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diff --git a/old/7fsti10.txt b/old/7fsti10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fdc853b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/7fsti10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14396 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fasti, by Ovid et al + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Fasti + +Author: Ovid et al + +Release Date: August, 2005 [EBook #8738] +[This file was first posted on August 6, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, FASTI *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Tapio Riikonen, Marc D'Hooghe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +PUBLII OVIDII NASONIS FASTORUM + +LIBRI VI. + + +OVID'S FASTI; + +NOTES AND AN INTRODUCTION, + +BY + +THOMAS KEIGHTLEY, + +Author of The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy, History of Greece, +History of Rome, etc. + + + +Sex ego Fastorum scripsi, totidemque libellos; +Cumque suo finem mense volumen habet. + OVID. TRIST. II. 549. + + + + +PREFACE + + +No one, I should think, who has even done nothing more than look into +Ovid's Fasti, will refuse his assent to the following words of Hercules +Ciofanus, one of the earliest editors of this poem: _Ex omnibus_, says +he, _veterum poetarum monumentis nullum hodierno die exstat opus, quod, +aut eruditione aut rebus quae ad Romanam antiquitatem cognoscendam +pertineant, hos Ovidii Fastorum libros antecellat_. In effect we have +here ancient Roman history, religion, mythology, manners and customs, and +moreover much Grecian mythology, and that portion of the ancient +astronomy which regards the rising and setting of the different +constellations. These altogether form a wide field of knowledge; and in +my opinion there is not, in the whole compass of classical literature, a +work better calculated to be put into the hands of students. + +Accordingly the Fasti are read at some of our great public schools and at +several of the private ones, and I have lately had the gratification of +seeing this very edition adopted at one of the most eminent of the great +schools. The name of the master of that school, did I feel myself at +liberty to mention it, would be a warrant for the goodness, at least the +relative goodness, of the present edition. + +At the same time I will candidly confess that the work falls far short of +my own ideas of perfection in this department of literature. Circumstances, +which it is needless to mention, caused it to be executed in a very hurried +manner and without the necessary apparatus of books. It was in fact +undertaken, written, and printed in little more than two months. This is +mentioned in explanation of, not in excuse for, its defects--for no such +excuse should be admitted. + +The text is that of Krebs, the latest German editor; from which however I +have occasionally departed, especially in the punctuation. In the notes +will be found the most important various readings of the fifty-eight MSS. +of this poem which have been collated. I have also adopted the Calendar +of Krebs' edition, as being on the whole the best, and as its copiousness +enables it to supply the place of arguments to the several books. + +In the Introduction I have given such matter as the student should be +acquainted with previous to commencing the poem. The study of it will, I +trust, be found to be of advantage. My plan in writing the notes was, to +be as concise as was compatible with a full elucidation of the meaning of +the author. While therefore no difficult passage is left without at least +an attempt at explaining it, I have avoided swelling out my notes with +mythic or historic notices and narrations which may be found in the +Classical Dictionary. I suppose, for example, the student to know, or to +be able easily to discover, who Hercules and Romulus were, and where +Mount Haemus lies. Perhaps it would have been better if the notes on the +first two or three books had been more copious; those on the three last +are, I believe, sufficiently so. + +Many references will be found to Niebuhr's History of Rome, and to my own +Mythology of Greece and Italy. For those to the former work I may perhaps +be entitled to thanks, as leading the attention to the noble discoveries +of the Bacon of history, as he is justly styled by Dr. Arnold. This last +eminent scholar is himself engaged on a History of Rome, of which apart +has appeared, and which promises to form a permanent portion of our +historic literature. In my own epitome of the Roman history sufficient +information on the portions of it alluded to will be found by those who +have not access to the work of Niebuhr. For the accuracy and fidelity of +the translation of Niebuhr's history by my friends Hare and Thirlwall, I +can pledge myself without any reservation. It may be useful here to add, +that the dates in the following notes are those of the Varronian +chronology, and not the Catonian as in my History of Rome. + +With respect to my Mythology, I may boldly say it is the only work on the +subject in our language. Even the first edition (which is the one +referred to in the notes) received the approbation of the most competent +judges, and the second has been so much enlarged and improved as to form +in reality a new work. At the same time, I do not enjoin the study of it: +the references were merely intended for the use of those who desire +something more than the ordinary superficial acquaintance with mythology. + +The _errata_, or typographical errors, are more numerous than they should +have been; but a complete list of them will be found on the page opposite +the commencement of the poem. There are, however, two or three errors of +a graver kind, which I may here rectify. + +The reader will observe perhaps with surprise how completely I mistook +the sense of Lib. II. vv. 619, 620; though it is so obvious. The passage +might possibly bear the sense which I have given it; but it surely is not +what the poet meant. I was led into the error by v. 566. My interpretation +certainly gives the more poetical sense, and it is curious enough that I +have since met with the very same idea in one of the plays of our old +dramatist Ford: + +"These holy rites perform'd, now take your times To spend the remnant of +the day in feasts. Such fit repasts are pleasing to the saints Who are +your guests, though not with mortal eyes To be beheld." + +In the note on Lib. III. v. 845, the remark on _furta_ is trifling; for +that word is equivalent to _fures_, as _servitia_ is to _servi, operae_ to +_operarii_, etc., such being one of the peculiarities of the Latin +language. The time of the death of the Fabii is given incorrectly in the +note on Lib. II. v. 195: it should be "the Quinctilis of the year 277." +There is, I believe, no other error of any importance. Should another +edition be called for at any future time, I shall endeavour to make it +more complete, + +T. K. + +_Tunbridge Wells_, Aug. 30, 1839. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +§ 1. OF THE RISING AND SETTING OF THE STARS--§ 2. OF THE ROMAN YEAR +--§ 3. OF THE ROMAN MONTHS AND DAYS--§ 4. OF THE ROMAN FASTI--§ 5. OF +OVID'S POEM ON THE FASTI--§ 6. OF THE EDITIONS OF THIS POEM. + + +§ 1. + +_Of the Rising and Setting of the Stars_. + +The attention of a people who, like the ancient Greeks, dwelt in a region +where, during a great part of the year, the night might be passed in the +open air, and no mists or clouds obscured the heaven, must have been +early drawn to those luminous points which are scattered over it in such +profusion. They must have early learned to distinguish various clusters +of them, and thence to give them appropriate names. Accordingly, in the +most ancient portion of Grecian literature, the Homeric and Hesiodic +poems, we find various groupes of the stars designated by peculiar names. +Such are Orion, the Hyades, the Pleiades, the Bear or Wain, the Dog and +the Ploughman or Bear-ward (Boötes or Arcturus). The case was the same in +the East; we meet in the book of Job (c. ix. 9.) names for the Pleiades, +Hyades and Orion, and (xxvi. 14.) the constellation named the Great +Serpent. The people of ancient Italy appear to have done the same: the +Latin name of the Pleiades was _Vergiliae_, that of the Hyades _Suculae_, +the seven stars, which form the constellation of the Great Bear, were +named by them the _Septem Triones_, or Seven Oxen; for, as they go round +and round the pole without ever setting, the analogy between them and the +oxen, which trod out the corn by going round and round the _area_, or +threshing-floor, was an obvious one. Doubtless, the brilliant constellation +Orion, had a peculiar Latin name, which has not come down to us; of the +others, none but Greek appellations occur. + +A very short acquaintance with the face of the stellar heaven sufficed to +shew, that it did not always remain the same. During a part of the year +Orion flamed in full magnificence on the sky, and, to the eye of the +Grecian herdsman and hunter, he and his Dog pursued the Bear, who kept +_watching_ him while the Pleiades (Peleiades, pigeons) were _flying_ +before him; at another season the sky was destitute of this brilliant +scene. It was soon observed that the stars made 'their exits and their +entrances' at regular periods, corresponding with the changes which took +place in the course of nature on earth, and these coincidences were +marked and employed for agricultural purposes. A people who have no +regular scientific calendar, always contrives a natural one, taken from +celestial or terrestrial appearances. Thus the North American Aborigines +designate times and seasons by the flowering of certain plants; the +ancient Greeks appear to have done something of the same kind, for one of +Hesiod's designations of a particular season is, _when the thistle is in +blossom_; we ourselves call the first season of the year the Spring, (i.e. +of plants,) and our Transatlantic brethren term the autumn, the Fall +(of the leaves). + +The Greeks, however, seem early to have seen the superior accuracy and +determinateness of the celestial phenomena. In the didactic poem of +Hesiod, this mode of marking the times of navigation and of rural labours +is frequently employed, and its use was retained by the countryfolk of +both Greece and Italy far into the time of the Roman empire. Those who +wrote on rural subjects or natural history, employed it; we meet it in +Aristotle, as well as in Pliny and Columella. + +When intercourse with Egypt and Phoenicia had called the thoughts of the +Greeks to natural science, the rude astronomy of their rustic forefathers +became the subject of improvement. The name of Thales is, as was to be +expected, to be found at the head of the cultivators of this science. He +is said to have been the first who taught to distinguish between the real +and apparent rising and setting of a constellation; which implies a +knowledge of spheric astronomy. His example was followed and observation +extended by others, and as rain, wind, and other aërial phenomena were +held to be connected with the rising and setting of various signs, the +times of their risings and settings, both apparent and real, were +computed by Meton, Eudoxus, and other ancient astronomers. The tables +thus constructed were cut on brass or marble, and fixed up (whence they +were called [Greek: parapaegmata],) in the several cities of Greece, and +the peasant or sailor had only to look on one of these _parapegmata_, to +know what sign was about to rise or set, and what weather might be +expected. Without considering the difference of latitude and longitude, +the Romans borrowed the _parapegmata_, like every thing else, from the +Greeks. The countrymen, as we learn from Pliny (xviii. 60, 65,), ceased +to mark the stellar heaven, a _Kalendarium rusticum siderale_, (Colum. +ix. 14) taught him when the signs rose and set, and on what days he was +to expect sacrifices and festivals. When Virgil (G. I. 257.) says, + + Nec frustra signorum obitus speculamur et ortus, + Temporibusque parem diversia quattuor annum. + +it is, (as Voss observes,) more probable that it is one of these +calendars, and not the actual heaven that he means. + +Before the time of Thales it was, of course only the visible and apparent +risings and settings of the signs that were the subject of observation. +But astronomers now learned to distinguish these phenomena into three +kinds. These they termed the cosmic, acronych, and heliac risings and +settings. The cosmic rising or setting ([Greek: kosmikos epitolae], or +[Greek: dusis],) was the true one in the morning; the acronych ([Greek: +akronychos][1]), _prima nox_, is evening, the beginning (one end) of the +night, the true one in the evening; the heliac, ([Greek: haeliakos]) the +apparent rising in the morning or setting in the evening. A star was said +to rise or set cosmically, when it rose or set at sun-rise; it rose or +set acronychally, when it rose or set at sun-set; it rose heliacally, +when in the morning it just emerged from the solar rays, it set in the +same manner, when in the evening it sank immediately after him. Two +general observations may be made here. 1. In the morning the true rising +precedes the apparent one, perhaps several days. 2. In the evening the +apparent setting precedes the real one. To illustrate this. Let us +suppose it 'spring time when the sun with Taurus rides,' the Hyades which +are in the head of Taurus will rise with the sun, but lost in his +effulgence they will elude our vision; at length when in his progress +through the Tauric portion of the ecliptic, he has left them a sufficient +distance behind him, their rising (as his motion in the ecliptic is +contrary to his apparent diurnal motion,) will precede his by a space of +time which will allow them to be seen. The real evening setting of a +star, is its sinking at the same moment with the sun below the horizon, +its heliac setting, is its becoming visible as he is setting and then +disappearing, that is ceasing to be visible after sun-set, in the western +part of the hemisphere. Thus the sun and the Hyades may actually set +together several days before they become sufficiently elongated from him, +to admit of their being seen before they set. + +There are thus three risings, and three settings of a star, namely:-- + + The true morning rising, i. e. the cosmic. + The apparent morning rising, i. e. the heliac. + The true evening rising, i. e. the acronych. + + The true morning setting, i. e. the cosmic. + The true evening setting, i. e. the acronych. + The apparent evening setting, i. e. the heliac. + +Of these, the one which is most apt to engage the attention, is the +acronych or true evening rising, that is the rising of the star at the +eastern verge of the horizon, at the moment the sun is sinking on the +western side. It is of this I think, that Hesiod always speaks. The +attention of the constructors of parapegmata does not seem to have been +directed to the risings of the stars at different hours of the night. + + +§ 2. + +_Of the Roman Year_. + +Nothing is better established by competent authority, than that two kinds +of year were in use among the ancient Romans, the one of ten, the other +of twelve months. In the usual spirit of referring their ancient +institutions to those whom they regarded as their first kings, the +ten-month year was ascribed to Romulus, the improved one of twelve months +to Numa. This was the current opinion, such as we find it in the +following poem; some ancient writers, however, such as Licinius Macer and +Fenestella, to whom we may perhaps add Plutarch, rejected the ten-month +year as a mere fiction. Their opinion has been adopted by the great +Joseph Scaliger, who asserts that the Roman year always consisted of +twelve months. Both opinions may, I think, be maintained, the Romans may, +from the beginning of their state, have had a year of twelve months, +which I would call the Roman year, and yet have used along with it a year +of ten months, which, for reasons which will presently appear, I call the +Etruscan year. I will commence by showing that a year of ten months was +in use even in the time of the republic. + +Ten months was the term for mourning; the fortunes of daughters, left by +will, were to be paid in three instalments of ten months each; on the +sale of olives, grapes on the vine, and wine in the vessels, ten month's +credit was given; the most ancient rate of interest also supposes a year +of ten months. It may further be noted, that even Scaliger, who rejected +this year, could not avoid remarking, how singular it was, that the +household festivals of the Saturnalia and the Matronalia should be the +one at the end of December, the other at the beginning of March. He did +not perceive that this would seem to indicate a time when, at the end of +a year of ten months, these two festivals were one, and male and female +slaves together enjoyed the liberty of the season. + +These are mere presumptions; a nearer approach can be made to certainty. +There was nothing the ancient inhabitants of Italy more carefully +shunned, than drawing down the vengeance of the gods, by even an +involuntary breach of faith. It was also the custom, especially of the +Etruscans, to make peaces under the form of truces, for a certain number +of years. Now we find that, in the year 280, a peace was made with Veii +for 40 years. In 316 Fidenas revolted and joined Veii, which must then +have been at war with Rome, but 316-280, is only 36, yet the Romans, +though highly indignant, did not accuse the Veientines of breach of +faith. Suppose the truce made for 40 ten-month years, and it had expired +in the year 314. Again, in 329, a truce was made for twenty years, and +Livy says that it was expired in 347, but 347-329 is 18 not 20. Let the +year have been, of ten months, and the truce had ended in the year 346. +These are Etruscan cases, but we find the same mode of proceeding in +transactions with other nations; a truce for 8 years was made with the +Volscians in 323, and in 331 they were at war with Rome, without being +charged with perjury. + +This ten-month year was that of the Etruscans who were the most learned +and cultivated people of the peninsula. As the civil years of the Latin +and other peoples were formed on various principles, and differed in +length, the Romans at least, if not the others, deemed it expedient to +use, in matters of importance, a common fixed measure of time. On all +points relating to science and religion they looked up to the Etruscans; +it was, therefore, a matter of course that their year should be the one +adopted. + +This Etruscan year consisted of 304 days, divided into 38 weeks of eight +days each. It is not absolutely certain that it was also divided into +months, but all analogy is in favour of such a division. Macrobius and +Solinus say, that it contained six months of 31, and four of 30 days, but +this does not seem to agree with weeks of eight days; perhaps there were +nine months of four weeks and one of two, or more probably eight of four +weeks and two of three.[2] This year, which depended on neither the sun +nor the moon, was a purely scientific one, founded on astronomical +grounds and the accurate measurement of a long portion of time. It served +the Etruscans as a correction of their civil lunar year, the one which +was in common use, and, from the computations which have been made, it +appears that, by means of it, it may be ascertained that the Etruscans +had determined the exact length of the tropical or solar year, with a +greater degree of accuracy than is to be found in the Julian computation. + +Like the Etruscans, the Romans employed for civil purposes a lunar year, +which they had probably borrowed also from that people. This year, which, +of course, like every year of the kind, must have consisted of twelve +months, fell short of the solar year by the space of 11 days and 6 hours, +and the mode adopted for bringing them into accordance was to +intercalate, as it was termed, a month in every other year, during +periods of 22 years, these intercalated months consisting alternately of +22 and 23 days. This month was named Mercedonius. In the last biennium of +the period no intercalation took place. As five years made a lustre, so +five of these periods made a secle, which thus consisted of 110 years or +22 lustres, and was the largest measure of time among the Romans.[3] + +The care of intercalating lay with the pontiffs, and they lengthened and +shortened the year at their pleasure, in order to serve or injure the +consuls and farmers of the revenue, according as they were hostile or +friendly toward them. In consequence of this, Julius Caesar found the year +67 days in advance of the true time, when he undertook to correct it by +the aid of foreign science. From his time the civil year of the Romans +was a solar, not a lunar one,[4] and the Julian year continued in use +till the Gregorian reformation of the Calendar. + +We thus see that the civil year of the Romans always consisted of twelve +months, and that a year of ten months was in use along with it in the +early centuries of the state, which served to correct it, and which was +used in matters of importance.[5] + + +§ 3. + +_Of the Months and Days of the Roman Year_. + +When it was believed that the year of 304 days was the original civil +year of the Romans, and evidence remained to prove that the commencement +of the year had, in former times, been regulated by the vernal equinox, +instead of the winter solstice, it seemed to follow, of course, that the +original year of Romulus had consisted of but ten months. The +inconvenience of this mode of dividing time must have been thought to +have appeared very early, since we find the introduction of the lunar +year of twelve months ascribed to Numa, who is said to have added two +months to the Romulian year, which, it would thus appear, was regarded +as having been a year of ten lunar months. This placing of the lunar +twelve-month year in the mythic age of Rome, I may observe, tends to +confirm the opinion of its having been in use from the origin of the +city. + +The ancient Israelites had two kinds of year, a religious and a civil +one, which commenced at different seasons. Their months also originally, +we are told, proceeded numerically, but afterwards got proper names. As +the month Abib is mentioned by name in the book of Deuteronomy, I hazard +a conjecture, that the civil and religious years had coexisted from the +time of Moses, and that the months of the former had had proper names, +while those of the latter proceeded numerically. Is there any great +improbability in supposing the same to have been the case at Rome? The +religious year of ten months, as being least used, may have proceeded +with numerical appellations from its first month to December, while the +months of the civil year had each their peculiar appellation derived from +the name of a deity, or of a festival. It is remarkable that the first +six months of the year alone have proper names; but the remaining ones +may have had them also, though, from causes which we are unable to +explain, they have gone out of use, and those of the cyclic year have +been employed in their stead.[6] + +The oriental division of time into weeks of seven days, though resulting +so naturally from the phases of the moon, was not known at Rome till the +time of the emperors. The Etruscan year, as we have seen, consisted of +weeks of eight days, and in the Roman custom of holding markets on the +_nundines_, or every ninth day, we see traces of its former use, but a +different mode of dividing the month seems to have early begun to +prevail. + +In the Roman month there were three days with peculiar names, from their +places with relation to which the other days were denominated. These were +the Kalends (_Kalendae_ or _Calendae_,) the Nones, (_Nonae_) and the Ides +(_Idus_ or _Eidus_). The Kalends (from _calare_, to proclaim,) were the +first day of the month; the Nones (from _nonus_, ninth) were the ninth +day before the Ides reckoning inclusively; the Ides, (from iduare, to +divide,) fell about, not exactly on, the middle of the months. In March, +May, July and October, the Ides were the 15th, and, consequently, the +Nones the 7th day of the month; in the remaining months the Ides were the +13th, the Nones the 5th. The space, therefore, between the Nones and Ides +was always the same, those between the Kalends and Nones, and the Ides +and Kalends, were subject to variation. Originally, however, it would +appear, the latter space also was fixed, and there were in every month, +except February, 10 days from the Ides to the Kalends, The months, +therefore, consisted of 31 and 29 days, February having 28. In the Julian +Calendar, January, August and December were raised from 29 to 31 days, +while their Nones and Ides remained unchanged. It was only necessary then +to know how many days there were between the Kalends and Nones, as the +remaining portions were constant. Accordingly, on the day of new moon, +the pontiff cried aloud _Calo Jana novella_[7] five times or seven times, +and thus intimated the day of the Nones, which was quite sufficient for +the people. + +We thus see that the Roman month was, like the Attic, divided into three +portions, but its division was of a more complex and embarrassing kind; +for while the Attic month consisted of three decades of days, and each +day was called the first, second, third, or so, of the decade, to which +it belonged; the days of the Roman month were counted with reference to +the one of the three great days which was before them. It is an error to +suppose that the Romans counted backwards. Thus, taking the month of +January for an example, the first day was the Kalends, the second was +then viewed with reference to the approaching Nones, and was denominated +the _fourth before the Nones_; the day after the Nones was the _eighth +before the Ides_; the day after the Ides, the _nineteenth before the +Kalends_ of February. + +The technical phraseology of the Roman Calendar ran thus. The numeral was +usually put in the ablative case, and as the names of the months were +adjectives, they were made to agree with the Kalends etc. or followed in +the genitive, _mensis_ being understood. Thus, to say that an event +occurred on the Ides of March, the term would be _Idibus Martiis_, or +_Idibus Martii_ (_mensis_). So also of the Kalends and Nones, for any +other day the phrase would be, for example, _tertio Kalendas, i. e. +tertio (die ante) Kalendas_ or _tertio (die) Kalendarum_, The day before +any of the three principal days was _pridie (i. e. priore die) Kalendas_ +or _Kalendarum, Nonas_ or _Nonarum, Idus_ or _Iduum_. + +Another mode of expression, was to use a preposition, and an accusative +case. Thus, for _tertio Nonas_ they would say _ante diem tertium Nonas_, +which was written _a. d. III. Non_. This form is very much employed by +Livy and Cicero. It was even used objectively, and governed of the +prepositions _in_ and _ex_. We thus meet _in ante tertium Nonas_, and _ex +ante diem Nonas_, in these authors. Another preposition thus employed is +_ad_, we meet _ad pridie Nonas_. + +As the Romans reckoned inclusively, we must be careful in assigning any +particular day to its place in the month, according to the modern mode of +reckoning. We must, therefore, always diminish the given number by one, +or we shall be a day behind. Thus, the 5th of June being the Nones, the +3d is III. Non. but if we subduct 3 from 5 we get the 2d instead of the +3d of the month. The rule then is, as we know the days on which the Nones +and Ides fall in each month, to subduct from that day the Roman number +_minus_ 1, and we have the day of the month. For days before the Kalends, +subduct in the same manner from the number of days in the month. + +The days of the Roman year were farther divided into _fasti_, _nefasti_ +and _endotercisi_,[8] or _intercisi_, which were marked in the Kalends by +the letters F. N. and EN. The _dies fasti_ were those on which courts +sat, and justice was administered; they were so named from _fari_ to +speak, because on them the Praetor gave judgement, that is _spoke_ the +three legal words, Do (_bonorum possessionem_), Dico (_jus_), Addico (_id +de quo quaeritur_); the _dies nefasti_, were festivals, and other days on +which the courts did not sit; the _dies intercisi_ were those days, on +only a part of which justice might be administered. Thus, we are told +that some holidays were _nefasti_, during the time of the killing of the +victim, but _fasti, inter caesa et porrecta (exta)_, again _nefasti_ while +the victim was being consumed on the altar. + +Manutius, by merely counting up the number of the _dies fasti_ in the +Julian Calendar, found that they were exactly 38 in number. This strongly +confirms what has been said above, respecting the division of the cyclic +year into 38 weeks, and is one among numerous instances of the pertinacity +with which the Romans retained old forms and names, even when become no +longer applicable; for as 38 days were quite insufficient for the business +of the Forum, a much larger number of other days, under different +appellations, had been added to them long before. The making the market +days _fasti_ was, we are told,[9] the act of the consul Hortensius. + + +§ 4. + +_Of the Roman Fasti_. + +The Roman patricians derived from their Tuscan instructors, the practice, +common to sacerdotal castes, of maintaining power by keeping the people +in ignorance of matters which, though simple in themselves, were of +frequent use, and thence of importance. One of the things, which such +bodies are most desirous of enveloping in mystery and confining the +knowledge of to themselves, is the Calendar, by which religious rites and +legal proceedings are regulated. Accordingly, for a long time, the Roman +people had no means of learning with certainty what days were _fasti_ and +what not, but by applying to the pontiff, in whose house the tables of +the _fasti_ were kept, or by the proclamation which he used to make of +the festivals which were shortly to take place. As we have seen above, +the knowledge of the length of the ensuing month could only be obtained +in the same manner. This, and the power of intercalating, gave a highly +injurious degree of power to the pontiffs. + +Accordingly, nothing could exceed the indignation of the senate when, in +the year 440, Flavius, the clerk or secretary of App. Claudius, as a most +effectual mode of gaining the popular favour, secretly made tables of the +Calendar and set them up about the Forum.[10] Henceforth the _dies fasti_ +and _nefasti_, the _stative_ festivals, the anniversaries of the +dedications of temples, etc. were known to every one. The days of +remarkable actions, such as the successes and reverses of the arms of the +republic, were also noted. Copies for the use of the public and +individuals were multiplied; the _municipia_ and other towns of Italy, as +the fragments which have been discovered shew, followed the example of +Rome, and the colonies, in this as in every thing else, presented the +mother-city in little. The custom was transmitted to modern Europe, and, +in the Calendar part of our own Almanacks, we may see a copy of those +Fasti, which once formed a portion of the mysterious treasures of the +patricians of ancient Rome. + +These were the Fasti Sacri or Kalendares, but the word Fasti was applied +to another kind of register, named the Fasti Historici or Consulares, +which contained the names of the magistrates of each year, especially the +consuls, and the chief events of the year were set down in them, so that +they formed a kind of annals of the state. When we read of the name of +any consul, as was the case with L. and M. Antonius, being erased from +the Fasti by a senatusconsult, it is always these Fasti that are meant. + + +§ 5. + +_Of Ovid's Poem on the Fasti_. + +Among the choir of poets who shed glory on the reign of Augustus, the +first place for originality may be claimed by P. Ovidius Naso. His Heroic +Epistles had no model in Grecian literature; his Art of Love, the most +perfect of his works, was equally his own, though didactic poetry had +been cultivated in Greece; his Metamorphoses bore perhaps a resemblance +to a lost poem of Nicander or Callimachus; but unless a work of this last +poet, presently to be noticed, was of the same kind with it, Grecian +literature contained nothing resembling his Fasti. + +To a poet like Ovid, of various powers and great command of language, few +subjects could have appeared to possess more 'capabilities,' to use a +hackneyed but expressive term. He had here an opportunity of displaying +his power in the light, easy, and graceful style, when narrating the +adventures of the god of Grecian theology; while the real and legendary +history of his country afforded subjects which might have called forth +the highest powers of genius, and have awakened the sympathies of every +Roman reader. Here, however, I think he has failed; Ovid in fact very +much resembled a distinguished poet of our own days, who, like him, +excels in the light and amatory, and sportive style, but whose efforts in +the grave and dignified are not equally successful. In reading the poem, +I have sometimes asked myself if it would not have been better had the +Fasti of Rome been the theme of the Mantuan instead of the Pelignian +bard. Where Ovid fails Virgil would certainly have succeeded, and the +Regifugium and fall of the Fabii would have come down to us in strains +equal to those which celebrate the wars of ancient Italy. Whether the +reverse would have been the case, and that, in those lighter and more +familiar parts, where Ovid succeeds Virgil would have failed, I take not +on me to decide; but I should reckon much on the taste and judgement of +the author of the Georgics. Still, even in the higher parts, we know not +to what disadvantage even Virgil's verses might have competed with the +venerable Annals of Ennius, with whom he rather seemed to shun than to +seek collision. This is a question, however, which can never be decided, +and, much as I delight in the poetry of Virgil, I regard him as inferior +in genius to Ovid. Virgil depends on others, he always imitates; Ovid +borrows rarely, in composition he is always best when most independent. + +I do not think that Ovid had any model for his Fasti; the idea might have +been suggested to him, as it is thought, by this verse of Propertius (iv. +1. 69): + + Sacra, diesque canam et cognomina prisca locorum, + +with which he concludes a poem, in which he feigns himself to be shewing +to a stranger the principal monuments of Rome. Callimachus, too, had +written a poem which, like all the poetry of the Alexandrian period, was +well known at Rome and was quoted by Varro, Martial, Servius and others. +Its title was [Greek: Aitia], and, from its name and the few fragments +and scanty accounts of it which remain, it appears that it treated of the +_causes_ of matters relating to the gods and ancient heroes of Greece. +From an epigram in the Anthology, we learn that he feigned that he was +transported in a dream to Mt. Helicon, and there received his information +from the Muses. The epigram ends thus: + + [Greek: + Ai de hoi eiromeno, amph' Ogugion Haeroon + Aitia kai makaron eiron ameibomenai]. + +It is uncertain whether the poem was in heroic or elegiac measure. Ovid +appears to have been acquainted with it, for (Trist. v. 5. 33.) when +speaking of the dividing of the flame on the pyre of the Theban brothers +he adds-- + + Hoc, memini, quondam fieri non posse loquebar, + Et me Battiades judice falsus erat. + +The difference, however, between this poem and the Fasti, must have been +considerable. A Greek poet, named Butas, according to Plutarch (Rom. +21.), wrote [Greek: aitias muthodeis en elegeiois ton Romaikon], from +which he quotes these two verses relating to the Luperci, and in +explanation of their custom of striking those whom they met-- + + [Greek: + Empodious tuptontas hopos tote phasgan' echontes + Ex Albaes etheon Romulos aede Remos]. + +This might appear to have been the model of Ovid's poem, but it is +unknown when Butas lived, and he may as well have written after as before +the Latin poet. + +On the whole, I think Ovid's claim to originality in this poem cannot +justly be contested. Even though he may have taken the idea of it from +others his mode of treating the subject is his own. + +When Ovid first conceived the idea of writing a poem on the Roman Fasti, +it is not likely that he was very well furnished with the requisite +knowledge. Any one, who is familiar with the internal history of +literature, knows how common it is for a writer, especially a poet, to +select a subject of which he is sufficiently ignorant, and then to go in +search of materials. Such appears to me to have been the case with Ovid, +and the errors into which he falls prove that though a diligent enquirer, +as I think he was, he never arrived at accuracy in history or science; +with Grecian mythology he was intimately acquainted, and here he is +superior to Virgil, whose knowledge of the history and institutions of +ancient Italy much exceeded his. + +The Annals of Ennius, the historical works of Fabius Pictor and his +successors down to Livy, contained the history of Rome, and these works, +it is evident, Ovid had studied; for the institutions and their origins +his chief source must have been the writings of L. Cincius Alimentus, the +contemporary of Fabius Pictor, the most judicious investigator of +antiquities that Rome ever produced. The various Fasti, such as those of +his contemporary Verrius Flaccus, of which fragments have been discovered +and published,[11] contributed much information, and various passages of +the poem intimate that personal inquiry and oral communication aided in +augmenting his stores of antiquarian lore. His astronomical knowledge was +probably derived from the ordinary Calendars, and as they were not +strictly correct, and the poet, in all probability, did not apply himself +with much relish to what he must have viewed as a dry and uninviting +study, we are not to look in him for extreme accuracy on this head, and +must not be surprised to meet even gross blunders. + +Two points are to be considered respecting this poem, namely, the time +when it was written and published, and whether, when published, it +contained any more than the six books which have come down to us. + +The mysterious relegation of Ovid to Tomi, on the coast of the Euxine, +took place A.U.C. 762, in the fifty-second year of the poet's age. In the +long exculpatory epistle to Augustus, which forms the second book of his +Tristia, he mentions the Fasti as a work actually written, and dedicated +to that prince, but interrupted by his exile. The poem itself contains +many passages which were evidently addressed to him. On the other hand, +it is actually dedicated to Germanicus, the adoptive son of Tiberius, and +L. I. v. 285, he mentions the triumph of that prince over the Catti, +Cherusci and Angevarii, which, according to Tacitus (Ann. II. 41.), took +place in the year 770, which was the year of the poet's death. It would, +therefore, seem to follow at once that this is the true date of the +publication of the poem, were it not that Tacitus (II. 26.) tells us that +the triumph had been decreed by the senate in the year 768, so that the +poet's words may be proleptical. The other, however, is by far the most +natural and probable interpretation of his words. It is confirmed by a +passage (L. II. 55. _et seq_.) in which he praises Tiberius as the +builder and restorer of the temples of the gods, and in this very year +770, as we learn from Tacitus, the emperor repaired and dedicated the +temple of Liber, Libera and Ceres, that of Flora and that of Janus. We +may, therefore, venture to assert that the year 770 was that of the +publication of this poem. We are now to enquire whether any more appeared +then than what has come down to us. + +In the epistle to Augustus, above alluded to, Ovid says, + + Sex ego Fastorum scripsi totidemque libellos; + Cumque suo finem mense volumen habet. + Idque tuo nuper scriptum sub nomine, Caesar, + Et tibi sacratum sors mea rupit opus. + +Hence it has become the prevalent opinion that he wrote twelve books, of +which the half has perished. This appears certainly to follow plainly +enough from the words of the poet, but the silence of the ancients +respecting the last six books is strong on the negative side, for of all +the quotations which we meet of this work, particularly in Lactantius, +there is not a single one that is not to be found in the books which we +possess. I, therefore, agree with Masson, in his life of the poet, that +the meaning of those verses is, that he had collected his materials for +the whole work, and digested them under the different months, and in part +versified them. This is applying no force to the verb _scribo_; we should +recollect that Racine, when he had his materials collected and his plot +arranged, used to say _Voilà ma tragédie faite!_ We cannot say whether +Ovid had versified the last six books, for he may have done so, and they +may have been lost at the time of his death. There is a curious +coincidence between the fate of Ovid's Fasti and Spenser's Faerie Queene; +of each we have but the one half, and it is a matter of controversy +respecting the remaining books of each, whether they were never written, +or, having been written, unhappily chanced to perish. + + +§ 6. + +_Of the Editions of Ovid's Fasti_. + + The earliest edition of this poem with notes was in the works of Ovid, +edited by A. Navagero, a Venetian nobleman, and printed by Aldus, in the +year 1502. An edition appeared at Basle, in 1550, edited by J. Micyllus, +with the commentaries of several men of learning. Hercules Ciofani, a +native of Sulmo, edited in 1578-1580, the works of his compatriote poet. +In the Fasti he used twelve of the best MSS. and he added a body of notes +on the whole of Ovid's works, which were afterwards printed separately, +by Plantin, at Antwerp. The next who devoted his labours to the Fasti was +a young Sicilian nobleman, named Carlo Neapolis, who wrote, at the age of +twenty one, a commentary on this poem, which was published at Antwerp, in +1639, under the title of _Anaptyxis ad Fastos Ovidianos_. The celebrated +N. Heinsius also undertook the task of elucidating this pleasing poet, +whose entire works, castigated by the aid of upwards of sixty MSS. and of +great learning and critical sagacity, he gave to the light, in 1658-1661, +at Amsterdam, in 3 Tom. 12. with brief notes. Finally, appeared at the +same place, in 1727, in 4 vols. 4. the works of Ovid, edited by Peter +Burmann; this editor gave a revision of the text of Heinsius, which he +occasionally altered, and he added, in whole or in part, the notes of the +preceding commentators. + +These were the principal editions of this poem previous to the present +century. I should add that G. C. Taubner published an edition of it at +Leipzig, in 1747, with a selection of notes from preceding commentators, +to which he added his own observations; and that C. W. Mitscherlich +published at Göttingen, in 1796-98, in 2 vols. 8vo. the works of Ovid +with an amended text. But in the year 1812, G. E. Gierig, who had already +published an edition of the Metamorphoses with a commentary, gave out the +Fasti in a similar manner. He has revised the text, and his notes are +generally extremely good, though liable to the charge of needless +prolixity in some parts, and too great brevity in others. It is however, +a valuable edition on the whole, and the best for general use. In the +Oxford edition of the works of Ovid, published in the year 1825, the +entire notes of this critic have been given. + +J. P. Krebs, who had thirty years before translated this poem into +German, gave an edition of it for the use of schools in 1826. His +attention was chiefly directed to the text, and he has most carefully +given all the various readings, to which he adds parallel and explanatory +passages from other writers, and the dates of the several events which +are mentioned in the poem. Beyond this his notes do not extend. His text +has been adopted for the present edition, but I have noticed only the +various readings of greatest importance. + + +NOTES: + +[1] [Greek: Akronyx, akronychia, to akron taes nuktos]. + +[2] See the Cambridge Philological Museum, No. V. p, 474. + +[3] Certus undenos decies per annos + Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos. + HORACE CAR. SEC. 21. + +[4] It is for this reason that in my note on I. 1, I have called the Latin +year a solar one, for such it was when Ovid wrote. + +[5] On the subjects treated of in this section, see Niebuhr on the Secular +Cycle, in his History of Rome, and Scaliger de Emendatione Temporum. + +[6] That this is by no means improbable is evident from the circumstance, +that the name of the intercalary month, Mercedonius, is to be found in no +Latin writer. It would be unknown to us, if Plutarch had not chanced to +mention it. + +[7] _Jana_ was the moon, and from _Dea Jana_ (pronounced _Yana_), was made +Diana. + +[8] _Endo_ or _indu_, was an old form for _in_. It may still be seen in +the fragments of Ennius and in Lucretius. + +[9] Macrob. Sat. I. 16. + +[10] Liv. ix. 46. + +[11] At Rome, in 1772, by Fogginius. + + + +FASTI + +KALENDARES ROMANI + +Ex Ovidio. + + +JANUARIUS. LIB. I. + +1. A. KAL. F. Novi consulatus initia, 75, Jani festum, 89. + Aesculapii et Jovis templa in insula Tiberina + consecrata, 290. +2. B. IV. NON. F. +3. C. III. NON. C. Cancer occidit, 311. +4. D. PR. NON. C. +5. E. NON. F. Lyra oritur, 315. +6. F. VIII.ID. F. +7. G. VII. ID. C. +8. H. VI. ID. C. +9. A. V. ID. Agonalia celebrata, 317. Delphini ortus, 457. +10. B. IV. ID. EN. Hiems media, 459. +11. C. III. ID. NP. Carmentalia, 461. Juturnae sedes in campo Martio + ad aquam Virginem dicata, 463. +12. D. PR. ID. C. +13. E. ID. NP. Jovi Statori ovis semimas immolabatur, 587. + Populo provinciae redditae. 