your king’s bishop’s second: he then, taking your king’s pawn with +that of his bishop, would have secured the advantage of position. + +(b) In this situation you must exchange queens, as the most eligible +step; and afterwards take the gambit pawn. The two games are even. It +is easily seen, that this way of playing the gambit is neither of a +very interesting nature, nor affords the same after-games or numberless +variations that spring from Salvio’s gambits. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Sixth Move of the White_. + + 6. + W. The king’s knight takes the knight’s pawn.(a) + B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(b) + + 7. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. The same.(c) + +(a) Had you played your king’s bishop to your queen’s bishop’s fourth, +attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn, he would have removed his queen to +her king’s second square, and rendered your position far from good. + +(b) It would be bad play to take your knight with his. + +(c) Though he defends his knight with his queen, he might without +danger have sustained him, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares: in +which case you must have removed your king’s knight to his bishop’s +second. + + 8. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d) + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + + 9. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The king’s bishop takes the queen. + + 10. + W. King’s rook at its 2d square. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(e) + + 11. + W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 12. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th. + +(d) You play the knight to hinder him from pushing his queen’s pawn two +squares; but if, contrary to your expectation, he should move the pawn +to its full extent, you may take it without danger. + +(e) Had he played the knight to his king’s bishop’s fourth, you must +have attacked his king’s bishop with your queen’s knight, to procure +his removal; and if he had afterwards taken the rook’s pawn and given +check, you should have taken his bishop with your rook, to give check +with your queen’s knight. + + 13. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 14. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(f) + +(f) The game is nearly even: the gambit pawn will in time be taken, as +it is separated, and cannot be sustained, but by the pieces. + + +SUPPLEMENT + +To the Third Party in the First Volume; the Black moving first. + +WITH ONE BACK GAME, + +_On the Seventh Move of the White_. + + 1. + B. The king’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The same. + + 2. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the king’s pawn. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 5. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a) + +(a) It is better to push this pawn the second square, than to expose +the queens, which would bring on a series of very puzzling moves; +whereas, on the mode intended to be pursued, whether he takes the +king’s pawn, or the king’s knight, you will find ways to defend +yourself. + + 6. + B. Queen’s pawn moves to the adverse king’s 3d. + W. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 7. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b) ☜ + + 8. + B. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + W. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 9. + B. The queen’s bishop covers the check. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 10. + B. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. + W. The king castles.(c) + + +(b) If you had sustained your queen’s pawn with that of your queen’s +bishop, you would have lost the game; but in this situation he cannot +take the pawn that is upon the file of your king, without losing in +return the one that is at your king’s third. There is yet another way +of playing, giving check with the king’s bishop: it will make the +subject of a back game. + +(c) The pieces of the white seem to be the better placed. + + +BACK GAME, + + _On the Seventh Move of the White_. + + 7. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The king’s bishop gives check. + + 8. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn at the adverse king’s 3d.(b) + + 10. + B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the bishop. + W. The queen takes the knight. + + 11. + B. The queen takes the pawn. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th. + +(a) Had he covered the check with his queen’s bishop, you had been +enabled to take his king’s knight with your queen. + +(b) If he take this pawn with his king’s bishop’s pawn, you take his +queen’s knight, giving check; and afterwards take his king’s knight +with your queen. + + 12. + B. The queen at the adverse king’s 4th.(c) + W. The pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn, and gives check. + + 13. + B. The king takes the pawn. + W. The queen gives check. + + 14. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn covers the check. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s 4th. + + 15. + B. The queen takes the queen. + W. The knight takes the queen. + + 16. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + W. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + + 17. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + +(c) Had he taken the pawn that is at his king’s third, and attacked +your queen, you must have taken his queen with your knight; and upon +the capture of your queen, your knight, by attacking the king and rook, +would have ensured the game. + + 18. + B. King’s rook at its king’s square. + W. The king castles. + +The advantage of position inclines to the white party. + + + + +=_Practical Mates_= + +AND + +=_Ends of Parties_=. + + + METHOD + + OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A ROOK AND + A BISHOP AGAINST A ROOK.(a) + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + The rook at its queen’s bishop’s square. + The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his square. + The rook at its queen’s 2d. + + 1. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The rook covers the check. + +(a) In a former edition, I thought it would suffice to place the black +in that position, which was most favourable to a protracted defence: +but, as many lovers of the game desire to know the mode of forcing the +black into the position, here assigned to him, it will be displayed in +a subsequent example. + + 2. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.(b) + + 3. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.(c) + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square. + + 4. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.(d) + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(e) ☜ + +(b) He takes the situation most calculated to elude you. To give +check-mate, you must force your adversary to place his rook, either +at your queen’s square, or at your queen’s third square. In either +position, the game will be won, after a few computed moves. + +(c) He is now obliged to play his rook to your queen’s square, or to +your queen’s third square. + +(d) You have already forced him to play his rook to one of those +squares where he is in a course to lose: but this is not enough; for +your rook must not be farther from your king than the number of squares +which a knight passes at a move. If you were to play your rook to its +queen’s bishop’s second square, he would play his rook to your queen’s +second square; and you must be eternally recommencing: whereas, by +passing your rook on your right, he must, to parry the mate, play his +rook to your king’s bishop’s square, which is no better than that of +his queen. + + 5. + W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(f) ☜ + + 6. + W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his square.(g) + + 7. + W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.(h) ☜ + + 8. + W. The bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + +(e) As he might have played his king to his bishop’s square, we will +make it the subject of a back-game. + +(f) He could have played his rook to your king’s bishop’s third: the +subject of another back-game. + +(g) He brings back his king to form an interval, for his rook to cover +the check of your rook. + +(h) He might have played the king to his bishop’s square: the subject +of the last back-game. + + 9. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 10. + W. The bishop covers the check. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 11. + W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th square, and must win. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Fourth Move of the Black_. + + 4. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 5. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(a) + B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + + 6. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(b) + B. The king at his knight’s square. + +(a) You force him, by this move, to play his rook to your king’s +knight’s square, to parry the mate; which will give you his rook +gratuitously. + +(b) You leave him no other way to ward the mate, than playing his king +to his knight’s square; for, if he check with his rook, you preserve +your attack impending in undiminished force over him, by covering with +your bishop. + + 7. + W. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d. + + 8. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s square, + and must win. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Fifth Move of the Black_. + + 5. + W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 7. + W. The bishop covers the check. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) + + 8. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s 2d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b) + + 9. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + +(a) If he had moved his king to his bishop’s square, you would have +played your rook to his king’s rook’s second, in order to give mate the +next move. + +(b) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, you must have +played your rook to his queen’s knight’s second, in order to give mate +the next move. + + 10. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c) + + 11. + W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his square.(d) + + 12. + W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th, and must win the game. + +(c) If he had played his king to his rook’s square, you would have won +his rook, giving check by discovery. + +(d) If he had played his rook to your king’s third, to prevent the +check of your bishop; you must have played your rook to your king’s +rook’s fourth, in order to give mate the next move. + + +THIRD BACK GAME, + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 8. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 9. + W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th, and must win the game. + + + METHOD + + OF FORCING THE BLACK TO TAKE THE + POSITION ABOVE ASSIGNED, IN ORDER TO + GIVE MATE WITH A ROOK AND BISHOP + AGAINST A ROOK. + + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his 4th square. + The bishop at his king’s 3d square. + The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his 3d square. + The rook at its queen’s 2d square. + + 1. + W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d.(a) + B. The rook at its queen’s square. + + 2. + W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.(b) + B. The rook at its king’s square. + +(a) If you had checked with your rook, he would have covered with his; +but he is now obliged to retract his rook, which enables you to employ +your bishop. + +(b) This prevents his rook from covering the check from yours, so that +you may force his king to retrograde. + + 3. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d. + + 5. + W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.(c) + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 6. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(d) + +(c) This move is material, in order to employ your bishop as above +directed; that is, to debar his rook from covering the check, which you +will give with yours. + +(d) If he had moved the king to his square, you must then have advanced +your king to the face of his king, and left your bishop exposed. The +whole difficulty consists in placing your bishop at the adverse king’s +fourth. Your adversary’s manœuvre to prevent it, will be, leaving his +king inactive, and playing his rook, alternately, from the second to +the first square of your king’s bishop. + + 7. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his square.(e) ☜ + + 8. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 9. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 10. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s square. + + 11. + W. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his square. + + 12. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d, and finds himself + in the position above assigned. + +(e) Had he given you check with his rook, you must have played your +king to the adverse queen’s fourth, which would have given your bishop +the necessary liberty. The adversary could have likewise played his +king to his knight’s square, which will be made the subject of a back +game. + + +BACK GAME, + + _On the Seventh Move of the Black_. + + 7. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 8. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 9. + W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 10. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 11. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + + 12. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his rook’s 3d. + + 13. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d. + + 14. + W. The rook at its king’s knight’s square. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 15. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his rook’s 4th. + + 16. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his rook’s 3d. + + 17. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 18. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The rook gives check. + + 19. + W. The bishop covers the check. + B. The rook at its queen’s 2d. + + 20. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s square. + B. The king at his rook’s 4th. + + 21. + W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 4th, + and will give check-mate the next move. + +It may be seen by this back-game, that when the pieces do not exactly +stand in the situation before assigned, there may be various ways to +force the mate: but a circumstance that cannot be dispensed with, is, +that the bishop must stand on a diagonal that runs close to his king, +to cover him in case of a check. + + + METHOD + OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A KNIGHT + AND A BISHOP. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his 4th square. + The queen’s knight at his square. + The king’s bishop at his square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his bishop’s 3d. + + 1. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a) + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + + 2. + W. The king at his bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s 3d. + +(a) The mate must be given in the corner which is of the colour on +which the bishop moves; and when the adverse king retires to the +corner, differently coloured, the stroke is effected, by a gradual +process of eighteen or twenty moves. + + 3. + W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + + 4. + W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(b) + B. The king at his rook’s 3d. + + 5. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d.(c) + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his rook’s square.(d) + + 7. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d. + +(b) The office of the knight is, to exclude the adverse king from the +squares which are out of the bishop’s field. + +(c) If he had played his king to his rook’s fourth, you must have given +check with the bishop at your king’s second; and should he then pass +his king to that quarter of the board which has a corner square of your +bishop’s colour, you will mate him in a few moves. + +(d) If he had moved to his rook’s third, you must have played your +bishop to your king’s second, to oblige his king to seek shelter in the +black angle, whence your knight will soon dislodge him. + + 8. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.(e) + B. The king at his knight’s square.(f) + + 9. + W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 10. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his square. + + 11. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(g) ☜ + + 12. + W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The king at his square. + +(e) From this position, the mate is forced in about eighteen or twenty +moves. + +(f) The knight prevents his king from returning to the corner. Your +object is, to exclude him with the knight from the black squares, and +with the bishop from the white ones. + +(g) He might have played his king to his queen’s square; which is +traced to its consequences in a back game. + + 13. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 14. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his square. + + 15. + W. The bishop gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 16. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 17. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 18. + W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop square. + + 19. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 20. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 21. + W. The bishop gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 22. + W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s square. + + 23. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 24. + W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s square. + + 25. + W. The bishop gives check-mate. + + +BACK GAME, + + _On the Eleventh Move of the Black_. + + 11. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 12. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 13. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s 2d.(a) + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d.(b) + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 15. + W. The bishop at his king’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 16. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his square. + +(a) It is to be observed, that the knight does not change the direction +of his moves, whether the black player adopt the course of the game or +the back game. + +(b) If you had given check with your bishop, he would have passed his +king into the other corner; and your attack would have been eluded. + + 17. + W. The bishop gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 18. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 19. + W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(c) + +(c) It is needless to proceed. The position induced by the back game, +is that of the seventeenth move of the game. + + + + +A PARTY, + +WON WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN AGAINST A BISHOP. + + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his 4th square. + The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 4th. + The rook at its queen’s square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his 3d square. + The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 1. + W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.(a) + B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s square. + + 2. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The bishop covers the check.(b) + +(a) If you had pushed your pawn, to give check, you would have +furnished the adversary with the means of making a drawn game, as will +be seen afterwards. + +(b) If he had withdrawn his king, you must have protruded yours to the +van of your pawn. This party is to be won, only by advancing your king, +and confining that of your adversary to the last rank, previously to +pushing the pawn. + + 3. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.(c) + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + + 5. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The bishop covers the check. + + 6. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 7. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.(d) + +(c) This move imposes on him a necessity of retracting his king, and +resigning the field to yours. + +(d) In this position the game is won, either by pushing the pawn to +queen, or forcing the adverse bishop. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN AGAINST A BISHOP. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his 4th square. + The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 4th. + The rook at its queen’s square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his 3d square. + The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 1. + W. The pawn gives check.(a) + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + + 2. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + +(a) The result from this movement must be a drawn game, because your +king cannot recover the opportunity of advancing before your pawn, +supposing your adversary to play with critical precision. + + 3. + W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square. + B. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(b) + + 4. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(c) + + 5. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.(d) + +(b) It is material for him to keep his bishop at a distance from your +king, to enable him to give check, should you play the king to one of +the black squares next to your pawn. + +(c) If he had covered the check, you would have won the game, by +pushing your king forwards to the black square facing his bishop. + +(d) If he had played his bishop to your king’s rook’s second, you would +have won the game, by playing your rook to his king’s knight’s second. +It is to be observed, that, in the defence of this party, the bishop, +while he is so distant as to secure himself from capture, must be ready +to step into a diagonal that bears on the adverse king. + + 6. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The bishop at the adverse king’s square, in readiness to check. + + 7. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + + 8. + W. The pawn 1 square.(e) + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(f) + + 9. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.(g) + + 10. + W. The pawn 1 square, discovering check from the rook. + B. The king takes the pawn. + +(e) Had you advanced the king, he would have obliged you to retrograde, +by a check from his bishop. + +(f) Any other movement would have occasioned him the loss of the game. + +(g) In this position your pawn is forced; as your king cannot proceed, +without intercepting the communication between the pawn and the rook. + + 11. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.(h) + +(h) When a player has a bishop against a rook, he must as soon as +possible station his king on a corner square of the chess-board, of a +different colour from the field of the bishop. It is the only place +where he can insure a drawn game. + + +METHOD + +OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A SINGLE ROOK. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his 4th square. + The rook at its king’s rook’s square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his 3d square. + + 1. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 2. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th square. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.(a) + +(a) His king must be opposite to yours, previously to each time of your +giving check with your rook; because his king is then forced, by the +check, to retrograde. + + 3. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.(b) + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 5. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 2d. + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(c) + + 7. + W. The rook gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + +(b) If you had played your king opposite to his, he would have restored +his king to its previous place; whereas, should he on this move play +his king to the face of yours, you may force him back by the check of +your rook. + +(c) In the present case he is obliged to place his king opposite to +yours, or absolutely to abandon the rank. + + 8. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 9. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his square. + + 10. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 11. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 12. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + + 13. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 14. + W. The rook gives check-mate. + +There is another mode of giving check-mate with a rook, which may be +practised with great facility, and which will, in general, be found +more summary than that which has been exhibited. A description of it, +sufficiently intelligible, may be conveyed to the player, without a +notation of the moves. The principle of it, is, to confine the adverse +king in a square, two sides of which are formed by the extremities of +the board, and two sides by two impassable lines, running from the +station of the rook. This station must, at the commencement, prescribe +all possible limitation; and the square you continually abridge, by the +progression of the rook, supported by the king. When the adverse king +is reduced to an area of four squares, it will be proper to suspend the +action of the rook, leaving him in the great diagonal, on the third +square from the corner. The interim will be employed in seating your +own king on the third square of the rank or the file. This completes +the preparation for check-mate. + + + + +CONCLUSION OF A PARTY, + +WON BY THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK AND A PAWN. + + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his bishop’s 4th. + The queen at her 3d square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his 2d square. + The rook at its king’s 4th. + The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 3d.(a) + + 1. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(b) + B. The king at his 3d square. + +(a) This party is a drawn game, when the pawn has not been moved from +its place; but, in the event of its having been advanced, the queen +must win. + +(b) His defence depends entirely upon not letting your king pass, and +in meditation of the intended obstruction, playing his rook alternately +from the queen’s bishop’s fourth to the king’s fourth, being always +supported by his pawn. + + 2. + W. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s square.(c) + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 3. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 4. + W. The queen gives check, at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his 3d square. + + 5. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The rook at its king’s 4th. + + 6. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(d) + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + +(c) This move is superfluous and unavailing; and I adopt it, only to +shew, by what trivial means turns may be gained or lost. + +(d) This move lays a certain foundation for a decision in your favour; +you must, therefore, at the second move of the queen, take this +position. + + 7. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s square. + B. The rook at its king’s 4th. + + 8. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s square.(e) + B. The king at his queen’s 4th. + + 9. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(f) + B. The rook gives check.(g) ☜ + + 10. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The rook gives check. + +(e) This check forces his king to occupy the same file with his pawn; +this will be a great facility to your own king, in passing. + +(f) You place him under the dilemma of removing his rook from his king, +or giving a free passage to yours. + +(g) If he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you must have +played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third. He might also have +played his rook to his king’s rook’s fourth, to hinder the passage of +your king; the movements which you should then adopt, are exhibited in +the first back game. + + 11. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 4th.(h) + + 12. + W. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The rook covers the check. + + 13. + W. The queen gives check at her 3d square. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 14. + W. The queen at her 2d square.(i) + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 15. + W. The queen at her 4th square. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(k) ☜ + +(h) If here, too, he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you +must have played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third. + +(i) At the instant your king gets in the rear of his pawn, the +advantage of the game will turn on your side: to attain this, you must +force him to play his king. + +(k) He could have played his king to his queen’s bishop’s second +square. This course is pursued in the second back game. + + 16. + W. The queen at her bishop’s 4th. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.(l) + + 17. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 18. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 19. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s square. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 20. + W. The queen gives check, at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s 4th. + + 21. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d. + +(l) If he had detached his rook from his king, the object of your play +must have been to force his rook, by a divergent check. + + 22. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 23. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 24. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th square, and must win. + +The termination of this party, regularly conducted from this move, +may be seen in p. 160.—As many amateurs may not be acquainted with +the method of giving check-mate with a queen against a rook, the +opportunity which the state of the board presents for exhibiting that +operation is embraced. It may be pursued in immediate continuation, by +suspending the back games. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the Ninth Move of the Black_. + + 9. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. + B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th.(a) + + 10. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s square. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 11. + W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 12. + W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 3d. + B. The king where he pleases, his pawn being lost.(b) + +(a) His rook being distant from its king, allows you to take it by a +divergent check, or at least to take his pawn. + +(b) This back game shews the facility with which a queen may force a +rook, when detached from its king. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Fifteenth Move of the Black_. + + 15. + W. The queen at her 4th square. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 16. + W. The queen at her rook’s 4th. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 17. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 18. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d square, and must win.(a) + +(a) The ability of the king to manœuvre behind the pawn, commands the +event of the game. + + + + +CHECK-MATE, + +BY THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK, + + +_Being a Continuation of the Party in Page 157_. + + 24. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 25. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 26. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.(a) + B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 27. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.(b) + + 28. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d square. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + +(a) It is unavailing to give check with your queen, before your king +has approached the adverse king. + +(b) He offers you his rook for nothing: but, if you take it, he will be +stale-mate. + + 29. + W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s square. + + 30. + W. The queen at her rook’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.(c) + + 31. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 32. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d) + B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d. + +(c) Your last move was by no means tactical. The queen should have +remained on the fourth square from the corner. The move was made merely +to shew the game which might then be played by your adversary. If you +were to take his rook, he would be stale-mate. This cannot be too much +attended to at the end of this party. + +(d) Had you played your king to your queen’s knight’s third, he would +have made a drawn game, by giving you check at your queen’s bishop’s +third. + + 33. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 34. + W. The queen at her rook’s 4th.(e) + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 35. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 36. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(f) + B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + + 37. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s square. + +(e) Your king may now invest the adversary, by a near approach, without +any danger of making him stale-mate. + +(f) He is obliged to remove his rook from his king, which gives you an +opportunity of taking his rook by a divergent check, or making him mate. + + 38. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + B. The king at the knight’s square.(g) + + 39. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + + 40. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The king at the knight’s square. + + 41. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s square, + and must win.(h) + +(g) If he had covered the check, you would have given mate at your +queen’s bishop’s square. + +(h) This party can be won only by forcing the adversary to detach his +rook, in order to ensure its fall, by a divergent check. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK AND A PAWN. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + The queen at her knight’s 3d. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his queen’s square. + The queen’s pawn at its square. + The rook at its king’s 3d. + + 1. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s square. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 2. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 3. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The rook at its king’s 3d, giving check. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th square.(a) + +(a) In this position it is a drawn game; because neither the queen, nor +the king, can come upon the rear of the black pawn, as in the former +party. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN AGAINST A ROOK; + +Or LOST GAME, + +IF THE PLAYER HAVING ONLY A ROOK PLAY ILL. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + The pawn at its king’s 4th. + The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his square. + The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 1. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 3d.(a) ☜ + +(a) By commanding the third rank with his rook, he hinders your king +from advancing; if he were to desert that rank before you had pushed +your pawn, he would lose the party, as will be seen by a back game. + + 2. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.(b) + + 3. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(c) + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(d) + +(b) He ought not to move his rook from this line, until at the instant +of your pushing the pawn. + +(c) If he had given check, he would have lost the game. + +(d) And he must give you perpetual check, unless you will be induced to +detach your king from your pawn: and if, in adopting that course, you +enfilade obliquely from his successive checks, toward his rook, he will +transport his rook, at the moment of its being reached by your king, so +as to ensure the fall of your pawn.—If your king retires upon your own +rook, he will change rooks. + + + + +VARIANT GAME, + +ON THE FIRST MOVE OF THE BLACK, WHEN A ROOK AND A PAWN WIN AGAINST A +ROOK. + + 1. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s square. + + 2. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) + B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(b) + + 3. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c) + +(a) If you had placed your king opposite his, he could have regained +the opportunity of making a drawn game, by giving check with his rook. + +(b) Had he given check at his queen’s rook’s third, you must have +covered check with your pawn: and had he removed his king to his +queen’s square, you must have given check with your rook, afterwards +playing your king to the adverse king’s second square. + +(c) Had he left his king unmoved, you must have given check, and +changed rook for rook. + + 4. + W. The rook gives check. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 5. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s square.(d) + B. The rook at the adverse king’s square. + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(e) + + 7. + W. The pawn 1 square, giving check. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(f) + + 8. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.(g) + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d. + + 9. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s square. + +(d) This is the only move which can ensure victory: every other leads +but to a drawn game. + +(e) Had he given check, you must have played your king to the adverse +king’s second. + +(f) Had he played his king to his bishop’s third, you must have given +check with your rook, and at the next move pushed your pawn. + +(g) Had you pushed your pawn, it would have been a drawn game. + + 10. + W. The rook at its queen’s 2d. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d. + + 11. + W. The rook gives check at its king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d. + + 12. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 13. + W. The king at the adverse king’s square. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.(h) + + 15. + W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The queen at his knight’s 2d. + +(h) He plays thus, in order to hinder your king from moving out on the +queen’s side of the board, and to bring him, by a check, again under +your pawn, in case he move out on the king’s side. + + 16. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(i) + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d. + + 17. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 18. + W. The rook at its queen’s square. + B. The rook gives check. + + 19. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 20. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The rook gives check. + + 21. + W. The rook covers the check. + B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square. + + 22. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square, and will win. + +(i) As in England, the stale-mate is the loss of the game, you might, +at this move, play your rook to your queen’s second. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH A QUEEN, AND A PAWN, AGAINST A QUEEN. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + The queen at her 3d square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + The queen at her bishop’s 4th. + + 1. + W. The pawn 1 square.(a) + B. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th. + + 2. + W. The queen covers the check. + B. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th. + +(a) In this position, the white should seek an opportunity of changing +queen for queen: the black should keep the king at a distance from the +adverse king, in order to prevent that exchange, and to be the better +enabled to give perpetual check. + + 3. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.(b) + B. The queen at her 4th square. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s square. + + 5. + W. The queen covers the check. + B. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s 4th. + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + B. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 7. + W. The queen covers the check. + B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(c) + +(b) He cannot, in this position, give check, without losing the game; +but he may hinder your pawn from making a queen. + +(c) It is plain, that, when the checking intermits, such a position may +be taken as to prevent the pawn from making a queen. + + +A GAME WON + +BY A QUEEN, AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + The pawn at the adverse king’s 2d. + + 1. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(a) + B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + + 2. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + +(a) To win this game, the queen must be previously brought, as near as +possible, to the adverse king. + + 3. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + + 4. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b) + B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s square. + + 5. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse king’s square.(c) + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d. + + 7. + W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + +(b) It is this move which enables you to win the game, because you +force him to play his king under his pawn. + +(c) As his pawn cannot make a queen, you must employ the interval in +which your queen is inactive, in bringing your king in proximity to his. + + 8. + W. The queen gives check at her bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d. + + 9. + W. The queen gives check at her 4th square. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 10. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d.(d) + B. The king at the adverse queen’s square. + + 11. + W. The queen gives check at her 3d square. + B. The king at the adverse king’s square. + + 12. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.(e) + +(d) It is uniformly the same move which forces him to play his king +under his pawn. + +(e) You will proceed with a reiteration of the same moves, till your +king is seated close to his pawn, and then the game is won. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + The queen at her king’s 2d. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 1. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + + 2. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + + 3. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s square.(a) + +(a) In the former party, you forced his king to come under his pawn: +but he may now, without risk, leave it exposed to be taken; for you +would make a stale-mate by taking it: this ought then to be a drawn +game. + + +ANOTHER DRAWN GAME, + +WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + The queen at her 4th square. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + The pawn at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + + 1. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 2. + W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + + 3. + W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at the rook’s square.(a) + +(a) Being continually forced to remove your queen from that file, to +make room for his king, you could never bring up your king in time: so +it must be a drawn game. + +It is to be observed, that the pawns of the two bishops, and of the two +rooks, at one square from promotion, make a drawn game against a queen; +and the pawns of the king, and the queen, and of the two knights, lose +in such a position. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH A SINGLE PAWN; + +Or A GAME WON, + +IF HE WHO DIRECTS THE UNACCOMPANIED KING SHOULD NOT PLAY WELL. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his bishop’s 4th. + The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his bishop’s 3d. + + 1. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(a) + + 2. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The king at his 2d square. + +(a) It is necessary to bring his king alternately to the face of the +adverse pawn, and alternately to the face of the adverse king, in order +to oppose the promotion of the pawn. + + 3. + W. The pawn 1 square, giving check. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b) ☜ + + 5. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his square.(c) + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(d) + +(b) If he had removed his king to his square, or to the knight’s +square, he would have lost the game. The subject of a back game. + +(c) Were you in the present position to push your pawn, you could not +sustain it without making a stale-mate. + +(d) His defence depends upon opposing his king to yours; if, on the +other hand, the possession of the move enabled you to oppose your king +to his, you would win the game. + + 7. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s square.(e) + + 8. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 9. + W. The pawn 1 square, giving check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 10. + W. The king is forced to desert the pawn. + +(e) He places his king in that alternate opposition to your pieces, +which infallibly brings on a drawn game. + + +BACK GAME, + + _On the Fourth Move of the Black_. + + 4. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his square, or at the knight’s square. + + 5. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 6. + W. The pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 7. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d, and will win. + +It may be seen by these examples, that the unaccompanied king, to make +a good defence, must, at the last stage of his retreat, refuse to move +from before the adversary’s pawn. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +BY A KNIGHT DISTANT FROM HIS KING, AGAINST A PAWN ADVANCING TO +PROMOTION. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his rook’s 2d. + The knight at his queen’s rook’s 2d. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + The pawn at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 1. + W. The knight gives check at his queen’s bishop’s square. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 2. + W. The knight gives check at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 3. + W. The knight at his queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 4. + W. The knight at his queen’s 3d.(a) + +(a) He cannot push his pawn, without receiving a divergent check from +your knight; therefore it is a drawn game. It is important to observe, +that in positions, when the knight can neither check, nor hinder the +pawn from advancing, a divergent check will be in his power, if the +pawn be advanced. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH TWO PAWNS AGAINST ONE; + +Or A PARTY WON, + +IF THE PLAYER WITH THE SINGLE PAWN MISMOVE. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his 4th square. + The king’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 4th. + The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 5th. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his 3d square. + The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 3d.(a) + + 1. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b) ☜ + +(a) Before we proceed, let us review the board at the stage at which we +find the game. If the black pieces were to play first, the white would +win; but the white party having to commence, it will be a drawn game. + +(b) Had he played his king to his king’s bishop’s fourth square, you +would have regained the move; which would have been the earnest of +victory. The subject of a back game. + + 2. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(c) + + 3. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his 2d square.(d) ☜ + + 4. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d. + + 5. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his 3d square.(e) + +(c) Had he played his king to his queen’s fourth, he would have lost +the game. The subject of the second back game. + +(d) By refusing to advance from his eligible station, he is enabled to +oppose your king, whether you chuse to place him at his own fourth, or +at your queen’s fourth. + +(e) This is the identical position at which we commenced. Supposing the +future moves of the adversary to be correctly made, no variation in +your course can prevent it from being a drawn game. + + +FIRST BACK GAME, + + _On the First Move of the Black_. + + 1. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s 4th. + + 2. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his 3d square.(a) + + 3. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b) + + 4. + W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The pawn takes the pawn.(c) + + 5. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The king at his 2d square. + +(a) Had he removed his king to your king’s knight’s fourth, he would +lose the game, equally as he will by the present course. + +(b) Had he played his king to his second square, or to his queen’s +second, you must have advanced your king opposite his, to effect the +capture of his pawn. + +(c) He could have declined taking your pawn; a mode of play that is +pursued in the second back game. + + 6. + W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 7. + W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d, and must win.(d) + +(d) As often as the king can move in the van of a single pawn, the +adversary cannot hinder you from making a queen. + + +SECOND BACK GAME, + + _On the Second Move of the Black_. + + 2. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s 4th. + + 3. + W. The king at his 3d square.(a) + B. The king at his 3d square. + + 4. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b) + + 5. + W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his 2d square. + +(a) You again get the move, because he cannot play his king fronting +yours: he must absolutely retrograde either to his third square, or to +his queen’s third square. In either case, your king may place himself +in opposition to his. + +(b) If he had withdrawn his king to his second square, or to his +queen’s second, you must have advanced your king opposite his. + + 6. + W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.(c) + B. The king at his 3d square. + + 7. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d) + + 8. + W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 9. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The king takes the pawn. + + 10. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 11. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + +(c) Had you taken his pawn with yours, it would have been a drawn game. + +(d) By this step he has regained the move, since he may oppose king to +king; but by the sacrifice of a pawn you may recover it over him, and a +single pawn is enough to win the game. + + 12. + W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 13. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d. + + 14. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + + 15. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 16. + W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 17. + W. The pawn 1 square, and makes a queen without opposition. + + +A DRAWN GAME, + +WITH TWO SEPARATED PAWNS, AGAINST TWO UNITED PAWNS. + + _Situation of the White._ + The king at his queen’s 3d. + The queen’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 5th. + The queen’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th. + + _Situation of the Black._ + The king at his queen’s 4th. + The queen’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th. + The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.(a) + + 1. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his 4th square. + + 2. + W. The king at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s 4th. + +(a) From this position, if the black were to commence play, the white +would win the game. + + 3. + W. The king at his knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his 4th square.(b) + + 4. + W. The king at his knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his bishop’s 3d. + + 5. + W. The king at his knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his 4th square.(c) + + 6. + W. The king at his bishop’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.(d) + +(b) Had he played his king to his bishop’s third, you would have +advanced your king towards his pawn, and he would have lost the game. + +(c) Had he played his king to his bishop’s fourth, you would have +recovered the move; and the move, at these critical junctures, is the +game. + +(d) As he does not advance his pawn, nor suffer your king to take the +place opposite to his, it must be a drawn game. + + + + +OBSERVATIONS + +ON THE ENDS OF PARTIES, AND + +_ON THE POWERS OF PIECES_ VARIOUSLY COMBINED. + + +A single pawn cannot win, if the adverse king be placed in opposition +to it. + +A single pawn may win, if the king be placed in the van of his pawn. + +Two pawns against one must win, almost in all cases: but he that has +the two pawns, must avoid changing one of them with the adversary’s +pawn. + +A pawn, and any piece whatsoever, must win in all cases; a pawn on +a rook’s file, co-operating with a bishop, whose diagonal is of a +different colour from the square at which the pawn must make a queen, +only excepted. + +Two knights alone cannot mate. + +Two bishops alone may mate. + +A knight and a bishop may mate. + +A rook, against a knight, makes a drawn game. + +A rook, against a bishop, makes a drawn game. + +A rook and a knight, against a rook, make a drawn game. + +A rook and a bishop, against a rook, win. + +A rook and a bishop, against a queen, make a drawn game. + +A rook and a knight, against a queen, make a drawn game. + +A queen, against a bishop and a knight, may win. + +A rook, against a bishop and two pawns, makes a drawn game. + +A rook, against one knight and two pawns, makes a drawn game, because +in this, as in the last case, he who has the single potent piece, +cannot be hindered from sacrificing it for the two pawns. + +A queen, against one rook and two pawns, makes a drawn game. + + + + +THE =_Laws of Chess_=. + + +The Laws or Constitutions of a Game are originally established, either +to prevent or decide contests; because, by defining what is in itself +indefinite, by determining that which, without any explanation, would +be uncertain, they put an end to all obstinacy and dispute. These +statutes, founded at first in reason, consecrated afterwards by custom, +confirmed at length by the practice of the best players, and the +approbation of the most illustrious authors, may be reduced to the XVII +following RULES, which the Society or Club of Chess in ENGLAND have +adopted for their code. + +LAWS OF CHESS. + +I. + +The chess-board must be placed in such a manner, that each player may +have a white square at his right hand. + +II. + +He that gives a piece is supposed to have the move, unless it be agreed +otherwise. In games without odds, lots must be cast for the move, which +afterwards becomes alternate. + +III. + +If a pawn or piece have been forgotten at the beginning of the game, it +will be in the adversary’s choice, either to begin the game afresh, or +to go on, permitting, nevertheless, the piece forgotten to be set in +its place. + +IV. + +If it is agreed to give the advantage of a piece, or a pawn, and it +have been forgotten at the beginning of a game, it will be left to the +choice of him who has suffered by such a mistake, to proceed, or to +recommence. + +V. + +A piece once touched must be played, unless it be said, in touching it, +_J’adoube_: but if a piece be displaced or overturned by accident, the +player in whose set it is, will be allowed to restore it to its place. + +VI. + +If you touch one of your adversary’s pieces without saying _J’adoube_, +he has a right to oblige you to take it; and, in case you touch a piece +not prizable, you, who have touched it, must play your king if you can. + +VII. + +When one has dismissed a piece from his hand, he cannot take it again, +to play it to another place; but so long as he keeps his hold of it, he +is at liberty to play it where he pleases. + +VIII. + +A player making a false move, must play his king, as in rule VI. but no +false move can be recalled after the adversary’s succeeding move: so +if the irregular move be not revoked in time, the position taken must +remain as if it had been just. + +IX. + +Every pawn which has reached the eighth or last square of the +chess-board, is entitled to make a queen, or any other piece that shall +be thought proper; and this, even when all the pieces remain on the +chess-board. + +X. + +Any pawn has the privilege of advancing two squares, at its first move: +but, in this case, it may, in passing, be taken by any pawn which might +have taken it if it had been pushed but one _move_.[32] + +XI. + +The king, when he castles, cannot in his flight exceed two squares, +that is, the rook with which he castles must take the square next to +the original square of the king; and the latter, leaping over, must be +posted close on the other side of the rook.[33] + +XII. + +The king cannot castle when in check, nor after having been moved, nor +if in passing he was exposed to a check, nor with a rook which has been +removed from its place: and he that castles when he should not, must +play his rook touched, or his king, at his own choice. + +[32] One _square_ would be more correct: but the language of this tenth +rule is retained verbatim; because the reasoning on which the rule +rests, seems to depend on this mode of speaking. EDITOR. + +[33] The old way of castling in several countries, and it still +subsists in some, was to leave to the player’s disposal, all the +interval between the king and the rook, along with the squares first +assigned them. + +XIII. + +If a player give check without warning, the adversary will not be bound +to ward it off; and he may consequently play as if such check did +not exist: but if the former, in playing the next move, were to say, +_Check_, each must then retract his last move, as being false, and he +that is under check is to obviate it in the prescribed form. + +XIV. + +If the adversary warn you of a check, without however giving it, and +you in consequence touch, or move, either your king, or any other +piece, you will then be allowed to retract, so long as your adversary +has not completed his next move. + +XV. + +If any one touch a piece which he cannot play without exposing his king +to check, he must then play his king; and if his king cannot be played, +the fault is of no consequence. + +XVI. + +When one has nothing else to play, and his king being out of check, +cannot stir without coming to a check, then the game is stale-mate. In +England, he whose king is stale-mate wins the game[34]; but in France, +and several other countries, the stale-mate is a drawn game. + + +XVII. + +At all conclusions of parties, when a player seems not to know how to +give the difficult mates, as that of a knight and a bishop against +the king, that of a rook and a bishop against a rook, &c. at the +adversary’s request, fifty moves on each side must be appointed for the +end of the game: these being accomplished, it will be a drawn game. + +[34] Reasons calculated to allay the surprise which attends the first +mention of the rule, may be found in the Introduction to Chess, in the +first volume. + +The EDITOR invites the experienced reader’s particular attention to +the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th rules; as some points intended to be +established by them, seem open to discussion.—_vide_ Appendix. + + + + +=GAMES= + +=_Played without seeing the Board_=. + + +Mr. Philidor being of opinion that an entire collection of the games +he has played without looking over the chess-board would not be of +any service to amateurs, he will only publish a few parties which he +has played against three players at once, subjoining the names of his +respectable adversaries, in order to prove, and transmit to posterity, +_a fact_, of which future ages might otherwise entertain some doubt. + +_The following Account appeared in the London News-papers, the 9th of +May, 1783_: + +"Yesterday, at the Chess-club in St. James’s Street, Mr. PHILIDOR +performed one of those wonderful exhibitions for which he is so much +celebrated. He played at the same time three different games, without +seeing either of the tables. His opponents were Count BRUHL, Mr. +BOWDLER, and Mr. MASERES. To those who understand chess, this exertion +of Mr. PHILIDOR’S abilities, must appear one of the greatest of which +the human memory is susceptible. He goes through it with astonishing +accuracy, and often corrects mistakes in those who have the board +before them. Mr. PHILIDOR sits with his back to the tables, and some +gentleman present, who takes his part, informs him of the move of his +antagonist, and then, by his direction, plays his pieces." + +In the triple party before mentioned, Mr. PHILIDOR gave the move to +Count BRUHL and Mr. BOWDLER, and the advantage of a pawn and the move +to Mr. MASERES: the moves of each party were played alternately. + + +COUNT BRUHL’S PARTY. + + 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 4. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 5. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. The king’s pawn takes the bishop’s pawn. + B. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s pawn. + + 7. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. King’s bishop at the queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 10. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The same. + + 11. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 13. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 16. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king castles with his rook. + + 17. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 18. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + + 19. + W. King’s knight at his 3d square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square. + B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 21. + W. The king’s knight takes the bishop. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight. + + 22. + W. The queen gives check at the king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The queen covers the check. + + 23. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The king takes the queen. + + 24. + W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s knight. + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the bishop. + + 25. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook at its knight’s square. + + 26. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 27. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + + 28. + W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. King’s rook at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 29. + W. The queen’s rook takes the king’s rook. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 30. + W. The rook at the queen’s rook’s square. + B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + + 31. + W. The rook takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 32. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 33. + W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 34. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. The rook takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + + 35. + W. The rook at the queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 36. + W. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + + 37. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the rook’s pawn. + B. The knight at his rook’s 4th. + + 38. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d. + B. The knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn. + + 39. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 40. + W. The king at his knight’s 2d. + B. The rook takes the bishop. + + 41. + W. The rook takes the queen’s pawn. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 42. + W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square. + B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 43. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 44. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d. + + 45. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 46. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 47. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game. + + +MR. BOWDLER’S PARTY. + + 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 4. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + + 8. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + + 10. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. The king castles. + + 12. + W. The king castles with his rook. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 16. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s square. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 17. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + + 18. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at his rook’s 2d. + + 19. + W. The king at his rook’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 2d. + + 20. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + + 21. + W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + B. Queen’s knight at its 4th square. + + 22. + W. The king’s bishop takes the knight. + B. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop. + + 23. + W. King’s rook at its knight’s square. + B. The same. + + 24. + W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 25. + W. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s rook takes the pawn. + + 26. + W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s square. + B. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square. + + 27. + W. The queen’s rook takes the rook. + B. The queen takes the rook. + + 28. + W. The rook at his queen’s bishop’s square. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 29. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop’s square. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 30. + W. The queen at her square. + B. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. + + 31. + W. The bishop covers the check, at his queen’s 2d. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 32. + W. The rook takes the queen. + B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th. + + 33. + W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 34. + W. The king at his knight’s 3d. + B. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 35. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his square. + + 36. + W. Queen’s bishop at his square. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + + 37. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 38. + W. The rook takes the bishop. + B. The knight at his king’s 2d. + + 39. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d. + + 40. + W. The rook at his king’s square. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 41. + W. The knight takes the rook. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 42. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 43. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight, and gives check. + + 44. + W. The king at his knight’s 3d. + B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s square. + + 45. + W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 46. + W. The king takes the bishop. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 47. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 48. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 49. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + + 50. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 51. + W. The king at his queen’s rook’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 4th, + and makes a drawn game. + + +MR. MASERES’ PARTY. + +_He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move._ + + 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 2. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d. + + 3. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 4. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 5. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 6. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 7. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 9. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. The king castles. + B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + + 12. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 13. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. Queen’s rook at its knight’s square. + + 14. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 15. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king castles with his rook. + + 16. + W. King’s knight at his rook’s 2d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 17. + W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 18. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 19. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 20. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 21. + W. The king’s bishop takes the knight. + B. The king’s rook takes the bishop. + + 22. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the pawn. + + 24. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square. + + 25. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 26. + W. Queen’s bishop at his square. + B. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + + 27. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 28. + W. The queen’s rook takes the knight. + B. The queen takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + + 29. + W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 3d. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 30. + W. The king takes the queen. + B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 31. + W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 32. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th. + + 33. + W. The queen’s rook takes the rook. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the rook. + + 34. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s square. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + + 35. + W. The rook at his king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + + 36. + W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 37. + W. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s pawn. + + 38. + W. The rook at its queen’s 2d. + B. The rook takes the king’s bishop’s pawn. + + 39. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 40. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the knight. + + 41. + W. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 42. + W. The king takes the rook. + B. The bishop takes the king’s pawn. + + 43. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 44. + W. The knight at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 45. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + + 46. + W. The knight at his queen’s square. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 47. + W. The knight takes the pawn. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + + 48. + W. The king takes the bishop. + B. The king at his queen’s 3d. + + 49. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king’s pawn 1 square, giving check. + + 50. + W. The king at his 4th square. + B. The king at his 3d square. + + 51. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The same. + + 52. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his queen’s 4th. + + 53. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king’s pawn 1 square, giving check. + + 54. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his 4th square. + + 55. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 56. + W. The king at his 2d square. + B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 57. + W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square. + B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 58. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king takes the rook’s pawn. + + 59. + W. The king takes the pawn. + B. The king takes the knight’s pawn, and wins the game. + + + + +ANOTHER MATCH, + + +_Played at the_ CHESS-CLUB, _the 10th of May, 1788, against_ Count +BRUHL, Mr. NOWELL, _and_ Mr. LEYCESTER.—Mr. NOWELL _and_ Mr. LEYCESTER +_received the odds of the Pawn and the Move, and_ Count BRUHL _only the +Move_. + +COUNT BRUHL’S SECOND PARTY. + + 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The same. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 3. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d. + + 5. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 6. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 7. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The king’s bishop takes the rook. + + 8. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s pawn. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight. + + 10. + W. The queen takes the knight’s pawn. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 11. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 12. + W. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 14. + W. The knight takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the knight. + + 15. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. The queen takes the queen. + + 16. + W. The bishop takes the queen. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 17. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 18. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 19. + W. The rook at the king’s rook’s square. + B. King’s bishop at his 3d square. + + 20. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. The king castles. + + 21. + W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d. + B. The knight at the queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 22. + W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 23. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d. + B. The rook at the king’s rook’s square. + + 24. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 25. + W. The bishop takes the rook. + B. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 26. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 27. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 28. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 29. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 30. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + + 31. + W. The bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th. + + 32. + W. The bishop at his queen’s square. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. + + 33. + W. The bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + + 34. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. + + 35. + W. The bishop at his queen’s square. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 36. + W. The king at his queen’s 4th. + B. The king at his 2d square. + + 37. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. The king at the king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 38. + W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 39. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th. + + 40. + W. The bishop at his queen’s square. + B. King’s bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + + 41. + W. The king at his 3d square. + B. The king at his 4th square. + + 42. + W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + + 43. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + + 44. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. + + 45. + W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th, and wins the game. + + +MR. NOWELL’S PARTY. + +_He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move._ + + 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. King’s knight at his king’s rook’s 3d. + + 2. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d. + + 4. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 5. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 6. + W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The king castles. + + 7. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 9. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 10. + W. The king castles. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 12. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 13. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 14. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + + 15. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th. + + 16. + W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + + 17. + W. The queen takes the knight. + B. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square. + + 18. + W. Queen’s knight at his 3d square. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 19. + W. The queen’s knight takes the pawn. + B. The knight takes the knight. + + 20. + W. The knight takes the knight. + B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 21. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s square. + + 22. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d. + + 23. + W. The king at his rook’s 2d. + B. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + + 24. + W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s square. + + 25. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 26. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 27. + W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s rook at its knight’s 2d. + + 28. + W. The queen at her 2d square. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 29. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s knight’s square. + + 30. + W. The king at his rook’s square. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 31. + W. King’s rook at its knight’s 3d. + B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 32. + W. The rook takes the rook. + B. The queen takes the rook. + + 33. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + B. The queen takes the king’s pawn. + + 34. + W. The rook gives check, at its king’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + + 35. + W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d square. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + + 36. + W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th. + B. The king at his knight’s square. + + 37. + W. The bishop takes the rook’s pawn, and gives check. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + + 38. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + B. The rook at its king’s rook’s square. + + 39. + W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th, giving check. + B. The king at his bishop’s square. + + 40. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d. + B. The king at his square. + + 41. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. The queen at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 42. + W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s square. + + 43. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. + B. The queen at her 3d square. + + 44. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d. + B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + + 45. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th, giving check. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + + 46. + W. The queen at her 2d square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 47. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 48. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d. + B. The rook at its king’s square. + + 49. + W. The bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn. + B. The rook at its king’s 2d. + + 50. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s square, giving check. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + + 51. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 52. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 53. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 54. + W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.[35] + B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + + 55. + W. The queen at her 4th square, giving check. + B. The queen at her queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 56. + W. The queen takes the queen. + B. The king takes the queen. + + 57. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 58. + W. The king’s knight at his king’s square. + B. The rook takes the bishop. + + 59. + W. The king at his knight’s square. + B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d. + + 60. + W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. The rook takes the knight, and wins the game. + +[35] The EDITOR cannot avoid observing, that if instead of the +retreat here made by the knight, the queen were transported to the +black queen’s rook’s square, check-mate might be soon effected. He +has hitherto forborne, and he will not multiply remarks on these +games, played _ex tempore_, lest it should seem hypercritical. In few +cases, indeed, would a passing animadversion on a single move be of +utility. A proposed change, before it can add any thing to the store of +experience, must have its consequences traced in a back game. + + +MR. LEYCESTER’S PARTY. + +_He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move._ + + 1. + W. King’s pawn 2 squares. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + + 2. + W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th square, giving check. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + W. The queen takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 4. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + B. King’s pawn 2 squares. + + 5. + W. The queen at her king’s 3d. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 7. + W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn. + B. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + + 8. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 9. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + B. King’s bishop at his rook’s 3d. + + 10. + W. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th. + B. The king castles with his rook. + + 11. + W. The queen at her king’s 4th. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 12. + W. The queen at her queen’s bishop’s 4th, giving check. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + + 13. + W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 14. + W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s bishop. + B. The king’s knight takes the bishop, and gives check. + + 15. + W. The king at his 2d square. + B. The king’s rook takes the king’s bishop’s pawn, and gives check. + + 16. + W. The queen takes the king’s rook. + B. The king’s knight takes the queen. + + 17. + W. The king takes the knight. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 18. + W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s square, giving check. + + 19. + W. The king at his square. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + W. King’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + B. The rook takes the rook. + + 21. + W. The king takes the rook. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 22. + W. The king at his square. + B. The knight at his king’s 4th. + + 23. + W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. + B. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d, giving check. + + 24. + W. The king at his bishop’s square. + B. The queen at the adverse queen’s square, giving check-mate. + + + + +THIRD MATCH. + + +CHESS-CLUB, Saturday, March 13, 1790. + +Mr. PHILIDOR _played Three Games at once; Two without seeing the +Boards, and the third on looking over the Table. His Opponents were +the_ Hon. H. S. CONWAY, Mr. SHELDON, _and_ Capt. SMITH. _The Game_ (Mr. +PHILIDOR _being allowed to see the Pieces_) _was against_ Mr. CONWAY; +_the Move he gave to each of his Adversaries_. + +HON. H. S. CONWAY’S PARTY. + + 1. + B. King’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The same. + + 2. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 4. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 5. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. + W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + + 6. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 7. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 8. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 9. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 10. + B. The king castles with his queen’s rook. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 11. + B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + + 12. + B. The queen takes the queen. + W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the queen. + + 13. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 14. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The king’s pawn takes the queen’s pawn. + + 15. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 16. + B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the bishop. + + 17. + B. King’s rook at its queen’s square. + W. The king at his 2d square. + + 18. + B. King’s knight at his square. + W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 19. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 20. + B. King’s pawn 1 square. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the king’s pawn. + + 21. + B. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + W. The knight takes the knight. + + 22. + B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the knight. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 23. + B. King’s rook at its king’s square. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + + 24. + B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 25. + B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 26. + B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + W. The queen’s rook takes the king’s pawn. + + 27. + B. King’s rook at its bishop’s square. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s 4th. + + 28. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s rook at his knight’s square. + + 29. + B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 30. + B. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s rook at its knight’s 2d. + + 31. + B. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. + W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 32. + B. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d. + W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s 3d. + + 33. + B. The rook takes the rook. + W. The rook takes the rook. + + 34. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 35. + B. The rook takes the king’s rook’s pawn. + W. The bishop takes the king’s knight’s pawn. + + 36. + B. The knight takes the bishop. + W. The rook takes the knight. + + 37. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + W. The king at his queen’s 3d. + + 38. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s square. + W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 39. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + + 40. + B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. + + 41. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d, giving check. + + 42. + B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 43. + B. The rook takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn. + W. The rook gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + + 44. + B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 45. + B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d. + W. The king’s pawn makes a queen. + + 46. + B. The rook takes the queen. + W. The rook takes the rook, and wins the game. + + +MR. SHELDON’S PARTY. + + 1. + B. King’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The same. + + 2. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 3. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + + 4. + B. The pawn takes the pawn. + W. The pawn takes the pawn. + + 5. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 6. + B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + W. King’s pawn 1 square. + + 7. + B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 8. + B. The king castles. + W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 9. + B. The knight takes the knight. + W. The pawn takes the knight. + + 10. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. The same. + + 11. + B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 12. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. + + 13. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The king castles. + + 14. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d. + + 15. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + + 16. + B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + W. The knight takes the bishop. + + 17. + B. The queen takes the knight. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 18. + B. The knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 19. + B. The knight takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn. + W. The bishop takes the knight. + + 20. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s square. + + 21. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square, at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d. + W. King’s rook at its queen’s square. + + 22. + B. King’s rook at its queen’s square. + W. King’s rook at the adverse queen’s 3d. + + 23. + B. The rook takes the rook. + W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the rook. + + 24. + B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + W. The bishop takes the bishop. + + 25. + B. The pawn takes the bishop. + W. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + + 26. + B. The king at his bishop’s 2d. + W. The queen takes the queen. + + 27. + B. The king takes the queen. + W. The rook takes the pawn. + + 28. + B. The rook takes the pawn. + W. The rook at its queen’s 3d. + + 29. + B. The king at his queen’s 2d. + W. The king’s pawn gives check. + + 30. + B. The king takes the king’s pawn. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 31. + B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square. + + W. The queen’s pawn makes a queen, and though forced to be + exchanged for the rook, the white party wins the game. + + +CAPT. SMITH’S PARTY. + + 1. + B. King’s pawn 2 squares. + W. The same. + + 2. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + + 3. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + + 4. + B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 5. + B. The bishop takes the knight. + W. The queen takes the bishop. + + 6. + B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 7. + B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. + + 8. + B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + + 9. + B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 10. + B. The queen at her 2d square. + W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + + 11. + B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop. + W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the bishop, + + 12. + B. The king castles with his rook. + W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + + 13. + B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + W. The knight at his queen’s 2d. + + 14. + B. King’s knight at his king’s rook’s 2d. + W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 15. + B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + W. The king at his 2d square. + + 16. + B. The king at his knight’s 2d. + W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + + 17. + B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s square. + + 18. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. + W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d. + + 19. + B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + W. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s square. + + 20. + B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + W. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. + + 21. + B. The queen’s pawn takes the king’s pawn. + W. The queen takes the queen’s pawn. + + 22. + B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th. + W. The king at his queen’s 2d. + + 23. + B. Queen’s rook at its king’s square. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + + 24. + B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d. + W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d. + + 25. + B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. + W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + + 26. + B. The queen takes the pawn. + W. The queen takes the queen. + + 27. + B. The knight takes the queen. + W. The knight gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + + 28. + B. The king at his rook’s square. + W. The king’s rook takes the pawn. + + 29. + B. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s square. + W. The king’s rook takes the king’s knight, and gives check. + + 30. + B. The king takes the rook. + W. The rook gives check, at its king’s rook’s square. + + 31. + B. The knight at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th, covering check. + W. The rook takes the knight, and gives check. + + 32. + B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + W. The knight at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d, + discovering check from the bishop. + + 33. + B. The king at his knight’s 4th. + W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th, + giving check-mate. + +Not to retrace a connected series of moves in the game, the reader will +perceive that the black king should have been moved to his knight’s +second, and not to his knight’s fourth, by which the mate would have +been thrown to a considerable distance; if a blemish be in the 33d +move conspicuous, so was brilliant manœuvring in preceding stages. + +These exhibitions of play are not, indiscriminately, models: but the +amateur who wishes to see the gambit pursued, from the inceptive state +in which the studied examples leave the gambit, to a decisive result, +may consult Count BRUHL’S SECOND PARTY with advantage. + +The EDITOR cannot express greater admiration than he feels, at the +talents which supported the masterly professor in a successful combat +with distinguished players, under combined difficulties and privations +voluntarily encountered. The chance of confusion in the picture in his +mind, furnished some dependence to his opponents: but it was scarcely +to be expected, that a player, so completely exercised, should be drawn +into a novel situation, or an untried combination; or that if such +could be offered to him, that his progress would be embarrassed. + + + + +APPENDIX. + +_ON DISPUTED POINTS._ + + +By suggesting elementary regulations, and by improvements on the best +plans of his predecessors, PHILIDOR laid a foundation for investing +the theory of the game with stability and excellence; and there wants +only the concurrent efforts of reasoning players, to give the few +principles which remain afloat, or which rest, by sufferance, on bases +that do not harmonize, a settlement that by an agreement of parts, and +a coincidence with order, shall be entitled to permanence. + +As the object of the game is to convey into the mind a facility at +resource by exercise, it seems peculiarly worthy to receive, from +time to time, all the improvement, as a system, that experience and +reflection can bestow. But the thinking votary of Chess, in the +cultivation of this slow maturity, will guard it from all radical +changes; because the history of its progress, through successive ages, +and in various countries, allows no hope of producing all at once, +by any effort of mind, a combination of study with amusement, to be +pursued as a game, that shall rival it in utility and interest. + +As a prelude to a complete adjustment of principles, the Nomenclature +of Chess, circumscribed in subjects, but redundant in obscurity and +error, deserves attention. Care should be taken to distinguish, by +appropriate terms, the _Elementary Institutes_ which fix the powers, +and modes of action of the pieces, from the _General Maxims_, or +Directions for Playing, which communicate, as far as theoretic +indications can, the most dextrous ways of using them; and these, +again, should be distinguished from those _Laws_ or Regulations which +obviate or decide disputes between players, respecting punctilios in +the management of the pieces, and the board. In Treatises of Chess, +these have been indiscriminately blended under the general name of +_Rules_; to the impediment of the student, exploring publications for +a lucid path to the game. A neglect of division and arrangement, was +the less pardonable in works professed to be scientific compendiums +of Chess, because discretionary liberty was afforded, in the local +position of the materials, by the extent of the plan. The framers of +the _Laws of Chess_[36], on the contrary, had it not in contemplation +to compose a system for the uninitiate; which is a satisfactory apology +for their mixing decisions on a few disputed points, which belong to +the class of _Elementary Institutes_, with Provisions, or _Laws_, to +prevent the errors or inadvertencies of players, from obstructing the +game. + +[36] Ante page 199. + +It is not intended to call in question the justness of the general +tenor of their short code, which administers corrections of incidental +informalities, perfectly equitable. Sections IX, X, XI, XII, however, +are employed in regulating the powers and modes of action of peculiar +pieces, embracing the most problematical points. Separating these, we +investigate their propriety, in the order there pursued. + +Section IX. enacts, that a pawn may become a queen, when ALL _the +pieces remain on the board_. Consequently a player may have two, or a +greater plurality of queens. How, enquires the player recently entered +on the study of the game, is each additional queen to be represented +and distinguished? By placing two pawns on one square, and pushing +them about in company; a solecism in theory, a barbarism in practice. +Against it, PHILIDOR, in the first edition of his work, violently +inveighs. His reasons and his poignant ridicule are recorded; but he +has not favoured us with the arguments by which he was afterwards +induced to give it countenance. Perhaps he was overborne by a majority, +prepossessed in favour of a practice, to which, from their first +acquaintance with the game, they had been accustomed. + +The EDITOR begs leave to suggest, that by limiting the promotion of +the pawn to the highest office or, power, _vacant_, an incongruity +revolting against method, may be avoided; and a moderate share of +skill will still enable the player, to derive the utmost preponderance +from a pawn on the eve of promotion. It is only necessary previously +to offer an exchange of queens, which can seldom be refused, without +surrendering the advantage of position: not to mention that the +conversion of a pawn merely into a rook, would prove, in the hands of +an able player, an effective acquisition. + +We now enter on the consideration of Section X. It must be owned that +PHILIDOR was always an advocate for the principle which pervades +it, inculcating it before it was engrafted in the English code. It +professes to establish, that an unmoved pawn may be disqualified +from advancing two squares, by the circumstance of an adverse pawn +having penetrated to the fourth square of an adjoining file. There +is a refinement in this decision, which, while the mistake on which +it rests lay undetected, recommended it to the ingenious. Expose the +mistake which probably gave rise to it, and the rule is left without +foundation. The phrase "two _steps_ the first _move_," or "two _moves_ +the first _step_," an occasional substitution, was current through +chess books, and with players. Hence a habit was implicitly contracted, +of contemplating a pawn exercising this power, as making TWO _moves of_ +ONE _square each_, not ONE _continued integral move of_ TWO _squares_. +The EDITOR observes, that if the former idea be right, every one must +admit the rule to be right; for who could make a journey of 20 miles, +that is precluded from going the first 10. But if the latter idea be +the correct one, if the pawn, at its first move, have really the power +of going two squares at one effort, it is as irregular to prohibit the +exercise of that power, because the pawn, were it to halt on its way, +would be taken; as it would be to prohibit the bishop, the rook, or +the queen, the full exercise of their greater powers, whenever there +is a square in the line of their passage, at which they could not rest +without being taken. Ought any of the latter pieces to be precluded +from passing such a square? The absurdity of the phraseology which +supports the rule is conspicuous, when extended to the queen; it would +be grotesque to say, that she makes seven moves. For these reasons, in +describing the properties of the pawn, in the _INTRODUCTION TO CHESS_, +in the first volume, no notice is taken of this disqualification. + +Section XI. involves nothing that can materially offend the advocate +of order, except that in pursuing one species of uniformity, it loses +sight of another. By confining the king to move precisely the same +distance from his original square, whether he castles on the king’s +side or the queen’s side, his relation to the covering pawns, when +castled, and the space from the exterior of the board, is not on +each side uniform. If the rule be intended to restrain a piece from +exerting unnecessary license, in leaping over another piece, it should +be remembered, that either the king or the rook must vault three +squares in castling on the queen’s side, and the king is entitled to +the prerogative of taking this flight once in a campaign, in preference +to the rook. Under the mode here prescribed, the king is not equally +shielded on the queen’s side as on the king’s. In the inceptive games +of the Introduction, the castled king is invariably placed on the +knight’s square, and the rook on the bishop’s. The object, however, +is of less importance than the two preceding; and as to any striking +influence on the aspect of the game, does not furnish materials for a +cogent argument, founded on a comparison of effects. The reader having +surveyed both modes, will induct that which he approves, into his own +practice. + +Section XII. embraces several objects. It is therefore recapitulated, +with the points which the EDITOR invites to be considered, +distinguished by Italics. "The king cannot castle _when in check_, +nor after having been moved, _nor if in passing he was exposed to a +check_, nor with a rook which has been moved: and he that castles +when he should not, must play his rook touched, or his king, at his +own choice." Is not the prohibition upon the king from castling, when +in check, as extraordinary as if a general were prevented from flying +under the guns of a fort, when the efforts of a numerous enemy were +concentrated on him? If this disability be essential to a tactical +conduct of the game, let it be continued. It seems, however, to have +been transmitted from player to player, after the reasons which +occasioned it ceased to exist. In past eras of Chess, the king and +rook had such a latitude in castling, that the assailant might be +defied to conjecture to what part they would be transported. The most +expedient qualification of this license, that then presented itself, +was to restrict the king from castling when in check, in order that an +elaborate attack might not be entirely eluded. Succeeding legislators +of Chess have defined the place of castling, and the distance to +be passed; and the original argument, for the prohibition under +discussion, has vanished. Reason will not oppose a repeal of one of +the restrictions on the chief piece on the board, at the multiplicity +of which every person, on a first introduction to the game, feels +surprise. It is to be added, that very interesting situations occur, +by allowing the king to castle when in check; and that trains of +operation parallel, cannot be induced under a contrary practice. + +With respect to the prohibition from castling, _if the king in passing +would be exposed to a check_, it rests precisely on the same grounds +as the disability imposed on the pawn; and a restriction from passing +a square on which an adverse piece acts, should be imposed on all the +pieces, or on none; now if it were general, it would be impossible to +pursue the game, from the wearying and minute examination of every +square, in all possible tracks, which would be incumbent on the player; +and the consequent paralysis of the leading pieces, which it would +occasion. If this excessive refinement controlled all the movements +on the board, chess would have a constitution most ingeniously +impracticable. + +FINIS. + + _Printed by W. Smith, + King Street, Seven Dials._ + + + + +BOOKS + +_Published for_ SAMUEL BAGSTER, _No. 81, Strand_. + + + BELL’s BRITISH THEATRE, + + CONTAINING + _The Ninety most esteemed Plays_, + + EACH ORNAMENTED WITH A CHARACTER PRINT, + + At Sixpence each, + or, neatly bound and gilt in 22 Vols. 3l. 3s. + + _The same Work may be had_, + PRINTED ON FINE VELLUM PAPER, + And each PLAY embellished with TWO PLATES, + Price 4l. 8s. complete in Numbers, + or, 6l. elegantly bound in 22 Vols. with the + Titles of each Play lettered on the Back. + + +_List of the Plays in_ BELL’S _British Theatre_. + + 1 Comus + 2 Maid of the Mill + 3 Lionel and Clarissa + 4 Love in a Village + 5 Beggar’s Opera + 6 Venice Preserv’d + 7 Fair Penitent + 8 Zara + 9 Douglas + 10 Mourning Bride + 11 Rule a Wife and have a Wife + 12 The Alchymist + 13 Love for Love + 14 Love makes a Man + 15 The Busy Body + 16 The Orphan + 17 The Albion Queen + 18 Cato + 19 The Country Girl + 20 The Chances + 21 The Tender Husband + 22 The Beaux Stratagem + 23 The Spanish Friar + 24 The Distrest Mother + 25 The Earl of Essex + 26 Jane Shore + 27 Edward the Black Prince + 28 The Conscious Lovers + 29 Every Man in his Humour + 30 Philaster + 31 The Careless Husband + 32 The Provoked Husband + 33 Boadicea + 34 Oroonoko + 35 A Bold Stroke for a Wife + 36 Lady Jane Grey + 37 The Suspicious Husband + 38 The Carmelite + 39 She Stoops to Conquer + 40 Alzira + 41 The Country Lasses + 42 The Fair Quaker of Deal + 43 Oedipus + 44 Medea + 45 The Miser + 46 Cleone + 47 Ximena + 48 All for Love + 49 Tamerlane + 50 The Way to Keep Him + 51 Tancrid and Sigismunda + 52 All in the Wrong + 53 The Recruiting Officer + 54 The Grecian Daughter + 55 Isabella + 56 The Constant Couple + 57 The Gamesters + 58 George Barnwell + 59 The West Indian + 60 The Hypocrite + 61 The City Wives’ Confederacy + 62 The Wonder + 63 The Committee + 64 The Gamester + 65 Amphitryon + 66 The Foundling + 67 The Good Natured Man + 68 The Brothers + 69 The Minor + 70 The Earl of Warwick + 71 The Natural Son + 72 The Roman Father + 73 The Jealous Wife + 74 The Refusal + 75 She Wou’d and She Wou’d not + 76 The Double Gallant + 77 The Drummer + 78 The Clandestine Marriage + 79 The School for Wives + 80 The Fashionable Lover + 81 The School for Lovers + 82 The Countess of Salisbury + 83 The Choleric Man + 84 The Battle of Hastings + 85 The Discovery + 86 The Revenge + 87 Theodosius + 88 The Rival Queens + 89 King Charles + 90 Siege of Damascus + + + THE MINOR THEATRE, + + (being a Companion to the BRITISH THEATRE) + containing + THIRTY-SIX CHOSEN FARCES OF THE + _BRITISH STAGE_, + WITH MINIATURE PORTRAITS OF THE ACTORS, + in 7 Vols. neatly bound and gilt, 17s. 6d. + + _The same Work may be had_, + PRINTED ON FINE VELLUM PAPER, + WITH + PORTRAITS and SCENE PRINTS, + bound in 7 Vols. elegant, 1l. 8s. + + _Neatly Printed in One thick Vol. Octavo_, + GLEANINGS + FROM + BOOKS on AGRICULTURE, + WITH TWO PLATES OF INSTRUMENTS + USED IN AGRICULTURE, + + Price 7s. 6d. 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D. PHILIDOR:</span></p> + +<p class="f80">WITH</p> +<p class="f130"><b><i>Original Critical Remarks.</i></b></p> + +<p class="center">IN TWO VOLUMES.</p> + +<p class="center">“<i>Ludimus effigiem belli.</i>”</p> + +<p class="f150"><b>VOL. I.</b></p> + +<p class="center">London:<br><span class="smcap">Printed for SAMUEL BAGSTER, +No. 81, Strand.</span><br>1803.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Printed by W. Smith,<br> +King Street, Seven Dials.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="f150"> <i>Contents of the First Volume.</i></p> +</div> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr">PAGE</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Caïssa, a Poem, by Sir William Jones</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Introduction to Chess</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Elementary Institutes</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Description of the Pieces</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">General Maxims</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Progressive Examples—First Essay</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">——<span class="ws2">——</span>   Second Essay</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Scale of Powers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Essay resumed</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Scholar’s-Mate</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Game of Combinations</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Analysis of Chess</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Philidor’s own Games—First Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">  —— —— —— Second Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">  —— —— —— Third Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">  —— —— —— Fourth Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Philidor’s First Gambit</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">  —— Second Gambit</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">  —— Third Gambit</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Cunningham Gambit</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>PREFACE.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>Chess is distinguished from other games, by having long had the +suffrages of contemplative men in its favor; the countenance of +illustrious characters of the most opposite professions. Generals have +modelled their operations on its little portable field; philosophers +have traced consequences through its range of combinations; divines +have exercised contemplation in its vicissitudes. Teeming, through its +varied progress and turns, with excitements to thinking, it is, in its +essential tendency, a <i>gymnasium</i> of the mind. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span></p> + +<p>It is unnecessary to insist on the right of this game to be +classed alone, as the distinction with which it is viewed is a +general sentiment. The <span class="smcap">Editor</span> is equally +unoriginal on another subject, his own merely coinciding with +public impressions. This is the excellence of the work of +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, as a deposit of science and experience. +It is a publication intrinsically pervaded by invention and skill. +The substance alone is, however, entitled to unqualified eulogy: it +must be admitted, that <span class="smcap">Philidor</span> presented +it in a dress capable of improvement. This partly arose from an +implicit adoption of terms which he found in the game; and partly from +the difficulty of giving his ideas an expression, as clear as their +conception, when conveying them in a foreign language.</p> + +<p>Hence the <span class="smcap">Editor</span> found it necessary +to recompose some, and to retouch almost all the notes of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span> +<i>ANALYSIS</i>. For any degree of obscurity which may remain, or +have acceded, he is thus become chargeable. He hopes he has not +unsuccessfully endeavoured at clearness; and he felt it not a duty, +incumbent on his province, to aim at elegance.</p> + +<p>In the notation of the moves, the following are the principal +alterations upon which he has ventured. When the first lessons at Chess +were given to <span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, a habit of speaking +of a piece, as making two moves at once, infected his masters; and he +imbibed it. “The king’s pawn <i>two moves</i>.” It would be as proper +to direct a bishop to make at once seven moves. For phrases which have +been repeated till they cease to be strange, in marking the distance +to be passed by a pawn, the <span class="smcap">Editor</span> uses the +phrases, “<i>one square</i>”—“<i>two squares</i>.”</p> + +<p>When two or three captures succeed without intermission, he +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span> +found the word <i>retake</i> employed. But a piece once lost, is recovered +by a different process than capture; and though a player may make +reprisals or retaliate, he cannot, by any latitude of accommodation, +be said to retake. As this expression must perplex a novitiate, by +implying a resemblance in Chess and arms, which, in this respect, does +not exist, and cannot be agreeable to the proficient who considers its +incorrectness, it is rescinded, in the present copy, for the simple +word <i>take</i>.</p> + +<p>The term <i>double check</i> was indiscriminately applied, in +the <i>ANALYSIS</i>, to a situation which it precisely marks, and +to another situation. <i>The king in check with two pieces</i>, and +<i>one piece taking such an attitude to give check, that a part of the +assailing power diverges on a second piece</i>, are, surely, different +relations of the mimic forces. The <span class="smcap">Editor</span> +has introduced the new term <i>divergent check</i>, for the latter situation +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p> + +<p>The high reputation of <span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, +has not deterred the <span class="smcap">Editor</span> from +critically examining each successive example in the +<span class="smcap">Analysis</span>, whether invented or adopted; and if +an inquisitorial review has detected circumstances, in the collision of +the pieces, which appear to flow from oversight, it is a just encomium +on that accomplished player, that they are very few. Aware of the +delicacy with which movements dependent on complicate play should be +touched, the <span class="smcap">Editor</span> has uniformly retained +the original course assigned by <span class="smcap">Philidor</span>; +with regard to any change of course, merely proposing it in a +stricture, or pursuing it in the detached form of a variation.</p> + +<p>The <i>ANALYSIS</i>, as left by our professor, was not accompanied by +a compendium of the first elements of Chess, though a standard display +of the constitution of the game must be more or less necessary to every +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span> +person who consults a Chess Book. The <i>INTRODUCTION</i> now +prefixed, proceeds on the supposition, that the reader is an inquirer +on <i>every</i> point connected with the board and pieces; any other +idea excludes method, and involves rejections that may be attributed +to caprice. The divisions will enable each reader to pass, in masses, +those particulars of which he does not want to be informed.</p> + +<p>The rising series of games form an ascent to <i>PHILIDOR</i>. The +inceptive party is interspersed with moves which are declared to +be wrong: these may have a parallel use with the examples of false +construction inserted in grammars. The latter have long been pronounced +to furnish an improving exercise.</p> + +<p>The scale of powers is a branch of Theory, new in its design. An +engaging part of the work remains to be noticed.</p> + +<p>The Poem of Sir <span class="smcap">William Jones</span> is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span> +introduced as a relief from a serious application to the game, and an +elegant embellishment. Among its numerous beauties, the description of +the operations of the knight, may be pointed out as eminently happy. +The reader of taste, far from disapproving the assignation of twenty +pages to this admired effusion, will regret that the recreative flight +is so soon suspended; and the amateur and polite scholar will hail, +with pleasure, such a classical offering to Chess.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> +<p class="f200">CAÏSSA .</p> +<p class="f90">OR</p> +<p class="f150">THE GAME AT CHESS.</p> + +<p class="center">A POEM.</p> + +<p class="center">WRITTEN IN THE YEAR 1763.</p> +<p class="f120">BY SIR WILLIAM JONES.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p> + +<p class="blockquot">The first idea of the following piece was taken +from a Latin poem of Vida, entitled <span class="smcap">Scacchia +Ludus</span>, which was translated into Italian by Marino, and +inserted in the fifteenth Canto of his Adonis: the author thought it +fair to make an acknowledgment in the notes for the passages which he +borrowed from those two poets; but he must also do them the justice to +declare, that most of the descriptions, and the whole story of Caïssa, +which is written in imitation of Ovid, are his own, and their faults +must be imputed to him only. The characters in the poem are no less +imaginary than those in the episode; in which the invention of Chess +is poetically ascribed to Mars, though it is certain that the game was +originally brought from India.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CAÏSSA.</h2> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Of⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> armies on the chequer’d field array’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And guiltless war in pleasing form display’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">When two bold kings contend with vain alarms, + <span class="ws3"> </span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">In ivory this, and that in ebon arms;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sing, sportive maids, that haunt the sacred hill</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Of Pindus, and the fam’d Pierian rill.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>Thou, joy of all below, and all above,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mild Venus, queen of laughter, queen of love;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Leave thy bright island, where on many a rose</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And many a pink thy blooming train repose: + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">Assist me, goddess! since a lovely pair</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Command my song, like thee divinely fair.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Near yon cool stream, whose living waters play,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And rise translucent in the solar ray;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Beneath the covert of a fragrant bower,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Where spring’s soft influence purpled every flower;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Two smiling nymphs reclin’d in calm retreat,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And envying blossoms crouded round their seat;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Here Delia was enthron’d, and by her side</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The sweet Sirena, both in beauty’s pride:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thus shine two roses, fresh with early bloom,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That from their native stalk dispense perfume;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Their leaves unfolding to the dawning day</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Gems of the glowing mead, and eyes of May.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A band of youths and damsels sat around,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Their flowing locks with braided myrtle bound;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Agatis, in the graceful dance admir’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And gentle Thyrsis, by the muse inspir’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With Sylvia, fairest of the mirthful train;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And Daphnis, doom’d to love, yet love in vain.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Now, whilst a purer blush o’erspreads her cheeks,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With soothing accents thus Sirena speaks: + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">“The meads and lawns are ting’d with beamy light,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“And wakeful larks begin their vocal flight;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Whilst on each bank the dewdrops sweetly smile;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“What sport, my Delia, shall the hours beguile?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Shall heavenly notes, prolong’d with various art,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Charm the fond ear, and warm the rapturous heart?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“At distance shall we view the sylvan chace?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Or catch with silken lines the finny race?”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Then Delia thus: “Or rather, since we meet</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“By chance assembled in this cool retreat,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“In artful contest let our warlike train</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Move well-directed o’er the colour’d plain;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Daphnis, who taught us first, the play shall guide;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Explain its laws, and o’er the field preside:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“No prize we need, our ardour to inflame;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“We fight with pleasure, if we fight for fame.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">The nymph consents: the maids and youths prepare</div> + <div class="verse indent0">To view the combat, and the sport to share:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">But Daphnis most approv’d the bold design,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whom Love instructed, and the tuneful Nine.