589. Octaviano + Augusti nomen datum, 590. +14. F. XIX. KAL. FEBR. EN. +15. G. XVIII.KAL Carmentalia relata, 617. Porrimae et Postvertae + festus dies, 631. +16. H. XVII. KAL. C. Concordiae templum prope tedem Junonis Monetae + dedicatum, 637. +17. A. XVI. KAL. C. Sol Aquarium ingreditur relicto Capricorno, 651. +18. B. XV. KAL. C. +19. C. XIV. KAL. C. +20. D. XIII. KAL. C. +21. E. XII. KAL. C. +22. F. XI. KAL. C. +23. G. X. KAL. C. Lyra occidit, 653. +24. H. IX. KAL. C. Stella in medio Leonis pectore occidit, 655. + Sementivae feriae circa hoc tempus indictae, + 657. Paganalia, 669. +25. A. VIII. KAL. C. +26. B. VII. KAL. C. +27. C. VI. KAL. C. Castori et Polluci templura ad Juturnae stagnum + dedicatum, 705. +28. D. V. KAL. C. +29. E. IV. KAL. F. +30. F. III. KAL. NP. Pacis ara dicata, 709. +31. G. PR. KAL. C. + + +FEBRUARIUS. LIB. II. + +1. H. KAL. N. Templum Junoni Sospitae positum, 65. Lucus + Asyli celebratus, 67. Jovi in Capitolio + bidens mactata, 69. +2. A. IV. NON. N. Lyra occidit, 73. et Leo medius, 77. +3. B. III. NON. N. Delphinus occidit, 79. +4. C. PR. NON. N. +5. D. NON. (N.) Augustus Pater Patriae dictus, 119. Aquarius + medius oritur, 145. +6. E. VIII. ID. N. +7. F. VII. ID. N. +8. G. VI. ID. N. +9. H. V. ID. N. Veris initium, 149. +10. A. IV. ID. N. +11. B. III. ID. N. Arctophylax oritur, 153. +12. C. PR. ID. N. +13. D. ID. NP. Fauni sacra, 193. Fabianae cladis memoria, 195. +14. E. XVI. KAL. MART. N. (C.) Corvus, Anguis, Crater oriuntur, 243. +15. F. XV. KAL. NP. Lupercalia Fauno sacra, 267. Ventorum inconstantia + per sex dies, 453. Aquario relicto Sol + Pisces iugreditur, 457. +16. G. XIV. KAL. EN. +17. H. XIII.KAL. NP. Quirini sacra, 475. Stultorum festiis dies, 513. + Fornicalia, 527. +18. A. XII. KAL. C. +19. B. XI. KAL. C. Feralia, i. e. ultimus placandis Manibus dies. + 567. Deae Mutae sacra facit anus, 571. +20. C. X. KAL. C. +21. D. IX. KAL. F. +22. E. VIII.KAL. C. Charistia, cognatorum sacra, 617. +23. F. VII. KAL. NP. Terminalia, 639. +24. G. VI. KAL. N. Regifugium, 685. Hirundo advenit, veris + praenuntia, 853. +25. H. V. KAL. C. +26. A. IV. KAL. EN. +27. B. III. KAL. NP. Equiria, 857. +28. C. PR. KAL. C. + + +MARTIUS. LIB. III. + +1. D. KAL. NP. In flaminum domibus, regia, curia, Vestae aede + novae ponuntur laureae, ignis Vestae + reficitur, 137. Matronalia, 170. et + Salinorum dies festi, 259. +2. E. VI. NON. F. +3. F. V. NON. C. Alter c Piscibus occidit, 399. +4. G. IV. NON. C. +5. H. III. NON. C. Arctophylax occidit, 403. Vindemitor nondum + occidit, 407. +6. A. PR. NON. NP. Vestae sacrum, Caesar Augustus Pontifex Maximus + factus, 415. +7. B. NON. F. Vejovis templum consecratum, 429. Pegasi collum + oritur, 449. +8. C. VIII. ID. F. Corona Gnossis oritur, 459. +9. D. VII. ID. C. +10. E. VI. ID. C. +11. F. V. ID. C. +12. G. IV. ID. C. +13. H. III. ID. EN. +14. A. PR. ID. NP. Equiria altera in campo Martio, 517. vel monte + Coelio, 521. +15. B. ID. NP. Annae Perennae sacra, 523. Julii Caesaris + caedes, 697. +16. C. XVII. KAL. APR. F. Scorpius ex parte occidit, 711. Itum ad + Argeos hac et sequenti die, 791. +17. D. XVI. KAL. NP. Liberalia, Bacchi sacrum, 713. Toga libera + data, 771. Milvi ortus, 793. +18. E. XV. KAL. C. +19. F. XIV. KAL. N. Quinquatria Minervae sacra, 809. Minervae + natalis, 811. Minerval magistris solutum, + 829. Delubra Minervae Captae dedicata, 835. +20. G. XIII. KAL. C. Alter Quinquatruum dies gladiatoriis + certaminibns cum tribus sequentibus + celebratus, 818. +21. H. XII. KAL. C. +22. A. XI. KAL. N. Sol ingreditur Arictem, 851. +23. B. X. KAL. NP. Quintus idemque ultimus Qumquatruum dies, et + Tubilustrium Minervae sacrum, 849. +24. C. IX. KAL. Q. R. C. F. +25. D. VIII. KAL. C. +26. E. VII. KAL. C. Aequinoctium vernum, 877. +27. F. VI. KAL. NP. +28. G. V. KAL. C. +29. H. IV. KAL. C. +30. A. III. KAL. C. Jani, Concordiae, Salutis, Pacis estus dies, 879 +31. B. PR. KAL. C. Lunae sacra in monte Aventino, 833. + + +APRILIS. LIB. IV. + +1. C. KAL. N. Veneris sacra, 133. Mulieres lavantur, 139. + Fortuna Virilis, 145. et Venus Verticordia + placari solitae, 151. Scorpius occidit, 163. +2. D. IV. NON. C. Pliades occidere incipiunt, 165. +3. E. III. NON. C. +4. F. PR. NON. C. Festa Idaeae Parentis s. Megalesia Matri Deum, + 179. (Ludi per plures dies celebrati, 387.) +5. G. NON. Fortuna Publica sacrata in colle Quirini, 373. +6. H. VIII. ID. NP. Juba a Caesare victus, 377. Libra (per totam + noctem in coelo) imbres secum fert, 385. +7. A. VII. ID. N. +8. B. VI. ID. N. +9. C. V. ID. N. Orion occidit, 387. +10. D. IV. ID. N. Ludi in circo, 389. +11. E. III. ID. N. +12. F. PR. ID. N. Ludi Cereales, 393. +13. G. ID. NP. Jovi Victori aedes dicata, 621. Atrium Libertatis + instructum, 623. +14. H. XVIII.KAL. MAI. N. Ventus ab occasu cum grandine, 625. + Augusti Caesaris victoria Mutinensis, 627. +15. A. XVII. KAL. NP. Fordicidia Telluri sacra in Capitolio et in + curia, 629. +16. B. XVI. KAL. N. Augustus Imperator salutatus, 675. Hyades + occidunt, 677. +17. C. XV. KAL. N. +18. D. XIV. KAL. N. +19. E. XIII. KAL. N. Equestria certamina in circo in Cereris honorem, + 679. Vulpes combustae ultimo Cerealium die, + 681. +20. F. XII. KAL. N. Sol in Taurum abit, 713. +21. G. XI. KAL. NP. Palilia, 721. Romae natalis, 806. +22. H. X. KAL. N. +23. A. IX. KAL. N. Vinalia, 863. Veneris sacra, 865. et Jovis, 878. +24. B. VIII. KAL. C. +25. C. VII. KAL. NP. Ver medium, 901. Aries occidit, 903. Canis + exoritur, 904. Robigalia, 905. +26. D. VI. KAL. F. +27. E. V. KAL. C. +28. F. IV. KAL. NP. Floralium initium, 943. Vesta in Palatium + recepta, 949. dies ex parte Phoebi, 931. + et Caesaris, 952. +29. G. III. KAL. C. +30. H. PR. KAL. C. + + +MAIUS. LIB. V. + +1. A. KAL. N. Capella oritur, 111. Laribus Praestitibus ara + posita, 130. Bonae Deae sacrum, 148. +2. B. VI. NON. F. Argeste flante, 161, Hyades oriuntur, 163. +3. C. V. NON. C. Floralium ultimus dies, 183. Chiron (Centaurus) + oritur, 379. +4. D. IV. NON. C. +5. E. III. NON. C. Lyra oritur, 415. +6. F. PR. NON. C. Scorpius occidit (oritur) medius, 417. +7. G. NON. N. +8. H. VIII. ID. F. +9. A. VII. ID. N. Lemuria Manibus sacra, 419. +10. B. VI. ID. C. +11. C. V. ID. N. Lemuria altera, 419. Orion occidit, 493. +12. D. IV. ID. NP. Marti ultori templum sacratum, 545. Ludi Marti + in circo, 597. +13. E. III. ID. N. Lemuria ultima, 591. Pliades oriuntur, 599. + Aestatis initium, 601. +14. F. PR. ID. C. Taurus oritur, 603. Scirpea simulacra in Tiberim + missa, 621. +15. G. ID. NP. Mercurio templum positum ejusque festa dies, 663. +16. H. XVII. KAL. JUN. F. +17. A. XVI. KAL. C. +18. B. XV. KAL. C. +19. C. XIV. KAL. C. +20. D. XIII. KAL. C. Sol in Geminos transit, 693. +21. E. XII. KAL. NP. Agonia altera, 721. +22. F. XI. KAL. N. Canis oritur, 723. +23. G. X. KAL. NP. Tubilustria Vulcano sacra, 726. +24. H. IX. KAL. Q. R. C. F. 727. +25. A. VIII. KAL. C. Templum Fortunae Publicae positum, 729. Aquilae + rostrum apparet, 731. +26. B. VII. KAL. C. Bootes occidit, 733. +27. C. VI. KAL. C. Hyas oritur, 734. +28. D. V. KAL. C. +29. E. IV. KAL. C. +30. F. III. KAL. C. +31. G. PR. KAL. C. + + +JUNIUS. LIB. VI. + +1 H. KAL. N. Camae deae sacrum, 101. Kalendae fabariae, 180. + Junonia Monctae templum sacratum, 180. Martis + extra portam Capenam sacra, 191. Tempestatis + aedes dedicata, 193. Aquila tota apparet, 196. +2. A. IV. NON. F. Hyadum ortus et Tauri cornuum, pluit, 197. +3. B. III. NON. C. Bellonae aedes consecrata, 199. +4. C. PR. NON. C. Herculi Custodi aedes in circo Flaminio posita, 209. +5. D. NON. (N.) Sanco Fidio Semoni Patri aedes posita, 213. +6. E. VIII. ID. N. +7. F. VII. ID. N. Arctophylax (Lycaon) totus occidit, 235. Ludi + Tibridi sacri a piscatoribus celebrati, 237. +8. O. VI. ID. N. Menti delubra data, 241. +9. H. V. ID. N. Vestae sacra, 249. Jovis Pistoris ara in Capitolio, + 349. Brutus Gallaecos vicit, 461. Crassus a + Parthis victus et occisus, 465. +10. A. IV. ID. N. Delphinua oritur, 469. +11. B. III. ID. N. Matralia Matri Matutae sacra, 473. Matutae + templum a Servio rege positum, 479. Rutilius et + Didius occisi, 563. Fortunos templum a Servio + rege dedicatum, 569. Concordiae aedes per + Liviam consecrata, 637. +12. C. PR. ID. N. +13. D. ID. N. Jovi invicto templa data. 650. Quinquatrus minores + Minervae sacra, 651. Nubere ante Idus non + bonum, 219. nec fas Flaminis Dialis oonjugi + crines depectere, 220. nec ungues praesecare, + 230. nec viro concumbere, 231. exspectanda dies + Q. St. D. F. 233. +14. E. XVIII.KAL. JUL. N. +15. F. XVII. KAL. Q. St. D. F. Thyene, stella in Tauri fronte, + oritur, 711. Stercus ex aede Vestae defertur, 713. +16. G. XVI. KAL. C. Zephyro secundo fiante, 715. Orion oritur, 717. +17. H. XV. KAL. C. Delphinus totus apparet, 720. Postumius Tubertus + Aequos Volscosque fudit, 721. +18. A. XIV. KAL. C. +19. B. XIII. KAL. C. Sol e Geminis in Cancrum abit, 725. Pallas in + Aventino coli coepta, 728. +20. C. XII. KAL. C. Summani templum positum, 729. Ophiuchus + (Aesculapius) oritur, 733. +21. D. XI. KAL. C. +22. E. X. KAL. C. +23. F. IX. KAL. C. Flaminius ad lacum Trasimenum victus, 766. +24. G. VIII. KAL. C. Syphax victus, 769. Hasdrubal occisus, 770. + Fortunae Fortis honores, 771. +25. H. VII. KAL. C. +26. A. VI. KAL. C. Orionis zona apparet, 785. Solstitium, 789. +27. B. V. KAL. C. Larium delubra posita, 791. et Jovis Statoris + aedes, 793. +28. C. IV. KAL. C. Quirino templum positum, 795. +29. D. III. KAL. F. +30. E. PR. KAL. C. Musis et Herculi Musagetae aedes consecrata, 797. + + + + +P. OVIDII NASONIS FASTORUM + +LIBER I. + + +Tempora cum causis Latium digesta per annum, + Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa canam. +Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, vultu + Hoc opus, et timidae dirige navis iter; +Officioque, levem non aversatus honorem, 5 + Huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades. +Sacra recognosces annalibus eruta priscis, + Et quo sit merito quaeque notata dies. +Invenies illic et festa domestica vobis. + Saepe tibi pater est, saepe legendus avus; 10 +Quaeque ferunt illi pictos signantia fastos, + Tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres. +Caesaris arma canant alii, nos Caesaris aras, + Et quoscumque sacris addidit ille dies. +Annue conanti per laudes ire tuorum, 15 + Deque meo pavidos excute corde metus. +Da mihi te placidum, dederis in carmina vires, + Ingenium vultu statque caditque tuo. +Pagina judicium docti subitura movetur + Principis, ut Clario missa legenda deo. 20 +Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, + Civica pro trepidis quum tulit arma reis. +Scimus et, ad nostras quum se tulit impetus artes, + Ingenii currant flumina quanta tui. +Si licet et fas est, vates rege vatis habenas, 25 + Auspice te felix totus ut annus eat. + +Tempora digereret quum conditor urbis, in anno + Constituit menses quinque bis esse suo. +Scilicet arma magis, quam sidera, Romule, horas, + Curaque finitimos vincere major erat. 30 +Est tamen et ratio, Caesar, quae moverit illum, + Erroremque suum quo tueatur habet. +Quod satis est utero matris dum prodeat infans, + Hoc anno statuit temporis esse satis. +Per totidem menses a funere conjugis uxor 35 + Sustinet in vidua tristia signa domo. +Hoc igitur vidit trabeati cura Quirini, + Quum rudibus populis annua jura daret. +Martis erat primus mensis, Venerisque secundus, + Haec generis princeps, ipsius ille pater. 40 +Tertius a senibus, juvenum de nomine quartus, + Quae sequitur numero turba notata fuit. +At Numa nec Janum, nec avitas praeterit umbras, + Mensibus antiquis apposuitque duos. + +Ne tamen ignores variorum jura dierum: 45 + Non habet officii Lucifer omnis idem. +Ille Nefastus erit, per quem tria verba silentur: + Fastus erit, per quem lege licebit agi; +Neu toto perstare die sua jura putaris: + Qui jam Fastus erit, mane Nefastus erat. 50 +Nam simul exta deo data sunt, licet omnia fari, + Verbaque honoratus libera prsetor habet. +Est quoque, quo populum jus est includere septis: + Est quoque, qui nono semper ab orbe redit. +Vindicat Ausonias Junonis cura Kalendas: 55 + Idibus alba Jovi grandior agna cadit: +Nonarum tutela deo caret. Omnibus istis + --Ne fallare, cave--proximus Ater erit. +Omen ab eventu est, illis nam Roma diebus + Damna sub adverso tristia Marte tulit. 60 +Haec mihi dicta semel, totis haerentia fastis, + Ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt. + +Ecce tibi faustum, Germanice, nuntiat annum, + Inque meo primus carmine Janus adest. +Jane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo, 65 + Solus de superis qui tua terga vides, +Dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura labore + Otia terra ferax, otia pontus agit. +Dexter ades patribusque tuis, populoque Quirini, + Et resera nutu Candida templa tuo. 70 +Prospera lux oritur: linguisque animisque favete! + Nunc dicenda bono sunt bona verba die. +Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint + Jurgia; differ opus, livida lingua, tuum. +Cernis, odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether, 75 + Et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis? +Flamma nitore suo templorum verberat aurum, + Et tremulum summa spargit in aede jubar. +Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur in arces, + Et populus festo concolor ipse suo est. 80 +Jamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget, + Et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur. +Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda juvenci, + Quos aluit campis herba Falisca suis. +Jupiter, arce sua totum quum spectet in orbem, 85 + Nil nisi Romanum, quod tueatur, habet. +Salve, laeta dies, meliorque revertere semper, + A populo rerum digna potente coli! +Quem tamen esse deum te dicam, Jane biformis? + Nam tibi par nullum Graecia numen habet. 90 +Ede simul causam, cur de coelestibus unus, + Sitque quod a tergo, sitque quod ante, vides. +Haec ego quum sumptis agitarem mente tabellis, + Lucidior visa est, quam fuit ante, domus. +Tum sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Janus 95 + Bina repens oculis obtulit ora meis. +Obstupui, sensique metu riguisse capillos, + Et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat. +Ille tenens dextra baculum, clavemque sinistra, + Edidit hos nobis ore priore sonos: 100 +Disce, metu posito, vates operose dierum, + Quod petis, et voces percipe mente meas. +Me Chaos antiqui--nam res sum prisca--vocabant. + Adspice, quam longi temporis acta canam. +Lucidus hic aër, et, quae tria corpora restant, 105 + Ignis, aquae, tellus, unus acervus erant. +Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, + Inque novas abiit massa soluta domos; +Flamma petit altum, propior locus aëra cepit, + Sederunt medio terra fretumque solo. 110 +Tunc ego, qui fueram globus et sine imagine moles, + In faciem redii dignaque membra deo. +Nunc quoque, confusae quondam nota parva figurae, + Ante quod est in me, postque videtur idem. +Accipe, quaesitae? quae causa sit altera formae, 115 + Hanc simul ut noris officiumque meum. +Quidquid ubique vides, coelum, mare, nubila, terras, + Omnia sunt nostra clausa patentque manu. +Me penes est unum vasti custodia mundi, + Et jus vertendi cardinis omne meum est. 120 +Quum libuit Pacem placidis emittere tectis, + Libera perpetuas ambulat illa vias. +Sanguine letifero totus miscebitur orbis, + Ni teneant rigidae condita bella serae. +Praesideo foribus coeli cum mitibus Horis: 125 + It, redit officio Jupiter ipse meo. +Inde vocor Janus. Cui quum Cereale sacerdos + Imponit libum farraque mixta sale, +Nomina ridebis; modo namque Patulcius idem, + Et modo sacrifice Clusius ore vocor. 130 +Scilicet alterno voluit rudis illa vetustas + Nomine diversas significare vices. +Vis mea narrata est: causam nunc disce figurae; + Jam tamen hanc aliqua tu quoque parte vides. +Omnis habet geminas hinc atque hinc janua frontes, 135 + E quibus haec populum spectat, at illa Larem. +Utque sedens vester primi prope limina tecti + Janitor egressus introitusque videt; +Sic ego prospicio, coelestis janitor aulae, + Eoas partes Hesperiasque simul. 140 +Ora vides Hecates in tres vergentia partes, + Servet ut in ternas compita secta vias. +Et mihi, ne flexu cervicis tempora perdam, + Cernere non moto corpore bina licet. +Dixerat, et vultu, si plura requirere vellem, 145 + Se mihi difficilem non fore, fassus erat: +Sumpsi animum, gratesque deo non territus egi, + Verbaque sum spectans pauca locutus humum: +Dic, age, frigoribus quare novus incipit annus, + Qui melius per ver incipiendus erat? 150 +Omnia tunc florent, tunc est nova temporis aetas, + Et nova de gravido palmite gemma tumet, +Et modo formatis operitur frondibus arbos, + Prodit et in summum seminis herba solum, +Et tepidum volucres concentibus aëra mulcent, 155 + Ludit et in pratis luxuriatque pecus. +Tum blandi soles, ignotaque prodit hirundo, + Et luteum celsa sub trabe fingit opus. +Tum patitur cultus ager, et renovatur aratro. + Haec anni novitas jure vocanda fuit. 160 +Quaesieram multis: non multis ille moratus, + Contulit in versus sic sua verba duos: +Bruma novi prima est, veterisque novissima solis: + Principium capiunt Phoebus et annus idem. +Post ea mirabar, cur non sine litibus esset 165 + Prima dies. Causam percipe, Janus ait. +Tempora commisi nascentia rebus agendis, + Totus ab auspicio ne foret annus iners. +Quisque suas artes ob idem delibat agendo, + Nec plus quam solitum testificatur opus. 170 +Mox ego: Cur, quamvis aliorum numina placem, + Jane, tibi primo tura merumque fero? +Ut per me possis aditum, qui limina servo, + Ad quoscumque voles, inquit, habere deos. +At cur laeta tuis dicuntur verba Kalendis, 175 + Et damus alternas accipimusque preces? +Tum deus incumbens baculo, quem dextra gerebat, + Omina principiis, inquit, inesse solent. +Ad primam vocem timidas advertitis aures, + Et primum visam consulit augur avem. 180 +Templa patent auresque deûm, nec lingua caducas + Concipit ulla preces, dictaque pondus habent. +Desierat Janus: nec longa silentia feci, + Sed tetigi verbis ultima verba meis: +Quid vult palma sibi rugosaque carica, dixi, 185 + Et data sub niveo Candida mella cado? +Omen, ait, causa est, ut res sapor ille sequatur, + Et peragat coeptum dulcis ut annus iter. +Dulcia cur dentur, video: stipis adjice causam, + Pars mihi de festo ne labet ulla tuo. 190 +Risit, et, O quam te fallunt tua saecula, dixit, + Qui stipe mel sumpta dulcius esse putes! +Vix ego Saturno quemquam regnante videbam, + Cujus non animo dulcia lucra forent. +Tempore crevit amor, qui nunc est summus, habendi; 195 + Vix ultra, quo jam progrediatur, habet. +Pluris opes nunc sunt, quam prisci temporis annis, + Dum populus pauper, dura nova Roma fuit, +Dum casa Martigenam capiebat parva Quirinum, + Et dabat exiguum fluminis ulva torum. 200 +Jupiter angusta vix totus stabat in aede, + Inque Jovis dextra fictile fulmen erat. +Frondibus ornabant, quae nunc Capitolia gemmis, + Pascebatque suas ipse senator oves; +Nec pudor in stipula placidam cepisse quietem, 205 + Et fenum capiti supposuisse fuit. +Jura dabat populis posito modo consul aratro, + Et levis argenti lamina crimen erat. +At postquam Fortuna loci caput extulit hujus, + Et tetigit summos vertice Roma deos; 210 +Creverunt et opes, et opum furiosa cupido, + Et, quum possideant plurima, plura volunt. +Quaerere, ut absumant, absumpta requirere certant: + Atque ipsae vitiis sunt alimenta vices. +Sic, quibus intumuit suffusa venter ab unda, 215 + Quo plus sunt potae, plus sitiuntur aquae. +In pretio pretium nunc est; dat census honores, + Census amicitias; pauper ubique jacet. +Tu tamen, auspicium cur sit stipis utile, quaeris, + Curque juvent nostras aera vetusta manus. 220 +Aera dabant olim; melius nunc omen in auro est, + Victaque concedit prisca moneta novae. +Nos quoque templa juvant, quamvis antiqua probemus, + Aurea; majestas convenit ista deo. +Laudamus veteres, sed nostris utimur annis; 225 + Mos tamen est aeque dignus uterque coli. +Finierat monitus; placidis ita rursus, ut ante, + Clavigerum verbis alloquor ipse deum: +Multa quidem didici: sed cur navalis in aere + Altera signata est, altera forma biceps? 230 +Noscere me duplici posses in imagine, dixit, + Ni vetus ipsa dies extenuaret opus. +Causa ratis superest: Tuscum rate venit in amnem + Ante pererrato falcifer orbe deus. +Hac ego Saturnum memini tellure receptum; 235 + Coelitibus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. +Indediu genti mansit Saturnia nomen: + Dicta quoque est Latium terra, latente deo. +At bona posteritas puppim servavit in aere, + Hospitis adventum testificata dei. 240 +Ipse solum colui, cujus placidissima laevum + Radit arenosi Tibridis unda latus. +Hic, ubi nunc Roma est, incaedua silva virebat, + Tantaque res paucis pascua bubus erat. +Arx mea collis erat, quem cultrix nomine nostro 245 + Nuncupat haec aetas, Janiculumque vocat. +Tunc ego regnabam, patiens quum terra deorum + Esset, et humanis numina mixta locis. +Nondum Justitiam facinus mortale fugarat: + --Ultima de superis illa reliquit humum-- 250 +Proque metu populum sine vi pudor ipse regebat; + Nullus erat justis reddere jura labor. +Nil mihi cum bello, pacem postesque tuebar. + Et clavem ostendens, Haec, ait, arma gero. +Presserat ora deus: tune sic ego nostra resolvo, 255 + Voce mea voces eliciente dei: +Quum tot sint Jani, cur stas sacratus in uno, + Hic ubi juncta foris templa duobus habes? +Ille manu mulcens propexam ad pectora barbam, + Protinus Oebalii rettulit arma Tati, 260 +Utque levis custos armillis capta Sabinis + Ad summae Tatium duxerit arcis iter. +Inde, velut nunc est, per quem descenditis, inquit, + Arduus in valles et fora clivus erat. +Et jam contigerat portam, Saturnia cujus 265 + Dempserat oppositas insidiosa seras. +Cum, tanto veritus committere numine pugnam, + Ipse meae movi callidus artis opus, +Oraque, qua pollens ope sum, fontana reclusi, + Sumque repentinas ejaculatus aquas. 270 +Ante tamen calidis subjeci sulfura venis, + Clauderet ut Tatio fervidus humor iter. +Cujus ut utilitas pulsis percepta Sabinis, + Quaeque fuit, tuto reddita forma loco est; +Ara mihi posita est parvo conjuncta sacello: 275 + Haec adolet flammis cum strue farra suis. +At cur pace lates, motisque recluderis armis? + Nec mora, quaesiti reddita causa mihi. +Ut populo reditus pateant ad bella profecto, + Tota patet dempta janua nostra sera. 280 +Pace fores obdo, ne qua discedere possit: + Caesareoque diu nomine clausus ero. +Dixit, et, attollens oculos diversa tuentes, + Adspexit toto quidquid in orbe fuit. +Pax erat, et vestri, Germanice, causa triumphi 285 + Tradiderat famulas jam tibi Rhenus aquas. +Jane, face aeternos pacem pacisque ministros, + Neve suum, praesta, deserat auctor opus. + +Quod tamen ex ipsis licuit mihi discere fastis: + Sacravere patres hoc duo templa die. 290 +Accepit Phoebo Nymphaque Coronide natum + Insula, dividua quam premit amnis aqua. +Jupiter in parte est; cepit locus unus utrumque, + Junctaque sunt magno templa nepotis avo. +Quid vetat et stellas, ut quseque oriturque caditque,295 + Dicere? promissi pars fuit ista mei. +Felices animos, quibus hsec cognoscere primis, + Inque domos superas scandere cura fuit! +Credibile est illos pariter vitiisque locisque + Altius humanis exseruisse caput. 300 +Non Venus et vinum sublimia pectora fregit, + Officiumve fori, militiaeve labor. +Nec levis ambitio, perfusaque gloria fuco, + Magnarumve fames sollicitavit opum. +Admovere oculis distantia sidera nostris, 305 + Aetheraque ingenio supposuere suo. +Sic petitur coelum, non ut ferat Ossan Olympus, + Summaque Peliacus sidera tangat apex. +Nos quoque sub ducibus coelum metabimur illis, + Ponemusque suos ad stata signa dies. 310 + +Ergo ubi nox aderit venturis tertia Nonis, + Sparsaque coelesti rore madebit humus; +Octipedis frustra quaeruntur brachia Cancri: + Praeceps occiduas ille subivit aquas. + +Institerint Nonae, missi tibi nubibus atris 315 + Signa dabunt imbres, exoriente Lyra. + +Quattuor adde dies ductos ex ordine Nonis, + Janus _Agonali_ luce piandus erit. +Nominis esse potest succinctus causa minister, + Hostia coelitibus quo feriente cadit; 320 +Qui calido strictos tincturus sanguine cultros, + Semper, _Agatne_, rogat; nec nisi jussus agit. +Pars, quia non veniant pecudes, sed agantur, ab actu + Nomen _Agonalem_ credit habere diem. +Pars putat hoc festum priscis _Agnalia_ dictum, 325 + Una sit ut proprio littera dempta loco. +An, quia praevisos in aqua timet hostia cultros, + A pecoris lux est ista notata metu? +Pars etiam, fieri solitis aetate priorum + Nomina de ludis Graia tulisse diem. 330 +Et pecus antiquus dicebat _Agonia_ sermo: + Veraque judicio est ultima causa meo. +Utque ea nunc certa est, ita Rex placare Sacrorum + Numina lanigerae conjuge debet ovis. +_Victima_, quae dextra cecidit victrice, vocatur; 335 + Hostibus amotis _hostia_ nomen habet. +Ante, deos homini quod conciliare valeret, + Far erat, et puri lucida mica salis. +Nondum pertulerat lacrimatas cortice myrrhas + Acta per aequoreas hospita navis aquas; 340 +Tura nec Euphrates, nec miserat India costum, + Nec fuerant rubri cognita fila croci. +Ara dabat fumos, herbis contenta Sabinis, + Et non exiguo laurus adusta sono. +Si quis erat, factis prati de flore coronis 345 + Qui posset violas addere, dives erat. +Hic, qui nunc aperit percussi viscera tauri, + In sacris nullum culter habebat opus. +Prima Ceres avidae gavisa est sanguine porcae, + Ulta suas merita caede nocentis opes. 350 +Nam sata, vere novo, teneris lactentia succis, + Eruta setigerae comperit ore suis. +Sus dederat poenas. Exemplo territus hujus + Palmite debueras abstinuisse, caper. +Quem spectans aliquis dentes in vite prementem, 355 + Talia non tacito dicta dolore dedit: +Rode, caper, vitem: tamen huic, quum stabis ad aram, + In tua quod spargi cornua possit, erit. +Verba fides sequitur: noxae tibi deditus hostis + Spargitur affuso cornua, Bacche, mero. 360 +Culpa sui nocuit: nocuit quoque culpa capellae. + Quid bos, quid placidae commeruistis oves? +Flebat Aristaeus, quod apes cum stirpe necatas + Viderat inceptos destituisse favos. +Caerula quem genitrix aegre solata dolentem, 365 + Addidit haec dictis ultima verba suis: +Siste, puer, lacrimas! Proteus tua damna levabit, + Quoque modo repares, quae periere, dabit. +Decipiat ne te versis tamen ille figuris, + Impediant geminas vincula firma manus. 370 +Pervenit ad vatem juvenis, resolutaque somno + Alligat aequorei brachia capta senis. +Ille sua faciem transformis adulterat arte: + Mox domitus vinclis in sua membra redit, +Oraque caerulea tollens rorantia barba, 375 + Qua, dixit, repares arte, requiris, apes, +Obrue mactati corpus tellure juvenci: + Quod petis a nobis, obrutus ille dabit. +Jussa facit pastor. Fervent examina putri + De bove: mille animas una necata dedit. 380 +Poscit ovem fatum. Verbenas improba carpsit, + Quas pia dis ruris ferre solebat anus. +Quid tuti superest, animam quum ponat in aris + Lanigerumque pecus, ruricolaeque boves? +Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperiona cinctum, 385 + Ne detur celeri victima tarda deo. +Quod semel est triplici pro virgine caesa Dianae, + Nunc quoque pro nulla virgine cerva datur. +Exta canum vidi Triviae libare Sapaeos, + Et quicumque tuas accolit, Haeme, nives. 390 +Caeditur et rigido custodi ruris asellus. + Causa pudenda quidem est, huic tamen apta deo. +Festa corymbiferi celebrabat Graecia Bacchi, + Tertia quae solito tempore bruma refert. +Di quoque cultores gelidi venere Lycaei, 395 + Et quicumque joci non alienus erat: +Panes, et in Venerem Satyrorum prona juventus, + Quaeque colunt amnes solaque rura deae. +Venerat et senior pando Silenus asello, + Quique rubro pavidas inguine terret aves. 400 +Dulcia qui dignum nemus in convivia nacti + Gramine vestitis accubuere toris. +Vina dabat Liber: tulerat sibi quisque coronam. + Miscendas parce rivus agebat aquas. +Naïdes effusis aliae sine pectinis usu, 405 + Pars aderant positis arte manuque comis. +Illa super suras tunicam collecta ministrat, + Altera dissuto pectus aperta sinu. +Exserit haec humerum, vestem trahit illa per herbas, + Impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes. 410 +Hinc aliae Satyris incendia mitia praebent: + Pars tibi, qui pinu tempora nexa geris. +Te quoque, inexstinctae Silene libidinis, urunt. + Nequitia est, quae te non sinit esse senem. +At ruber hortorum deus et tutela Priapus 415 + Omnibus ex illis Lotide captus erat. +Hanc cupit, hanc optat: sola suspirat in illa: + Signaque dat nutu, sollicitatque notis. +Fastus inest pulchris, sequiturque superbia formam. + Irrisum vultu despicit illa suo. 420 +Nox erat, et, vino somnum faciente, jacebant + Corpora diversis victa sopore locis. +Lotis herbosa sub acernis ultima ramis, + Sicut erat lusu fessa, quievit humo. +Surgit amans, animamque tenens vestigia furtim 425 + Suspenso digitis fert taciturna gradu. +Ut tetigit niveae secreta cubilia Nymphae, + Ipsa sui flatus ne sonet aura, cavet. +Et jam finitima corpus librabat in herba: + Illa tamen multi plena soporis erat. 430 +Gaudet, et, a pedibus tracto velamine, vota + Ad sua felici coeperat ire via. +Ecce rudens rauco Sileni vector asellus + Intempestivos edidit ore sonos. +Territa consurgit Nymphe, manibusque Priapum 435 + Rejicit, et fugiens concitat omne nemus. +Morte dedit poenas auctor clamoris: et hinc est + Hellespontiaco victima grata deo. 440 +Intactae fueratis aves, solatia ruris, + Assuetum silvis innocuumque genus, +Quae facitis nidos, quae plumis ova fovetis, + Et facili dulces editis ore modos. +Sed nihil ista juvant, quia linguae crimen habetis, 445 + Dique putant mentes vos aperire suas. +Nec tamen id falsum: nam, dis ut proxima quaeque, + Nunc penna veras, nunc datis ore notas. +Tuta diu volucrum proles tum denique caesa est, + Juveruntque deos indicis exta sui. 450 +Ergo saepe suo conjux abducta marito + Uritur in calidis alba columba focis. +Nec defensa juvant Capitolia, quo minus anser + Det jecur in lances, Inachi lauta, tuas. +Nocte deae Nocti cristatus caeditur ales, 455 + Quod tepidum vigili provocat ore diem. +Interea Delphin clarum super aequora sidus + Tollitur, et patriis exserit ora vadis. + +Postera lux hiemen medio discrimine signat, + Aequaque praeteritae, quae superabit, erit. 460 + +Proxima prospiciet Tithono Aurora relicto + Arcadiae sacrum pontificale deae. +Te quoque lux eadem, Turni soror, aede recepit, + Hic ubi Virginea campus obitur aqua. +Unde petam causas horum moremque sacrorum? 465 + Dirigat in medio quis mea vela freto? +Ipsa mone, quae nomen habes a carmine ductum, + Propositoque fave, ne tuus erret honos. +Orta prior Luna,--de se si creditur ipsi-- + A magno tellus Arcade nomen habet. 470 +Hic fuit Evander, qui, quamquam clarus utroque, + Nobilior sacra; sanguine matris erat, +Quae, simul aetherios animo conceperat ignes, + Ore dabat vero carmina plena dei. +Dixerat haec, nato motus instare sibique, 475 + Multaque praeterea, tempore nacta fidem. +Nam juvenis vera nimium cum matre fugatus + Deserit Arcadiam Parrhasiumque larem. +Cui genitrix flenti, Fortuna viriliter, inquit, + --Siste, puer, lacrimas!--ista ferenda tibi est. 480 +Sic erat in fatis, nec te tua culpa fugavit, + Sed deus; offenso pulsus es urbe deo. +Non meriti poenam pateris, sed numinis iram, + Est aliquid magnis crimen abesse malis. +Conscia mens ut cuique sua est, ita concipit intra 485 + Pectora pro facto spemque metumque suo. +Nec tamen ut primus maere mala talia passus; + Obruit ingentes ista procella viros. +Passus idem, Tyriis qui quondam pulsus ab oris + Cadmus in Aonia constitit exsul humo. 490 +Passus idem Tydeus, et idem Pagasaeus Iason, + Et quos praeterea longa referre mora est. +Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus sequor, + Ut volucri, vacuo quidquid in orbe patet. +Nec fera tempestas toto tamen horret in anno, 495 + Et tibi--crede mihi--tempora veris erunt. +Vocibus Evander firmata mente parentis + Nave secat fluctus, Hesperiamque tenet. +Jamque ratem doctae monitu Carmentis in amnem + Egerat, et Tuscis obvius ibat aquis. 500 +Fluminis illa latus, cui sunt vada juncta Terenti, + Adspicit, et sparsas per loca sola casas. +Utque erat, immissis puppim stetit ante capillis, + Continuitque manum torva regentis iter; +Et procul in dextram tendens sua brachia ripam, 505 + Pinea non sano ter pede texta ferit; +Neve daret saltum properans insistere terrae, + Vix est Evandri vixque retenta manu; +Dique petitorum, dixit, salvete locorum, + Tuque novos coelo terra datura deos, 510 +Fluminaque, et Fontes, quibus utitur hospita tellus, + Et nemorum Nymphae, Naiadumque chori! +Este bonis avibus visi natoque mihique, + Ripaque felici tacta sit ista pede! +Fallor? an hi fient ingentia moenia colles, 515 + Juraque ab hac terra cetera terra petet? +Montibus his olim totus promittitur orbis. + Quis tantum fati credat habere locum? +Et jam Dardaniae tangent haec litora pinus. + Hic quoque causa novi femina Martis erit. 520 +Care nepos, Palla, funesta quid induis arma? + Indue: non humili vindice caesus eris. +Victa tamen vinces, eversaque Troja resurges; + Obruet hostiles ista ruina domos. +Urite victrices Neptunia Pergama flammae: 525 + Num minus hic toto est altior orbe cinis? +Jam pius Aeneas sacra, et sacra altera patrem, + Afferet: Iliacos excipe, Vesta, deos. +Tempus erit, quum vos orbemque tuebitur idem, + Et fient ipso sacra colente deo: 530 +Et penes Augustos patriae tutela manebit. + Hanc fas imperii frena tenere domum. +Inde nepos natusque dei--licet ipse recuset-- + Pondera coelesti mente paterna feret. +Utque ego perpetuis olim sacrabor in aris, 535 + Sic Augusta novum Julia numen erit. +Talibus ut dictis nostros descendit ad annos, + Substitit in medios praescia lingua sonos. +Puppibus egressus Latia stetit exsul in herba. + Felix, exsilium cui locus ille fuit! 540 +Nec mora longa fuit; stabant nova tecta, nec alter + Montibus Ausoniis Arcade major erat. +Ecce boves illuc Erytheïdas applicat heros, + Emensus longi claviger orbis iter. +Dumque huic hospitium domus est Tegeaea, vagantur 545 + Incustoditae laeta per arva boves. +Mane erat: excussus somno Tirynthius hospes + De numero tauros sentit abesse duos. +Nulla videt taciti quaerens vestigia furti: + Traxerat aversos Cacus in antra ferox; 550 +Cacus, Aventinae timor atque infamia silvae, + Non leve finitimis hospitibusque malum. +Dira viro facies, vires pro corpore, corpus + Grande, pater monstri Mulciber hujus erat; +Proque domo longis spelunca recessibus ingens, 555 + Abdita, vix ipsis invenienda feris. +Ora super postes affixaque brachia pendent, + Squalidaque humanis ossibus albet humus. +Servata male parte boum Jove natus abibat: + Mugitum ranco furta dedere sono. 560 +Accipio revocamen, ait, vocemque secutus + Impia per silvas ultor ad antra venit. +Ille aditum fracti praestruxerat objice montis: + Vix juga movissent quinque bis illud onus. +Nititur hic humeris,--coelum quoque sederat illis-- 565 + Et vastum motu collabefactat onus. +Quod simul evulsum est, fragor aethera terruit ipsum, + Ictaque subsedit pondere molis humus. +Prima movet Cacus collata proelia dextra, + Remque ferox saxis stipitibusque gerit. 570 +Quis ubi nil agitur, patris malo fortis ad artes + Confugit, et flammas ore sonante vomit. +Quas quoties proflat, spirare Typhoëa credas, + Et rapidum aetnaeo fulgur ab igne jaci. +Occupat Alcides, adductaque clava trinodis 575 + Ter quater adversi sedit in ore viri. +Ille cadit, mixtosque vomit cum sanguine fumos, + Et lato moriens pectore plangit humum. +Immolat ex illis taurum tibi, Jupiter, unum + Victor, et Evandrum ruricolasque vocat, 580 +Constituitque sibi, quae Maxima dicitur, aram, + Hic ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet. +Nec tacet Evandri mater, prope tempus adesse, + Hercule quo tellus sit satis usa suo. +At felix vates, ut dîs gratissima vixit, 585 + Possidet hunc Jani sic dea mense diem. + +Idibus in magni castus Jovis aede sacerdos + Semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis: +Redditaque est omnis populo provincia nostro, + Et tuus Augusto nomine dictus avus. 590 +Perlege dispositas generosa per atria ceras; + Contigerunt nulli nomina tanta viro. +Africa victorem de se vocat: alter Isauras, + Aut Cretum domitas testificatur opes; +Hunc Numidae faciunt, illum Messana superbum; 595 + Ille Numantina traxit ab urbe notam. +Et mortem et nomen Druso Germania fecit. + Me miserum, virtus quam brevis illa fuit! +Si petat a victis, tot sumat nomina Caesar, + Quot numero gentes maximus orbis habet. 600 +Ex uno quidam celebres, aut torquis ademptae, + Aut corvi titulos auxiliaris habent. +Magne, tuum nomen rerum mensara tuarum est: + Sed qui te vicit, nomine major erat. +Nec gradus est ultra Fabios cognominis ullus; 605 + Illa domus meritis Maxima dicta suis. +Sed tamen humanis celebrantur honoribus omnes: + Hic socium summo cum Jove nomen habet. +Sancta vocant _augusta_, patres: _augusta_ vocantur + Templa sacerdotum rite dicata manu. 610 +Hujus et augurium dependet origine verbi, + Et quodcumque sua Jupiter auget ope. +Augeat imperium nostri ducis, augeat annos: + Protegat et vestras querna corona fores. +Auspicibusque deis tanti cognominis heres 615 + Omine suscipiat, quo pater, orbis onus. + +Respiciet Titan actas ubi tertius Idus, + Fient Parrhasiae sacra relata deae. +Nam prius Ausonias matres carpenta vehebant: + --Haec quoque ab Evandri dicta parente reor-- 620 +Mox honor eripitur, matronaque destinat omnis + Ingratos nulla prole novare viros; +Neve daret partus, ictu temeraria caeco + Visceribus crescens excutiebat onus. +Corripuisse patres ausas immitia nuptas, 625 + Jus tamen exemptum restituisse, ferunt. +Binaque nunc pariter Tegeaeae sacra parenti + Pro pueris fieri virginibusque jubent. +Scortea non illi fas est inferre sacello, + Ne violent puros exanimata focos. 630 +Si quis amas ritus veteres, assiste precanti: + Nomina percipies non tibi nota prius, +Porrima placantur Postvertaque, sive sorores, + Sive fugae comites, Maenali Nympha, tuae. +Altera, quod porro fuerat, cecinisse putatur: 635 + Altera, versurum postmodo quidquid erat. + +Candida te niveo posuit lux proxima templo, + Qua fert sublimes alta Moneta gradus: +Nunc bene prospicies Latiam, Concordia, turbam: + Nunc te sacratae restituere manus. 640 +Furius antiquum populi superator Etrusci + Voverat, et voti solverat ante fidem. +Causa, quod a patribus sumptis secesserat armis + Vulgus, et ipsa suas Roma timebat opes. +Causa recens melior: passos Germania crines 645 + Porrigit auspiciis, dux venerande, tuis. +Inde triumphatae libasti munera gentis, + Templaque fecisti, quam colis ipse, deae. +Haec tua constituit Genitrix et rebus et ara, + Sola toro magni digna reperta Jovis. 650 +Haec ubi transierint, Capricorne, Phoebe, relicto, + Per juvenis curres signa gerentis aquam. + +Septimus hinc Oriens quum se demiserit undis, + Fulgebit toto jam Lyra nulla polo. +Sidere ab hoc ignis venienti nocte, Leonis 655 + Qui micat in medio pectore, mersus erit. + +Ter quater evolvi signantes tempora fastos, + Nec Sementiva est ulla reperta dies: +Quum mihi--sensit enim--Lux haec indicitur, inquit + Musa: quid a fastis non stata sacra petis? 660 +Utque dies incerta sacro, sic tempora certa, + Seminibus jactis est ubi fetus ager. +State coronati plenum ad praesepe juvenci, + Cum tepido vestrum vere redibit opus. +Rusticus emeritum palo suspendat aratrum: 665 + Omne reformidat frigida vulnus humus. +Villice, da requiem terrae, semente peracta: + Da requiem, terram qui coluere, viris, +Pagus agat festum; pagum lustrate, coloni, + Et date paganis annua liba focis. 670 +Placentur matres frugum, Tellusque, Ceresque, + Farre suo gravidae visceribusque suis. +Officium commune Ceres et Terra tuentur; + Haec praebet causam frugibus, illa locum. +Consortes operum, per quas correcta vetustas, 675 + Quernaque glans victa est utiliore cibo, +Frugibus immensis avidos satiate colonos, + Ut capiant cultus praemia digna sui. +Vos date perpetuos teneris sementibus auctus, + Nec nova per gelidas herba sit usta nives. 680 +Quum serimus, coelum ventis aperite serenis; + Quum latet, aetheria spargite semen aqua; +Neve graves cultis Cerealia dona, cavete, + Agmine laesuro depopulentur aves. +Vos quoque subjectis, formicae, parcite granis: 685 + Post messem praedae copia major erit. +Interea crescat scabrae robiginis expers, + Nec vitio coeli palleat aegra seges, +Et neque deficiat macie, neque pinguior sequo + Divitiis pereat luxuriosa suis; 690 +Et careant loliis oculos vitiantibus agri; + Nec sterilis culto surgat avena solo. +Triticeos fetus, passuraque farra bis ignem, + Hordeaque ingenti fenore reddat ager. +Hoc ego pro vobis, hoc vos optate coloni, 695 + Efficiatque ratas utraque diva preces. +Bella diu tenuere viros: erat aptior ensis + Vomere: cedebat taurus arator equo. +Sarcula cessabant, versique in pila ligones, + Factaque de rastri pondere cassis erat. 700 +Gratia dîs domuique tuae! religata catenis + Jampridem nostro sub pede bella jacent. +Sub juga bos veniat, sub terras semen aratas. + Pax Cererem nutrit: pacis alumna Ceres. + +At quae venturas praecedet sexta Kalendas, 705 + Hac sunt Ledaeis templa dicata deis. +Fratribus illa deis fratres de gente deorum + Circa Juturnae composuere lacus. + +Ipsum nos carmen deducit Pacis ad aram. + Haec erit a mensis fine secunda dies. 710 +Frondibus Actiacis comptos redimita capillos + Pax ades, et toto mitis in orbe mane. +Dum desunt hostes, desit quoque causa triumphi. + Tu ducibus bello gloria major eris. +Sola gerat miles, qnibus arma coërceat, arma, 715 + Canteturque fera, nil nisi pompa, tuba, +Horreat aeneadas et primus et ultimus orbis: + Si qua parum Romam terra timebit, amet. +Tura, sacerdotes, pacalibus addite flammis, + Albaque percussa victima fronte cadat: 720 +Utque domus, quae praestat eam, cum pace perennet, + Ad pia propensos vota rogate deos. +Sed jam prima mei pars est exacta laboris, + Cumque suo finem mense libellus habe. + + +NOTES: (numbers refer to lines) + +1. _Tempora_ in Virgil. (Ecl. iii. 42. Geor. i. 257,) is the seasons, +here it denotes the festivals and other remarkable days of the year.-- +_Latium_, adj. Latin, _Latius annus_ is the solar year. + +2. _Lapsa ortaque signa_. The subject of the poem is the Roman festivals, +and the rising and setting of the constellations. See Introduction, § 1. + +3. _Caesar Germ_, son of Drusus Claudius Nero, and nephew of Tiberius, by +whom he was adopted at the desire of Augustus. See Tacit. Annal II. 73. +Suet. Calig. 1-4.--_Pacato vultu_, etc. as if he were a deity. + +5. Heinsius and Burmann, following some of the best MSS. read _officii + ... In tibi devoto munere_, which gives a good sense. Lenz, Mitscherlich +and Krebs, prefer the present reading. + +7, 8. See Introd. § 4. + +9. _Vobis_, your family, i.e. the Claudii, or rather the Julii, into +which he had been adopted. + +10. _Pater_, Tiberius; _avus_, Augustus, who had adopted Tiberius. + +11. Germanicus and his brother, the poet says, will perform actions and +receive honors similar to those of Augustus and Tiberius. Drusus was the +son of Tiberius; and therefore, only the adoptive brother of Germanicus. +--_Pictos_. the Fasti, were like all other books, adorned with various +colours. + +13. _Aras_. The altars dedicated by Augustus, perhaps the altars raised +to him, Hor. Ep. II. 1. 15. The following line shows the former sense to +be preferable. + +15-20. All the terms _annue_, etc. used here, are such as would be +addressed to a deity.--_Laudes_, praiseworthy deeds.--_Tuorum_, like +_vobis_, v. 9.--_Pagina_ for _liber_.--_Movetur_ scil; with awe. He +personifies the book.--_Clario Deo_. There was a celebrated oracle of the +Clarian Apollo, near Colophon, in Asia Minor, which Germanicus himself +once consulted. Tac. Annal. xii. 22. + +21, 22. Germanicus had pleaded causes publicly with success, Suet. Cal. +4. Dion. 56. 26. + +23-25. He had written Greek comedies, Suet, _ut sup_. He also made a +version of Aratus which is still extant, + +26. _Totus annus_, i. e. the whole poem on the year. + +27. _Tempora_, the parts of the year, i. e. months and days.--_Cond. +urb_. Romulus. + +28. See Introd. § 2. + +33, 34. That is ten lunar months. + +35, 35. This is putting the effect for the cause, the mourning was for +ten months, because that was the length of the original year.--_Tristia +signa_, the signs of grief, such as avoiding society, wearing mourning, +&c. + +37. _Trabeati_, Romulus wore the trabea. Liv. I. 8. + +38. _Populis_, i. e. _civibus.--Annua jura daret_, i.e. regulated the +year, v. 27. + +40. _Princeps_ head or origin. Venus was the mother of aeneas, Mars the +father of Romulus. + +41. See the beginning of Books III and IV. + +42. Quinctilis, Sextilis, September, &c. + +43. _Nec avitas_, see below II. 19. _et seq_. + +45-62. See Introd. § 3. + +50. _Qui jam_, &c. a half holiday, the latter part of the day might be +devoted to business. + +52. _Honoratus_, as bearing office. It was applied with peculiar +propriety to the Praetor whose edicts were called the _Jus honorarium_. + +53. The _Dies comitiales_ on which _cum populo licebat agi_, i. e. laws +might be proposed, &c.--_Septis_ the wooden palings, within which the +people were assembled in the Campus Martius, to pass laws. + +54. The Nundinae. Every ninth day the country people came into Rome to +attend the market. By the Hortensian law, these days were made _fasti_ in +order that their rustic disputes might be settled. + +55. On all the Kalends the Pontifex Minor and the Regina Sacrorum +sacrificed to Juno who was by some regarded as the moon. For the name +Juno see my Mythology, p. 461.--_Junonis_, Heinsius would read _Junonia_. + +56. A sacrifice of a lamb was offered on the Capitol to Jupiter on the +Ides of each month. + +57. The Nones were not under the care of any deity. + +57-60. The days following the Kalends, Nones and Ides were termed _Atri_, +black or unlucky, as on these days, the Romans had met with their most +memorable defeats at the Cremera, the Allia, and elsewhere. A public +calamity on any particular day of any one month rendered _ater_, that day +in every other month. + +61, 62. I say it once for all. + +63. For the mythology of Janus, see Mythology, p. 466, _et seq_. + +65. _An. tac lab_. denotes the noiseless pace of time.--_Origo_ as the +year began with January. + +66. See his figure. Mythology, Plate xii. 4. + +67. _Ducibus_, perhaps Tib. and Germ, after the victory gained by the +latter over the Catti and Cherusci, and other German tribes, A.U.C. 770; +it may, however, include Augustus and other generals. + +68. Terra ferax, the [Greek: zeidoros arera] of Homer. + +69. _Tuis_, Burmann would read _tui_ as it seems awkward to say the +_Patres Jani_ and the Populus Quirini. Quirinus was a name of Janus +(_Janum Quirinum ter clusit_ Suet. Aug. 22.) and Gierig thinks the true +reading might have been _Quirine_. After all it was perhaps the +constraint of the metre that made the poet express himself thus. + +70. _Candida templa_, either as being built of marble, or on account of +those who frequented them on festival days, being clad in white. Gierig +inclines to the latter, I should prefer the former sense. + +71. _Lin. anim. fav_. [Greek: euphaemeite] by using no words of ill omen +and by admitting no thoughts but what were good. + +75. _Odor. ig_. with the frankincense, cinnamon, saffron, &c. which were +burnt on the altars. + +76. _Spica Cilissa_, the saffron from Mount Corycus in Cilicia.-- +_Spica_, the chives or filaments of the saffron.--_Sonet_, when the +saffron was good it crackled in the fire. + +77. _Aurum_, the gilded roof of the temple. + +79, 80. _Vest, intact_. with new or white garments, the Roman _toga_ was +white.--_Concolor_, a festal or happy day was metaphorically termed +white.--_Tarp. Arces_, the Capitol. It was the practice ever since A.U.C. +601 for the consuls elect, followed by the people, to go in procession to +the Capitol and offer a sacrifice to Jupiter. + +81, 82. The consuls entered on their office on this day.--_Purpura_, the +_toga praetexta_ or _trabea_, worn by magistrates.--_Ebur_, the curule +chair. + +83. _Rudis operum_, that had never been worked. + +84. _Herba Fal_. &c., the land of Falerii in Etruria, whence the animals +for sacrifice were chiefly brought, the water of the Clitumnus, in +Umbria, was supposed to make them white, Virg. G. II. 146. + +85. _Arce_, either the Capitol, or the dome of Heaven, see Met. I. 163. +Virg aen. I. 223. + +88. _Pop. rer. pol_. the _Romanos rerum dominos_ of Virgil. + +89. The poet here commences his enquiry into the mythology of Janus. + +90. There was no deity worshipped in Greece whose attributes were the +same as those of Janus. A curious similarity has been traced out between +him and the Ganesa of India. + +93. _Tabellis_, his writing-tables. + +94. A usual sign of the presence of a Deity. + +100. _Ore priore_, his front face. See his image. + +101. _Vat. oper. dier_. Poet engaged on the days. + +103. _First_ opinion, Janus was the World. + +105-110. Compare Met. I. _init_. + +113, 114. His back and front figure were the same, a memorial of the time +when the world was in a chaotic state of confusion, all its parts being +alike. This is a very silly explanation. + +115. _Second_ opinion, see below v. 135-140. + +116. His office of door-keeper (_Janitor_) of heaven and earth. + +120. The _cardines_ of heaven, if they are meant, are the cardinal +points, where according to the poetic creed of the Augustan age there +were doors for the gods to go in and out of heaven. Stat. Theb. i. 158, +vii. 35. x. 1. See Mythology, p. 39. + +121. He represents Peace and War as persons in the custody of Janus.-- +_Placidis_ as being the abode of Peace. + +122. _Perpetuas_, long. + +125. See Hom. II. v. 749, _et seq_. Mythology p. 150. + +127. _Janus à janua_. + +127, 128. _Cereale libum_, the _Janual_, a kind of cake offered to Janus. +Festus _sub. voc.--Imponit_ on the altar.--_Far mix. sal_. the _Mola +salsa_. + +129, 130. _Patulcius (à pateo)_ the Opener, _Clusius (à claudo)_ the +Shutter; sacrifical names of Janus. + +133. _Vis_ i.e. _officium_. + +134. From what I have said you already in part perceive it. + +137. _Primi tecti_, the first part of the house, i.e. the entrance. + +141, 142. The three-faced Hecate, (see her figure Mythology, Plate III. +2.) was placed at the _triviae_, or the point where a road branched off +(like the Greek capital Y) so that a face looked down each road. + +149, 150. The poet naturally asks why the year began in the middle of +winter and not in the spring. This gives him an opportunity of +introducing the following lovely description with which compare, Virg. G. +II. 324, _et seq_. Lucret I. 5, _et seq_. and below III. 236 _et seq_. +IV. 87 _et seq_. + +153. _Oper. frond_. Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig on the authority of nine +MSS. read _amicitur vitibus_; four MSS. have _amicitur frondibus_ which I +should feel disposed to prefer. + +154. _Seminis herba_ appears to be the corn which had been sown and was +now coming up; one MS. reads _graminis_. + +157. _Ignota_, the stranger, as the swallow returns in spring. + +158. _Lut. fing. opus_. her clay-built nest: _Fingere_ is the proper term +when speaking of pottery any work in clay. + +163. _Bruma_, the winter solstice after which the days begin to lenghten. + +165-170. It was usual with all classes of the people to practice a little +at their respective trades, or occupations on the Kalends of January by +way of omen and not for payment. Thus the shoe-maker or the fuller did +some little job or another, the peasant some rural work, pleaders +skirmished a little in the forum, &c,--_Delibat_, i.e. _leviter +attingit_. + +171-174. The reason is here required and given, why the Romans when about +to sacrifice to any other of the gods, first made offerings to Janus. The +old historian, Fabius Pictor, said it was because Janus first taught to +use spelt (_far_) and wine in sacrifice. Macrobius says because he was +the first who erected temples to the gods in Italy. Others give other +reasons equally unsatisfactory. + +175-182. In our own custom of wishing each other a happy new year, &c. +may still be witnessed, the practice of which the poet here asks the +reason. The _bona verba_ were used for the sake of omen.--_Ulla lingua_, +any tongue which then utters a prayer.--_Caducas_, unavailing. + +186, 187. The _strenae_ (Fr. _étrennes_) or New Year's gift--_Palma_, +dates, the fruit of the palm, (_caryotae_) covered with gold leaf, were a +part of the _strenae_.--_Carica_ the [Greek: ischas] or dried fig.-- +_Cado_, some MSS. read _favo_. + +189. _Stipis_, pieces of money were then as now, a part of the New-year's +gift. Augustus himself, as inscriptions shew, did not scruple to receive +money as his _strenae_ on the Kalends of January, See Suet. Aug. 91. + +191-218. The praises of ancient simplicity, and censure of the vices of +his own times,--a common place with Ovid and the other poets. + +191. _Quam te fallunt_, etc. How little you know the character of your +own times. + +193, 194. Such was hardly the case even in the golden age. + +_Pris. tem. an_. In the years of the olden time. + +199. _Martigena_, Mars-begotten, like _terrigena_, etc. + +201. _Angusta aede_, either the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, built by +Romulus on the Capitol, and which was not quite fifteen feet long, or +that built by Numa, or rather any temple of those ancient times.--_Vix +totus stabat_ seems to mean that the statue was in a sitting posture, and +the roof of the temple so low, that it would not admit of its being +placed erect in it. + +202. _Fictile fulmen_. The images of the gods at Rome, in those times, +were of baked clay, manufactured in Etruria. Even the four-horse chariot +which was placed on the Capitoline temple, when first built, was of baked +clay. Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. 491. + +208. _Levis lamina_ is employed to express more strongly the simplicity +of those days, as if the possession of even the smallest quantity of the +precious metals was a crime. Fabricius, when censor, A.U.C. 478, put out +of the senate Cornel. Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, +for having ten pounds weight of wrought silver. + +210. Rome would appear to be personified in this place. + +212, 213. The union of luxury and avarice, Sallust Cat. 5 and 12. They +vie in gaining what they may consume, in regaining, what they have +consumed, and these very alternations (of avarice and luxury) are the +aliment (or support) of (these) vices. + +215, 216. The usual comparison of avarice to the dropsy. See Hor. Carm. +II. 2. 13. + +217, 218. _In pret. pret_. a play on words.--_Dat census_, etc. Hor. +Epist. I. 6. + +219. _cur sit_. Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig, read _si sit_.--_Quaeris_, +means you will probably ask, or you wish to know, for the poet had not +yet asked the question.--_Ausp. utile_, a good omen. + +220. _Aera vestua_, the _stips_ or _as_. was a copper coin. In the old +times, the Romans had none but copper money. See Neibuhr, Rom. Hist. I. +449 _et seq_. + +223. _Nos_, we, the gods, or I, Janus. + +226. The manners of each time are suited to it, and should be followed. + +227. _Munitus_, acc. plur. of the substantive. Five MSS. read _manitis_. + +229, 230. The old Roman coin bore on one side the figure of a ship; on +the other, a two-headed Janus. + +232. The impression on the old coins was, of course, often effaced by +time and use. + +234. _Falcifer_ Saturn. See Mythology, p. 465, Virg. aen. viii. 315 _et +seq_. + +241. The Janiculum on the left, or Tuscan bank of the Tiber. See vv. 245, +246. + +242. _Aren. Tib_. the _flavus Tib_. of Horace, Carm. I. 3.--_Radit_, like +_rodet_ and _mordet_, is very appropriately applied to a stream. See Hor. +Carm. I. 22, 8. + +243. Virg. aen. viii. 314. Propert, iv. 1. Tibul. II. 5, 25. This contrast +of the former and the present state of the Seven Hills, was a favorite +theme with poets of the Augustan age.--_Incaedua_ uncut, i.e. ancient, +denoting in general a wood, which was an object of religious awe and +veneration. + +245. _Arx_. The dwelling of the princes of the heroic ages was usually on +an eminence, like the castles of the feudal chiefs of the middle ages. + +247, 248. In the golden age. + +249, 250. See Met. I. 89, _et seq_. 150. Hesiod [Greek: herga] 195. +Mythology, 258-262. + +251. Pudor, [Greek: Aidos]. + +257, 258. The Romans gave the name of _Jani_ to arches, like that of +Templebar, in London, under which people passed from one street into +another. They were always double, people entering by one and going out +the other, every one keeping to the right. Lenz, understands by _Jani_, +in this place, temples of Janus, of which there were three at Rome.-- +_Stas_ sacratus_ have a statue. _For. duob_. the fish and the ox-market. +This temple was built by Duilius. + +260. _Oebalii_, alluding to the fancied descent of the Sabines, from the +Lacedaemmonians, one of whose ancient kings Oebalus is said to have been. +_Tati_--One MS. reads _Titi_, which Heinsius and Gierig adopted. for this +story, see Met. xiv. 771 _et seq_. and Livy I 11. + +261. _Levis custos_ Tarpeia.--_levis_, light-minded. + +264. _Arduus clivus_, a steep path. + +265. _Portam_, the Palantine gate.--_Saturnia_, Juno. + +267. _Tanto numine_ Scil. Juno. + +268. _Meae artis_, that is, of openings. + +269. He caused streams of hot sulphurous water to gush out of the groung. + +274. When after the repulse of the Sabines, the hot waters ceased to +flow, and the place became as it was before. + +275, 276. This earliest temple was exceedingly small, containing nothing +but a statue of the god, five feet high. Procopius (de Bell. Goth.) +describes it. _Strue_. The _strues_--was a kind of cake. + +277. The well known circumstance of the temple of Janus being open in +time of war, closed in time of peace. + +279-281. For what is probably the true reason, see Niebuhr's Roman +History, I. 287, or Mythology, p. 467. + +283. _Diversa tuentes_, on account of his two faces. + +285, 286. This was A.U.C. 770, when on the vii. Kal. Jun. Germanicus +triumphed over the Catti, the Cherusci, and the Angivarii, Tacit. An. II. +4l.--_Fam. Rhe. aq_. the river, as was usual with the poets, put for the +people who dwelt on its banks, to denote that the Germans now obeyed +Rome. + +287. _Face_, fac.--_Ministros pacis_, Tiberius and Germanicus. + +288. May not he (Germ. or Tib.) who has procured this peace for the +empire, break it by resuming arms. + +289, 290. The poet now ceases to discourse with Janus, and informs the +reader of what he had found in the Fasti, namely, that two temples had +been consecrated, at different times, on the Kalends of January. + +291, 292. A.U.C. 462, in consequence of a plague at Rome, by the +direction of the Sybelline books, an embassy was sent to Epidaurus, and +one of the serpents sacred to Aesculapius was brought to Rome; a temple +was built to the god on the island in the Tiber. See Met. xv. 622--744. +_Ph. n_. _Cor. nat_. Aesculapius. See Mythology, p. 384. + +293, 294. _In parte est_, is a sharer in the day and place. The temple of +Jupiter in the island was dedicated by C. Servilius Duumvir, some time +after the second Punic war. + +295-310. Being now for the first time about to perform the other part of +his promise, namely, to note the risings and settings of the stars, he +prefaces it by the praises of the astronomers. See Introd. § 1. + +299, 300. As the study of astronomy elevates the mind above the +terrestrial abode of men, so it raises, or should raise it, above all +mean and groveling pursuits and ideas. + +305. They have brought the distant stars to our eyes. Gierig, following +one MS. for _nostris_, reads _terris_, a reading which Burmann approved, +though he did not adopt it. + +307, 308. Alluding to the Alodïes, Otus and Ephialtes, Hom. Od. xi. +304-316. Virg. G. I. 280. Hor. Carm. III. 4, 49. + +311-314. The cosmic setting of Cancer, on the morning of the 3rd January, +the third before the Nones. See Introd. §. 1. + +316. The cosmic rising of Lyra, which was usually attended with rain. + +317, 318. On the 9th January was celebrated the festival of Jannus, named +the Agonia or Agonalia, the origin of which name the poet now proceeds to +discuss. + +319-322. One etymon was _ago_, to do, as the _popa_ or officiating +minister of the altar cried _Agone_? Shall I act? before he struck the +victim.--_Agatne_. Four of the best MSS. read _Agone_; they are followed +by Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig. + +323, 324. A second from _agor_, because the victims were _led_ to the +altar. Both equally silly. + +325. a third; _quasi_ Agnalia from _Agna_. + +327, 328. A fourth from the Greek [Greek: agonia, agoniazein]--_In aqua_, +the vessels of water by the altar in which the knives were placed. + +329, 330. A fifth from the Greek [Greek: agones] _ludi_. + +331. A sixth, which the poet approves, from _Agonia_, an old name for +cattle. + +333, 334. A ram was the victim offered on this day by the Rex Sacrorum. + +335, 336. Two trifling etymoligies. The _victima_, he intimates, was +offered after a victory; the _hostia_, in time of peace, when there was +no enemy, _hostibus amotis_. Krebs reads _a motis_: almost all the MSS. +_a domitis_. + +337-456. A long digression on the origin and causes of the various +sacrifices offered to the gods. + +338. The _Mola salsa_.--_Pura_ because it purifies or keeps from decay. + +340. _Hospita navis_, a foreign ship. + +343. _Herbis Sabinis_. The _Savin_, called by the Greeks [Greek: brathu]. +_Duorum generum est_, says Pliny, _altera tamaraci similis folio, altera +cupresso_. + +344. A loud crackling of the leaves of the bay or laurel in the fire was +a good omen. + +347. This was in the golden age, before animals were slain in honor of +the gods. + +349. He now proceeds to explain how the altars came to be stained with +the blood of animals. This was caused chiefly by the anger of the gods, +on account of the mischief which they did. + +357. [Greek: Kaen me phagaes epi rizan, omos eti karpophoraeoo Osson +epispeisai soi, trage, Ouomeno], Euenus in Anthol. Gr. T. I. p. 165, +_Jacobs_. + +363. _Aristaeus_, the son of Apollo, by the nymph Cyrene. See Virg. G. +iv. 281-558. Mythology, p. 294-296. This tale, after all, gives not the +reason why the ox was offered in sacrifice. + +381. Some popular legend probably assigned this silly cause.--_Verbena_, +herbs gathered in a sacred place. + +385. _Persis_, Persia.--_Hyperiona_, the Persian Mithras, the presiding +deity of the Sun, identified by the Greeks with their god Helius, also +called Hyperion. + +387. _Quod_, because; given by Heinsius from the best MSS. others read +_quaae.--_Trip. Dianae_, identifying her with Hecate. See above, v. 41.-- +_Virgine_, Iphigenia. + +389. _Sapaeos_, a people of Thrace. Herod, vii. 110. Most MSS. have +Sabaeos, or Saphaeos, but incorrectly.--_Vidi_. When Ovid was going into +exile, at Tomi, A.U.C. 763, he passed through Thrace. + +391. _Custodi ruris_, Priapus. This god who was chiefly worshiped at +Lampsacus, was said to be the offspring of Bacchus and Venus. See +Mythology, p. 205. + +393. _Festa_, etc. the Trieterides, celebrated once in every three +years.--_Corymbiferi_, Bacchus was frequently represented crowned with +bunches of ivy-berries. Some MSS. read _racemiferi_.--_Celebrabat_, +Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig, read _celebrabas_, on the authority of two +MSS. + +395. _Di cultores Lycaei_. Scil. the Pans and Satyrs, the gods of Arcadia. +Gierig, on the authority of some of the best MSS. reads _Lyaei_. For Pan, +etc. see Mythology, p. 198-205. + +398. The Naïdes and other nymphs. + +400. Priapus. + +403. _Parce_ is to be joined with _miscendas_. + +407. That is, _succincta_. + +410. _Vincula nulla_, they were barefoot. It is to be recollected that in +the heroic ages, after which the poets modelled the life of the gods, the +attendants at meals were females. + +412. Pan. + +414. _Nequitia_, lust. + +420. She evinces her haughty contempt of him by her looks. + +423. _Ultima_, the most remote. + +425. _Animam_, his breath. + +426. _Digitis_ scil _pedis_, his toes. A beautiful description of one +stealing on tip-toe. + +436. _Omne nemus_, all the gods in the grove. + +440. _Hellesp. Deo_. Priapus, the god of Lampsacus, on the Hellespont. + +445. _Linguae crimen_. Still ascribing a revengeful character to the +gods, he supposes them to be pleased with the sacrifice of the birds, who +revealed their intentions to mankind. + +447. _Dis ut proxima_. Flying high towards heaven. "Ye birds, That +singing up to heaven gate ascend."--Milton. + +448. _Penna_, the _Praepetes_; _ore_, the _oscines_, as they were styled +in language of augury. + +453. See Liv. v. 47, for this well-known story. + +454. _Inachi lauta_. Isis the Egyptian deity, supposed to be the same +with Io, the daughter of the river-god, Inachus. See Met. I. 747, _et +seq_. Mythology, 367.--_Lauta_, dainty, as _lautioribus cibis utens_, +such as the livers of geese. Isis was much worshiped at Rome at this +time. + +455. _Deae Nocti_. A cock was sacrificed to Night, as being odious to +her.--_Ales_, like the Greek [Greek: ornis], the _bird_ [Greek: kat +exochaen]. + +456. _Tepidum diem_, the dawn, warm after the chill of the night.-- +_Provocat_, calls forth. + +457. The cosmic rising of the Dolphin, on the ninth of January. + +459. _Postera lux_, the tenth of January, which, according to the poet, +was the _bruma_, or middle of winter. Columella and Ptolemy place it on +the 4th January, the day before the Nones; Pliny, xviii. 5, makes it the +viii. Kal. Jan. or 25th December. + +461. _Aurora_. Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig read _nupta_, on the +authority of seven MSS. + +462. The Carmentalia, on the 10th, or III. Id. of January.--_Arcad. +deae_. Carmenta, the mother of Evander; her altar was at the Carmental +gate, at the foot of the Capitol. + +463. _Turni soror_, Juturna. See Virg. aen. xii. 134, _et seq_. + +464. The temple of Juturna stood in the Campus Martius, by the _Aqua +Virgo_, which Agrippa had brought thither on account of its excellence. + +467. _Quae nomen_, etc. Scil. Carmenta. + +496, 470. _Orta_, etc. The Arcadians called themselves [Greek: +proselaenous] as having existed before the Moon.--_Tellus_, scil. +_gens_.--_Areade_, Arcas, the son of Jupiter and Callisto. See Met. II. +401, _et seq_. Mythology, p. 387. + +471. Evander was the son of Mercury and Carmenta. According to Servius, +on the aeneis, his father was Echemus, and I am inclined to think that +Ovid followed this last genealogy. + +473. _aetherios ignes_, the inspiration of the god. + +474. _Plena_ may be joined either with _carmina_, or with the nominative +to _dabat_. + +475. _Motus_, civil discord. + +475. Time verified her predictions. + +478. _Parrhasium_, for Arcadian, part for the whole. Evander dwelt at +Pallantium. + +490. See Met. III. _init_. Mythology, 291. + +491. Iason is always a trisyllable. For Tydeus and Jason, see Mythology +under their names. + +493. [Greek: Apas men aaer aieto perasimos, Apasa de chthon andri gennaio +patris]. Eurip. frag. Comp. Hor. Carm. II. 9. + +494. _Vacuo_, etc. the air. + +495. Hor. Carm. II. 10. 15. + +498. _Hesperiam tenet_. He reaches Italy, not, as Gierig understands it, +he held his course for Italy. + +500. Sailed up against the stream,--_Tuscis_, as flowing by Etruria. + +501. There was a place in the Campus Martius, named Terentum, where was +an altar of Dis and Proserpine, at which secular games were celebrated. I +rather incline to think with Gierig, that the _vada Terenti_ was a part +of the river near the Terentum. + +502. The abodes of the Aborigines. + +503-508. The _furor divinus_ comes over her; her hair is disheveled; her +countenance becomes stern; by signs she directs the steersman to turn the +ship to the land; she is hardly restrained from jumping out of the +vessel. + +510. Romulus and the Caesars--the flattery of the poet. + +511. _Hospita_, stranger. + +515-518. The future greatness of Rome. + +519. The fleet of Aeneas. All the following events occur in the last six +books of the Aeneis. + +520. _Femina_, Lavinia. + +521. Pallas, the son of Evander, slain by Turnus, and avenged by Aeneas. + +523, 524. The future conquest of Greece by the Romans. Virg. aen. I. 283. + +525. Troy was walled by Neptune. Eight MSS. read _moenia_ for _Pergama_. + +526. _Num_, etc. Are those ashes (of Troy) nevertheless not higher than +the whole world? i.e. Will not Rome spring from them? + +527. A tradition, followed by Cato, Strabo, Dio Cassius, and others, +related that Anchises came to Italy. Perhaps Ovid followed the same +tradition. + +528. According to Dionysius. (I. 67,) the temple of the Penates, whom +Aeneas brought from Troy, was near that of Vesta. Others (Tacit. An. xv. +41) thought that they were in the temple of that goddess. + +529. Julius Caesar who was Pontifex Maximus, and was deified after his +death. Some think it is Augustus who is meant. + +531. _Augustos_ seems to be equivalent to _Caesares_. + +532. _Hanc domum_, scil: the Caesarian. + +533. Tiberius, by adoption the son of Augustus, and grandson of Julius +Caesar, both of whom were deified. His affected reluctance to accept the +imperial dignity is well known. Tac. An. I. _init_. + +534. _Pondera_, the weight of empire. + +536. _Augusta Julia_. Livia, the wife of Augustus, adopted by his +testament into the Julian family. This prediction of the poet was +accomplished by the emperor Claudius, who placed Livia among the gods. + +539. _Exsul_, Evander. + +540. The poet had probably his own miserable place of exile in view. + +542. _Arcade_, Evander. + +543. Hercules, when driving the oxen of Geryon from the isle of Erythea. +See Mythology, p. 320. + +545. For this adventure with Cacus, see Virg. aen. viii. 190, _et. _seq_. +Liv. I. 7.--Tegeaea, Arcadian. + +553. _Pro corpore_, suited to his body. + +559. _Servata male_, having ill kept, i.e. lost. + +560. _Furta_, the stolen oxen. + +564. _Opus_. The Greeks used their [Greek: ergon] in the same sense. +Homer says that twenty-two waggons (_juga_) would not have moved the rock +with which Polyphemus closed the mouth of his cave. + +565. When he supported the heavens for Atlas. See Mythology, p. 324. + +575. _Occupat_, attacks him. _Jussit quatuor admoveri, canes, qui +celeriter occupavere feram_. Curtius, ix.--_Clava trinodis_, his knotty +club. It was of the wood of the _oleaster_ ([Greek: kotinos]) or wild +olive.--_Trinodis_, a definite for an indefinite. + +581, 582. The Ara Maxima of Hercules was in the Forum Boarium. According +to Virgil, it was built by Evander. + +583, 584. The apotheosis of Hercules. + +587, 588. The usual sacrifice to Jupiter on the Ides, was a lamb, (see +above, v. 57,) here it is a wether. + +589. On the Ides of January, A.U.C. 727, Octavianus, after a speech full +of hypocritical moderation, restored to the Senate and People such of the +provinces as were in a state of tranquillity, retaining those which were +still disturbed.--The Senate, on account of this, decreed him the title +of Augustus. + +591. _Generosa atria_, the halls of the different noble families at +Rome.--_Ceras_, the waxen images of their ancestors, under which were +inscribed their titles and actions. + +593. _Africa_ etc. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus.--_Isauruas_. P. +Servilius Isauricus. + +594. _Cretum_. Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus. + +595. _Numidae_. another Q. Caecilius Metellus, the predecessor of Marius, +in the war against Jugurtha.--_Messana_. Claudius Caudex was sent to the +aid of the Mamertines in Messana. He relieved the town, but derived no +title from it. His statue and deeds, however, stood in the Atrium of the +Claudii. + +596. _Numantina_. Scipio aemilianus. + +597. _Druso_. Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, and father of Germanicus, +to whom the poem is dedicated, died in consequence of a broken leg, +caused by his horse falling on him in the summer-camp on the Rhine, +A.U.C. 745. The senate decreed the title of Germanicus to him and his +children. + +598. _Quam brevis_. How shortlived! Paterculus speaks in high terms of +the virtues of Drusus. See also Hor. Car. iv. 4. + +599. _Caesar_. C. Julius Caesar. + +601. T. Manlius Torquatus. Liv. viii. 10. + +602. M. Valerius Corvinus. Liv. vii. 26. + +603. _Magne_. Cn. Pompeius Magnus. + +604. C. Julius Caesar. + +605, 606. When Fabius (A.U.C. 449.) divided the lower class of people +into the four tribes named the _Urbanas_ he was given the title of +Maximus, which adhered to his family.--_Nec gradus ullus_, of comparison, +playing on the _magne_ of v. 603. + +608. _Hic_. Augustus. + +609. The Greeks rendered Augustus by [Greek: sebastus], from [Greek: +sebo], to venerate. This name was considered beyond any human title. + +610. _Sacerd. manu_. The Pontifex, when dedicating a temple, held one of +the door-posts. + +611. I do not think, with Gierig, that the poet derives _augurium_ from +_augustus_. It appears to me that he deduces them both from _augeo_. +_Loca quoque religiosa et in quibus augurato quid consecratur augusta +dicantur ab auctu vel ab avium gestu gustuve_. Suet. Aug. 7. + +614. An oak-leaf garland, the symbol of protection, hung over the door of +the Palatium; a laurel, the emblem of victory, stood on each side. + +615. Tiberius, who bore the name of Augustus. + +617-636. The Carmentalia were repeated on the 18th Kal. Feb. or the 15th +of the month. + +617. _Actas_, scil. _exactas_, past. + +619. _Matres_. scil. _Matronae_.--_Carpenta_, the _carpentum_, was a +covered two-wheel carriage. The etymon given by the poet is unworthy of +attention. + +629. _Scortea_, things made of skin or leather. + +631. _Precanti_, by any one who is praying. + +633. Porrima. This goddess is so named only in this place, and by +Servius, on aen. viii. 336. Macrobius (Sat. I. 7.) calls her Antevorta. +Varro, _apud_. A. Gellius (N. A. xvi. 6.) speaking of women who had a +difficult labour, says, _hujus periculi deprecandi causa arae statutae sunt +Romae duabus Carmentibus; quarum altera Postverta nominata est, Prosa +(alii Prorsa) altera; a recti perversique partus et potestate et nomine_. +We have here the true meaning of this feast of the Carmentalia, about +which our poet has been puzzling. + +634. _Nympha_, scil. Carmenta. Virg. aen. viii. 336. Thus Homer, (II. in. +130,) calls Helen a _nymph_. See Mythology, p. 206, note. For _nympha_, +in this place, eight MSS. read _diva_. + +635. _Porro_, usually denotes the future; in this place, it evidently +denotes the past. Burmann knows no other instance of its occurrence in +this sense. + +637. On the following day, the xvii. Kal. Feb. the most ancient of the +five temples of Concord at Rome, had been vowed, A.U.C. 386, by L. Furius +Camillus. It was repaired and dedicated anew by Tiberius, A.U.C. 762. The +temple of Juno Moneta (_Warner_) stood on the site of the house of +Manlius on the Capitol; a flight of 100 steps led from the temple of +Concord up to it.--_Candida lux_, auspicious day, as being that on which +the temple of Concord was dedicated.--_Niveo_, as being built of marble. + +639. The temple being on the side of the Capitol over the Forum. + +640. _Sacratae manus_ of Tiberius. Every thing belonging to the emperor +was _sacratum_ and _sanctum_. + +641. _Antiquum_, scil. templum? Neapolis, I think is wrong, in taking +_antiquum_ to be used adverbially for _olim_, and joining it with _pop. +sup. Etr_. Burmann, as he enclosed it in brackets, also understood it +adverbially. _Antiquum_, which is unquestionably the right reading, is +that of only three MSS. The others read _antiquam_ or _antiquus_, or +_antiqui_ or _antiquo_.--_Populi_, etc. merely a designation of Furius, +and has nothing to do with the occasion of the vow,--_Ante_, olim. + +643. On the occasion of the Licinian rogations. Niebuhr, on this subject, +prefers the authority of Ovid to that of Livy, who says, _Prope ad +secessionem.--venit_. + +644. _Opes_, the Plebeians. + +645. A compliment to Tiberius. The first temple was built in consequence +of civil discord; the second, in consequence of victories gained over the +most formidable foes of Rome.--_Passos_, etc. Germany (i.e. the Germans) +holds forth her dishevelled locks, vanquished by the Roman arms, under +thine auspices. _Jam tibi captivos mittet Germania crines; Culta +triumphatae munere gentis eris_, says our poet (Am. I. 14,) to a lady, as +the false hair used at Rome mostly came from Germany. Nations, when +conquered, were said _porrigere_, to surrender, those things for which +they were distinguished. Thus he says, (Trist. II. 227,) _Nunc porrigit +arcus Parthus eques timida captaque manu_, see below, V. 593. It is +therefore supposed, that a condition of the peace was the delivery of a +large quantity of hair for the use of the Roman wig-makers. There is +nothing very sublime in this. + +646. _Dux_, Tiberius. + +647. _Libasti_, You have offered. + +648. _Quam colis ipse_, by your love of peace. + +649. _Haec_. scil. templa. This place is very obscure. Some MSS. read +_hanc.--Rebus_, the commentators say, by the harmony in which she lived +with Augustus.--_Ara_, by an altar, which they suppose she placed in the +temple of Concord. + +650. _Magni Jovis_, Augustus, the vicegerent of Jove on earth. + +651. The passage of the sun into Aquarius, the xvi. Kal. Feb.--_Haec_. +scil. tempora. The first editions, and two MSS. read _transieris_. Two +other MSS. read _transierit_, which I should incline to prefer, and make +_haec_ refer to _dies_ or to _lux_, v. 637. Heinsius would read _Nox_, or +_Lux ubi transierit_. + +653, 654. On the 10th Kal. Feb. Lyra sets heliacally.--_Oriens_, scil. +Sol. + +655, 656. The following day (Jan. 24,) Regulus, the bright star in the +breast of the Lion, sets cosmically. The poet is mistaken here; according +to Colunnella, he sets on the 27th of January. + +657, 658. The Romans (see Macrob. Sat. I.) had two kinds of festivals, +the _Stativae_ and the _Conceptivaae_. The former were fixed to certain +days, and were marked in the Fasti; such were the Agonalia, Carmentalia, +Lupercalia, etc.: the latter were annually given out, (_indicebantur_) +for certain, or even uncertain days, by the magistrates or priests; such +were the Feriae Latinae, the Paganalia, Sementinae, Compitalia, etc. Seven +MSS. read _Sementinae_; seven read _Sementiva_; twelve _Sementita_. +_Sementinae_ (seu _vae) feriae: dies is appellatus a Sementi, quod Sationis +causa susceptae_. Varro. L. LV. + +661. The time was well known, but not the exact day. + +669. _Pagus_. Servius Tullius divided the Roman territory into _Pagi_. In +each Pagus was an altar, on which a common sacrifice was offered every +year by the _Pagani_, or people of the Pagus. This festival was called +the Paganalia. The origin of our word Pagan, is curious. As the country +people held out longest against Christianity, Pagan became equivalent to +heathen, and we find it at last applied to Mohammedans!--_Lustrate_, by +leading the victims round it. See Virg. G. I. 339, _et seq_. Ovid here +follows Tibullus, Eleg. II. 1. + +670. _Liba_, [Greek: pelanoi], cakes brought by the different families of +the _pagus_. + +675. _Consortes operum_, Ceres and Tellus. + +693. The ancients parched the _far_ before they ground it. It was +afterwards baked. + +701. _Tuae_ scil. Germanici.--_Religata_, etc. Virg. aen. I. 291. _et +seq_. + +707. A.U.C. 769. Tiberius built a temple to Castor and Pollux, which he +inscribed with his own name, and that of his brother Drusus.--_Gente +Deorum_, the Caesarian family. + +709, 710. The Romans erected no altar to Peace until A.U.C. 741. +Sacrifices were offered on it on the 30th of January and of March. + +711. _Actiacis_. Because the battle of Actium gave peace to the world. +There is an allusion to Apollo Actius, and the laurel. + +717. _Primus_, the near. + +721. _Domus_, the Caesarian family. + + + + +LIBER II. + + +Janus habet finem: cum carmine crescit et annus. + Alter ut hinc mensis, sic liber alter eat. +Nunc primum velis, elegi, majoribus itis: + Exiguum, memini, nuper eratis opus. +Ipse ego vos habui faciles in amore ministros, 5 + Quum lusit numeris prima juventa suis. +Idem sacra cano, signataque tempora fastis. + Ecquis ad haec illuc crederet esse viam? +Haec mea militia est: ferimus, quae possumus, arma, + Dextraque non omni munere nostra vacat. 10 +Si mihi non valido torquentur pila lacerto, + Nec bellatoris terga premuntur equi, +Nec galea tegimur, nec acuto cingimur ense: + --His habilis telis quilibet esse potest-- +At tua prosequimur studioso pectore, Caesar, 15 + Nomina, per titulos ingredimurque tuos. +Ergo ades, et placido paulum mea munera vultu + Respice, pacando si quid ab hoste vacas. +_Februa_ Romani dixere piamina patres: + Nunc quoque dant verbo plurima signa fidem. 20 +Pontifices ab Rege petunt et Flamine lanas, + Quîs veteri lingua _Februa_ nomen erat; +Quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina certis, + Torrida cum mica farra, vocantur idem. +Nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura 25 + Casta sacerdotum tempora fronde tegit. +Ipse ego Flaminicam poscentem februa vidi: + Februa poscenti pinea virga data est. +Denique quodcumque est, quo pectora nostra pientur, + Hoc apud intonsos nomen habebat avos. 30 +Mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle Luperci + Omne solum lustrant, idque piamen habent; +Aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris, + Tunc quum ferales praeteriere dies, +Omne nefas omnemque mali purgamina causam 35 + Credebant nostri tollere posse senes. +Graecia principium moris fuit. Illa nocentes + Impia lustratos ponere facta putat. +Actoriden Peleus, ipsum quoque Pelea Phoci + Caede per Haemonias solvit Acastus aquas. 40 +Vectam frenatis per inane draconibus aegeus + Credulus immerita Phasida juvit ope. +Amphiaraïdes Naupactoo Acheloo, + Solve nefas, dixit. Solvit et ille nefas. +Ah nimium faciles, qui tristia crimina caedis 45 + Fluminea tolli posse putetis aqua! +Sed tamen--antiqui ne nescius ordinis erres-- + Primus, ut est, Jani mensis et ante fuit. +Qui sequitur Janum, veteris fuit ultimus anni; + Tu quoque sacrorum, Termine, finis eras. 50 +Primus enim Jani mensis, quia janua prima est; + Qui sacer est imis Manibus, imus erat. +Postmodo creduntur spatio distantia longo + Tempora bis quini continuasse Viri. + +Principio mensis Phrygiae contermina Matri 55 + Sospita delubris dicitur aucta novis. +Nunc ubi sint illis, quaeris, sacrata Kalendis + Templa deae: longo procubuere die. +Cetera ne simili caderent labefacta ruina, + Cavit sacrati provida cura ducis, 60 +Sub quo delubris sentitur nulla senectus. + Nec satis est homines, obligat ille deos. +Templorum positor, templorum sancte repostor, + Sit superis, opto, mutua cura tui. +Dent tibi coelestes, quos tu coelestibus, annos, 65 + Proque tua maneant in statione domo. +Tum quoque vicini lucus celebratur Asyli, + Qua petit aequoreas advena Tibris aquas. +Ad penetrale Numae, Capitolinumque Tonantem, + Inque Jovis summa caeditur arce bidens. 70 +Saepe graves pluvias adopertus nubibus Auster + Concitat, aut posita sub nive terra latet. + +Proximus Hesperias Titan abiturus in undas + Gemmea purpureis quum juga demet equis, +Illa nocte aliquis tollens ad sidera vultum 75 + Dicet: Ubi est hodie, quae Lyra fulsit heri? +Dumque Lyram quaeret, medii quoque terga Leonis + In liquidas subito mersa notabit aquas. + +Quem modo caelatum stellis Delphina videbas, + Is fugiet visus nocte sequente tuos; 80 +Seu fuit occultis felix in amoribus index, + Lesbida cum domino seu tulit ille lyram. +Quod mare non novit, quae nescit Ariona tellus? + Carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas. +Saepe sequens agnam lupus est hac voce retentus: 85 + Saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum: +Saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una, + Et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae; +Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite cornix + Sedit, et accipitri juncta columba fuit. 90 +Cynthia saepe tuis fertur, vocalis Arion, + Tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis. +Nomen Arionium Siculas impleverat urbes, + Captaque erat lyricis Ausonis ora sonis. +Inde domum repetens puppim conscendit Arion, 95 + Atque ita quaesitas arte ferebat opes. +Forsitam, infelix, ventos undamque timebas; + At tibi nave tua tutius aequor erat. +Namque gubernator destricto constitit ense, + Ceteraque armata conscia turba manu. 100 +Quid tibi cum gladio? dubiam rege, navita, pinum. + Non sunt haec digitis arma tenenda tuis. +Ille metu pavidus, Mortem non deprecor, inquit: + Sed liceat sumpta pauca referre lyra. +Dant veniam, ridentque moram. Capit ille coronam, 105 + Quae possit crines, Phoebe, decere tuos. +Induerat Tyrio bis tinctam murice pallam: + Reddidit icta suos pollice chorda sonos: +Flebilibus veluti numeris canentia dura + Trajectus penna tempora cantat olor. 110 +Protinus in medias ornatus desilit undas; + Spargitur impulsa caerula puppis aqua. +Inde--fide majus--tergo delphina recurvo + Se memorant oneri supposuisse novo. +Ille sedens citharamque tenet, pretiumque vehendi 115 + Cantat, et aequoreas carmine mulcet aquas. +Dî pia facta vident; astris delphina recepit + Jupiter, et stellas jussit habere novem. + +Nunc mihi mille sonos, quoque est memoratus Achilles, + Vellem, Maeonide, pectus inesse tuum. 120 +Dum canimus sacras alterno carmine Nonas, + Maximus hinc fastis accumulatur honos. +Deficit ingenium, majoraque viribus urgent. + Haec mihi praecipuo est ore canenda dies. +Quid volui demens elegis imponere tantum 125 + Ponderis? heroi res erat ista pedis. +Sancte Pater Patriae, tibi plebs, tibi Curia nomen + Hoc dedit, hoc dedimus nos tibi nomen Eques. +Res tamen ante dedit; sero quoque vera tulisti + Nomina; jam pridem tu pater orbis eras. 130 +Hoc tu per terras, quod in aethere Jupiter alto, + Nomen habes; hominum tu pater, ille deum. +Romule, concedas; facit hic tua magna tuendo + Moenia: tu dederas transilienda Remo. +Te Tatius, parvique Cures, Caeninaque sensit; 135 + Hoc duce Romanum est solis utrumque latus. +Tu breve nescio quid victae telluris habebas: + Quodcumque est alto sub Jove, Caesar habet. +Tu rapis, hic castas duce se jubet esse maritas. + Tu recipis luco, submovet ille nefas. 140 +Vis tibi grata fuit, florent sub Caesare leges; + Tu domini nomen, principis ille tenet. +Te Remus incusat, veniam dedit hostibus ille. + Coelestem fecit te pater, ille patrem. + +Jam puer Idaeus media tenus eminet alvo, 145 + Et liquidas mixto nectare fundit aquas. +En etiam, si quis Borean horrere solebat, + Gaudeat: a Zephyris mollior aura venit. + +Quintus ab aequoreis nitidum jubar extulit undis + Lucifer, et primi tempora veris erunt. 150 +Ne fallare tamen, restant tibi frigora, restant, + Magnaque discedens signa reliquit hiems. + +Tertia nox veniat: Custodem protinus Ursae + Adspicies geminos exseruisse pedes. +Inter Hamadryadas jaculatricemque Dianam 155 + Callisto sacri pars fuit una chori. +Illa deae tangens arcus, Quos tangimus, arcus, + Este meae testes virginitatis, ait. +Cynthia laudavit, promissaque foedera serva, + Et comitum princeps tu mihi, dixit, eris. 160 +Foedera servasset, si non formosa fuisset. + Cavit mortales: ab Jove crimen habet. +Mille feras Phoebe silvis venata redibat, + Aut plus, aut medium sole tenente diem. +Ut tetigit lucum,--densa niger ilice lucus, 165 + In medio gelidae fons erat altus aquae-- +Hac, ait, in silva, virgo Tegeaeae, lavemur. + Erubuit falso virginis illa sono. +Dixerat et Nymphis: Nymphae velamina ponunt. + Hanc pudet, et tardae dat mala signa morae. 170 +Exuerat tunicas: uteri manifesta tumore + Proditur indicio ponderis ipsa sui. +Cui Dea, Virgineos, perjura Lycaoni, coetus + Desere, nec castas pollue, dixit, aquas. +Luna novum decies implerat cornibus orbem: 175 + Quae fuerat virgo credita, mater erat. +Laesa furit Juno, formam mutatque puellae. + Quid facis? invito pectore passa Jovem est. +Utque ferae vidit turpes in pellice vultus, + Hujus in amplexus Jupiter, inquit, eat. 180 +Ursa per incultos errabat squalida montes, + Quae fuerat summo nuper amanda Jovi. +Jam tria lustra puer furto conceptus agebat, + Quum mater nato est obvia facta suo. +Illa quidem, tamquam cognosceret, adstitit amens, 185 + Et gemuit: gemitus verba parentis erant. +Hanc puer ignarus jaculo fixisset acuto, + Ni foret in superas raptus uterque domus. +Signa propinqua micant. Prior est, quam dicimus _Arcton_; + _Arctophylax_ formam terga sequentis habet. 190 +Saevit adhuc canamque rogat Saturnia Tethyn, + Maenaliam tactis ne lavet Arcton aquis. + +Idibus agrestis fumant altaria _Fauni_, + Hic ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas. +Haec fuit illa dies, in qua Vejentibus arvis 195 + Ter centum _Fabii_ ter cecidere duo. +Una domus vires et onus susceperat urbis: + Sumunt gentiles arma professa manus. +Egreditur castris miles generosus ab îsdem, + E quis dux fieri quilibet aptus erat. 200 +Carmentis portae dextro via proxima Jano est. + Ire per hanc noli, quisquis es, omen habet. +Ill fama refert Fabios exisse trecentos. + Porta vacat culpa; sed tamen omen habet. +Ut celeri passu Cremeram tetigere rapacem, 205 + --Turbidus hibernis ille fluebat aquis-- +Castra loco ponunt: destrictis ensibus ipsi + Tyrrhenum valido Marte per agmen eunt: +Non aliter, quam quum Libyca de rupe leones + Invadunt sparsos lata per arva greges. 210 +Diffugiunt hostes, inhonestaque vulnera tergo + Accipiunt: Tusco sanguine terra rubet. +Sic iterum, sic saepe cadunt. Ubi vincere aperte + Non datur, insidias armaque caeca parant. +Campus erat: campi claudebant ultima colles, 215 + Silvaque montanas occulere apta feras. +In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt: + Cetera virgultis abdita turba latet. +Ecce, velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus + Aut nive, quae Zephyro victa tepente fluit, 220 +Per sata perque vias fertur, nec, ut ante solebat, + Riparum clausas margine finit aquas: +Sic Fabii latis vallem discursibus implent, + Quosque vident, spernunt, nec etus alter inest. +Quo ruitis, generosa domus? male creditur hosti. 225 + Simplex nobilitas, perfida tela cave. +Fraude perit virtus. In apertos undique campos + Prosiliunt hostes, et latus omne tenent. +Quid facient pauci contra tot millia fortes? + Quidve, quod in misero tempore restet, habent? 230 +Sicut aper silvis longe Laurentibus actus + Fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes; +Mox tamen ipse perit: sic non moriuntur inulti, + Vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. +Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes: 235 + Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. +Ut tamen Herculeae superessent semina gentis, + Credibile est ipsos consuluisse deos. +Nam puer impubes et adhuc non utilis armis + Unus de Fabia gente relictus erat, 240 +Scilicet, ut posses olim tu, Maxime, nasci, + Cui res cunctando restituenda foret. + +Continuata loco tria sidera, Corvus et Anguis, + Et medius Crater inter utrumque jacet. +Idibus illa latent: oriuntur nocte sequenti. 245 + Quae sibi cur tria sint consociata, canam. +Forte Jovi festum Phoebus sollemne parabat: + --Non faciet longas fabula nostra moras-- +I mea, dixit, avis, ne quid pia sacra moretur, + Et tenuem vivis fontibus affer aquam. 250 +Corvus inauratum pedibus cratera recurvis + Tollit, et aërium pervolat altus iter. +Stabat adhuc duris ficus densissima pomis: + Tentat eam rostro: non erat apta legi. +Immemor imperii sedisse sub arbore fertur, 255 + Dum fierent tarda dulcia poma mora. +Jamque satur nigris longum rapit unguibus hydrum, + Ad dominumque redit, fictaque verba refert: +Hic mihi causa morae, vivarum obsessor aquarum: + Hic tenuit fontes officiumque meum. 260 +Addis, ait, culpae mendacia? Phoebus, et audes + Fatidicum verbis fallere velle deum? +At tibi, dum lactens haerebit in arbore ficus, + De nullo gelidae fonte bibantur aquae. +Dixit, et antiqui monumenta perennia facti 265 + Anguis, Avis, Crater, sidera juncta micant. + +Tertia post Idus nudos Aurora Lupercos + Adspicit, et Fauni sacra bicornis erunt. +Dicite, Pierides, sacrorum quae sit origo, + Attigerint Latias unde petita domos. 270 +Pana deum pecoris veteres coluisse feruntur + Arcades. Arcadiis plurimus ille jugis. +Testis erit Pholoë, testes Stymphalides undae, + Quique citis Ladon in mare currit aquis, +Cinctaque pinetis nemoris juga Nonacrini, 275 + Altaque Cyllene, Parrhasiaeque nives. +Pan erat armenti custos, Pan numen equarum: + Munus ob incolumes ille ferebat oves. +Transtulit Evander silvestria numina secum. + Hic, ubi nunc urbs est, tum locus urbis erat. 280 +Inde deum colimus, devectaque sacra Pelasgis. + Flamen ad haec prisco more Dialis erat. +Cur igitur currant, et cur--sic currere mos est-- + Nuda ferant posita corpora veste, rogas. +Ipse deus velox discurrere gaudet in altis 285 + Montibus, et subitas concitat ille feras. +Ipse deus nudus nudos jubet ire ministros: + Nec atis ad cursum commoda vestis erat. +Ante Jovem genitum terras habuisse feruntur + Arcades, et Luna gens prior illa fuit. 290 +Vita feris similis, nullos agitata per usus: + Artis adhuc expers et rude vulgus erat. +Pro domibus frondes norant, pro frugibus herbas: + Nectar erat palmis hausta duabus aqua. +Nullus anhelabat sub adunco vomere taurus: 295 + Nulla sub imperio terra colentis erat: +Nullus adhuc erat usus equi, se quisque ferebat. + Ibat ovis lana corpus amicta sua. +Sub Jove durabant, et corpora nuda gerebant, + Docta graves imbres et tolerare Notos. 300 +Nunc quoque detecti referunt monumenta vetusti + Moris, et antiquas testificantur opes. +Sed, cur praecipue fugiat velamina Faunus, + Traditur antiqui fabula plena joci. +Forte comes dominae juvenis Tirynthius ibat: 305 + Vidit ab excelso Faunus utrumque jugo. +Vidit, et incaluit, Montanaque numina, dixit, + Nil mihi vobiscum est; haec meus ardor erit. +Ibat odoratis humeros perfusa capillis + Maeonis, aurato conspicienda sinu. 310 +Aurea pellebant rapidos umbracula soles, + Quae tamen Herculeae sustinuere manus. +Jamque nemus Bacchi, Tmoli vineta, tenebat, + Hesperus et fusco roscidus ibat equo, +Antra subit tophis laqueataque pumice vivo; 315 + Garrulus in primo limine rivus erat. +Dumque parant epulas potandaque vina ministri, + Cultibus Alciden instruit illa suis. +Dat tenues tunicas Gaetulo murice tinctas: + Dat teretem zonam, qua modo cincta fuit. 320 +Ventre minor zona est: tunicarum vincla relaxat, + Ut possit vastas exseruisse manus. +Fregerat armillas non illa ad brachia factas. + Scindebant magni vincula parva pedes. +Ipsa capit clavamque gravem spoliumque leonis, 325 + Conditaque in pharetra tela minora sua. +Sic epulis functi, sic dant sua corpora somno, + Et positis juxta secubuere toris. +Causa: repertori vitis pia sacra parabant, + Quae facerent pure, quum foret orta dies. 330 +Noctis erat medium: quid non amor improbus audet? + Roscida per tenebras Faunus ad antra venit, +Utque videt somno comites vinoque solutos, + Spem capit in dominis esse soporis idem, +Intrat, et huc illuc temerarius errat adulter, 335 + Et praefert cautas subsequiturque manus, +Venerat ad strati captata cubilia lecti, + Et prima felix sorte futurus erat. +Ut tetigit fulvi setis hirsuta leonis + Vellera, pertimuit, sustinuitque manum, 340 +Attonitusque metu riguit: ut saepe viator + Turbatum viso rettulit angue pedem. +Inde tori, qui junctus erat, velamina tangit + Mollia, mendaci decipiturque nota. +Cetera tentantem cubito Tirynthius heros + Reppulit. E summo decidit ille toro. 350 +Fit sonus: inclamat comites, et lumina poscit + Maeonis. Illatis ignibus acta patent. +Ille gemit lecto graviter dejectus ab alto, + Membraque de dura vix sua tollit humo. +Ridet et Alcides, et qui videre jacentem: 355 + Ridet amatorem Lyda puella suum. +Veste deus lusus fallentes lumina vestes + Non amat, et nudos ad sua sacra vocat. +Adde peregrinis causas, mea Musa, Latinas, + Inque suo noster pulvere currat equus. 