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He rose, and on the cedar table plac’d</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A polish’d board, with differing colours grac’d; + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>Squares + eight times eight in equal order lie;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">These bright as snow, those dark with sable dye;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Like the broad target by the tortoise born,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Or like the hide by spotted panthers worn.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then from a chest, with harmless heroes stor’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">O’er the smooth plain two well-wrought hosts he pour’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The champions burn’d their rivals to assail.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> + Twice eight in black, twice eight in milkwhite mail;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In shape and station different, as in name,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Their motions various, nor their power the same.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Say, muse! (for Jove has nought from thee conceal’d)</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Who form’d the legions on the level field?</div> + </div> + </div> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">High in the midst the reverend kings appear,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And o’er the rest their pearly scepters rear:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">One solemn step, majestically slow,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">They gravely move, and shun the dangerous foe;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">If e’er they call, the watchful subjects spring,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And die with rapture if they save their king;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">On him the glory of the day depends,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He once imprison’d, all the conflict ends.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">The queens exulting near their consorts stand;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Each bears a deadly falchion in her hand;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Now here, now there, they bound with furious pride,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And thin the trembling ranks from side to side;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Swift as Camilla flying o’er the main,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Or lightly skimming o’er the dewy plain:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Fierce as they seem, some bold Plebeian spear</div> + <div class="verse indent0">May pierce their shield, or stop their full career.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">The valiant guards, their minds on havock bent,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Fill the next squares, and watch the royal tent; + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> </div> + <div class="verse indent0">Tho’ weak their spears, tho’ dwarfish be their height,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> + Compact they move, the bulwark of the fight.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">To right and left the martial wings display</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Their shining arms, and stand in close array.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Behold, four archers, eager to advance,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Send the light reed, and rush with sidelong glance;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Through angles ever they assault the foes,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">True to the colour, which at first they chose.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then four bold knights for courage fam’d and speed,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Each knight exalted on a prancing steed:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> + Their arching course no vulgar limit knows,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Transverse they leap, and aim insidious blows: + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">Nor friends, nor foes, their rapid force restrain,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">By one quick bound two changing squares they gain;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">From varying hues renew the fierce attack,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And rush from black to white, from white to black.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Four solemn elephants the sides defend;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Beneath the load of ponderous towers they bend:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In one unalter’d line they tempt the fight;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Now crush the left, and now o’erwhelm the right.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Bright in the front the dauntless soldiers raise</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Their polish’d spears; their steely helmets blaze:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Prepar’d they stand the daring foe to strike,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Direct their progress, but their wounds oblique.<span class="ws3"> </span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Now swell th’ embattled troops with hostile rage,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And clang their shields, impatient to engage;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">When Daphnis thus: A varied plain behold,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Where fairy kings their mimick tents unfold,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">As Oberon, and Mab, his wayward queen,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Lead forth their armies on the daisied green.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">No mortal hand the wondrous sport contriv’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">By Gods invented, and from Gods deriv’d; + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> + From them the British nymphs receiv’d the game,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And play each morn beneath the crystal Thame;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Hear then the tale, which they to Colin sung,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">As idling o’er the lucid wave he hung.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">A lovely Dryad rang’d the Thracian wild,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Her air enchanting, and her aspect mild:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">To chase the bounding hart was all her joy,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Averse from Hymen, and the Cyprian boy;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">O’er hills and valleys was her beauty fam’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And fair Caïssa was the damsel nam’d.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mars saw the maid; with deep surprise he gaz’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Admir’d her shape, and every gesture prais’d:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">His golden bow the child of Venus bent,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And through his breast a piercing arrow sent:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The reed was Hope; the feathers, keen Desire;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The point, her eyes; the barbs, ethereal fire,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Soon to the nymph he pour’d his tender strain;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The haughty Dryad scorn’d his amorous pain: + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">He told his woes, where’er the maid he found,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And still he press’d, yet still Caïssa frown’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">But ev’n her frowns (ah, what smiles have done!)</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Fir’d all his soul, and all his senses won.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He left his car, by raging tigers drawn,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And lonely wander’d o’er the dusky lawn;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then lay desponding near a murmuring stream,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And fair Caïssa was his plaintive theme.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A Naiad heard him from her mossy bed,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And through the crystal rais’d her placid head;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then mildly spake: “O thou, whom love inspires,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Thy tears will nourish, nor allay thy fires.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“The smiling blossoms drink the pearly dew;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“And ripening fruit the feather’d race pursue;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“The scaly shoals devour the silken weeds;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Love on our sighs, and on our sorrow feeds.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Then weep no more; but, ere thou canst obtain</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Balm to thy wounds, and solace to thy pain,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“With gentle art thy martial look beguile;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Be mild, and teach thy rugged brow to smile.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Canst thou no play, no soothing game devise;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“To make thee lovely in the damsel’s eyes?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“So may thy prayers assuage the scornful dame,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“And ev’n Caïssa own a mutual flame. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Kind nymph, said Mars, thy counsel I approve;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Art, only art, her ruthless breast can move.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“But when? or how? Thy dark discourse explain:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“So may thy stream ne’er swell with gushing rain;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“So may thy waves in one pure current flow,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And flowers eternal on thy border blow!”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">To whom the maid replied with smiling mien:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Above the palace of the Paphian queen</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“⁠<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> + Love’s brother dwells, a boy of graceful port,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“By gods nam’d Euphron, and by mortals Sport:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Seek him; to faithful ears unfold thy grief,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“And hope, ere morn return, a sweet relief.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“His temple hangs below the azure skies;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Seest thou yon argent cloud? ’Tis there it lies.”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">This said, she sunk beneath the liquid plain,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And sought the mansion of her blue-hair’d train. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Meantime the god, elate with heart-felt joy,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Had reach’d the temple of the sportful boy;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He told Caïssa’s charms, his kindled fire,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The Naiad’s counsel, and his warm desire.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Be swift, he added, give my passion aid;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“A god requests.”—He spake, and Sport obey’d.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He fram’d a tablet of celestial mold,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Inlay’d with squares of silver and of gold;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then of two metals form’d the warlike band,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That here compact in show of battle stand;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He taught the rules that guide the pensive game,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And call’d it <i>Cassa</i> from the Dryad’s name:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">(Whence Albion’s sons, who most its praise confess,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Approv’d the play, and nam’d it thoughtful <i>Chess</i>.)</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The god delighted thank’d indulgent Sport;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then grasp’d the board, and left his airy court.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With radiant feet he pierc’d the clouds; nor stay’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Till in the woods he saw the beauteous maid:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Tir’d with the chase the damsel set reclin’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Her girdle loose, her bosom unconfin’d.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He took the figure of a wanton Faun,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And stood before her on the flowery lawn;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then show’d his tablet: pleas’d the nymph survey’d</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The lifeless troops in glittering ranks display’d; + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">She ask’d the wily sylvan to explain</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The various motions of the splendid train;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With eager heart she caught the winning lore,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And thought ev’n Mars less hateful than before;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“What spell, said she, deceiv’d my careless mind?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“The god was fair, and I was most unkind.”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">She spoke, and saw the changing Faun assume</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A milder aspect, and a fairer bloom;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">His wreathing horns, that from his temples grew,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Flow’d down in curls of bright celestial hue;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The dappled hairs, that veil’d his loveless face,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Blaz’d into beams, and show’d a heavenly grace;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The shaggy hide, that mantled o’er his breast,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Was soften’d to a smooth transparent vest,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That through its folds his vigorous bosom show’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And nervous limbs, where youthful ardour glow’d:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">(Had Venus view’d him in those blooming charms,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Not Vulcan’s net had forc’d her from his arms.)</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With goatlike feet no more he mark’d the ground,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">But braided flowers his silken sandals bound.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The Dryad blush’d; and, as he press’d her, smil’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whilst all his cares one tender glance beguil’d.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">He ends: <i>To arms</i>, the maids and striplings cry;</div> + <div class="verse indent0"><i>To arms</i>, the groves and sounding vales reply. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sirena led to war the swarthy crew,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And Delia those that bore the lily’s hue.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Who first, O muse, began the bold attack;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The white refulgent, or the mournful black?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Fair Delia first, as favouring lots ordain,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Moves her pale legions tow’rd the sable train:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">From thought to thought her lively fancy flies,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whilst o’er the board she darts her sparkling eyes.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">At length the warrior moves with haughty strides;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Who from the plain the snowy king divides:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With equal haste his swarthy rival bounds;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">His quiver rattles, and his buckler sounds:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ah! hapless youths, with fatal warmth you burn;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Laws, ever fix’d, forbid you to return.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then from the wing a short-liv’d spearman flies,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Unsafely bold, and see! he dies, he dies:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The dark-brow’d hero, with one vengeful blow</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Of life and place deprives his ivory foe.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Now rush both armies o’er the burnish’d field,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Hurl the swift dart, and rend the bursting shield.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Here furious knights on fiery coursers prance,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Here archers spring, and lofty towers advance.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">But see! the white-rob’d Amazon beholds</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Where the dark host its opening van unfolds: + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">Soon as her eye discerns the hostile maid,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">By ebon shield, and ebon helm betray’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Seven squares she passes with majestic mien,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And stands triumphant o’er the falling queen.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Perplex’d, and sorrowing at his consort’s fate,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The monarch burn’d with rage, despair, and hate:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Swift from his zone th’ avenging blade he drew,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And, mad with ire, the proud virago slew.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Meanwhile sweet smiling Delia’s wary king</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Retir’d from fight behind his circling wing.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Long time the war in equal balance hung;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Till, unforeseen, an ivory courser sprung,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And, wildly prancing in an evil hour,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Attack’d at once the monarch and the tower:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sirena blush’d; for, as the rules requir’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Her injur’d sovereign to his tent retir’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whilst her lost castle leaves his threatening height,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And adds new glory to th’ exulting knight.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">At this, pale fear oppress’d the drooping maid,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And on her cheek the rose began to fade:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A crystal tear, that stood prepar’d to fall,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">She wip’d in silence, and conceal’d from all; + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">From all but Daphnis: He remark’d her pain,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And saw the weakness of her ebon train;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then gently spoke: “Let me your loss supply,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“And either nobly win, or nobly die;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Me oft has fortune crown’d with fair success,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“And led to triumph in the fields of Chess.”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He said: the willing nymph her place resign’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And sat at distance on the bank reclin’d.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thus when Minerva call’d her chief to arms,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And Troy’s high turret shook with dire alarms,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The Cyprian goddess wounded left the plain,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And Mars engag’d a mightier force in vain.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Strait Daphnis leads his squadron to the field;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">(To Delia’s arms ’tis ev’n a joy to yield.)</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Each guileful snare, and subtle art he tries,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">But finds his heart less powerful than her eyes:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wisdom and strength superior charms obey;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And beauty, beauty, wins the long-fought day.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">By this a hoary chief, on slaughter bent,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Approach’d the gloomy king’s unguarded tent;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Where, late, his consort spread dismay around,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Now her dark corse lies bleeding on the ground. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">Hail, happy youth! thy glories not unsung</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Shall live eternal on the poet’s tongue;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">For thou shalt soon receive a splendid change,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And o’er the plain with nobler fury range.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The swarthy leaders saw the storm impend,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And strove in vain their sovereign to defend:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Th’ invader wav’d his silver lance in air,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And flew like lightning to the fatal square;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">His limbs dilated in a moment grew</div> + <div class="verse indent0">To stately height, and widen’d to the view;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">More fierce his look, more lion-like his mien,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sublime he mov’d, and seem’d a warrior queen.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">As when the sage on some unfolding plant</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Has caught a wandering fly, or frugal ant,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">His hand the microscopick frame applies,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And lo! a bright hair’d monster meets his eyes;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He sees new plumes in slender cases roll’d;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Here stain’d with azure, there bedropp’d with gold;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thus, on the alter’d chief both armies gaze,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And both the kings are fix’d with deep amaze.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The sword, which arm’d the snow-white maid before,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He now assumes, and hurls the spear no more;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then springs indignant on the dark-rob’d band,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And knights and archers feel his deadly hand. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span></div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Now flies the monarch of the sable shield,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">His legions vanquish’d, o’er the lonely field:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_9_9" href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> + So when the morn, by rosy coursers drawn,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With pearls and rubies sows the verdant lawn,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whilst each pale star from heaven’s blue vault retires,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Still Venus gleams, and last of all expires.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He hears, where’er he moves, the dreadful sound;</div> + <div class="verse indent0"><i>Check</i> the deep vales, and <i>Check</i> the woods rebound.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">No place remains: he sees the certain fate,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And yields his throne to ruin, and Check-mate.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">A brighter blush o’erspreads the damsel’s cheeks,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And mildly thus the conquer’d stripling speaks:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“A double triumph, Delia, hast thou won,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“By Mars protected, and by Venus’ son;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“The first with conquest crowns thy matchless art,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“The second points those eyes at Daphnis’ heart.” + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></div> + <div class="verse indent0">She smil’d; the nymphs and amorous youths arise,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And own that beauty gain’d the nobler prize.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent2">Low in their chest the mimic troops were lay’d,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">⁠<a id="FNanchor_10_10" href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> + And peaceful slept the sable hero’s shade.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="f120">A<br>SYSTEMATIC<br><i>INTRODUCTION</i><br>TO</p> +<p class="f150">THE GAME OF CHESS.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="f150"><b>INTRODUCTION TO CHESS.</b></p> +</div> + +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER I.<br><b><i>Elementary Institutes</i></b>. + </h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> board on which this +game is played, like that used at <i>Draughts</i>, is a square, divided +into sixty-four lesser squares, and checquered black and white. At +<i>Chess</i> these squares have the technical name of <i>houses</i>, +and are all made use of in play.</p> + +<p>In placing the board, care must be taken that one of the two white +corner squares be at the right hand of each player. <i>Note</i>—That +when the board is in this position, the several ranges of houses +running in a strait line from left to right, are called <i>ranks</i>; +those perpendicular to them, running from one player to the other, take +the name of <i>files</i>, and the two ranges, sloping from one corner +of the board to the opposite, (one of white, the other of black +squares, touching at the corner), are <i>diagonals</i>; so are the +lesser ranges which run in a parallel direction. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak"><b>THE PIECES</b></h2> + +<p>Allotted to each competitor are sixteen, viz. a king, a queen, two +bishops, two knights, two rooks, and eight pawns. As a necessary +distinction, each set is coloured in a different way; one is commonly +white, the other red or black.</p> + +<p><b>THE DISPOSITION OF THE PIECES ON THE BOARD</b></p> + +<p>Is as follows: The white king is to be seated on the first or nearest +rank, on the fourth house (a black one) from that corner of the board +which is to the right of the player to whom he belongs; his queen +close to him on his left, on a house of her own colour—on one side of +each of these, a bishop—adjoining each of the bishops, a knight—and +last of all, at the corners of the board, the two rooks. Having thus +arranged the first line, let the whole of the second rank be occupied +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> +by the pawns, one before each of the dignified pieces. As to the +counter set, the black king is to be placed on the farther side of +the board, exactly opposite the white one—his queen opposite the +white queen—and so on; placing all the pieces opposite those of +corresponding denominations—the pawns on the second rank as before.</p> + +<p>To illustrate what has been said, and to prevent any misunderstanding +respecting it, as well as to shew the forms of the pieces, the plate +forming the frontispiece is given; which see.</p> + +<p><b>THEIR POWERS AND MODE OF ACTION.</b></p> + +<p>The gradation in rising from the lowest, to the higher pieces, will +shew the <i>comparative worth of each kind</i>.</p> + +<p>I. Of the <span class="allsmcap">PAWN</span>. When one of the pawns is moved, +it must be along the file in which he has been first placed, in a strait line +towards the adverse party. The first move may be either <i>one</i> or +<i>two</i> squares, at the option of the player: after which, no one of +them, while he remains a pawn, can advance more than <i>one</i> house +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> +at a time. When once brought out, a pawn, more restrained than any +other piece, cannot retreat or move back again. He is prohibited too +from quitting his own file for that of another, except in the single +case of making a capture; on which occasion he moves obliquely into +the next file, to the right or left (as the case may happen) one house +forward; <i>placing himself on the square of the piece taken</i>,⁠<a id="FNanchor_11_11" href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +which is removed from the board; after which he is confined to moving +directly forwards as before, and cannot leave his new file for another, +but on a similar occasion to that which led him into it.</p> + +<p>A pawn, like every other agent on the board, takes any piece that comes +within his reach, indiscriminately from one of his own quality to the queen.</p> + +<p>II. The <span class="allsmcap">KNIGHT</span>. The move of the knight is peculiar to himself, +and difficult to explain. It is two squares at once (three, including +his own) in a direction partly diagonal and partly strait. The house he +goes into, is always of a <i>different colour</i> from that which he +leaves. It may likewise be said to be uniformly <i>next but one</i> to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> +the latter; although in his passage to it he passes transversely over +the corners of <i>two</i>.</p> + +<p>The knight’s power of capture reaches to any square that his move will +take him into.</p> + +<p>Note—That this is the only piece that has a <i>vaulting motion</i>; +or that is not precluded from going to a square, between which and his +own other pieces intervene: just to shew what is meant, if good play +permitted it, any one of the knights could move out before a pawn had +stirred, alighting on the third square of either the bishop or the +rook; without waiting, as the other superior pieces are obliged, till +an opening be made.</p> + +<p>III. The <span class="allsmcap">BISHOP</span>. By observing the +plate it will be seen, that the bishops of the same set are placed on +squares of a different colour; the white king’s bishop, for instance, +being seated on a white, and the white queen’s bishop on a black +square. What makes it necessary to remark this, which is common to the +knight and rook, is, that the bishop, unlike all the other pieces, is +obliged to walk, throughout the game, on that colour of the +exchequer⁠<a id="FNanchor_12_12" href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +that he was placed on at the commencement of it; which is a necessary +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> +consequence of his motion being purely _diagonal_. His step is in other +respects very unlimited, as he may, at a single effort, go any length +of squares from one to eight. The bishop, if the road be open for him, +takes at any distance.</p> + +<p>IV. The <span class="allsmcap">ROOK</span>. The rook moves in +<i>strait lines</i>, forwards or sideways. He can, at one step, pass +along a whole rank, or a whole file, or stop short at the first, +second, third, or any other square of a rank or file, as occasion may +require. Like the bishop, and on the same condition, he takes at any +distance⁠<a id="FNanchor_13_13" href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>.</p> + +<p>V. The <span class="allsmcap">QUEEN</span>—unites the moves of the +<i>bishop</i> and <i>rook</i>; and, like them, when the road is open, +takes at any distance. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p> + +<p>VI. The <span class="allsmcap">KING</span>—<i>except</i> when he +avails himself of the privilege of <i>castling</i>, can move only +<i>one square</i> at a time; of course he can take at no greater +distance: he may, however, both move and take either forwards, +backwards, sideways, or aslant. When policy shall invite the player +to the expedient, and the previous unarbitrary removal of the bishop +and knight on his right, or of the bishop, rook and queen on his left, +has rendered it effectible without any violence to propriety, the king +may <i>castle</i> with either of his rooks; which is done by placing +the king on that knight’s square that is next to the rook with whom +he castles, and by placing the rook at the other side of the king, on +the bishop’s square adjoining. This <i>ambidextral</i> manœuvre of +changing the situation of two pieces at one time, the player is allowed +to employ but once; and not at all if the king has previously moved. +It is impracticable and unnecessary at the beginning of the game. The +only prerogative of the king, is a great one; that of <i>never being taken</i>. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p> + +<p><b>OF PROMOTING A PAWN TO BE A QUEEN, ROOK, &c.</b></p> + +<p>When a pawn has penetrated to the farthest rank on the adverse side +of the board, he is rewarded with promotion to the <i>highest vacant +dignity</i>⁠<a id="FNanchor_14_14" href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>; +that is to say, if the person playing him there has +lost his queen, he succeeds to the honor. If instead of his queen one +or both of the rooks be lost, he is made a rook. If the queen and rooks +have escaped capture, he is made a bishop. If the bishops have likewise +been preserved, he is made a knight. The ceremony of transformation +taking place in either case, and which is necessary to distinguish him, +is very short: A sort of exchange: The pawn is removed from the board, +and put among those taken by the adversary; and a captured piece, of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> +the denomination he is advanced to, is taken from thence, and +substituted in his room. It can hardly be necessary to say, that his +powers and mode of action alter with his quality.</p> + +<p><b>OF GIVING CHECK, AND CHECK-MATE.</b></p> + +<p>Upon this the game hinges. As the king is never taken, whenever an +adversary is advanced upon him in such a manner, as that, remaining +where he is, if he were <i>any other piece</i> he would be captured; +the person advancing it is to salute him with the word “<i>Check</i>,” +warning him of his situation; upon which it is absolutely necessary +for him to alter it in one of the following ways: either, +<i>relatively</i>, by taking the threatening piece, or interposing⁠<a id="FNanchor_15_15" href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +one of his own between that and himself; or, <i>positively</i>, +by removing to a square where neither that nor any other of the +adversary’s pieces reach. If he cannot do one of these, the game is +lost. This inextricable <i>contact</i> with an <i>adverse piece</i> is +technically termed <span class="allsmcap">CHECK-MATE</span>. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span></p> + +<p><b>OF GIVING A STALE.</b></p> + +<p>The game may be lost too in quite an <i>opposite</i> manner. By the +constitution of Chess, the king is on no account to move into check; +and, therefore, when, as it not unfrequently happens, one party has +crowded up the king of the other with so many pieces, that the only +move left him would take him into check; if the person to whom the king +so circumstanced belongs has no other piece, or no other that can be +moved, the contest must necessarily stagnate. Come to an end before +the arrival of the regular result, it can be proceeded in no further. +It is not, however, <i>undecided</i>. The player giving the other the +<i>stale</i>, (so, in the language of Chess, the <i>dilemma</i> which +the king is in is called) is, by a rule immemorially acquiesced in, +adjudged to have <i>defeated himself</i>.</p> + +<p class="no-indent"><b>REASONS FOR ASSIGNING,<br> IN THE CASE OF A STALE-MATE,<br> +<span class="ws2">THE VICTORY TO THE PARTY SUFFERING IT.</span></b></p> + +<p>A little reflection will shew that this rule is not incapable of the +justification which at first sight it may seem to want. It would be an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> +intolerable defect in the game to have it perpetually liable to an +accident that would render it undecisive. The only way of avoiding this +defect, is the instituting an artificial rule, awarding the victory, +whenever a stale happens, to one party or the other.</p> + +<p>The necessity of making some kind of decision being arrived at, the +propriety of placing the bias where it is may be easily evinced.</p> + +<p>It is to be recollected that the rule under discussion is an arbitrary +one. The expediency of an arbitrary rule, however great, cannot +entirely divest it of the dissatisfactory; and therefore the seldomer +there is occasion for it the better: now the making him to lose by a +stale, who may always avoid it by caution, is an effective bar to its +happening very often.</p> + +<p>Other properties of this rule do not merely justify—they highly +recommend it. The bias which it has adopted serves to balance the +advantages of the game, as it is entirely in favour of the weaker +party. Owing to this very bias, whenever the critical case, to which it +is applied, is likely to occur, <i>a greater exertion of intellect in +conducting the approach is incited</i>; than which nothing can be more +agreeable to the genius of the game, as the professed object of Chess +is to call out the powers of the mind. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + +<p>Thus a defect inherent in the structure of the game, and from which +it were impossible to free it, is overruled so as to give it a higher +degree of interest. Upon the whole, the necessity for this rule is not +to be deplored.</p> + +<p><b>OF A DRAW GAME.</b></p> + +<p>If it be not superfluous to put it any where, it must be added here, +that whenever from the greatness of the loss on each side, (the more +potent pieces, and those capable of becoming so, being gone), or +from any other cause, it becomes certain that neither party can give +the other Check-mate; the game is to be discontinued as insipid and +useless, the players consenting to draw their pieces, and begin afresh.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CHAP. II.<br><i>General Maxims</i>.</h2> +</div> + +<p>These questions occur at every evolution—<i>What piece is to be +moved? Where is it to be moved to?</i> After the first time, for a +very obvious reason to the practical player, (the abstraction from any +particular situation, which from the latitude of moves in the power of +the adversary, the mind of the theorist is forced to make), we can only +give helps for the reader himself to decide them.</p> + +<p>The game cannot be better opened than by advancing the <i>king’s pawn +two squares</i>. If the first adventurer be threatened, the queen’s or +bishop’s pawn may lend him support. Which of the others should succeed +will depend greatly on the moves of the opposite party. The pawns must +not be so placed as to interrupt the freedom of the other pieces. Where +the pawns are not equal to the defence of each other, the other pieces +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span> +must be brought out to support them:⁠<a id="FNanchor_16_16" href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>—in +this business the bishops are in general the preferable agents, as they +are not so liable as the knights to be clogged by the obstructions +which this early stage of the game from its crouded stage is sure to +present⁠<a id="FNanchor_17_17" href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> +<i>Prudence</i> requires that the superior pieces be not over forward +in acting offensively; because by every one that is driven back you +lose a move: but when a few pieces have been⁠<a id="FNanchor_18_18" href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +changed, and the game is somewhat advanced, and there is no danger of +their stopping the progress of such of the pawns as you wish to push +on, you need not be shy of using the <i>knights</i>, any more than the +<i>bishops</i>, in occasional attacks on the most unguarded of the +adversaries.</p> + +<p>The <i>queen</i> must not be moved hastily;—for offence in particular, +not till some kind of method pervades the rest of your pieces—and you +can guess what aspect the game is likely to assume. To put this piece +in motion before you had digested a set of measures, and had a probable +certainty of succeeding in them, would be entirely to misemploy her +great powers.</p> + +<p>As the <i>rooks</i>, while the game is thronged, can effect nothing +worthy their attempting; generally speaking, it is advisable to keep +them in reserve till towards the conclusion of the game. The usefulness +of the rook, gradually increasing as the crisis approaches, is then +very little inferior to that of the queen⁠<a id="FNanchor_19_19" href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> +The <i>king</i> is not to act offensively. He is to be put where he +will be least open to attack; and, while a fatal one is possible, +neither move nor take but with a view to his own defence. <i>The two +points</i> to which every thing else is to subserve, are, <i>the giving +check-mate to the adversary’s king</i>, and <i>the preservation of your own</i>.</p> + +<p>To make you as much acquainted with the right way of endeavouring at +these, as <i>bare Theory</i> is able to do; it will be necessary to be +a little more particular.</p> + +<p>§ 1. On that side of the board, whether right or left, on which you +mean to castle the king—neither the bishop’s, the knight’s, nor the +rook’s pawn must stir from its place; because the principal inducement +to the measure, is, the protection he will receive by retiring behind +them.</p> + +<p>2. The other pawns must be kept together and well supported; and not +suffered to straggle forwards alone. A party of these, managed with +address, may, in a future part of the game, repair the loss of a +capital piece, or do some other signal service. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<p>3. At the same time that you are concerting the attack of the +adversary, endeavour (but not so as to interfere with any thing of more +importance) to have your own king so circumstanced that he may castle +when he pleases. Should this convenience be effected, if his not being +castled be no obstruction to your other operations, let him remain at +his own square till there is a necessity for his going to the retreat +secured for him. The advantage to be gained by this procedure is, that +the adversary will be obliged to form two distinct systems of attack.</p> + +<p>4. As soon as the adversary has castled, if it be on a different side +of the board from that on which you have castled, or intend to castle, +let your pawns opposite bear down upon his king. The queen and what +other pieces you can spare, in particular the rook to whom their +removal opens a field, must support them in this onset⁠<a id="FNanchor_20_20" href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>.</p> + +<p>5. Where a direct attack upon the adversary’s king is impolitic or +impracticable, you must endeavour to take those of his pieces that most +contribute to render it so. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span></p> + +<p>6. Ineffectual checks, or checks that the adversary can easily elude, +are in general to be refrained from; as they are very apt to lead +to loss of move, loss of the checking-piece, and so on. Experience, +however, will furnish a few cases, in which there is a propriety in +giving such a check—where it will force the adversary’s king into a +more exposed situation—where the movement, necessary to avert it, +will leave a capital piece unguarded—where, the adversary’s king not +having castled, nor being in a condition to do so, it will force him by +moving to forfeit that privilege—and where, having a piece of your own +attacked, that you are not able otherwise to save, it will cause the +removal of some piece that impedes his escape.</p> + +<p>7. In defending your own king when closely attacked—where it will +either cause the adversary to lose a move, or increase your comparative +strength; and at the same time, be a successful means of parrying the +check—you should offer to make an exchange of pieces.</p> + +<p>8. If the king be castled, the pawns forming a cordon before, or round +him, should be guarded as much as possible from the brunts of the adversary. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> + +<p>9. Whenever, from being either reduced in number, or obliged to +quit their stations, the defence afforded the king by these becomes +precarious—or whenever the king is not castled at all—some of the +superior pieces should be kept in readiness to contribute actively to +his safety; being posted so, that where they cannot prevent, they may +at least cover him from check. Their number and quality circumstances +must decide. Those that operate at a distance, will not on this service +be out of their province; nor will it often be found of them, as it +will of the knights, that they are thereby rendered the less prepared +to act offensively. The keeping, too, such pieces as the rook, the +bishop, or the queen, near your own king, may sometimes cause the +adversary to relax in his caution where it does not add to his security.</p> + +<p>10. Of the queen, it is however to be noted, that she must never stand +in such a way before the king, as that were an adverse rook or bishop +to attack her, her moving aside would leave the king in check; because +were she to be so attacked, should the rook or bishop be well guarded, +and you had no piece to interpose, as it would not do to expose the +king, you could no how avoid losing the queen for a less valuable piece. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span></p> + +<p>11. Great advantages are often gained by an <i>ambuscade</i>; which is +the having one piece, a pawn, for instance, so placed before another, +we will say the queen, that though the adversary, on a cursory view, +might seem to be safe; yet by simply playing the piece in front, whose +intervention alone keeps him from it, check, single or double⁠<a id="FNanchor_21_21" href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>, +will be discovered to his king.</p> + +<p>12. While intent on projects of offence, take care that you are not +surprised yourself. Indeed every detail of a stratagem to be practised +on the adversary, carries with it a tacit admonition to beware of the +like from him; as to caution against any evolution, is saying, “look +out for an opportunity to practise it.”</p> + +<p>13. Take care that an adverse pawn does not advance upon two +superior pieces, which is called forking them; knights and rooks are +particularly liable to be attacked in this way, the pawns not requiring +to be guarded, because the moves of those pieces do not comprehend the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> +moves of the pawn. Thus where there is not a reciprocity in the mode +of action between a smaller and a larger piece, the approach of the +smaller may be very dangerous.</p> + +<p>14. Hence it is, that unremitting vigilance must be exerted throughout +the game, to prevent either of the adverse knights from checking the +king and queen at the same time; because as the king can only save +himself from the knight by a positive removal, the sacrifice of the +queen is rendered inevitable.</p> + +<p>15. Nor must the adversary be suffered to direct the insidious power of +the knight, on any other two pieces of more importance than himself; as +the loss of one of them for the knight, or for nothing, will be sure to +follow.</p> + +<p>16. When two pieces are attacked in such a way, that one of them at +least must be lost; in deciding which to give up, you must not think +so much on the difference in their worth, which may be more than +counterbalanced by other circumstances, as on the particular effects +which the capture of this or that is likely to have.</p> + +<p>17. Whenever you are so well prepared for the worst, as to have two or +three pawns so near the adversary’s farthest rank, and so well posted, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> +that you are almost certain of reaching it with one of them when you +please; you may be the bolder with your capital pieces—and, where you +would be otherwise in doubt which to surrender, the less tenacious of +retaining one of them in preference to another that is less capital.</p> + +<p>18. Without there should be no other way of saving the king, or no +other but what would be attended with a greater disadvantage, never +cover him from check by placing a superior piece in that manner, that a +pawn of the adversary, by being advanced a move, could take him; lest +the adversary, availing himself of the opportunity, oblige you to a +losing exchange.</p> + +<p>19. In order to have as powerful pieces as you can in play, let +those that are stationed to guard some other stationary ones, be of +no greater force than is necessary; that is, where the motives for +employing one of several pieces on this service are in other respects +equal, take the lowest.</p> + +<p>20. Where two of the adversaries are so circumstanced that you take +either, similar considerations to those in the 16th section will +determine you.</p> + +<p>21. Where an adversary is so exposed that you can take him when you +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> +please, be in no haste about it: but see whether there be not some +danger to avert, or advantage to seize, in another quarter, and let him +alone till it be effected. It may at length be in your power to combine +the piece that shall move into his square in some extensive scheme, as +he may be supposed to move merely to take this piece.</p> + +<p>22. Where an adverse pawn has advanced to the square immediately before +your king, do not take him, unless some consideration superior to his +worth impels his removal from the board; as an adverse pawn before the +king is generally found to be a safeguard.</p> + +<p>23. Whenever you can anticipate by calculation that the sacrifice of +such and such a piece, though it can yield no immediate requital, will +yet lead to such an arrangement, as will enable you in the end to give +the adversary check-mate, true policy requires that you make it.</p> + +<p>24. Never let an over-eagerness of the victory which a superiority +may promise you, lead you to endanger its forfeiture by giving a +stale: on the contrary, till you can give check-mate without a risk of +miscarriage, always leave the adversary ample room to move. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span></p> + +<p>25. Whenever you have clearly the disadvantage of the game in other +respects, and yet happen to be in a position that by good management, +may be turned into a stale; you must, as your only resource, endeavour +to avail yourself of it. To do this, the following case will serve +as a general clue. Your king is close pressed on all sides, and you +have only the queen and an inferior piece left in play—take the first +opportunity of playing the inferior piece so, that by its being either +blocked up or lost, the king would be in a stale already if you had not +the queen.—This done, with the queen keep giving incessant⁠<a id="FNanchor_22_22" href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +check to the adversary’s king, till at length, to avoid a check-mate, the +adversary is forced to capture him. Your object will then be attained.</p> + +<p><i>Note</i>—Sometimes a check-mate or a stale will speedily terminate +the game; sometimes it will happen that the pieces are nearly played +away, without either taking place. To the latter case, the six sections +that next follow are exclusively adapted. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span></p> + +<p>26. When the adversary’s force is so much diminished, that your king, +if in any, is in no immediate danger—and your own force is so much +diminished likewise, that you can make no effective attack without +him—the necessity and policy of confining the king to defence only +will be superseded.</p> + +<p>27. Among other uses to which he may then be devoted,—you must take +every opportunity of putting him in motion, where your doing so, will +be the only or the best way of either gaining or preserving the move, +which it is of such importance to have, that if the contest has been +otherwise equally conducted, your getting the game will depend upon +nothing else.</p> + +<p>28. He may then, too, as circumstances vary, occasionally be of +service, either in protecting some pawn of your own which may be more +advanced than the rest, and which you want to raise to queen; or in +taking or harrassing any pawns of the adversary on the like expedition.</p> + +<p>29. The note at the bottom of page 37, respecting the rook, is a +sufficient intimation that the king may, in this stage of the game, be +employed in combination with another piece in giving check to his antagonist. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot fs_90"> +<p class="neg-indent">From the same note it is to be inferred, that if +one party has only a king, and the other in addition to the king has +but one piece, and that piece be a knight or a bishop, it must be a +draw game; and therefore that, next to a queen or a rook, it is best +for that piece to be a pawn, from the possibility of making him a piece +of the first power. This serves to introduce the two following</p> +</div> + +<p><b>PARTICULAR CASES.</b></p> + +<p>30. The adversary has the king and a pawn, and you have only the king. +You will naturally endeavour to intercept that pawn—his king, if he +be in any danger, will as naturally go to his assistance—this, if the +king is time enough to save him, will bring them together. Though you +will then have failed in taking the pawn; yet, if you can get before +either to the square towards which the pawn is moving; by manœuvering +on the first square of that file, and the second of that and the +adjoining files, you will either make a draw game, or win by a stale.</p> + +<p>31. Upon certain contingencies, the adversary may have the king, a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> +bishop, and a pawn, when you have only the king, without being able to +beat you: which contingencies are these:—If the pawn be on a rook’s +file—if you can get into the square at your end of that file—if this +square be of a color different from that on which the bishop moves—all +these concurring, it is even possible for you to win by a stale.</p> + +<p>32. To conclude; if you would have something more than a mere exemption +from defeat, depending on chances, to hope for, let this rule, in +connection with the others, be specially regarded. From first to last, +the changes and declensions, successively taking place in the number, +value, and situation of the pieces must be noted with exactness; and no +movement at any time made till the consequences are considered. This, +among other good effects, will the better enable you to conjecture what +the adversary may mean to do, and to take measures accordingly. If +closely pursued, it will at once prevent you from giving any advantage +to the adversary, and from overlooking any which he may give to you.</p> + +<hr class="r10"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span> +The initiate reader, having arrived thus far, will perhaps be impatient +to make a practical essay. From that, though it may originate in +a mistake, we would not withhold him. As what we design, is his +progressive improvement, we do not care how soon he is convinced that +he cannot make himself master of the whole at once. After he has made +the experiment, we would, for his next essays, direct his attention to +two or three games which we mean to detail as examples, move by move. +By studying these, and noting the foregoing directions, one at a time, +as the advantages of pursuing, or the effects of deviating from them +are laid open, he will soon imprint the spirit of them on his memory; +and practice, either by himself, or with a friend, will imperceptibly +confer on him a habit of adopting them with promptness.</p> + +<p>If he is a genius, practice will do more; it will lead him to form +maxims of his own for indescribable cases.</p> + +<p>After setting down the laws of the game, which will end this chapter; +we give the examples promised, chiefly as vehicles for rules for +particular situations, which can only be imparted with clearness, when +particular situations are exhibited on the board. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> + +<p class="f120"><b>THE LAWS OF THE GAME,</b></p> + +<p><i>Reduced to their most simple Construction, are</i>,</p> + +<p>I. If a player touches a piece, he must play it somewhere; and when he +has quitted it, he cannot change its place.</p> + +<p>II. If one party, by mistake or otherwise, makes a false move, and +it is not discovered till after the other has played in his turn, it +cannot be revised or rectified by either.</p> + +<p>III. If a player misplaces the pieces, and, before he finds it out, +plays two moves, it is at the choice of his opponent to permit him to +begin the game afresh or not.</p> + +<p>IV. If one party plays or discovers check to the king of the other, and +neglects to notify it, the other may let him remain in open check till +he does.</p> + +<p>V. After the king has moved, or if both the rooks have moved, he cannot +be castled.</p> + +<div class="blockquot fs_90"> +<p class="neg-indent">Where the object is mutual improvement, and not +decision of skill—or where the superiority of one party is admitted, +and the object is the improvement of the other—the first four of these +may be dispensed with.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>CHAP. III.<br><i>Progressive Examples</i></b></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>APOLOGETIC INTRODUCTION.</b></p> + +<p>As it is not the habit of every reader to wade patiently through a +preface, the author begs leave to condense here the substance of an +apology, which, from the influx of topics, could not there be presented +in a disentangled form.</p> + +<p>Whoever has marked the experiments of a novitiate in Chess, must have +observed a propensity to a variety of moves, which while they appear to +open a field teeming with advantage, really lead to results that are +disastrous. Some of these are interspersed in the following examples, +and the adverse consequences with which they are pregnant traced to +their source. Thus by the publication of games with notes, a plan to +which Philidor led the way, the student steps by a short route on the +high ground, to which the guides who framed the artificial passage, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span> +only reached by repeated labor and experience. But a gigantic genius, +it would seem, cannot conceive exactly what are the desiderata of a +mind of less compass; and Philidor left a trying distance between the +level from which the inexperienced would rise, and the steps at the +bottom of his ascending ladder. A professor, who is not incapacitated +by extraordinary powers from imagining where interposition is wanted, +may supply acceptable remedies for these vacuities.