360 +Cornipedi Fauno caesa de more capella, + Venit ad exiguas turba vocata dapes; +Dumque sacerdotes verubus transsuta salignis + Exta parant, medias sole tenente vias, +Romulus et frater, pastoralisque juventus, 365 + Solibus et campo corpora nuda dabant, +Caestibus, et jaculis, et missi pondere saxi + Brachia per lusus experienda dabant. +Pastor ab excelso, Per devia rura juvencos, + Romule, praedones, eripe, dixit, agunt. 370 +Longum erat armari. Diversis exit uterque + Partibus; accursu praeda recepta Remi. +Ut rediit, verubus stridentia detrahit exta: + Atque ait, Haec certe non nisi victor edet. +Dicta facit, Fabiique simul. Venit irritus illuc 375 + Romulus, et mensas ossaque nuda videt. +Risit, et indoluit Fabios potuisse Remumque + Vincere: Quinctilios non potuisse suos. +Fama manet facti. Posito velamine currunt: + Et memorem famam, quod bene cessit, habet. 380 +Forsitan et quaeras, cur sit locus ille _Lupercal_, + Quaeve diem tali nomine causa notet. +Ilia Vestalis coelestia semina partu + Ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo. +Is jubet auferri pueros et in amne necari. 385 + Quid facis? ex istis Romulus alter erit. +Jussa recusantes peragunt lacrimosa ministri; + Flent tamen, et geminos in loca jussa ferunt. +Albula, quem Tibrin mersus Tiberinus in unda + Reddidit, hibernis forte tumebat aquis. 390 +Hic, ubi nunc Fora sunt, lintres errare videres, + Quaque jacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae. +Hic ubi venerunt,--neque enim procedere possunt + Longius--ex illis unus et alter, ait: +At quam sunt similes! at quam formosus uterque! 395 + Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet. +Si genus arguitur vultu, ni fallit imago, + Nescio quem vobis suspicor esse deum. +At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor, + In tam praecipiti tempore ferret opem. 400 +Ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret, + Quae facta est uno mater et orba die. +Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas + Corpora. Desicrat; deposuitque sinu, +Vagierunt clamore pari: sentire putares. 405 + Hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis. +Sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda. + Heu quantum fati parva tabella tulit! +Alveus in limo silvis appulsus opacis, + Paullatim fluvio deficiente, sedet. 410 +Arbor erat: remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur + Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. +Venit ad expositos--mirum--lupa feta gemellos. + Quis credat pueris non nocuisse feram? +Non nocuisse parum est: prodest quoque: quos lupa nutrit,415 + Perdere cognatae sustinuere manus. +Constitit, et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis, + Et fingit lingua corpora bina sua. +Marte satos scires; timor abfuit: ubera ducunt, + Nec sibi promissi lactis aluntur ope. 420 +Illa loco nomen fecit; locus ipse Lupercis. + Magna dati nutrix praemia lactis habet. +Quid vetat Arcadio dictos a monte Lupercos? + Faunus in Arcadia templa Lycaeus habet. +Nupta, quid exspectas? non tu pollentibus herbis, 425 + Nec prece, nec magico carmine mater eris. +Excipe fecundae patienter verbera dextrae: + Jam socer optatum nomen habebit avi. +Nam fuit illa dies, dura quum sorte maritae + Reddebant uteri pignora rara sui. 430 +Quid mihi, clamabat, prodest rapuisse Sabinas, + Romulus--hoc illo sceptra tenente fuit-- +Si mea non vires, sed bellum injuria fecit! + Utilius fuerat non habuisse nurus. +Monte sub Esquilio, multis incaeduus annis 435 + Junonis magnae nomine lucus erat, +Huc ubi venerunt, pariter nuptaeque virique + Suppliciter posito procubuere genu. +Quum subito motae tremuere cacumina silvae, + Et dea per lucos mira locuta suos, 440 +Italidas matres, inquit, sacer hircus inito! + Obstupuit dubio territa turba sono. +Augur erat: nomen longis intercidit annis: + Nuper ab Etrusca venerat exsul humo. +Ille caprum mactat. Jussae sua terga puellae 445 + Pellibus exsectis percutienda dabant. +Luna resumebat decimo nova cornua motu, + Virque pater subito, nuptaque mater erat. +Gratia Lucinae: dedit haec tibi nomina lucus, +Aut quia principium tu, dea, lucis habes. 450 +Parce, precor, gravidis, facilis Lucina, puellis, + Maturumque utero molliter effer onus. + +Orta dies fuerit: tu desine credere ventis, + Perdidit illius temporis aura fidem. +Flamina non constant: et sex reserata diebus 455 + Carceris aeolii janua laxa patet. +Jam levis obliqua subsedit Aquarius urna. + Proximus aetherios excipe, Piscis, equos. +Te memorant fratremque tuum--nam juncta micatis + Signa--duos tergo sustinuisse deos. 460 +Terribilem quondam fugiens Typhona Dione, + Tunc quum pro coelo Jupiter arma tulit, +Venit ad Euphraten comitata Cupidine parvo, + Inque Palaestinae margine sedit aquae. +Populus et cannae riparum summa tenebant, 465 + Spemque dabant salices, hos quoque posse tegi. +Dum latet, intonuit vento nemus. Illa timore + Pallet, et hostiles credit adesse manus; +Utque sinu natum tenuit, Succurrite Nymphae, + Et dîs auxilium ferte duobus, ait. 470 +Nec mora, prosiluit. Pisces subiere gemelli; + Pro quo nunc dignum sidera munus habent. +Inde nefas ducunt genus hoc imponere mensis, + Nec violant timidi piscibus ora Syri. + +Proxima lux vacua est: at tertia dicta Quirino. 475 + Qui tenet hoc nomen, Romulus ante fuit; +Sive quod hasta _curis_ priscis est dicta Sabinis: + --Bellicus a telo venit in astra deus-- +Sive suum regi nomen posuere Quirites: + Seu quia Romanis junxerat ille Cures. 480 +Nam pater armipotens, postquam nova moenia vidit, + Multaque Romulea bella peracta manu, +Jupiter, inquit, habet Romana potentia vires: + Sanguinis officio non eget illa mei. +Redde patri natum: quamvis intercidit alter, 485 + Pro se, proque Remo, qui mihi restat, erit. +Unus erit, quem tu tolles in caerula coeli; + Tu mihi dixisti: sint rata dicta Jovis. +Jupiter annuerat; nutu tremefactus uterque + Est polus, et coeli pondera sensit Atlas. 490 +Est locus: antiqui Capreae dixere paludem. + Forte tuis illic, Romule, jura dabas. +Sol fugit, et removent subeuntia nubila coelum, + Et gravis effusus decidit imber aquis, +Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether. 495 + Fit fuga: rex patris astra petebat equis. +Luctus erat, falsaeque Patres in crimine caedis; + Haesissetque animis forsitan illa fides: +Sed Proculus Longa veniebat Julius Alba, + Lunaque fulgebat, nec facis usus erat: 500 +Quum subito motu nubes crepuere sinistrae. + Rettulit ille gradus, horrueruntque comae. +Pulcher, et humano major, trabeaque decorus + Romulus in media visus adesse via, +Et dixisse simul, Prohibe lugere Quirites: 505 + Nec violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. +Tura ferant, placentque novum pia turba Quirinum, + Et patrias artes militiamque colant. +Jussit, et in tenues oculis evanuit auras. + Convocat hic populos, jussaque verba refert. 510 +Templa deo fiunt. Collis quoque dictus ab illo, + Et referunt certi sacra paterna dies. +Lux quoque cur eadem Stultorum festa vocetur, + Accipe: parva quidem causa, sed apta subest. +Non habuit tellus doctos antiqua colonos: 515 + Lassabant agiles aspera bella viros. +Plus erat in gladio, quam curvo laudis aratro: + Neglectus domino pauca ferebat ager. +Farra tamen veteres jaciebant, farra metebant, + Primitias Cereri farra resecta dabant. 520 +Usibus admoniti flammis torrenda dederunt, + Multaque peccato damna tulere suo. +Nam modo verrebant nigras pro farre favillas; + Nunc ipsas ignes corripuere casas. +Facta dea est Fornax: laeti Fornace coloni 525 + Orant, ut fruges temperet illa suas. +Curio legitimis nunc Fornacalia verbis + Maximus indicit, nec stata sacra facit; +Inque Foro, multa circum pendente tabella, + Signatur certa Curia quaeque nota; 530 +Stultaque pars populi, quae sit sua Curia, nescit: + Sed facit extrema sacra relata die. + +Est honor et tumulis. Animas placate paternas, + Parvaque in exstinctas munera ferte pyras, +Parva petunt Manes. Pietas pro divite grata est 535 + Munere. Non avidos Styx habet ima deos. +Tegula porrectis satis est velata coronis, + Et sparsae fruges, parcaque mica salis, +Inque mero mollita Ceres, violaeque solutae. + Haec habeat media testa relicta via. 540 +Nec majora veto: sed et his placabilis umbra est. + Adde preces positis et sua verba focis. +Hunc morem aeneas, pietatis idoneus auctor, + Attulit in terras, juste Latine, tuas. +Ille patris Genio sollemnia dona ferebat; 545 + Hinc populi ritus edidicere pios. +At quondam, dum longa gerunt pugnacibus armis + Bella, Parentales deseruere dies. +Non impune fuit. Nam dicitur omine ab isto + Roma suburbanis incaluisse rogis. 550 +Vix equidem credo: bustis exisse feruntur, + Et tacitae questi tempore noctis avi; +Perque vias urbis, Latiosque ululasse per agros + Deformes animas, vulgus inane, ferunt. +Post ea praeteriti tumulis redduntur honores, 555 + Prodigiisque venit funeribusque modus. +Dum tamen haec fiunt, viduae cessate puellae: + Exspectet puros pinea taeda dies. +Nec tibi, quae cupidae matura videbere matri, + Comat virgineas hasta recurva comas. 560 +Conde tuas, Hymenaee, faces, et ab ignibus atris + Aufer. Habent alias maesta sepulcra faces. +Di quoque templorum foribus celentur opertis, + Ture vacent arae, stentque sine igne foci. +Nunc animae tenues et corpora functa sepulcris 565 + Errant: nunc posito pascitur umbra cibo. +Nec tamen haec ultra, quam, tot de mense supersint + Luciferi, quot habent carmina nostra pedes. +Hanc, quia justa ferunt, dixere _Feralia_ lucem. + Ultima placandis Manibus illa dies. 570 +Ecce anus in mediis residens annosa puellis + Sacra facit Tacitae: vix tamen ipsa tacet; +Et digitis tria tura tribus sub limine ponit, + Qua brevis occultum mus sibi fecit iter. +Tumn cantata ligat cum fusco licia plumbo; 575 + Et septem nigras versat in ore fabas; +Quodque pice adstrinxit, quod acu trajecit ahena, + Obsutum maenae torret in igne caput: +Vina quoque instillat. Vini quodcumque relictum est, + Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit. 580 +Hostiles linguas inimicaque vinximus ora, + Dicit discedens, ebriaque exit anus. +Protinus a nobis, quae sit dea Muta, requires. + Disce, per antiquos quae mihi nota senes. +Jupiter indomito Juturnae captus amore 585 + Multa tulit, tanto non patienda deo. +Illa modo in silvis inter coryleta jacebat: + Nunc in cognatas desiliebat aquas. +Convocat hic Nymphas, Latium quaecumque tenebant, + Et jacit in medio talia verba choro: 590 +Invidet ipsa vitatque, quod expedit illi, + Vestra soror summo jungere membra deo. +Consulite ambobus: nam quae est mea magna voluptas, + Utilitas vestra magna sororis erit. +Vos illi in prima fugienti obsistite ripa, 595 + Ne sua fluminea corpora mergat aqua. +Dixerat: annuerunt nymphae Tiberinides omnes, + Quaeque colunt thalamos, Illa diva, tuos. +Forte fuit Naïs, Lara nomine: prima sed illi + Dicta bis antiquum syllaba nomen erat, 600 +Ex vitio positum. Saepe illi dixerat Almo, + Nata, tene linguam: nec tamen illa tenet. +Quae, simul ac tetigit Juturnae stagna sororis, + Effuge, ait, ripas: dicta refertque Jovis. +Illa etiam Junonem adiit, miserataque nuptam, 605 + Naïda Juturnam vir tuus, inquit, amat. +Jupiter intumuit: quaque est non usa modeste, + Eripuit linguam, Mercuriumque monet, +Duc hanc ad Manes: locus ille silentibus aptus. + Nympha, sed infernae Nympha paludis, erit. 610 +Jussa Jovis fiunt. Accepit lucus euntes. + Dicitur illa duci placuisse deo. +Vim parat hic: vultu pro verbis illa precatur, + Et frustra muto nititur ore loqui. +Fitque gravis, geminosque parit, qui compita servant, 615 + Et vigilant nostra semper in aede, Lares. +Proxima cognati dixere Caristia cari, + Et venit ad socias turba propinqua dapes. +Scilicet a tumulis, et, qui periere, propinquis + Protinus ad vivos ora referre juvat, 620 +Postque tot amissos, quidquid de sanguine restat, + Adspicere, et generis dinumerare gradus. +Innocui veniant: procul hinc, procul impius esto + Frater, et in partus mater acerba suos; +Cui pater est vivax, qui matris digerit annos, 625 + Quae premit invisam socrus iniqua nurum. +Tantalidae fratres absint, et Iasonis uxor, + Et quae ruricolis semina tosta dedit: +Et soror, et Progne, Tereusque duabus iniquus, + Et quicumque suas per scelus auget opes. 630 +Dîs generis date tura bonis; Concordia fertur + Illa praecipue mitis adesse die; +Et libate dapes, ut grati pignus honoris + Nutriat incinctos missa patella Lares, +Jamque ubi suadebit placidos nox ultima somnos, 635 + Larga precaturi sumite vina manu, +Et, Bene nos, Patriae, bene te, Pater, optime Caesar! + Dicite suffuso per sacra verba mero. + +Nox ubi transierit, solito celebretur honore, + Separat indicio qui deus arva suo. 640 +Termine, sive lapis, sive es defossus in agro + Stipes ab antiquis, sic quoque numen habes. +Te duo diversa domini pro parte coronant, + Binaque serta tibi, binaque liba ferunt. +Ara fit: huc ignem curto fert rustica testu 645 + Sumptum de tepidis ipsa colona focis. +Ligna senex minuit, concisaque construit alte, + Et solida ramos figere pugnat humo. +Dum sicco primas irritat cortice flammas, + Stat puer, et manibus lata canistra tenet. 650 +Inde, ubi ter fruges medios immisit in ignes, + Porrigit incisos filia parva favos. +Vina tenent alii: libantur singula flammis. + Spectant et linguis Candida turba favent. +Spargitur et caeso communis Terminus agno: 655 + Nec queritur, lactens quum sibi porca datur. +Conveniunt celebrantque dapes vicinia supplex, + Et cantant laudes, Termine sancte, tuas. +Tu populos, urbesque, et regna ingentia finis: + Omnis erit sine te litigiosus ager. 660 +Nulla tibi ambitio est: nullo corrumperis auro: + Legitima servas credita rura fide: +Si tu signasses olim Thyreatida terram, + Corpora non leto missa trecenta forent, +Nec foret Othryades congestis lectus in armis. 665 + O quantum patriae sanguinis ille dedit! +Quid, nova quum fierent Capitolia? nempe deorum + Cuncta Jovi cessit turba, locumque dedit. +Terminus--ut veteres memorant--inventus in aede + Restitit, et magno cum Jove templa tenet. 670 +Nunc quoque, se supra ne quid nisi sidera cernat, + Exiguum templi tecta foramen habent. +Termine, post illud levitas tibi libera non est, + Qua positus fueris in statione, mane. +Nec tu vicino quidquam concede roganti, 675 + Ne videare hominem praeposuisse Jovi; +Et seu vomeribus, seu tu pulsabere rastris, + Clamato, Meus est hic ager, ille tuus. +Est via, quae populum Laurentes ducit in agros, + Quondam Dardanio regna petita duci. 680 +Illac lanigeri pecoris tibi, Termine, fibris + Sacra videt fieri sextus ab urbe lapis. +Gentibus est aliis tellus data limite certo; + Romanae spatium est urbis et orbis idem. + +Nunc mihi dicenda est Regis fuga. Traxit ab illa 685 + Sextus ab extremo nomina mense dies. +Ultima Tarquinius Romanae gentis habebat + Regna, vir injustus, fortis ad arma tamen. +Ceperat hic alias, alias everterat urbes, + Et Gabios turpi fecerat arte suos. 690 +Namque trium minimus, proles manifesta Superbi, + In medios hostes nocte silente venit. +Nudarant gladios: Occidite, dixit, inermem! + Hoc cupiant fratres, Tarquiniusque pater, +Qui mea crudeli laceravit verbere terga! 695 + --Dicere ut hoc posset, verbera passus erat-- +Luna fuit. Spectant juvenem, gladiosque recondunt, + Tergaque, deducta veste, notata vident. +Flent quoque, et, ut secum tueatur bella, precantur. + Callidus ignaris annuit ille viris. 700 +Jamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico, + Prodendi Gabios quod sibi monstret iter, +Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis, + Sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae. +Illic Tarquinius mandata latentia nati 705 + Accipit, et virga lilia summa metit. +Nuntius ut rediit, decussaque lilia dixit, + Filius, Agnosco jussa parentis, ait. +Nec mora: principibus caesis ex urbe Gabina, + Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis. 710 +Ecce--nefas visu--mediis altaribus anguis + Exit, et exstinctis ignibus exta rapit. +Consulitur Phoebus. Sors est ita reddita: Matri + Qui dederit princeps oscula, victor erit. +Oscula quisque suae matri properata tulerunt, 715 + Non intellecto credula turba deo. +Brutus erat stulti sapiens imitator, ut esset + Tutus ab insidiis, dire Superbe, tuis. +Ille jacens pronus matri dedit oscula Terrae, + Creditus offenso procubuisse pede. 720 +Cingitur interea Romanis Ardea signis, + Et patitur lentas obsidione moras. +Dum vacat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam, + Luditur in castris: otia miles agit. +Tarquinius juvenis socios dapibusque meroque 725 + Accipit, atque illis rege creatus ait: +Dum nos difficilis pigro tenet Ardea bello, + Nec sinit ad patrios arma referre deos; +Ecquid in officio torus est socialis? et ecquid + Conjugibus nostris mutua cura sumus? 730 +Quisque suam laudant. Studiis certamina crescunt, + Et fervent multo linguaque corque mero. +Surgit, cui clarum dederat Collatia nomen; + Non opus est verbis, credite rebus, ait. +Nox superest: tollamur equis, urbemque petamus. 735 + Dicta placent: frenis impediuntur equi. +Pertulerant dominos. Regalia protinus illi + Tecta petunt: custos in fore nullus erat. +Ecce nurum regis fusis per colla coronis + Inveniunt posito pervigilare mero. 740 +Inde cito passu petitur Lucretia. Nebat; + Ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erant. +Lumen ad exiguum famulae data pensa trahebant, + Inter quas tenui sic ait ipsa sono: +Mittenda est domino--nunc, nunc properate, puellae-- 745 + Quamprimum nostra facta lacerna manu. +Quid tamen audistis?--nam plura audire potestis-- + Quantum de bello dicitur esse super? +Postmodo victa cades, melioribus, Ardea, restas, + Improba, quae nostros cogis abesse viros. 750 +Sint tantum reduces. Sed enim temerarius ille + Est meus, et stricto quolibet ense ruit. +Mens abit, et morior, quoties pugnantis imago. + Me subit, et gelidum pectora frigus habet. +Desinit in lacrimas, intentaque fila remittit, 755 + In gremio vultum deposuitque suum. +Hoc ipsum decuit: lacrimae decuere pudicam, + Et facies animo dignaque parque fuit. +Pone metum, venio, conjux ait. Illa revixit, + Deque viri collo dulce pependit onus. 760 +Interea juvenis furiales regius ignes + Concipit, et caeco raptus amore furit. +Forma placet, niveusque color, flavique capilli, + Quique aderat nulla factus ab arte decor. +Verba placent, et vox, et quod corrumpere non est: 765 + Quoque minor spes est, hoc magis ille cupit. +Jam dederat cantum lucis praenuntius ales, + Quum referunt juvenes in sua castra pedem. +Carpitur attonitos absentis imagine sensus + Ille: recordanti plura magisque placent. 770 +Sic sedit, sic culta fuit, sic stamina nevit, + Neglectae collo sic jacuere comae, +Hos habuit vultus, haec illi verba fuere, + Hic decor, haec facies, hic color oris erat. +Ut solet a magno fluctus languescere flatu, 775 + Sed tamen a vento, qui fuit, unda tumet: +Sic, quamvis aberat placitae praesentia formae, + Quem dederat praesens forma, manebat amor. +Ardet, et injusti stimulis agitatus amoris + Comparat indigno vimque dolumque toro. 780 +Exitus in dubio est. Audebimus ultima, dixit. + Viderit, audentes forsne deusne juvet. +Cepimus audendo Gabios quoque. Talia fatus + Ense latus cinxit, tergaque pressit equi. +Accipit aerata juvenem Collatia porta, 785 + Condere jam vultus sole parante suos. +Hostis, ut hospes, init penetralia Collatini: + Comiter excipitur: sanguine junctus erat. +Quantum animis erroris inest! parat inscia rerum + Infelix epulas hostibus illa suis. 790 +Functus erat dapibus: poscunt sua tempora somni. + Nox erat, et tota lumina nulla domo. +Surgit, et auratum vagina liberat ensem, + Et venit in thalamos, nupta pudica, tuos, +Utque torum pressit, Ferrum, Lucretia, mecum est, 795 + Natus, ait, regis, Tarquiniusque loquor. +Illa nihil: neque enim vocem viresque loquendi, + Aut aliquid toto pectore mentis habet. +Sed tremit, ut quondam stabulis deprensa relictis + Parva sub infesto quum jacet agna lupo. 800 +Quid faciat? pugnet? vincetur femina pugna. + Clamet? at in dextra, qui necet, ensis adest. +Effugiat? positis urgentur pectora palmis; + Tune primum externa pectora tacta manu. +Instat amans hostis precibus, pretioque, minisque: 805 + Nec prece, nec pretio, nec movet ille minis. +Nil agis; eripiam, dixit, pro crimine vitam: + Falsus adulterii testis adulter erit. +Interimam famulum, cum quo deprensa fereris. + Succubuit famae victa puella metu. 810 +Quid, victor, gaudes? haec te victoria perdet. + Heu quanto regnis nox stetit una tuis! +Jamque erat orta dies: passis sedet illa capillis, + Ut solet ad nati mater itura rogum; +Grandaevumque patrem fido cum conjuge castris 815 + Evocat: et posita venit uterque mora. +Utque vident habitum, quae luctus causa, requirunt, + Cui paret exsequias, quove sit icta malo. +Illa diu reticet, pudibundaque celat amictu + Ora. Fluunt lacrimae more perennis aquae. 820 +Hinc pater, hinc conjux lacrimas solantur, et orant, + Indicet: et caeco flentque paventque metu. +Ter conata loqui, ter destitit, ausaque quarto. + Non oculos adeo sustulit illa suos. +Hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus? eloquar, inquit, 825 + Eloquar infelix dedecus ipsa meum. +Quaeque potest narrat. Restabant ultima; flevit, + Et matronales erubuere genae. +Dant veniam facto genitor conjuxque coactae. + Quam, dixit, veniam vos datis, ipsa nego. 830 +Nec mora; celato figit sua pectora ferro, + Et cadit in patrios sanguinolenta pedes. +Tunc quoque jam moriens, ne non procumbat honeste, + Respicit. Haec etiam cura cadentis erat. +Ecce super corpus communia damna gementes, 835 + Obliti decoris, virque paterque jacent. +Brutus adest, tandemque animo sua nomina fallit, + Fixaque semanimi corpore tela rapit; +Stillantemqne tenens generoso sanguine cultrum, + Edidit impavidos ore minante sonos: 840 +Per tibi ego hunc juro fortem castumque cruorem, + Perque tuos Manes, qui mihi numen erunt, +Tarquinium poenas profuga cum stirpe daturum. + Jam satis est virtus dissimulata diu. +Illa jacens ad verba oculos sine lumine movit, 845 + Visaque concussa dicta probare coma. +Fertur in exsequias animi matrona virilis, + Et secum lacrimas invidiamque trahit. +Vulnus inane patet. Brutus clamore Quirites + Concitat, et regis facta nefanda refert. 850 +Tarquinius cum prole fugit. Capit annua Consul + Jura. Dies regnis illa suprema fuit. + +Fallimur? an veris praenuntia venit hirundo, + Et metuit, ne qua versa recurrat hiems? +Saepe tamen, Progne, nimium properasse quereris, 855 + Virque tuo Tereus frigore laetus erit. + +Jamque duae restant noctes de mense secundo, + Marsque citos junctis curribus urget equos. +Ex vero positum permansit Equiria nomen, + Quae deus in campo prospicit ipse suo. 860 +Jure venis, Gradive; locum tua tempora poscunt, + Signatusque tuo nomine mensis adest. +Venimus in portum libro cum mense peracto. + Naviget hinc alia jam mihi linter aqua. + + +NOTES: + +1. _Crescit_. Some MSS. read _crescat_. + +2. _Ut hinc_. Most MSS. read _ut hic;_ three of the best _ut it_. The +present reading is the conjecture of Heinsius. + +3, 4. The Elegiac measure which is employed in this poem, was usually +appropriated to subjects which had not much dignity in them. Such had +been his preceding compositions in this species of verse. + +5. Alluding to his Amores, Ars Amandi, etc.--_Faciles_, ready, compliant. + +6. When my early youth sported in numbers adapted to it. + +7, 8. I now sing the festivals, etc. Would any one think that idle +love-verses would have led the way to such a theme? + +9, 10. _Militia, dextra, munere_, all words relating to military service. +See Hor. Car. iv. l.--_Ferimus_, most MSS. read _gerimus_.--_Vacat_. +Seven have _caret_. + +14. _Habilis_, fit. Any one can be a soldier. + +16. _Nomina_, i. e. deeds of name.--Titulos, is employed in the same +manner. + +17, 18. He continues the adulatory style in which he at first addressed +him. + +19. The poet now begins an inquiry into the origin of the name of the +second month.--_Februum: Sabinis purgamentum et in sacris nostris +verbum_. Varro de L. L. V.--_Piamina_, the [Greek: katharmoi] of the +Greeks, whatever was used in purification, and in removing the [Greek: +agos], or piacular guilt. Five MSS. read _piacula_, which signifies the +same thing. + +20. Scil. the word is still frequently used in this sense. + +21. _Rege_, the Rex Sacrorum.--_Flamine_, the Flamen Dialis.--_Lanas_. As +Clemens Alexandrinus enumerates the [Greek: eria pyrrha] among the +articles used by the Gentiles in purification Neapolis conjectures that +this wool was _red_. + +23. _Lictor_, of the Flamen Dialis.--_Sertis_, one MS. _cernis_, three +_ternis_, one _acernis_. Heinsius proposes _tersis_.--_Domibus_, the +house of the Flamen. + +24. The _Mola Salsa_. + +25. _Arbore pura_, the pine, as making pure. + +27. _Flaminicam_, the wife of the Flamen Dialis. Some MSS. read +_Flaminiam_ or _Flamineam_. + +30. _Intonsos_, i.e. _priscos, antiquos_. _Intonsus Numa_, below V. 264. +_Intonsus Cato_. Hor. Car. II. 15. There were no barbers at Rome, till +A.U.C. 454. + +31. See below, v. 267. _et seq_. + +33. See below, v. 433, _et seq_.--_Tempora pura_, because the guilt and +evil had been removed. + +37. In the mode usual in his time, Ovid assigns a Grecian origin to this +opinion. It was however common to Greece, Italy, and the East, and was a +part of the Law of Moses. Homer makes mention of it more than once. Thus +when Ulysses had slain the suitors, he says to Euryclea, [Greek: Oide +theeion graeu kakon akos, oise de moi pur, Ophra theeioso megaron]. +According to the legend, (See Mythology, p. 94.) Apollo himself required +purification for having slain the Python. + +39. _Actoriden_, Menoetius the father of Patroclus who had slain by +accident Clesonymus or aeanes.--_Pelea_. Telamon and Peleus slew their +brother Phocus. Peleus fled to Thessaly to Actor, or to Eurytion, the son +of Actor, by whom he was purified, and having had the misfortune to kill +his benefactor, he was purified by Acastus. The poet evidently makes a +mistake here. See Mythology, pp. 279 and 414. + +41. Aegeus received Medea when she fled after the murder of her children. +--_Credulus_, too easily believing.--_Phasida_, Colchian. See Mythology, +279, 352. + +43. _Amphiaraïdes_. Alemaeon, the son of Amphiaraus, put his mother +Eriphyle to death. Mythology, p. 434.--_Naupactoo_ scil. aetolian. +Naupactus is in aetolia, but not near the Achelous. + +45. _Faciles_, credulous. + +47-54. This passage is hard to understand. If in the year of Numa +Pompilius, which is the one spoken of, January was the first month, how +could February be the last? Perhaps, though this is at variance with v. +48, the poet here, as in I. 43, 44, only means that Numa added two months +to the Romulian year, in which case February would be the last. See +Introd. § 2.--_Tu quoque_, etc. The intercalation was made after the +Terminalia, that is, the 23d of February.--_Postmodo_, etc. this +regulation of the Decemvirs, is spoken of no where else.--_Tempora +continuasse_. "Effecisse ut hi duo menses, nullo interposito, se +exciperent, cum antea _distarent longo spatio_ decem ipsis mensibus +interjectis," Gierig. As the year is a circle, must not the two ends have +joined? + +55. The poet here catches at the opportunity of praising Tiberius. The +temple of Juno Sospita, near that of the Mother of the Gods on the +Palatine hill, had been dedicated on the Kalends of February, but was now +fallen. + +62. This is going the utmost length of flattery. + +66. _Man. in stat_. Keep guard. A military phrase. + +67. Romulus opened the Asylum on the Kalends of February, that is, on the +day of his year corresponding thereto. + +69. _Penetrale Numae_. The temple of Vesta, in the Atrium of which, called +the Regia, Numa resided. + +70. The Capitolium and the Arx were two parts of the same hill. Liv. III. +18, V. 47. + +74. _Purpureis_, bright. This is a usual sense of this word. + +76. The cosmic setting of Lyra. + +77. The acronych setting of Leo. + +79. On the third of February, the Dolphin sets heliacally.--Caelatum, set +or embossed. + +81. Alluding to the aid which the Dolphin gave Neptune in his courtship +of Amphitrite. + +82. This story of Arion is told by Herodotus, I. 23. + +84. _Et seq_. comparing him to Orpheus. + +91. _Cynthia_. Diana, the moon. + +101, 102. An exclamation of the poet. + +107. A long trailing robe of the richest purple, the _dibaphe_. + +109, 110. This distich was justly suspected by Heinsius. There is a +corruption in it, which it is now, perhaps, impossible to cure. Burmann +understands by _penna_, an arrow; others think it denotes a hard feather +which the swan gets when old.--_Trajectus_. Four MSS. read _Threïcius_. + +112. Describing the effect of his plunge into the sea. + +115. _Pretium vehendi_, Scil. carmen. + +119. See Hom. Il. II. 488. Virg. Geor. II. 42. aen, vi. 625.--_Quo_. +scil. _pectore_. + +121. _Alterno carmine_ in hexameters et pentameters; the _versibus +impariter junctis_ of Horace, A. P. 75. The common reading is _pectine.-- +Sacras Nonas_, on account of the honours decreed to Augustus. + +126. _Heroi pedis_. Hexameters. + +127. On the nones of February, A.U.C. 752, Valerius Messala addressed +Augustus in the senate-house in these words, _Senatus te consentiens cum +Pop. Rom. consulutat Patrem Patriae_. Sact. Aug. 58. + +128. _Eques_. Ovid was of the equestrian order. + +132. The [Greek: pataer andron te theon te] of Homer, the _Divum pater +atque hominum rex_ of Virgil. + +134. Comparing the paltry defences erected by the first founder of Rome, +with the strength of the city under its second founder, as Augustus was +styled. + +135, 136. See Livy, I. Romulus was only formidable to the little states +around his town; Augustus reduced both the East and the West under the +sway of Rome. + +139. The rape of the Sabines is opposed to the laws against adultery, +etc. of Augustus.--_Duce se_, by his own example. + +140. The Asylum opposed to the vigorous administration of justice by +Augustus. + +142. The favourite title of Augustus and of Tiberius was Princeps. scil. +Senatus; [Greek: deopotaes men ton doulon, autokrator de ton stratioton, +ton de dae loipon prokritus] (Princeps) [Greek: eimi], was a usual saying +of Tiberius. + +143. There may be an allusion here to Augustus' forgiveness of Cinna and +others. + +144. Mars and Julius Caesar. + +145. The cosmic rising of Aquarius.--_Puer. Idaeus_, Ganymedes, son of +Tros, king of Troy, fabled in aftertimes to have been made this +constellation. + +146. _Liquidas_, means clear and not liquid.--_Nectare_, as being +cupbearer of the gods. + +149. Spring began on the 9th of February, the V. Idus. + +153. On the III. Idus Arctophylax, or Bootes, rises acronychally. + +155-192. The poet had already told this tale. Met. II, 401-530. See also +Mythology, p. 387. + +193. The Faunalia were celebrated on the Ides. The island in the Tiber +contained the temple of Faunus, as well as those of Aesculapius and +Jupiter. It was built by the Aediles with the money arising from fines, +and dedicated A.U.C. 509. There was another Faunalia on the nones of +December. Hor. Car. III. 18. For Faunus, see Mythology, p. 477. + +195. See Niebuhr's Roman History, II. 192-195, and 200-203. It is his +opinion that the Fabian Creus, disgusted with the obstinate refusal of +their order to grant the just claims of the Plebeians, retired with their +clients, and a part of the Plebeians, to the number of 4,500, as related +by Dionysius, and founded a colony on the banks of the Cremera, in +Etruria. They left Rome on the Ides of February, A.U.C. 275, and were cut +off by the Tuscans on the 18th of the following Quinctilis, the very day +on which the defeat was sustained at the Allia some years afterwards. The +poet has evidently fallen into a great error here. + +196. The number of the Fabii is always given as being 306. + +198. _Arma professa_, which they had promised. + +199. _Castris_. From the context, this must have been the abodes of the +family at Rome. He may, perhaps, mean their settlement on the Cremera, v. +207. + +201. They went out at the Carmental gate. The Roman gates, as has been +already observed, were double. People went out by one, and came in by the +other. Ever after this day, no one went through the gate by which the +Fabii had passed. The way was named _Via Scelerata_ or _Infelix.--Jano_, +that is, probably, simply the gate through which they passed. + +203, 204. These lines are wanting in some of the best MSS. Gierig, though +unsatisfied with them, thinks they are necessary to the narration. It +does not seem so to me. We have only to understand the poet thus: they +went out, etc. v. 199, the way _by which they went_ is next etc. v. 201, +to have a very good sense. + +206. _Hibernis_, produced by the melting of the snow. It was now the +spring. See note on v. 390. + +214. _Parant_, scil. the Tuscans. + +225, 226. The poet, as if present, calls out to them.--_Simplex_, +incautious, unsuspicious of guile. + +237. _Herculeae gentis_. It was the tradition of the Fabian family that +they derived their origin from Hercules, by a daughter of Evander. + +239. Niebuhr _ut supra_, shews that the Fabius who remained at Rome, must +have been then a grown man. He thinks the cause of his staying behind was +his differing in politics from the rest of the family. + +241. The celebrated Fabius Maximas Cunctator, the man who shewed how to +vanquish Hannibal. + +243. The day after the Ides these three signs, which lie close together, +rise acronychally. + +247. The inferior gods offered sacrifices to the superior. See below, iv. +423. aeschyl. Prom. 526, _et seq_. + +254. _Eam_, the tree for the fruit. + +255. Figs ripen very fast (Pliny, xv. 19,) so that this is not badly +invented. + +260. _Tenuit_ is used here in a double sense. + +263. _Lactens_, that is, full of juice. It was peculiarly used of the +fig. + +264. _De nullo_, etc. It was an opinion of the ancients, that for sixty +days before the figs ripened, the ravens were affected by a looseness of +bowels, which obliged them to abstain from every thing humid. Pliny, X. +12. aelian. V. Il. II. 5. + +267. The Lupercalia were celebrated on the 15th February, the xv. Kal. +Mart. The poet here, according to the custom of the Latin poets, +confounds the ancient Italian deity, Faunus, with the Pan of the +Arcadians. On these occasions, a theory or a legend was always devised to +explain the manner in which the worship had been introduced. For Pan, see +Mythology, p. 198. + +272. He most haunts the Arcadian mountains, or, he is most worshiped +there. + +273. _Pholoë_, the mountain of that name. + +274. This is an error, the Ladom falls into the Alpheus. + +277. _Equarum_. Several MSS. read _aquarum_, which reading Burmann +defends, as Pan is called [Greek: aktios] by Theocritus. Idyll. V. 14. + +278. Instead of _Pan ovium custos_. + +280. That is, there was no town there at the time. + +281. The Arcadians were always regarded as of the Pelasgian race. + +282. The Flamen Dialis always bore a part in the Lupercalia. + +285. The _first_ reason; they imitated the god himself. + +289. The _second_; they commemorated the ancient mode of life in Arcadia. +It was said that Jupiter was born in this country. Callim. H. I. + +290. See above, I. 469. + +291. _Feris_. One MS. reads _ferae_; another _fere_; another _et fere.-- +Usus_, occupations. + +292. _Erat_. One MS. reads _erant_, which is adopted by Heinsius, Burmann +and Gierig. + +299. _Sub Jove_, same as _sub dio_, in the open air. + +301. _Detecti_, scil. the _naked_ Luperci. + +302. _Opes_, that is, the want of wealth. + +303. The _third_ reason for the nudity of the Luperci.--_Faunus_, scil. +Pan. + +305. _Dominae_, Omphale, queen of Lydia, to whom Hercules was sold by +Mercury. + +310. _Aurato sinu_. Her robe had threads of gold woven into it, or was +embroidered. + +311. _Umbracula_, the _skiadia_, the modern umbrella--_Rapidos_. This is +the reading of eleven MSS. the rest have _tepidos_, which is very tame. +_Rapidos_ well expresses the consuming power of fire. + +313. _Tenebat_, scil. Omphale, thus _subit_, v. 315. Some MSS. read +_tenebant_. + +314. Hesperus is beautifully styled _roscidus_, as the dews of evening +accompany his appearance in the summer-season. The poet gives him a +dark-coloured horse, as the sky is then becoming every moment darker; +for the opposite reason, a white horse is given to Lucifer. "Hesperus, +that led The starry host, _rode_ brightest." Milton. + +321. _Vincla_, either the wrists or the arm-holes of the tunic, which +would appear to have had running-strings in them. + +324. _Scindebant_. Seven MSS. read _stringebant_. + +326. _Tela minora_, the arrows opposed to the club. + +329. Previous to a sacrifice, _à Venere abstinebant.--Pia sacra_, like +_pia tura, pium far_. + +337. _Captata_, felt by groping, One MS. reads _tractata_. + +359. A _fourth_ reason for this custom.--_Peregrinis causas Latinas_. +Three MSS. read peregrinae; two read _causam_. Perhaps the best reading +would be _peregrinis causam Latinam_. + +360. _Suo pulvere_, in his own common (i.e. Italian) course. + +361. Scil. at the Lupercalia. + +363. _Transsuta_, Others read _transfixa, transita_, or _trajecta_. + +367, 368. These lines are wanting in three MSS. and are probably +spurious.--_Caestibus_. Six MSS. read _vectibus_, which Heinius prefers, +as the caestus was unknown to the old Romans, and pitching bar(_vectis_) +was a common exercise of the Roman soldiery. The poets, however, troubled +themselves little about minutiae of this kind. Some MMS. have _vestibus_. + +375-378. Fabius, says the legend, was over the comrades of Remus, and +Quinctilius over those of Romulus; and those under them were named from +them. The truth is, the Fabian family were of the Sabine, the +Quinctilian, of the Roman part of the nation. + +380. _Quod bene cessit_. Several of the best MSS. read _gessit_. Some +_qui lene gesset_. + +381. He now proceeds to inquire into the origin of the names _Lupercal_ +and _Lupercalia_, and takes this occasion of relating the early history +of the founders of Rome. + +383. _Ilia_. Most MSS. read _Silvia_. + +385. _Pueros_. The reading of most MSS. is _parvos_. Burmann observes, +that the ancients did not use _parvos_ without a substantive for +children. + +387. _Recusantes_, unwillingly; refusing as far as they dared. Burmann +proposes _reluctantes_ or _repugnantes_. + +389. _Albula_. This was an ancient name of the Tiber. The Romans, aping +the Greeks in this, as in every thing else, deduced the name Tiber, from +that of a fabled king. + +390. _Hibernis_. Neapolis would infer from this, that Romulus and Remus +were born in the winter. This is pressing poetic language too close; the +Latin poets used _Hiems_, and its kindred adjectives, as the Greeks did +[Greek: cheimon], and the terms derived from it. The meaning is, the +river was swoln by the rains which had lately fallen. If we wished +regularly to confute Neapolis, we might refer him to v. 413, as the wolf +does not bring forth in winter. + +391, 392. The different Fora or markets at Rome, were in the valleys +between the hills. The Circus Maximus was three stadia and a half long, +and one broad. It is probably to express its magnitude that he uses +_valles_ in the plural, as the measure imposed no necessity. + +393. According to the account given by Dionysius from Fabius Pictor, they +came down with the babes from the summit of the Palatine hill, and laid +them in the water, which now washed its foot. + +394. _Et_. Two MSS. read _an_, which Heinsius adopts and justifies by a +number of examples, and which is certainly the more elegant. + +396. _Iste_, scil. Romulus. + +398. _Esse_, scil: _patrem_. This ellipsis well expresses the doubt and +hesitation of the speaker.--_Suspicor_. Three MSS. read _suspicer_. + +400. _Praecipiti_, critical, dangerous. + +401. _Si non etc_. The ancients believed that a god could not, any more +than a man, be in more places than one at the same time. Hence the jest +that Diana could not save her temple at Ephesus from the flames, as she +was aiding the birth of Alexander the Great, in Macedonia. + +408. Scil: the fate of Rome. + +409. _Appulsus_. Eight MSS. read _impulsus_, which Lenz prefers, as +expressing the force with which the water drove them, but they were not +in the current of a stream, and the motion of the retiring water must +have been very gentle. + +412. _Rumina_, from _rumis_ or _ruma_, the same as _mamma_. This must +have been the original name; the derivation from Romulus is futile. In +the time of Varro, as he informs us, (De L. L. iv.) a new _ficus +ruminalis_ was planted in the Comitium, which was standing when the poet +wrote. It withered in the reign of Nero. Pliny, xv. 18. + +413. _Feta_, i. e. _enixa_, as the context shews. + +416. _Perdere_. Two MSS. read _prodere_._--Cog. manus_. scil: the hands of +Amulius. + +417. She shews her affection for the babes by the motion of her tail. + +419. They might be known to be the offspring of Mars by the wolf, his +sacred animal, coming to feed them, and by their shewing no signs of +fear. + +420. _Promissi_, i. e. destined by nature. + +423. Another cause, a Grecian origin, from Mt. Lycaeum, in Arcadia. + +424. _Faunus_, scil. Pan,--_Lycaeo_. Pausanius, who mentions [Greek: Zeus +lukaios], does not give this epithet to Pan. He speaks, however, of his +temple on Mt. Lycaeum. In an epigram of Leonidas, we meet [Greek: +lagobola Pani Lukaio]. + +425. Barren women placed themselves in the way of Luperci, as they ran +about striking people with their goat-skin thongs, as the contact of the +sacred lash was supposed to produce fecundity.--_Herbis_, etc. the usual +modes of obtaining the power of bearing children. + +428. _Optatum_. One MS. which is followed by Heinsius and Gierig, has +_optati_. + +433. Instead of increasing the number and strength of his people by their +having offspring, he had only brought on himself and them the war with +the Sabines. + +435, 436. The grove of Juno Lucina. Varro, L. L. iv. + +440. _Mira_, wonderful things. + +441. _Italidas_. Several of the best MSS. read _Italias_.--_Sacer hircus_. +Four MSS. read _caper hirtus_, in favour of which, it is urged, that as +the _caper_ was a gelt _hircus_, the wonder was the greater; and v. 445, +a _caper_ is sacrificed. I should feel disposed to adopt this reading, +which is that of Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig. + +443. His name has not come down to us. + +444. Etruria was renowned for augury. + +449, 450. Two derivations of Lucina; one from _lucus_, as if she was so +named from being worshiped in a grove; a second from _lux_, as the light +proceeded from her. This last might identify Juno Lucina with the moon, +and with the Eilcithyia of the Greeks. See Mythology, p. 154. + +451. _Facilis_ seems to answer to [Greek: praumaetis], an epithet of +Eilcithyia. + +453-458. On the day of the Lupercalia, the sun entered Pisces, and winds +began to blow, which continued for six days. + +461. _Dione_, Venus. In Homer, this goddess is the daughter of Dione. +Ovid confounds them, as he does the Hyperion and Helius (_Sol_) of Homer. + +462. In the Giant-war. See Mythology, p. 238. + +471. Others say, the goddess and her son turned themselves into fishes at +the approach of Typhon. + +473, 474. He confounds, in the usual manner, the Aphrodite of the Greeks, +and Venus of the Latins, with the Atergatis or Derceto of the Syrians.-- +_Timidi_, scil. _Deorum_, pious. + +475. There was no festival, and nothing remarkable on the XIV. Kal. Mart. +The Quirinalia were on the following day. He takes this occasion of +relating the end of Romulus and his apotheosis. See Livy, I. 13. It +occurred on the Nones of Quinctilis. + +477-480. Three derivations of the name Quirinus. The first is the true +one. See Mythology, p. 472. + +484. _Officio_. The care and labour of Romulus. + +487. This is a line of Ennius. It also occurs, Met. xiv. 814.--The poet, +in this account of the Assumption of Romulus, evidently keeps close to +the Annals of the old poet. + +491. The _Palus Caprea_, or _Capreae_, was in the Campus Martius.-- +_Capreae_. Some MSS. read _Caprae_; one _Capream_, which is adopted by +Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig. The Greeks called it [Greek: aigos hae +zorkos helos]. + +492. _Jura dabas_. According to most accounts he was reviewing the army. +The poet may, however, have used these words only in a general sense, to +denote any exercise of his authority. The assembly of the Roman people on +the Campus Martius was always regarded as an _exercitus_. See Niebuhr on +the Centuries. Rom. Hist. Vol. I. + +493. _Sol. fugit_, in consequence of the darkness. It is not necessary, +with Dionysius and others, to suppose an eclipse. + +496. See Hor. Car. III. 3, 15. This circumstance was evidently in the +Annals of Ennius, from which both poets derived it.--_Fit fuga_, hence +this day was also called the _Populifugiun_. + +498. _Fides_, belief or opinion. + +500. _Luna fulgebat_, consequently there could not have been an eclipse +of the sun. Livy says, that Romulus appeared _prima luce_, at the dawn of +day. Several MSS. read _surgebat_. I prefer the common reading, as the +poet, by saying that Proculus carried no torch, evidently means to +express bright moon-light. + +501. _Sinistrae_, the lucky side, according to Etrurian augury.--_Nubes +crepuere_. Several MSS. read _Sepes tremuere_, or _sonuere_. + +503. The usual signs of divinity.--_Trabea_. See above, I. 37. Plutarch +says, that Romulus appeared [Greek: huplois lamprois kai phlegousi +kekosmaemenos]. As the poet here uses the word _trabea_, I would take +_jura dabas_ above, v. 492, in its simple sense. + +510. _Populos_, the Romans and Sabines, or probably as above, I. 38, for +_cives_. Many MSS. read _patres_. + +511. _Collis_, the Quirinal. Festus, with much greater probability, +supposes it to have derived its name from the Sabines from Cures having +settled on it. Niebuhr thinks there was a town on it named Quirium, +whence came the name Quirites, at first peculiar to the Sabine portion of +the Roman people. + +512. The Quirinalia were _stativa_. See note on I. 657. + +513. Another name for the Quirinalia was the Stultorurn Feriae, because +those who from ignorance, or from having been on a journey, or from want +of time, or any other just cause, had not sacrificed with the rest of the +people on the Fornicalia, which was an indictive festival, (see preceding +note) did so on the Quirinalia. The poet takes this occasion of relating +the supposed origin of the Fornicalia. + +519. _Jaciebant_, cast, i. e. sowed. + +526. _Temperet_, that is, keep from burning. + +527. _Curio_. Romulus, we are told, divided the people into 30 _curiae_, +over each of which was a _curio_. The Curio Maximus presided over the 30 +Curiones.--_Leg. verb_. ex gr. _Lavatio Deum Matris est hodie. Jovis +epulum eras est. Aesculapii geritur celebraturque vindemia. Lectisternium +Cereris erit Idibus proximis_. Arnobius, L. vii. + +529. _Multa tabella_. On which was inscribed in what Curia each part of +the people was to worship. + +533. The Feralia, in honour of the dead, were celebrated on the 19th of +February, as this was formerly the last month of the year. Festus derives +Feralia, _à ferendis epulis vel a feriendis pecudibus_.--Varro, _ab +inferis et ferendo epulas_. The derivation from _inferis_ is nearest the +truth. + +537. _Porrectis_. One MS. which is followed by Heinsius, and the other +editors, reads _projectis_. + +542. _Sua verba_, suitable words. + +545. See Virg aen. v. 94, _et seq_. + +548. _Par. dies_, the days on which the Parentalia were celebrated.-- +_Deseruere_, neglected. + +554. _Deformes_, scil, _simulacra modis pallentia miris_, or, as Lenz +understands it, having no certain form. + +557. _Viduae puellae_, either widows, or, if _viduae_ is taken in its +general sense, simply unmarried women. Two MSS. read _avidae_. + +558. _Puros dies_, days not devoted to gloomy or melancholy matters, like +the Feralia. + +559, 560. _Quae_ etc. opposed, it would appear, to the _viduae_ of v. +557.--_Hasta_. It was the custom to divide the hair of a virgin-bride +with the point of a small spear. + +560. Torches were used at funerals and at the _Parentalia_, as well as at +weddings. + +563. During this time, the temples of the gods were closed, and no sacred +rites performed. + +566. That the souls of the dead loved to partake of food, is an opinion +as old as the time of Homer. See the [Greek: nekuia] in the Odyssey. + +567, 568. The Feralia, or last day for appeasing the Manes, was the XII. +Kal. Mart, from which, to the end of the month, there were exactly +eleven; that is, six and five days. Some have thought that the poet meant +six feet only, and that therefore the Feralia were the VI. Kal. Mart, +but this is contradicted by v. 684, and by an ancient calendar which +places them on the XII. Kal. Mart. + +569. See note on v. 533. + +571. He now relates the rites performed on this day to the goddess Muta +or Tacita, to bind the tongues of detractors. Neapolis thinks that the +reason of uniting them with the Parentalia, may have been to give effect +to the maxim, _de mortuis nil nisi bonum.--Annosa_, Heinsius would read +_vinosa_ or _pannosa_. + +574. _Brevis_, i. e. _parvus_. + +575. _Plumbo_. Black lead was employed in magic. One or two MSS. read +_rhombo_, which is adopted by Heinsius and Gierig, and which I should +also feel disposed to adopt. The _rhombus_ or spindle, and the black or +party-coloured threads were of great use in magic. See Virg. Ecl. viii. +75. + +576. Seven, like three, was a magic number. + +578. _Maenae_. The _maena_ was a small fish of little value, which was +salted and eaten by the poorer sort of people. It was used on this +occasion symbolically, and was an appropriate offering to the goddess of +Silence. This, which is the reading of only two MSS. has been adopted by +all the editors: the MSS. in general read _menta_ or _mintha_. + +581. _Vinximus_. _Vincire_ was the appropriate word to express the +hindrance of any action by magic art. + +583. This legend must have been invented long after the Romans had become +acquainted with Grecian Mythology, as their ancient religion knew nothing +of choirs of nymphs, or of amours of the gods. See Mythology, p. 450. + +585. _Indomita_, [Greek: adamasto]. Many MSS. read _immodico_, and +_victus_ for _captus_. + +598. The nymphs of the Anien, the god of which, according to our poet +(Am. III. 6, 45,) espoused the mother of Romulus. Horace (Car. I. 2, 17,) +unites her to the god of the Tiber. + +600. That is, her name was 615. The Romans had both Lala, from _lalia_. + +601. He makes her the daughter of the god of the river Almo. + +605. _Nuptam_ scil. Junonem. The common reading of the MSS. is _nuptas_; +some have _nymphae_ or _nympnam. It is evident that the poet wished to +express the busy meddling loquacity of Lara, as it would have sufficed to +set Juturna on her guard. + +615. The Romans had both public and private Lares. The word Las is +Etruscan and signified _Lord_. See V. 1238, _et seq_. and Mythology, pp. +481.482. + +617--638. On the XI. Kal. Mart. was held the domestic feast, named the +Caristia, from _carus_. "Convivium etiam solemne majores instituerunt, +idque Caristia appellaverunt, cui praeter cognatos et affines nemo +interponebatur; ut si qua inter necessarios querela esset orta, apud +sacra mensae et inter hilaritatem animorum, fautoribus concordiae +adhibitis, tolleretur." Valer. Max. II. 1. + +619. He gives the reason why the Caristia followed immediately after the +Feralia, that the dead might visit their friends, and have their share of +the feast. See above note on v. 566. + +625. Who thinks his father or mother lives too long. + +628. Ino. For all the persons mentioned here, see my Mythology, under +their names. + +631. The Genii, and all the domestic gods, were called _Di boni_, [Greek: +agathoi daimones]. The Lares or Penates are meant here. + +633. _Libate dapes_. Place a portion of the food (_dapes_) on a _patella_ +to be set before the gods, i. e. the _Lares_. _Libare, dapes, patella_ +and _honor_, are all the appropriate terms. + +634. _Incinctos_, that is, _succinctos_. See V. 2l7. 675. Persius Sat. +V.3l. + +635. _Nox ultima_, the latter part of the night towards morning, Most +MSS. read _humida_. + +636. _Larga_. One or two MSS. read parca, which Heinsius and Gierig adopt +without hesitation,--_Precaturi manu_. Heinsius conjectures _precaturae +manus_, which reading is adopted by Gierig. In their editions the line +runs thus: _Parca precaturae sumite vina manus_. + +637. It was considered highly culpable not to join the name of the prince +in their supplications on occasions like this. Hence we seem to have +derived the custom of drinking the king's health. + +639. On the VIII. Kal. Mart. was the festival of the Terminalia, +instituted, as was said, by Numa. + +640. The Terminus or boundary, which also represented the god, was either +a stone or a post of wood placed in the ground. + +643. He here gives a minute description of the mode of worshiping the god +of boundaries.--_Duo domini_, the owners of the ground on both sides. + +644. _Bina_, same as _duo_. + +645. _Curto testu_, a small earthen vessel. Heinsius has proved by +abundant examples, that this was a usual sense of _curtus_. + +648. _Rami_. These were driven into the ground, or rather into the +sod-built altar, to keep the wood which was piled up from tumbling about. + +650. _Canistra_, the basket in which were the corn, &c. to be used. + +654. _Candida_, clad in white. + +659. This is the hymn of the poet, rather than of the rustics. + +663. The well-known story of the combat between three hundred +Lacedaemonians and as many Argives, for the possession of Thyrea. See +Herod. I. 82. Lucian, Charon, Valerius Maximus, &c. + +665. _Lectus_, read; for when the three surviving Argives had run home +with the news of their victory, thinking all the enemies dead, he got up, +piled a trophy, and inscribed it with his blood. All the MSS. read +_tectus_; _lectus_ is the conjecture of Barthius, as Statius, Theb. iv. +47, says, _Et Lacedaemonium Thyre lectura cruorem_. It is almost certain +that it is the true reading; the exclamation in the following line +appears to confirm it. + +667. See the story in Livy, I. 55. + +669. _Inventus_. Five MSS. read _conventus_, which Heinsius and Gierig +have adopted. Gierig interprets it _cum ad eum convenissent augures_. I +must doubt if _conventus_ ever occurs in this passive sense. Burmann +proposes _tunc lentus_. + +670. _Unde in Capitolio superna pars tecti patet quae lapidem ipsum +Termini spectat, nam Termino non nisi, sub divo sacrificabatur_. Servius +on aen. ixx. 448. + +680. It is well known that aeneas landed in this part of the country. See +Virgil, Livy, &c. + +682. The boundary of the Roman dominion was at one time between the fifth +and sixth milestone on the Laurentine way.--How it was enlarged in the +days of the poet! A sacrifice to Terminus was still offered on that spot. + +684. A play on words. + +685. The _Regifugium_, or banishment of the Tarquins, is placed by the +poet on the 24th February, the VIII. Kal. Mart. One very ancient MS. +reads _quintus_, which reading is adopted by Neapolis and by Petavius, +who accuses Ovid of gross negligence. One MS. reads _Septimus extremo_. + +687. See the whole history in Livy, I. Niebuhr (Rom. Hist, I. 486,) +justly gives the palm to the narrative of the historian over that of our +poet. The modern historian's criticism of the whole story is exceedingly +well worthy of perusal. + +690. Livy, I. 53. It is the story of Zopyrus, transferred from Herodotus +(III. 154,) to the Roman history. + +694. _Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae_. Virg. + +703. This also is taken from Herodotus, (v. 92) who tells us that +Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miletus, employed the same mode of giving +counsel to Periander. + +704. _Sectus_. Most MSS. read _septus_. The former is much to be +preferred. _Seco_ is frequently used of rivers. + +706. In the ordinary narrative they are poppies. + +713. The poet in his haste or negligence confounds matters here, for this +response was given to their question, of who should be king of Rome. See +Livy. + +716. _Turba_. There were but two sons of Tarquin sent to consult the +oracle. + +729. _Torus socialis_, i.e. _uxor_.--_In officio_, faithful. _Fundanos +in officio esse_. Liv. viii. 19. + +733. _Cui clarum_, etc. When Tarquin took Collatia from the Sabines, he +made his uncle, Egerius, governor of it, whose son was thence named +Collatinus. A different, and much more probable origin of names of this +kind, is given by Niebuhr. Rom. Hist. I. 293. + +739. _Nurum_, the wife of Sextus Tarquinius. Nodell ad Avian, p. 108, +proposes _nurus_. It is _nurus_ in Livy. The poet (v. 725,) has, however, +spoken of but one of the young Tarquinii.--_Coronis_, several MSS. read +_capillis_, but compare v. 772. + +744. _Tenui_, a low, soft voice. + +746. _Lacerna_, a thick, warm, military cloak. + +747. This is said to intimate the retired life which Lucretia led. + +749. You will certainly be conquered at last; you hold out against better +(i.e. braver) men. _Dum pugnant Danai dum restat barbarus Hector_, +Propert, III. 7, 31. _Nunc paucis plures vix restatis_. Liv. xxiii. 45. + +755. _Intenta_, drawn. Most MSS. read _incepta_. + +765. _Et quod_, etc. Her modesty. _Tum forma, tum spectata castitas +incitat_. Livy. + +785. _aerata_, covered with brass. + +787. _Hostis ut hospes_. This play on words was not disdained even by +Livy, who puts it in the mouth of Lucretia herself. + +788. He was second cousin to Collatinus. + +807. Compare v. 809. _Pro crimine_, as a means of criminating you. + +808. _Adulter_, scil. Sextus himself. + +825. _Hoc_, scil. that I am obliged to relate my own disgrace. How +infinitely superior is Livy here. It is probable that he kept much closer +to Ennius than Ovid chose to do. + +833. Euripides (Hec. 568,) says of Polyxena [Greek: hae de kai thnaeskous +omos Pollaen pronoian eichen euschaemos pesein]. + +837. Brutus signifies _stupid, foolish_. Niebuhr shews well the +inconsistencies and contradictions in the whole history of Brutus. + +845. _Ad verba_. Eight MSS. read _adversa_.--_Sine lumine_, as being now +sunk in death. + +846. _Concussa coma_. Gierig thinks this is an allusion to the Jupiter of +Homer, and condemns it; most justly, no doubt, if it is such, but of that +I am by no means certain. + +847. _Fertur_ scil. effertur_. + +848. Tears for her own hard fate; hatred (_invidia, odium_) of the +tyrant. + +853. Columella, xi. 2, says, that the, swallow is seen on the VII. Kal. +Mart, Pliny, II. 47, says, _Favonium quidam a. d. viii. Kal. Mart. +Chelidoniam vacant ab hirundinis visu.--Veris praenuntia_ [Greek: haeros +angelos imerophonos aaedon]. Sappho. + +854. _Qua_ scil. _parte_. + +855. For Progne and Tereus, see Met. vi. 425, _et seq_. Mythology, p. +341. + +857. The Equiria or horseraces on the Campus Martius, in honour of Mars, +were held on the III. Kal. Mart. + +861. Your month (_tua tempora_) demands a place in my poem. + +864. _Mihi_. Five MSS. read _mea_. + + + + +LIBER III. + + +Bellice, depositis clypeo paullisper et hasta, + Mars, ades, et nitidas casside solve comas. +Forsitan ipse roges, quid sit cum Marte poetae. + A te, qui canitur, nomina mensis habet. +Ipse vides manibus peragi fera bella Minervae; 5 + Num minus ingenuis artibus illa vacat? +Palladis exemplo ponendae tempora sume + Cuspidis; invenies et quod inermis agas. +Tum quoque inermis eras, quum te Romana sacerdos + Cepit, ut huic urbi semina digna dares. 10 +Silvia Vestalis--quid enim vetat inde moveri?-- + Sacra lavaturas mane petebat aquas. +Ventum erat ad molli declivem tramite ripam: + Ponitur e summa fictilis urna coma. +Fessa resedit humi, ventosque accepit aperto 15 + Pectore, turbatas restituitque comas. +Dum sedet, umbrosae salices volucresque canorae? + Fecerunt somnos, et leve murmur aquae. +Blanda quies victis furtim subrepit ocellis, + Et cadit a mento languida facta manus. 20 +Mars videt hanc, visamque cupit, potiturque cupitam, + Et sua divina furta fefellit ope. +Somnus abit: jacet illa gravis. Jam scilicet intra + Viscera, Romanae conditor urbis, eras. +Languida consurgit, nec scit, cur languida surgat, 25 + Et peragit tales arbore nixa sonos: +Utile sit faustumque, precor, quod imagine somni + Vidimus! An somno clarius illud erat? +Ignibus Iliacis aderam, quum lapsa capillis + Decidit ante sacros lanea vitta focos. 30 +Inde duae pariter--visu mirabile--palmae + Surgunt. Ex illis altera major erat, +Et gravibus ramis totum protexerat orbem, + Contigeratque nova sidera summa coma. +Ecce meus ferrum patruus molitur in illas! 35 + Terreor admonitu, corque timore micat. +Martia picus avis gemino pro stipite pugnant + Et lupa. Tuta per hos utraque palma fuit. +Dixerat: et plenam non firmis viribus urnam + Sustulit.--Implerat, dum sua visa refert.-- 40 +Interea crescente Remo, crescente Quirino, + Coelesti tumidus pondere venter erat. +Quo minus emeritis exiret cursibus annus, + Restabant nitido jam duo signa deo: +Silvia fit mater. Vestae simulacra feruntur 45 + Virgineas oculis opposuisse manus. +Ara deae certe tremuit, pariente ministra, + Et subiit cineres territa flamma suos. +Haec ubi cognovit contemptor Amulius aequi, + --Nam raptas fratri victor habebat opes-- 50 +Amne jubet mergi geminos. Scelus unda refugit: + In sicca pueri destituuntur humo. +Lacte quis infantes nescit crevisse ferino, + Et picum expositis saepe tulisse cibos? +Non ego te, tantae nutrix Larentia gentis, 55 + Nec taceam vestras, Faustule pauper, opes. +Vester honos veniet, quum Larentalia dicam: + Acceptus Geniis illa December habet. +Martia ter senos proles adoleverat annos, + Et suberat flavae jam nova barba comae: 60 +Omnibus agricolis armentorumque magistris + Iliadae fratres jura petita dabant. +Saepe domum veniunt praedonum sanguine laeti, + Et redigunt actos in sua rura boves. +Ut genus audierunt, animos pater editus auget, 65 + Et pudet in paucis nomen habere casis: +Romuleoque cadit trajectus Amulius ense, + Regnaque longaevo restituuntur avo. +Moenia conduntur, quae, quamvis parva fuerunt, + Non tamen expediit transiluisse Remo. 70 +Jam, modo qua fuerant silvae pecorumque recessus, + Urbs erat, aeternae quum pater urbis ait: +Arbiter armorum, de cujus sanguine natus + Credor, et ut credar, pignora certa dabo, +A te principium Romano ducimus anno: 75 + Primus de patrio nomine mensis eat. +Vox rata fit, patrioque vocat de nomine mensem. + Dicitur haec pietas grata fuisse deo. +Et tamen ante omnes Martem coluere priores; + Hoc dederat studiis bellica turba suis; 80 +Pallada Cecropidae, Minoia Creta Dianam, + Vulcanum tellus Hypsipylea colit: +Junonem Sparte Pelopeïadesque Mycenae: + Pinigerum Fauni Maenalis ora caput. +Mars Latio venerandus erat, quia praesidet armis. 85 + Arma ferae genti remque decusque dabant. +Quod si forte vacas, peregrinos inspice fastos: + Mensis in his etiam nomine Martis erit. +Tertius Albanis, quintus fuit ille Faliscis: + Sextus apud populos, Hernica terra, tuos. 90 +Inter Aricinos Albanaque tempora constant + Factaque Telegoni moenia celsa manu. +Quintum Laurentes, bis quintum Aequicolus asper, + A tribus hunc primum turba Curensis habet. +Et tibi cum proavis, miles Peligne, Sabinis 95 + Convenit: hic genti quartus utrique deus. +Romulus, hos omnes ut vinceret ordine saltem, + Sanguinis auctori tempora prima dedit. +Nec totidem veteres, quot nunc, habuere Kalendas, + Ille minor geminis mensibus annus erat. 100 +Nondum tradiderat victas victoribus artes + Graecia, facundum, sed male forte genus. +Qui bene pugnabat, Romanam noverat artem; + Mittere qui poterat pila, disertus erat. +Quis tunc aut Hyadas, aut Pliadas Atlanteas 105 + Senserat, aut geminos esse sub axe polos? +Esse duas Arctos, quarum Cynosura petatur + Sidoniis, Helicen Graja carina notet? +Signaque, quae longo frater percenseat anno, + Ire per haec uno inense sororis equos? 110 +Libera currebant, et inobservata per annum + Sidera: constabat sed tamen esse deos. +Non illi coelo labentia signa movebant, + Sed sua: quae magnum perdere crimen erat. +Illa quidem feno; sed erat reverentia feno, 115 + Quantam nunc aquilas cernis habere tuas. +Pertica suspensos portabat longa maniplos: + Unde maniplaris nomina miles habet. +Ergo animi indociles et adhuc ratione carentes + Mensibus egerunt lustra minora decem. 120 +Annus erat, decimum quum luna repleverat orbem. + Hic numerus magno tunc in honore fuit; +Seu quia tot digiti, per quos numerare solemus: + Seu quia bis quino femina mense parit: +Seu quod adusque decem numero crescente venitur; 125 + Principium spatiis sumitur inde novis. +Inde pares centum denos secrevit in orbes + Romulus, Hastatos instituitque decem; +Et totidem Princeps, totidem Pilanus habebat + Corpora, legitimo quique merebat equo. 130 +Quin etiam paries totidem Titiensibus idem, + Quosque vocant Ramnes, Luceribusque dedit. +Assuetos igitur numeros servavit in anno. + Hoc luget spatio femina maesta virum. +Neu dubites, primae fuerint quin ante Kalendae 135 + Martis, ad haec animum signa referre potes, +Laurea Flaminibus, quae toto perstitit anno, + Tollitur, et frondes sunt in honore novae. +Janua nunc Regis posita viret arbore Phoebi: + Ante tuas fit idem, Curia Prisca, fores. 140 +Vesta quoque ut folio niteat velata recenti, + Cedit ab Iliacis laurea cana focis. +Adde, quod arcana fieri novus ignis in aede + Dicitur, et vires flamma refecta capit. +Nec mihi parva fides, annos hinc isse priores, 145 + Anna quod hoc coepta est mense Perenna coli. +Hinc etiam veteres initi memorantur honores + Ad spatium belli, perfide Poene, tui. +Denique quintus ab hoc fuerat Quintilis, et inde + Incipit, a numero nomina quisquis habet. 150 +Primus oliviferis Romam deductus ab arvis + Pompilius menses sensit abesse duos: +Sive hoc a Samio doctus, qui posse renasci + Nos putat, Egeria sive monente sua. +Sed tamen errabant etiam tunc tempora, donec 155 + Caesaris in multis haec quoque cura fuit. +Non haec ille deus, tantaeque propaginis auctor, + Credidit officiis esse minora suis, +Promissumque sibi voluit praenoscere coelum, + Nec deus ignotas hospes inire domos, 160 +Ille moras solis, quibus in sua signa rediret, + Traditur exactis disposuisse notis. +Is decies senos tercentum et quinque diebus + Junxit, et e pleno tempora quarta die. +Hic anni modus est. In lustrum accedere debet, 165 + Quae consummatur partibus, una dies. + +Si licet occultus monitus audire deorum + Vatibus, ut certe fama licere putat, +Quum sis officiis, Gradive, virilibus aptus, + Dic mihi, matronae cur tua festa colant. 170 +Sic ego. Sic posita dixit mihi casside Mavors; + Sed tamen in dextra missilis hasta fuit: +Nunc primum studiis pacis deus utilis armis + Advocor, et gressus in nova castra fero. +Nec piget incepti; juvat hac quoque parte morari, 175 + Hoc solam ne se posse Minerva putet. +Disce, Latinorum vates operose dierum, + Quod petis, et memori pectore dicta nota. +Parva fuit, si prima velis elementa referre, + Roma: sed in parva spes tamen hujus erat. 180 +Moenia jam stabant, populis angusta futuris, + Credita sed turbae tunc nimis ampla suae. +Quae fuerit nostri, si quaeris, regia nati, + Adspice de canna straminibusque domum. +In stipula placidi carpebat munera somni, 185 + Et tamen ex illo venit in astro toro. +Jamque loco majus nomen Romanus habebat, + Nec conjux illi, nec socer ullus erat. +Spernebant generos inopes vicinia dives, + Et male credebar sanguinis auctor ego. 190 +In stabulis habitasse, boves pavisse, nocebat, + Jugeraque inculti pauca tenere soli. +Cum pare quaeque suo coëunt volucresque feraeque, + Atque aliquam, de qua procreet, anguis habet. +Extremis dantur connubia gentibus: at, quae 195 + Romano vellet nubere, nulla fuit. +Indolui, patriamque dedi tibi, Romule, mentem. + Tolle preces, dixi: quod petis, arma dabunt. +Festa para Conso.--Consus tibi cetera dicet + Illo facta die, quum sua sacra canes.-- 200 +Intumuere Cures, et quos dolor attigit idem, + Tum primum generis intulit arma socer. +Jamque fere raptae matrum quoque nomen habebant, + Tractaque erant longa bella propinqua mora, +Conveniunt nuptae dictam Junonis in aedem, 205 + Quas inter mea sic est nurus orsa loqui: +O pariter raptae,--quoniam hoc commune tenemus-- + Non ultra lente possumus esse piae. +Stant acies: sed utra dî sint pro parte rogandi, + Eligite; hinc conjux, hinc pater arma tenent, 210 +Quaerendum, viduae fieri malimus an orbae. + Consilium vobis forte piumque dabo. +Consilium dederat: parent, crinemque resolvunt, + Maestaque funerea corpora veste tegunt. +Jam stabant acies ferro mortique paratae: 215 + Jam lituus pugnae signa daturus erat: +Quum raptae veniunt inter patresque virosque, + Inque sinu natos, pignora cara, ferunt. +Ut medium campi passis tetigere capillis, + In terram posito procubuere genu; 220 +Et, quasi sentirent, blando clamore nepotes + Tendebant ad avos brachia parva suos. +Qui poterat, clamabat avum tum denique visum, + Et qui vix poterat, posse coactus erat. +Tela viris animique cadunt, gladiisque remotis 225 + Dant soceri generis accipiuntque manus; +Laudatasque tenent natas, scutoque nepotem + Fert avus: hic scuti dulcior usus erat. +Inde diem, quae prima, meas celebrare Kalendas + Oebalides matres non leve munus habent. 230 +An, quia committi strictis mucronibus ausae + Finierant lacrimis Martia bella suis? +Vel, quod erat de me feliciter Ilia mater, + Rite colunt matres sacra diemque meum? +Quid? quod hiems adoperta gelu nunc denique cedit, 235 + Et pereunt victae sole tepente nives; +Arboribus redeunt detonsae frigore frondes, + Vividaque e tenero palmite gemma tumet; +Quaeque diu latuit, nunc, se qua tollat in auras, + Fertilis occultas invenit herba vias. 240 +Nunc fecundus ager: pecoris nunc hora creandi: + Nunc avis in ramo tecta laremque parat. +Tempora jure colunt Latiae fecunda parentes, + Quarum militiam votaque partus habet. +Adde, quod, excubias ubi rex Romanus agebat, 245 + --Qui nunc Esquilias nomina collis habet-- +Illic a nuribus Junoni templa Latinis + Hac sunt, si memini, publica facta die. +Quid moror, et variis onero tua pectora causis? + Eminet ante oculos, quod petis, ecce tuos. 250 +Mater amat nuptas: matrum me turba frequentant. + Haec nos praecipue tam pia causa decet. +Ferte deae flores: gaudet florentibus herbis + Haec dea: de tenero cingite flore caput. +Dicite, Tu lucem nobis, Lucina, dedisti; 255 + Dicite, Tu voto parturientis ades. +Si qua tamen gravida est, resoluto crine precetur, + Ut solvat partus molliter illa suos. + +Quis mihi nunc dicet, quare coelestia Martis + Arma ferant Salii, Mamuriumque canant? 260 +Nympha, mone, nemori stagnoque operata Dianae: + Nympha, Numae conjux, ad tua facta veni. +Vallis Aricinae silva praecinctus opaca + Est lacus antiqua religione sacer. +Hic latet Hippolytus furiis distractus equorum: 265 + Unde nemus nullis illud initur equis. +Licia dependent longas velantia sepes, + Et posita est meritae multa tabella deae. +Saepe potens voti, frontem redimita coronis, + Femina lucentes portat ab urbe faces. 270 +Regna tenent fortesque manu, pedibusque fugaces; + Et perit exemplo postmodo quisque suo. +Defluit incerto lapidosus murmure rivus: + Saepe, sed exiguis haustibus, inde bibi. +Egeria est, quae praebet aquas, dea grata Camenis. 275 + Illa Numae conjux consiliumque fuit. +Principio nimium promptos ad bella Quirites + Molliri placuit jure deûmque metu. +Inde datae leges, ne firmior omnia posset, + Coeptaque sunt pure tradita sacra coli. 280 +Exuitur feritas, armisque potentius aequum est, + Et cum cive pudet conseruisse manus. +Atque aliquis, modo trux, visa jam vertitur ara, + Vinaque dat tepidis salsaque farra focis. +Ecce deûm genitor rutilas per nubila flammas 285 + Spargit, et effusis aethera siccat aquis. +Non alias missi cecidere frequentius ignes. + Rex pavet, et vulgi pectora terror habet. +Cui dea, Ne nimium terrere! piabile fulmen + Est, ait, et saevi flectitur ira Jovis. 290 +Sed poterunt ritum Picus Faunusque piandi + Prodere, Romani numen uterque soli. +Nec sine vi tradent; adhibeto vincula captis! + Atque ita, qua possint, erudit, arte capi. +Lucus Aventino suberat niger ilicis umbra, 295 + Quo posses viso dicere, numen inest. +In medio gramen, muscoque adoperta virenti + Manabat saxo vena perennis aquae. +Inde fere soli Faunus Picusque bibebant. + Huc venit, et Fonti rex Numa mactat ovem, 300 +Plenaque odorati dîs ponit pocula Bacchi, + Cumque suis antro conditus ipse latet. +Ad solitos veniunt silvestria numina fontes, + Et relevant multo pectora sicca mero. +Vina quies sequitur: gelido Numa prodit ab antro, 305 + Vinclaque sopitas addit in arcta manus. +Somnus ut abscessit, tentando vincula pugnant + Rumpere: pugnantes fortius illa tenent. +Tum Numa, Di nemorum, factis ignoscite nostris, + Si scelus ingenio scitis abesse meo; 310 +Quoque modo possit fulmen, monstrate, piari. + Sic Numa. Sic quatiens cornua Faunus ait: +Magna petis, nec quae monitu tibi discere nostro + Fas sit. Habent fines numina nostra suos. +Di sumus agrestes, et qui dominemur in altis 315 + Montibus. Arbitrium est in sua tela Jovi. +Hunc tu non poteris per te deducere coelo: + At poteris nostra forsitan usus ope. +Dixerat haec Faunus: par est sententia Pici. + Deme tamen nobis vincula, Picus ait. 320 +Jupiter huc veniet summa deductus ab arce. + Nubila promissi Styx mihi testis erit. +Emissi quid agant laqueis, quae carmina dicant, + Quaque trahant superis sedibus arte Jovem, +Scire nefas homini. Nobis concessa canentur, 325 + Quaeque pio dici vatis ab ore licet. +Eliciunt caelo te, Jupiter; unde minores + Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciumque vocant. +Constat Aventinae tremuisse cacumina silvae, + Terraque subsedit pondere pressa Jovis. 330 +Corda micant regis, totoque e pectore sanguis + Fugit, et hirsutae diriguere comae. +Ut rediit animus, Da certa piamina, dixit, + Fulminis, altorum rexque paterque deum, +Si tua contigimus manibus donaria puris, 335 + Hoc quoque, quod petitur, si pia lingua rogat. +Annuit oranti: sed verum ambage remota + Abdidit, et dubio terruit ore virum. +Caede _caput_, dixit. Cui rex, Parebimus, inquit: + Caedenda est hortis eruta _cepa_ meis. 340 +Addidit hic, _Hominis. Summos_, ait ille, _capillos_. + Postulat hic _animam_. Cui Numa, _Piscis_, ait. +Risit, et, His, inquit, facito mea tela procures, + O vir colloquio non abigende deum! +Sed tibi, protulerit quum totum crastinus orbem 345 + Cynthius, imperii pignora certa dabo. +Dixit, et ingenti tonitru super aethera motum + Fertur, adorantem destituitque Numam. +Ille redit laetus, memoratque Quiritibus acta. + Tarda venit dictis difficilisque fides. 350 +At certe credemur, ait, si verba sequatur + Exitus. En, audi crastina, quisquis ades. +Protulerit terris quum totum Cynthius orbem, + Jupiter imperii pignora certa dabit. +Discedunt dubii, promissaque tarda videntur, 355 + Dependetque fides a veniente die. +Mollis erat tellus rorataque mane pruina; + Ante sui populus limina regis adest. +Prodit et in solio medius consedit acerno. + Innumeri circa stantque silentque viri. 360 +Ortus erat summo tantummodo margine Phoebus: + Sollicitae mentes speque metuque pavent. +Constitit, atque caput niveo velatus amictu + Jam bene dîs notas sustulit ille manus. +Atque ita, Tempus adest promissi muneris, inquit, 365 + Pollicitam dictis, Jupiter, adde fidem. +Dum loquitur, totum jam sol evolverat orbem, + Et gravis aetherio venit ab axe fragor. +Ter tonuit sine nube deus, tria fulgura misit. + Credite dicenti; mira, sed acta, loquor. 370 +A media coelum regione dehiscere coepit: + Submisere oculos cum duce turba suo. +Ecce levi scutum versatum leniter aura + Decidit. A populo clamor ad astra venit. +Tollit humo munus caesa prius ille juvenca, 375 + Quae dederat nulli colla premenda jugo; +Idque _ancile_ vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est, + Quaque notes oculis angulus omnis abest. +Tum, memor imperii sortem consistere in illo, + Consilium multae calliditatis init. 380 +Plura jubet fieri simili caelata figura, + Error ut ante oculos insidiantes eat. +Mamurius, morum fabraene exactior artis, + Difficile est ulli dicere, clausit opus. +Cui Numa munificus, Facti pete praemia, dixit: 385 + Si mea nota fides, irrita nulla petes. +Jam dederat Saliis--a saltu nomina ducunt-- + Armaque, et ad certos verba canenda modos. +Tum sic Mamurius, Merces mihi gloria detur, + Nominaque extreme carmine nostra sonent. 390 +Inde sacerdotes operi promissa vetusto + Praemia persolvunt, Mamuriumque vocant. +Nubere si qua voles, quamvis properabitis ambo, + Differ: habent parvae commoda magna morae. +Arma movent pugnam, pugna est aliena maritis. 395 + Condita quum fuerint, aptius omen erit. +His etiam conjux apicati cincta Dialis + Lucibus impexas debet habere comas. + +Tertia nox emersa suos ubi moverit ignes, + Conditus e geminis Piscibus alter erit. 400 +Nam duo sunt: Austris hic est, Aquilonibus ille + Proximus; a vento nomen uterque tenet. + +Quum croceis rorare genis Tithonia conjux + Coeperit, et quintae tempora lucis aget; +Sive est Arctophylax, sive est piger ille Bootes, 405 + Mergetur, visus effugietque tuos. +At non effugiet Vindemitor. Hoc quoque causam + Unde trahat sidus, parva docere mora est. +Ampelon intonsum Satyris Nymphaque creatum + Fertur in Ismariis Bacchus amasse jugis. 410 +Tradidit huic vitem pendentem ex frondibus ulmi, + Quae nunc de pueri nomine nomen habet, +Dum legit in ramo pictas temerarius uvas, + Decidit: amissum Liber in astra vehit. + +Sextus ubi Oceano clivosum scandit Olympian 415 + Phoebus, et alatis aethera carpit equis; +Quisquis ades, canaeque colis penetralia Vestae, + Cratera Iliacis turaque pone focis. +Caesaris innumeris, quem maluit ille mereri, + Accessit titulis Pontificalis honos. 420 +Ignibus aeternis aeterni numina praesunt + Caesaris. Imperii pignora juncta vides. +De veteris Troiae dignissima praeda favilla, + Qua gravis aeneas tutus ab hoste fuit; +Ortus ab aenea tangit cognata sacerdos 425 + Numina; cognatum, Vesta, tuere caput. +Quos sancta fovet ille manu, bene vivitis ignes. + Vivite inexstincti, flammaque, duxque! precor. +Una nota est Martis Nonis, sacrata quod illis + Templa putant lucos Vejovis ante duos. 430 +Romulus ut saxo lucum circumdedit alto, + Quilibet huc, inquit, confuge, tutus eris. +O quam de tenui Romanus origine crevit! + Turba vetus quam non invidiosa fuit! +Ne tamen ignaro novitas tibi nominis obstet, 435 + Disce, quis iste deus, curve vocetur ita. +Jupiter est juvenis: juveniles adspice vultus. + Adspice deinde manum, fulmina nulla tenet. +Fulmina post ausos coelum affectare Gigantas + Sumpta Jovi: primo tempore inermis erat. 440 +Ignibus Ossa novis, et Pelion altior Ossa + Arsit, et in solida fixus Olympus humo. +Stat quoque capra simul: Nymphae pavisse feruntur + Cretides: infanti lac dedit Jovi. +Nunc vocor ad nomen. _Vegrandia_ farra colonae, 445 + Quae male creveruut, _vescaque_ parva vocant. +Vis ea si verbi est, cur non ego _Vejovis_ aedem, + aedem non magni suspicer esse Jovis? +Jamque, ubi caeruleum variabunt sidera coelum, + Suspice; Gorgonei colla videbis equi. 450 +Creditur hic caesae gravida cervice Medusae + Sanguine respersis prosiluisse jubis. +Huic supra nubes et subter sidera lapso + Coelum pro terra, pro pede penna fuit. +Jamque indignanti nova frena receperat ore, 455 + Quum levis Aonias ungula fodit aquas. +Nunc fruitur coelo, quod pennis ante petebat, + Et nitidus stellis quinque decemque micat. + +Protinus adspicies venienti nocte Coronam + Gnosida. Theseo crimine facta dea est. 460 +Jam bene perjuro mutarat conjuge Bacchum, + Quae dedit ingrato fila legenda viro. +Sorte tori gaudens, Quid flebam rustica? dixit, + Utiliter nobis perfidus ille fuit. +Interea Liber depexus crinibus Indos 465 + Vincit, et Eoo dives ab orbe redit. +Inter captivas facie praestante puellas + Grata nimis Baccho filia regis erat. +Flebat amans conjux, spatiataque litore curvo + Edidit incultis talia verba comis: 470 +En iterum similes, fluctus, audite querelas! + En iterum lacrimas accipe, arena, meas! +Dicebam, memini, perjure et perfide Theseu! + Ille abiit: eadem crimina Bacchus habet. +Nunc quoque, nulla viro, clamabo, femina credat. 475 + Nomine mutato causa relata mea est. +O utinam mea sors, qua primum coeperat, isset! + Jamque ego praesenti tempore nulla forem! +Quid me desertis perituram, Liber, arenis + Servabas? potui dedoluisse semel. 480 +Bacche levis, leviorque tuis, quae tempora cingunt, + Frondibus, in lacrimas cognite Bacche meas, +Ausus es ante oculos adducta pellice nostros + Tam bene compositum sollicitare torum. +Heu! ubi pacta fides? ubi, quae jurare solebas? 485 + Me miseram! quoties haec ego verba loquor! +Thesea culpabas, fallacemque ipse vocabas: + Judicio peccas turpius ipse tuo. +Ne sciat hoc quisquam, tacitisque doloribus urar! + Ne toties falli digna fuisse puter! 490 +Praecipue cupiam celari Thesea, ne te + Consortem culpae gaudeat esse suae. +At, puto, praeposita est fuscae mihi candida pellex. + Eveniat nostris hostibus ille color! +Quid tamen hoc refert? vitio tibi gratior ipso est. 495 + Quid facis? amplexus inquinat illa tuos. +Bacche, fidem praesta, nec praefer amoribus ullam + Conjugis assuetae semper amare virum. +Ceperunt matrem formosi cornua tauri; + Me tua: me laudant, ille pudendus amor. 500 +Ne noceat quod amo! neque enim tibi, Bacche, nocebat, + Quod flammas nobis fassus es ipse tuas; +Nec, quod nos uris, mirum facis; ortus in igne + Diceris, et patria raptus ab igne manu. +Illa ego sum, cui tu solitus promittere coelum. 505 + Hei mihi, pro coelo qualia dona fero! +Dixerat: audibat jamdudum verba querentis + Liber, ut a tergo forte secutus erat. +Occupat amplexu, lacrimasque per oscula siccat: + Et, Pariter coeli summa petamus, ait. 510 +Tu mihi juncta toro mihi juncta vocabula sumes; + Jam tibi mutatae Libera nomen erit; +Sintque tuae tecum faciam monumenta coronae, + Vulcanus Veneri quam dedit, illa tibi. +Dicta facit, gemmasque novem transformat in ignes. 515 + Aurea per stellas nunc micat illa novem. + +Sex ubi sustulerit, totidem demerserit orbes, + Purpureum rapido qui vehit axe diem; +Altera gramineo spectabis Equiria campo, + Quem Tiberis curvis in latus urget aquis. 520 +Qui tamen ejecta si forte tenebitur unda, + Coelius accipiat pulverulentus equos. + +Idibus est Annae festum geniale Perennse, + Haud procul a ripis, advena Tibri, tuis. +Plebs venit, ac virides passim disjecta per herbas 525 + Potat, et accumbit cum pare quisque sua. +Sub Jove pars durat: pauci tentoria ponunt: + Sunt, quibus e ramis frondea facta casa est: +Pars ibi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis, + Desuper extentas imposuere togas. 530 +Sole tamen vinoque calent, annosque precantur, + Quot sumant cyathos, ad numerumque bibunt. +Invenies illic, qui Nestoris ebibat annos: + Quae sit per calices facta Sibylla suos. +Illic et cantant, quiquid didicere theatris, 535 + Et jactant faciles ad sua verba manus: +Et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas, + Cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis. +Quum redeunt, titubant, et sunt spectacula vulgo, + Et fortunatos obvia turba vocat. 540 +Occurri nuper. Visa est mihi digna relatu + Pompa: senem potum pota trahebat anus. +Quae tamen haec Dea sit,--quoniam rumoribus errat-- + Fabula proposito nulla tacenda meo. +Arserat Aeneae Dido miserabilis igne: 545 + Arserat exstructis in sua fata rogis: +Compositusque cinis, tumulique in marmore carmen + Hoc breve, quod moriens ipsa reliquit, erat: +Praebuit aeneas et causam mortis et ensem: + Ipsa sua Dido concidit usa manu. 550 +Protinus invadunt Numidae sine vindice regnum, + Et potitur capta Maurus Iarba domo; +Seque memor spretum, Thalamis tamen, inquit, Elissae + En ego, quem toties reppulit illa, fruor! +Diffugiunt Tyrii, quo quemque agit error, ut olim 555 + Amisso dubiae rege vagantur apes. +Tertia nudandas acceperat area messes, + Inque cavos ierant tertia musta lacus; +Pellitur Anna domo, lacrimansque sororia linquit + Moenia: germanae justa dat ante suae. 560 +Mixta bibunt molles lacrimis unguenta favillae, + Vertice libatas accipiuntque comas; +Terque, Vale, dixit: cineres ter ad ora relatos + Pressit, et est illis visa subesse soror. +Nacta ratem comitemque fugae pede labitur sequo, 565 + Moenia respiciens, dulce sororis opus. +Fertilis est Melite sterili vicina Cosyrae + Insula, quam Libyci verberat unda freti. +Hanc petit hospitio regis confisa vetusto; + Hospes opum dives rex ibi Battus erat. 570 +Qui postquam didicit casus utriusque sororis, + Haec, inquit, tellus quantulacumque tua est. +Et tamen hospitii servasset ad ultima munus, + Sed timuit magnas Pygmalionis opes. +Signa recensuerat his sol sua: tertius ibat 575 + Annus, et exsulibus terra petenda nova est. +Frater adest belloque petit, rex arma perosus, + Nos sumus imbelles, tu fuge sospes, ait. +Jussa fugit, ventoque ratem committit et undis. + Asperior quovis aequore frater erat. 580 +Est prope piscosos lapidosi Crathidis amnes + Parvus ager: Cameren incola turba vocat. +Illuc cursus erat; nec longius abfuit inde, + Quam quantum novies mittere funda potest. +Vela cadunt primo, et dubia librantur ab aura. 585 + Findite remigio, navita dixit, aquas. +Dumque parant torto subducere carbasa lino, + Percutitur rapido puppis adunca Noto, +Inque patens aequor, frustra pugnante magistro, + Fertur, et ex oculis visa refugit humus. 590 +Assiliunt fluctus, imoque a gurgite pontus + Vertitur, et canas alveus haurit aquas. +Vincitur ars vento, nec jam moderator habenis + Utitur, at votis is quoque poscit opem. +Jactatur tumidas exsul Phoenissa per undas, 595 + Humidaque opposita lumina veste tegit. +Tum primum Dido felix est dicta sorori, + Et quaecumque aliquam corpore pressit humum. +Figitur ad Laurens ingenti flamine litus + Puppis, et expositis omnibus hausta perit. 600 +Jam pius aeneas regno nataque Latini + Auctus erat, populos miscueratque duos. +Litore dotali solo comitatus Achate + Secretum nudo dum pede carpit iter, +Adspicit errantem, nec credere sustinet Annam 605 + Esse. Quid in Latios illa veniret agros? +Dum secum aeneas, _Anna_ est! exclamat Achates. + Ad nomen vultus sustulit illa suos. +Quo fugiat? quid agat? quos terrae quaerat hiatus? + Ante oculos miserae fata sororis erant. 610 +Sensit et alloquitur trepidam Cythereius heros: + Flet tamen admonitu mortis, Elissa, tuae. +Anna, per hanc juro, quam quondam audire solebas + Tellurem fato prosperiore dari; +Perque deos comites, hac nuper sede locatos, 615 + Saepe meas illos increpuisse moras. +Nec timui de morte tamen: metus abfuit iste. + Hei mihi! credibili fortior illa fuit. +Ne refer. Adspexi non illo pectore digna + Vulnera, Tartareas ausus adire domos. 620 +At tu, seu ratio te nostris appulit oris, + Sive deus, regni commoda carpe mei. +Multa tibi memores, nil non debemus Elissae. + Nomine grata tuo, grata sororis, eris. +Talia dicenti--neque enim spes altera restat-- 625 + Credidit, errores exposuitque suos. +Utque domum intravit Tyrios induta paratus, + Incipit Aeneas:--cetera turba silet-- +Hanc tibi cur tradam, pia causa, Lavinia conjux, + Est mihi: consumpsi naufragus hujus opes. 630 +Orta Tyro regnum Libyca possedit in ora: + Quam precor ut carae more sororis ames. +Omnia promittit, falsumque Lavinia vulnus + Mente premit tacita, dissimulatque fremens; +Donaque quum videat praeter sua lumina ferri 635 + Multa palam, mitti clam quoque multa putat. +Non tamen exactum, quid agat. Furialiter odit, + Et parat insidias, et cupit ulta mori. +Nox erat: ante torum visa est adstare sororis + Squalenti Dido sanguinolenta coma, 640 +Et, Fuge, ne dubita, maestum fuge, dicere, tectum, + Sub verbum querulas impulit aura fores. +Exsilit, et velox humili super arva fenestra + Se jacit;--audacem fecerat ipse timor-- +Quaque metu rapitur tunica velata recincta, 645 + Currit, ut auditis territa dama lupis. +Corniger hanc cupidis rapuisse Numicius undis + Creditur, et stagnis occuluisse suis. +Sidonis interea magno clamore per agros + Quaeritur. Apparent signa notaeque pedum. 650 +Ventum erat ad ripas: inerant vestigia ripis. + Sustinuit tacitas conscius amnis aquas. +Ipsa loqui visa est, _Placidi sum Nympha Numici: + Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor_. +Protinus erratis laeti vescuntur in agris, 655 + Et celebrant largo seque diemque mero. +Sunt, quibus haec Luna est, quia mensibus impleat annum: + Pars Themin, Inachiam pars putat esse bovem. +Invenies, qui te Nymphen Atlantida dicant, + Teque Jovi primes, Anna, dedisse cibos. 660 +Haec quoque, quam referam, nostras pervenit ad aures + Fama, nec a vera dissidet illa fide. +Plebs vetus, et nullis etiam tune tuta Tribunis, + Fugit, et in sacri vertice mentis abit. +Jam quoque, quem secum tulerant, defecerat illos 665 + Victus et humanis usibus apta Ceres. +Orta suburbanis quaedam fuit Anna Bovillis + Pauper, sed multae sedulitatis, anus. +Illa levi mitra canos redimita capillos + Fingebat tremula rustica liba manu. 670 +Atque ita per populum fumantia mane solebat + Dividere. Haec populo copia grata fuit. +Pace domi facta signum posuere Perennae, + Quod sibi defectis illa tulisset opem. +Nunc mihi, cur cantent, superest, obscena puellae, 675 + Dicere: nam coëunt certaque probra canunt. +Nuper erat dea facta; venit Gradivus ad Annam, + Et cum seducta talia verba facit: +Mense meo coleris: junxi mea tempora tecum: + Pendet ab officio spes mihi magna tuo. 680 +Armifer armiferae correptus amore Minervae + Uror, et hoc longo tempore vulnus alo. +Effice, dî studio similes coëamus in unum. + Conveniunt partes hae tibi, comis anus. +Dixerat: illa deum promisso ludit inani, 685 + Et stultam dubia spem trahit usque mora. +Saepius instanti, Mandata peregimus, inquit: + Evicta est precibus: vix dedit illa manus. +Gaudet amans thalamosque parat. Deducitur illuc + Anna tegens vultus, ut nova nupta, suos. 690 +Oscula sumpturus subito Mars adspicit Annam; + Nunc pudor elusum, nunc subit ira, deum. +Ridet amatorem carae nova diva Minervae; + Nec res hac Veneri gratior ulla fuit. +Inde joci veteres obscenaque dicta canuntur, 695 + Et juvat hanc magno verba dedisse deo. +Praeteriturus eram gladios in principe fixos, + Quum sic a castis Vesta locuta focis: +Ne dubita meminisse: meus fuit ille sacerdos. + Sacrilegae telis me petiere manus. 700 +Ipsa virum rapui, simulacraque nuda reliqui; + Quae cecidit ferro, Caesaris umbra fuit. +Ille quidem coelo positus Jovis atria vidit, + Et tenet in magno templa dicata foro. +At quicumque nefas ausi, prohibente deorum 705 + Numine, polluerant Pontificale caput, +Morte jacent merita. Testes estote Philippi, + Et quorum sparsis ossibus albet humus. +Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuerunt + Caesaris, ulcisci justa per arma patrem. 710 + +Postera quum teneras Aurora refecerit herbas, + Scorpios a prima parte videndus erit. + +Tertia post Idus lux est celeberrima Baccho. + Bacche, fave vati, dum tua festa cano. +Nec referam Semelen; ad quam nisi fulmina secum 715 + Jupiter afferret, parvus inermis erat: +Nec, puer ut posses maturo tempore nasci, + Expletum patrio corpore matris onus. +Sithonas et Scythicos longum est narrare triumphos, + Et domitas gentes, turifer Inde, tuas. 720 +Tu quoque Thebanae mala praeda tacebere matris, + Inque tuum furiis acte, Lycurge, genu. +Ecce libet subitos pisces Tyrrhenaque monstra + Dicere; sed non est carminis hujus opus. +Carminis hujus opus, causas expromere, quare 725 + Vilis anus populos ad sua liba vocet. +Ante tuos ortus arae sine honore fuerunt, + Liber, et in gelidis herba reperta focis. +Te memorant, Gange totoque Oriente subacto, + Primitias magno seposuisse Jovi. 730 +Cinnama tu primus captivaque tura dedisti, + Deque triumphato viscera tosta bove. +Nomine ab auctoris ducunt Libamina nomen, + Libaque, quod sacris pars datur inde focis. +Liba deo fiunt, succis quia dulcibus ille 735 + Gaudet, et a Baccho mella reperta ferunt. +Ibat arenoso Satyris comitatus ab Hebro: + --Non habet ingratos fabula nostra jocos-- +Jamque erat ad Rhodopen Pangaeaque florida ventum: + aeriferae comitum concrepuere manus. 740 +Ecce novae coëunt volucres tinnitibus actae, + Quaque movent sonitus aera sequuntur apes. +Colligit errantes, et in arbore claudit inani + Liber: et inventi praemia mellis habet. +Ut Satyri levisque senex tetigere saporem, 745 + Quaerebant flavos per nemus omne favos, +Audit in exesa stridorem examinis ulmo, + Adspicit et ceras dissimulatque senex; +Utque piger pandi tergo residebat aselli, + Applicat hunc ulmo corticibusque cavis. 750 +Constitit ipse super ramoso stipite nixus, + Atque avide trunco condita mella petit. +Millia crabronum coëunt, et vertice nudo + Spicula defigunt, oraque summa notant. +Ille cadit praeceps, et calce feritur aselli, 755 + Inclamatque suos, auxiliumque rogat. +Concurrunt Satyri, turgentiaque ora parentis + Rident. Percusso claudicat ille genu. +Ridet et ipse deus, limumque inducere monstrat. + Hic paret monitis et linit ora luto. 760 +Melle pater fruitur, liboque infusa calenti + Jure repertori candida mella damus. +Femina cur praestet, non est rationis opertae. + Femineos thyrso concitat ille chores. +Cur anus hoc faciat, quaeris. Vinosior aetas 765 + Haec est, et gravidae munera vitis amans. +Cur hedera cincta est; Hedera est gratissima Baccho. + Hoc quoque cur ita sit, dicere nulla mora est. +Nysiades Nymphae, puerum quaerente noverca, + Hanc frondem cunis opposuere novis. 770 +Restat, ut inveniam, quare toga libera detur + Lucifero pueris, candide Bacche, tuo; +Sive, quod ipse puer semper juvenisque videris, + Et media est aetas inter utrumque tibi: +Seu, quia tu pater es, patres sua pignora natos 775 + Commendant curae numinibusque tuis; +Sive, quod es Liber, vestis quoque libera per te + Sumitur, et vitae liberioris iter; +An quia, quum prisci colerent studiosius agros, + Et patrio faceret rure senator opus, 780 +Et caperet fasces a curvo consul aratro, + Nec crimen duras esset habere manus, +Rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem: + Sed dîs, non studiis ille dabatur honos. +Luce sua ludos uvae commentor habebat: 785 + Quos cum taedifera nunc habet ipse dea. +Ergo, ut tironem celebrare frequentia posset, + Visa dies dandae non aliena togae. +Mite, Pater, caput huc placataque cornua vertas, + Et des ingenio vela secunda meo! 790 +Itur ad Argeos--qui sint, sua pagina dicet-- + Hac, si commemini, praeteritaque die. +Stella Lycaoniam vergit proclinis ad Arcton + Miluus. Haec illa nocte videnda venit. +Quid dederit volucri, si vis cognoscere, coelum: 795 + Saturnus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. +Concitat iratus validos Titanas in arma, + Quaeque fuit fatis debita, poscit opem. +Matre satus Terra, monstrum mirabile, taurus + Parte sui serpens posteriore fuit. 800 +Hunc triplici muro lucis incluserat atris + Parcarum monitu Styx violenta trium. +Viscera qui tauri flammis adolenda dedisset, + Sors erat, aeternos vincere posse deos. +Immolat hunc Briareus facta ex adamante securi: 805 + Et jam jam flammis exta daturus erat. +Jupiter alitibus rapere imperat. Attulit illi + Miluus, et meritis venit in astra suis. + +Una dies media est, et fiunt sacra Minervae, + Nomina quae a junctis quinque diebus habent. 