</p> + +<p>Let us now attend the pupil at the board, and conduct him through such +evolutions as may fit him to appreciate and enjoy the enterprise and +spirit of Cunningham, the brilliant promptness at resource of Salvio, +and the comprehension and foresight of Philidor.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>First Essay</i><br>EXAMPLE I.</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">FIRST COUPLET OF MOVES.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub2">White. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">Black. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at king’s bishop’s 3d square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the black⁠<a id="FNanchor_23_23" href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> + pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the white pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Unless necessity call for it, no one of the other six pawns should +be moved until you have ascertained on which side to castle. The +queen’s pawn advances but one square, not so much because the black one +prevents his going farther as to support that of his own king.</p> + +<p>(b): This move is partly accounted for by the remark on the last.</p> + +<p>(c) The same remark will shew, that the whites are played with more +propriety than the blacks. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the black pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the king’s bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at queen’s 2d square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at queen’s bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at queen’s knight’s 2d square.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) If this move had been made before, the king’s pawn of this party +might have been preserved; the snatching away of which, has rendered +them in situation and comparative strength, much inferior to their +adversaries.</p> + +<p>(e) The chief object of this, and some subsequent moves, is the having +the king in readiness to castle.</p> + +<p>(f) Finding that his adversary means to castle with the queen’s rook, +the player of the whites begins to get his opposite pawns ready to advance.</p> + +<p>(g) This attack on the black rook is not a good move; for the bringing +out of the black knight, which it incites as the only, though an easy +mode of parrying it—a movement which his player might not otherwise +have meditated—or if he had, must have lost a move in effecting—gives +the rook an opportunity to be very troublesome to the opposite pawns. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the king’s 2d square, giving the white king check.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at king’s 2d square, covering the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) This is to protect the knight’s pawn from the black knight.</p> + +<p>(i) There is no impropriety in the queen’s standing thus before her +king, so long as no guarded rook of the counter set can be brought +to attack her; and while her player has several pieces that he could +interpose.</p> + +<p>(k) If he did not castle now, he could not preserve his knight’s pawn +in it’s place, without forfeiting the privilege. To have advanced him a +square, would, however, have been better.</p> + +<p>(l) To make way for the following move. If the white queen’s bishop had +not quitted his house, the command he would have had of the diagonal +into which this move is made, would have prevented it; which it will be +presently seen it was the interest of that player to have done. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square.(n)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square.(o)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m) Any move that is properly made, and which preceding remarks, or a +subsequent move will shew the reason of, we shall not observe on. It +may, however, be of use to review the situations of the two sets of +pawns; those of the white party to the left of the king, are advanced +so as to derive from themselves all the support they want: whereas +the pawns to the left of the other player must depend entirely on the +superior pieces for protection. When pawns are seated, like these, +on files that do not adjoin, they are, considered by themselves, as +insecure as they can be.</p> + +<p>(n) But if the pawns are played worse, the bishops and knights of this +party are played better than those of the other.</p> + +<p>(o) The move of the white pawn, which was necessary to the prosecution +of the white queen’s scheme, gave the black knight an opportunity of coming +here without suspicion, as he seems to remove merely for his own safety. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her rook’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop takes the white knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop takes the black bishop.(p)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the white bishop, and gives check.(q)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king retires to his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the 4th square of the same rook.(r)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square, discovering check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(p) From the cramped situation in which the player of the white’s too +eager attention to projects of offence, had left this bishop, whether +he takes the black one or not, he must be lost.</p> + +<p>(q) Though the player of the blacks is a knight, and the difference +there is between a king’s bishop and a queen’s bishop, the better for +these exchanges; he might have conducted them in a way by which he +would have profited more essentially; as the third example will shew.</p> + +<p>(r) To avoid being taken by the knight’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the black pawn, and gives check.(s)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. As the king, if he takes the queen, will be in check</li> +<li class="isub3">with the pawn, he is <i>check-mated</i>.(t)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(s) Had the white pawn made this capture, the black king, instead of +receiving the defeat which the present move has given him, by retiring +to his rook’s square, would have been a long while secure from any +further attack.</p> + +<p>(t): But as he was made to castle when he did, merely to shew that +it is not <i>always</i> a measure of safety; we shall, in the next +example, point out how he might have acted better.</p> + +<p>⁂ When the student is conscious of having done wrong, and yet at a loss +to know what rule he has broke, he may conclude it to be the last, that +contained in section xxxii.: this is indeed so comprehensive, that all +the others might be resolved into it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span></p> + +<p class="f130"><b>EXAMPLE II.</b></p> + +<p class="center">THE PRECEDING GAME<br> CONTINUED FROM THE SIXTEENTH COUPLET.</p> + +<p><i>Note—Games which, like this, are taken up from others, are called +Back-Games.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 17.</li> + +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square, discovering check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop’s pawn.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook takes the opposite pawn.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at black queen’s knight’s 4th square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s 3d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) He is thus ready to be converted into a capital piece, and as long +as he remains there, will prevent the black king from moving into any +square on the queen’s part of the file.</p> + +<p>(b) If the rook’s only object was to snatch this pawn and retire, it +was worth the effort; he has, however, something else in view.</p> + +<p>(c) Intending at the next move, by taking the opposite pawn, to secure +making a bishop of his own. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the black pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the white king’s rook’s 3d square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the black rook, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black queen’s 4th square, giving check.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d square.(g)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) To seize this advantageous post, he has left a rook to be taken and +his king to be checked. The bold kind of play which each pursues, can +only be justified by a conviction that the result will be favourable. +Both, however, cannot have this conviction. The event will shew which +is right.</p> + +<p>(e) He prefers this to his own second square, that he may not be +checked by the white rook.</p> + +<p>(f) As the black queen, who cannot be dislodged, will, at her next +move, by taking the pawn, give the king check-mate—the player of +the whites has no other resource than constantly checking the black +king—if he cannot mate him, and can be stopped from checking, the +moment he is, he will lose the game.</p> + +<p>(g) He takes care to move on white, that he may not be checked +by the bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black king’s 3d square, still giving check.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her own king’s 2d square, still giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, covering the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black king’s square, still giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s 4th square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) If this player could give perpetual check, it would be a draw +game—fifty moves in this way would make it so—or a less number, if a +course of moves was begun that had before been made.</p> + +<p>(i) As the queen can no longer check the king without being taken, the +bishop is placed here to prevent the black queen from taking the pawn; +which, however, he can do but for a moment. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. One of the knights takes the queen.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn is made a queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the rook’s pawn, and gives <i>check-mate</i>.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(k) If the player of the whites could in this way have lost all his +pieces, he would have won by being in a <i>stale</i>; this, however, +from their number, was never possible; or it would not have been +prudent in the adversary to have made the 20th move—a move which has +won him the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> + +<p class="f130"><b>EXAMPLE III.</b></p> + +<p class="center">A SECOND BACK-GAME.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Continued from the Thirteenth Couplet</i><br>of <span class="smcap">Example I</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her rook’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the white knight, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the opposite pawn, and gives check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If, instead of the bishop, the pawn had taken the knight; the black +bishop, by taking that pawn, would have given check-mate instantly.</p> + +<p>(b) The object of this and the future moves of the white player, is +to prevent check-mate, which he now perceives the other thus early +to meditate. When the tyro has seen what these moves are, it will +edify him to try whether better ones might not have been adopted. On +this, however, and similar experiments, he must not hastily conclude; +because was he to move the whites not so well, and the blacks more than +proportionally worse, the necessary consequence might lead him to think +that he had moved the former better. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn, and discovers check from the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen advances to the white knight’s 3d square, and gives</li> +<li class="isub3"><i>check-mate</i>.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Without the co-operation of the black pawn, this could not have +been done. The player of the whites should have taken this straggler +before he proceeded to detach the queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE IV.</b></p> + +<p class="center">VARIATION TO THE FIRST BACK-GAME.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Beginning from the Nineteenth Couplet<br> of</i> <span class="smcap">Example II</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his knight’s square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s knight’s 3d square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the king’s square, checking.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the rook, and gives check.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) He offers to change rooks, that such a dangerous neighbour as the +black one may be either taken or driven away.</p> + +<p>(b) This, however, not only prevents either, but keeps the white queen +from going to the black king’s rook’s 4th square; by which the black +knight, whose vicinity is as incompatible as the rook’s with the safety +of the white king, would have been obliged to remove to cover the check.</p> + +<p>(c) To remain, or to remove without checking the adversary, would have +been equally dangerous.</p> + +<p>(d) As the player of the whites cannot remove either of the pieces +menacing his king, he has now, as he had in Example II. no other way of +defending him than attacking the black one. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn becomes a bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the black knight’s square giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the white king’s 4th square,</li> +<li class="isub3">giving check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) If the king had taken the rook, the game would have lasted one +move longer. In that case the black queen must have gone to her king’s +knight 3d square, and then to the black knight’s 2d square; so she +should have done, if, at the 24th move, instead of that set down, the +white knight had gone to his queen’s bishop’s 3d square.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f110"><i>Remarks.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ Of two different modes of playing, both of which end in a defeat, +that is the best which protracts the game the longest.</p> + +<p>†§† No game can end so soon as the longest form of that we have already +given, that is played throughout well on both sides.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Second Essay</i>.</h2> +</div> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE V.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Exhibiting Situations rendered critical by Enterprise,<br> and the +Resources of Play in those Situations.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 1.</li> +<li class="isub2">White. KING’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">Black. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at queen’s bishop’s 4th square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Not for any purpose that it will immediately answer, but that he +may escape the obstruction, which, if it should be necessary to advance +the queen’s pawn a square, would be opposed by his moving directly out. +We have seen in Example III. that by a pawn on one side, and a knight +on the other, this bishop was so embarrassed, as not to be able to move +even for his own preservation.</p> + +<p>(b) The having two pawns a-breast of each other, at houses 4. of the +king and queen, secured by the changes which brought them there from +capture by pieces of their own quality, and therefore, in their further +progress to the promotion line, easily protected— is a great step +towards making one of them a queen. To have them in this position, +is the object of the present and several succeeding moves: of the +corresponding moves of the blacks, the object is to prevent it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the king’s 3d square.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) To provoke the black pawn to capture him, on the presumption that +his player would prefer doing that to retiring with his bishop—The +player of the whites intending afterwards to supply his place by a +reprisal.</p> + +<p>(d) The player of the blacks, willing neither to take the pawn nor to +retire with his bishop, plays this pawn here, in order that if the +white one takes his bishop, he may retaliate in kind.</p> + +<p>(e) The plan of having two pawns in the middle of the exchequer is thus +rendered abortive. The bringing this knight out was the principal mean +of defeating it.</p> + +<p>(f) This leaves the king’s bishop liable to be changed for the bishop +of the adversary’s queen. If, however, the knight had not moved at all, +or moved otherwise, his player might have been obliged to an exchange, +in which the difference against him would have been of real moment. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at king’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) Between equal players the minutest advantage should be seized on. +It may be observed here, that the superestimation of the king’s bishop +over the bishop of the queen, rests on his not being prevented by +the colour of his field, from checking the adversary at his original +square. The white player having had the first move, the other could not +well have foiled him, with regard to the pawns, at a less expence.</p> + +<p>(h) That he may not be taken by the knight if the bishop should remove.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120"><i>Variation.</i></p> + +<p>To protect him from the knight, instead of pushing him a square, the +queen’s knight is moved to the 3d house of the queen’s bishop. This +would be ineffective—the adversary, by placing his king’s knight at +his king’s bishop’s 3d square, might counteract it so completely as to +make the bishop retreat at the same time that he secured taking the +pawn—at least, secured an exchange, by which he would get the pawn to +boot.</p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at king’s bishop’s 3d square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(l)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(m)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at queen’s bishop’s 3d square.(n)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the knight’s 2d square.(o)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) To support the pawn.</p> + +<p>(k) An adventurous speculation, in which the risk is but little.</p> + +<p>(l) Ditto.</p> + +<p>(m) To preserve the means of preservation.</p> + +<p>(n) To lay an embargo on the black queen.</p> + +<p>(o) Any where else, she would be taken. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the same knight’s 1st square.(p)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s square.(q)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(r)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the white queen’s 2d square.(s)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Bishop takes the bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at the white king’s square, giving check.(t)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the rook, and checks.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(p) The comment on the next is a comment on this.</p> + +<p>(q) If the black queen had moved aside into one of the three squares to +which her sphere of action is at present reduced, the white rook, by +taking the pawn opposite, might have ensured check-mate in another move.</p> + +<p>(r) Had the queen’s rook taken the black queen, the black king’s rook, +by crossing to the white king’s square, would have won the game; by the +present move, that way of receiving check-mate is rendered impossible. +In advancing a pawn to the adverse party, let it always be as far as is +consistent with security.</p> + +<p>(s) In order to extricate herself.</p> + +<p>(t) He does this, which will cause him to be exchanged for the +white rook, to save his own king from the check-mate which is still +impending, and which, had the white queen been suffered to take his +king’s knight’s pawn, would by now have been inflicted. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king removes.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s 4th square, still giving check.(s)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the other pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> + +<li id="COUPLET_23" class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her knight’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Bishop at the black queen’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen takes the bishop.(t)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(s) The black queen has thus made a triumphant retreat. To the +advantages which sometimes attend giving check, although it can +be easily eluded or covered, already enumerated, may be added +that of gaining a move. There is still another: under the present +circumstances, the taking of a piece is ensured by it.</p> + +<p>(t) This player could not do better to prevent the check-mate, which +the white queen would else have given, by taking the pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(u)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black king’s 4th square.(v1)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at his bishop’s 3d square.(v2)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at his knight’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(u) That the liability of check-mate by the white minister’s stepping +into their first rank may at once be quashed. An instance similar has +before occurred. Of the moves in general now, but a few, we imagine, +will require to be observed on.</p> + +<p>(v2) To preserve his pawn (v1) (v2). The subsequent moves will for some +time be conducted on the plan of these. Of the player of the whites, +inferior in numbers, though not in force, the object is, either to +take, or keep in inaction, these pieces of the adversary preparatory to +advancing his own pawns on this side. The pawns of the adversary on the +other side, which are so disposed that he could make no impression on +them, he is not concerned at present to obstruct any otherwise than his +movements in this quarter virtually will. The object of the player of +the blacks will declare itself. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black king’s bishop’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(w)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at the queen’s square.(x)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at the queen’s 3d square.(y)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(w) Of the rook, the knight, and the knight’s pawn on the other side, +no one can move without one of them being taken; this player has, therefore, +no better alternative than urging to promotion the pawns on this.</p> + +<p>(x) The advancing a white pawn on the black knight, a step that is +in readiness, would have enabled the white queen to make great havoc +among the pieces she hovers over, had this rook remained where he was. +The present movement, and timely sacrifice of a pawn will prevent any +further uncompensated loss.</p> + +<p>(y) The knight protects the pawn, the rook protects the knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(z)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at the white queen’s 2d, giving check.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(z) The opportunity of giving check, which the white queen neglects, is +one of those cases in which it ought to be avoided. The black king, by +removing to his queen’s bishop’s 2d, would have covered both himself +and the rook; and the whites (including the loss of one to themselves +and the gain of one to their adversaries) would have sustained a +difference against them of two moves.</p> + +<p>(a) This secures an equivalent for the pawn which the knight will be +forced to desert.</p> + +<p>(b) The king, when his pieces are advancing to the adversary’s side, +should keep as near to them as possible. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn becomes a rook and discovers check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Rook at black queen’s knight’s square, giving check.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) If the king did not remove now, the white pawn, on becoming a rook, +would check-mate him.</p> + +<p>(d) Though it is not to be presumed that the player of the whites, with +his present force, will check-mate the other, yet he is now acting +rightly; for were he to refrain any longer from offence, his adversary +would make a queen before he could make an additional rook, and perhaps +turn the tables on him. What he aims at present, is not a mate, nor +primarily a capture; but to bring about such a change in the position +of the blacks, that the foremost of his pawns may wrest the move from +the foremost of theirs.</p> + +<p>(e) Any where else he would, probably, either soon lose his rook, or +suffer a worse disaster. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Rook at the black queen’s bishop’s square, still checking.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the white queen’s 4th square.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 4th giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the white queen’s knight’s 2d.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst">43 and 44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) Had he gone to the white queen’s knight’s 4th square—and had the +white queen then moved to the 1st square of that knight—the loss of +the black rook would have been inevitable.</p> + +<p>(g) The remaining black pieces are posited so, that an attempt at this +time to make any further capture, or to give check-mate, might only +bring their pawns nearer to promotion. As this piece has now the start, +this is the moment to push him on.</p> + +<p>(h) He thus makes way for the black pawn without exposing either +himself or the rook. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black king’s knight’s 4th square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at the white queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black king’s 4th square, checking.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at the white queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn becomes a rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn becomes a queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the rook, and checks.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the white queen’s 2d.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) For some of the moves commented on, we were in doubt whether the +tyro, unaided, could in passing have accounted: of this, and the +following ones, we are persuaded he will at once see the reason.</p> + +<p>(k) As check-mate is unavoidable, it is a matter of indifference what +moves he makes. He adopts those which will put off the evil longest. We +set them down merely that the game may not seem unfinished. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span></p> + +<ul class="index spb1"> +<li class="isub10">50.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the black queen’s square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at the white queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">51.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook checks again.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at the white queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">52.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her bishop’s 3d square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king removes.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">53.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook checks.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the square of the white queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">54.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s square, gives <i>check-mate</i>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="spa1">The move at which the fortune of the blacks began to decline, +and at which a back-game may with most interest be taken up, is that where +the queen takes the white knight (<a href="#COUPLET_23">couplet 23</a>). At the +moment before (numbers and force considered apart from position) the advantage +was on their side. What followed this move will impress on the student, that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> +whenever an adversary seems to expose a piece to capture without +securing an equivalent, or without securing a proper one the reprisal +which the white bishop might have made on the black knight, as it +would have spoilt the position of the white pieces, and lessened their +comparative strength, could not be considered a proper one] he must not +attribute to accident what may be the effect of design, and take the +exposed piece without hesitation. If the player he is contending with +be not contemptible, it is rather to be suspected that he has, as the +player of the whites had in the present case, some ambuscaded motive +for losing the piece: whether he has or no, it behooves the student, +before taking it, well to examine.</p> + +<p>The game just ended, affords occasion likewise to observe, that sudden +incursions on the adversary’s pieces are only to be made with caution. +The 13th move of the blacks, the difficulty with which the queen +retreats, and her being once within an ace of capture, very forcibly +suggest this maxim. Of this move, however, we do not mean to impeach +the propriety.</p> + +<p>At the 10th move, to have acted more systematically, the black bishop +should have stopped at the 4th square of the bishop of his king. In the +counterstep to this and other moves, the whites, too, might have acted +more systematically: but as we mean to give separate examples of that +kind of play, from which these are deviations, and as many of the +intervening moves are properly consequent one of the other, it will not +be necessary to begin any variation of the last example at an earlier +move than the 1st of the 23d couplet. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak">FIRST SCALE OF POWERS.</h2> + +<p>The introductory chapter classes the pieces in the order of their +relative values; but nothing is added of the ratio in value, which +two or three inferior pieces bear to a superior, or two superior; as +the introduction of minute discriminations, before the attainment +of some practical knowledge, might have perplexed the reader. As, +however, situations occur on the board, in which it is necessary that +the most critical calculations of force should be consulted, and as +the propriety of accepting or declining some exchanges depends on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> +punctilious considerations, it is thought proper to give, as a prelude +to the remaining examples, the following scale:</p> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">2⅕,<span class="ws2"> </span></td> + <td class="tdr">14,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">9,</td> + <td class="tdr">15,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">9,</td> + <td class="tdr">28.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p>With respect to qualification for attack and defence, the facility of +conducing to these ends, by a stationary attitude, or by moving, and +extent of action, the powers of the pawn, the knight, the king, the +bishop, the rook, and the queen, are to each other in this proportion.</p> + +<p>The values of all the pieces, except the pawn and king, are +commensurate with their powers.</p> + +<p>The nature of the game puts the king’s value above competition.</p> + +<p>The value of every pawn, taking into the account the probability of his +becoming a capital piece, is on the average, about 5⅖.</p> + +<p class="f150"><b>SECOND SCALE OF POWERS.</b></p> + +<p>In the foregoing estimate, of the five superior pieces the highest +force is taken; that is to say, each is supposed to be in that part of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span> +the board where its sphere of action is largest: assuming, however, +that in play the probability of their occupying any given square is +equal, their powers will be,</p> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">2³²/₁₆₀,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pawn</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> 9¹²⁰/₁₆₀,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Bishop</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">6⁴⁰/₁₆₀,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Knight  </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">15,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Rook</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">7⁹⁰/₁₆₀,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">King</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">23¹²⁰/₁₆₀,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Queen.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p>The pawn’s chance of promotion makes his value 4¹⁴³/₁₆₀.</p> + +<p>It will be perceived, that by this scale, the relative powers of the +pawn and rook, with respect to each other, remain as before; while with +respect to the other pieces, that of the former is trivially, and that +of the latter, greatly enhanced.</p> + +<p>In finding both scales, the part of the board within the sphere of each +respective piece wherever it is placed, is supposed to be unoccupied.</p> + +<p>As the player cannot always put the pieces where their range of action +will be the most extensive, the latter scale is the safer to be +adopted, as a datum from which to estimate their values, in balancing +one piece against two pieces, two against three, previously to +suffering or effecting such a kind of exchange.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">EXAMPLE VI.<br> +<span class="h_subtitle">THE SECOND ESSAY CONTINUED<br> FROM THE TWENTY-SECOND COUPLET.</span></h2> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his rook’s 3d square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black queen’s 4th.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) His standing before the pawns on this side is of no consequence, as +their only use will be to obstruct the white ones: those on the other +side are what this player must expect to promote. The only other way of +preserving this knight, moving the black queen to the 1st rank, would +have been a bad step.</p> + +<p>(b) He would have been safe before the black queen; but by thus +threatening check-mate he gains a move, and is in a better position.</p> + +<p>(c) The king must not only not move into check himself, but no piece +must move so as to expose him to it; therefore, if, instead of this, +the bishop’s pawn had moved a square, the white bishop might have taken +his assailant with security.</p> + +<p>(d) To keep the black knight from checking the king. Had this pawn +been moved further, the black knight, at the white knight’s 4th house, +supported by the black queen and rook’s pawn, would have totally +obstructed him and his companions. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at his king’s bishop’s square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 3d square.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at his bishop’s 2d square.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at his king’s 4th square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) As, from the impendence of the white queen and bishop, the +protection of both the knight and the rook is necessary to the pawns +on the other side, moving forward with safety, this player is about to +transfer them there.</p> + +<p>(f) To sustain the rook’s pawn when that of the knight advances.</p> + +<p>(g) He could not get to the square he is going to without first coming +here: to protect him in this first stage of his gambit⁠<a id="FNanchor_24_24" href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>, +was the chief reason of placing the rook where he is. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th square.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the black king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at the queen’s bishop’s 1st square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at his queen’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) He moved to save the king’s bishop’s pawn, now amply protected. The +pieces are so arranged, you see, that if the black player was to begin +exchanging, the white one would have the last capture. At the time of +observing (g) the reverse was the case.</p> + +<p>(i) Pawns, as they are pushed on, increase in value. Of a set of pawns, +one at least of which you are striving to promote, neither should, if +possible, be moved without having a piece as guardian, should no enemy +at the moment be at hand; for a sudden occurrence, the same which may +prevent you from providing for his safety, may bring an adversary in +a position to command him. But though this pawn, as thus moved, is in +the predicament of having no support, it would have been still worse +to have stirred any other; if the rook’s pawn had advanced a square, +the knight’s pawn of the blacks, by advancing two squares, might have +completely blockaded all three. A circumspect resiler from enterprise, +instead of moving either, would have placed the king behind the +knight’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at his queen’s 4th square.(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the king’s bishop’s 3d square.(l)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the black king’s 2d square discovering check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop’s pawn covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king removes.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(k) This more than prevents the black pawn’s being advanced upon the +bishop.</p> + +<p>(l) She could not do better. If the black bishop’s pawn had been moved +against the bishop, the white knight would have taken him. If the +rook had taken the knight, the bishop would then have taken the rook. +Combinations, such as these, may be carried to a great extent, and very +much try the skill of the player. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d square, giving check.(m)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King at his rook’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(n)</li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120"><i>Variation.</i></p> +<p class="center">(m) This queen takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">The white knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">The black queen at the white king’s 3d square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">The white king removes.</li> +<li class="isub2">The black queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">The white queen takes the pawn—and so on.</li> + +<li class="isub3 ifrst">The result is, as it will be of the present way</li> +<li class="isub3">of moving, that the black king is check-mated.</li> +</ul></div> + +<p>(n) Nothing better could be done than to offer this. Paradoxical +as it may seem to the unpractised reader, if the three pawns on the +queen’s side of the board were entirely away, the player of the blacks +would be better off. By moving his king to intercept the white ones, +and by judiciously managing his own, he might then, and the other +could not help it, so exchange one for one, that to the white king and +single pawn left, his own would at length stand opposed in the manner +described at the end of Section xxx; the consequence of which would be, +that the adversary, to avoid a stale, would resign his pawn, content +neither to beat nor be beaten. But, circumstanced as he now is, the +player of the blacks would be soonest check-mated on the interception +plan. We will suppose him to have gone upon it, and to have arrived at +the point just mentioned. The white king instead of surrendering his +pawn, closely supports him, leaving the black king without a move, and, +but for having other pieces, in a stale. Then follows the move at which +we are pausing. The white pawn takes the pawn, and leaves the black +queen’s rook’s a free passage. The white pawn gets to the promotion +line a move before his rival, and at the moment of doing so, gives +check-mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(o)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(o) It is better now to lose a pawn than a move. If the queen’s +rook’s pawn were to take the black one, the other player would make a +queen first; for the black queen’s rook’s pawn having then nothing to +interrupt him, would be virtually a move before either of the other +white ones; and as to the capturing pawn, then in the knight’s file, the +black king need not lose the time of one step to keep him from promotion. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the king’s rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn becomes a queen, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king moves obliquely to his right.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap"> +<p>Though at the risk of dividing the reader’s attention, we have been +fuller on the part just preceding, in order that it may serve as a +precedent for cases not exactly similar. The moves after this, however, +will require no remark from us. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span></p> +<hr class="chap"> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king moves to support his remaining pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king where he can support the pawn without being checked.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">50, &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p>When the queen made the last capture, the game was virtually ended. If, +however, the player of the blacks is obstinate enough still to continue +it, the following is the most summary way of mating him.</p> + +<p>From 50 to 54, the white king crosses toward his queen, the black king +in the mean time regrading in the same two squares, so as to prevent +the queen, who remains inactive, from taking his pawn: 55, (the white +king being at his queen’s bishop’s 3d square) the queen gives check; +the king removes: 56 to the end, the queen takes the pawn, and in +concert with her king, effects the check-mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE VII.</b></p> + +<p class="center">A SECOND BACK-GAME TO EXAMPLE V.<br> TAKEN UP AFTER THE 24th COUPLET<br> +OF EXAMPLE VI. <a href="#Page_85">pa. 85</a>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the bishop’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 3d square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the white queen’s 4th.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her own 3d square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s 4th square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Combining with his knight’s, in support of his rook’s pawn.</p> + +<p>(b) Instead of supporting his right hand pawns from behind, as he did +in the last game, in order to advance them against the white queen +and bishop—a plan that was found unsuccessful—this player is now +endeavouring to remove the white queen and bishop in the first instance.</p> + +<p>(c) To save herself and the pawn.</p> + +<p>(d) Chiefly to preserve her knight.</p> + +<p>(e) To protect the bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the square of her king’s bishop.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) Pawns, whose only use is obstruction, can seldom promote their +object by moving forwards⁠<a id="FNanchor_25_25" href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>—and therefore, while there is any thing +to do in another quarter, they should in general only be moved, as this +has been now, for self-preservation.</p> + +<p>(g) To support the bishop’s pawn in his next move.</p> + +<p>(h) In employing only the king to escort his pawns, to which he is at +present adequate—and reserving his rook as an ambuscaded check to the +advancement of the white ones—this player pursues an eligible policy. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her king’s knight’s 4th.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) The white pawns are very critically situated, for they can hardly +move without committing themselves. Had the knight’s advanced a square, +and his immediate opponent two squares, an uncompensated loss would +have been inevitable; so that this move of the queen, though not the +most obvious, is, perhaps, the best that could be made.</p> + +<p>(k) This is far better than moving the queen away. When one is sure of +promoting a pawn before the adversary—if an occasion of exchanging +queen for queen does not offer, it ought to be sought—that the preponderance +which the promoted pawn will give, may be as great as possible. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen takes the pawn of the black knight.(l)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the knight’s.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d square.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(n)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(l) This, and not the reverse, that his pawns may not be doubled, or +two in a file—which, had this player taken the queen, would have been +the case. Doubling pawns is chiefly to be avoided, when, as here, there +would be no pawn in an adjoining file: when there are others to support +them, it is an evil so evanescent, that no sacrifice ought to be made +to prevent it.</p> + +<p>(m) To make way for the knight.</p> + +<p>(n) If he had taken the pawn, the critical square would have been +within the range of the white bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the black king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook takes the pawn of the white rook, and gives check.(o)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn becomes a queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn becomes a queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the white king’s knight’s square,</li> +<li class="isub3">giving check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(o) The rook’s forbearing this capture thus long, is an exemplication +of rule 21. If it had been material to prevent the white player from +having a queen, this player would have detached the rook along his own +rank to a square out of the knight’s reach; and on the white pawn’s +becoming a queen, would have exchanged the rook for the queen.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Scholar’s-Mate</i>.</h2> +</div> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE VIII.</b></p> +<p class="center"><i>Meditating and evading that Stratagem.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the queen’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) In this example, and the rest that make up the section, which after +the 2d move are very different from those that go before, it is rather +the movements of the blacks than of the whites that are proposed for +imitation. The mode to be pursued by one player, depends in a great +measure on that pursued by the other: we have therefore given these, +that the tyro might not be surprised into a defeat, or uncompensated +loss, if an opponent, having the first move, should at the 3d couplet +take the same step that the whites have done here—a step of that +fundamental kind, that the future aspect of the game is influenced +materially by it.</p> + +<p>(b) She thus prevents the white queen, as well from taking the king’s, +as from giving check-mate by taking the bishop’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) The object of the white player now is, either to snatch a piece +and retire, or, by the sacrifice of a knight or a bishop, make a +practicable breach in the black pawns.</p> + +<p>(d) The remaining moves, declare their object.</p> + +<p>The reader will observe, that the game might be finished at the 4th +couplet; which is the earliest termination it can well be made to +receive, and is called the <i>scholar’s-mate</i>.</p> + +<p>The game may be finished in two couplets, the fatal stroke being given +by the second move of the second player: but there requires so much +fatuity to permit this, that it has the name of the <i>fools-mate</i>. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the white king’s bishop’s 2d square,</li> +<li class="isub3">giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight, &c. &c.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) As the forces of both are at par, or nearly so, and the intricacies +consequent on the 3d, 4th, and 5th steps gotten over, it is not +essential to our purpose to proceed any further. If the reader likes to +pursue the subject, the economy of the pawns and other pieces during +the rest of the game, is not very different from the finishings in the +second essay. In the mean time we submit to him some variations, all +of which, however, as soon as the blacks are equal or superior to the +whites, and the future moves of both, independent of those that have +preceded, will, like this, be discontinued. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE IX.</b></p> + +<p class="center">MOVES CONSEQUENT ON THE ATTEMPT<br> TO GIVE THE SCHOLAR’S-MATE.</p> + +<p class="center spa1"><i>Beginning after the Sixth Couplet of</i><br> +<span class="smcap">Example VIII</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop takes the pawn, and checks.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th, checking.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at his 1st square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the white rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Owing to this, the black bishop cannot move without exposing the +rook. To save his bishop, and the knight’s pawn, or to lose neither +without a recompense, will require the black player’s utmost skill. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE X.</b></p> +<p class="center"><i>Beginning after the Ninth Couplet of</i><br> +<span class="smcap">Example IX</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the white knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) The white player <i>must</i> lose one of the pawns without a +recompense, and had he suffered this to be taken, he would have lost +two—because the knight would then have attacked the king’s pawn and +rook, and both could not have been saved.</p> + +<p>(b) If the king had not removed, the black knight would have taken the +bishop’s pawn and given check; the consequence would have been, that +the rook as well as the pawn, would have been lost for the mere knight. +Now the knight cannot remove without exposing his own rook.</p> + +<p>(c) Of his gambit, which he may not have occasion to finish, the object +is, to support the black rook when the other knight removes. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s knight’s 4th, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn becomes a queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the rook and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 1st square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Bishop at black king’s bishop’s 3d, &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE XI.</b></p> + +<p class="center spa1"><i>Beginning, like the last, after the 9th Couplet of</i><br> +<span class="smcap">Example IX</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the 1st pawn in the king’s bishop’s file.</li> + +<li class="isub2">———————————————————————</li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Variation.</i></li> +<li class="isub15 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub7">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub7">B. The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub15 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub7">W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub7">B. The bishop takes the bishop(a), &c.</li> +<li class="isub2">———————————————————————</li> +</ul> + +<p class="blockquot no-indent">(a) Had the black player suffered the white bishop +to take his bishop, moving out his knight in order to capture him with +his rook, he would be unable to break the white pawns.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his bishop’s square, &c. &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span></p> +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE XII.</b></p> + +<p class="center spa1"><i>Beginning after the Seventh Couplet of</i><br> +<span class="smcap">Example IX</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the black king’s 3d square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn, &c. &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p>A better mode to be pursued by the blacks than any yet exhibited, is +the following. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE XIII.</b></p> + +<p class="center spa1"><i>Beginning at the Fifth Couplet of</i><br> +<span class="smcap">Example VIII</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the king’s bishop’s square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her home, &c. &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) The player of the white knight, feeling his insecurity, would be +glad to exchange him; therefore had this knight gone to the bishop’s +3d square instead of the 1st, the white one would have taken him. The +white knight, by giving check, would have afforded his queen time to +remove from the rook. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span></p> + +<p class="f130 spa1"><b>EXAMPLE XIV.</b></p> + +<p class="center spa1"><i>Beginning after the Seventh Couplet of</i><br> +<span class="smcap">Example XIII</span>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the white king’s rook’s 4th.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen, &c. &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If, instead of this, the black knight had moved, as in the 8th move +of the last Example, the white knight would have taken him.</p> + +<p>(b) If the white player had neglected this move to take the pawn in his +queen’s power, the black queen, would have captured, in addition to the +bishop’s pawn, by afterwards successively checking the king, two or three +other pawns, without ultimately suffering the white knight to escape.</p> + +<p>(c) It was not a matter of indifference whether or not be exchanged the +queen: if he had not, he must have lost the king’s pawn uncompensated. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span></p> + +<p class="f120"><b>GENERAL REMARKS.</b></p> + +<p>On the part of the blacks it is to be observed, that the result of +the two last ways of moving, though something more in their favour +than the result of any of the others, is not so decidedly superior as +at the first view it may seem. The white player’s having preserved +all his pawns entire is a circumstance that almost counter-balances +his disadvantages; for to prevent one of the three white pawns on the +king’s side from becoming a queen, the other player must exchange for +them, at least two knights and the pawn opposite: Suppose these changes +to have taken place, and the difference in favour of the blacks will be +very inconsiderable.</p> + +<p>With respect to the propriety of the reader’s opening the game in this +way, when his having the first move puts it in his power, we know but +one case in which there would be any.—When there is any reason to +think, that, from the antagonist’s estrangement to it, notwithstanding +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span> +his having had some practice, the triumph of beating him in four moves +might be attained⁠<a id="FNanchor_26_26" href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>. +In such a case, as there is a probability of +snatching a piece on its failure, and as no decisive loss is to +be apprehended if one be defeated even in that, it cannot be very +imprudent to try it. Another consideration which, in such a case, +lessens the impropriety, is, that if you meet with success, either +complete or partial, the adversary, at his turn of moving first, may +be induced to adopt the same mode, which most probably, from its +novelty, will to him be disastrous. As soon as this stratagem ceases +to profit, or if it fails in the first instance, it will of course be +instinctively resigned.</p> + +<p>A deviation on this plan, from the maxim, “Never count on the mistakes +of your adversary, or act as if you expected him to adopt measures +different from those which you would adopt in his situation,” is, +perhaps, the only kind of one not very reprehensible.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">EXAMPLE XV.<br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><b><i>Game of Involved Combinations</i></b>,</span> + </h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">A STUDY.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">COUPLET 1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) That this move should precede all the others, is right in theory +as well as in practice. We add the following, which is more definite, +to the reasons directly or indirectly already dropt for it. The rooks +are useless at the beginning of the game,—the knights, to step out, +require no pawn to be moved,—the bishops cannot render their immediate +service without an opening;—the advancement of the king’s pawns 2 +squares, which leaves the king’s bishop and queen at liberty to act, +without exposing the king, either in front or obliquely, is therefore +dictated by propriety, as the preliminary movement. And there are other +reasons, if it would not divide the attention to give them here.</p> + +<p>(b) This move, in these circumstances, may now and then be used with +advantage as a change, instead of that which places the king’s bishop +at the same square; it will, though the adversary has the first move, +prevent him from getting two pawns a-breast in the centre—and if he be +unused to it, rather confine and disconcert his other operations: at the +same time, your own king’s bishop will, in some degree, be cramped by it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. †</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. ⸸</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. †</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. ⸸</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120"><i>Remarks.</i></p> + +<p><span class="fs_120"><b>†⸸</b></span> The moves, with this mark +<span class="fs_120"><b>(†)</b></span> will be found to menace, +with this <span class="fs_120"><b>(⸸)</b></span> to parry. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her 3d square. †</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the queen’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s 4th.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop covers the check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Saving himself and the pawn.</p> + +<p>(d) With a view to take the king’s pawn with his knight, which would be +secured from the black knight by the ambuscade on the rook; and if he +be disappointed in the way he expects, with another view.</p> + +<p>(e) To save the king from check-mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. †(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. ⸸(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th. †</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black queen’s bishop’s 3d, giving check. ‡</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) This player’s object now will be to promote the pawns on his +queen’s side as soon as he can.</p> + +<p>(g) This player having no pawns which he has any prospect of promoting, +at least while those on the adverse king’s side remain unbroken, cannot +do better than, availing himself of his superiority in other pieces, +endeavour to snatch some of the pawns of the adversary; attacking him +first on one wing, then on the other, and bringing two or three pieces +to bear upon one.</p> + +<p>(h) If the knight’s pawn, with a view to save this, had moved a +square, the black bishop would have taken the knight’s pawn.</p> + +<p class="f120"><i>Remarks.</i></p> + +<p><span class="fs_120"><b>‡</b></span> The moves with this mark, will +be found not directly to parry a menaced blow; but merely, by making a +counter attack, to suspend its execution. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his 1st square. ⸸(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her own bishop’s 2d. †</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. ⸸</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the square of the queen’s knight. †</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at her king’s 2d. ⸸</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at his bishop’s 3d. †(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the queen’s knight’s 2d. ⸸(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) To save himself and the knight’s pawn.</p> + +<p>(k) The pawns cannot advance with safety at present.</p> + +<p>(l) This is hardly parrying an attack, it is rather flying from it; +however, he is only driven to the square to which he was gambiting. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at his king’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at the black queen’s knight’s 4th. †</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at the bishop’s 3d. ‡</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop gives check.(n)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at the king’s square.(o)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m) To save the king from check-mate.</p> + +<p>(n) The assault of the white knight prevented this player from +executing the scheme that he intended; or otherwise, instead of giving +check with his bishop, he would have taken the white king’s bishop’s +pawn with his knight.</p> + +<p>(o) When a player has fewer pawns, and more superior pieces than the +adversary, he should bring as many of the latter into play as he can: +if he adduce, on the whole, but one more piece, and carry on the +combination with skill, the other <i>must</i> give way at last. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 4th.(p)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the king’s square.(q)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(p) Of the four squares which he may go into, if he were not to take +one of the two next his adversary’s side, he would, at the next move, +lose either a pawn or his rook.</p> + +<p>(q) The black player has now virtually won: we shall make the rest of +the moves as summary as propriety will allow. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight’s pawn gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the bishop’s 1st.(r)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook gives check at the white</li> +<li class="isub2">bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king removes.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at the white queen’s bishop 2d,</li> +<li class="isub3">discovering check from the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king removes either to his right or left.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook takes the rook and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king removes.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the white king’s 2d,</li> +<li class="isub3">giving <i>check-mate</i>.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(r) If he goes to his rook’s 1st, the black king’s rook checks him at +his first square; and when the white rook takes the black king’s rook, +the black queen’s rook takes the capturer, and repeats check: the king +removes, and is check-mated.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b><i>Conclusion</i></b>.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the former edition of this work, the author took occasion to +introduce, with a game of <span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, some +observations on the critical situations, into which an inexperienced +player may get, from attempting that master’s mode of managing the +pawns, on account of the address and ability which a successful pursuit +of it requires. The difficulty is, should the adversary abandon +the direct mode of opposition with his own pawns, to guard against +the facility which he thereby obtains, of employing a great number +of his superior pieces in forcing the position of your king. This +inconvenience is to be prevented, without relinquishing the defence of +the pawns, or failing in their ultimate promotion, but there is danger, +in pursuing any plan intensely, of acquiring a manner. The judicious +player will avail himself of the masterly instructions which +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span> gives for the evolutions of +the minor pieces; without reposing on his system on all occasions; +adopting or declining it, as he finds it successful or disastrous +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> +with different players; and obstructing, or conniving at its trial on +himself, as it may be in unison with the general mode of the person who +would practise it. The models of <span class="smcap">Cunningham</span> +and <span class="smcap">Salvio</span>, requiring great stores of +resource to prevent the adventurer from suffering by enterprise, +will in practice be equally delicate to follow. The spirit of these +accomplished specimens is what you should endeavour to seize. In +opposition to any project, to adhere invariably to the routine of +moves in the best edited forms is ineligible; for instance, if you +were to imitate exactly the second mover in the first party of +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, an inferior player might beat +you by rote. And though the black player, under the conduct of +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, suffering the establishment of two +white pawns in the centre, proceeds on the conception, that it could +not be prevented, without giving his skilful opponent in some shape or +other an equivalent advantage; you will sometimes find it profitable to +try the effect of that equivalent advantage, where the variation forces +the adversary to the resource of his own talents. Thus, while with a +mixture of prudence and spirit, you do not disdain to adopt from edited +forms moves that are suited to the situation; the features of your play +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> +will be impressed with the character of your own powers; and you will +guard against a habit of ingrafting moves in a mechanical series, +as if you wanted that promptness which should conform itself to all +circumstances.</p> + +<p>You may play the game of <span class="smcap">Hannibal</span> or +<span class="smcap">Fabius</span>. If you have naturally a disposition +for enterprise, and are fertile in expedients, you will do well to +cultivate it, as it will prevent an adversary of slower parts from +prosecuting those systematic plans, which he has tried and proved. If, +on the contrary, your abilities are rather solid than splendid, you +must, even in those speculations into which a player of an opposite +turn will sometimes draw you, keep as near as possible to the shore +of certainty, never launching into a new track with wantonness, never +without deliberation. But whether your ingenuity expatiate, or your +judgment, preponderate, your best guide will be Experience. If you have +enlisted both these in your accomplishments, you will not want, though +you will excuse, the officiousness of advice. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p> + +<p>The observations on points, respecting which the practice is not +entirely uniform, are postponed to the <a href="#Page_259E">appendix</a>. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span></p> +<p class="f150">ANALYSIS</p> +<p class="f80">OF</p> +<p class="f120"><b>THE GAME OF CHESS.</b></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b><span class="smcap">By Mr.</span> PHILIDOR.</b></p> + +<p class="f80">TO WHICH IS ADDED,</p> +<p class="center">SEVERAL PARTIES, PLAYED BY THE<br> +AUTHOR BLINDFOLD,<br>AGAINST<br>THREE ADVERSARIES.</p> + +<p class="f120"><b><i>A New Edition</i></b>,</p> + +<p class="f80">WITH CORRECTIONS BY THE EDITOR,<br> +CHIEFLY REGARDING THE PERSPICUITY OF THE LANGUAGE.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Ludimus effigiem belli.</i> <span class="smcap">Vida.</span></p> +</div> + + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120 spa2"><b><i>Advertisement</i></b>.</p> + +<p>It is to be observed, that in the Notes, the reader is addressed as the +player supposed to move the white pieces, and the player of the blacks, +an imaginary antagonist of the reader, is spoken of in the third +person, to avoid equivocation.</p> + +<p>It is also to be observed, that when the manœuvre of castling is +performed in the following examples, the king stands on the square +<i>next but one to his own</i>, and the rook on the <i>square adjoining +the king’s original square</i>;—so that the place for castling on the +king’s and on the queen’s side, is not, as in the preceding games, +uniform:—but the king and rook stand on the same squares on the king’s side. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span></p> +<p class="f150">ANALYSIS OF <i>CHESS</i>.</p> + +<p class="f120"><b><i>Philidor’s own Games</i></b>.</p> + +<p class="center">FIRST PARTY,</p> +</div> + +<p><i>With Two Back Games; the First beginning from the Twelfth, +and the Second from the Thirty-seventh Move, of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This pawn, is pushed two steps, for two reasons: the first, to +hinder the adversary’s king’s bishop from attacking your king’s +bishop’s pawn; the second, to bring the strength of your pawns into the +centre of the chess-board. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) When you find your game in the present situation, <i>viz.</i> two +pawns in a front line, you must take care not to push either of them, +before your adversary proposes to change one for the other: which you +will then avoid, by pushing forwards the attacked pawn.</p> + +<p>(c) If, instead of being withdrawn, this bishop gives check, you are to +cover the check with the bishop; and, in case he takes your bishop, you +must take his bishop with your knight, who will then defend your king’s +pawn.</p> + +<p>(d) Before the bishop’s pawn has been pushed two squares, avoid playing +the knight at the bishop’s 3d, when it will answer the purpose to play +him any where else; for the obstruction which the knight gives to the +motion of the pawn, is sometimes inconvenient in its consequences. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) The bishop retires, to avoid being attacked by the adversary’s +queen’s pawn, because that would force you to take his pawn with yours, +and separate your pawns.</p> + +<p>(f) He plays this pawn to give an opening to the rook; and this cannot +be hindered, whether he or you take.</p> + +<p>(g) You should not take the pawn which is offered you, because your +king’s pawn would then lose its file; whereas, leaving yours to be +taken, you supply its place by the pawn of your queen, and sustain it +afterwards with your king’s bishop’s pawn. These two pawns united will +undoubtedly win the game.</p> + +<p>(h) He takes the pawn to pursue his design of giving an opening +to his rook. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop takes the black bishop.(l)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) He plays this bishop to add to the security of his queen’s pawn, +and to enable him to push afterwards his queen’s bishop’s pawn: you +could, it is true, oblige him to double a pawn in the knight’s file, by +taking his king’s bishop with your queen’s bishop, but this would make +an opening to his king’s rook: besides a doubled pawn, when connected +with others, as his would be, is by no means disadvantageous; however, +the present attitude of the pieces will be the subject of a back game, +making him take your queen’s bishop with that of his king.</p> + +<p>(k) Your king’s pawn being as yet in no danger, your knight attacks his +bishop, in order to take him, or have him removed.</p> + +<p>(l) It is always dangerous to let the adversary’s king’s bishop command +the diagonal of your king’s bishop’s pawn; and therefore when your +queen’s pawn cannot form a bar to his action, it is necessary to oppose +him with your queen’s bishop, and to exchange him for that piece, if +you cannot procure him for a smaller. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(n)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(o)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m) You castle on that side, in order to sustain and strengthen your +king’s bishop’s pawn, which you will advance two squares as soon as +your king’s pawn is attacked.</p> + +<p>(n) He is forced to push this pawn, to hinder you from playing your +king’s bishop’s pawn upon his queen, which would give you two pawns in +a front line upon his field.</p> + +<p>(o) This pawn is played to enable you to push your king’s knight’s pawn +two steps. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(p)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The 1st of the double pawns 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d square.(q)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the white king’s 3d square.(r)</li> +</Ul> + +<p>(p) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight entering his game, and +forcing his queen to remove, which would immediately make an opening +for your pawns.</p> + +<p>(q) You play this knight to enable yourself to push your king’s +bishop’s pawn next, which will be then supported by three pieces, the +rook, the bishop, and the knight.</p> + +<p>(r) He plays this knight, in order to cut off the communication between +your pieces, and break the strength of your pawns; which he would +undoubtedly do, by pushing his king’s knight’s pawn; but you prevent +his design, by sacrificing your rook. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s square.(s)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 3d square.(t)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 4th square.(u)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(s) You play the rook to support your king’s pawn, which would be left +without adequate support, were you to push your king’s bishop’s pawn.</p> + +<p>(t) The queen returns to this square, in order to hinder the +check-mate, now prepared.</p> + +<p>(u) The queen offers to be exchanged with the other queen, in order to +break the scheme of a check-mate, by the adverse bishop and queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn in his way.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(x)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the white queen’s knight’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the queen’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(x) You are to observe, that when your bishop runs upon the white +squares, you must put your pawns upon the black ones; or, if your +bishop runs upon the black, you must have your pawns upon the white; by +which course the bishop prevents the adversary’s pieces from intruding +between your pawns. This rule is hardly ever to be dispensed with, +in case you attack, and have some pawns advanced; but, in case of a +defence, the rule must be reversed, and the pawns set upon the bishop’s colour. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 4th square.(y)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the black king’s rook’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at the white queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King at his knight’s 3d square.(z) ☜</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the 4th square of his king’s bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(y) Here is an example of the above note: if your bishop run black, +your adversary’s king might insinuate between your two pawns.</p> + +<p>(z) As the king may retire to his bishop’s square, we will make it the +subject of a second back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black king’s rook 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Plays any where: the white pushes to queen.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Twelfth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop takes the queen’s bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his 2d square. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the white king’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the white queen’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the black queen’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square,</li> +<li class="isub3">or any move indifferently, the game being unavoidably lost.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Rook at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires, having but one place. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king removes.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the black queen’s square, discovering check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king removes where he can.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn becomes a queen, and gives check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Thirty-seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the white queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight at the white king’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s knight’s 4th square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Bishop gives check at the black king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn becomes a queen, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND PARTY</b>,</p> + +<p><i>With Three Back Games: the First on the Third, the Second on +the Eighth, and the last on the Twenty-sixth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) It is absolutely necessary to advance this pawn two squares to +prevent your adversary from bringing his pawns into the centre of the +board; and this he certainly could effect, by pushing his queen’s pawn +two squares against your bishop, which would give him the move and +attack.</p> + +<p>(b) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn two squares instead of taking, it +would have materially altered the game, so we will make it the subject +of a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) He has two reasons for playing this bishop: the first is, to push +his queen’s pawn, in order to make room for his king’s bishop; the +second, to oppose it to your king’s bishop, and take him from the field +in time, according to the rule prescribed in the first game.</p> + +<p>(d) If, instead of getting out his superior pieces, by playing his +knight, he should continue to advance his pawns, he might with ease be +made to lose the game. It must be observed, that one or two pawns, too +far advanced, may be reckoned as lost, except when there is an open +field for other pieces to protect them, or when the same pawns may be +sustained or supplied by others. By a back game it will convincingly +appear, that two pawns in a front line, situated upon the chess-board’s +fourth square, are better than upon the sixth square. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) He pushes this pawn two squares to prevent your pawns falling upon +his.—Here observe, two equal bodies of pawns are on the board: you +have four to three on your king’s side, and he has four to three on his +queen’s side; the player that is able first to separate his adversary’s +pawns, on the side where they are most in number, will undoubtedly win +the game.</p> + +<p>(f) This move is material, by its seasonable anticipation, because by +pushing his king’s rook’s pawn a square, he would have cut off the +communication between your pawns; your king’s knight’s pawn being then +unable to join that of your bishop, without being exposed to be taken +by his rook’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight gives check to the king, and attacks the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the knight.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s square.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) Though a rook is commonly more valued than a knight, yet your game +may be better than his: because, notwithstanding this loss, your king +is safe, and you are the better enabled to form your attack on which +ever side your adversary may chuse to castle.</p> + +<p>(h) It is essential to play your queen to sustain your king’s knight’s +pawn, least he should sacrifice his bishop for your two pawns, which +he certainly would; because all the strength of your game consisting +in your pawns, the breaking of them would give him the attack, and +probably make you lose the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles on his queen’s side.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.(l)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s knight’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her own square.(m)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) In order to engage your adversary to push his queen’s bishop’s +pawn, which would give you the victory very soon, by making an opening +for your knights.</p> + +<p>(k) He castles on that side to avoid the strength of your pawns upon +his king, which present a menacing front, and are already farther +advanced than those on the side of your queen.</p> + +<p>(l) Had you given him check with this knight, you would have entangled +your bishop, and lost many moves: it is therefore better to go back.</p> + +<p>(m) He brings back his queen to her home, with a design to place her +next at her king’s bishop’s square, to increase the support of his +queen’s bishop’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.(n)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(o)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(p)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(n) With a view to pursue your attack on his pawn.</p> + +<p>(o) In order to gain a move, and to hinder your king’s knight from +placing himself at your queen’s knight’s third square; but as the +twenty-sixth move might have been different, it will be the subject of +a back game.</p> + +<p>(p) Let him now play as he will, his situation is irretrievable; +because your knights have got a free passage into his game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight and checks.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.(q)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the black queen’s knight’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 4th square.(r)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Lost every where.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(q) If his king takes your queen’s bishop, you have his queen by a +discovered check; and if he removes his king elsewhere, he loses his +queen’s bishop.</p> + +<p>(r) The queen next takes the adversary’s queen’s pawn, exposes every +one of his pieces, and wins the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its queen’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Knight takes the rook’s pawn, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight retires.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at once checks the king, and attacks the rook, &c. &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Eighth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the white queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles, and will undoubtedly win the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Twenty-sixth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight gives check at the black queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span> </li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop gives check at the black queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the black queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king any where, loses the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD PARTY</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">THE BLACK PLAYER MOVING FIRST;</p> + +<p class="center"><i>With Three Back Games</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">N. B. The tactics of this game are not quite regular; +but the first moves of the white are very well +calculated, especially when some odds are granted.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) It is always advantageous to change your king’s bishop’s pawn for +the adversary’s king’s pawn, because, by that means, your king’s and +queen’s pawns may place themselves in the centre of the chess-board; +besides, in castling on the right wing, your rook is at liberty to act, +at the beginning of the game, as will be shewn by a back game on the +same play. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> + +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop retires.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If your adversary should refuse taking your bishop’s pawn, you +are still to leave it exposed, and not move it forward until he has +castled; when the pawns of your right wing, must form an attack upon +the pawns which cover his king, as is explained in a back game on that +move. You are, in general, to decline shewing hastily whether you have +determined to push the pawns on your right or left wing before your +adversary’s king has castled, because he will otherways retire on the +side where your pawns are less advanced, and consequently less able to +hurt him.</p> + +<p>(c) Should he take your knight with his bishop, you must take the +bishop with your pawn, in order to concentre your pawns.</p> + +<p>(d) This is the best square your king’s bishop can chuse, except the +fourth of your queen’s bishop: in that place he may be of use in +forming your attack upon the adverse king’s rook’s pawn, in case he +castles on his left side. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) If he had castled on his queen’s side, it would then have been your +game to castle on your king’s side, in order to assail him with all the +pawns on your left. It should be observed, that as it is dangerous to +attack the adversary too soon, you should forbear engaging him closely, +until your pawns are previously sustained by one another, and the +supporting pawns by your superior pieces. The unsuccessful result of a +premature assault is exhibited in a back game.</p> + +<p>(f) He plays the knight to make room for his king’s bishop’s pawn, with +a design next to advance it two squares, to endeavour to break your +cordon of pawns. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight takes the bishop.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop takes the knight.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) If he had pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, instead of +taking your bishop, you should in the first place have attacked his +queen with your queen’s bishop, and then have pushed your king’s rook’s +pawn upon his bishop, to force him to take your knight; then his bishop +must be taken with your pawn, in order the better to support your +king’s pawn, and replace it if lost.</p> + +<p>(h) If he did not take this knight, the bishop would remain imprisoned +by your pawns; or his player would lose three moves, which would ruin +his situation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his king’s bishop’s 3d.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s castles with his queen’s rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) With the design either to attack and remove your queen, or to +double it, if necessary, with the other rook.</p> + +<p>(k) To give room to your queen, in case your adversary attacks her with +his king’s rook.</p> + +<p>(l) The refined motives which produced this move make it difficult +to comprehend and explain. Preparatory to analysing it, let it be +observed, that when you have a range of pawns extending diagonally, the +pawn which is the leader must take his successive stations cautiously, +not protruding without necessity more than a square before the second +in the range, so as to want support. One project of the adversary, was +to force you to commit your pawns. Seeing your king’s pawn out of the +oblique line formed by your other pawns, and unprepared for any useful +co-operation; he proposed, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn, either +to induce your queen’s pawn to advance a square, that its progress +might be blocked by his pawn, while your king’s pawn was left behind, +or to cause your king’s pawn to move to its support, one effect of +which would be, that your own pawn would shield his king’s rook’s pawn +from the menacing action of your bishop. Both these designs you defeat +by impelling the king’s pawn against his rook, and it is eligible to +sacrifice it, rather than accomplish his views. Should he take your +king’s pawn, a free passage is obtained for the pawn of your queen, +which you are to advance immediately, and sustain in case of need, +with your others, in order to move it to queen, or engage it in some +exertion that may conduce to the game. It is true that his queen’s +pawn, passing, at the capture, into the king’s file, appears to have +the same advantage of having no opposition from your pawns to make a +queen; however there is a difference, because his pawn being separated, +and incapable of support from the other pawns, will be in danger, all +along its passage, of seizure by your pieces. This move, as I observed +before, is difficult to comprehend in all its bearings, and it requires +a proficiency in play, to see the propriety of it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(m)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m) It was expedient to play this knight, to stop his king’s pawn: it +concerned you the more to stop this pawn, because in its present state, +it blocks the passage of its own bishop, and even of its knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(n)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop.(o)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(n) He plays his queen, in order afterwards to give check, but if, +instead of playing her, he had pushed his king’s rook’s pawn, to hinder +the attack of your knight, you must have pushed your queen’s pawn one +square, which would have insured you the game.</p> + +<p>(o) He takes the bishop to save his king’s rook’s pawn; besides, the +bishop proves more incommodious to him than all your other pieces, and +by this play he keeps your queen’s rook from moving, after capturing +yours, as it would discover check to the king. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 4th.(p)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(p) Having the advantage of a rook against a bishop, towards the end of +a party, you will gain by changing the queen. His queen is troublesome +to you, and might render him effective service could he keep her, but +as you have placed yours, he is forced to exchange, to avoid check-mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his queen’s square.(q)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook at the adverse queen’s 2d—wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(q) You must seize the open files, to bring the rooks into play, +especially at the latter end of the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE THIRD PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn, passing by.⁠<a id="FNanchor_27_27" href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></li> +<li class="isub2">W. Rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his own square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen at her knight’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook takes the adverse queen’s knight. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight, not knowing an effective</li> +<li class="isub3">resource for her king.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE THIRD PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th square—commands</li> +<li class="isub3">the event of the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE THIRD PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Tenth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with the queen’s rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop takes the queen’s rook’s pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen’s pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square—has so evidently the game</li> +<li class="isub3">by various modes, that it is unnecessary to proceed.</li> +</ul> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FOURTH PARTY</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">WITH TWO BACK GAMES,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>The First on the Fifth, and the other on the Sixth Move</i>.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Ill play of the adversary in these circumstances; because by +pushing your queen’s pawn two squares, you regain the advantage of the +move.</p> + +<p>(b) If, instead of moving the pawn here, he had moved the king’s knight +to the king’s second square, you should have pushed your king’s pawn an +additional square; sustaining it afterwards with your king’s bishop’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) If, instead of pushing this pawn, he had moved his queen’s bishop +to the king’s third, you must have moved your king’s bishop to the +queen’s third, and then the situation of the game would have been +exactly as it is at the sixth move of the Second Party: but if he had +attacked your queen with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, he would have +played very ill, because his queen’s pawn would have been left behind. +<a href="#Page_161"><i>Vide note</i> (l) pa. 161</a>.</p> + +<p>(d) It is policy to decline changing your king’s pawn for your +adversary’s king’s bishop’s pawn, or your queen’s pawn for his queen’s +bishop’s pawn; on account of the paramount utility of the royal pawns; +occupying the centre, they preclude the adversary from the most +advantageous posts.</p> + +<p>(e) If, instead of pushing his queen’s pawn, he had taken your king’s, +you should have taken his queen; his pawn would have been in your +power afterwards; and by preventing him from castling, you would have +kept the attack in your hands; but as he could seat his queen at her +bishop’s second square, that alternative is traced through a second back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) When you have two bodies of pawns, with an interval between, and +an opportunity of transferring a pawn from one body to another, by +exchange; the pawn should pass to the larger division, to concentre them. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d square.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his queen’s rook.(i)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) Having no object for the power of his queen as she stood, he +removes her to make room for his pawns, with an intent to push them +upon you.</p> + +<p>(h) The pushing of this pawn, it is confessed, obstructs the game, +by lessening the facility of exchanging; but the power to make an +opening with your king’s rook’s pawn, is still reserved, and it will +be expedient to use it, as soon as your pieces are ready to form and +sustain the attack.</p> + +<p>(i) You castle on your queen’s side to acquire more freedom in +attacking on your right. If, instead of castling, you had taken +the pawn exposed, the result would have united in the centre the +adversary’s pawns, and impeded the operation of your pieces. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.(l)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(k) Had you taken the knight with your queen’s bishop, you had fallen +into the error, above deprecated, of uniting in the centre the +adversary’s pawns.</p> + +<p>(l) He plays this bishop to fill the place of his king’s knight’s pawn, +in case it be taken.</p> + +<p>(m) He plays this pawn to attack the knight that covers your king, +having no move that is obviously better; for by taking your pawn he +would be equally subject to lose the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s square.(n)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s rook’s 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check-mate.(o)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(n) If he takes the pawn with his bishop, he equally loses the game.</p> + +<p>(o) It would appear, that if you can succeed in planting round the +retreat of the adverse king two or three pawns, making an approach +for your powerful pieces, by an exchange, the utmost address of the +adversary, after permitting this, cannot accomplish the king’s safety. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE FOURTH PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at the black queen’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the white queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook attacks the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop retires to his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s knight 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at the white king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook gives check. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop and gives <i>check-mate</i>.</li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120">VARIATION BY THE EDITOR.</p> + +<p class="center">To the State previous to the 28th Move, return the Pieces.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub2">The black king to his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">The black bishop to the same knight’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">The black rook to the white king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">The white queen to her own 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">The white rooks one to the 1st, and one to the 4th square</li> +<li class="isub3">of their king’s rook.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) When the king is impeded by his own pieces, it is termed a +<i>smothered-mate</i>. As the mate in the back game was partly +smothered, the object of this variation is to prevent a repetition of +that, by timely removes and exchanges. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the black king’s rook’s square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 3d, discovering check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the black king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the black king’s 2d, giving check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) She opens for her king the only passage by which he can escape. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn, and checks.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Were the black queen to resign herself for the rook, the present</li> +<li class="isub3">impending check-mate would be averted in one obvious way; but</li> +<li class="isub3">that would leave the whites an effective preponderance; she</li> +<li class="isub3">therefore makes it a <i>draw game</i>, by perpetual check.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">TO THE FOURTH PARTY,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Sixth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his own square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen at the black queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the white king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the black queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check-mate at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Philidor’s Gambits</i>.<br> +<span class="h_subtitle">FIRST GAMBIT,</span></h2> +</div> +<p class="center">WITH SEVEN BACK GAMES;</p> + +<p><i>Two on the Fourth Move, One on the Fifth, One on the Sixth, +Two on the Seventh, the last on the Eighth</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a): Instead of that move, you might have pushed your king’s rook’s +pawn two squares. This will be the subject of a back game.</p> + +<p>(b) Instead of playing this bishop, he might have moved his king’s +knight’s pawn one square. A subject for another back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(d) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) By playing this pawn you force him to defend his king’s knight’s +pawn with that of his rook; by drawing out his rook’s pawn, you keep +his king’s knight confined; nor can he then sally without exposing his +pawns to be taken.</p> + +<p>(d) He had two other ways of playing; he might push his king’s bishop’s +pawn a square, in which case you sacrifice your knight, in order +afterwards to give check with your queen, which insures you the game; +or, he might push his king’s knight’s pawn a square upon your knight. +The latter is made the subject of a third back game.</p> + +<p>(e) If, instead, he had advanced his queen’s bishop’s pawn a square, +you must have played that of your king, in order afterwards to take his +queen’s pawn in passing, in case he was to push it two moves, with a +design to obstruct your king’s bishop. Another subject for a back game.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">N. B. You are to observe, that in the attack of Gambits, the king’s +bishop is the best superior piece, and the king’s pawn the +best pawn.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(g) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) If, instead of moving this pawn, he had played his queen’s bishop +either to his king’s third square, or to your king’s knight’s fourth +square, he might have been made to lose two different ways. Both +experiments are traced to their consequences, in two back games, +beginning at this seventh move.</p> + +<p>(g) He may now without danger play his bishop on this square, as your +queen can no more double with your king’s bishop by attacking two of +his pawns; but if, instead of moving this bishop so, he had moved him +to his king’s third square, he would have lost the game. The result of +such play is seen in the last back game.</p> + +<p>(h) It is very material in the attack of Gambits, not to spare your +pawns on the king’s side, and even to sacrifice them all, if it be +requisite, though merely for the sake of the adversary’s king’s pawn, +because that pawn hinders your queen’s bishop from coming into play, +and co-operating with the pieces that form your attack. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The King’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop at his 3d square.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) If, instead of exposing this bishop, he had taken yours with his +queen, or had taken your knight with his queen’s bishop, he would have +lost the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(k) If you had pushed your queen’s bishop’s pawn, you would have lost +the game; because your adversary by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn, +would have forced you to remove your queen’s pawn, to take it, and have +afterwards attacked at once your rook and your bishop with his knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(l) From the manner in which the two parties are balanced, as to +position, and the number of pieces, it is evident that it is become a +draw game, unless some very great error is committed. This game shews, +that a Gambit equally well attacked and defended, will not be decisive +on either side; it is true that he who gives the pawn has the pleasure +of uniformly attacking, and a prospect of winning, which would be +realized, if he on the defensive did not maintain the most undeviating +good play for the first ten or twelve moves. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120"><b>STRICTURE BY THE EDITOR.</b></p> + +<p>At the 17th move, there is an oversight in each player, one giving, and +one overlooking a material advantage. Though one white knight, at the +first view, seems protected by the other, the king’s knight is exposed +to the bishop, on account of the ambuscaded action of the queen upon +the king. Were the bishop to take, as he should, a train of involved +movements might arise. The plain course, suggested by the position, +would be best for the white player, though it leave the rival party the +majority of a knight.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight at the adversary’s king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook at its 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn 1 square + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight or the bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adversary’s king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his rook 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his own square, attacking the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check, and the queen is lost. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Loses the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>On a review of the board where the gambit ceased, the white pieces +appear very judiciously placed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FOURTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Sixth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her knight’s 3d square, or any where.⁠<a id="FNanchor_28_28" href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> + +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s 3d square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIFTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, giving check</li> +<li class="isub3"> to the king and rook; wins the latter powerful piece,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and consequently the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SIXTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT.</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s square, to defend the 2 pawns.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the king’s pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires where he pleases, the game is lost. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span></li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120"><b>VARIATION on the 16th Move.</b></p> + +<p>Return the black king’s knight to his square, the black queen to her +bishop’s first, the black bishop to his rook’s square, the black pawn +to his king’s third, the white queen to her knight’s third, the white +rook to its king’s rook’s square—and the resources of the black player +will be found not exhausted. <span class="smcap">As Scipio</span> +saved <span class="smcap">Rome</span> by attacking +<span class="smcap">Carthage</span>; so a counter stroke in Chess, +is often the best defence.</p> + +<p>Instead of regarding the assault of the white rook on the bishop, which +is to draw the black queen, by an exchange, from the square where she +supports the king’s pawn; at the countermove, let the black player +assail the white queen with his rook’s pawn; when he has obliged her +to quit a square from which she has an aspect on his king’s pawn, he +may protect his bishop, by moving his knight, and the party will not be +circumvented, as a necessary consequence of the preceding moves. The +white queen may not retire, but persevere in taking the king’s pawn, +though defeated in her design of removing the rival queen; the train of +changes to which this will lead, will leave the white party a majority +of two pawns, added to the difference between a knight and a bishop; as +one of the pawns will stand alone, and the black pieces will be well +disposed for manœuvring, this superiority cannot be considered decisive.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SEVENTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eighth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 move.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop at his own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its knight’s own square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 1st square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook at its 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook at its queen’s 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook at its 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the adverse queen’s bishop’s pawn,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The science of <span class="smcap">Philidor</span> has kept the balance critically +suspended to the last.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">SECOND GAMBIT,</h2> +</div> +<p class="center">WITH FIVE BACK GAMES:</p> + +<p><i>The First on the Third Move, the Second and Third on the Fourth, +the Fourth on the Ninth, and the Fifth on the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) A better way of playing at this move, would be to advance your +king’s bishop’s pawn two squares; as you will see by a back game.</p> + +<p>(b) There are two other ways of playing in this place; the one, +playing the king’s bishop to the queen’s bishop’s fourth square; the +other, pushing the pawn of the queen a square; which will make the +subject of two back games. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span>)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) He might have removed his queen to one of two other squares, but +this is the best; for had he made her retire to your king’s knight’s +fourth, you might have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn, by first +attacking her, and then giving check, and perhaps afterwards have +forced his queen; and if he had carried her to his king’s rook’s third +square, you could have attacked his king’s bishop’s pawn with your +king’s knight, which would entirely have decided the game in your favour.</p> + +<p>(d) It is essential in the gambits to play this pawn, that you may +afterwards be able to place your queen at her knight’s third square, +by so doing you strengthen your position and perplex your adversary, +especially if he has played his queen’s bishop, without attacking one +of your pieces. See, respecting this, the fifth and sixth back games of +the first gambit. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(e) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.(f) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the queen.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn gives check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) If, instead, he take your king’s knight, with his bishop; a third +back game will shew you how to act.</p> + +<p>(f) If, instead of taking your queen, he had given check, a fourth back +game will shew you the course to make him lose the game.</p> + +<p>(g) I have given it as a general rule, always to unite your pawns, +and bring them into the centre. Here is, however, an exception for +two reasons; first, if you take with your king you gain a pawn, your +adversary not being able to prevent it; secondly, the queens having +been exchanged, your king has nothing to fear, and by bringing him into +play, he may be as useful as any other piece. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the other pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his own 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) Your king would not be safe on that square, if your adversary had +a bishop running white to drive him from the post; but, as it is, your +king sustains all your pawns.</p> + +<p>(i) You might have played this rook to your king’s square; but in this +case your queen’s rook would have been rendered almost useless; it is +better therefore to retard your attack, and get all your pieces into action.</p> + +<p>(k) He prepares to push his queen’s pawn a square, to break your +centre; but you must prevent it, by putting him under the necessity of +defending himself. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(l)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his own 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.(n)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(l) He endeavours to attack you on your left, and make an opening for +his rooks.</p> + +<p>(m) You would have played wrong had you taken his knight with your +bishop, because by taking your bishop with his pawn, that pawn would +obstruct the passage of your knight; it was therefore necessary to play +this knight first, in order to have no useless piece.</p> + +<p>(n) If he had taken your knight, you must have taken his knight with +the pawn, and afterwards attacked his king’s bishop’s pawn, by playing +your queen’s rook to the adverse king’s second square. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d.(o)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn and gives check from the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the rook’s pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(o) If, instead of playing the rook, he had taken your pawn, you would +have won the game in a few moves, because he would have lost his +queen’s bishop’s pawn; so, if he had taken your knight with his own, +you would have taken his pawn with yours, giving check by discovery. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook at his queen’s square.(p)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the adverse queen’s knight, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(p) If he had played his king instead of his queen’s rook, you might +have given check with your queen’s rook, and taken that of his king. +It must be observed here, that what has decided the game in favour of +the white, is, that the king, having been in a situation, to enter the +field with safety, which rarely happens, has been as instrumental to +victory, as the best of his pieces. <span class="smcap">Charles</span> +XII. of Sweden was observed, very characteristically, to move the king +more than any other piece; but this conduct is seldom to be imitated, +on account of the ruin which involves the whole community of pieces, if +the king meet with a disaster.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120"><b>VARIATION.</b></p> + +<p class=" no-indent">At the 28th move, let the bishop check, instead of the rook; and +the check-mate will be effected, almost at the instant, without +circumevolution, or difficulty.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn and gives check.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) I make the white pawn take that pawn, to shew that it must cause +the loss of the game; the best move in this puzzling situation, would +have been to play your queen to your king’s second square.</p> + +<p>(b) He exposes your king’s bishop to be taken by his queen.</p> + +<p>(c) So situated he cannot chuse but win. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook takes the bishop and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="spb2"><span class="smcap">Philidor</span> does not seem to think this worth pursuing. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the white king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the king’s bishop’s pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square, because if he takes the bishop</li> +<li class="isub2"> he loses his queen.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the white king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) By the check of the knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight gives check to the king and queen,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The white player’s suffering his bishop to be taken, to get so good a +compensation for him, has something very ingenious in it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span> </li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her own 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span> </li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.⁠<a id="FNanchor_29_29" href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the black queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her own 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, to prevent the queen’s check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black queen’s bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This is highly tactical, because one of the white pawns is doubled, +and this will extend them on the four centre files;—for the black +queen <i>must</i> exchange. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the black king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the black queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">50.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">51.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, the king removes, the pawn is queened,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and wins the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FOURTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Ninth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the black king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook gives check at the black king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the black king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s 4th square—the whites</li> +<li class="isub3"> <i>must</i> win the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Editor</span> must however confess, that if +the queen’s rook, at the countermove, return to its square; he does +not know how to press the white pieces upon the black king, so that he +shall not elude the mate. If any other piece than the black rook move, +there will be an immediate smothered-mate. If the rook move to any +square short of his own, the defeat of the king will be retarded, in +proportion to the area which is left him. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIFTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THIRD GAMBIT,</h2> +</div> +<p class="center">WITH THREE BACK GAMES:</p> + +<p><i>The First on the Second, the Second on the Third, +and the Third on the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If he had pushed this pawn but one square, it would have entirely +changed the game; therefore, I make it the subject of a back game.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">N. B. It is the best way of playing it, in order +to avoid the snares of your adversary in the Gambit, when you receive +the advantage of a piece.</p> +</div> + +<p>(b) He might take your king’s bishop’s pawn with +his king’s pawn; the basis of a material change, and +the subject of a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop covers the check.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) So situated, the game must appear equal: but on a minute balance +the advantage is in your scale, because on your left wing you have four +connected pawns, whilst your adversary’s pawns are in divisions of +three and three, and all separated from the centre. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.(d) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) It was indifferent to him whether he castled on the king’s or on +the queen’s side. After the manœuvre of castling, I have already given +a general rule for impelling your pawns, against his covering pawns; +however, for illustration, I shall give a back game on that duplicate move.</p> + +<p>(e) This would have been wrong had he not castled on his king’s side, +because by pushing his king’s rook’s pawn, he had forced your bishop to +retire; but, at present, it is your interest to excite him to push the +pawns that cover his king, to prepare a breach for the attack.</p> + +<p>(f) If he had not removed his queen, to replace her with the king’s +bishop, the play of this knight would have perplexed his game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) If, instead of playing his queen, he had taken your knight, you +must have taken his knight with your queen; forcing him to derange +his pieces, by manœuvering to save the mate, with which he would be +threatened.</p> + +<p>(h) If, instead of taking, he had withdrawn his bishop, you would then +have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with your knight, and that would +have given you the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 2d square.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the king’s knight’s pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) If he had attacked your queen with his bishop, instead of playing +his rook, you would have taken his bishop with your king’s rook; this, +by making an opening upon his king, would have given you an easier attack.</p> + +<p>(k) If he had not played his queen to this square, you must have taken +his bishop with your rook, and that would have secured the game.</p> + +<p>(l) If, instead of withdrawing his king, he had covered him with his +queen, you must have taken his bishop, giving him check; and you would +have been left on the right wing with two pawns and a bishop against a +rook only, added to a good attack, which, improved, would be sufficient +to win the game; but, as he has played his king instead of his queen, +you cannot do better than make an end of the party by a drawn game, +with a perpetual check. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn, and gives a perpetual check. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE THIRD GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Second Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check at the adverse</li> +<li class="isub3"> queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span> </li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the queen’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight returns to the white queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the white queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the white queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king where he can.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen taking the pawn gives check</li> +<li class="isub3"> —makes the following move. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE THIRD GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her own 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the black king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the black king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The game is lost, the mate being forced.⁠<a id="FNanchor_30_30" href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE THIRD GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles on his queen’s side.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen retires to her king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his bishop’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen returns to her 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight from his king’s 4th to his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>If, at the 28th move, the king, instead of the rook, be placed at the +bishop’s second, the game may be protracted, though the mate cannot +be finally eluded.