810 +Sanguine prima vacat, nec fas concurrene ferro. + Causa, quod est illa nata Minerva die. +Altera tresque super strata celebrantur arena. + Ensibus exsertis bellica laeta dea est. +Pallada nunc pueri teneraeque ornate puellae. 815 + Qui bene placarit Pallada, doctus erit. +Pallade placata, lanam mollite, puellae: + Discite jam plenas exonerare colos. +Illa etiam stantes radio percurrere telas + Erudit, et rarum pectine denset opus. 820 +Hanc cole, qui maculas laesis de vestibus aufers: + Hanc cole velleribus quisquis ahena paras. +Nec quisquam invita faciet bene vincula plantae + Pallade, sit Tychio doctior ille licet; +Et licet antiquo manibus collatus Epeo 825 + Sit prior, irata Pallade mancus erit. +Vos quoque, Phoebea morbos qui pellitis arte, + Munera de vestris pauca referte deae. +Nec vos, turba fere censu fraudata, magistri + Spernite; discipulos attrahet illa novos. 830 +Quique moves caelum, tabulamque coloribus uris, + Quique facis docta mollia saxa manu. +Mille dea est operum: certe dea carminis illa est. + Si mereor, studiis adsit amica meis. +Coelius ex alto qua mons descendit in aequum, 835 + Hic ubi non plana est, sed prope plana via est: +Parva licet videas Captae delubra Minervae, + Quae dea natali coepit habere suo. +Nominis in dubio causa est. _Capitale_ vocamus + Ingenium sollers: ingeniosa dea est. 840 +An, quia de capitis fertur sine matre paterni + Vertice cum clypeo prosiluisse suo? +An, quia perdomitis ad nos captiva Faliscis + Venit? et hoc ipsum littera prisca docet. +An, quod habet legem, capitis quae pendere poenas 845 + Ex illo jubeat furta reperta loco? +A quacumque trahis ratione vocabula, Pallas, + Pro ducibus nostris aegida semper habe. +Summa dies e quinque tubas lustrare canoras + Admonet, et forti sacrificare deae. 850 +Nunc potes ad solem sublato dicere vultu: + Hic here Phrixeae vellera pressit ovis. +Seminibus tostis sceleratae fraude novercae + Sustulerat nullas, ut solet, herba comas. +Mittitur ad tripodas, certa qui sorte reportet, 855 + Quam sterili terrae Delphicus edat opem. +Hic quoque corruptus cum semine nuntiat Helles + Et juvenis Phrixi funera sorte peti. +Usque recusantem cives, et tempus, et Ino + Compulerant regem jussa nefanda pati; 860 +Et soror, et Phrixus velati tempora vittis + Stant simul ante aras junctaque fata gemunt. +Adspicit hos, ut forte pependerat aethere mater, + Et ferit attonita pectora nuda manu: +Inque draconigenam nimbis comitantibus urbem 865 + Desilit, et natos eripit inde suos; +Utque fugam capiant, aries nitidissimus auro + Traditur. Ille vehit per freta longa duos. +Dicitur infirma cornu tenuisse sinistra + Femina, quum de se nomina fecit aquae. 870 +Paene simul periit, dum vult succurrere lapsae, + Frater, et extentas porrigit usque manus. +Flebat, ut amissa gemini consorte pericli, + Caeruleo junctam nescius esse deo. +Litoribus tactis aries fit sidus: at hujus 875 + Pervenit in Colchas aurea lana domos. + +Tres ubi Luciferos veniens praemiserit Eos, + Tempora nocturnis aequa diurna feres. + +Inde quater pastor saturos ubi clauserit hoedos, + Canuerint herbae rore recente quater; 880 +Janus adorandus, cumque hoc Concordia mitis, + Et Romana Salus, araque Pacis erit. +Luna regit menses. Hujus quoque tempora mensis + Finit Aventino Luna colenda jugo. + + +NOTES: + +1. As the first book began with the praises of Janus, so here the poet +invokes Mars; in the next book we shall find him calling upon Venus.-- +_Depositis_, etc. as the poet's occupation is a peaceful one. + +3, 4. A question and answer. + +5-8. As Minerva, who, especially in the Roman theology, was a deity, who +presided over the arts of peace, engaged also in those of war; so Mars +might for a time lay aside his arms, and attend to the song of the poet. +--_Cuspidis_. Several MSS. read _cassidis_. The general sense is the +same. + +9. He takes occasion here to sing the most celebrated adventure of the +Roman god, Mars. It comes with peculiar propriety in this place, as the +month had been named after the god by his son, whose birth it relates. +For the difference between the Greek Ares and the Roman Mars, see +Mythology, p. 79 and 459.--_Romana sacerdos_. The affair occurred at +Alba, and Rome did not yet exist. Heinsius would read _Trojana_, another +critic proposes _regina_, as in Virgil, aen. I. 227. There is no need of +any change; poets did not always attend to accuracies of this kind. + +11. _Silvia_. One MS. reads _Ilia_, which reading has been adopted by +Heinsius.--_Moveri_ scil, _carmen_, like the _cantuxque movete_ of +Virgil. + +12. It was the office of the Vestals to draw water, for the purpose of +washing and sprinkling the temple, and cleansing the sacred vessels. +Servius on aen. vii. 150, says, _Vestae libare non nisi de Numicio flumine +licebat_. + +13. _Molli_, etc. beautifully expresses the gentle descent to the river. + +14. Then, as now, women carried their earthen pitchers on their heads. +Speaking of Amymone, our poet says, (Am. I. x. 6,) _Cum premeret summi +verticis urna comas_ and Propertius of Tarpeia (iv. 4, 16,) _at illi +Urguebat medium fictilis urna caput_. + +16. _Restituit_, settled. Two MSS. which are followed by Heinsius, read +_composuit_; but as Burmann justly observes this supposes leisure, and +the use of a mirror, whereas _restituit_ places before us a girl hastily +settling up her hair, as we express it. + +17, 18. Compare Virg. Ec. I. 55, and Hor. Epod. II. 26. + +21. The descent of Mars, as Addison, I believe, first observed, is to be +seen represented on ancient Roman coins.--_Cupitam_. This is the reading +of two of the best MSS. and of Diomedes, the grammarian, who quotes this +verse: all the other MSS. read _cupita_. Heinsius, in his note, shews +that _potior_ governed the fourth ease, in the best authors, and Priscian +(xviii. 23,) says, _Omnes auctores, potior illius et illum et illo_. + +22. _Fefellit_, concealed.--_Divina ope_, i. e. by his own power. + +26. _Sonos_, words. Two MSS. read _preces. + +27. _Utile_, etc. The well-known Roman _formula, Quod bonum, felix +faustumque sit_,--_Imagine somni_, in a dream. + +28. _An somno_, etc. Was it more than a dream, than a mere [Greek: +enupnion]? + +29. _Ig. II_. The perpetual fire of Vesta brought from Troy by aeneas. +Virg. aen. II. 296. + +30. This circumstance was ominous, as the sacred fillet was taken by the +Pontifex off the head of a Vestal condemned for breach of vow. Dionysius, +when describing the fate of the Vestal, Oppia, or Opimia, says, [Greek: +autaen men taes koryphaes aphelomenoi ta stemmata, kai pompeuontes di' +agoras, entos teichous zosan katoruxan]. + +31. Compare the dream of Astyages, portending the birth of Cyrus. Just. +I. 4.--_Palmae_, emblems of victory. It is probably the meaning of the +poet that they sprang from the ground, though _inde_ would appear to +refer rather to the fillet. + +35. _Molitur_, i.e. _vibrat_. Virg. G. iv. 331. + +36. _Admonitu_, scil. _deorum_, the vision. + +37. The woodpecker, as well as the wolf, was sacred to Mars. In the old +legend, (see v. 54,) the woodpecker also contributed to nourish the +exposed babes. + +43, 44. A periphrasis for ten months.--_Emeritis. Qui merere desiit_, +having completed his task or service, was called _Emeritus_. + +45. The poet himself informs us, (VI. 295,) that there was no statue in +the temple of Vesta. Gierig supposes that he did not know this at the +time he wrote this part of the poem. But it is well known that he kept it +a long time by him, altering and revising it. I again repeat, that we are +not to look for extreme accuracy in the ancient poets. There were statues +of Vesta outside of the temple. + +46. See below, VI. 614. + +48. The sacred flame drew back as it were, and became nearly extinct. +Nothing more terrified the Romans than the extinction of the Vestal +flame; it was to them a sign, as Dionysius says, [Greek: tou aphanismou +taes poleos]. + +50. _Opes_, the kingdom. He here gives the reason why Amulius interfered, +not that of his calling him _contemptor aequi_. + +51, 52. He had already related this at length, II. 385, _et seq_. + +53, 54. It was the common tradition, it was in the poem of Ennius, which +every one knew, and was probably the subject of some of those old ballads +about Romulus, which Dionysius says still existed in his time. + +55. _Larentia_, the wife of the shepherd, Faustulus, and nurse of Romulus +and Remus. All the MSS. but two read _Laurentia_. + +56. _Vestras_, scil. _tui et Larentiae_,--_Opes_, house, mode of living, +etc.; see II. 413, on the aid rendered to the founders of Rome. + +57. 58. The Larentalia were in December. The poet did not live to perform +his promise; he probably could not write the Fasti away from Rome.-- +_Acceptus geniis_. On account of the Saturnalia, when _indulgebant +genio_. See Virg. G. I. 300. + +61, 62. This reminds one of the early proofs of his being born to rule, +exhibited by Cyrus. It is by no means improbable, that his legend was +transferred to Romulus and Remus. That of Paris (Mythology, p. 438,) is +somewhat similar, as also that of Habis. See Justin, xliv. 4. + +64. _Actos_, i. e. _abactos_, by the robbers. + +65. _Editus_, told. Five MSS. read _agnitus_. + +66. _Nomen habere_, scil. to have their fame confined to a few cottages. +--_Paucis_, most MSS. read _purvis_. + +70. A euphemism, sparing the fame of Romulus. + +71. _Pecorum_. Three MSS. read _pecudum_, two _nemorum_, which Burmann +prefers. + +72. _aeternae urbis_. So the Romans loved to call their city. + +75. He thus returns to the subject in hand. + +78. As he shewed by removing Romulus to heaven, and by giving victory and +fame in arms to the Romans. + +79. The poet now becomes a grammarian, and argues learnedly.--_Priores_, +the Latins. + +80. _Hoc_ scil. the worship of Mars. Several MSS. read _haec_. + +81. _Minoia_, etc. The Cretans worshiped a goddess named Dictynna, who +was regarded as being the same as the Artemis of the other Greeks, and +the Diana of the Latins. See Mythology, p. 100. + +82. _Tellus Hyps_. Lemnos. The slaughter of the men of Lemnos by their +wives, and the saving of Thoas, by his daughter Hypsipyle, is a well +known event. When Valean was flung from Olympus, by Jupiter, he fell in +Lemnos. Hom. Il. I. 93. + +83. See VI. 47. Hom. Il. iv. 51. + +84. _Maenalis ora_, like _Ausonis ora_, II. 94. + +86. _Remque decusque_, wealth and fame. + +87. _Peregrinos_, i. e. of other Italian peoples, and you will find that +they also had a month called after Mars. + +91, 92. The people of Aricia and of Tusculum follow the same rule as the +Albans, making March the third month. According to Krebs, the +construction is, _Inter Ar. et Alb. et Teleg. manu facta moenia celsa +constant tempora_. It is harsh taken any way. + +94. First after three months, that is, the fourth. + +95, 96. March was the fourth month also to the Pelignians, and their +Sabine ancestors. For the best account of all these peoples of ancient +Italy, see Niebuhr's Roman History. + +97, 98. In reality he only followed the Alban, or rather general Latin +calendar, in which March was the third month. + +101, 102. Compare Hor. Epist. II. 1, 156. Virg. aen. vi. 850.--_Male +forte_, same as _non forte_, _imbelle_. + +103, 104. War was the science of the Romans.--_Pugnabat_. Three MSS. read +_pugnarat_. + +105. The Hyades and Pleiades are always spoken of together by the poets, +as being near each other in position.--_Pliadas Atlanteas_. See IV. 169, +[Greek: Plaeiadon Atlageneon epitellomenaon]. Hesiod. See Mythology, p. +52 and 418. + +106. The Arctic and Antarctic poles. + +107, 108. Cynosure ([Greek: kynos oura]) was a name of the Lesser Bear: +Helice ([Greek: helikae]) from its revolving round the pole, a name of +the Greater Bear. _Omnes qui Peloponnesum incolunt priore utuntur Arcto; +Phoenices autem, quam a suo inventore_ (Thalete) _acceperunt, observant +Cynosuram; et hanc studiosius perspiciendo diligentius navigare +existimantur_. Hygin. Poët. Astron. II. 2. + +111. _Libera_, as being unobserved, left to themselves, as it were; +subjected to no laws. + +112. _Constabat_, &c. Burmann and Gierig take the meaning to be: they +believed the stars to be divinities. May it not be: nevertheless, though +ignorant of astronomy, they believed in the gods? A stroke at the learned +infidelity of the poet's own days, like Gray's, "No very great wit, he +believed in a god." + +113, 114. A play on words as usual. _Movere signa coelestia_ seems rather +harsh, but it is not without example. _Numeri movent astra_, Lucan, I. +640. _Carmina quîs ignes movimus aërios_, Cinna in Anthol. Lat. T. I. p. +441. _Movebant_ is the reading of seven MSS. six read _notabant_; all the +rest _tenebant_.--_Quae magnum_, etc. See Livy, II. 59. One of the best +MSS. reads _prodere_, which Heinsius and Bentley (on Hor. Ep. I. 67,) +prefer. + +115, 116. A bundle of hay tied on a pole, is said to have been the +standard used by the Romans in their early days.--_Tuas_, of Germanicus. + +118. _Maniplaris_. The soldiers belonging to one company, that is one +_manipulus_, or standard, were called _manipulares_. + +119-122. See Introduction, § 2. + +119. _Indociles_, untaught. This passive sense is not unusual.-- +_Ratione_, science scil. astronomy. + +120. The Lustres or periods of five years, were smaller by ten months, +two for each year, at that time when there were but ten months in the +year. Gierig's note is _"Lustra quinquennalia tum nondum condebantur a +Romanis."_ This looks as if he did not understand the passage, though +Neapolis had briefly, but clearly explained it. + +124. See above, I. 33. + +126. _Spatiis novis_, the decades. + +127. _Pares_. This is the reading of the best MSS. and editions; the +greater number of the MSS. read _patres_. It is difficult to ascertain +the meaning of the poet here. Scaliger, Lipsius and Dan. Heinsius think +he means the members of the senate, who were equals in age or in +property, See Livy I. 8 and 17, and, as Niebuhr has shown, it is highly +probable that the Roman senate originally consisted of one hundred +members divided into ten decuries. On the other hand Neapolis who is +followed by Gierig, understands it of the army, as in each legion the +soldiers equal in age and strength, were divided into ten centuries, +(_centum denos orbes_) of each of the three ranks, viz. Hastati, +Principes and Pilani or Triarii. The passage is exceedingly obscure, and +I cannot satisfy myself respecting it; I however rather incline to the +opinion of the first named critics, and the circumstance of _patres_ +being the reading of so many MSS. proves that it has generally been so +understood. In this case we should place a colon after _Romulus_, and a +comma or semicolon after _decem_. + +130. There were three hundred Equites in each legion, each mounted on a +horse supported by the state, hence called _legitimus_. They were divided +into ten _turmae_ or troops. + +131, 132. The three divisions of the Roman Patricians: the Ramnes were +the original Romans, the Titiensis the Sabines; the origin of the Luceres +is a mere conjecture. See Niebuhr's Rom. Hist. Vol. 291--293. + +134. See above, I. 35. + +136. _Signa_, proofs or arguments. He goes on with farther proofs of +March having been the first month of the ancient Roman year. + +137--142. The laurels were changed in the month of March, at the houses +of the Flamens, and of the Rex Sacrorum, the temple of Vesta, and the +_Curia Prisca_, by which last, Neapolis understands the four ancient +_Curiae_, (See above II. 527,) which still, as Festus tells us, remained +in Rome, the singular being employed for the plural.--_Vesta quoque_, +etc. Does he speak of a statue of Vesta? See above on v. 45. The +following passages are of importance. _Romani initio annum decem mensibus +computabant, a Martio auspicantes; adeo ut ejus die prima de_ (_in?_) +_aris Vestalibus ignem accenderent; mutarent viridibus veteres laureas; +Senatus et populus Comitia agerent; matronae servis suis caenas ponerent, +sicut Saturnalibus domini: illae ut per honores promptius obsequium +provocarent, hi quasi gratiam repensarent perfecti laboris_. Solinus, c. +3. _Eodem quoque ingrediente mense in regia, curiisque atque Flaminum +domibus laureae veteres novis laureis mutabantur_, Macrobius, Sat. I.12. + +142. _Il. focis_. See above. + +143, 144. _Hujus etiam mensis prima die ignem novum Vestae aris +accendebant ut, incipiente anno, cura denuo servandi novati ignis +inciperet_. Macrob. _ut supra_.--_Arcana_ and _Dicitur_, because none but +the Vestals dare enter the temple. + +145, 146. A second proof is, the festival of Anna Perenna being in this +month. See below, v. 523, _et seq_.--_Fides_, proof, ground of belief. + +147, 148. A third argument; previous to the second Punic war, the +magistrates, that is, the consuls, as it would appear, used to enter on +their offices in March. The poet is not quite correct in this assertion: +the Regifugium (see above, II. 685,) was at the end of February; hence, +of course, the first consuls entered on their office in March; but A.U.C. +291, the day was the Kal. Sext. A.U.C. 304, the Ides of May, and from +A.U.C. 600, the time of the Hannibalian war, the Kal. Jan. It is probable +that the poet, knowing that this last change was made A.U.C. 600, +inferred from the Regifugium, that previously the consuls had begun to +exercise their magistracy in March. There is no proof that he studied the +Annals with a critical eye.--_Perfide Poene_. Hannibal, with the usual +Roman calumny of the greatest man of antiquity. + +149. A fourth and incontrovertible argument. + +151. _Oliviferis_. The Sabine land was famous for olives. Columella, v. +8, 5. Mutusca, in that country, is called by Virgil (aen. vii. 711,) +_olivifera_.--_Deductus_, the proper term to denote his being brought +with pomp and ceremony to Rome. One MS. reads _devectus_. + +153. _Samio_, Pythagoras, who was erroneously supposed to have been the +instructor of Numa.--_Qui posse_, etc. a periphrasis of the +Metempsychosis, which doctrine he taught. See Met. xv. 157. + +154. _Egeria_. See below, v. 261, _et seq_. + +155. In consequence of the imperfect nature of the Roman year, and the +arbitrary manner in which the Pontifices, for party and political +purposes, made the intercalations, it had fallen into such sad confusion, +that the festivals fell at the wrong parts of the year. Accordingly, +Julius Caesar, as Pontifex Maximus, with the aid of M. Flavius and of +Sosigenes, made it correspond with the course of the sun, after the +manner of the Egyptian year. For this purpose, he had to add no less than +sixty-seven days to the year 708. These he inserted between November and +December, and, as the intercalary month also fell in this year, it +consisted of fifteen months. + +157-160. Caesar was not yet a god, but the poet could not let pass an +occasion of displaying his wit, and flattering the imperial family. + +161. _Moras Solis_. The time the son spends in the signs of the Zodiac. + +162. _Exactis_, certain. + +163-166. The Julian year of 365 days 6 hours; the day, which the hours of +four years made, being added at the end of the lustre.--_Junxit_. Two +MSS. read _auxit_.--_Quarta_. Many MSS. read _quinta_.--_Consummatur_, +to complete, to make up of parts. Some MSS. have _consumatur_, which +Heinsius preferred. + +167. The poet now begins to inquire of the god why the Matronalia, a +festival on which the matrons sacrificed to Juno, and sent presents to +each other, and received them from their husbands, should be on the +Kalends of the month sacred to the god of war. The deity assigns five +causes. + +168. Witness Homer's invocations to the Muses. + +169. "Cum a viris soleas coli," Gierig. When you preside over manly +occupations, is the interpretation of Lenz. May it not be, Since thine +occupations are all of a manly character? + +173, 174. I, a god whose chief value is in arms, am now, for the first +time, called to the pursuits of peace. By the poet or by the matrons? +_Gressus_, etc. alluding, perhaps, to his name Gradivus, v. 169. + +177. See above, I. 101. + +179. First cause, the rape of the Sabines. + +180. _Hujus_, scil. _Romae_. Some MSS. read _urbis_. + +184. The straw-roofed cottage, said to have been the abode of Romulus, +was still standing on the Palatine, in the time of the poet. + +195, 196. They (the neighbouring peoples) have the _connubium_, or +intermarry with nations at ever so great a distance, but their women all +looked down on the Romans. + +197. _Patriam_, like thy father's, to take by force what was refused to +entreaty. + +198. _Tolle preces_, away with entreaties. Thus, _tolle moras_, Met. +xiii. 556. _Tolle querelas_, Hor. Ep. I. 12. 3. + +199. 200. _Consus_, etc. In this parenthesis the god addresses the poet. +The readings of the MSS. differ very much here. Most have _Illo festa die +dum s. s. facis_, making it a part of the advice of the god to his son. +Heinsius followed those which read, _Ipso festa die d. s. s. canes_. +_Illo_ or _illa_--_festa_ or _facta_--_canes_, _canas_, _coles_, _facis_, +are the readings of various MSS. The present reading, with _canet_ +instead of _canas_, was proposed by Gronovius, and adopted by Gierig. The +Consualia were on the XV. Kal. Sept. It is a pity that the poem does not +go so far, as Ovid might have given us some additional information +respecting Consus. See Mythology, p. 473. + +201. Scil. the Caeninenses, the Crustumini, and the Antemnates. See the +story in Livy, I. + +202. It is not at all unlikely that, as Donza supposes, he glances here +at the war between Julius Caesar, and his son-in-law, Pompey. + +203. The war lasted to the third year. + +205. _Dictam_, appointed. + +206. _Nurus_, Hersilia, the wife of Romulus. + +219. The construction is, _ut (feminae quae erant) passis capillis +tetigere_, etc. + +223. Seen for the first time. + +224. Taubner thinks that by pinching the babes, they made them cry _Ah! +vae!_ which sounded like _ave!_ Much as Ovid loved to play on words, I can +hardly suspect him of this. + +230. _Oebalides_. See I. 260. + +231-234. Second cause. Was this the real cause, or is it because Ilia was +a mother by me, that the matrons hold their feast on the Kalends of my +month? + +235-244. Third cause. It was fit that in the season of fecundity the +matrons should pray to Juno for offspring. Compare this description of +the spring with that in I. 151, _et seq_. See also Hor. Car. iv. 7.-- +_Hiems. adop. gel_. the _glacialis hiems_ of Virgil.--_Victae_. Several +MSS. read _lapsae_; one _maestae_. Heinsius proposes _ictae_, but as +Burmann justly observes, why alter so excellent a reading as _victae_?-- +_Detonsae_, some of the older MSS. read _excussae_.--_Virida_. This is +the reading of the best and oldest MSS. and was adopted by Heinsius. +Burmann and Gierig follow those which read _uvida_; some have _humida_.-- +_Tenero_. Some MSS. read _gravido_, which is, perhaps, the true reading. +See above, I. 152. One MS. reads _in tumido_.--_Occultas vias_, the +_caeca spiramenta_ of Virgil, G. I. 89.--_Hora_, season, like the Greek +[Greek: horae]. + +244. Taubner, who is followed by some translators, explains this line +thus: "quarum proles vel militis officio fungatur, vel sacerdotio s. +_votis_ oportet." Its plain meaning is, as given by Gierig: whose service +and vows is childbirth. _Et rudis ad partus et nova miles eram_, says our +poet (Her. xi. 48,) in the person of Canace. See above, II. 9. + +245-248. The fourth cause, because the temple of Juno Lucina, on the +Esquiline hill, was first opened for worship on the Kalends of March. + +245. _Ubi rex_, etc. Ten MSS. read _ibi rex R_. two _regi R_. which +reading is adopted by Heinsius, and retained by Gierig. The _excubiae_ +were held by Romulus on the Esquiline, at the time that he suspected +Titus Tatius of bad faith.--_Agebat_. Several of the best MSS. have +_habebat_. + +246. _Esquilias alii scripserunt ab excubiis regis dictas_. Varro, iv. 8. +Ovid seems to follow the same etymology: the true one is from _esculus_. +--_Qui_. This is the reading of all the MSS. Heinsius, Burmann and +Gierig read _qua_. + +251. The fifth cause. Juno, the mother of Mars, loves married women, who, +in return, honor me. The Grecian Hera, by the way, was the mother of +Ares; but the same was not the case with the Italian Juno and Mars. See +Mythology.--_Matrum_. Heinsius adopts _matris_ on conjecture, which +reading is received by Burmann and Gierig. Some MSS. have _matres_. + +254. _Cingite caput_, of the statue of the goddess, says Gierig, perhaps +of the worshipper. + +259. As the Salii bore the sacred _ancilia_ through the city on the +Kalends of March, the poet now proceeds to enquire into the origin of +this institution. See Livy, I. 20. + +261. _Nympha_, scil. Egeria.--_Nemori_, etc. See v. 263--275.-- +_Operata_. Seven MSS. read _adoperta_. + +262. _Facta_. Some MSS. read _festa_, others _sacra_. + +263. Met. xv. 479, _et seq_. Virg. aen. vii. 761, _et seq_. This account +of the grove of Aricia is a complete digression in this place. Aricia, +and its grove, lay at the foot of the Mons Albanus. + +265. An _Indiges_, named Virbius, was worshiped here, who was identified +with Hippolytus. + +267, 268. This practice may be witnessed at the present day, in every +country where the Roman Catholic religion prevails.--_Longas sepes_. The +wall, says Neapolis, surrounding the sacred grove. + +269, 270. It was the custom for women, whose prayers to this goddess had +been heard, to carry lighted torches from the city to the grove of +Aricia. See Propert, II. 23, 39. + +271, 272. The priest of Diana, in this grove, called Rex Nemorensis, was +always a runaway slave, who had slain his predecessor in office. He +always went armed, to protect himself from aspirants to his dignity. +Strabo calls this a barbarous and Scythian custom, and it led to the idea +of the Arician Diana, being one with the Tauric Artemis. + +273--275. See Juvenal's account of this fountain. Sat. III. + +274. _Bibi_. The other editions, following some MSS. read _bibes_. + +277-284. See Livy, Dionysius and Plutarch. + +283. _Vertitur_, is changed. + +285. This legend was related in the same manner by the historian Valerius +Antias, from whom Ovid probably took it. As Livy, I. 20, relates the +matter differently, it probably was not in the Annals of Ennius. It was +evidently founded on the adventure of Menelaus with Proteus. Hom. Od. iv. +See also Virg. G. iv. 387, _et seq_. + +291. _Picus Faunusque_. Old Italian deities. See Heyne Excursus, V. to +aen. vii. Mythology, p. 477. + +292. _Prodere_. Many MSS. read _edere_, others _tradere_.--_Romani_, etc. +Each a god of Roman ground, i.e. a Roman rural deity. + +296. Dark shady groves were, from a very natural feeling, regarded with +awe as the abode of deities. See Seneca. Epist. 41. + +300. _Fonti_. To the deity or spirit of the fount. + +301. _Dis ponit_. This is the conjecture of Heinsius; the MSS. read +_disponit_. + +312. _Quatiens cornua_. To indicate the difficulty of the matter. + +313. _Monitu_. This word is used to indicate information divinely given. + +314. _Numina_, divine power. + +317. _Deducere_, a magic term, the [Greek: katagein] of the Greeks. +_Lunam deducere tentas_ Tibullus, [Greek: Ai pharmakides katagousi taen +selaenaen]. Interp. Apollonii. + +321. _Sum. ded. ab arce_. The reading of the best MSS. is _Valida +perductus ab arce_: some of the best have _val. veniet ded. ab arce_ or +_arte_; some _nostra perd. ab arte_. + +322. _Nubila_, etc. He mixes, according to custom, the Greek and Italian +mythologies: the oath, by Styx, was peculiar to the former. See Hom. Od. +v. l85--_Nubila_, as the Styx, was supposed to exhale a dense vapour. + +323. _Carmina_, magic verses. + +325. _Scire nefas homini_. Is not for man to know. _Quid crastina +volveret aetas Scire nefas homini_. Stat. Theb. III. 562. See Hor. Car. I. +11. 1. + +327-330. Some modern writers suppose that the ancient Etruscans possessed +the art of conducting the lightning which Franklin discovered, or, +according to them, re-discovered, and that it is exhibited in this poetic +narrative. Their conjecture is, they think, confirmed by the fate of +Tullus Hostilius, which they attribute to his ignorance of the proper +mode of conducting the electric fluid.--_Minores_, posterity. + +337. _Ambage remota_. As this seems not by any means to accord with what +follows, Gierig renders _ambage_ circumlocution, as opposed to the +brevity with which the god speaks. One MS. reads _remissa_. The dialogue +of Jupiter and Numa will be easily understood. + +342. _Piscis_. According to Plutarch, the _maena_. See above, II. 578, +_note_. + +346. _Pignora certa_, the _ancile_. Celestial gifts of this kind, on +which the safety of the state were supposed to depend, were common in +antiquity. + +347. _Aethera, motum. Vidisti motu sonitus procurrere caelo_. Profert, +II. 16. + +352. _Crastina_, scil. _crastinas res_, what will happen to-morrow. + +357. Virg. Ec. viii. l4.--_Rorataque_. Many MSS. read _rorata_. + +359. _Acerno_. Five MSS. read _eburno_, but see Met. iv. 486. Virg. aen. +viii. 178. + +363. It was the custom of the Romans to cover their heads when praying, +or performing any other religious rite, lest any thing of ill omen should +present itself to their view. See Virg. aen. iii. 405. + +367 _Evolverat_. This is the reading of five of the best MSS. two read +_emerserat_, which Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig have received, and which +I should prefer. See v. 517. Most read _emoverat_; one _commoverat_, +another _ostenderat_. + +369. _Sine nube_. It was therefore supernatural. Compare Hor. Car. I. 34. +6. Virg. aen. vii. 141. + +371. Two of the best MSS. read, _A media subito coelum discedere visum +est_, which Heinsius prefers. Virgil (aen. ix. 20,) has _medium video +discedere coelum_, and if this last be, as I am inclined to think it is, +the true reading, it is not unlikely that Ovid imitated this line of the +aeneis: if it is not, the line is the work of some grammarian, and formed +from the Virgilian verse. + +372. _Submisere_. One MS. has _surrexere manus_, which Burmann prefers. +For this sense of _sub_, see Virg. Ec. vi. 38. x. 74, _submittere +cornua_. Petron. 126, 18, 3. _Submissas tendunt alta ad Capitolia +dextras_. Silius, xii. 640. + +377. _Ancile. Ancile vocatum quia ex utroque latere erat recisum, ut +summum infimumque latus pateret_, Festus. _Ancilia dicta ab ancisu, quod +ea arma, ab utraque parte, ut peltae Thracum, incisa. Ancisia Saturnio in +carmine_. Varro, L. L. iv. Ovid evidently follows the same etymology. +According to Juba, whom Plutarch copies, it is derived from [Greek: +ankylon] curved, and should be spelt _ancyle_. It is, however, certainly +an old Latin word, and is by all Latin writers properly spelt with an +_i_. It is well known that _y_ is no Latin letter, yet we constantly meet +_Sylla_ for _Sulla_. From Plutarch's description of the _ancile_, we may +collect that it was of an oval form. + +381. _Caelata_, i.e. _sculpta_, or simply, made. + +383. His morals were as perfect as his skill. + +384. _Clausit opus_, simply, completed the work.--_Ulli_, some MSS. read +_illi_; one _illud_, which Heinsius and Gierig have adopted. + +387. The Salii, clad in brazen armour, and striking the _ancilia_ with +their daggers as they sang the old verses ascribed to Numa, went through +the city dancing to the sound of pipes. + +393. It was not considered lucky to marry on the Kalends of March, as the +ancilia were carried on that day. This day was also considered +inauspicious for commencing a journey. Suet. Otho. 8. Livy, xxxvii. 33. + +396. _Condita_, laid up in the temple. + +397, 398. The Flamen Dialis wore a peculiar kind of white hat, called +_apex_, without which he never went out; his wife wore a flame-coloured +robe, named _venenatum_, and a peculiar kind of band about her head, +called _rica_. (See Gellius, N. A. x. 15,) hence the poet says, _cincta_. +_Cincta Flaminica veste velata_ Festus. Some MSS. have _sancta_; others +_capitis distincta_, one _apicatis cura_. It was enjoined by law on the +Flaminia, not to cut her nails, comb her hair, etc. on certain days. + +399-402. One of the Fishes set acronychally on the 3d March, the V. Non. + +403. _Rorare genis_. Five MSS. read _rutilare_; two _comis_. + +405. The poet commits an error here. Arctophylax _rises_ acronychally, +instead of setting on the 5th March. + +407. _Vindemitor_, [Greek: protrygaetaer], a star in the right shoulder +of the Virgin, which now rises acronychally. + +409. The story of Ampelos is told differently by Nonnus, in his +Dionysiacs. See Mythology, p. l74.--_Intonsum_, denotes youth and beauty; +it is therefore an epithet of Apollo, [Greek: akersekomaes].--_Satyris_, +to denote the lewdness of the Nymph, says Burmann. It may, however, mean +merely one of the Satyrs. Some MSS. read _Satyro_. + +411, 412. These two lines were suspected by Heinsius. They are certainly +very indifferent, but without them the narrative seems imperfect. Ovid +would hardly have omitted an allusion to the name of Ampelos. + +414. _Vehit_. This is the reading of five of the best MSS. all the rest +have _tulit_. + +415-428. On the 6th of the month, Prid. Non. A.U.C. 741. Augustus was +made Pontifex Maximus. The P.M. presided over the Vestals. + +417. _Quisquis ades_ etc. The Vestals, as it would appear, who alone +could enter the temple.--_Canae_. This is the reading of two of the best +MSS.; the rest have _castae_, one _gratae_. See Virg. aen. ix. 259. + +422. _Vides_. All the older MSS. have _videt_ or _vident_; one _Vesta +videt_.--_Pignora juncta_, the pledges of empire, in the temple of Vesta, +were the Eternal Fire, and the Palladium (Livy, v. 52, xxvi. 27,) to +these now was joined.--Augustus. The force of flattery could no farther +go. + +423. This is the reading of three of the best MSS. and adopted by +Heinsius, and the succeeding editors: the other MSS. have _Di v. T. d. p. +ferenti_.--_Dignissima praeda_, Vesta. + +424. _Gravis_, i. e. _gravatus_, laden. See Virg. aen. II. 296. Three MSS. +read _pius_. + +425. The Julian house into which Augustus had been adopted, derived their +lineage from aeneas. I do not, however, see the relationship to Vesta, +unless it be through Kronus, (Saturn) who was her father, and whose +grand-daughter Venus, was the mother of aeneas. + +428. _Dux_, Augustus. This was probably written before the poet left +Rome, and he did not alter it. + +429-448. An account of Vejovis, whose temple was dedicated by Romulus, on +the Nones of March. + +429. The reading of the older MSS. was _Una nota est Marti: Nonis +sacra_.--_Una nota_, the Nones of March were distinguished by one mark in +the Fasti, one event had taken place on them. + +430. The space between the Arx and the Capitol, in which the Asylum and +the temple of Vejovis were, was called _Inter duos lucos_. Livy, 1.8, +[Greek: to methorion duoin drumon]. Dionysius, II. 15. + +435. He now enquires into the origin of the name of this god. + +437. The statue of Vejovis represented a youthful figure, without any +thunderbolts, in his hand. He may, therefore, be Young Jupiter. + +443. There was the figure of a she-goat standing beside it; a farther +proof, as Jupiter was suckled by the goat, Amalthea. + +445. The country-people, called ill-grown corn _vegrandia_, (_Vegrandes +et imbecillae oves_. Varro, R. II. II.) and _vescus_ with them, was +equivalent to _parvus_. From all this he infers, that Vejovis is Little +Jupiter. This is not convincing. See Mythology, p. 468, where it is shewn +that Vejovis was probably a god of the under-world.--_Colonae_. Many of +the best MSS. read _colono_. Eleven have _colone_ (colonae); one _colonae_, +which Heinsius adopted. Gierig follows the MSS. which read _coloni_, and +he is, perhaps, right in so doing. + +449, 450. The heliac rising of Pegasus on the Nones. For Pegasus, see +Hesiod. Th. 280, _et seq_. and 325. Met. iv. 784, v. 256. Mythology, pp. +223, 364.--_Variabunt_. Eight MSS. read _vallabunt_, which Heinsius +adopted. + +451. _Gravida cervice_ is rather a curious mode of expression. Medusa was +pregnant by Neptune, and when Perseus cut off her head, Pegasus sprang +forth (_prosiluit_, [Greek: exethore] Hes.) with the blood: hence the +poet says, _gravida crevice_. He was named Pegasus, as being born at the +_springs_ ([Greek: paegas]) of Ocean. + +455. See the story of Bellerophon. + +456. The Horse-fount ([Greek: hippoukraenae] Hippocrene) in Aonia +(Boeotia), said to have been produced by a stroke of the hoof of Pegasus. +--_Fodit_. Nine of the best MSS. read _fudit. Rutilius (Itin. I. 264,) +says, _Musarum ut latices ungula fodit equi_. Avienus (in Arat. Phaen. +Equo.) _cornuque excita repente Lympha, Camenalem fudit procul +Hippocrenen_, I think _fudit_ the more poetic term. + +458. The astronomers of the present day reckon eighty-nine stars in +Pegasus. + +459-516. The Crown of Ariadne rises acronychally on the 8th March, the +VIII. Id. For the story of Theseus and Ariadne, see Met. viii. 175--182. +Ars Amandi, I. 531--564, Her. x. Hor. Car. II. 19. Catul. lxiv. 52, _et +seq_. Mythology pp. 411, 412. + +460. _Gnosida_ Gnosian, as Minos, the father of Ariadne, reigned at +Gnosus, in Crete.--_Facta dea_, Ariadne, not her crown. + +461. "Solent poëtae verbo _mutare_ Accusat rei acceptae et Ablat. relictae +addere." Gierig. Thus Horace, _Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem mutat +Lycaeo_.--_Faunus_. + +465. _Depexus crinibus_, his hair neatly and carefully combed out. See +VI. 229. Bacchus, whom the Greeks named [Greek: eukomaes (eukomos], is a +general epithet of the goddesses) was like Apollo, distinguished for the +beauty of his hair. See Met. III. 421 and 555, iv. 13. The common reading +was, what appears the most obvious, _depexis_. Some of the best MSS. read +_depexos_, agreeing with _Indos_. + +466. Some of the best MSS. read _venit_. For the Indian expedition of +Bacchus, see Mythology, P. I. chap. xiv. + +476. My case is told or repeated. + +480. _Dedoluisse_, have ended my grief; have died. + +493. _At puto_, etc. Ironically. + +495. See Hor. Sat. I. 3, 38. + +499. _Matrem_ Pasiphaë. The story is well known. + +500. Bacchus was represented horned, in consequence of the identification +of him with the Phrygian Sabazius. Mythology, p. 168. Hence he was called +[Greek: boukeros, taurokeros].--_Me tua_, etc. The best and most numerous +MSS. read _Me juvat et laedit_: one, _me viat et laedit_; another _me tua +me laedit_ or _laudat_: three of the best have the reading of the text, +the rest _me tua sed laedit_. Heinsius gives from conjecture, _me tua. At +hic laudi est_, which Gierig has received. + +503. A play on words as usual. + +512. _Libera_. The Italian religion, as I have observed after Niebuhr, +(Mythology, p. 455,) delighted in representing the deities presiding over +any object in pairs of males and females. Hence, with Liber, the god of +wine, was joined a goddess Libera, and when the Greek and Italian +religions came to be mingled, she was identified with Proserpine. Ovid +alone makes her the same with Ariadne. I forgot to notice this under the +head Liber Pater (Mythology, p. 469). I should be inclined to derive +Liber from libo, [Greek: leibo], instead of libero. + +514. _Vulcanus Veneri_. One MS. reads _Neptunus Thetidi_. I suppose Homer +was running in the head of whoever he was that made this improvement.-- +_Tibi_. One MS. reads mihi, which Burmann has received. + +517-522. On the 14th or Prid. Id. was another Equiria.--_Demerserit_. +Several of the good MSS. read _quum deseret or deserit_; others _quot +demserit_; some _quum demserit_; three of the best _dimiserit_; others +_demiserit_; one _totidemque remiserit_; another of the best +_dimerserit_, whence Heinsius formed the present reading. + +518. _Purpureum_, bright, see II. 74. Virg. aen. vi. 641, _purpureum +lumen_, scil. Soils. + +522. If the Tiber, as was so frequently the case, had overflowed the +Campus Martius, the races were run on the Campus Martialis on the Coelian +hill. + +523-696. On the Ides was the festival of Anna Perenna.--_Geniale, i. e. +quo genio indulgetur_. See v. 58. + +524. Between the Milvian bridge and the point of confluence with the +Anien. + +527. _Sub Jove_. See II. 299. + +529. _Ibi_. Several MSS. read _sibi_. + +532. _Ad numerum_. They reckon the cups. + +536. Suit the action to the word by making gesticulations. + +537. _Posito_, scil. in honour of the goddess.--_Duras_, aukward, +inelegant. + +541, 542. Heinsius and Burmann think with a great deal of probability, +that a good many verses are lost after this distich, Burmann supposes +that the monks who copied the MSS. left them out, on account of their +indelicacy. + +543. He now commences his enquiry into the character and history of +_Anna_.--_Errat_, is uncertain. Six MSS. read _errant_. + +544. _Fabula nulla_, no legend or tradition. + +545. For the whole story of Dido and Aeneas, see the Aeneis I. and IV.-- +_Arserat_, the usual play on words. + +551-554. See aen. iv. 36, 198, _et seq_. + +556. See Virg. G. iv. 213. 565. + +557, 558. Counting the years poetically by the harvests and vintages. + +561. Favillae, cineres. Hor. Car. II. 6, 22. They used to pour wine and +precious oils on the ashes of the dead. + +562. _Vertice libatas_, cut from the head, and laid as an offering on the +tomb. _Placemus umbras? Capitis exuvias cape, Laceraeque frontis accipe +abcissam comam_. Seneca Hyppol. 1181. + +565. _Comitem_ is the reading of six of the best MSS. all the rest have +_comites_.--Pede aequo, the _pedes_ are the ropes called braces, by which +the yards are moved. This shews that the vessel ran before the wind, +_vento secundo_. + +567. _Melite_. Malta; _Cosyra_, Gozzo. + +570. _Battus_. Silius Italicus (viii. 51,) says of Battus, _Cyrenem molli +tum forte fovebat Imperio_, and he brings Anna thither. Battus was the +founder of the Grecian colony at Cyrene. + +581. _Crathidis. The Crathis was a river in Magna Graecia, near Thurii. + +582. _Parvus_. Two MSS. read _Purus_, which Heinius and Gierig prefer. +There are abundant instances of the use of _purus_ in the sense of free +from trees. + +587. _Subducere_, to draw up, to furl. + +594. _Is_. Two MSS. read _hic_, + +602. _Populos duos_. The Trojans and Aborigines, under the common name of +Latins. See Livy, I. 2. + +613. Italy. + +615. _Deos comites_, the Penatestale, which he had brought with him from +Troy, aen. I. 6, xii. 192.--_Increpuisse_, "signis quibusdam datis," +Gierig. Virgil does not mention this. Ovid was, perhaps, thinking of the +message brought from Jupiter by Mercury, etc. + +617. _Morte scil. Didonis_. + +618. _Credibile_, than what I believed, or could have believed. + +619. _Ne refer_, tell not the tale. + +621, 622. _Ratio_, your own choice.--_Deus_, fortune. See Hor. Sat. +I. 1, 2. + +623. _Memores, scil. sumus debere_. + +627. _Paratus_, dress. Met vi. 451. + +633. _Falsum vulnus_, causeless wound of jealousy. Virg. aen. I. 36, iv. +67 and 332. Two MSS. read _tacitum_. + +635. _Praeter sua lumina_, before her eyes. Seven MSS. _limina_. Heinsius +puts a colon after _ferri_, and a comma after _mitti_. + +637. _Exactum_. She has not yet determined. + +642. _Sub verbum_ as she spoke. + +647. _Corniger_, a usual epithet of rivers, (Virg. G. IV 371. aen. viii. +77.) on account of their roaring or windings. The Numicius was between +Larentum and Lavinium. + +654. "Si Nympha antea _Anna_ dicta, non opus erat ab _amne_ nomen suum +deducere," Gierig. The fact is, the poet here confounds two etymons, an +old one from _amne perenne_, and a later one from Anna the sister of +Dido. Was Anna mentioned in the poem of Naevius? or did Virgil first give +it vogue? It is a Semitic name, and occurs in Scripture. + +657. A second opinion, Anna is the Moon. + +658. A third, she is Themis; a fouth Io or Isis. + +659. 660. A fifth, made her a daughter of Atlas, and one of the Nymphs +who reared Jupiter. These however are said to have been the two daughters +of Melissa, or simply the nymph Amalthea. There is however another +tradition which commits the rearing of the infant deity to the Hyades, +who were the daughters of Atlas. + +661. A sixth theory, derived Anua from _anus_, and devised the folloing +legend which the poet thinks is not unlike the truth. + +663. The famous secession of the Plebs. A.U.C. 260. to the hill beyound +the Anien, three miles from Rome, afterwards named the Mons Sacer. + +667. Bovillae or Bovilla was a Latin town mot far from Rome, on the +Appian Way.--_Suburbanis_ does not mean close to the city, for Horace +(Ep, I, 7, 77.) calls his Sabine country-seat _suburbana rura_. + +673. Can any thing be more silly than this account of the origin of an +ancient Italian deity? I have elsewhere (Mythology p. 479) observed, what +little taste and elegance of imagination, and I add sense, the Romans +displayed in the origins which they invented for their gods. The real +etymon of Anna Perenna is, I think, _annus_, as the poet himself would +appear to have seen: see vv. 145, 146. Perhaps, according to the +principle noticed above on, v. 512, she was a female corresponding to a +god Annus. It is curious to observe the resemblance which has been traced +out between her and the Indian Anna Purna in the Asiatic Researches. + +675. He now undertakes to explain by a legend, why at the festival of +Anna Perenna indecorous verse were sung by young women. The mystics would +here, of course, talk to us of the symbolic wisdom of ancient priests and +sages, but the more probable reason is to be found in the rude simplicity +of an agricultural race, like the ancient Latins, and other peoples of +Italy, which also gave origin to the Fescinnine verses. On occasions like +this, however, one should always bear in mind these words of Johnson, +"The oringinal of ancient customs is commonly unknown; for the practice +often continues after the cause has ceased; and concerning superstitious +ceremonies it is vain to conjecture, reson cannot explain," Rasselas, +Chap. 48. + +696. _Verba dedisse_, to have deceived. + +697. Julius Caesar was slain on the Ides of March, A.U.C. 709. The senate +directed, that in future this day should be called _Parricidium_, and +that no senate should ever sit on it. Suet. Caes. 88. + +698. _Locuta_, scil. to the poet. + +699. _Sacerdos_, as being Pontifex Maximus. [Greek: All' outos ho pataer, +outos ho archiereus, ho asulos, ho aeros, ho theos, tethnaeken], are the +words of Antonius over him in Dion. Cass. xliv. 49. + +703. _Vidit_. Two MS. read _servat_. Compare Virg. Ec. v. 56. + +704. A temple was raised to Caesar. A.U.C 712. three years after his +death. + +707. It was observed by the historians that all the murderers of Caesar +perished within three years after him. + +710. _Caesaris_. Augustus. + +711, 712. On the XVII. Kal. April is the cosmic rising of the middle of +the Scorpion. + +713-790. On the following day were the Liberalia, which the poet now +sings. + +716. _Parvus inermis erat_, scil. Jupiter. Most MSS. read _eras_, +applying it to Bacchus. Gierig is not satisfied with either reading, and +he thinks the passage corrupt. + +7l8. _Expletum_ completed, brought to maturity.--_Onus_, most MSS. +_opus_. + +719. The expedition of Bacchus. + +721. Pentheus. See Met. iii. 511. _et seq_. + +722. Met. iv. 22. + +723. Met. iii. 597, _et seq_. + +726. _Vilis anus_, a mean, or common old woman. Seven MSS. three of which +are of the best, read _Vitisator_, but the correctness of the present +text is proved by the following passage of Varro L. L. V. _Liberalia +dicta, quod per totum oppidum eo die sedent sacerdotes Liberi, hedera +coronatae anus, cum libis et foculo pro emptore sacrificantes_. + +728. _Gelidis focis_, cold altars, as no fire was kindled on them. + +730. _Seposuisse_. The greater number of MSS. have _supposuisse_. + +733. "Mira etymologia!" Gierig. See above v. 512. The _libum_ was a kind +of cake, [Greek: plakous ek galaktos, itrion te kai melitos, on Romaioi +libon kalousi]. Athenaeus III. p. 125. + +739. _Florida_. Most MSS. read _flumina_: the present, which is far +preferable, is that of three of the best and four other MSS. + +741-744. Compare Virgil G. IV. 64, _et seq_. The practice is too well +known among ourselves to require any elucidation. + +743. _Levis senex_, Silenus, who was bald. Most MSS. read _lenis_. + +748. _Dissimulat_, conceals his discovery. + +753 It was therefore a hornet's nest he had got. + +763 See v. 726.--_Praestet_, "exhibeat praetereuntibus." Gierig. + +769. _Nysiades_. There was a Nysa in Boeotia, in Thrace, in India, in +Arabia. It was probably the Boeotian that the poet meant. See Met. III. +3l3.--_Noverca_, Juno. + +771. On the Liberalia, the youths who had attained the age of sixteen +laid aside the _praetexta_, which they had hitherto worn and assumed, the +_toga virilis_, _pura_, _recta_, or _libera_, as it was variously, +called. The poet gives four reasons for its being done on the Liberalia. + +773. First reason, Bacchus, like Apollo, was ever young, See Met. iv. 17. + +775. Second reason, because he was a father, (_Liber Pater_.) The Romans +however called all their gods _patres_. ex. gr. Jupiter, (Jovis pater +Zeus [Greek: pataer]), Dispiter, Mars-piter, Janus pater, Pater Neptunus, +Pater Silvanus. (Hor. Epod. ii. 21.) etc. + +777. Third reason, and perhaps the true one, because his name Liber +coincided with the adjective _liber_. + +779. Fourth reason, because as the people used to come from the country +into Rome on the Liberalia to see the plays, it was deemed a good +opportunity for giving a youth the _toga virilis_, when all his friends +and relations were present. + +781. Alluding to L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, _ille dictator ab aratro_, +Flor. I. 11. + +782. Alluding, perhaps, to the story of Scipio, who, on shaking the hand +of a country voter, as he canvassed him, said, _Prythee, friend, dost +walk on thy hands?_ and thereby lost his election. I, however, rather +think that the poet had only in view the effeminacy of his own days. + +784. _Studiis_, scil_. musices et poeseos_, taste. + +786. _Taedifera dea_, Ceres. + +787. _Tironem_. The youth who took the manly gown was named a _tiro_, and +the day, _dies tirocinii_. He was accompanied from the Capitol to the +Forum, and thence home by a great number of his relatives, friends and +clients.--_Celeb. freq. Frequentia me usque ad Capitolium celebravit_. +Cic. Att. vi. 1. + +791, 792. See V. 621, Livy, I. 22. _Reliqua urbis loca olim discreta, ut +Argeorum sacraria in septem et viginti partes urbis sunt disposita. +Argeos dictos putant a principibus, qui cum Hercule Argivo venerunt Romam +et in Saturnia subsederunt_. Varro, L. L. iv. J. B. Fontejus (_De Prisca +Caesiorum Gente_, L. I. c. 7,) supposes that the Argei were the reputed +burial-places of some of these noble Argives.--_Sua Pagina_, its own part +of the Fasti. He means, perhaps, V. 621, _et seq_. + +793, 794. On the same day (XVI. Kal. April.) the Kite rises +acronychally.--_Proclinis_ is the reading of two of the best MSS.; five +of the best read _proclivis_, some have _declivis_; the greater number +_declinis_.--_Miluus_, a trisyllable (like _Iason_, _Iulus_, _Iambus_, +_silua_, _Suevos_, etc.) is the reading of the best MSS.: the rest have +_Milvius_. The constellation of the Kite, Krebs says, is not mentioned by +any Greek writer on astronomy, before the time of Ovid. It is quite +uncertain where he got the following legend. + +798. That is to slay the monster about to be described. + +801. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 549. + +803, 804. This reminds one strongly of the sacrifice of the horse of +Hindoo Mythology. See Southey's Curse of Kehama, viii. + +805. Briareus. See Hom. Il. I. 402. According to Homer and Hesiod, +Briareus was one of the Hundred-handed, and the ally of Jupiter. Ovid +appears to make him a Titan.--_Adamante_. The _adamas_ of the poets is +iron, or rather steel. _Adamas lapis durissimus, qui nec ferro cedere +dicitur_. Pliny, H. N. xxvii. 4. + +809-850. On the XIV. Kal. April, began the festival of Minerva, named the +Quinquatrus, Quinquatres, or Quinquatria. + +810. _Nomina quae_. Several MSS. have _numinaque adjunctis_. _Quinquatrus: +hic dies unus a nominis errore observatur, proinde ut sint quinque dies, +dictus ab Tusculanis; post diem sextum Idus similiter vocatus Sexatrus, +et post diem septimum Septimatrus; sic hic, quod erat post diem quintum +Idus, Quinquatrus_, Varro, L. L. V. Festus gives the same derivation. It +is in favour of Ovid that the festival lasted exactly five days, but this +may have been the effect, and not the cause of the name. + +811. The gladiatorial combats with which the festival of Minerva, as the +goddess of war, were celebrated, did not begin till the second day. As +the Minerva of the Romans was certainly no war-goddess, till she was +identified with the Pallas Athena of Greece, I am inclined to think that +the origin of this mode of worshiping her will be found in the account +given by Herodotus, (iv. 180, 189) of the worship of the Lybian goddess, +whom he makes to be the prototype of Pallas Athena. To shew how modes of +worship were transferred; the Athenians had, in the time of the empire, +combats of gladiators in a theatre on their Acropolis, in honour of their +patron-goddess. See Philostratus' Life of Apollonius, L. iv. c. 7. For +Pallas Athena and Minerva, see Mythology, pp. 119 and 462. + +812. _Illa nata die_. "Illa die _nata Minerva_, quatenus ei templum in +Aventino dedicatum, quod notat Verrius. Etiam Calend. Vindob. _N. +Minervae_." Gierig. + +815. See Juvenal. Sat. x. 118.--_Ornate_, scil. with garlands. + +816. _Doctus_, skilful. + +817. 818. Spinning. + +819, 820. Weaving.--_Stantes telas_, the _stamina_ or warp. + +821-826. The fuller, the dyer, the shoemaker and the carpenter. For +Tychius, see Hom. II. vii. 221, for Epeus. Id. Od. viii. 492, Virg. aen. +II. 264. + +827, 828. The Physicians. There is an inscription in Gruter _Minervae +Medicae_. The reader needs not to be reminded of the medical character of +Phoebus Apollo. + +829. This is a sadly perplexing line. Seven MSS. read _censu fraudante_; +others _sensu fraudante_; four _sensus fraudata_; one of the best _censu +fraudata_; two of the best _sensu fraudare_; one of the best _turba ferae +sensus fraudare_; two _verba feri_; three _deam, censu fraudata_, which +Burmann and Gierig have adopted. The present reading is the common one, +with a slight change of _feri_, which gives no good sense, to _fere_. +Matthiae conjectured, and gave the same reading. I think the poet meant +the bad payment and bad treatment which the school-masters so frequently +met with at Rome. + +831, 832. The sculptors, painters and statuaries.--_Tabulam_, etc. The +Encaustae, as they were called, who burned-in wax, spread over the place +to be painted.--_Mollia_, smooth or soft, as it were, to the eye. + +835. There was a small temple of Minerva Capta on the rise of the Coelian +hill, of which name the poet now tries, but in vain, to discover the +origin.--_Captae_, Six MSS. _capitae_; others _castae_. This shews the +negligence and temerity of the transcribers. + +838. See on v. 812. + +843. It was the custom when a town was taken, to bring its gods to the +abode of the conquerors.--Falerii was captured by Camillus, A.U.C. 361. +See Livy, v. 24. + +844. _Littera prisca_, the old name of the goddess, or the old books, the +Annals. + +845, 846. This passage is difficult. For _ex illo_ most MSS. have +_exilio_; many for _reperta_, read _recepta_. It is the _fures_, and not +the _furta_, which should be punished. _Capitalis lucus, ubi si quid +violatum est, capite violatoris_, (two MSS. _vigilatoris_) _expiatur_. +Festus. + +849, 850. On the last day of the Quinquatrus, the Kal. Apr. was the +_Tubilustrum_. According to Varro and Festus, the trumpets were purified +in the Atrium Sutorium. On the X. Kal. Jun. there was a Tubilustrum to +Vulcan. For _deae_ in this place, three of the best MSS. read _deo_, which +Heinsius adopts, and understands it of Mars. Gesenius also prefers this +reading. In Verrius, we find _Feriae Martis_, and Laur. Lydus (de +Mensibus, p. 85,) says, [Greek: tae pro deka kalandon Aprillion katharmos +salpingos kai kinaesis ton oplon, kai timai Areos kai Nerinaes, haen +aexioun einai taen Athaenan nerinae gar (en tae Sabinon glossae) hae +andria esti]. This Nerine-Minerva was probably the _fortis dea_. + +851-876. The sun enters the Ram, and the poet takes the occasion of +telling the story of Phrixus and Helle. See Mythology, p. 296.--_Nunc_, +on the last day of the Quinquatrus, as it was the day after the XI. Kal. +Apr. which last was that of the entrance of the sun into the Ram. See the +Kalendarium. + +863. _Pependerat_. Their mother was Nephele, cloud. See also v. 805. + +865. Thebes was built by the Sparti (_Sown_) who sprang from the +serpent's teeth. + +870. The Hellespont, Helle's-sea. + +874. _Caeruleo deo_. Neptune. + +877. The vernal equinox on the VII. Kal. Apr.--_Eos_, Aurora. + +879. Four days after the VII. Kal. Apr. was a festival of Janus, Concord, +Health and Peace. Augustus raised statues to these three last-named +deities. + +883, 884. Servius Tullius built a temple to Diana on the Aventine, Livy, +I. 45. Tac. An. xv. 41. Ovid, like the other poets, makes Diana and Luna, +as they really were, identical. See Mythology, p. 463. + + + + +LIBER IV. + + +Alma, fave, dixi, geminorum mater Amorum. + Ad vatem vultus rettulit illa suos. +Quid tibi, ait, mecum? certe majora canebas. + Num vetus in molli pectore vulnus habes? +Scis dea, respondi, de vulnere.--Risit, et aether 5 + Protinus ex illa parte serenus erat.-- +Saucius, an sanus, numquid tua signa reliqui? + Tu mihi propositum, tu mihi semper opus. +Quae decuit, primis sine crimine lusimus annis: + Nunc teritur nostris area major equis. 10 +Tempora cum causis annalibus eruta priscis, + Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa cano. +Venimus ad quartum, quo tu celeberrima, mensem; + Et vatem, et mensem scis, Venus esse tuos. +Mota Cytheriaca leviter mea tempora myrto 15 + Contigit, et, Coeptum perfice, dixit, opus. +Sensimus, et subito causae patuere dierum. + Dum licet, et spirant flamina, navis eat. +Si qua tamen pars te de fastis tangere debet, + Caesar, in Aprili, quo tenearis, habes. 20 +Hic ad te magna descendit imagine mensis, + Et fit adoptiva nobilitate tuus. +Hoc pater Iliades, quum longum scriberet annum, + Vidit, et auctores rettulit ipse suos. +Utque fero Marti primam dedit ordine sortem, 25 + Quod sibi nascenti proxima causa fuit; +Sic Venerem gradibus multis in gente repertam + Alterius voluit mensis habere locum; +Principiumque sui generis revolutaque quaerens + Saecula, cognatos venit ad usque deos. 30 +Dardanon Electra nesciret Atlantide cretum? + Scilicet Electran concubuisse Jovi? +Hujus Erichthonius: Tros est generatus ab illo: + Assaracon creat hic, Assaracusque Capyn. +Proximus Anchisen, cum quo commune parentis 35 + Non dedignata est nomen habere Venus, +Hinc satus aeneas, pietas spectata per ignes, + Sacra, patremque humeris altera sacra, tulit. +Venimus ad felix aliquando nomen Iuli, + Unde domus Teucros Julia tangit avos. 40 +Postumus huic, qui, quod silvis fuit ortus in altis, + Silvius in Latia gente vocatus erat; +Isque, Latine, tibi pater est: subit Alba Latinum: + Proximus est titulis Epytos, Alba, tuis, +Ille dedit Capyi recidiva vocabula Troiae, 45 + Et tuus est idem, Calpete, factus avus. +Quumque patris regnum post hunc Tiberinus haberet, + Dicitur in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae. +Jam tamen Agrippam genitum, Remulumque nepotem + Viderat; in Remulum fulmina missa ferunt. 50 +Venit Aventinus post hos, locus unde vocatus, + Mons quoque. Post illum tradita Procae. +Quem sequitur diri Numitor germanus Amuli. + Ilia cum Lauso de Numitore sati. +Ense cadit patrui Lausus: placet Ilia Marti; 55 + Teque parit, gemino juncte Quirine Remo. +Ille suos semper Venerem Martemque parentes + Dixit, et emeruit vocis habere fidem. +Neve secuturi possent nescire nepotes, + Tempora dîs generis continuata dedit. 60 +Sed Veneris mensem Graio sermone notatum + Auguror: a spumis est dea dicta maris. +Nec tibi sit mirum Graio rem nomine dici: + Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat. +Venerat Evander plena cum classe suorum: 65 + Venerat Alcides, Graius uterque genus. +Hospes Aventinis armentum pavit in herbis + Claviger, et tanto est Albula pota deo. +Dux quoque Neritius. Testes Laestrygones exstant: + Et quod adhuc Circes nomina litus habet. 70 +Et jam Telegoni, jam moenia Tiburis udi + Stabant, Argolicae quod posuere manus. +Venerat Atridae fatis agitatus Halesus, + A quo se dictam terra Falisca putat. +Adjice Trojanae suasorem Antenora pacis, 75 + Et generum Oeniden, Appule Daune, tuum. +Serus ab Iliacis, et post Antenora, flammis + Attulit aeneas in loca nostra deos. +Hujus erat Solymus Phrygia comes unus ab Ida: + A quo Sulmonis moenia nomen habent, 80 +Sulmonis gelidi, patriae, Germanice, nostrae. + Me miserum! Scythico quam procul illa solo est! +Ergo ego tam longe?--sed supprime, Musa, querelas; + Non tibi sunt maesta sacra canenda lyra. +Quo non livor abit? Sunt qui tibi mensis honorem 85 + Eripuisse velint, invideantque, Venus. +Nam, quia ver aperit tunc omnia, densaque cedit + Frigoris asperitas, fetaque terra patet; +Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum, + Quem Venus injecta vindicat alma manu. 90 +Illa quidem totum dignissima temperat orbem: + Illa tenet nullo regna minora deo: +Juraque dat coelo, terrae, natalibus undis, + Perque suos initus continet omne genus. +Illa deos omnes--longum est narrare--creavit: 95 + Illa satis causas arboribusque dedit: +Illa rudes animos hominum contraxit in unum, + Et docuit jungi cum pare quemque sua. +Quid genus omne creat volucrum, nisi blanda voluptas? + Nec coëunt pecudes, si levis absit amor. 100 +Cum mare trux aries cornu decertat: at idem + Frontem dilectae laedere parcit ovis. +Deposita taurus sequitur feritate juvencam, + Quem toti saltus, quem nemus omne tremit. +Vis eadem, lato quodcumque sub sequore vivit, 105 + Servat, et innumeris piscibus implet aquas. +Prima feros habitus homini detraxit: ab illa + Venerunt cultus mundaque cura sui. +Primus amans carmen vigilatum nocte negata + Dicitur ad clausas concinuisse fores; 110 +Eloquiumque fuit duram exorare puellam: + Proque sua causa quisque disertus erat. +Mille per hanc artes motae, studioque placendi, + Quae latuere prius, multa reperta ferunt. +Hanc quisquam titulo mensis spoliare secundi 115 + Audeat? a nobis sit procul iste furor. +Quid? quod ubique potens, templisque frequentibus aucta, + Urbe tamen nostra jus dea majus habet? +Pro Troja, Romane, tua Venus arma ferebat; + Quum genuit teneram cuspide laesa manum, 120 +Coelestesque duas Trojano judice vicit; + --Ah! nolim victas hoc meminisse deas!-- +Assaracique nurus dicta est, ut scilicet olim + Magnus Iuleos Caesar haberet avos. +Nec Veneri tempus, quam ver, erat aptius ullum. 125 + Vere nitent terrae: vere remissus ager. +Nunc herbae rupta tellure cacumina tollunt; + Nunc tumido gemmas cortice palmes agit. +Et formosa Venus formoso tempore digna est, + Utque solet, Marti continuata suo. 130 +Vere monet curvas materna per aequora puppes + Ire, nec hibernas jam timuisse minas. +Rite deam Latiae colitis matresque nurusque; + Et vos, quîs vittae longaque vestis abest. +Aurea marmoreo redimicula solvite collo: 135 + Demite divitias: tota lavanda dea est. +Aurea siccato redimicula reddite collo: + Nunc alii flores, nunc nova danda rosa est. +Vos quoque sub viridi myrto jubet illa lavari; + Causaque, cur jubeat,--discite--certa subest. 140 +Litore siccabat rorantes nuda capillos: + Viderunt Satyri, turba proterva, deam. +Sensit, et opposita texit sua corpora myrto. + Tuta fuit facto: vosque referre jubet. +Discite nunc, quare Fortunae tura Virili 145 + Detis eo, calida qui locus humet aqua. +Aspicit ille locus posito velamine cunctas, + Et vitium nudi corporis omne patet. +Ut tegat hoc, celetque viros, Fortuna Virilis + Praestat, et hoc parvo ture rogata facit. 150 +Nec pigeat niveo tritum cum lacte papaver + Sumere, et expressis mella liquata favis. +Quum primum cupido Venus est deducta marito, + Hoc bibit; ex illo tempore nupta fuit. +Supplicibus verbis illam placate: sub illa 155 + Et forma, et mores, et bona fama manet. +Roma pudicitia proavorum tempore lapsa est: + Cumaeam, veteres, consuluistis anum. +Templa jubet Veneri fieri: quibus ordine factis, + Inde Venus verso nomina corde tenet. 160 +Semper ad Aeneadas placido, pulcherrima, vultu + Respice, totque tuas, diva, tuere nurus. +Dum loquor, elatae metuendus acumine caudae + Scorpios in virides praecipitatur aquas. +Nox ubi transient, coelumque rubescere primo 165 + Coeperit, et tactae rore querentur aves, +Semustamque facem vigilata nocte viator + Ponet, et ad solitum rusticus ibit opus: +Pliades incipiunt humeros relevare paternos, + Quae septem dici, sex tamen esse solent; 170 +Seu, quod in araplexum sex hinc venere deorum: + Nam Steropen Marti concubuisse ferunt: +Neptuno Halcyonen, et te, formosa Celaeno: + Maian, et Electran, Taygetenque Jovi: +Septima mortali Merope tibi, Sisyphe, nupsit: 175 + Poenitet, et facti sola pudore latet; +Sive, quod Electra Trojae; spectare ruinas + Non tulit, ante oculos opposuitque manum. + +Ter sine perpetuo coelum versetur in axe; + Ter jungat Titan, terque resolvat equos; 180 +Protinus inflexo Berecyntia tibia cornu + Flabit, et Idaeae festa Parentis erunt. +Ibunt semimares et inania tympana tundent, + Aeraque tinnitus sere repulsa dabunt. +Ipsa sedens molli comitum cervice feretur 185 + Urbis per medias exululata vias. +Scena sonat, ludique vocant. Spectate, Quirites! + Et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent. +Quaerere multa libet: sed me sonus aeris acuti + Terret, et horrendo lotos adunca sono. 190 +Da, dea, quas sciter, doctas, Cybeleïa, neptes. + Audit, et has curae jussit adesse meae. +Pandite mandati memores, Heliconis alumnae, + Gaudeat assiduo cur dea Magna sono. +Sic ego. Sic Erato:--mensis Cythereïus illi 195 + Cessit, quod teneri nomen Amoris habet.-- +Reddita Saturno sors haec erat: Optime regum. + A nato sceptris excutiere tuis. +Ille suam metuens, ut quaeque erat edita, prolem + Devorat, immersam visceribusque tenet. 200 +Saepe Rhea questa est toties fecunda, nec umquam + Mater, et indoluit fertilitate sua. +Jupiter ortus erat.--Pro magno teste vetustas + Creditur; acceptam parce movere fidem.-- +Veste latens saxum coelesti gutture sedit. 205 + Sic genitor fatis decipiendus erat. +Ardua jam dudum resonat tinnitibus Ide, + Tutus ut infanti vagiat ore puer. +Pars clypeos rudibus, galeas pars tundit inanes: + Hoc Curetes habent, hoc Corybantes opus. 210 +Res latuit patrem: priscique imitamina facti + aera deae comites raucaque terga movent. +Cymbala pro galeis, pro scutis tympana pulsant: + Tibia dat Phrygios, ut dedit ante, modos. +Desierat: coepi: Cur huic genus acre leonum 215 + Praebeat insolitas ad juga curva jubas? +Desieram: coepit: Feritas mollita per illam + Creditur. Id curru testificata suo est. +At cur turrita caput est ornata corona? + An primis turres urbibus illa dedit? 220 +Annuit. Unde venit, dixi, sua membra secandi + Impetus? Ut tacui, Pieris orsa loqui: +Phryx puer in silvis facie spectabilis Attis + Turrigeram casto vinxit amore deam. +Hunc sibi servari voluit, sua templa tueri: 225 + Et dixit, _Semper fac puer esse velis_. +Ille fidem jussis dedit; et, _Si mentiar_, inquit, + _Ultima, qua fallam, sit Venus illa mihi_. +Fallit, et in Nympha Sagaritide desinit esse, + Quod fuit. Hinc poenas exigit ira deae. 230 +Naïda vulneribus succidit in arbore factis. + Illa perit. Fatum Naïdos arbor erat. +Hic furit: et credens thalami procumbere tectum, + Effugit et cursu Dindyma summa petit. +Et modo, _Tolle faces! Remove_, modo, _verbera!_ clamat. 235 + Saepe Palaestinas jurat adesse deas. +Ille etiam saxo corpus laniavit acuto, + Longaque in immundo pulvere tracta coma est; +Voxque fuit, Merui: meritas do sanguine poenas: + Ah pereant partes, quae nocuere mihi! 240 +Ah pereant! dicebat adhuc: onus inguinis aufert; + Nullaque sunt subito signa relicta viri. +Venit in exemplum furor hic, mollesque ministri + Caedunt jactatis vilia membra comis. +Talibus Aoniae facunda voce Camenae; 245 + Reddita quaesiti causa furoris erat. +Hoc quoque, dux operis, moneas, precor, unde petita + Venerit, an nostra semper in urbe fuit? +Dindymon, et Cybelen, et amoenam fontibus Iden + Semper, et Iliacas Mater amavit opes. 250 +Quum Trojam. aeneas Italos portaret in agros, + Est dea sacriferas paene secuta rates. +Sed nondum fatis Latio sua numina posci + Senserat, assuetis substiteratque locis. +Post, ut Roma potens opibus jam saecula quinque 255 + Vidit, et edomito sustulit orbe caput; +Carminis Euboici fatalia verba sacerdos + Inspicit. Inspectum tale fuisse ferunt: +_Mater abest; Matrem jubeo, Romane, requiras. + Quum veniet, casta est accipienda manu_. 260 +Obscurae sortis Patres ambagibus errant, + Quaeve parens absit, quove petenda loco. +Consulitur Paean, _Divûm_ que _arcessite Matrem_, + Inquit, _et Idaeo est invenienda jugo_. +Mittuntur proceres. Phrygiae tum sceptra tenebat 265 + Attalus: Ausoniis rem negat ille viris. +Mira canam: longo tremuit cum murmure tellus, + Et sic est adytis diva locuta suis: +_Ipsa peti volui. Ne sit mora: mitte volentem. + Dignus Roma locus, quo deus omnis eat_. 270 +Ille soni terrore pavens, Proficiscere, dixit; + Nostra eris: in Phrygios Roma refertur avos. +Protinus innumerae caedunt pineta secures + Illa, quibus fugiens Phryx pius usus erat. +Mille manus coëunt: et picta coloribus ustis 275 + Coelestum Matrem concava puppis habet. +Illa sui per aquas fertur tutissima nati, + Longaque Phrixeae stagna sororis adit, +Rhoeteumque rapax, Sigeaque litora transit, + Et Tenedum, et veteres Eëtionis opes. 280 +Cyclades excipiunt, Lesbo post terga relicta, + Quaque Carysteis frangitur unda vadis. +Transit et Icarium, lapsas ubi perdidit alas + Icarus, et vastae nomina fecit aquae. +Tum laeva Creten, dextra Pelopeïdas undas 285 + Deserit, et Veneri sacra Cythera petit. +Hinc mare Trinacrium, candens ubi tingere ferrum + Brontes, et Steropes, Acmonidesque solent: +aequoraque Afra legit, Sardoaque regna sinistris + Prospicit a remis, Ausoniamque tenet. 290 +Ostia contigerat, qua se Tiberinus in altum + Dividit, et campo liberiore natat: +Omnis eques, mixtaque gravis cum plebe senatus + Obvius ad Tusci fluminis ora venit; +Procedunt pariter matres, nataeque, nurusque. 295 + Quaeque colunt sanctos virginitate focos. +Sedula fune viri contento brachia lassant. + Vix subit adversas hospita navis aquas, +Sicca diu tellus fuerat: sitis usserat herbas: + Sedit limoso pressa carina vado. 300 +Quisquis adest operi, plus quam pro parte laborat, + Adjuvat et fortes voce sonante manus. +Illa velut medio stabilis sedet insula ponto. + Attoniti monstro stantque paventque viri. +Claudia Quinta genus Clauso referebat ab alto: 305 + Nec facies impar nobilitate fuit. +Casta quidem, sed non et credita. Rumor iniquus + Laeserat, et falsi criminis acta rea est. +Cultus et ornatis varie prodisse capillis + Obfuit, ad rigidos promptaque lingua senes. 310 +Conscia mens recti famae mendacia risit: + Sed nos in vitium credula turba sumus. +Haec ubi castarum processit ab agmine matrum, + Et manibus puram fluminis hausit aquam, +Ter caput irrorat, ter tollit in aethera palmas; 315 + --Quicumque adspiciunt, mente carere putant.-- +Submissoque genu vultus in imagine divae + Figit, et hos edit crine jacente sonos: +Supplicis, alma, tuae, genitrix fecunda deorum, + Accipe sub certa conditione preces. 320 +Casta negor. Si tu damnas, meruisse fatebor; + Morte luam poenas judice victa dea. +Sed, si crimen abest, tu nostrae pignora vitae + Re dabis, et castas casta sequere manus. +Dixit, et exiguo funem conamine traxit. 325 + Mira, sed et scena testificata loquar. +Mota dea est, sequiturque ducem, laudatque sequendo. + Index laetitiae fertur in astra sonus. +Fluminis ad flexum veniunt: Tiberina priores + Ostia dixerunt, unde sinister abit. 330 +Nox aderat: querno religant a stipite funem, + Dantque levi somno corpora functa cibo. +Lux aderat: querno solvunt a stipite funem; + Ante tamen posito tura dedere foco: +Ante coronatam puppim sine labe juvencam 335 + Mactarunt operum conjugiique rudem. +Est locus, in Tiberin qua lubricus influit Almo, + Et nomen magno perdit ab amne minor. +Illic purpurea canus cum veste sacerdos + Almonis dominam sacraque lavit aquis. 340 +Exululant comites, furiosaque tibia flatur, + Et feriunt molles taurea terga manus. +Claudia praecedit, laeto celeberrima vultu; + Credita vix tandem teste pudica dea. +Ipsa sedens plaustro porta est invecta Capena: 345 + Sparguntur junctae flore recente boves. +Nasica accepit. Templi non perstitit auctor; + Augustus nunc est; ante Metellus erat. +Substitit hic Erato. Mora fit, si cetera quaeram. + Dic, inquam, parva cur stipe quaerat opes? 350 +Contulit aes populus, de quo delubra Metellus + Fecit, ait; dandae mos stipis inde manet. +Cur vicibus factis ineant convivia, quaero, + Tum magis, indictas concelebrentque dapes. +Quod bene mutarit sedem Berecyntia, dixit, 355 + Captant mutatis sedibus omen idem. +Institeram, quare primi Megalesia ludi + Urbe forent nostra, quum dea,--sensit enim-- +Illa deos, inquit, peperit. Cessere parenti, + Principiumque dati Mater honoris habet. 360 +Cur igitur Gallos, qui se excidere, vocamus, + Quum tanto Phrygia Gallica distet humus? +Inter, ait, viridem Cybelen altasque Celaenas, + Amnis it insana, nomine Gallus, aqua. +Qui bibit inde, furit. Procul hinc discedite, quis est 365 + Cura bonae mentis. Qui bibit inde, furit. +Non pudet herbosum, dixi, posuisse moretum + In dominae mensis? an sua causa subest? +Lacte mero veteres usi memorantur et herbis, + Sponte sua si quas terra ferebat, ait. 370 +Candidus elisae miscetur caseus herbae, + Cognoscat priscos ut dea prisca cibos. + +Postera quum coelo motis Pallantias astris + Fulserit, et niveos Luna levarit equos; +Qui dicet, Quondam sacrata est colle Quirini 375 + Hac Fortuna die Publica, verus erit + +Tertia lux--memini--ludis erat. At mihi quidam +Spectanti senior contiguusque loco, +Haec, ait, illa dies, Libycis qua Caesar in oris + Perfida magnanimi contudit arma Jubae. 380 +Dux mihi Caesar erat, sub quo meruisse Tribunus + Glorior. Officio praefuit ille meo. +Hanc ego militia sedem, tu pace parasti, + Inter bis quinos usus honore Viros. +Plura locuturi subito seducimur imbre; 385 + Pendula coelestes Libra movebat aquas. +Ante tamen, quam summa dies spectacula sistat, + Ensifer Orion aequore mersus erit. + +Proxima victricem quum Romam inspexerit Eos, + Et dederit Phoebo stella fugata locum; 390 +Circus erit pompa celeber, numeroque deorum: + Primaque ventosis palma petetur equis. +Hinc Cereris Ludi. Non est opus indice causae; + Sponte deae munus promeritumque patet. +Messis erant primis virides mortalibus herbae, 395 + Quas tellus nullo sollicitante dabat; +Et modo carpebant vivaci cespite gramen, + Nunc epulae tenera fronde cacumen erant. +Postmodo glans nata est. Bene erat jam glande reperta, + Duraque magnificas quercus habebat opes. 400 +Prima Ceres homini ad meliora alimenta vocato + Mutavit glandes utiliore cibo. +Illa jugo tauros collum praebere coëgit; + Tum primum soles eruta vidit humus. +Aes erat in pretio: chalybeïa massa latebat. 405 + Heu heu perpetuo debuit illa tegi! +Pace Ceres laeta est, et vos optate, coloni, + Perpetuam pacem, perpetuumque ducem. +Farra deae, micaeque licet salientis honorem + Detis, et in veteres turea grana focos; 410 +Et, si tura aberunt, unctas accendite taedas. + Parva bonae Cereri, sint modo casta, placent. +A bove succincti cultros removete ministri. + Bos aret: ignavam sacrificate suem. +Apta jugo cervix non est ferienda securi. 415 + Vivat, et in dura saepe laboret humo! +Exigit ipse locus, raptus ut virginis edam. + Plura recognosces: pauca docendus eris. +Terra tribus scopulis vastum procurrit in aequor + Trinacris, a positu nomen adepta loci. 420 +Grata domus Cereri. Multas ibi possidet urbes, + In quibus est culto fertilis Henna solo. +Frigida coelestum matres Arethusa vocarat. + Venerat ad sacras et dea flava dapes. +Filia consuetis ut erat comitata puellis, 425 + Errabat nudo per sua prata pede. +Valle sub umbrosa locus est, adspergine multa + Humidus ex alto desilientis aquae. +Tot fuerant illic, quot habet natura, colores, + Pictaque dissimili flore nitebat humus. 430 +Quam simul adspexit, Comites accedite, dixit, + Et mecum plenos flore referte sinus. +Praeda puellares animos oblectat inanis, + Et non sentitur sedulitate labor. +Haec implet lento calathos e vimine textos, 435 + Haec gremium, laxos degravat illa sinus, +Illa legit calthas, huic sunt violaria curae, + Illa papavereas subsecat ungue comas, +Has, hyacinthe, tenes, illas, amarante, moraris, + Pars thyma, pars rorem, pars meliloton amant. 440 +Plurima lecta rosa est, et sunt sine nomine flores. + Ipsa crocos tenues, liliaque alba legit. +Carpendi studio paullatim longius itur, + Et dominam casu nulla secuta comes. +Hanc videt, et visam patruus velociter aufert, 445 + Regnaque caeruleis in sua portat equis. +Illa quidem clamabat, _Io carissima mater, + Auferor!_ ipsa suos abscideratque sinus. +Panditur interea Diti via; namque diurnum + Lumen inassueti vix patiuntur equi. 450 +At chorus aequalis, cumulatis flore canistris, + Persephone, clamant, ad tua dona veni. +Ut clamata silet, monies ululatibus implent, + Et feriunt maesta pectora nuda manu. +Attonita est plangore Ceres,--modo venerat Hennam-- 455 + Nec mora, _Me miseram! filia_, dixit, _ubi es?_ +Mentis inops rapitur, quales audire solemus + Threïcias fusis Maenadas ire comis. +Ut vitulo mugit sua mater ab ubere rapto, + Et quaerit fetus per nemus omne suos; 460 +Sic dea: nec retinet gemitus, et concita cursu + Fertur, et e campis incipit, Henna, tuis. +Inde puellaris nacta est vestigia plantae, + Et pressam noto pondere vidit humum. +Forsitan illa dies erroris summa fuisset, 465 + Si non turbassent signa reperta sues. +Jamque Leontinos Amenanaque flumina cursu + Praeterit, et ripas, herbifer Aci, tuas: +Praeterit et Cyanen, et fontem lenis Anapi, + Et te, vorticibus non adeunde Gela. 470 +Liquerat Ortygien, Megareaque, Pantagienque, + Quaque Symaetheas accipit aequor aquas, +Antraque Cyclopum, positis exusta caminis, + Quique locus curvae nomina falcis habet: +Himeraque, et Didymen, Acragantaque, Tauromenonque, 475 + Sacrorumque Melan pascua laeta boum. +Hinc Camerinan adit, Thapsonque et Heloria tempe, + Quaque patet Zephyro semper apertus Eryx. +Jamque Peloriaden, Lilybaeaque, jamque Pachynon + Lustrarat, terrae cornua prima suae. 480 +Quacumque ingreditur, miseris loca cuncta querelis + Implet, ut amissum quum gemit ales Ityn; +Perque vices modo, _Persephone_, modo, _Filia_, clamat. + Clamat, et alternis nomen utrumque ciet. +Sed neque Persephone Cererem, neque filia matrem 485 + Audit, et alternis nomen utrumque perit. +Unaque, pastorem vidisset an arva colentem, + Vox erat, _Hac gressus si qua puella tulit_? +Jam color unus inest rebus, tenebrisque teguntur + Omnia; jam vigiles conticuere canes. 490 +Alta jacet vasti super ora Typhoëos aetne, + Cujus anhelatis ignibus ardet humus. +Illic accendit geminas pro lampade pinus: + Hinc Cereris sacris nunc quoque taeda datur. +Est specus exesi structura pumicis asper; 495 + Non homini regio, non adeunda ferae. +Quo simul ac venit, frenatos curribus angues + Jungit, et aequoreas sicca pererrat aquas. +Effugit et Syrtes, et te, Zaneltaea Charybdi, + Et vos, Nissei naufraga monstra, canes; 500 +Hadriacumque patens late, bimaremque Corinthon. + Sic venit ad portus, Attica terra, tuos. +Hic primum sedit gelido maetissima saxo. + Illud Cecropidae nunc quoque _triste_ vocant. +Sub Jove duravit multis immota diebus, 505 + Et lunae patiens, et pluvialis aquae. +Fors sua cuique loco est. Quo nunc Cerealis Eleusin, + Dicitur hoc Celei rura fuisse senis. +Ille domum glandes excussaque mora rubetis + Portat, et arsuris arida ligna focis. 510 +Filia parva duas redigebat rupe capellas, + Et tener in cunis filius aeger erat. +Mater, ait virgo,--mota est dea nomine matris-- + Quid facis in solis incomitata jugis? +Restitit et senior, quamvis onus urget, et orat, 515 + Tecta suae subeat quantulacumque casae. +Ille negat.--Simularat anum, mitraque capillos + Presserat--Instanti talia dicta refert: +Sospes eas, semperque parens! Mihi filia rapta est. + Heu! melior quanto sors tua sorte mea! 520 +Dixit, et, ut lacrimae,--neque enim lacrimare deorum est-- + Decidit in tepidos lucida gutta sinus. +Flent pariter molles animis, virgoque senexque. + E quibus haec justi verba fuere senis: +Sic tibi, quam raptam quereris, sit filia sospes; 525 + Surge, nec exiguae despice tecta casae. +Cui dea, _Duc_, inquit: _scisti, qua cogere posses_; + Seque levat saxo, subsequiturque senem. +Dux comiti narrat, quam sit sibi filius aeger, + Nec capiat somnos, invigiletque malis. 530 +Illa soporiferum, parvos initura penates, + Colligit agresti lene papaver humo. +Dum legit, oblito fertur gustasse palato, + Longamque imprudens exsoluisse famem. +Quae quia principio posuit jejunia noctis, 535 + Tempus habent Mystae sidera visa cibi. +Limen ut intravit, luctus videt omnia plena. + Jam spes in puero nulla salutis erat. +Matre salutata,--mater Metanira vocatur-- + Jungere dignata est os puerile suo. 540 +Pallor abit, subitaeque vigent in corpore vires. + Tantus coelesti venit ab ore vigor! +Tota domus laeta est, hoc est, materque, paterque, + Nataque: tres illi tota fuere domus. +Mox epulas ponunt, liquefacta coagula lacte, 545 + Pomaque, et in teneris aurea mella favis. +Abstinet alma Ceres, somnique papavera causas + Dat tibi cum tepido lacte bibenda, puer. +Noctis erat medium, placidique silentia somni; + Triptolemum gremio sustulit illa suo, 550 +Terque manu permulsit eum: tria carmina dixit, + Carmina mortali non referenda sono; +Inque foco pueri corpus vivente favilla + Obruit, humanum purget ut ignis onus. +Excutitur somno stulte pia mater, et amens, 555 + _Quid facis?_ exclamat, membraque ab igne rapit. +Cui Dea, Dum non es, dixit scelerata fuisti: + Irrita materno sunt mea dono metu. +Iste quidem mortalis erit, sed primus arabit, + Et seret, et culta praemia tollet humo. 560 +Dixit, et egrediens nubem trahit, inque dracones + Transit, et aligero tollitur axe Ceres. +Sunion expositum, Piraeaque tuta recessu + Linquit, et in dextrum quae jacet ora latus. +Hinc init aegaeum, quo Cycladas adspicit omnes, 565 + Ioniumque rapax, Icariumque legit; +Perque urbes Asiae longum petit Hellespontum: + Divereumque locis alta pererrat iter. +Nam modo turilegos Arabas, modo despicit Indos: + Hinc Libys, hinc Meroë, siccaque terra subest. 570 +Nunc adit Hesperios, Rhenum, Rhodanumque, Padumque, + Teque future parens, Tibri, potentis aquae. +Quo feror? immensum est erratas dicere terras: + Praeteritus Cereri nullus in orbe locus. +Errat et in coelo, liquidique immunia ponti 575 + Alloquitur gelido proxima signa polo: +Parrhasides stellae,--namque omnia nosse potestis, + aequoreas numquam quum subeatis aquas-- +Persephonen miserae natam monstrate parenti. + Dixerat: huic Helice talia verba refert: 580 +Crimine nox vacua est. Solem de virgine rapta + Consule, qui late facta diurna videt. +Sol aditus, Quam quaeris, ait, ne vana labores, + Nupta Jovis fratri tertia regna tenet. +Questa diu secum sic est affata Tonantem: 585 + --Maximaque in vultu signa dolentis erant-- +Si memor es, de quo mihi sit Proserpina nata; + Dimidium curae debet habere tuae. +Orbe pererrato, sola est injuria facti + Cognita: commissi praemia raptor habet. 590 +At neque Persephone digna est praedone marito, + Nec gener hoc nobis more parandus erat. +Quid gravius victore Gyge captiva tulissem, + Quam nunc, te coeli sceptra tenente, tuli? +Verum impune ferat: nos haec patiamur inultae. 595 + Reddat, et emendet facta priora novis. +Jupiter hanc lenit, factumque excusat amore, + Nec gener est nobis ille pudendus, ait. +Non ego nobilior. Posita est mihi regia coelo: + Possidet alter aquas: alter inane Chaos. 600 +Sed si forte tibi non est mutabile pectus, + Statque semel juncti rumpere vincla tori; +Hoc quoque tentemus, siquidem jejuna remansit: + Sin minus, inferni conjugis uxor erit. +Tartara jussus adit sumptis Caducifer alis, 605 + Speque redit citius, visaque certa refert. +Rapta tribus, dixit, solvit jejunia granis, + Punica quae lento cortice poma tegunt. +Haud secus indoluit, quam si modo rapta fuisset, + Maesta parens, longa vixque refecta mora est. 610 +Atque ita, Nec nobis coelum est habitabile, dixit: + Taenaria recipi me quoque valle jube. +Et factura fuit, pactus nisi Jupiter esset, + Bis tribus ut coelo mensibus illa foret. +Tum demum vultumque Ceres animumque recepit, 615 + Imposuitque suae spicea serta comae. +Largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis. + Et vix congestas area cepit opes. +Alba decent Cererem: vestes Cerealibus albas + Sumite; nunc pulli velleris usus abest. 620 + +Occupat Apriles Idus cognomine Victor + Jupiter: hac illi sunt data templa die. +Hac quoque, ni fallor, populo dignissima nostro + Atria Libertas coepit habere sua. + +Luce secutura tutos pete, navita, portus: 625 + Ventus ab occasu grandine mixtus erit. +Scilicet, ut fuerit, tamen hac Mutinensia Caesar + Grandine militia contudit arma sua. + +Tertia post Veneris quum lux surrexerit Idus, + Pontifices, forda sacra litate bove. 630 +_Forda_, ferens bos est fecundaque, dicta ferendo: + Hinc etiam _fetus_ nomen habere putant. +Nunc gravidum pecus est: gravidae nunc semine terrae. + Telluri plenae victima plena datur. +Pars cadit arce lovis: ter denas Curia vaccas 635 + Accipit, et largo sparsa cruore madet. +Ast ubi visceribus vitulos rapuere ministri, + Sectaque fumosis exta dedere focis; +Igne cremat vitulos, quae natu maxima Virgo est, + Luce Palis populos purget ut ille cinis. 640 +Rege Numa, fructu non respondente labori, + Irrita decepti vota colentis erant. +Nam modo siccus erat gelidis Aquilonibus annus, + Nunc ager assidua luxuriabat aqua; +Saepe Ceres primis dominum fallebat in herbis. 645 + Et levis obsesso stabat avena solo: +Et pecus ante diem partus edebat acerbos, + Agnaque nascendo saepe necabat ovem. +Silva vetus nullaque diu violata securi + Stabat, Maenalio sacra relicta deo. 650 +Ille dabat tacitis animo responsa quieto + Noctibus. Hic geminas rex Numa mactat oves. +Prima cadit Fauno, leni cadit altera Somno. + Sternitur in duro vellus utrumque solo. +Bis caput intonsum fontana spargitur unda, 655 + Bis sua faginea tempora fronde tegit. +Usus abest Veneris: nec fas animalia mensis + Ponere, nec digitis annulus ullus inest. +Veste rudi tectus supra nova vellera corpus + Ponit, adorato per sua verba deo. 660 +Interea placidam redimita papavere frontem + Nox venit, et secum somnia nigra trahit. +Faunus adest, oviumque premens pede vellera duro, + Edidit a dextro talia dicta toro: +Morte boum tibi, Rex, Tellus placanda duarum: 665 + Det sacris animas una necata duas. +Excutitur terrore quies; Numa visa revolvit, + Et secum ambages caecaque jussa refert. +Expedit errantem nemori gratissima conjux, + Et dixit, _Gravidae posceris exta bovis_. 670 +Exta bovis dantur gravidae; felicior annus + Provenit, et fructum terra pecusque ferunt. +Hanc quondam Cytherea diem properantius ire + Jussit, et aetherios praecipitavit equos, +Ut titulum imperii quam primum luce sequenti 675 + Augusto juveni prospera bella darent. + +Sed jam praeteritas quartus ubi Lucifer Idus + Respicit, hac Hyades Dorida nocte petunt. +Tertia post Hyadas quum lux erit orta remotas, + Carcere partitos Circus habebit equos. 680 +Cur igitur missae vinctis ardentia taedis + Terga ferant vulpes, causa docenda mihi. +Frigida Carseolis, nec olivis apta ferendis + Terra, sed ad segetes ingeniosus ager. +Hac ego Pelignos, natalia rura, petebam, 685 + Parva, sed assiduis humida semper aquis, +Hospitis antiqui solitas intravimus aedes: + Dempserat emeritis jam juga Phoebus equis. +Is mihi multa quidem, sed et haec, narrare solebat, + Unde meum praesens instrueretur opus: 690 +Hoc, ait, in campo--campumque ostendit--habebat + Rus breve cum duro parca colona viro. +Ille suam peragebat humum, sive usus aratri, + Seu curvae falcis, sive bidentis erat. +Haec modo verrebat stantem tibicine villam: 695 + Nunc matris plumis ova fovenda dabat; +Aut virides malvas, aut fungos colligit albos, + Aut humilem grato calfacit igne focum. +Et tamen assiduis exercet brachia telis, + Adversusque minas frigoris arma parat. 700 +Filius hujus erat primo lascivus in aevo, + Addideratque annos ad duo lustra duos. +Is capit extremi vulpem convalle salicti: + Abstulerat multas illa cohortis aves. +Captivam stipula fenoque involvit, et ignes 705 + Admovet. Urentes effugit illa manus. +Qua fugit, incendit vestitos messibus agros: + Damnosis vires ignibus aura dabat. +Factum abiit: monumenta manent; nam vivere captam + Nunc quoque lex vulpem Carseolana vetat. 710 +Utque luat poenas gens haec, Cerealibus ardet, + Quoque modo segetes perdidit, ipsa perit. + +Postera quum veniet terras visura patentes + Memnonis in roseis lutea mater equis; +De duce lanigeri pecoris, qui prodidit Hellen, 715 + Sol abit: egresso victima major adest. +Vacca sit an taurus, non est cognoscere promptum: + Pars prior apparet: posteriora latent. +Seu tamen est taurus, sive est hoc femina signum, + Junone invita munus amoris habet. 720 + +Nox abiit, oriturque Aurora. Palilia poscor. + Non poscor frustra, si favet alma Pales. +Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti, + Prosequor officio si tua festa pio. +Certe ego de vitulo cinerem stipulasque fabales, 725 + Saepe tuli plena februa casta manu. +Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas, + Udaque roratas laurea misit aquas. +Mota dea est, operique favet. Navalibus exit + Puppis: habent ventos jam mea vela suos. 730 +I, pete virginea, populus, suffimen ab ara: + Vesta dabit; Vestae munere purus eris. +Sanguis equi suffimen erit, vitulique favilla. + Tertia res durae culmen inane fabae. +Pastor, oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustra. 735 + Unda prius spargat, virgaque verrat humum. +Frondibus et fixis decorentur ovilla ramis, + Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores. +Caerulei fiant vivo de sulfure fumi; + Tactaque fumanti sulfure balet ovis. 740 +Ure maris rores, taedamque, herbasque Sabinas, + Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis; +Libaque de milio milii fiscella sequatur: + Rustica praecipue est hoc dea laeta cibo. +Adde dapes mulctramque suas: dapibusque resectis 745 + Silvicolam tepido lacte precare Palen. +Consule, dic, pecori pariter pecorisque magistris: + Effugiat stabulis noxa repulsa meis. +Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacra, + Pabulaque in bustis inscia carpsit ovis: 750 +Seu nemus intravi vetitum, nostrisve fugatae + Sunt oculis Nymphae, semicaperve deus: +Seu mea falx ramo lucum spoliavit opaco, + Unde data est aegrae fiscina frondis ovi; +Da veniam culpae: nec, dum degrandinat, obsit 755 + Agresti Fauno supposuisse pecus; +Nec noceat turbasse lacus. Ignoscite, Nymphae, + Mota quod obscuras ungula fecit aquas. +Tu, dea, pro nobis Fontes fontanaque placa + Numina; tu sparsos per nemus omne deos. 760 +Nec Dryadas, nec nos videamus labra Dianae + Nec Faunum, medio quum premit arva die. +Pelle procul morbos. Valeant hominesque gregesque; + Et valeant vigiles, provida turba, canes; +Neve minus multas redigam, quam mane fuerunt, 765 + Neve gemam referens vellera rapta lupo. +Absit iniqua fames. Herb frondesque supersint, + Quaeque lavent artus, quaeque bibantur, aquae, +Ubera plena premam: referat mihi caseus aera, + Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero; 770 +Sitque salax aries, conceptaque semina conjux + Reddat, et in stabulo multa sit agna meo; +Lanaque proveniat, nullas laesura puellas, + Mollis, et ad teneras quamlibet apta manus. +Quae precor, eveniant: et nos faciamus ad annum 775 + Pastorum dominae grandia liba Pali. +His dea placanda est: haec tu conversus ad ortus + Dic ter, et in vivo perlue rore manus. +Tum licet, apposita, veluti cratere, camella, + Lac niveum potes, purpureamque sapam; 780 +Moxque per ardentes stipulae crepitantis acervos + Trajicias celeri strenua membra pede. +Expositus mos est. Moris mihi restat origo. + Turba facit dubium, coeptaque nostra tenet. +Omnia purgat edax ignis, vitiumque metallis 785 + Excoquit; idcirco cum duce purgat oves. +An, quia cunctarum contraria semina rerum + Sunt duo discordes, ignis et unda, dei; +Junxerunt elementa patres, aptumque putarunt + Ignibus et sparsa tangere corpus aqua? 790 +An, quod in his vitae causa est; haec perdidit exsul: + His nova fit conjux: haec duo magna putant? +Vix equidem credo. Sunt qui Phaëthonta referri + Credant, et nimias Deucalionis aquas. +Pars quoque, quum saxis pastores saxa feribant, 795 + Scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt. +Prima quidem periit: stipulis excepta secunda est. + Hoc argumentum flamma Palilis habet. +An magis hunc morem pietas Aeneïa fecit, + Innocuum victo cui dedit ignis iter? 800 +Hoc tamen est vero propius, quum condita Roma est, + Transferri jussos in nova tecta Lares, +Mutantesque domum tectis agrestibus ignem + Et cessaturae supposuisse casae; +Per flammas saluisse pecus, saluisse colonos. 805 + Quod fit natali nunc quoque, Roma, tuo. +Ipse locus causas vati facit. Urbis origo + Venit. Ades factis, magne Quirine, tuis. +Jam luerat poenas frater Numitoris, et omne + Pastorum gemino sub duce vulgus erat: 810 +Contrahere agrestes, et moenia ponere utrique + Convenit. Ambigitur, moenia ponat uter. +Nil opus est, dixit, certamine, Romulus, ullo. + Magna fides avium est: experiamur aves. +Res placet. Alter init nemorosi saxa Palati: 815 + Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. +Sex Remus, hic volucres bis sex videt ordine. Pacto + Statur: et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet. +Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. + Sacra Palis suberant: inde movetur opus. 820 +Fossa fit ad solidum: fruges jaciuntur in ima, + Et de vicino terra petita solo. +Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara, + Et novus accenso fungitur igne focus. +Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco; 825 + Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. +Vox fuit haec regis: Condenti, Jupiter, urbem, + Et genitor Mavors, Vestaque mater ades, +Quosque pium est adhibere deos, advertite cuncti: + Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. 