—The practice of forbearing to involve the king in +the conflicts of the field, is a necessary part of good play; but a +mechanical habit of leaving him inactive, without reflecting whether +a sally would or would not promote his defence, must be kept from +insinuating into the player’s manner.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Cunningham Gambit</i>,<br> +<span class="h_subtitle">WITH TWO BACK GAMES:</span></h2> +</div> +<p><i>One on the Seventh Move of the Black, +and One on the Eleventh of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn and gives check. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If, instead of playing this bishop to his third square, he had +played him to his king’s second square, you would have won the game in +a few moves, as will be seen by a back game.</p> +<p class="author spb2"><span class="smcap">Philidor.</span></p> + +<p>But if the stricture on the tenth move of that back game be correct, no +<i>previous</i> move involves a necessity for the speedy mate which the +black king suffers.</p> +<p class="author spb2"><span class="smcap">Editor.</span></p> + +<p>(b) If he did not sacrifice his bishop, you would certainly win the +game; but losing <i>that</i> for three pawns, he must conquer by the +superiority of his pawns, provided he is not too hasty in pushing them +before he has got out all his pieces. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn close to his king.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) By pushing this pawn two squares you had given his knight a free +entry into your game, which would have lost you the party. The subject +of a back game.</p> + +<p>(d) This move is of great consequence to him for ensuring the party, +because it hinders you from attacking his king’s knight with your +queen’s bishop, to effect afterwards a separation of his pawns, by +sacrificing a rook for one of his knights, and this would have turned +the game in your favour.</p> + +<p>(e) He plays this knight to take your queen’s bishop, who would be +troublesome to him, were he to castle on his queen’s side. Here we +may observe, as a general rule, that when a player has advanced +pawns, it becomes policy to commence a distinct hostility against the +bishops, because they can menace the pawns, and block their way, more +effectually than any other piece. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her knight’s square.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) Knowing no expedient way to save your bishop, you play your queen +to replace him; for if you had seated him at your king’s bishop’s +fourth, to hinder the check of his knight, he would have pushed his +king’s knight’s pawn upon the bishop, and made you lose the game +immediately.</p> + +<p>(g) He offers to exchange queens to break the direction of yours, so +that he may place his queen at her third square, in case you refuse to +take her.</p> + +<p>(h) If you did not take the queen, your situation would be still worse. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) If he had pushed this pawn two squares you had gained his queen’s +pawn, which would have improved your game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his own square.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook returns to his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(k) You must never resign the passages, nor suffer the opponent to +double his rooks; accordingly, rather than suffer this, he proposes to +change piece for piece.</p> + +<p>(l) He plays this in order afterwards to push his king’s knight’s pawn +upon your knight, to force him from his position; but if he had pushed +his knight’s pawn before playing this, your knight, vaulting to your +king’s rook’s fourth, would have stopped the progress of all his pawns. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his own square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his 4th square.(m)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn gives check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m) Had he given check with his rook’s pawn, instead of playing this, +he would have acted contrary to the instruction given in the first +party. <i>Vide note (x).</i> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn makes a queen, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight, and gives mate in a few moves.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The black pawns are conducted in a masterly manner on each wing, so as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span> +to lay a foundation for a beneficial result; but the halting march of +the white pawn, which consumes the 33d and 34th moves of the white, +seems to be a waste of a move at a critical period. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th square,</li> +<li class="isub3"> giving double check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square; any where, he is liable</li> +<li class="isub3"> to lose the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) You waive the capture of the queen, to seize the opportunity of +forcing a mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check-mate at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="f120"><b>STRICTURE, and OUTLINES<br> of a VARIATION.</b></p> + +<p>The station assigned to the bishop at the 7th move, is as injudicious +as the advantage taken of it is brilliant;—nevertheless there is no +critical necessity for the mate being so precipitate. The king, at the +10th move, should refuse taking the knight. This creates him chances +of escape, and leaves the hostile party but one mode of effecting any +thing decisive. The knight, adopting that mode, at the following move, +assaults both king and queen. The difficulty and embarrassment of the +black pieces will then appear. The king, in protracting the struggle, +exposes to dispersion and destruction his left wing. Equal play, +exerted so long after a critical stroke, cannot retrieve the step on +which the interest of this back game turns: but equal play may prevent +the sudden extinction of manœuvring; and the practice of the best +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</span> +defence in situations of which various points are open to the +enemy, imparts a facility at resource. It is not necessary to be +circumstantial, in marking the conduct of the variation. Other +expedients present themselves to retard defeat, the turns of which +the reader may explore: but as the <span class="smcap">Editor</span> +finds already one +variation on this back game, he declines multiplying ingraftments of +a branch upon a branch, lest the principle of the gambit should be lost +in its ramifications, and the attention diverted from the leading effect.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SEQUEL</b></p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST BACK GAME;</p> +<p class="center"><i>Shewing how to accomplish a Mate,<br> if the King refuse to +take the Bishop</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook; and wins the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eleventh Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the knight. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span>.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the pawn close to his king.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the queen’s pawn, and wins the party.</li> +</ul> + +<p>During the latter part of this game, the whites had the majority of +a bishop; the blacks that of three pawns: the aid derivable from the +bishop could not countervail the manœuvring of three pawns. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>COMPENDIUM of the<br> CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT.</b></p> + +<p>From all the preceding forms of this gambit it appears, that on the +system of action and counteraction there pursued, the blacks must win, +if they do not at the seventh move withdraw the bishop to the king’s +second; and that therefore, on the part of the white pieces, it is +expedient to change the mode of operation previous to that move. When +the black bishop checks, at the fourth countermove, no eventual good is +obtained by covering with the pawn. <span class="smcap">Cunningham</span> +shews that the step below is an effective substitution.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Playing the king to the bishop’s square, makes it impossible for +the adversary to preserve the gambit pawn, which it will be always in +your power to take; and you will acquire by it a constant attack upon him. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th. The whites have</li> +<li class="isub3"> the advantage of position, and must win.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120"><b>END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Printed by W. Smith,<br> +King Street, Seven Dials.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="f200"><b>STUDIES OF CHESS;</b><br><span class="fs_80">CONTAINING</span><br><b>CAISSA</b>, +<span class="fs_80">A POEM,</span></p> + +<p class="f120"><span class="fs_80">BY</span><br>SIR WILLIAM JONES;</p> + +<p class="center"><i>A Systematic Introduction to the Game</i>;</p> +<p class="f80">AND</p> +<p class="center">THE WHOLE</p> +<p class="f120">ANALYSIS OF CHESS,</p> + +<p class="center">COMPOSED BY<br><span class="fs_150"><span class="smcap">Mr</span>. +A. D. PHILIDOR:</span></p> + +<p class="f80">WITH</p> +<p class="f130"><b><i>Original Critical Remarks.</i></b></p> + +<p class="center">IN TWO VOLUMES.</p> + +<p class="center">“<i>Ludimus effigiem belli.</i>”</p> + +<p class="f150"><b>VOL. II.</b></p> + +<p class="center">London:<br><span class="smcap">Printed for SAMUEL BAGSTER, +No. 81, Strand.</span><br>1803.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Printed by W. Smith,<br> +King Street, Seven Dials.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p class="f150 spa2"><b><i>Contents of the Second Volume.</i></b></p> +<hr class="r10"> + +<p class="center spb2">PHILIDOR’S WORK CONTINUED.</p> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr">PAGE</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Queen’s Gambit</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_1E">1</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Regular Parties</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_33E">33</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First Regular Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_34E">34</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Regular Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_49E">49</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Third Regular Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_54E">54</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fourth Regular Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_69E">69</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fifth Regular Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_75E">75</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sixth Regular Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_81E">81</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Salvio Gambit—First Party</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_88E">88</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">———</span><span class="ws2"> —Second Party</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_101E">101</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Supplements to former Games</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_107E">107</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Practical Mates and Ends of Parties</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_120E">120</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Rook and Bishop against a Rook</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_121E">121</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mate with a Knight and Bishop</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_135E">135</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">A Rook and Pawn against a Bishop</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_142E">142</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mate with a Rook</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_148E">148</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Queen against a Rook and Pawn</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_152E">152</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Queen against a Rook</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_160E">160</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Rook and Pawn against a Rook</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_168E">168</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Queen and Pawn against a Queen</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_172E">172</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Drawn Game with a Pawn</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_181E">181</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">A Knight against a Pawn</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_185E">185</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Two Pawns against One</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_187E">187</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Two separate, against Two united Pawns  </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_194E">194</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Observations on Ends of Parties,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">and Powers of Pieces combined</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_196E">196</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Laws of Chess</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_199E">199</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Games played without seeing the Board</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_205E">205</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> —— First Match</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_206E">206</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> —— Second Match</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_226E">226</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> —— Third Match</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_244E">244</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Appendix</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"><a href="#Page_259E">259</a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1E">[Pg 1]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>ANALYSIS OF <i>CHESS</i>.</b></p> +</div> +<hr class="r10"> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Queen’s Gambit</i>,</h2> + +<p class="f110">OTHERWISE CALLED THE GAMBIT OF ALEPPO,</p> +<p class="f90"> WITH SIX BACK GAMES;</p> + +<p><i>Respectively on the Third Move of the White, the Third Move of the +Black, the Fourth Move of the White, the Seventh Move of the White, the +Eighth Move of the Black, and the Tenth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_2E">[Pg 2]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 2 squares.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had you pushed this pawn but one square, your adversary would have +confined your queen’s bishop during half the game. The subject of the +first back game.</p> + +<p>(b) If, instead of playing this, he had sustained the gambit pawn, he +would have lost the game; as will be seen by the second back game: but, +if he had neither pushed this pawn, nor sustained the gambit pawn, you +must have pushed your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, in order to +have three pawns in front.</p> + +<p>(c) Had you taken his king’s pawn, you would have lost the advantage of +the attack. The subject of the third back game.</p> + +<p>(d) If he had played any thing else, by pushing <i>your</i> king’s +bishop’s pawn two squares, you would have procured for your pieces an +entire liberty to act. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3E">[Pg 3]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(e) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the king’s knight.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The King castles.(g) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight returns to his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) If, instead of playing your knight, in order to get rid of his +king’s bishop, according to the rule prescribed in the first party, +note (<i>c</i>), you had taken the gambit’s pawn, you had lost the +game. The subject of the fourth back game.</p> + +<p>(f) If, instead of taking your knight, he had played his bishop to your +queen’s fourth, you might have attacked him with your king’s knight, +and left him no possibility of escape.</p> + +<p>(g) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, in order +to sustain the gambit pawn, he had lost the game; (as is exemplified +in the fifth back game) and if, instead of that, or the move he has +adopted, he had chosen to take your king’s pawn, your taking his +capturing pawn would not commit yours to his knight; because, were +he to take it with his knight, he would lose the game, through a +subsequent check from your queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4E">[Pg 4]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.(h) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles on his queen’s side.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) This critical move requires a back game: if you had taken the first +of his double pawns with your king’s bishop’s pawn, you would have lost +the game.</p> + +<p>(i) In taking with this pawn, you give your rook an opening upon his king. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5E">[Pg 5]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop; uniting with his queen’s + pawn.⁠<a id="FNanchor_31_31" href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook at his king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(k) Your queen’s imposing aspect on the adversary’s left wing, +continually alarms him for the safety of his king. He sees that were +you to place your queen’s rook at the king’s bishop’s square, he could +only prevent check-mate, were he to keep the queen, by placing her at +the counter-square, which would contract her sphere of action very +much; he therefore makes an offer to change the queens, as the most +eligible mode of extinguishing the danger; which you must accept, or +give him the attack. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6E">[Pg 6]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(l)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook assailed by the knight at its queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 1 square, to make an opening for your</li> +<li class="isub3"> rook and bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(l) Some moves which want an obvious motive, are explained by the +following move. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7E">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at its king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 4th; to stop</li> +<li class="isub3"> the adversary’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_8E">[Pg 8]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. One of the rooks takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn 2 squares.(m)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m) If, instead of playing this, you had taken his pawn with your rook, +you would have lost the game; because your king would have prevented +your rook from arriving at the promotion line, in time to stop the +passage of his knight’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9E">[Pg 9]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.(n)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.(o)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at his king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(n) Had he not taken your pawn, you would have won the game immediately.</p> + +<p>(o) If, instead of taking his pawn, you had taken his rook, you would +have lost the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10E">[Pg 10]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">50.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">51.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">52.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">53.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">54.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn advances.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Takes the pawn with the rook, and playing afterwards</li> +<li class="isub3"> his king upon the rook, it must be a drawn game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>In pursuing a literal course through the steps of this gambit, the +attention is repaid by numberless strokes, well designed and well +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11E">[Pg 11]</span> +parried. It is observable that this is the first party that has not +opened with the move of the king’s pawn. For the leading steps of this +model, the boards of <span class="smcap">Europe</span> are indebted to +a City in the <span class="smcap">East</span>—the <span class="smcap">East</span> +which as it gave birth to Chess, has had expert players from an +immemorial era. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12E">[Pg 12]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_13E">[Pg 13]</span> </li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_14E">[Pg 14]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the king’s pawn giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_15E">[Pg 15]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s gives check at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 4th square, having no better place.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16E">[Pg 16]</span> +The mode in the Cunningham Gambit was synthetical: but it will be +recollected, that the conduct of this gambit is properly analytical. +The first form of it presents a series of moves critically good; +embracing, throughout, the expedient, in moving for both parties. +Slightly surveyed, it may seem less brilliant than the back games, as +the balance of play precludes a decisive result, while it is, on that +account, superior to them. As the management of the queen’s gambit +is delicate, and depends on circumstances apparently trivial, at the +opening; the back games are to shew the advantage which one party gives +to the other, by deviating from the model at particular stages. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17E">[Pg 17]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The gambit pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen covers the check. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_18E">[Pg 18]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at its rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its queen’s knight’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_19E">[Pg 19]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook, and must win the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_20E">[Pg 20]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_21E">[Pg 21]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_22E">[Pg 22]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight gives check at the white queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s rook’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_23E">[Pg 23]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives heck-mate at the bishop’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_24E">[Pg 24]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FOURTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_25E">[Pg 25]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his own square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse king’s square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king retires.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the knight,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and must win the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_26E">[Pg 26]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIFTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eighth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_27E">[Pg 27]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop, to avoid the mate.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_28E">[Pg 28]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king retires.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_29E">[Pg 29]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_30E">[Pg 30]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his own square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d, and</li> +<li class="isub3"> by pushing his pawn he will win the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_31E">[Pg 31]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SIXTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Tenth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_32E">[Pg 32]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and must win the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Setting aside the move in each, which is distinctly pointed out +as inducing defeat in its ultimate tendency, the moves in these +back-games are made with a penetrating regard to consequences; and in +a circumspection in the use of stratagem and resource, which is not +detected intermitting, in any of the skirmishes of the party, may be +traced the revising attentions, and mellowing touches, of a succession +of players.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33E">[Pg 33]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Regular Parties</i>.</h2> +</div> + +<p>The range of gambits is not completed, and yet we propose to enter +on some regular parties. Without proceeding on the idea, that the +reader will play the games as they are presented, the order of which a +diversity in the degree of proficiency, and an individual pursuit of +peculiar attainments, as <i>desiderata</i>, will occasion every one +more or less to break; it will perhaps be expected, that modes of play, +which by their properties seem assigned to a common class, should not +be detached in their arrangement, without apology or explanation.</p> + +<p>The various gambits agree in this, that they proceed rather on +experiment than on system, and the surrender of the pawn, is a feature +common to them all: but they so diverge in the field of stratagem +after this step, that their course of evolutions cannot be traced to +any participation of principle, nor is there any necessary connection +between them.—For these reasons, and that the cultivation of regular +play may not continue suspended, without an adequate cause, the +<span class="smcap">Editor</span> follows the arrangement of +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, in introducing some examples of +attack and defence strictly systematic before the Salvio gambits. By +pursuing alternately the severe walk of method, which moves to the +end by a gradual process; and the devious flight of adventure, which +attempts the game by a <i>coup de main</i>; the spirit of each may +be rendered easier to seize, as the traits in which their opposition +consists, are seen in contrast.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34E">[Pg 34]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>First Regular Party</i>,</h2> +<p class="center">WITH FOUR BACK GAMES;</p> +</div> + +<p><i>The First on the Third Move of the Black, the Second on the Fourth +Move of the White, the Third on the Fifth Move of the Black, the last +on the Sixth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This is the best place the king’s bishop can occupy in the first +moves of a party; here, he batters the adverse king’s bishop’s pawn, +against which the first attacks are generally formed.</p> + +<p>(b) The black being able to play different ways, we will make different +parties of it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35E">[Pg 35]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.(c) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(e) ☜</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) He prevents you from establishing two pawns a-breast, and occupying +the centre. To prevent that, the black has three other ways of moving +at this period, the effects of which are severally shewn, in the first +back game, the supplement to the first back game, and the third back game.</p> + +<p>(d) If you had moved this knight to your king’s second square, you +would have lost the game: one object exemplified in the second back game.</p> + +<p>(e) He would have laid a foundation for his own defeat, had he taken +your pawn with his bishop: another object exemplified in the second back game.</p> + +<p>(f) Had he attacked your king’s bishop’s pawn with his knight, it +would have given you time to establish your pawns in the centre. The +consequence is seen in the third back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36E">[Pg 36]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(g) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) If you had pushed this pawn two squares, you might have occupied +the centre for a moment, but could not have remained there; as is shewn +by the fourth back game.</p> + +<p>(h) If he had moved his queen’s bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth +square, you must equally have advanced your king’s rook’s pawn; you +must never leave your superior pieces to the menace of the adverse bishop.</p> + +<p>(i) The pawns have been played on both sides to prevent the bishops +from becoming troublesome to the knights.</p> + +<p>(k) When your queen’s pawn cannot be interposed to the action of +the adverse king’s bishop upon your king’s bishop’s pawn, you must +have your queen’s bishop in reserve, to be posted at your king’s +third square; because the queen’s bishop is the only piece which can +effectually be opposed to the adverse king’s bishop.</p> + +<p>(l) If he had moved back his king’s bishop, instead of taking your +bishop, he would have lost a turn: when you exchange pieces it is an +advantage to take first. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37E">[Pg 37]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.(m)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(m): An additional advantage now appears from playing your king’s +rook’s pawn at the seventh move, for he might at present attack you +with his king’s knight, and afterwards play his king’s bishop’s pawn +to bring the knight again into action; these hits ought to be eagerly +improved, especially in parties wherein your adversary forces out your +knights before your pawns. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38E">[Pg 38]</span></p> + +<p>The game is equal; the white has only, what he set out with, the move; +he who can first bring his king’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing +it two squares, without making any sacrifice, or deranging his pieces, +will have the superiority of situation. The uniformity arises from the +black player’s making his moves duplicates of the adverse moves, which +he has hitherto done with propriety and success: but such a plan of +counteraction is to be pursued with reserve and discrimination, and not +excessively or mechanically. A player who should continue it, from this +situation, having the move against him, would certainly lose. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39E">[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the bishop.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) He plays this knight to hinder you from pushing your queen’s pawn +two squares. If, instead of this knight, he had played his queen’s +bishop’s pawn a square, your next move might equally take place.</p> + +<p>(b) He might have withdrawn his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, +which move will make a supplement to this back game.</p> + +<p>(c) If he refuse to take your bishop, you must take his king’s knight, +and push your queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, attacking his bishop; +and afterwards push the same pawn upon his knight, in order to take the +pawn with your queen’s bishop’s pawn gratuitously, instead of changing pawns. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40E">[Pg 40]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop, and will have a very good game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_41E">[Pg 41]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SUPPLEMENT</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST BACK GAME,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If on this attack, he withdraws his knight, he gives you an +opportunity of establishing your pawns in the centre.</p> + +<p>(b) He hereby limits the operation of your king’s bishop, and gains +time to assign a place of safety and utility to his knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42E">[Pg 42]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) In order that he may place his queen’s bishop at his king’s third +square, without disturbance from your pawn.</p> + +<p>(d) In this situation the black pieces have as good a game as the +white; there is indeed a pawn passed and sustained on the side of the +white; but this advantage is counterbalanced by the imposing attitude +of the black king’s knight, who cannot be dislodged but by changing +piece for piece; and in that case, the pawns of the black would unite +in the centre, giving, equally to them as to the white, a passed pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43E">[Pg 43]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If this move did not cost you a pawn, it would undoubtedly be +the most politic, as it is the most convenient place for the knight; +because, here he does not obstruct the passage of the pawns. But it is +sometimes expedient to obstruct the pawns with the knight, to avoid a +greater disadvantage. See the supplement to this back game.</p> + +<p>(b) The black must win the game, having the advantage of a pawn, added +to a good situation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44E">[Pg 44]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SUPPLEMENT</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE SECOND BACK GAME,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W, The queen’s pawn covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This, by forcing your king to move, disables him from castling; but +there is no disadvantage involved in not castling, when your pieces can +easily get out; very often it is even better so, provided your king be safe. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45E">[Pg 45]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) So situated the white player has the advantage, his pieces being +brought out to better effect, and more conveniently arranged. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46E">[Pg 46]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight returns to his bishop’s 3d.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If he take this knight with his bishop it will mend your game, +because the change will bring your pawns into the centre.</p> + +<p>(b) You might push your king’s pawn on his knight, and get two moves by +so doing; but this pawn once pushed, your adversary would offer twice +to change it, by pushing his queen’s pawn a square, and his king’s +bishop’s pawn a square: your pawn would then remain alone and separate; +it is therefore better to leave your two pawns a-breast, to avoid +opening your game. In marching his knight, and retrograding, he has +uselessly consumed two moves. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47E">[Pg 47]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) He castles, to attack your king’s pawn with his rook; you +must therefore castle, to be ready to sustain the pawn with your +counter-rook.</p> + +<p>(d) It is evident that the white player has the better game, having +the advantage of three moves more than the black, and the centre pawns +tactically advanced: nothing remains on the side of the white, but to +remove the obstruction to the motion of the king’s bishop’s pawn as +soon as possible; that will decide the game against the black. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48E">[Pg 48]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FOURTH BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Sixth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>This party is equal; your pawns in the centre are broken: this mode +of play may be ventured with an antagonist to whom you give some +advantage: by such a player, you rely that every critical opportunity +will not be seized, or you would not give the advantage.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49E">[Pg 49]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Second Regular Party</i>,</h2> +<p class="f90">VARIANT FROM THE FIRST PARTY, AT<br> +THE SECOND MOVE OF THE BLACK.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Though stationing the pieces before the pawns must not be wantonly +engaged in, I think this play is necessary in the present situation, to +keep the advantage of the move; nevertheless, you might at the fourth +move push your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares: such a game, though +it embarks in danger, is calculated to disconcert a mere observer of +routine, to whom some advantage is given. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50E">[Pg 50]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If, instead of castling, he had played his queen’s bishop to +your king’s knight’s fourth, you might have played your queen to her +knight’s third, which would have given you the game; but should he +play the same bishop to his king’s third, take him with yours, and +afterwards play your queen to her knight’s third.</p> + +<p>(c) If he had not adopted counterplay, his king’s bishop must have been +forced by your pawns.</p> + +<p>(d) Had he played this bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth, you must +have pushed your queen’s pawn; and, varying again, if he take your +king’s knight with his bishop, you take with your knight’s pawn, the +better to bring your rooks into play, as they then have an approach to +the pawns that cover the adverse king. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51E">[Pg 51]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) Your queen attacks two pawns, which your adversary can only sustain +by placing his queen at her bishop’s square; this situation may take +place in the first moves of a party, and very frequently your adversary +finds himself unable to sustain the two pawns at once.</p> + +<p>(f) If he had played his bishop to your queen’s knight’s fourth, your +must have sustained your king’s pawn with your queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52E">[Pg 52]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) You thus force the knight to retreat or to take, which is better +than suffering him to hover over the pieces, to make a capture at his +own discretion.</p> + +<p>(h) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight from attacking his king’s +pawn, as otherwise he would be forced to defend it with his rook, which +would afford you time to double your rooks on the file of your king’s +bishop. It is proper to observe, that in almost every case, whoever +commands an opening with double rooks, must have the advantage; it is +therefore an established maxim not to yield up these passes. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53E">[Pg 53]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(i)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) So situated, the white must have chiefly in view to oblige the +adversary to push his king’s pawn a square, so that he may place a +knight, sustained by two pawns, at the fourth square of the adverse +king’s bishop, which ought to decide the game in his favour: the black +will, in opposition, seek the means of doubling the two rooks, and +bring the queen’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing him two squares.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54E">[Pg 54]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Third Regular Party</i>,</h2> +<p class="center">Variant from the First Party, at<br> +the Second Move of the Black,</p> +</div> + +<p class="center">WITH THREE BACK GAMES;</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Third, the Seventh, and the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) He prepares to push his queen’s pawn two squares, in order to +intercept the action of your king’s bishop, occupy the centre with his +pawns, and recover the advantage of the move.</p> + +<p>(b) He might, according to his first design, have pushed his queen’s +pawn two squares. This will furnish interest for a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55E">[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) If he had played his king’s knight to his bishop’s third square, +you must have attacked the knight with your king’s pawn, by which play +you would have won many moves.</p> + +<p>(d) If, instead, he had advanced his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, +you must then have pushed your king’s pawn.</p> + +<p>(e) He makes this move in order to break your pawns in the centre, or +be able to establish his pawns strongly on his queen’s side: he would +have played wrong, had he pushed his queen’s bishop’s pawn upon your +queen; as appears by a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56E">[Pg 56]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(h) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) It would have been improper for the adversary to take with his +queen’s bishop’s pawn, because his pieces would be confined, and their +sphere of action less extensive than yours.</p> + +<p>(g) It would be wrong to give check with your queen, because it would +answer no useful purpose, and for any other, she ought not to be +removed from one of the four files in the centre; you must, on the +contrary, keep her behind your principal pawns, especially in the +beginning of a party.</p> + +<p>(h) It would have been bad play to push his queen’s bishop’s pawn; and +a back game on this move will shew it to be of consequence, when you +have a cordon of pawns, to push the leading one. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57E">[Pg 57]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its queen’s square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) This move is indispensible to prevent him from pushing his queen’s +bishop’s pawn, which would bring two of his pawns a-breast upon your +ground; besides, affording a favourable opportunity for his bishop to +get out.</p> + +<p>(k) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, you would +have won a pawn, by attacking his queen with your queen’s knight.</p> + +<p>(l) This party is quite even, the position is as good on one side as +the other, the bishops are reduced to a narrow field, and the rooks are free. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58E">[Pg 58]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If, instead of giving check, you had removed this bishop to your +queen’s third square, you would have lost the advantage, both of the +move and of the situation, because he would immediately have made +himself master of the centre, by pushing his king’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59E">[Pg 59]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If he had sustained this knight by any other piece, he would have +been subject to lose him, by your pushing the king’s bishop’s pawn two +squares.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Philidor</span> leaving the conduct of the party +here—adds—"Such being the situation of the game, you have chiefly two +objects in view: first, to fortify the queen’s bishop, whose direction +annoys the adverse king, and next to attack the queen’s pawn, which +being separated from the other pawns, can no longer be sustained but by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60E">[Pg 60]</span> +the pieces. It is always advantageous to attack a separated +pawn, were it only to employ the adverse pieces." This direction +consigns the black pieces to the defensive: but if the +<span class="smcap">Editor</span> rightly interprets the indications +of their situation, timid play must be discarded. As the black knight +loses two moves, by the retreating course, assigned him in the back +game, it is requisite to attempt a variation.</p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>VARIATION BY THE EDITOR</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Tenth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub2">Return the king to his square—the rook to his</li> +<li class="isub2">square—the white queen’s bishop to his square—</li> +<li class="isub2">the black queen’s knight to his king’s fourth.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) He takes an assailing position, leaving you to attack the exposed +pawn as you can. The knight is protected by an ambuscaded check. +Several pieces, in the course of the variation, are so protected. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61E">[Pg 61]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king removes.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop at the adverse queen’s</li> +<li class="isub3"> knight’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) Were the adverse queen suffered to take the pawn, in the present +situation of the pieces, there would be a smothered mate.</p> + +<p>(c) To prevent check-mate. From the present position, he must not stir, +while the adverse rook and queen menace his queen, unless to take the +rook, or to give check. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62E">[Pg 62]</span></p> + +<p>The black player has the best of the game. Whatever changes take place +must be to his advantage. As the juncture did not favor the promotion +of the single black pawn; involved play against the adverse superior +pieces, was the only expedient by which the black pieces could support +a competition. If at the 11th move, the white king should not castle, +and the attacked pawn should be moved against the knight, the black +queen must still go to the adverse knight’s 4th. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63E">[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a This allows you to lay a foundation for a result) in your favour. +You must give him no other opportunity of pushing his queen’s pawn; if +you succeed, his king’s bishop must remain imprisoned, and your pieces +will cover more ground than those of your adversary.</p> + +<p>(b) This move is essential; he would otherwise have attacked your queen +with his queen’s knight; by which he would have obtained liberty to +push his queen’s pawn, and disengage his pieces. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64E">[Pg 64]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) If circumstances had permitted you to remove your queen’s bishop to +the king’s third square, he would have played his king’s knight to his +fifth square, in order to take your bishop, and free that of his king. +It is convenient to preserve a bishop of the same diagonal with your +adversary. The oblique action of the bishop is very dangerous, and the +best defence is to oppose bishop to bishop.</p> + +<p>(d) He plays this knight in order to exchange him for your bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65E">[Pg 65]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s knight’s square.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(g)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) None of the attacks of the adversary are dangerous, because they +do not break your centre; and you may dislodge the knights whenever +you please; this proves that real attacks are to be made only by the +co-operation of several pieces, and very seldom succeed with one or two.</p> + +<p>(f) In order to hinder your queen’s knight from attacking his queen’s pawn.</p> + +<p>(g) Instead of removing this knight, he might have sustained him by +playing his queen to her knight’s third square: then you would have +pushed your king’s knight’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66E">[Pg 66]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) In this situation you have a practicable road for the attainment +of the game, but it will depend on preventing the adverse queen’s pawn +from advancing, and on not being too hasty in pushing the pawns on the +right wing, till the king is ready to sustain them. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67E">[Pg 67]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If he take your knight, his queen must necessarily fall into your +hands, because it cannot be sustained by any other pawn; besides, you +may attack it with all your pieces.</p> + +<p>(b) He plays this knight to get rid of your bishop, and open afterwards +a passage for his king’s bishop upon your king and queen, which would +prove very dangerous.</p> + +<p>(c) Your view is, to oblige him, either to sustain the pawn of his +queen, or to take your knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68E">[Pg 68]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s square.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the knight.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) You might have taken his queen’s pawn with your knight, and +afterwards played your queen to your king’s fourth, to force his +knight; but he would then have disentangled his queen by giving check; +so that this move is previously necessary.</p> + +<p>(e) Being no longer able defensively to sustain his queen’s pawn; he is +forced to take your knight, to preserve it.</p> + +<p>(f) In this situation, the white player must win; the remaining +measures being, to hinder the adverse queen’s pawn from coming into +play, and to sustain the centre pawns, not advancing them too hastily.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69E">[Pg 69]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Fourth Regular Party</i>,</h2> +<p class="center">Variant from the First Party on the<br> Third Move of the Black,</p> +<p class="center">WITH ONE BACK GAME;</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the White</i>.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> + +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) You might push this pawn only one square, but then your situation +would be the same, as that already shewn in the first variation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70E">[Pg 70]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) Instead of taking, you might push the king’s pawn a square, which +would not be amiss against a player to whom some advantage is given. +The subject of a back game.</p> + +<p>(c) Had he removed his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, he would +have committed himself, and conspired to establish your pawns in the centre.</p> + +<p>(d) Had he not played in this manner, he would have given you time to +occupy the centre with your pawns.</p> + +<p>(e) You might give check with your queen at your king’s second square, +but this move would enable your adversary to educe his queen’s bishop; +besides, the king and queen are, generally, not to be placed on the +same line, especially when the file is left open by the exchange of +each party’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71E">[Pg 71]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) He plays this with a view, either to get out his queen’s bishop, or +to remove your king’s bishop.</p> + +<p>(g) You push this pawn to break the chain of pawns that cover his king.</p> + +<p>(h) As he has pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, you must +endeavour to post one of your knights at the adverse king’s fourth +square, from whence he cannot be removed but by an exchange, and an +exchange will unite your pawns in the centre. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72E">[Pg 72]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop 3d.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.(k)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(l)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) He will not concentre your pawns by taking your knight.</p> + +<p>(k) This move is necessary, to prevent his knight from occupying your +king’s third square.</p> + +<p>(l) I should think the white has the better game, on account of the +place where the queen’s knight stands; however, such an advantage, +unaccompanied by any other, is not decisive: the black must not take +the knight before he has displaced one of the pawns that sustain the +knight, which may be done by changing the queen’s bishop’s pawn for the +adverse queen’s pawn, and then both games will be even. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73E">[Pg 73]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The King’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had he withdrawn his knight, that move alone would have given you +the game.</p> + +<p>(b) You might cover check with your queen’s knight, placing him at his +bishop’s third, and if he then played his king’s knight to your king’s +fourth, you would not be without means of sustaining your centre; in +that situation, his best play would be to push his queen’s pawn two squares.</p> + +<p>(c) Had he pushed this pawn two squares, your centre would have been safe. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74E">[Pg 74]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) If your king’s bishop’s pawn had been played two squares, he might +have broken your pawns, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn to the +full extent.</p> + +<p>(e) The black player has succeeded in breaking the white central pawns. +The design of this back game is to prove, how dangerous it is, when +two pawns stand on a front line in the centre, to advance one, before +your adversary offers to change. You should wait the offer, and then +the pawn may be pushed safely. If, even after you had incautiously +assailed the knight with your pawn, instead of pushing his queen’s and +his bishop’s pawn one square only, he had advanced either of them two +squares, offering to change, your centre would have remained safe.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75E">[Pg 75]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Fifth Regular Party</i>,</h2> +<p class="center">Variant from the First Party, on the<br> Third Move of the Black;,</p> +<p class="center">WITH ONE BACK GAME,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) As, instead of this move, he might have played his queen to your +king’s rook’s fourth, it will be the subject of a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76E">[Pg 76]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) He forces you to get out your king’s knight before your pawn; but +after repelling the attack, you may manœuvre to bring the pawn into +play. You might for the knight have substituted the queen; but she is +better at her home, because she enables you to advance, with effect, +the queen’s pawn upon his king’s bishop.</p> + +<p>(c) He plays his knight with a view to hinder you from pushing your +queen’s pawn two squares, nevertheless this move may be ventured; as is +illustrated in another party.</p> + +<p>(d) It is not always advantageous to push the pawns on the wings; as +the removal of the knight’s pawn, in particular, lays open the rook, +such a step must be taken cautiously.</p> + +<p>(e) If he had advanced this pawn two squares, you must have pushed +yours upon his knight, according to the rule already prescribed, always +to advance the attacked pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77E">[Pg 77]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) Not being able to turn your king’s bishop’s action with his pawns, +he interposes his queen’s bishop.</p> + +<p>(g) He might take with the pawn, and it would not be bad play.</p> + +<p>(h) Had he castled on his queen’s side, he would have committed to you +the advantage of situation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78E">[Pg 78]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) Had you not taken this pawn, he would have advanced it another move +upon your bishop, have dislodged him, and obtained an easy attack upon +your king’s wing with his pawns.</p> + +<p>(k) Now, the pursuit of the white must be, to change the king’s +bishop’s pawn with the adverse king’s pawn, and that will turn the +advantage on his side. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79E">[Pg 79]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Third Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) On this move, the king’s knight might be played to his bishop’s third.</p> + +<p>(b) If, instead of his queen’s retreating, his bishop had taken your +king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, you must have taken his bishop with +your queen; and you would have gained a piece.</p> + +<p>(c) The rook’s third square is not the best place for the knight, but +it is necessary in the present crisis. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80E">[Pg 80]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) Had he withdrawn this knight, you must then have placed yours, now +attacked, at his bishop’s second square; and at the subsequent move, +have played your queen’s bishop to the king’s third, to take off the +adverse bishop.</p> + +<p>(e) It is evident, that the white player has several moves over the +black. The black pieces have been engaged in a speculation which always +proves miscalculated against a good player. The queen, making the +premature attack has retreated, and she must again remove, to avoid the +approach of the adverse, and to make way for her own pawns.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81E">[Pg 81]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Sixth Regular Party</i>,</h2> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This way of opening the game, when you have not the move, is +entirely defensive, and therefore not to be adopted if any advantage +is granted; but commencing on equal terms, it is a good experiment on +strength of an adversary with whose skill you are unacquainted.</p> + +<p>(b) On this move he might have forced you to play the gambit, by +pushing his king’s pawn two squares; and you could not take without +being exposed to a check from his queen. The train of moves, then +induced, would terminate in his favor, if he played critically correct. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82E">[Pg 82]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) You might have pushed your queen’s pawn two squares, in order to +change it with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, and this move would not be +amiss; but it would bring his king’s bishop to his queen’s bishop’s +fourth, where he would give great annoyance to your pieces, unless you +had your queen’s bishop to oppose him.</p> + +<p>(d) He might have played his queen’s pawn one square; in that case, +you must have taken his pawn with yours, to hinder him from placing +his pieces on the side of his queen, correspondingly to those on your +king’s side.</p> + +<p>(e) It would be bad play in him to take your pawn, as that would be +clearing the way for your queen’s knight; so it would be wrong for you +to take his pawn with yours, as that would present an advantageous post +to his king’s bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83E">[Pg 83]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) He attacks your queen’s knight’s pawn in order to induce you to +push it, but it is better to sustain it; for if it leaves its place, he +may, by pushing his queen’s rook’s pawn two squares, form a successful +attack on your left wing.</p> + +<p>(g) Had he attacked your queen’s bishop with this knight, you must not +have suffered him to change piece for piece; but have withdrawn your +bishop, and forced his knight to retreat afterwards.</p> + +<p>(h) As your queen’s knight cannot sally, without exposing you to the +risk, of having either a pawn doubled, or your queen forced, it is +necessary to take off his king’s bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84E">[Pg 84]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(k)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(l)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.(m)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) You play this knight that he may be in a course to co-operate with +your king’s knight at your queen’s fourth; the rook’s third is the best +post he can at present take. In general, it is essential to keep open a +free communication between the knights; as it is desirable to post them +on squares, where they can neither be attacked by pawns, nor forced by +other pieces to retreat.</p> + +<p>(k) He pushes this pawn with a view to break your centre, and it would +be assisting his scheme to take it.</p> + +<p>(l) His design is to make an opening for his king’s rook, and were he +allowed to push this pawn another square, he would force and break the +rear of your cordon of pawns.</p> + +<p>(m) As your king’s knight, sustained by two pawns, may safely place +himself at his fifth square, so the adversary takes your pawn, that he +may procure for his knight a similar post. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85E">[Pg 85]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its knight’s square.(n)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(o)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th.(p)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(n) He plays this rook, to secure the command of the file. Here is a +juncture at which a rook may well be sacrificed for another piece. +Supposing that you were not to close this line with your knight, he +would remove his rook to your king’s knight’s fourth square, where, +supported by two pawns, it could not be taken, without concentring his pawns.</p> + +<p>(o) He plays this knight with a design of procuring him as good a place +as yours now occupies.</p> + +<p>(p) By this move you break the direction of his queen, and your two +knights are united to attack and take his knight’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86E">[Pg 86]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.(q)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.(r)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(q) It would be dangerous to castle on your left, because the adversary +might form an easy attack upon your king; besides, your king must +occupy his knight’s third square, in order to restrain the adverse +king’s knight, and in the mean while sustain your pawns.</p> + +<p>(r) This is necessary to prevent him from making himself master of that +file, by changing his knight for yours, the consequence of which would +give him the game. The rooks are never to yield up the openings. At +present the game is even, except that the pawn advanced on the ground +of the black, may be said to give the white some little advantage.</p> + +<p class="spa2">The conduct of the regular parties is analytical, the +most consummate form of each taking the lead, from which the back games +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87E">[Pg 87]</span> +that branch, are inferior either in the dexterity or the regularity +of the moves. By some of the back games it appears, that a player +may commence his investment of the adverse party in form, and yet, +from the manner of the play that is opposed to him, be diverted into +irregularity. Again, on the other hand it will appear, from some +examples of the Salvio Gambit, on which we are going to enter; that +when one player meditates a speedier circumvention than regularity of +approach could effect; defensive movements may be adopted by the other, +of a systematic character, the influence of which shall be so strong, +as to impress, by degrees, a conformity to method on the attitude of +both sets of pieces. At the same time, in practice it will be found, +that a continual recurrence to principle must modulate the movements +of gambits, or they will resemble the incursions of the Cossacks. The +difficulty is, when you attempt a <i>coup de main</i> at Chess, to +preserve such an arrangement, that you may return to the progressive +method, if obliged, without taking lower ground than the adversary.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88E">[Pg 88]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Salvio Gambit</i>.</h2> + +<p class="f110"><b>FIRST PARTY</b>,</p> +<p class="f90">WITH THREE BACK GAMES.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) <span class="smcap">Doctor Salvio</span>, in his Treatise, +printed at Naples, in the year 1723, lays down this defence of the +gambit, but without examining thoroughly any combination; the great +number of moves which arise and succeed each other every instant in +this party, very possibly may have prevented him from analyzing and +calculating the matter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Philidor</span> can only mean, that <span class="smcap">Salvio</span> +has not particularised any combinations different from the step dictated, +in collateral notes on the play; though it is evident that he must have +traced them, from his ultimately fixing on the most complete defence. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89E">[Pg 89]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s square.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.(c) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(d) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) The seventh move may be played different ways; two only however are +eligible: the first, to take the pawn with the bishop, and give check; +the other, to play the queen’s pawn two squares—pursued in two back games.</p> + +<p>(c) If, instead of taking your queen, he had pushed his king’s knight’s +pawn, you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, and +then have played your knight to your king’s bishop’s third square.</p> + +<p>(d) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one square, instead of taking your +pawn with his knight; you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with +your knight, and sacrificed the knight and bishop for two pawns and a +rook; the subject of a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90E">[Pg 90]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, it would have been +your game, to have drawn back your king’s bishop, in order to give +double check with your knight, or make him lose a turn.</p> + +<p>(f) In this situation you must either win a pawn, or force the change +of his king’s rook for your knight.</p> + +<p>(g) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one move, it would have been proper +to have attacked his rook with your knight, and then to take his +queen’s pawn with the knight, leaving his rook exposed to your bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91E">[Pg 91]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.(i)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) It would be bad play to attack his rook with your knight, who being +without a retreat, would at length be forced and taken.</p> + +<p>(i) Being no longer able to sustain this pawn, he pushes it: you must +readily take it, because all pawns separated and advanced on your +ground must be lost.</p> + +<p>(k) In this position the white party have this advantage, that their +pieces are disposed in better order; nevertheless, this manner of +playing the gambit is no ways advantageous against a player, to whom +a piece is granted; though this party, when played without odds, is a +very good one. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92E">[Pg 92]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST PARTY,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) <span class="smcap">Salvio</span> here directs the removal of +the king to his queen’s square; but, after the most exact calculations, +I think it would be better to play the king to his second square: +that the reader may, however, judge which is the preferable course, I +exhibit both ways of playing, adding a variation on the seventh move of +the black.</p> + +<p>(b) You are forced to withdraw the bishop, in order to avoid the loss +of a piece.</p> + +<p>(c) If he had taken your king’s pawn with his knight, you must have +played your queen to your king’s square, to offer an exchange of +queens, which would restore your game to a firm state of defence; but +if, instead of pushing this pawn, he had played his knight to his +king’s rook’s fourth, you should have taken his king’s knight’s pawn +with your queen, permitting afterwards double check: then, by taking +his knight and sacrificing your rook, your situation from embarrassing +rises to advantageous. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93E">[Pg 93]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s square.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) This is a very bad retreat for your knight; but if you had attacked +his rook, your piece would have been forced. It is the adverse king, +played to his second square, on the seventh move, that has thrown your +game into so perplexing a situation.</p> + +<p>(e Had he given double check with his knight, you) would have won a +piece by removing your king; and if he had exchanged queens, you would +have put an end to his attack.</p> + +<p>(f) This move is very requisite, to disengage your king’s rook.</p> + +<p>(g) If you were to take his pawn with yours, he would instantly give +you check-mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94E">[Pg 94]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s square.(k)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) It is advisable to push this pawn; and not to take, which would +establish his king’s knight upon your ground.</p> + +<p>(i) You thus prepare for bringing out the pieces of your left wing, +without being obliged to place your knight at his bishop’s third.</p> + +<p>(k) In this position, though the black pieces have the advantage, yet +the game is not irrecoverably lost, because the white have still some +chance of succeeding in placing their pawns in the centre. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95E">[Pg 95]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SUPPLEMENT</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST BACK GAME.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check, &c. &c.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had he taken your king’s pawn, you must have played your queen to +your king’s second.</p> + +<p>(b) It is unnecessary to proceed; the variations of the first back game +recur, with the difference that you have one pawn less. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96E">[Pg 96]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST PARTY,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This creates no necessity of withdrawing your bishop as in the +first back game, so that remaining in advance, he may hinder the +adverse king’s knight from posting himself at his king’s rook’s fourth; +a move portending danger.</p> + +<p>(b) Had you withdrawn your king’s bishop to attack the king and rook +with your knight, he would have played his knight to his king’s rook’s +fourth, and sacrificed his rook to win the game.</p> + +<p>(c) There were two other ways for him to have played; the first, to +force your knight to retreat, by pushing his queen’s pawn upon him; +the other, to take your king’s pawn with his knight, in which case you +should offer an exchange of queens, by playing yours to your king’s square. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97E">[Pg 97]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s square.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) Had you taken his pawn with yours, he would have won the game.</p> + +<p>(e) If you had moved the king to his bishop’s second square, the black +would have won the game, by giving check with his king’s knight’s pawn, +and, at the next move, check with his king’s knight.</p> + +<p>(f) This move forces his queen to retreat, and allows time to put +your game in a state of defence. If you could exchange queens, your +condition would be still better, for your pawns not only stand in the +centre, but are farther advanced than his. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98E">[Pg 98]</span></p> + +<p>Before the retreat of the queen, it will be proper for the gambit pawn +to take, giving check; that it may not be lost without compensation: +and the queen, on her retreat, must make such a demonstration by her +position as will effectually dislodge the bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99E">[Pg 99]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center">TO THE FIRST PARTY, OF THE SALVIO GAMBIT,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eighth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If instead of this, he had played his queen’s knight to his +bishop’s third, you must have taken his knight with yours, and +sustained your king’s pawn, by that of your queen.</p> + +<p>(b) It is better to take his pawn, than to surrender your bishop to it, +because his rook still remains exposed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100E">[Pg 100]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) He might with his knight have attacked your queen’s bishop’s pawn, +which you would have defended with your queen’s knight.</p> + +<p>(d) This move is necessary, because he could have taken your king’s +pawn by sacrificing his knight, and afterwards have taken your queen’s +knight’s pawn with his bishop.</p> + +<p>(e) He could not have sustained the king’s or gambit pawn for more than +two or three moves.</p> + +<p>(f) In this situation, it is better to advance the king under the pawns, +than to castle, and you will have then a better game than your adversary.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101E">[Pg 101]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Second Party</i><br> +<span class="h_subtitle">OF THE SALVIO GAMBIT,</span></h2> +<p class="center">WITH ONE BACK GAME,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the White</i>.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) You might castle at the fifth move, and suffer him to take your +knight; you then take his knight’s pawn with your queen, and depend for +reprisals on attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn. All your pieces would +easily get out, and before he could secure his king, it would be easy +for you to regain some advantage. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102E">[Pg 102]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If you had taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with your knight, he +would, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares, have gained two pieces +for his king’s rook. As the same pawn might have been taken by the +bishop, and check given at the same time, it will form the subject of a +back game.</p> + +<p>(c) Had he brought out his queen’s knight to his bishop’s third, you +must have taken his knight with yours, and then offered queen for queen +at your king’s square.</p> + +<p>(d) Had you taken his king’s pawn with your knight, he would have left +his rook exposed, playing his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, as a +prelude to a double attack on your king and rook, which would throw you +into a disagreeable situation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103E">[Pg 103]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at its king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) Had you taken the pawn with yours, he would, by taking with his +king’s knight’s pawn, have opened the line for his queen’s bishop; +by which you would be exposed to the hazard of losing your queen, or +receiving check-mate.</p> + +<p>(f) He plays this pawn to prevent his queen being forced. (See the +situation at the thirteenth move of the second back game of the first +gambit, volume the first.) And should he castle, or otherwise vary his +play, it would be your game to propose queen for queen, at your king’s +bishop’s square. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104E">[Pg 104]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) It was of consequence to withdraw his bishop, for by pushing your +king’s rook’s pawn two squares, you would have broken all his pawns.</p> + +<p>(h) From this period the endeavour of each must be, to bring out the +pieces as soon as possible; but the white must persist in not taking +the king’s knight’s pawn with his rook’s pawn; and, though the black +have the advantage in numbers, by a pawn, the situation of the white +will then be preferable. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105E">[Pg 105]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had he withdrawn his king to his queen’s square, you should have +pushed your queen’s pawn to its extent, and you would have obtained a +firm position; but by this move, he dictates the retreat of your king’s +bishop, otherwise by pushing his queen’s pawn he would gain a piece.</p> + +<p>(b) He had two other ways of playing; the one, to take your king’s pawn +with his knight, on which you play your queen to your king’s second +square, letting him give double check with his knight, that sacrificing +your rook for the knight, you might win the game. The other way would +be, to transport his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, in which case +you ought to propose an exchange of queen’s at your king’s square. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106E">[Pg 106]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the queen.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Had he given double check with his knight, you ought to have +withdrawn your king to his knight’s square, and then he would lose a +piece; and had he taken your queen, you ought to have taken with your +knight, to facilitate the bringing out your pieces.</p> + +<p>(d) In the present situation the white seem to have the best of the game.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107E">[Pg 107]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Supplements to former Games</i>.</h2> +</div> +<p class="center"><span class="fs_120">SUPPLEMENT</span><br>To the First Gambit +in the First Volume:<br> WITH TWO BACK GAMES;</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black, and the Sixth of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_108E">[Pg 108]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) You might have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with yours, but your +pieces would then have been too much entangled; nevertheless, I shall +make it the subject of a back game.</p> + +<p>(b) At present he has the superiority over you of a pawn: but in +abatement of that advantage, it is to be observed, that the pawn which +should be foremost, being left behind, will remain useless till it +attain your king’s bishop’s fourth square.</p> + +<p>(c) Let him have played what piece he would, you certainly should have +played as you have done, unless he had exposed some piece to be taken. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109E">[Pg 109]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) His knight, which he arms with two pawns, you must forbear taking; +as it would unite his pawns in the centre, introducing his king’s +bishop’s pawn, now useless, to a post that would ensure him the game.</p> + +<p>(e) It is better to castle on your right than on your left; because +your king will sustain the knight’s pawn, in case your adversary takes +your queen’s bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110E">[Pg 110]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) The position of the two parties is nearly even. The white pieces +must carry all their disposable force against the adverse king’s +bishop’s pawn, in order to take it: the black, on the other hand, +must manœuvre to exchange the king’s knight, in order to unite their +pawns in the centre. It is apparent from this gambit, that it is not +advantageous to push the king’s rook’s pawn two squares, at the fourth move. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111E">[Pg 111]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the king’s knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the king’s pawn, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen covers the check.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had you taken the exposed pawn with your knight, he would have +pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn upon your knight, forcing him to retire +to your king’s bishop’s second: he then, taking your king’s pawn with +that of his bishop, would have secured the advantage of position.</p> + +<p>(b) In this situation you must exchange queens, as the most eligible +step; and afterwards take the gambit pawn. The two games are even. It +is easily seen, that this way of playing the gambit is neither of a +very interesting nature, nor affords the same after-games or numberless +variations that spring from Salvio’s gambits. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112E">[Pg 112]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Sixth Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the knight’s pawn.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had you played your king’s bishop to your queen’s bishop’s fourth, +attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn, he would have removed his queen to +her king’s second square, and rendered your position far from good.</p> + +<p>(b) It would be bad play to take your knight with his.</p> + +<p>(c) Though he defends his knight with his queen, he might without +danger have sustained him, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares: in +which case you must have removed your king’s knight to his bishop’s second. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113E">[Pg 113]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) You play the knight to hinder him from pushing his queen’s pawn two +squares; but if, contrary to your expectation, he should move the pawn +to its full extent, you may take it without danger.</p> + +<p>(e) Had he played the knight to his king’s bishop’s fourth, you must +have attacked his king’s bishop with your queen’s knight, to procure +his removal; and if he had afterwards taken the rook’s pawn and given +check, you should have taken his bishop with your rook, to give check +with your queen’s knight. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114E">[Pg 114]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(f)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(f) The game is nearly even: the gambit pawn will in time be taken, as +it is separated, and cannot be sustained, but by the pieces. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115E">[Pg 115]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="fs_120">SUPPLEMENT</span><br>To the Third Party +in the First Volume;<br>the Black moving first.</p> + +<p class="center">WITH ONE BACK GAME,</p> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the king’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) It is better to push this pawn the second square, than to expose +the queens, which would bring on a series of very puzzling moves; +whereas, on the mode intended to be pursued, whether he takes the +king’s pawn, or the king’s knight, you will find ways to defend yourself. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116E">[Pg 116]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn moves to the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If you had sustained your queen’s pawn with that of your queen’s +bishop, you would have lost the game; but in this situation he cannot +take the pawn that is upon the file of your king, without losing in +return the one that is at your king’s third. There is yet another way +of playing, giving check with the king’s bishop: it will make the +subject of a back game.</p> + +<p>(c) The pieces of the white seem to be the better placed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117E">[Pg 117]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the White</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn at the adverse king’s 3d.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had he covered the check with his queen’s bishop, you had been +enabled to take his king’s knight with your queen.</p> + +<p>(b) If he take this pawn with his king’s bishop’s pawn, you take his +queen’s knight, giving check; and afterwards take his king’s knight +with your queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118E">[Pg 118]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse king’s 4th.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Had he taken the pawn that is at his king’s third, and attacked +your queen, you must have taken his queen with your knight; and upon +the capture of your queen, your knight, by attacking the king and rook, +would have ensured the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119E">[Pg 119]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The advantage of position inclines to the white party.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120E">[Pg 120]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Practical Mates</i></h2> +<p class="center">AND</p> +<p class="f150"><b><i>Ends of Parties</i></b>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center">METHOD OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A<br>ROOK AND +A BISHOP AGAINST A ROOK.(a)</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook covers the check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) In a former edition, I thought it would suffice to place the black +in that position, which was most favourable to a protracted defence: +but, as many lovers of the game desire to know the mode of forcing the +black into the position, here assigned to him, it will be displayed in +a subsequent example. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121E">[Pg 121]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(e) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) He takes the situation most calculated to elude you. To give +check-mate, you must force your adversary to place his rook, either +at your queen’s square, or at your queen’s third square. In either +position, the game will be won, after a few computed moves.</p> + +<p>(c) He is now obliged to play his rook to your queen’s square, or to +your queen’s third square.</p> + +<p>(d) You have already forced him to play his rook to one of those +squares where he is in a course to lose: but this is not enough; for +your rook must not be farther from your king than the number of squares +which a knight passes at a move. If you were to play your rook to its +queen’s bishop’s second square, he would play his rook to your queen’s +second square; and you must be eternally recommencing: whereas, by +passing your rook on your right, he must, to parry the mate, play his +rook to your king’s bishop’s square, which is no better than that of his queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122E">[Pg 122]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(f) ☜</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.(h) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) As he might have played his king to his bishop’s square, we will +make it the subject of a back-game.</p> + +<p>(f) He could have played his rook to your king’s bishop’s third: the +subject of another back-game.</p> + +<p>(g) He brings back his king to form an interval, for his rook to cover +the check of your rook.</p> + +<p>(h) He might have played the king to his bishop’s square: the subject +of the last back-game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123E">[Pg 123]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th square, and must win.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124E">[Pg 124]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) You force him, by this move, to play his rook to your king’s +knight’s square, to parry the mate; which will give you his rook +gratuitously.</p> + +<p>(b) You leave him no other way to ward the mate, than playing his king +to his knight’s square; for, if he check with his rook, you preserve +your attack impending in undiminished force over him, by covering with +your bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125E">[Pg 125]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s square,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and must win.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126E">[Pg 126]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If he had moved his king to his bishop’s square, you would have +played your rook to his king’s rook’s second, in order to give mate the +next move.</p> + +<p>(b) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, you must have +played your rook to his queen’s knight’s second, in order to give mate +the next move. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127E">[Pg 127]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th, and must win the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) If he had played his king to his rook’s square, you would have won +his rook, giving check by discovery.</p> + +<p>(d) If he had played his rook to your king’s third, to prevent the +check of your bishop; you must have played your rook to your king’s +rook’s fourth, in order to give mate the next move. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128E">[Pg 128]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>THIRD BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th, and must win the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_129E">[Pg 129]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2">METHOD</p> +<p class="center">OF FORCING THE BLACK TO TAKE THE<br> +POSITION ABOVE ASSIGNED, IN ORDER TO<br>GIVE MATE WITH A ROOK AND BISHOP<br> +AGAINST A ROOK.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The bishop at his king’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If you had checked with your rook, he would have covered with his; +but he is now obliged to retract his rook, which enables you to employ +your bishop.</p> + +<p>(b) This prevents his rook from covering the check from yours, so that +you may force his king to retrograde. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130E">[Pg 130]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) This move is material, in order to employ your bishop as above +directed; that is, to debar his rook from covering the check, which you +will give with yours.</p> + +<p>(d) If he had moved the king to his square, you must then have advanced +your king to the face of his king, and left your bishop exposed. The +whole difficulty consists in placing your bishop at the adverse king’s +fourth. Your adversary’s manœuvre to prevent it, will be, leaving his +king inactive, and playing his rook, alternately, from the second to +the first square of your king’s bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131E">[Pg 131]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.(e) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d, and finds himself</li> +<li class="isub3"> in the position above assigned.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) Had he given you check with his rook, you must have played your +king to the adverse queen’s fourth, which would have given your bishop +the necessary liberty. The adversary could have likewise played his king +to his knight’s square, which will be made the subject of a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132E">[Pg 132]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Seventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_133E">[Pg 133]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 4th,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and will give check-mate the next move. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_134E">[Pg 134]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p>It may be seen by this back-game, that when the pieces do not exactly +stand in the situation before assigned, there may be various ways to +force the mate: but a circumstance that cannot be dispensed with, is, +that the bishop must stand on a diagonal that runs close to his king, +to cover him in case of a check.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135E">[Pg 135]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">METHOD</h2> +<p class="center">OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH<br> +A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP.</p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s knight at his square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s bishop at his square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) The mate must be given in the corner which is of the colour on +which the bishop moves; and when the adverse king retires to the +corner, differently coloured, the stroke is effected, by a gradual +process of eighteen or twenty moves. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136E">[Pg 136]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) The office of the knight is, to exclude the adverse king from the +squares which are out of the bishop’s field.</p> + +<p>(c) If he had played his king to his rook’s fourth, you must have given +check with the bishop at your king’s second; and should he then pass +his king to that quarter of the board which has a corner square of your +bishop’s colour, you will mate him in a few moves.</p> + +<p>(d) If he had moved to his rook’s third, you must have played your +bishop to your king’s second, to oblige his king to seek shelter in the +black angle, whence your knight will soon dislodge him. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137E">[Pg 137]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(g) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) From this position, the mate is forced in about eighteen or twenty +moves.</p> + +<p>(f) The knight prevents his king from returning to the corner. Your +object is, to exclude him with the knight from the black squares, and +with the bishop from the white ones.</p> + +<p>(g) He might have played his king to his queen’s square; which is +traced to its consequences in a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138E">[Pg 138]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_139E">[Pg 139]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check-mate. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_140E">[Pg 140]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Eleventh Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s 2d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) It is to be observed, that the knight does not change the direction +of his moves, whether the black player adopt the course of the game or +the back game.</p> + +<p>(b) If you had given check with your bishop, he would have passed his +king into the other corner; and your attack would have been eluded. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141E">[Pg 141]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) It is needless to proceed. The position induced by the back game, +is that of the seventeenth move of the game.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142E">[Pg 142]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">A PARTY,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">WON WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN<br> AGAINST A BISHOP.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If you had pushed your pawn, to give check, you would have +furnished the adversary with the means of making a drawn game, as will +be seen afterwards.</p> + +<p>(b) If he had withdrawn his king, you must have protruded yours to the +van of your pawn. This party is to be won, only by advancing your king, +and confining that of your adversary to the last rank, previously to +pushing the pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143E">[Pg 143]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) This move imposes on him a necessity of retracting his king, and +resigning the field to yours.</p> + +<p>(d) In this position the game is won, either by pushing the pawn to +queen, or forcing the adverse bishop. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144E">[Pg 144]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>A DRAWN GAME,</b></p> + +<p class="center">WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN<br> AGAINST A BISHOP.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn gives check.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) The result from this movement must be a drawn game, because your +king cannot recover the opportunity of advancing before your pawn, +supposing your adversary to play with critical precision. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145E">[Pg 145]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) It is material for him to keep his bishop at a distance from your +king, to enable him to give check, should you play the king to one of +the black squares next to your pawn.</p> + +<p>(c) If he had covered the check, you would have won the game, by +pushing your king forwards to the black square facing his bishop.</p> + +<p>(d) If he had played his bishop to your king’s rook’s second, you would +have won the game, by playing your rook to his king’s knight’s second. +It is to be observed, that, in the defence of this party, the bishop, +while he is so distant as to secure himself from capture, must be ready +to step into a diagonal that bears on the adverse king. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146E">[Pg 146]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse king’s square, in readiness to check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square, discovering check from the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) Had you advanced the king, he would have obliged you to retrograde, +by a check from his bishop.</p> + +<p>(f) Any other movement would have occasioned him the loss of the game.</p> + +<p>(g) In this position your pawn is forced; as your king cannot proceed, +without intercepting the communication between the pawn and the rook. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147E">[Pg 147]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) When a player has a bishop against a rook, he must as soon as +possible station his king on a corner square of the chess-board, of a +different colour from the field of the bishop. It is the only place +where he can insure a drawn game.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148E">[Pg 148]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">METHOD</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">OF GIVING CHECK-MATE<br> WITH A SINGLE ROOK.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 3d square.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) His king must be opposite to yours, previously to each time of your +giving check with your rook; because his king is then forced, by the +check, to retrograde. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149E">[Pg 149]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If you had played your king opposite to his, he would have restored +his king to its previous place; whereas, should he on this move play +his king to the face of yours, you may force him back by the check of +your rook.</p> + +<p>(c) In the present case he is obliged to place his king opposite to +yours, or absolutely to abandon the rank. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150E">[Pg 150]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<p>There is another mode of giving check-mate with a rook, which may be +practised with great facility, and which will, in general, be found +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151E">[Pg 151]</span> +more summary than that which has been exhibited. A description of it, +sufficiently intelligible, may be conveyed to the player, without a +notation of the moves. The principle of it, is, to confine the adverse +king in a square, two sides of which are formed by the extremities of +the board, and two sides by two impassable lines, running from the +station of the rook. This station must, at the commencement, prescribe +all possible limitation; and the square you continually abridge, by the +progression of the rook, supported by the king. When the adverse king +is reduced to an area of four squares, it will be proper to suspend the +action of the rook, leaving him in the great diagonal, on the third +square from the corner. The interim will be employed in seating your +own king on the third square of the rank or the file. This completes +the preparation for check-mate.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152E">[Pg 152]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CONCLUSION OF A<br> PARTY,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">WON BY THE QUEEN AGAINST<br> A ROOK AND A PAWN.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 3d.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) This party is a drawn game, when the pawn has not been moved from +its place; but, in the event of its having been advanced, the queen +must win.</p> + +<p>(b) His defence depends entirely upon not letting your king pass, and +in meditation of the intended obstruction, playing his rook alternately +from the queen’s bishop’s fourth to the king’s fourth, being always +supported by his pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153E">[Pg 153]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s square.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check, at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) This move is superfluous and unavailing; and I adopt it, only to +shew, by what trivial means turns may be gained or lost.</p> + +<p>(d) This move lays a certain foundation for a decision in your favour; +you must, therefore, at the second move of the queen, take this position. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154E">[Pg 154]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s square.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.(g) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) This check forces his king to occupy the same file with his pawn; +this will be a great facility to your own king, in passing.</p> + +<p>(f) You place him under the dilemma of removing his rook from his king, +or giving a free passage to yours.</p> + +<p>(g) If he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you must have +played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third. He might also have +played his rook to his king’s rook’s fourth, to hinder the passage of +your king; the movements which you should then adopt, are exhibited in +the first back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155E">[Pg 155]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 4th.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(k) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) If here, too, he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you +must have played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third.</p> + +<p>(i) At the instant your king gets in the rear of his pawn, the +advantage of the game will turn on your side: to attain this, you must +force him to play his king.</p> + +<p>(k) He could have played his king to his queen’s bishop’s second +square. This course is pursued in the second back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156E">[Pg 156]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.(l)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check, at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(l) If he had detached his rook from his king, the object of your play +must have been to force his rook, by a divergent check. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157E">[Pg 157]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th square, and must win.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The termination of this party, regularly conducted from this move, +may be seen in p. 160.—As many amateurs may not be acquainted with +the method of giving check-mate with a queen against a rook, the +opportunity which the state of the board presents for exhibiting that +operation is embraced. It may be pursued in immediate continuation, by +suspending the back games. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158E">[Pg 158]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Ninth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king where he pleases, his pawn being lost.(b)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) His rook being distant from its king, allows you to take it by a +divergent check, or at least to take his pawn.</p> + +<p>(b) This back game shews the facility with which a queen may force a +rook, when detached from its king. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159E">[Pg 159]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fifteenth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d square, and must win.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) The ability of the king to manœuvre behind the pawn, commands the +event of the game.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160E">[Pg 160]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CHECK-MATE, + </h2> +</div> +<p class="center">BY THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK,</p> +<p class="center"><i>Being a Continuation of the Party in Page 157</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) It is unavailing to give check with your queen, before your king +has approached the adverse king.</p> + +<p>(b) He offers you his rook for nothing: but, if you take it, he will be +stale-mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161E">[Pg 161]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Your last move was by no means tactical. The queen should have +remained on the fourth square from the corner. The move was made merely +to shew the game which might then be played by your adversary. If you +were to take his rook, he would be stale-mate. This cannot be too much +attended to at the end of this party.</p> + +<p>(d) Had you played your king to your queen’s knight’s third, he would +have made a drawn game, by giving you check at your queen’s bishop’s third. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162E">[Pg 162]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her rook’s 4th.(e)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(f)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) Your king may now invest the adversary, by a near approach, without +any danger of making him stale-mate.</p> + +<p>(f) He is obliged to remove his rook from his king, which gives you an +opportunity of taking his rook by a divergent check, or making him mate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163E">[Pg 163]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the knight’s square.(g)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s square,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and must win.(h)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(g) If he had covered the check, you would have given mate at your +queen’s bishop’s square.</p> + +<p>(h) This party can be won only by forcing the adversary to detach his +rook, in order to ensure its fall, by a divergent check. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164E">[Pg 164]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>A DRAWN GAME,</b></p> +<p class="center">WITH THE QUEEN AGAINST<br> A ROOK AND A PAWN.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at her knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s pawn at its square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its king’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s 3d, giving check. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_165E">[Pg 165]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th square.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) In this position it is a drawn game; because neither the queen, nor +the king, can come upon the rear of the black pawn, as in the former party. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166E">[Pg 166]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>A DRAWN GAME,</b></p> +<p class="center">WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN<br> AGAINST A ROOK;</p> + +<p class="f120">Or <b>LOST GAME</b>,</p> + +<p class="center">IF THE PLAYER HAVING ONLY<br> A ROOK PLAY ILL.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at its king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 3d.(a) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) By commanding the third rank with his rook, he hinders your king +from advancing; if he were to desert that rank before you had pushed +your pawn, he would lose the party, as will be seen by a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167E">[Pg 167]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) He ought not to move his rook from this line, until at the instant +of your pushing the pawn.</p> + +<p>(c) If he had given check, he would have lost the game.</p> + +<p>(d) And he must give you perpetual check, unless you will be induced to +detach your king from your pawn: and if, in adopting that course, you +enfilade obliquely from his successive checks, toward his rook, he will +transport his rook, at the moment of its being reached by your king, so +as to ensure the fall of your pawn.—If your king retires upon your own +rook, he will change rooks.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168E">[Pg 168]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">VARIANT GAME,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">ON THE FIRST MOVE OF THE BLACK,<br> +WHEN A ROOK AND A PAWN<br> WIN AGAINST A ROOK.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) If you had placed your king opposite his, he could have regained +the opportunity of making a drawn game, by giving check with his rook.</p> + +<p>(b) Had he given check at his queen’s rook’s third, you must have +covered check with your pawn: and had he removed his king to his +queen’s square, you must have given check with your rook, afterwards +playing your king to the adverse king’s second square.</p> + +<p>(c) Had he left his king unmoved, you must have given check, and +changed rook for rook. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169E">[Pg 169]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s square.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(f)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.(g)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) This is the only move which can ensure victory: every other leads +but to a drawn game.</p> + +<p>(e) Had he given check, you must have played your king to the adverse +king’s second.</p> + +<p>(f) Had he played his king to his bishop’s third, you must have given +check with your rook, and at the next move pushed your pawn.</p> + +<p>(g) Had you pushed your pawn, it would have been a drawn game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170E">[Pg 170]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at its king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.(h)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at his knight’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(h) He plays thus, in order to hinder your king from moving out on the +queen’s side of the board, and to bring him, by a check, again under +your pawn, in case he move out on the king’s side. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171E">[Pg 171]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(i)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square, and will win.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(i) As in England, the stale-mate is the loss of the game, you might, +at this move, play your rook to your queen’s second.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172E">[Pg 172]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">A DRAWN GAME,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">WITH A QUEEN, AND A PAWN,<br> AGAINST A QUEEN</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at her bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) In this position, the white should seek an opportunity of changing +queen for queen: the black should keep the king at a distance from the +adverse king, in order to prevent that exchange, and to be the better +enabled to give perpetual check. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173E">[Pg 173]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen covers the check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(c)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) He cannot, in this position, give check, without losing the game; +but he may hinder your pawn from making a queen.</p> + +<p>(c) It is plain, that, when the checking intermits, such a position may +be taken as to prevent the pawn from making a queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174E">[Pg 174]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>A GAME WON</b></p> + +<p class="center">BY A QUEEN, AGAINST A PAWN<br> NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) To win this game, the queen must be previously brought, as near as +possible, to the adverse king. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175E">[Pg 175]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) It is this move which enables you to win the game, because you +force him to play his king under his pawn.</p> + +<p>(c) As his pawn cannot make a queen, you must employ the interval in +which your queen is inactive, in bringing your king in proximity to his. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176E">[Pg 176]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.(d)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) It is uniformly the same move which forces him to play his king +under his pawn.</p> + +<p>(e) You will proceed with a reiteration of the same moves, till your +king is seated close to his pawn, and then the game is won. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177E">[Pg 177]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>A DRAWN GAME,</b></p> +<p class="center">WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN<br> NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_178E">[Pg 178]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s square.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) In the former party, you forced his king to come under his pawn: +but he may now, without risk, leave it exposed to be taken; for you +would make a stale-mate by taking it: this ought then to be a drawn game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179E">[Pg 179]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>ANOTHER DRAWN GAME,</b></p> +<p class="center">WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN<br> NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen at her 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_180E">[Pg 180]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the rook’s square.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Being continually forced to remove your queen from that file, to +make room for his king, you could never bring up your king in time: so +it must be a drawn game.</p> + +<p>It is to be observed, that the pawns of the two bishops, and of the two +rooks, at one square from promotion, make a drawn game against a queen; +and the pawns of the king, and the queen, and of the two knights, lose +in such a position.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181E">[Pg 181]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">A DRAWN GAME,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">WITH A SINGLE PAWN;</p> +<p class="f120">Or <b>A GAME WON</b>,</p> +<p class="center">IF HE WHO DIRECTS THE UNACCOMPANIED<br> +KING SHOULD NOT PLAY WELL.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub12"><i>The king at his bishop’s 3d.</i></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) It is necessary to bring his king alternately to the face of the +adverse pawn, and alternately to the face of the adverse king, in order +to oppose the promotion of the pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182E">[Pg 182]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) If he had removed his king to his square, or to the knight’s +square, he would have lost the game. The subject of a back game.</p> + +<p>(c) Were you in the present position to push your pawn, you could not +sustain it without making a stale-mate.</p> + +<p>(d) His defence depends upon opposing his king to yours; if, on the +other hand, the possession of the move enabled you to oppose your king +to his, you would win the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183E">[Pg 183]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.(e)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king is forced to desert the pawn.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(e) He places his king in that alternate opposition to your pieces, +which infallibly brings on a drawn game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184E">[Pg 184]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Fourth Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square, or at the knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d, and will win.</li> +</ul> + +<p>It may be seen by these examples, that the unaccompanied king, to make +a good defence, must, at the last stage of his retreat, refuse to move +from before the adversary’s pawn.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185E">[Pg 185]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">A DRAWN GAME,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">BY A KNIGHT DISTANT FROM HIS KING,<br> +AGAINST A PAWN ADVANCING<br> TO PROMOTION.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The knight at his queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The pawn at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_186E">[Pg 186]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 3d.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) He cannot push his pawn, without receiving a divergent check from +your knight; therefore it is a drawn game. It is important to observe, +that in positions, when the knight can neither check, nor hinder the +pawn from advancing, a divergent check will be in his power, if the +pawn be advanced.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187E">[Pg 187]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">A DRAWN GAME,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">WITH TWO PAWNS AGAINST ONE;</p> +<p class="f120">Or <b>A PARTY WON</b>,</p> +<p class="center">IF THE PLAYER WITH THE SINGLE PAWN MISMOVE.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 5th.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 3d.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Before we proceed, let us review the board at the stage at which we +find the game. If the black pieces were to play first, the white would +win; but the white party having to commence, it will be a drawn game.</p> + +<p>(b) Had he played his king to his king’s bishop’s fourth square, you +would have regained the move; which would have been the earnest of +victory. The subject of a back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188E">[Pg 188]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.(d) <span class="fs_120"><b>☜</b></span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.(e)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Had he played his king to his queen’s fourth, he would have lost +the game. The subject of the second back game.</p> + +<p>(d) By refusing to advance from his eligible station, he is enabled to +oppose your king, whether you chuse to place him at his own fourth, or +at your queen’s fourth.</p> + +<p>(e) This is the identical position at which we commenced. Supposing the +future moves of the adversary to be correctly made, no variation in +your course can prevent it from being a drawn game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189E">[Pg 189]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FIRST BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the First Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.(a)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) Had he removed his king to your king’s knight’s fourth, he would +lose the game, equally as he will by the present course.</p> + +<p>(b) Had he played his king to his second square, or to his queen’s +second, you must have advanced your king opposite his, to effect the +capture of his pawn.</p> + +<p>(c) He could have declined taking your pawn; a mode of play that is +pursued in the second back game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190E">[Pg 190]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d, and must win.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(d) As often as the king can move in the van of a single pawn, the +adversary cannot hinder you from making a queen. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191E">[Pg 191]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>SECOND BACK GAME</b>,</p> +<p class="center"><i>On the Second Move of the Black</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.(a)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) You again get the move, because he cannot play his king fronting +yours: he must absolutely retrograde either to his third square, or to +his queen’s third square. In either case, your king may place himself +in opposition to his.</p> + +<p>(b) If he had withdrawn his king to his second square, or to his +queen’s second, you must have advanced your king opposite his. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192E">[Pg 192]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.(c)</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(c) Had you taken his pawn with yours, it would have been a drawn game.</p> + +<p>(d) By this step he has regained the move, since he may oppose king to +king; but by the sacrifice of a pawn you may recover it over him, and a +single pawn is enough to win the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193E">[Pg 193]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn 1 square, and makes a queen without opposition.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194E">[Pg 194]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">A DRAWN GAME,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">WITH TWO SEPARATED PAWNS,<br> AGAINST TWO UNITED PAWNS.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the White.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 5th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2"> </li> +<li class="isub12"><i>Situation of the Black.</i></li> +<li class="isub10">The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The queen’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub10">The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.(a)</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.</li> +</ul> + +<p>(a) From this position, if the black were to commence play, the white +would win the game. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195E">[Pg 195]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 4th square.(b)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 4th square.(c)</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.(d)</li> +</ul> + +<p>(b) Had he played his king to his bishop’s third, you would have +advanced your king towards his pawn, and he would have lost the game.</p> + +<p>(c) Had he played his king to his bishop’s fourth, you would have +recovered the move; and the move, at these critical junctures, is the game.</p> + +<p>(d) As he does not advance his pawn, nor suffer your king to take the +place opposite to his, it must be a drawn game.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196E">[Pg 196]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">OBSERVATIONS</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">ON THE ENDS OF PARTIES,</p> +<p class="center">AND</p> +<p class="center"><i>ON THE POWERS OF PIECES</i><br> VARIOUSLY COMBINED.</p> + +<p>A single pawn cannot win, if the adverse king be placed in opposition +to it.</p> + +<p>A single pawn may win, if the king be placed in the van of his pawn.</p> + +<p>Two pawns against one must win, almost in all cases: but he that has +the two pawns, must avoid changing one of them with the adversary’s pawn. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197E">[Pg 197]</span></p> + +<p>A pawn, and any piece whatsoever, must win in all cases; a pawn on +a rook’s file, co-operating with a bishop, whose diagonal is of a +different colour from the square at which the pawn must make a queen, +only excepted.</p> + +<p>Two knights alone cannot mate.</p> + +<p>Two bishops alone may mate.</p> + +<p>A knight and a bishop may mate.</p> + +<p>A rook, against a knight, makes a drawn game.</p> + +<p>A rook, against a bishop, makes a drawn game.</p> + +<p>A rook and a knight, against a rook, make a drawn game.</p> + +<p>A rook and a bishop, against a rook, win.</p> + +<p>A rook and a bishop, against a queen, make a drawn game.</p> + +<p>A rook and a knight, against a queen, make a drawn game.</p> + +<p>A queen, against a bishop and a knight, may win.</p> + +<p>A rook, against a bishop and two pawns, makes a drawn game.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198E">[Pg 198]</span></p> + +<p>A rook, against one knight and two pawns, makes a drawn game, because +in this, as in the last case, he who has the single potent piece, +cannot be hindered from sacrificing it for the two pawns.</p> + +<p>A queen, against one rook and two pawns, makes a drawn game.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199E">[Pg 199]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak" >THE<br> <i>Laws of Chess</i>. + </h2> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">The Laws or Constitutions of a Game are +originally established, either to prevent or decide contests; because, +by defining what is in itself indefinite, by determining that which, +without any explanation, would be uncertain, they put an end to all +obstinacy and dispute. These statutes, founded at first in reason, +consecrated afterwards by custom, confirmed at length by the practice +of the best players, and the approbation of the most illustrious +authors, may be reduced to the XVII following RULES, which the Society +or Club of Chess in <span class="smcap">England</span> have adopted for +their code.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200E">[Pg 200]</span></p> + +<p class="f120 spa2">LAWS OF CHESS.</p> + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<p>The chess-board must be placed in such a manner, that each player may +have a white square at his right hand.</p> + +<h3>II.</h3> + +<p>He that gives a piece is supposed to have the move, unless it be agreed +otherwise. In games without odds, lots must be cast for the move, which +afterwards becomes alternate.</p> + +<h3>III.</h3> + +<p>If a pawn or piece have been forgotten at the beginning of the game, it +will be in the adversary’s choice, either to begin the game afresh, or +to go on, permitting, nevertheless, the piece forgotten to be set in +its place.</p> + +<h3>IV.</h3> + +<p>If it is agreed to give the advantage of a piece, or a pawn, and it +have been forgotten at the beginning of a game, it will be left to the +choice of him who has suffered by such a mistake, to proceed, or to +recommence.</p> + +<h3>V.</h3> + +<p>A piece once touched must be played, unless it be said, in touching +it, <i>J’adoube</i>: but if <span class="pagenum" id="Page_201E">[Pg 201]</span> +a piece be displaced or overturned by +accident, the player in whose set it is, will be allowed to restore it +to its place.</p> + +<h3>VI.</h3> + +<p>If you touch one of your adversary’s pieces without saying +<i>J’adoube</i>, he has a right to oblige you to take it; and, in case +you touch a piece not prizable, you, who have touched it, must play +your king if you can.</p> + +<h3>VII.</h3> + +<p>When one has dismissed a piece from his hand, he cannot take it again, +to play it to another place; but so long as he keeps his hold of it, he +is at liberty to play it where he pleases.</p> + +<h3>VIII.</h3> + +<p>A player making a false move, must play his king, as in rule VI. but no +false move can be recalled after the adversary’s succeeding move: so +if the irregular move be not revoked in time, the position taken must +remain as if it had been just.</p> + +<h3 id="SECTION_IX">IX.</h3> + +<p>Every pawn which has reached the eighth or last square of the +chess-board, is entitled to make a queen, or any other piece that shall +be thought proper; and this, even when all the pieces remain on the +chess-board. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202E">[Pg 202]</span></p> + +<h3>X.</h3> + +<p>Any pawn has the privilege of advancing two squares, at its first move: +but, in this case, it may, in passing, be taken by any pawn which might +have taken it if it had been pushed but one <i>move</i>.⁠<a id="FNanchor_32_32" href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<h3 id="SECTION_XI">XI.</h3> + +<p>The king, when he castles, cannot in his flight exceed two squares, +that is, the rook with which he castles must take the square next to +the original square of the king; and the latter, leaping over, must be +posted close on the other side of the rook.⁠<a id="FNanchor_33_33" href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<h3 id="SECTION_XII">XII.</h3> + +<p>The king cannot castle when in check, nor after having been moved, nor +if in passing he was exposed to a check, nor with a rook which has been +removed from its place: and he that castles when he should not, must +play his rook touched, or his king, at his own choice. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203E">[Pg 203]</span></p> + +<h3>XIII.</h3> + +<p>If a player give check without warning, the adversary will not be bound +to ward it off; and he may consequently play as if such check did +not exist: but if the former, in playing the next move, were to say, +<i>Check</i>, each must then retract his last move, as being false, and +he that is under check is to obviate it in the prescribed form.</p> + +<h3>XIV.</h3> + +<p>If the adversary warn you of a check, without however giving it, and +you in consequence touch, or move, either your king, or any other +piece, you will then be allowed to retract, so long as your adversary +has not completed his next move.</p> + +<h3>XV.</h3> + +<p>If any one touch a piece which he cannot play without exposing his king +to check, he must then play his king; and if his king cannot be played, +the fault is of no consequence.</p> + +<h3>XVI.</h3> + +<p>When one has nothing else to play, and his king being out of check, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204E">[Pg 204]</span> +cannot stir without coming to a check, then the game is stale-mate. In +England, he whose king is stale-mate wins the game⁠<a id="FNanchor_34_34" href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>; +but in France, and several other countries, the stale-mate is a drawn game.</p> + +<h3>XVII.</h3> + +<p>At all conclusions of parties, when a player seems not to know how to +give the difficult mates, as that of a knight and a bishop against +the king, that of a rook and a bishop against a rook, &c. at the +adversary’s request, fifty moves on each side must be appointed for the +end of the game: these being accomplished, it will be a drawn game.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Editor</span> invites the experienced reader’s particular +attention to the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th rules; as some +points intended to be established by them, seem open to +discussion.—<a href="#Page_259E"><i>vide</i> Appendix</a>.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205E">[Pg 205]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">GAMES</h2> +</div> + +<p class="f120"><b><i>Played without seeing the Board</i></b>.</p> +<hr class="r10"> + +<p>Mr. Philidor being of opinion that an entire collection of the games +he has played without looking over the chess-board would not be of +any service to amateurs, he will only publish a few parties which he +has played against three players at once, subjoining the names of his +respectable adversaries, in order to prove, and transmit to posterity, +<i>a fact</i>, of which future ages might otherwise entertain some doubt.</p> + +<p><i>The following Account appeared in the London News-papers, the 9th of +May, 1783</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Yesterday, at the Chess-club in St. James’s Street, Mr. +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span> performed one of those wonderful +exhibitions for which he is so much celebrated. He played at the same +time three different games, without seeing either of the tables. +His opponents were Count <span class="smcap">Bruhl</span>, Mr. +<span class="smcap">Bowdler</span>, and Mr. <span class="smcap">Maseres</span>. +To those who understand chess, this exertion of Mr. +<span class="smcap">Philidor’s</span> abilities, must appear one of the +greatest of which the human memory is susceptible. He goes through it +with astonishing accuracy, and often corrects mistakes in those who +have the board before them. Mr. <span class="smcap">Philidor</span> +sits with his back to the tables, and some gentleman present, who takes +his part, informs him of the move of his antagonist, and then, by his +direction, plays his pieces."</p> + +<p>In the triple party before mentioned, Mr. <span class="smcap">Philidor</span> +gave the move to Count <span class="smcap">Bruhl</span> and Mr. +<span class="smcap">Bowdler</span>, and the advantage of a pawn and the move +to Mr. <span class="smcap">Maseres</span>: the moves of each party were +played alternately.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206E">[Pg 206]</span></p> +<h3><span class="smcap">Count BRUHL’s Party.</span></h3> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_207E">[Pg 207]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_208E">[Pg 208]</span> </li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_209E">[Pg 209]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen gives check at the king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen covers the check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his queen’s bishop’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_210E">[Pg 210]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the king’s rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_211E">[Pg 211]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_212E">[Pg 212]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b><span class="smcap">Mr. BOWDLER’s Party.</span></b></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_213E">[Pg 213]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_214E">[Pg 214]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at its 4th square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_215E">[Pg 215]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_216E">[Pg 216]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop covers the check, at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_217E">[Pg 217]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_218E">[Pg 218]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">50.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">51.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 4th,</li> +<li class="isub3"> and makes a drawn game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_219E">[Pg 219]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b><span class="smcap">Mr. MASERES’ Party.</span></b></p> +<p class="center"><i>He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_220E">[Pg 220]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_221E">[Pg 221]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_222E">[Pg 222]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the rook. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_223E">[Pg 223]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at his king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_224E">[Pg 224]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn 1 square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">50.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 4th square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 3d square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_225E">[Pg 225]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">51.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">52.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">53.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn 1 square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">54.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">55.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">56.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">57.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">58.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">59.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the knight’s pawn, and wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226E">[Pg 226]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ANOTHER MATCH,</h2> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent"><i>Played at the</i> +<span class="smcap">Chess-Club</span>, <i>the 10th of May, 1788, +against</i> Count <span class="smcap">Bruhl</span>, Mr. +<span class="smcap">Nowell</span>, <i>and</i> Mr. +<span class="smcap">Leycester</span>.—Mr. <span class="smcap">Nowell</span> +<i>and</i> Mr. <span class="smcap">Leycester</span> <i>received +the odds of the Pawn and the Move, and</i> Count +<span class="smcap">Bruhl</span> <i>only the Move</i>.</p> + +<p class="f120"><b><span class="smcap">Count BRUHL’s Second Party.</span></b></p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_227E">[Pg 227]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_228E">[Pg 228]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the king’s rook’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_229E">[Pg 229]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_230E">[Pg 230]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_231E">[Pg 231]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his 4th square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th, and wins the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_232E">[Pg 232]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b><span class="smcap">Mr. NOWELL’s Party.</span></b></p> +<p class="center"><i>He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_233E">[Pg 233]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_234E">[Pg 234]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_235E">[Pg 235]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, at its king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_236E">[Pg 236]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the rook’s pawn, and gives check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_237E">[Pg 237]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 3d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">47.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">48.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">49.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_238E">[Pg 238]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">50.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">51.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">52.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">53.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">54.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.⁠<a id="FNanchor_35_35" href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_239E">[Pg 239]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">55.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her 4th square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">56.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">57.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">58.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight at his king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">59.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">60.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the knight, and wins the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_240E">[Pg 240]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b><span class="smcap">Mr. LEYCESTER’s Party.</span></b></p> +<p class="center"><i>He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move.</i></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th square, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_241E">[Pg 241]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his rook’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her queen’s bishop’s 4th, giving check.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the bishop, and gives check. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_242E">[Pg 242]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s rook takes the king’s bishop’s pawn, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the king’s rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its king’s bishop’s square, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his king’s 4th. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_243E">[Pg 243]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at the adverse queen’s square, giving check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244E">[Pg 244]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THIRD MATCH.</h2> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Chess-Club</span>, Saturday, March 13, 1790.</p> + +<p class="neg-indent">Mr. <span class="smcap">Philidor</span> +<i>played Three Games at once; Two without seeing the Boards, +and the third on looking over the Table. His Opponents were +the</i> Hon. <span class="smcap">H. S. Conway</span>, Mr. +<span class="smcap">Sheldon</span>, <i>and</i> Capt. +<span class="smcap">Smith</span>. <i>The Game</i> (Mr. +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span> <i>being allowed to see the Pieces</i>) +<i>was against</i> Mr. <span class="smcap">Conway</span>; <i>the Move +he gave to each of his Adversaries</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><span class="smcap"><b>Hon. H. S. CONWAY’s Party</b>.</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her king’s 2d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_245E">[Pg 245]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his queen’s rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn takes the queen’s pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_246E">[Pg 246]</span></li> +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s knight takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_247E">[Pg 247]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s rook takes the king’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at his knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its knight’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_248E">[Pg 248]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">34.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">35.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the king’s rook’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the king’s knight’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">36.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">37.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">38.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">39.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_249E">[Pg 249]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">40.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">41.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d, giving check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">42.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">43.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">44.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">45.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn makes a queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">46.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the rook, and wins the game. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_250E">[Pg 250]</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><span class="smcap"><b>Mr. SHELDON’s Party</b>.</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_251E">[Pg 251]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The pawn takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king castles.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_252E">[Pg 252]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the knight.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square, at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its queen’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the rook.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The pawn takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen at her knight’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_253E">[Pg 253]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at its queen’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s pawn gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the king’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen’s pawn makes a queen, and though forced to be</li> +<li class="isub3"> exchanged for the rook, the white party wins the game.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><span class="smcap"><b>Capt. SMITH’s Party</b>.</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub10">1.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s pawn 2 squares.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The same. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_254E">[Pg 254]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">2.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">3.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">4.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">5.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The bishop takes the knight.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">6.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">7.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">8.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">9.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">10.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her 2d square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_255E">[Pg 255]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">11.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the bishop,</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">12.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king castles with his rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">13.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">14.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight at his king’s rook’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">15.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his 2d square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">16.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">17.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">18.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">19.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s square. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_256E">[Pg 256]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">20.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">21.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen’s pawn takes the king’s pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen’s pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">22.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king at his queen’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">23.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">24.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">25.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">26.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The queen takes the pawn.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The queen takes the queen.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">27.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight takes the queen.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">28.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his rook’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the pawn. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_257E">[Pg 257]</span></li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">29.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s square.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The king’s rook takes the king’s knight, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">30.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king takes the rook.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook gives check, at its king’s rook’s square.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">31.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The knight at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th, covering check.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook takes the knight, and gives check.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">32.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 3d.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The knight at the adverse king’s rook’s 3d,</li> +<li class="isub3"> discovering check from the bishop.</li> + +<li class="isub10 ifrst">33.</li> +<li class="isub2">B. The king at his knight’s 4th.</li> +<li class="isub2">W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th,</li> +<li class="isub3"> giving check-mate.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Not to retrace a connected series of moves in the game, the reader will +perceive that the black king should have been moved to his knight’s +second, and not to his knight’s fourth, by which the mate would have +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258E">[Pg 258]</span> +been thrown to a considerable distance; if a blemish be in the 33d move +conspicuous, so was brilliant manœuvring in preceding stages.</p> + +<p>These exhibitions of play are not, indiscriminately, models: but the +amateur who wishes to see the gambit pursued, from the inceptive state +in which the studied examples leave the gambit, to a decisive result, +may consult Count <span class="smcap">Bruhl’s Second Party</span> with advantage.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Editor</span> cannot express greater admiration than he feels, +at the talents which supported the masterly professor in a successful +combat with distinguished players, under combined difficulties and +privations voluntarily encountered. The chance of confusion in the +picture in his mind, furnished some dependence to his opponents: but it +was scarcely to be expected, that a player, so completely exercised, +should be drawn into a novel situation, or an untried combination; +or that if such could be offered to him, that his progress would be +embarrassed.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259E">[Pg 259]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX.<br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>ON DISPUTED POINTS.</i></span> + </h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">By</span> suggesting elementary +regulations, and by improvements on the best plans of his predecessors, +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span> laid a foundation for investing +the theory of the game with stability and excellence; and there wants +only the concurrent efforts of reasoning players, to give the few +principles which remain afloat, or which rest, by sufferance, on bases +that do not harmonize, a settlement that by an agreement of parts, and +a coincidence with order, shall be entitled to permanence.</p> + +<p>As the object of the game is to convey into the mind a facility at +resource by exercise, it seems peculiarly worthy to receive, from +time to time, all the improvement, as a system, that experience and +reflection can bestow. But the thinking votary of Chess, in the +cultivation of this slow maturity, will guard it from all radical +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260E">[Pg 260]</span> +changes; because the history of its progress, through successive ages, +and in various countries, allows no hope of producing all at once, +by any effort of mind, a combination of study with amusement, to be +pursued as a game, that shall rival it in utility and interest.</p> + +<p>As a prelude to a complete adjustment of principles, the Nomenclature +of Chess, circumscribed in subjects, but redundant in obscurity and +error, deserves attention. Care should be taken to distinguish, +by appropriate terms, the <i>Elementary Institutes</i> which fix +the powers, and modes of action of the pieces, from the <i>General +Maxims</i>, or Directions for Playing, which communicate, as far as +theoretic indications can, the most dextrous ways of using them; +and these, again, should be distinguished from those <i>Laws</i> +or Regulations which obviate or decide disputes between players, +respecting punctilios in the management of the pieces, and the board. +In Treatises of Chess, these have been indiscriminately blended under +the general name of <i>Rules</i>; to the impediment of the student, +exploring publications for a lucid path to the game. A neglect of +division and arrangement, was the less pardonable in works professed to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261E">[Pg 261]</span> +be scientific compendiums of Chess, because discretionary liberty was +afforded, in the local position of the materials, by the extent of the +plan. The framers of the <i>Laws of Chess</i>⁠<a id="FNanchor_36_36" href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, +on the contrary, had it not in contemplation to compose a system for +the uninitiate; which is a satisfactory apology for their mixing +decisions on a few disputed points, which belong to the class of +<i>Elementary Institutes</i>, with Provisions, or <i>Laws</i>, to +prevent the errors or inadvertencies of players, from obstructing the game.</p> + +<p>It is not intended to call in question the justness of the general +tenor of their short code, which administers corrections of incidental +informalities, perfectly equitable. Sections IX, X, XI, XII, however, +are employed in regulating the powers and modes of action of peculiar +pieces, embracing the most problematical points. Separating these, we +investigate their propriety, in the order there pursued.</p> + +<p class="spa2"><a href="#SECTION_IX">Section IX</a>. enacts, that a pawn may become +a queen, when <span class="allsmcap">ALL</span> <i>the pieces remain on the +board</i>. Consequently a player may have two, or a greater plurality +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262E">[Pg 262]</span> +of queens. How, enquires the player recently entered on the study of +the game, is each additional queen to be represented and distinguished? +By placing two pawns on one square, and pushing them about in +company; a solecism in theory, a barbarism in practice. Against it, +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span>, in the first edition of his +work, violently inveighs. His reasons and his poignant ridicule are +recorded; but he has not favoured us with the arguments by which he was +afterwards induced to give it countenance. Perhaps he was overborne by +a majority, prepossessed in favour of a practice, to which, from their +first acquaintance with the game, they had been accustomed.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Editor</span> begs leave to suggest, that +by limiting the promotion of the pawn to the highest office or, power, +<i>vacant</i>, an incongruity revolting against method, may be avoided; +and a moderate share of skill will still enable the player, to derive +the utmost preponderance from a pawn on the eve of promotion. It is +only necessary previously to offer an exchange of queens, which can +seldom be refused, without surrendering the advantage of position: not +to mention that the conversion of a pawn merely into a rook, would +prove, in the hands of an able player, an effective acquisition. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263E">[Pg 263]</span></p> + +<p>We now enter on the consideration of Section X. It must be owned +that <span class="smcap">Philidor</span> was always an advocate for the +principle which pervades it, inculcating it before it was engrafted +in the English code. It professes to establish, that an unmoved pawn +may be disqualified from advancing two squares, by the circumstance +of an adverse pawn having penetrated to the fourth square of an +adjoining file. There is a refinement in this decision, which, while +the mistake on which it rests lay undetected, recommended it to the +ingenious. Expose the mistake which probably gave rise to it, and the +rule is left without foundation. The phrase "two <i>steps</i> the +first <i>move</i>," or "two <i>moves</i> the first <i>step</i>," an +occasional substitution, was current through chess books, and with +players. Hence a habit was implicitly contracted, of contemplating a +pawn exercising this power, as making <span class="allsmcap">TWO</span> +<i>moves of</i> <span class="allsmcap">ONE</span> <i>square each</i>, +not <span class="allsmcap">ONE</span> <i>continued integral move +of</i> <span class="allsmcap">TWO</span> <i>squares</i>. The +<span class="smcap">Editor</span> observes, that if the former idea be right, +every one must admit the rule to be right; for who could make a journey +of 20 miles, that is precluded from going the first 10. But if the +latter idea be the correct one, if the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264E">[Pg 264]</span> +pawn, at its first move, have really the power of going two squares +at one effort, it is as irregular to prohibit the exercise of that +power, because the pawn, were it to halt on its way, would be taken; +as it would be to prohibit the bishop, the rook, or the queen, the +full exercise of their greater powers, whenever there is a square in +the line of their passage, at which they could not rest without being +taken. Ought any of the latter pieces to be precluded from passing such +a square? The absurdity of the phraseology which supports the rule +is conspicuous, when extended to the queen; it would be grotesque to +say, that she makes seven moves. For these reasons, in describing the +properties of the pawn, in the <i>INTRODUCTION TO CHESS</i>, in the +first volume, no notice is taken of this disqualification.</p> + +<p class="spa2"><a href="#SECTION_XI">Section XI</a>. involves nothing that can materially +offend the advocate of order, except that in pursuing one species of uniformity, it +loses sight of another. By confining the king to move precisely the same +distance from his original square, whether he castles on the king’s +side or the queen’s side, his relation to the covering pawns, when +castled, and the space from the exterior of the board, is not on each +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265E">[Pg 265]</span> +side uniform. If the rule be intended to restrain a piece from exerting +unnecessary license, in leaping over another piece, it should be +remembered, that either the king or the rook must vault three squares +in castling on the queen’s side, and the king is entitled to the +prerogative of taking this flight once in a campaign, in preference +to the rook. Under the mode here prescribed, the king is not equally +shielded on the queen’s side as on the king’s. In the inceptive games +of the Introduction, the castled king is invariably placed on the +knight’s square, and the rook on the bishop’s. The object, however, +is of less importance than the two preceding; and as to any striking +influence on the aspect of the game, does not furnish materials for a +cogent argument, founded on a comparison of effects. The reader having +surveyed both modes, will induct that which he approves, into his own +practice.</p> + +<p class="spa2"><a href="#SECTION_XII">Section XII</a>. embraces +several objects. It is therefore recapitulated, with the points which +the <span class="smcap">Editor</span> invites to be considered, +distinguished by Italics. "The king cannot castle <i>when in check</i>, +nor after having been moved, <i>nor if in passing he was exposed to a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266E">[Pg 266]</span> +check</i>, nor with a rook which has been moved: and he that castles +when he should not, must play his rook touched, or his king, at his +own choice." Is not the prohibition upon the king from castling, when +in check, as extraordinary as if a general were prevented from flying +under the guns of a fort, when the efforts of a numerous enemy were +concentrated on him? If this disability be essential to a tactical +conduct of the game, let it be continued. It seems, however, to have +been transmitted from player to player, after the reasons which +occasioned it ceased to exist. In past eras of Chess, the king and +rook had such a latitude in castling, that the assailant might be +defied to conjecture to what part they would be transported. The most +expedient qualification of this license, that then presented itself, +was to restrict the king from castling when in check, in order that an +elaborate attack might not be entirely eluded. Succeeding legislators +of Chess have defined the place of castling, and the distance to +be passed; and the original argument, for the prohibition under +discussion, has vanished. Reason will not oppose a repeal of one of the +restrictions on the chief piece on the board, at the multiplicity of +which every person, on a first introduction to the game, feels surprise. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267E">[Pg 267]</span> +It is to be added, that very interesting situations occur, by allowing +the king to castle when in check; and that trains of operation +parallel, cannot be induced under a contrary practice.</p> + +<p>With respect to the prohibition from castling, <i>if the king in +passing would be exposed to a check</i>, it rests precisely on the same +grounds as the disability imposed on the pawn; and a restriction from +passing a square on which an adverse piece acts, should be imposed +on all the pieces, or on none; now if it were general, it would be +impossible to pursue the game, from the wearying and minute examination +of every square, in all possible tracks, which would be incumbent +on the player; and the consequent paralysis of the leading pieces, +which it would occasion. If this excessive refinement controlled all +the movements on the board, chess would have a constitution most +ingeniously impracticable.</p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><b>FINIS.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Printed by W. Smith,<br>King Street, Seven Dials.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak">BOOKS</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Published for</i> <span class="smcap">Samuel Bagster</span>,<br> +<i>No. 81, Strand</i>.</p> +<hr class="r10"> + +<p class="f150 spa1"><b>BELL’s BRITISH THEATRE,</b></p> + +<p class="f90">CONTAINING</p> +<p class="center"><i>The Ninety most esteemed Plays</i>,</p> + +<p class="f90">EACH ORNAMENTED WITH A CHARACTER PRINT,</p> +<p class="center">At Sixpence each,<br> +or, neatly bound and gilt in 22 Vols. 3l. 3s.</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p class="center"><i>The same Work may be had</i>,<br> +PRINTED ON FINE VELLUM PAPER,<br>And each PLAY embellished with TWO PLATES,<br> + Price 4l. 8s. complete in Numbers,<br>or, 6l. elegantly bound in 22 Vols. with the<br> +Titles of each Play lettered on the Back.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><i>List of the Plays in</i> <span class="smcap">Bell’s</span> <i>British Theatre</i>.</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub2"> 1 Comus</li> +<li class="isub2"> 2 Maid of the Mill</li> +<li class="isub2"> 3 Lionel and Clarissa</li> +<li class="isub2"> 4 Love in a Village</li> +<li class="isub2"> 5 Beggar’s Opera</li> +<li class="isub2"> 6 Venice Preserv’d</li> +<li class="isub2"> 7 Fair Penitent</li> +<li class="isub2"> 8 Zara</li> +<li class="isub2"> 9 Douglas</li> +<li class="isub2">10 Mourning Bride</li> +<li class="isub2">11 Rule a Wife and have a Wife</li> +<li class="isub2">12 The Alchymist</li> +<li class="isub2">13 Love for Love</li> +<li class="isub2">14 Love makes a Man</li> +<li class="isub2">15 The Busy Body</li> +<li class="isub2">16 The Orphan</li> +<li class="isub2">17 The Albion Queen</li> +<li class="isub2">18 Cato</li> +<li class="isub2">19 The Country Girl</li> +<li class="isub2">20 The Chances</li> +<li class="isub2">21 The Tender Husband</li> +<li class="isub2">22 The Beaux Stratagem</li> +<li class="isub2">23 The Spanish Friar</li> +<li class="isub2">24 The Distrest Mother</li> +<li class="isub2">25 The Earl of Essex</li> +<li class="isub2">26 Jane Shore</li> +<li class="isub2">27 Edward the Black Prince</li> +<li class="isub2">28 The Conscious Lovers</li> +<li class="isub2">29 Every Man in his Humour</li> +<li class="isub2">30 Philaster</li> +<li class="isub2">31 The Careless Husband</li> +<li class="isub2">32 The Provoked Husband</li> +<li class="isub2">33 Boadicea</li> +<li class="isub2">34 Oroonoko</li> +<li class="isub2">35 A Bold Stroke for a Wife</li> +<li class="isub2">36 Lady Jane Grey</li> +<li class="isub2">37 The Suspicious Husband</li> +<li class="isub2">38 The Carmelite</li> +<li class="isub2">39 She Stoops to Conquer</li> +<li class="isub2">40 Alzira</li> +<li class="isub2">41 The Country Lasses</li> +<li class="isub2">42 The Fair Quaker of Deal</li> +<li class="isub2">43 Oedipus</li> +<li class="isub2">44 Medea</li> +<li class="isub2">45 The Miser</li> +<li class="isub2">46 Cleone</li> +<li class="isub2">47 Ximena</li> +<li class="isub2">48 All for Love</li> +<li class="isub2">49 Tamerlane</li> +<li class="isub2">50 The Way to Keep Him</li> +<li class="isub2">51 Tancrid and Sigismunda</li> +<li class="isub2">52 All in the Wrong</li> +<li class="isub2">53 The Recruiting Officer</li> +<li class="isub2">54 The Grecian Daughter</li> +<li class="isub2">55 Isabella</li> +<li class="isub2">56 The Constant Couple</li> +<li class="isub2">57 The Gamesters</li> +<li class="isub2">58 George Barnwell</li> +<li class="isub2">59 The West Indian</li> +<li class="isub2">60 The Hypocrite</li> +<li class="isub2">61 The City Wives’ Confederacy</li> +<li class="isub2">62 The Wonder</li> +<li class="isub2">63 The Committee</li> +<li class="isub2">64 The Gamester</li> +<li class="isub2">65 Amphitryon</li> +<li class="isub2">66 The Foundling</li> +<li class="isub2">67 The Good Natured Man</li> +<li class="isub2">68 The Brothers</li> +<li class="isub2">69 The Minor</li> +<li class="isub2">70 The Earl of Warwick</li> +<li class="isub2">71 The Natural Son</li> +<li class="isub2">72 The Roman Father</li> +<li class="isub2">73 The Jealous Wife</li> +<li class="isub2">74 The Refusal</li> +<li class="isub2">75 She Wou’d and She Wou’d not</li> +<li class="isub2">76 The Double Gallant</li> +<li class="isub2">77 The Drummer</li> +<li class="isub2">78 The Clandestine Marriage</li> +<li class="isub2">79 The School for Wives</li> +<li class="isub2">80 The Fashionable Lover</li> +<li class="isub2">81 The School for Lovers</li> +<li class="isub2">82 The Countess of Salisbury</li> +<li class="isub2">83 The Choleric Man</li> +<li class="isub2">84 The Battle of Hastings</li> +<li class="isub2">85 The Discovery</li> +<li class="isub2">86 The Revenge</li> +<li class="isub2">87 Theodosius</li> +<li class="isub2">88 The Rival Queens</li> +<li class="isub2">89 King Charles</li> +<li class="isub2">90 Siege of Damascus</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p class="f150"><b>THE MINOR THEATRE,</b></p> + +<p class="center">(being a Companion to the <span class="smcap">British Theatre</span>)</p> +<p class="f90">containing</p> +<p class="f110">THIRTY-SIX CHOSEN FARCES OF THE<br><i>BRITISH STAGE</i>,</p> +<p class="f90 spa1">WITH MINIATURE PORTRAITS OF THE ACTORS,<br> + in 7 Vols. neatly bound and gilt, 17s. 6d.</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p class="center"><i>The same Work may be had</i>,<br> +PRINTED ON FINE VELLUM PAPER,<br>WITH<br>PORTRAITS and SCENE PRINTS,<br> +bound in 7 Vols. elegant, 1l. 8s.</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p class="center"><i>Neatly Printed in One thick Vol. Octavo</i>,</p> +<p class="f120 spa1"><b>GLEANINGS</b></p> +<p class="f90">FROM</p> +<p class="center">BOOKS on AGRICULTURE,<br>WITH TWO PLATES OF INSTRUMENTS<br> +USED IN AGRICULTURE,</p> + +<p class="center">Price 7s. 6d. Boards.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="f150"><b>Footnotes:</b></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Ludimus effigiem belli, simulataque veris</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Prælia, buxo acies fictas, et ludicra regna:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ut gemini inter se reges, albusque nigerque,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Pro laude oppositi certent bicoloribus armis.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dicite, Seriades Nymphæ, certamina tanta.</div> + <div class="verse indent30"><i>Vida.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Æneadum genitrix, hominum divûmque voluptas,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Alma Venus! &c.<span class="ws8"><i>Lucretius.</i></span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Sexaginta insunt et quatuor ordine sedes</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Octono; parte ex omni, via limite quadrat</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ordinibus paribus; necnon forma omnibus una</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sedibus, æquale et spatium, sed non color unus:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Alternant semper variæ, subeuntque vicissim</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Albentes nigris; testudo picta superne</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Qualia devexo gestat discrimina tergo.</div> + <div class="verse indent33"><i>Vida.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Agmina bina pari numeroque, et viribus æquis,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Bis niveâ cum veste octo, totidemque nigranti.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ut variæ facies, pariter sunt et sua cuique</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Nomina, diversum munus, non æqua potestas.</div> + <div class="verse indent33"><i>Vida.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a> +The chief art in the Tactics of Chess consists in the nice +conduct of the royal pawns; in supporting them against every attack; +and, if they are taken, in supplying their places with others equally +supported: a principle, on which the success of the game in great +measure depends, though it seems to be omitted by the very accurate +Vida.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">[6]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Il cavallo leggier per dritta lista,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Come gli altri, l’ arringo unqua non fende,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mà la lizza attraversa, e fiero in vista</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Curvo in giro, e lunato il salto stende,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">E sempre nel saltar due case acquista,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Quel colore abbandona, e questo prende.</div> + <div class="verse indent19"><i>Marino, Adone. 15.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">[7]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Quæ quondam sub aquis gaudent spectacla tueri</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Nereides, vastique omnis gens accola ponti;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Siquando placidum mare, et humida regna quierunt.</div> + <div class="verse indent33"><i>Vida.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">[8]</a></p> + + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">Ecco d’astuto ingegno, e pronta mano</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Garzon, che sempre scherza, e vola ratto.</div> + <div class="verse indent0"><i>Gioco</i> s’apella, ed è <i>d’amor germano</i>.</div> + <div class="verse indent25"><i>Marino, Adone. 15.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_9_9" href="#FNanchor_9_9" class="label">[9]</a></p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent8">—— Medio rex æquore inermis</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Constitit amissis sociis: velut æthere in alto</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Expulit ardentes flammas ubi lutea bigis</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Luciferis Aurora, tuus pulcherrimus ignis</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Lucet adhuc, Venus, et cœlo mox ultimus exit.</div> + <div class="verse indent33"><i>Vida</i>, ver 604.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_10_10" href="#FNanchor_10_10" class="label">[10]</a></p> +<p>A parody of the last line in Pope’s translation of the Iliad,</p> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="verse indent0">“And peaceful slept the mighty Hector’s shade.”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_11_11" href="#FNanchor_11_11" class="label">[11]</a> +This is the custom of all the pieces on a capture.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_12_12" href="#FNanchor_12_12" class="label">[12]</a> +A technical name for the board.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_13_13" href="#FNanchor_13_13" class="label">[13]</a> +Having gotten through the last of the pieces of which there are more +than one of a sort, in order to confirm the reader in what he might +suppose, and to leave him no question to make, we turn aside to observe +to him, that the difference in the worth of pieces of the same kind, +is indeed <i>next to nothing</i>; that the little odds there is, +between superior pieces of the same description, is in favour of that +on the king’s side; and that of the four centre commoners, which are +reckoned rather the best, the king’s bishop’s commoner is the most +esteemed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_14_14" href="#FNanchor_14_14" class="label">[14]</a> +Under the scheme that advances the pawn to the <i>rank +of the piece whose square he gets into</i>, it happens that when his +player has not lost a piece of that identical quality, the only reward +of the pawn is to stand exposed to incessant attacks, without the power +of retreating in any direction:—To have <i>both the bishops of a set +moving on the same colour</i>, an anomaly which will seldom occur, and +which the other is just as liable to induce, is the only one that can +result from this scheme.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_15_15" href="#FNanchor_15_15" class="label">[15]</a> +<i>Note</i>—This second mode of defending himself cannot be practised +when he is checked by the knight, owing to the vaulting motion of that +piece; he must then have recourse to either the first, or the third: +and should he be checked by any two pieces at once, which is called +<i>double check</i>, the third only will avail.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_16_16" href="#FNanchor_16_16" class="label">[16]</a> +One piece to guard another, at Chess, must be placed so that if the +piece he is designed to guard were an opponent he could take him. The +protection results from the adversary’s being deterred from a capture +by the certainty of a reprisal. The king alone is to be guarded in a +different mode, and that mode will be explained in its place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_17_17" href="#FNanchor_17_17" class="label">[17]</a> +It may seem strange that the knight, which overleaps every other piece, +should be more liable to obstruction than the bishop: the reason of the +fact is, that the knight cannot stop short of, any more than exceed, a +very limited extent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_18_18" href="#FNanchor_18_18" class="label">[18]</a> +To change our exchange pieces is to lose one or two of your own for the +sake of taking one or two of the adversary’s. It serves to clear the +board, and enlarge the scene of action; and, when you get a piece of +greater value than that lost, it encreases your comparative strength. +Nevertheless it is only to be done with caution, and of those pieces +for which you have the least occasion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_19_19" href="#FNanchor_19_19" class="label">[19]</a> +To the adversary’s king stript of his attendants, the rook, with the +sole assistance of his own king, is capable of giving check-mate beyond +the possibility of illusion; a degree of prowess which, besides the +queen, no other piece than the rook can boast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_20_20" href="#FNanchor_20_20" class="label">[20]</a> +If the adversary castles on the same side with you, an adherence to +what is contained in the first section will lead you to attack him with +the superior pieces only.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_21_21" href="#FNanchor_21_21" class="label">[21]</a> +A rook and a bishop may be placed so that the adversary’s +king is in check with neither; and yet by moving that nearest him +forwards or sideways, he will be in check with both; and so with +respect to others.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_22_22" href="#FNanchor_22_22" class="label">[22]</a> +The kings, in the course of play, may happen to be +circumstanced so nearly alike, as for the adversary’s to be liable to +a stale at the same time with yours. This will be a very nice point +indeed, and require your utmost skill and caution in checking—and now +and then a temporary forbearance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_23_23" href="#FNanchor_23_23" class="label">[23]</a> +Note. When there is but one piece that can move, or take, or be taken, +in the manner described; as it would be unnecessary, we shall never +circumstantially name it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_24_24" href="#FNanchor_24_24" class="label">[24]</a> +A gambit is an indirect and circuitous movement, by +several intermediate steps, to a particular square. In a larger sense, +a gambit is a game mostly made up of such movements; it, perhaps, +includes the idea of one player being quickly circumvented.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_25_25" href="#FNanchor_25_25" class="label">[25]</a> +When those they are to stop are more than a step off, they +never can.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_26_26" href="#FNanchor_26_26" class="label">[26]</a> +If he is inexperienced, it will be no triumph.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_27_27" href="#FNanchor_27_27" class="label">[27]</a> +<i>Takes the pawn, passing by.</i> To some readers this will be an +enigma, and to them is offered the solution. It was an institute +of <span class="smcap">Mr. Philidor</span>, that when a pawn has +penetrated to the fifth square, of his own file, which is the fourth +on the adversary’s side; adverse pawns, on adjoining files, not +having moved, forfeit the privilege of going two squares; and if one +of them should move two squares, the advanced pawn may take him, +placing himself as if the captured pawn had moved but one square. +This player, celebrated for his skill, was very anxious to have this +rule, and the mode of enforcing it, received into general practice; +but notwithstanding the dazzle of his example, there seems, in its +principle, an unnecessary deviation from system, into caprice and +irregularity. In the appendix, its claims to be a permanent institute +of Chess, are analysed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_28_28" href="#FNanchor_28_28" class="label">[28]</a> +<span class="smcap">Philidor</span> surrenders the position of the blacks +as desperate; but it would appear, that if the queen wait to move to more +advantage, the king’s bishop resuming his square; after the exchange +of the bishop for the knight, if the white knight chuse to check, they +would be fortified at every point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_29_29" href="#FNanchor_29_29" class="label">[29]</a> +Q. Would it not be better to put the <i>queen’s</i> knight at his +<i>king’s</i> second square, because that would force away the white +bishop; and the black king’s bishop might then take the pawn guarded by +the queen, as a gratuitous capture?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_30_30" href="#FNanchor_30_30" class="label">[30]</a> +A <i>forced-mate</i> is a mate, which, though a few desperate +sacrifices might protract it, is inevitable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_31_31" href="#FNanchor_31_31" class="label">[31]</a> +It is not strictly uniform to insert comments in the text, +yet as the ease of the reader seems consulted by it, when they are so +simple as to require no pause, the Editor retains them there.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_32_32" href="#FNanchor_32_32" class="label">[32]</a> +One <i>square</i> would be more correct: but the language of this +tenth rule is retained verbatim; because the reasoning on which +the rule rests, seems to depend on this mode of speaking. +<span class="smcap">Editor.</span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_33_33" href="#FNanchor_33_33" class="label">[33]</a> +The old way of castling in several countries, and it still subsists +in some, was to leave to the player’s disposal, all the interval +between the king and the rook, along with the squares first assigned +them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_34_34" href="#FNanchor_34_34" class="label">[34]</a> +Reasons calculated to allay the surprise which attends the first +mention of the rule, may be found in the Introduction to Chess, in the +first volume.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_35_35" href="#FNanchor_35_35" class="label">[35]</a> +The <span class="smcap">Editor</span> cannot avoid observing, that +if instead of the retreat here made by the knight, the queen were +transported to the black queen’s rook’s square, check-mate might be +soon effected. He has hitherto forborne, and he will not multiply +remarks on these games, played <i>ex tempore</i>, lest it should seem +hypercritical. In few cases, indeed, would a passing animadversion on +a single move be of utility. A proposed change, before it can add any +thing to the store of experience, must have its consequences traced in +a back game.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_36_36" href="#FNanchor_36_36" class="label">[36]</a> +Ante <a href="#Page_199E">page 199.</a></p></div> +</div> + +<div class="chapter"> +<div class="transnote bbox spa2"> +<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p>The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.</p> +<p>Deprecated spellings or archaeic words were not corrected.</p> +<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> +</div></div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78804 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78804-h/images/cover.jpg b/78804-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0622e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/78804-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78804-h/images/frontispiece.jpg b/78804-h/images/frontispiece.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8aa6d4a --- /dev/null +++ b/78804-h/images/frontispiece.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c72794 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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