830 +Longa sit huic aetas, dominaeque potentia terrae: + Sitque sub hac oriens occiduusqne dies. +Ille precabatur: tonitru dedit omina laevo + Jupiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. +Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835 + Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. +Hoc Celer urget opus, quem Romulus ipse vocarat; + Sintque, Celer, curae, dixerat, ista tuae, +Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam + Transeat; audentem talia dede neci. 840 +Quod Remus ignorans, humiles contemnere muros + Coepit, et, _His populus_, dicere, _tutus erit_? +Nec mora, transiluit. Rutro Celer occupat ausum. + Ille premit duram sanguinolentus humum. +Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845 + Devorat, et clausum pectore vulnus habet. +Flere palam non vult, exemplaque fortia servat, + Sicque meos muros transeat hostis, ait. +Dat tamen exsequias: nec jam suspendere fletum + Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet; 850 +Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro, + Atque ait, _Invito frater adempte, vale_! +Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille, + Faustulus, et maestas Acca soluta comas. +Tum juvenem nondum facti flevere Quirites; 855 + Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est. +Urbs oritur--quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset?-- + Victorem terris impositura pedem. +Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper: + Saepe etiam plures nominis hujus habe; 860 +Et quoties steteris domito sublimis in orbe, + Omnia sint humeris inferiora tuis. + +Dicta Pales nobis. Idem Vinalia dicam. + Una tamen media est inter utramque dies. +Numina vulgares Veneris celebrate puellae. 865 + Multa professarum quaestibus apta Venus. +Poscite ture dato formam populique favorem; + Poscite blanditias, dignaque verba joco: +Cumque sua dominae date grata sisymbria myrto, + Textaque composita juncea vincla rosa. 870 +Templa frequentari Collinae proxima portae + Nunc decet: a Siculo nomina colle tenent. +Utque Syracusas Arethusidas abstulit armis + Claudius, et bello te quoque cepit, Eryx; +Carmine vivacis Venus est translata Sibyllae, 875 + Inque suae stirpis maluit urbe coli. +Cur igitur Veneris festum Vinalia dicant, + Quaeritis, et quare sit Jovis ista dies. +Turnus an aeneas Latiae gener esset Amatae, + Bellum erat. Etruscas Turnus adorat opes. 880 +Clarus erat sumptisque ferox Mezentius armis, + Et vel equo magnus, vel pede major erat. +Quem Rutuli Turnusque suis adsciscere tentant + Partibus. Haec contra dux ita Tuscus ait: +Stat mihi non parvo virtus mea. Vulnera testor, 885 + Armaque, quae sparsi sanguine saepe meo: +Qui petis auxilium, non grandia divide mecum + Praemia de lacubus proxima musta tuis. +Nulla mora est operae; vestrum dare, vincere nostrum est. + Quam velit aeneas ista negata mihi! 890 +Annuerant Rutuli: Mezentius induit arma. + Induit aeneas, alloquiturque Jovem: +Hostica Tyrrheno vota est vindemia regi; + Jupiter, e Latio palmite musta feres. +Vota valent meliora: cadit Mezentius ingens, 895 + Atque indignanti pectore plangit humum. +Venerat auctummus, calcatis sordidus uvis: + Redduntur merito debita vina Jovi. +Dicta dies hinc est Vinalia. Jupiter illam + Vindicat, et festis gaudet inesse suis. 900 + +Sex ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit; + In medio cursu tempora veris erunt; +Et frustra pecudem quaeres Athamantidos Helles: + Signaque dant imbres: exoriturque Canis. +Hac mihi Nomento Romam quum luce redirem, 905 + Obstitit in media candida pompa via. +Flamen in antiquae lucum Robiginis ibat, + Exta canis flammis, exta daturas ovis. +Protinus accessi, ritus ne nescius essem. + Edidit haec Flamen verba, Quirine, tuus: 910 +Aspera Robigo, parcas Cerealibus herbis, + Et tremat in summa leve cacumen humo. +Tu sata sideribus coeli nutrita secundis + Crescere, dum fiant falcibus apta, sinas. +Vis tua non levis est. Quae tu frumenta notasti, 915 + Maestus in amissis illa colonus habet. +Nec venti tantum Cereri nocuere, nec imbres; + Nec sic marmoreo pallet adusta gelu; +Quantum, si culmos Titan incalfacit udos. + Tum locus est irae, diva timenda, tuae. 920 +Parce, precor, scabrasque manus a messibus aufer, + Neve noce cultis: posse nocere sat est; +Neu teneras segetes, sed durum amplectere ferrum, + Quodque potest alios perdere, perde prior. +Utilius gladios et tela nocentia carpes. 925 + Nil opus est illis: otia mundus agit. +Sarcula nunc, durusque bidens, et vomer aduncus, + Ruris opes niteant: inquinet arma situs; +Conatusque aliquis vagina ducere ferrum, + Adstrictum longa sentiat esse mora. 930 +At tu ne viola Cererem, semperque colonus + Absenti possit solvere vota tibi. +Dixerat:--a dextra villis mantele solutis, + Cumque meri patera turis acerra fuit.-- +Tura focis vinumque dedit, fibrasque bidentis, 935 + Turpiaque obscenae--vidimus--exta canis. +Tum mihi, Cur detur sacris nova victima, quaeris; + --Quaesieram--causam percipe, Flamen ait: +Est Canis--Icarium dicunt--quo sidere moto + Tosta sitit tellus, praecipiturque seges. 940 +Pro cane sidereo canis hic imponitur arae, + Et, quare pereat, nil nisi nomen habet. + +Quum Phrygis Assaraci Titania fratre relicto + Sustulit immenso ter jubar orbe suum, +Mille venit variis florum dea nexa coronis: 945 + Scena joci morem liberioris habet. +Exit et in Maias sacrum Morale Kalendas. + Tunc repetam: nunc me grandius urget opus. +Aufert Vesta diem: cognati Vesta recepta est + Limine. Sic justi constituere senes. 950 +Phoebus habet partem; Vestas pars altera cessit: + Quod superest illis, tertius ipse tenet. +State Palatinae laurus, praetextaque quercu + Stet domus. Aeternos tres habet una deos. + + + + +NOTES: + +1. The poet, when about to commence the month of April, invokes Venus, to +whom that month was sacred.--_Dlxi_. Four MSS. followed by Heinsius and +Gierig, read _vati_, which is, I think, more Ovidian.--_Gem. Amor_. It is +doubtful who these two Loves were, whether the [Greek: Eros] and [Greek: +Imeros] of Hesiod (Th. 20l.) i.e. the _Cupido_ and _Jocus_ of Horace, +(Car. I. 2. 33.) or the celestial and terrestrial Loves of Plato, or the +Eros and Anteros of Cicero, (N. D. iii. 23.) See Mythology, p. 112. + +4. Alluding to his Amores, etc. See II. 5. + +5. _Risit_, etc. Compare Virg. aen. I. 225. + +7. The poets of the Augustan age were fond of comparing love to military +service, and employed the terms of Roman discipline when speaking of it. + +9. Love was suitable and becoming to youth. Compare Hor. Ep. I. 14, 36. + +10. See II. 360. _Pulsanda est magnis area major equis_. Amor. III. 15, +18, alluding to the races in the Circus. + +11, 12. Repeated from I. 1, 2, 7. + +15. The myrtle was the favourite plant of Venus. _Dixit_ (Venus) _et a +myrto_ (_myrto nam cincta capillos Constiterat_) _folium granaque pauca +dedit. Sensimus acceptis numen quoque, purior aether Fulsit, et a toto +pectore cessit onus_. A. A. III. 53. Compare Burns' Vision, last stanza. + +18. While I have the inspiration of Venus. + +20. _Caesar_, Germanicus.-_Tenearis_. You (i. e. your attention) may be +detained. See Trist. iv. 10, 49. Hor. Ep. I. 1, 81. + +21, 22. The waxen figures (_imagines_) of all their ancestors, stood in +the halls of the noble Romans, and they had all a _stemma_, or genealogy +of their family, which _descended_ from the first author of it. Venus, as +mother of aeneas, was at the head of the _stemma_ of the Julii, into which +family Germanicus was entered by adoption, I. 3, 10, _notes_. + +23. _Pat. Il_. Romulus, the son of Ilia.--_Scriberet_, i. e. +_describeret_ in menses. + +24. _Auct. suos_. Mars and Venus. + +27. There were all the Alban kings between aeneas and Romulus. + +29, 30. He traced his lineage up to the gods. + +31. _Nesciret_, i.e. _Quis nesciret_? + +32. _Scilicet_ is usually joined with the preceding line, and a semicolon +placed after it; but see I. 29, II. 241, IV. 627. For this genealogy, see +Hom. II. xx. 215, _et seq_. Virg. G. III. 35. Mythology, p. 435. + +37, 38. See I. 527. Virg. aen. III. 148. + +39. _Aliquando_, at length. + +40. See Livy, I. 3. Virg. aen. I. 268.--_Teucros_. This name of the +Trojans does not occur in Homer and the older Greek poets, and but rarely +in the later. Like Graecus, Graius, it is constantly employed by the Latin +poets. + +41-56. Ovid has also given the series of Alban kings, in Met. xiv. 609, +_et seq_. but somewhat differently. This list differs from that in Livy +only by omitting aeneas, after Silvius, and by giving Epytos for Atis, and +Calpetus for Capetus. The list in Dionysius differs but little. This +writer adds Silvius to the names of all, after the grandson of aeneas. For +these Alban kings, whose names are, beyond doubt, a fiction of later +times, to fill up the space which the chronology of the Greeks gave +between the fall of Troy and the building of Rome, see Livy, I. 3. +Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. 202. Compare the equally veracious poetic +genealogy of the British kings in Spenser's Faerie Queene, B. II. c. x. + +46. _Calpete_. The reading of several MSS. is _Capete_, but the metre +requires Calpete, which Neapolis gave from Dionysius and Eusebius. + +48. _Tuscae aquae_, of the Albula, II. 389. + +61. The ancients gave two etymons of the name April, one Greek, _quasi +Aphrilis_, from, [Greek: Aphroditae], the name of Venus, and its supposed +root, [Greek: aphros]: the other Latin, from _aperio_. Ovid, to gratify +the Julian family, adopts and defends the former, which is by far the +less probable. _Secundus mensis, ut Fulvius Flaccus scribit et Junius +Gracchus, a Venere, quod ea sit [Greek: Aphroditae]. Varro, L. L. V. + +63. He tries to obviate the objection, that an ancient Roman name could +not have been derived from the Greek. + +64. The south of Italy, as being filled with Grecian colonies, and larger +than Greece Proper, was named Magna Graecia. 65-68. See I. 471, 543, V. +643. + +69. _Dux Neritius_. Ulysses, from the hill Neritus, in Ithaca, Hom. Od. +ix. 2l.--_Laestrygones_. Od. x. 120. This tribe of cannibals was placed by +some of the localisers of the Homeric fables at Formiae, in Campania. + +70-72. aeaea, the isle of Circe, was supposed to be the promontary, +Circeii.--_Circeii, insula quondam immense mari circumdata, at nunc +planitio_, Pliny, H. N. iii. 5, 9. Tusculum was said to have been founded +by Telegonus, her son by Ulysses. For the Laestrygones and Circe, see +Mythology, pp. 241, 242. Tibur was said to owe its origin to Tiburnus, +Catillus and Coras, three brothers, who led thither a colony from Argos. +Hor. Car. II. 6, 5. Virg. aen. vii. 670.--_Udi_, on account of the Anien, +and the rivulets and springs about it. See Hor. Car. III. 29, 6; also I. +7, 13. + +73. _Halesus_. See Amor. III. 13, 31. Virg. aen. vii. 723. Halesus was +said to have been a son or grandson of Atreus, who, on the murder of +Agamemnon, fled to Italy, where he founded Falerii, and introduced the +worship of Juno. The worship of Juno, both in Argos and Falerii, probably +gave occasion to the legend, and the name Halesus was formed from +Falisci. F. and H. are commutable. See on v. 630. + +75. See Hom. Il. vii. 348, _et seq_. Hor. Ep. I. 2, 9. The tradition was +that, being allowed to depart from Troy by the Greeks, he came into Italy +at the head of a colony of Paphlagonian Heneti, and founded Patavium, now +_Padua_. See Livy, I. 1. Virg. aen. i. 242. + +76. Diomedes, grandson of Oeneus, king of aetolia, came, after his return +from Troy, to Apulia, where Daunus, the king of the country, gave him his +daughter in marriage, and a share of his dominions. Met. xiv. Virg. aen. +xi. 246. There were in Apulia the _Diomedis campi_, and, on the coast, +the _Diomedea insula_. + +77. _Serus_. According to Virgil, the wanderings of aeneas lasted seven +years. + +79, 80. Why should not the _gelidus Sulmo_ in the Appenines, the chief +town of the Sabellian Pelignians, and the birth-place of our poet have a +foreign origin, as well as Rome and Patavium? The reader needs scarcely +to be told, that accidental similarities of names are the source of all +these tales. The city of Tours in France, I have read, was founded by +Turnus, the rival of aeneas, and his tomb was long to be seen there! See +Selden's notes on Drayton's Poly-Olbion, Song I. + +82. The natural regret of an exile at the recollection of his country. + +85-89. A second and much more likely etymon of April. _Hujus mensis nomen +ego magis puto dictum, quod ver omnia aperit_. Varro, L. L. V. Cincius +also, a name of great authority, was of the same opinion, as we are +informed by Macrobius, Sat. 1. 12. His reasons were: there was no festal +day, and no remarkable sacrifice to Venus appointed by the ancients in +this month, and the name of Venus was not mentioned with those of the +other gods in the Salian hymns. Varro also says, that neither the Latin +nor the Greek name of Venus was known in the time of the kings. For the +difference between Aphrodite and Venus, see Mythology, pp. 105 and 464. + +90. _Injecta manu_. _Manus injectio quotiens, nulla judicis auctoritate +expectata, rem nobis debitam vindicamus_. Servius, on aen. x. 419. + +91-116. He argues, in defence of Venus, from her dignity and power. +Compare Lucret. I. i, _et seq_. + +93. _Natalibus_, from which she herself was born. + +95. _Creavit_. All the deities worshiped in Greece, as we may see in the +Theogony of Hesiod, were born like mankind, Venus excepted, and even she +in Homer, has a father and a mother. + +103. Compare Virg. G. III. 209, _et seq_. aen. xii. 715. p. 76. + +117-124. He now argues from the claims which Venus had on the gratitude +of the Romans. + +120. See Hom. II. v. 335 et seq. + +121. See Hom. II. xxiv. 27, _et seq_. Virg. aen. I. 27. Mythology, p. 76. + +125-132. He argues from the beauty of spring, as being suited to Venus. +Compare III. 235. Virg. Ec. III. 55. G. II. 334, _et seq_. + +126. _Nitent_. Some MSS. read _virent_. + +131. From the III. Id. Nov. to the VI. Id. Mart. the sea was said to be +closed, and the ships were laid up on shore. In spring they were launched +anew. See Hor. Car. I. 4, 3. + +134. _Et vos_, etc. A periphrasis of the _meretrices_, who wore a _toga_ +instead of the _stola_ (_longa vestis_) worn by women of character. +_Scripsimus haec illis, quarum nec vitta pudicas Attingit crines, nec +stola longa pedes_. Ep. ex. Pont. III. 3, 54. + +135. These washings of the statues of the gods were common among the +Greeks and Romans, There is a hymn of Callimachus on the washing of that +of Pallas. See Spanheim's notes on it.--_Redimicula_, the strings or +ribbons which tied on the cap or bonnet. Virg. aen. ix. 616. + +139. _Sub myrto_. That is crowned with myrtle, as is manifest from +Plutarch Numa, 19, and Laur. Lydus de Mens, p. 19. + +145. The temple of Fortuna Virilis or Fors Fortuna, was built by Servius +Tullius outside of the city on the banks of the Tiber, Dionys. iv. 27. +Varro L. L. V. + +146. See v. l39.--_Calida_. This is the reading of fifteen MSS. the rest +have _gelida_. + +151. None of the commentators make any remark on this custom. The poet +accounts for it in the usual way by a legend. + +157-160. A.U.C. 639, as a Roman knight named Elvius was returning to +Apulia from the plays at Rome with his daughter Elvia, the maiden who was +on horseback was struck with lightning in such a manner, that her clothes +were thrown up, and her tongue forced out, the trappings of the horse +were also scattered. The Vates being consulted, declared that it +portended infamy to the Vestals and to the knights. Enquiry was made, and +three Vestals, Aemilia, Licinia and Martia, were found to have been +carrying on an illicit intercourse with some of the knights. The +Sibylline books directed that two Greeks and two Gauls should be buried +alive, to appease some strange gods, and a statue raised to Venus +Verticordia, that she might turn the hearts of the women from iniquity. +The statue was dedicated by Sulpicia, the wife of Fulvius Flaccus, as she +bore the highest character for chastity and purity of manners. See +Plutarch Quaest. Rom. Plin. H. N. viii. 35. Val. Max. viii. 15. Jul. +Obsequens, c. 97. + +163. The Scorpion set cosmically on the Kalends of April.--_Elatae_, etc. +An accurate description of the Scorpion. + +165. The IV. Non. the Pleiades (called by the Romans _Vergiliae_,) set +heliacally according to Neapolis, acronychally according to Taubner, who +maintains that the heliac setting was not till three days afterwards. See +Introd. § 1. + +166. _Queruntur_. Queror is used of the song of birds. See Hor. Epod. 2. +20. Lucretius (iv. 588.) and Horace (Car. in. 7. 30.) employ it to +express the soft and sweet tones of the pipe. + +167. See II. 500. Met. i. 493. + +169. _Pliades_. It is thus spelt here and elsewhere in all the MSS.-- +_Humeros_, etc. The Pleiades or seven stars in the back of the Bull, were +said to be the daughters of Atlas who supported the heavens, consequently +when they set, their father's shoulders were eased of a portion of their +burden. When a constellation is added to heaven, the weight is encreased. +Met. ix. 273. + +171-179. Reasons why, though the Pleiades were seven, but six could be +seen. + +179-372. On the 4th of the month, Prid. Non. began the great festival of +the Megalensia or Megalesia, celebrated in honor of the mother of the +gods, the Phrygian Cybele, whose worship was introduced into Rome, A.U.C. +547. See Livy xxix. 14, (where it is _pridie Idus_) Lucret. ii. 598-623. +Virg. aen. in. 104. vi. 785. x. 252, Mythology, p. 191. + +180. _Titan_, the Sun, who is frequently so called by the Latin poets. +See on IV. 919. Ovid also calls the Moon, Titania. + +181. _Berecynthia_, i. e. Phrygian, from Mt. Berecynthus. + +181. _Idaeae_. Cybele, was so named, from Mt. Ida. + +183. _Semimares_. The Galli, or priests of Cybele.--_Tympana_, +tambourins. + +184. _Aera_, etc. cymbals. + +185. The statue of the goddess was carried through the streets by a +Phrygian man and woman. + +187. Stage-plays were always performed at the Megalesia, Livy, _ut +supra_, and xxxvi. 36. See also the inscriptions of Terence's comedies. + +188. The days of the Megalesia were Nefasti. See Introd. § 3. + +190. _Lotos_. The wood of the Lybian lotos was chiefly employed for the +manufacture of pipes.--Theophr. Hist, plant, iv. 3. Plin. H.N. xiii. 17, +32. + +191. _Cyleleïa_. Cybelean, from Mt. Cybele.--_Neptes_, grand-daughters, +the Muses. As the Greeks identified the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, with +their Rhea, the spouse of Kronus, and mother of the Kronides or +Olympians, Cybele, of course, became the grandmother of the Muses. The +Ops of the Italians, with whom the Romans identified her, resembled +Cybele much more nearly than Rhea did, who appears to have been an +allegorical personnage. See Mythology, p. 50. + +195. _Erato_. Our poet invokes this muse for the same reason, A. A. II. +16. Apollonius Rhodius calls on Erato, when about to relate the loves of +Jason and Medea, and Virgil (aen. vii. 37,) addresses her when he is going +to tell of the war between Turnus and aeneas, for the sake of Lavinia, +whom the former hero loved. + +197. _Reddita_, etc. scil. by Heaven and Earth. The whole story is told +by Hesiod Theog. 464, _et seq_. Mythology, p. 42. + +204. _Parce_, forbear.--Fidem, the tradition, as the cause of belief. + +205. _Gutture_. One of the best MSS. reads _viscere_, which is followed +by Heinsius and Gierig. Three have _gurgite_. + +208. _Ardua Ide_, would seem here to be the Phrygian Ida, but Hesiod, and +the general tradition, made the Cretan Ida to be the scene of the infancy +of the god.--_Jamdudum_, forth with. Virg. aen. II. 103. + +209, _Rudibus_. Most MSS. read _manibus_; two of the best _rudibus_, four +of the best _sudibus_, which is also the reading of Lactantius, in his +quotation of this verse. Inst. I. 21. In the Greek narratives, the word +is [Greek: encheiridia, ziphea], and [Greek: dorata], with which the +_rudes_, foils or blunt swords, best agree. Lobeck proposes _tudibus_. + +210. The Curetes are those who, in the Cretan legend, danced their +[Greek: pyrrhichaen] or armed dance, about the cradle of Jupiter; the +Corybantes were regarded as the attendants of the Mother of the Gods. The +poet here evidently alludes to the resemblance between their name and +[Greek: korus], a helmet. + +215-218. See her figure. Mythology, Plate ix. 1. + +219. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 785. Lucret. II. 607. + +220. The poet and the muse are not quite right here. Cybele, as the +symbol of the earth, was very naturally crowned with towers. _Quod autem +turritam gestat coronam, ostendit superpositas esse terrae civitates, quas +insignitas turribus constat_. Servius on aen. iii. 113. But the fact is, +Ovid was entangled in the Euhemeric or anthropomorphising system, which +prevailed so much in his time. See Mythology, pp. 19, 20, 442. + +221. _Secandi_, scil. by the Galli. + +223. For the story of Attis, as told somewhat differently by Diodorus, +see Mythology, p. 192; see also Catullus, LXIII. and the notes of +Doering. + +225. _Tueri_, to be the _aedituus_ of her temple. + +226. _Puer esse_, to be a virgin, if the term may be used. + +231. Ovid frequently uses Naïs as synonymous with Nympha. He is +peculiarly incorrect here, for the nymph in question, as the daughter of +the god of the river Sagaris, must have been a real Naïs, and yet he +makes her a Hamadryad. For the Nymphs, see Mythology, p. 206. + +233. _Credens_, etc. His madness thus commenced. + +236. _Palaestinas deas_. As the whips and torches are mentioned, there +can be no doubt that these were the Furies, but why they were thus +called, none of the commentators can say. Marsus shews, from an old MS. +of Caesar's Commentaries, that Palaestae was a town of Epirus, in which +country the Furies had a temple. This, though bad, is the only +explanation we have. One MS. reads _Palestrinas_, another _Palatinas_. + +247. Now comes the narrative of the introduction of the worship of the +Magna Mater into Rome, A.U.C. 547. See Livy, xxix. 10, 11, l4. xxxvi. 36. +Valer. Max. viii. 15, 3. Silius. Ital. xvii. init. Compare Met. xv. +622-744. + +249, 250. _Dindymon_, etc. Mountains of Phrygia.--_Amoen_. font [Greek: +polypidax] Homer,--_H. op_. Troy. + +252. _Sacriferas_, as bearing the Penates and the Eternal Fire.--_Paene +secuta_, I think there is an allusion here to the legend in Virg. aen. ix. +120. + +257. _Carminis_, etc. The Sibylline books. + +265. _Proceres_, scil. Valerius Laevinus, a consular; M. Caecilius +Metellus, a former praetor; Sulpicius Galba, who had been an aedile, and +two who had served the office of quaestor. + +266. _Negat_. This was not the case according to Livy. + +272. Rome derived her origin from Phrygia. + +276. From the following description of it, given by Arnobius, (Adv. Gen. +vii. p. 285,) it is quite evident that this symbol of the Mother of the +Gods was an aërolithe. _Ex Phrygia nihil quidem aliud scribitur missum +rege ab Attalo, nisi lapis quidem non magnus ferri manu hominis sine ulla +impressione qui posset, coloris furvi atque atri, angellis prominentibus +inaequalis_. A more accurate description of the external appearance of an +aërolithe could not easily be given. + +277. _Nati_, Neptune. Let the reader trace this voyage on the map. + +280. _Vet. Eët. op_. Thebes, near Adramyttium, the residence of Eëtion, +the father of Andromache, See Hom. II. I. 366, vi. 395, xxii. 480. + +282. The coast of Euboea. + +283, 284. See Met. viii. 195, _et seq_.--_Lapsas_. Most MSS. read +_lassas_. + +292. _Dividit_, spreads itself: perhaps simply divides, as the Tiber had +two mouths. + +294. _Obvius_, to meet it. + +300. The river was shallow in consequence of the drought. + +301. _Plus quam pro parte_, beyond his strength. + +302. Just as sailors and others do at the present day in all countries. + +305. The _Eponymus_, or reputed head of the Claudian family, was a hero +named Clausus. Virg. aen. vii. 706. Attus Clausus was the name of the +Sabine chief, who, with his _gens_ and their clients, came to Rome, where +they were received among the Patricians, and became famous in Roman story +under the name of Claudii. Livy, II. 16. This Claudia Quinta was the +grand-daughter of Appius Claudius Caecus. + +308. _Acta rea_, was charged with. A law term. + +310. _Ad rigidos_. "Apud severos," Gierig. I think he is wrong, and that +the meaning is, she was too free of her tongue _against_ the old men, +perhaps ridiculing them, and despising their admonitions.--_Senes_. +Several MSS. read _sonos_. + +312. As true of the present day as of the time of Ovid. + +326. Was there a play acted at the Megalesia, of which this was the +subject? + +329, 330. This would appear to indicate the spot where the river divided. +See on v. 292. + +335. _Coronatam_. The custom of adorning the poops of vessels with +garlands, must be familiar to every reader of the classics. See Virg. G. +I. 304, aen. iv. 418. + +339. _Canus sacerdos_, the Archigallus, or chief priest of Cybele, as +Neapolis thinks. + +340. It was the custom to wash the image of the goddess and her chariot +every year in the Almo. _Qui lotam parvo revocant_ (renovant) _Almone +Cybeben_. Lucan. I. 600. + +346. _Boves_. The car of Cybele was drawn by heifers. + +347. The sacred stone was committed to the care of P. Corn. Scipio +Nasica, the son of Cneius, who had fallen in Spain, as being the most +virtuous man in Rome, It was brought into the temple of Victory, which +was on the Palatium. The temple was not finished until thirteen years +after, and the stage-plays acted on that occasion were, according to +Valerius Antias, the first ever performed at Rome.--_Non perstitit_. This +is the reading of six of the best and of other MSS. and of the old +editions; four of the best, and three others have _tunc extitit_, which +is the reading adopted by Heinsius and Gierig. I think the present +reading gives the more Ovidian sense, scil. the name of the author did +not remain unchanged; it _was_ Metellus, it _is_ Augustus. See v. 351. + +350. The Phrygian man and woman who carried the goddess about, collected +small pieces of money. This, by the Greeks, was called [Greek: +maetragyrtein]. The poet gives a cause, and a wrong one for it. + +353. It was the custom for the principal persons at Rome to give _mutual_ +entertainments, at the time of the Megalesia. This was called _mutitare_. +_Quam ob causam Patricii Megalensibus mutitare soliti sint, Plebs +Cerealibus?_ Gellius, xviii. 2. + +354. _Indictas_. "Proprie de non vocatis, sed qui sponte veniunt ad +epulas. Suet. Ner. 27. Vitell. 13. Male interpretes a sacerdotibus +indictas capiunt." Burmann. + +355. _Bene mutarit_. Having exchanged her obscure Phrygian abode for the +capital of the world. This reason is too trifling to be noticed. + +357. _Institeram_. "Institueram, quaerere volebam," Gierig.--_Primi_. See +on v. 347, or is it first in point of dignity, or first in order in the +year? + +359. See Virg. aen. vi. 787. + +361. _Qui se_, etc. The Galli or priests of Cybele were voluntary +eunuchs. + +363. _Vir. Cyb_. Cybele was a mountain of Phrygia.--_Alt. Cel_. Celaenae, +a mountain and town, at one time the chief place in Phrygia; the river +Maeander rose on its summit, and the Marsyas not far from it. + +364. _Am. nom. Gal. Gallus in Phrygia, unde qui bibit insanit more +fanatico_, Vibius Sequester de Flumin. Pliny, (H. N. xxxi. 2. 5,) +following Callimachus, enumerates the Gallus among those whose waters +were good for persons afflicted with the stone, and adds, _Sed ibi in +potando necessarius modus, ne lymphatos agat_. As, however, no river ever +had this quality, we may be allowed to doubt the correctness of this +etymology. + +367. _Herbosum moretum_. The _moretum_ called by the Greeks [Greek: +muttonton] or [Greek: trimma] was a mess composed of garlic, parsley, +rue, coriander, onions, cheese, oil and vinegar pounded up together. See +the description of the mode of making it in the poem called Moretum, +ascribed to Virgil.--_Herbosum_, an account of the parsley, etc. + +371. _Elisae_, bruised or pounded, the part, of _elido_; most MSS. read +_elixae_. + +373-376. The temple of Fortuna Publica on the Quirinal hill, was +dedicated on the Nones of April--_Motis_ scil. _amotis_.--_Pallantias_, +Aurora, as being daughter to the Titan Pallas. This genealogy, as far as +my knowledge extends, is peculiar to the Latin poets. In Hesiod, Eos or +Aurora is the daughter of the Titan Hyperion and niece to Pallas-- +_Levarit_. "Jugo solverit," Gierig.--_Niv. eq_. Such were suited to the +_candida Luna_. In an epigram ascribed to Ovid, her car is drawn _niveis +juvencis_. The fiction was caused by the _horned_ moon. Nonnus and +Claudian gives her the same.--_Fort. Pub_. This temple was vowed, A.U.C. +549, by the consul Sempronius on the eve of a battle with Hannibal. It +was dedicated ten years afterwards by Q. Martius, Ralla created Decemvir +for the purpose. + +377. _Tertia lux_, scil. _Megalesium_, the day after the Nones.--_Ludis_. +The plays were acted on this day. + +380. _Perfida_. After the usual fashion of the Romans, to call rebels and +traitors all who opposed them, or the victorious party among them. It was +thus that Napoleon used to style the Spaniards rebels and insurgents. I +need hardly observe that Juba king of Mauritania was most faithful to the +cause of Pompey and the republic. He and Scipio put an end to their lives +after their defeat by Caesar, hence the poet applies to him the term +_magnanimus_, which denotes courage, as the Romans greatly approved of +those who escaped from disgrace and insult by voluntary death. Compare +Hor. Car. I. 37. 21. The victory was gained, A.U.C. 708. See Hirtius +Bell. Afric. 94. Florus iv. 2. 69.--_Contudit_. Virg. aen. I. 264. + +381. _Meruisse_, to have served. + +383, 384. _Sedem_, scil. in the orchestra, where Ovid sat, as having been +a Decemvir; not the fourteen rows where he might have sat of right, as +belonging to the equestrian order, but to a seat on which the tribune +could have no claim. The Vigintiviratus was an office, through which men +rose to the senate. Of the Vigintiviri, three had charge of the execution +of capital punishments, three of the mint, four of the roads, ten (the +Decemvirs) of assembling the Centumvirs, and presiding when they sat for +the trial of causes. + +385. _Imbre_. The Roman theatres were not roofed. There was usually an +awning drawn across to keep off the sun. See Lucret. IV. 73. + +386. _Pendula Libra_. On the day after the Nones, the VIII. Id. Libra was +in the sky all through the night, and was usually attended by rain. +_Pendula_ is a very appropriate term for Libra. + +388. _Ensifer_. The better MSS. read _ensiger_. + +389. The following day (IV. Idus.) began the Ludi Circenses or Cereales, +in honour of Ceres. Tac. An. xv. 53, 74.--_Inspexerit_, looked down on. + +391. On the first day of the festival, a _pomp_ or procession, led by the +principal men of the state, moved from the Capitol through the Forum to +the Circus. The procession vas closed by the images of several gods +carried on men's shoulders. This pomp is described by our poet. Am. III. +2. 43, and by Dionysius, vii. 72. Some critics maintain that the Cereales +were but a part of the Ludi Circenses, which last were a festival of all +the gods. See Suet. Jul. 76. Tacitus certainly, in the passage first +referred to above, says, _Circensium ludorum die, qui Cereri celebratur_, +but Ovid seems to make no distinction. + +392. _Ventosis_, swift as the wind, [Greek: theiein anemoisin homoioi], +Hom. II. x. 437, of the horses of Rhesus, [Greek: podaenemos], is an +epithet of Iris. + +395. According to the Epicurean system of philosophy, in vogue in his +days, the poet regards the original condition of man, as similar to that +of the beasts that graze. + +398. _Ten. fron. cac_. "Tenerae frondes arborum," Gierig. The shoot or +tender bough, with its fresh juicy leaves.--_Erant_. Most MSS. _erat_. + +401. Compare Amor. III. 10. Met. v. 342. Virg. G. I. 147. Lucret. v. 937. + +405. [Greek: Chalko d' ergazonto melas d' ouk eske sidaeros]. Hesiod. +[Greek: Erga], l50.--_Chalybeïa massa_, iron, from the Chalybes who +manufactured it. + +406-408. This longing for the continuance of peace, and aversion to war, +is to be found in all the poets of the Augustan age. It may have been +partly flattery to Augustus, but I rather think it arose from the +previous state of war which had lasted so long, and caused so much ruin +and misery. Something of the same kind may be observed in Europe at the +present moment. + +412. _Casta_, pure, offered with a pure mind. + +414. See I. 349. + +417. He had already related this tale at considerable length, Met. V. +Compare Claudian de Rap. Pros, and the Homeridian hymn to Demeter. See +Mythology, p. 133. + +422. Henna or Enna, was an elevated valley-plain, nearly in the centre of +Sicily. Cicero, Verr. iv. 48. + +423. Arethusa, the nymph of the fount in the island at Syracuse. + +436. "_Gremium_ et _sinus_, ut Grammatici docent, ita differunt ut +_sinus_ sit inter pectoris et brachorium, gremium inter femorum +complexum." Gierig. + +439. _Amarante_. Two of the best MSS. read _Narcisse_. + +440. _Rorem, scil. _marinum, rosemary_, Virg. Ec. II. 49, G. II. 213. Two +of the best MMS. read _casiam_, which Heinsius and Gierig have received; +one _violas_, three _rosas_, several _rores_ most _rorem_.--_Meliloton_, +also called _Sertula Campana_, grows abundantly in Campania. It resembles +the _saffron_ in colour and in smell. + +445. _Patruus_. Pluto, the brother of Jupiter and Ceres. + +466. _Sues_. "Melius poëta omississet in hac narratione," Gierig. It is +probable that this was a reason given for swine being offered to Ceres. +See v. 414. + +467-480. See all these places on the map, and compare Virg. aen. iii. 687, +_et seq_. The poet, we may observe, follows no regular topographical +order in enumerating them. + +470. The Gelas, at whose mouth Gela was built, was a very rapid eddying +stream. + +470. Megara or Megaris, formerly called Hybla, was near Syracuse. Pangie +or Pantagiae, was a small stream near Leontini. + +473. Compare Virg. aen. viii. 418. + +474. Messana, was anciently called Zancle, which, in the Sicilian +language, signified a sickle, which the place resembled in form. Thuc. +vi. 4. + +477. _Heloria tempe_. The Helorus entered the sea near Pachynus. The +Greeks called all those long narrow wooded glens, through which a river +ran, [Greek: tempea] or [Greek: tempae]. + +482. See the story of Progne and Tereus. Met. vi. 620. _et seq_. +Mythology, p. 341. + +491. See Mythology, p. 239. + +495. "_Pumex_, omnis lapis aut rupes excavata," Gierig. + +497. Ceres, therefore, kept her 'dragon yoke' in this cavern. + +499, 500. Ovid, in this place, agrees with Virgil and Apollonius Rhodius, +in placing Scylla on the Italian, Charybdis on the Sicilian side of the +strait. In the Metamorphoses, xiv. he reverses the positions. Here too, +like Virgil, Ec. vi. 74, he confounds this Scylla with the daughter of +Nisus. + +504. _Triste_, [Greek: agelastos petra], was the Greek name. + +507. _Eleusin_. This is the reading of the best MSS. + +521. _Neq. lac. deor. est_. [Greek: Horo kat osson d' ou themis balein +dakru], says Diana, Eurip. Hip. 1396; for Apollo see Met. II. 621. + +527. _Qua cogere posses_, scil. by mentioning her daughter, v. 525. + +535, 536. This circumstance of the legend was invented to account for the +_mystae_, or persons just initiated, not taking food till the evening. +[Greek: Oi ta mystaeria paralambanontes legontai en archae men mustai met +eniauton de epoptai kai ephoroi]. Suidas. + +550. _Triptolemum_. He is called Demophoon in the Homeridian hymn. I +would recommend the reader to compare that hymn, or the analysis of it in +my Mythology, with this narrative of Ovid. + +563. The poet here sets out on another excursion with the goddess, in +which he is as negligent of order as ever. For example, coming from +Eleusis, she must have passed the Piraeus, on her way to Sunion. + +567. _Ionium rapax_. The Ionian sea was to the west of Greece. As I +cannot suspect the poet of making such wilful confusion, I assent to +those who suppose he meant by it the sea on the coast of Ionia in Asia. + +569. _Turilegos Arabas. Tura praeter Arabiam nullis ac ne Arabiae quidem +universae; pagus Sabaeorum regio turifera_. Pliny, H. N. xii. 14. + +571. _Hesperios_, scil_.fluvios_. The Nile was in the poet's mind. + +580. _Helice_. See on III. 108. + +593. _Victore Gyge_, scil. in the Giant-war. Gyges was one of the +Hundred-handed, the allies of Jupiter in the Titan-war. Hes. Th. 149. + +600. _Inane Chaos_. Chaos, with the usual confusion of the later poets, +is here put for Erebus, the proper name for Pluto's realm. + +620. On this account, in seasons of public mourning, the Cerealia were +not celebrated, as the mourning matrons could not appear at them. + +620-624. A.U.C. 457. Q. Fabius Maximus, when advancing against the camp +of the Samnites, Liv. x. 29. The temple of Liberty was dedicated on Mt. +Aventine, vowed a temple to Jupiter Victor, in the time of the second +Punic war, by the father of Tiberius Gracchus. Liv. xxiv. 16. The Atrium +Libertatis was repaired A.U.C. 559, by the censors Paetus and Cornelius +Cethegus. + +625. _Luce secutura_. The XVIII. Kal. Maii. There was frequently hail and +rain at this time. Columella, xi. 2. + +627. _Scilicet, ut fuerit_, be this as it may. This reading was formed by +Heinsius. Eight MSS. read _scilicet et fuerit_, eleven _sit licet ut +fuerit_, the remainder have _sit licet et fuerit_, which Gierig prefers, +and explains thus: "Sit ita, ut eo die interdum grando cadat, _et fuerit_ +ita et olim."--_Mutinensia arma_. The battle of Mutina was fought A.U.C. +710, against Antony, by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and the propraetor, +Octavianus Caesar. One of the consuls was severely wounded, and the other +slain in the action; and as Octavianus either would not, or knew not how +to use the victory, Antony escaped to Liguria. The flattery of the poet, +therefore, goes a little too far. + +629. _Veneris_, scil. _mensis Veneris_. + +630. The Fordicidia were on the 15th April. _Fordicidia a fordis bubus. +Bos forda quae fert in ventre; quod eo die publice immolantur boves +praegnantes in curiis complures. A fordis caedendis Fordicidia dicta_, +Varro, L. L. V. He also (R. R. II. 5, 6,) names the festival _Hordicidia_ +and _Hordicalia_, and the adjective _Hordus_, which was the Sabine word. + +635. _Curia_. The singular for the plural. See last note and II. 527. + +637. _Ministri_, the _popae_, or _Victimarii_. + +639. _Virgo_. The eldest of the Vestals. The ashes were reserved to +purify the people on the Palilia at the end of the month. + +641. Now comes a legend as usual, to explain the origin of this practice. + +649. Compare Virg. aen. vii. 81, _et seq_. Faunus is, as before, +confounded with Pan. + +651. This divining sleep was called by the Latins, _incubatio;_ by the +Greeks, [Greek: enkoimaesis]. _Incubare dicuntur proprie hi, qui dormiunt +ad accipienda responsa_, Servius on Virg. 1. c. + +655. _Intonsum_, II. 30. All the following practices were usual, on +occasions of consulting the gods in this way. The reason of them is +apparent. + +662. _Somnia nigra_. Compare V. 547. Tibull. II. 1, 89, [Greek: +Melanopterygon mater Honeiron], Eurip. Hec. 71. + +669. _Errantem_, IV. 261. I should here, on account of _nemori_, be +inclined to take this word in its primitive sense.--_Conjux_, Egeria. + +673-676. On the 15th April, A.U.C. 724, Augustus was saluted +_Imperator.--Cyth. diem. prop. ire_. He appears here to have had Homer in +view, who gives this power to Juno, [Greek: Helion d' akamanta boopis +potnia Hrae Hempsen ep Okeanoio roas haekonta neesthai]. II. xviii. 239. + +677, 678. The XV. Kal. Maias, the Hyades, called by the Latins, +_Suculae_, a cluster of stars in the head of the Bull set acronychally. +See below, V. 163, _et seq--Ubi_.. Some MSS. read _tibi.--Dorida_. Doris, +the daughter of Oceanus, wife of Nercus, and mother of the Nereïdes, is +like her daughter Amphitrite, frequently put for the sea. + +679, 680. The Cerealia still continued. On the XIII. Kal. Maias, there +were horse-races in the Circus.--_Carcere_. The _carceres_ were the place +in which the horses stood, with a cord stretched before them, on the +dropping of which they started; the starting-place.--_Partitos_, +started. + +681, 682. "Addebatur his ludis, hoc eodem die combustio vulpium ob vetus +damnum," Neapolis. "Die. 19, Apr. vulpes in Circensibus comburuntur." +Gierig; from which I think we are to infer that these critics, and those +who transcribe them, consider the burning of the foxes to have formed a +part of the celebration of the Cerealia in the Circus at Rome. I do not +find in any of the old Calendars that such was the case, and the +narrative of the poet would, as appears to me, restrict this practice to +the district of Carseoli. See particularly vv. 709, 7l0.--_Missae_, scil. +at Carseoli?--_Vinctis_. This is the reading of one MS. only, but that +one of the best; it has been received by Heinsius and Gierig; almost all +the rest have _junctis_; three _cinctis_; one _victis_. Five give the +line thus: _Cur. ig. taedis unctis ardentia missae_. + +683. _Carseolis_, at Carseoli. One of the best MSS. reads _pars coli_, +from which Heinsius made, and received into the text, _Carseoli_. This +town was on the Valerian road, leading from Rome to the country of the +Pelignians. + +684. _Ingeniosus_. _Ingenium_ is used speaking of soil and plants. _Nunc +locus arvorum ingeniis_, Virg. G. II. 177. _Arbores silvestres sui +cujusque ingenii poma gerunt_, Columella, R. R. III. 1. + +685. 686. Ovid (v. 81,) was a native of Sulmo, the chief place of this +country. Compare Amorr. II. 16, I,--_Humida_. One MS. gives as a +different reading _uvida_; several have _obvia_. + +687. _Solitas_. Twelve MSS. read _fidas_. + +689, 690. It appears from this and other passages that Ovid, besides +consulting the Fasti and other books, was diligent in the collection of +such oral traditions, as might aid him in explaining old customs and +religious rites. + +692. _Duro_, hardy, like _duri messores, juvenci, humeri_, etc. The +following is a very pleasing description of an industrious peasant and +his wife of ancient times. It would apply, without any alteration, to +many a rustic couple in modern Italy. + +693. _Peragebat humum_. "Mi hi non satis placet; Codd tamen nihil +varietatis suppeditant." Gierig. + +694. _Curves falcis_. "Falcis usus erat etiam ad premendas umbras ruris +opaci. Virg. G. I. 155, _et seq_. Unde apparet describi hic +diligentissimum colonum,"--Gierig. As the poet is speaking of a small +farm in a plain, I would here restrict the meaning of _falcis_, which is +placed immediately after the plough, to sickle. For _curvae_, eleven MSS. +followed by Heinsius and Gierig, read _cavae_. One of the best has _sive +citruae_. + +695. _Tibicine_. The _tibicen_ was a prop set against the wall of a +house, to keep it from falling out. + +703. _Extrem. conval. Sal_. In the end of a valley planted with sallows, +that is, among the sallows which grew at the end of the valley. Two of +the best MSS. read _sub valle_, which is the reading given by Heinsius +and Gierig. + +704. _Cohortis. Duo erant oviaria sive cohortes; una in plano, in qua +pascebantur gallinae; altera sublimis, in qua erant columbae in turribus +aut summa villa_. Varro, R. R. III. 3, 6. The cohort was the Greek +[Greek: chortos]. It was round, as the following passage of Cato (Orig. +iv.) shews, _Mapalia vocantur ubi habitant; ea quasi cohortes rotunda +sunt.--Aves_, like the Greek [Greek: ornithes]. See on I. 455. + +709-712. These lines, I think, prove the custom to have been peculiar to +Carseoli. Compare the account given in the book of Judges of Sampson +making use of foxes to set fire to the corn of the Philistines. + +713. On the 20th April, the Sun enters Taurus. + +714. A periphrasis of Aurora. Compare Met. xiii. 579. See Virg. aen. vii. +25. Homer calls Eos [Greek: krokopeplos], to which the _lutea_ of the +Latin poets corresponds. The _lutum_ was a plant, whose juice dyed +yellow. The Greek poet also styles this goddess [Greek: rododaktylos] and +[Greek: rodopaechus], but as far as I know, no Greek poet gives her +rose-hued horses or chariot. + +715. _Duce_, etc. the Ram. + +716. _Victima major_, scil, the Bull--a bad periphrasis! + +717-720. In the ancient, as in the modern representations of the stellar +heaven, only the forepart of Taurus was drawn. Hence, it could not be +said whether it was a bull or a cow. Some, therefore, said, that it was +the heifer into which Io had been changed; others, the bull which had +carried Europa. In either case, it was an object of aversion to Juno. + +721. On the XI. Kal. Maias, was the festival of Pales, the goddess of +shepherds, named the Palilia, and celebrated by the Romans as the +birthday of Rome, ([Greek: genethlian taes patridos]), the day of the +foundation of the city. The poet, therefore, dwells on this important day +at considerable length.--_Abiit_. The last syllable is long, on account +of the following pause. Two MSS. give _obit, exoriturque.--Palilia_. +Some MSS. read _Parilias. Palilia dicta a Pale, quod feriae ei deae fiunt_, +Varro, L. L. V. _Pales dea pastoralis est, cujus dies festus Palilia +dicuntur, nisi quod quidam a partu Iliae Parilia dicere maluerunt_, +Carisius Inst. Gram. I. p. 55. Solinus, c. 1, and the Scholiast on +Persius, Sat. I. also mention this derivation. This last quotes from +Cicero's Philippics the following passage, which is not now to be found +in them: _Palilia, quae nunc Parilia mutatis literis dicimus_. Parilia is +also the term used by all the Greek writers, except Plutarch. There is +certainly, no doubt, but that both Palilia and Parilia were in use in the +time of Ovid, and that, perhaps, many regarded the latter, which would +appear to come so naturally from _pario_, to be the true name of a +festival of spring, when every herb and tree brings forth, and beast and +bird produce their young. But still, as the name of the goddess was +always Pales, we may be quite sure that Palilia was the original name of +the festival.--_Poscor_, scil. _ad Palilia. Poscimur Aonides_. Met. v. +333. _Poscimur_. Hor. Car. I. 32. 1, to his lyre. + +722. _Pales. Pales dea est pabuli, quam alii Vestam, alii Matrem Deûm +volunt. Hanc Virgilius genere feminino_ (Magna Pales) _appellat, alii, +inter quos Varro, masculino genere_. Servius on Virg. G. III. 1. This +male deity was viewed as the servant and bailiff, as it were, of Jupiter. +Serv. on Ec. v. 35. Arnobius adv. Gentes, III. p. 123. Perhaps, according +to the principle stated above, on III. 512, there was, after the usual +manner, a deity of each sex united in office. + +725. _De vitulo cinerem_. See v. 637, _et seq_. + +726. _Februa_. See II. 19. + +727. _Palilia tam publica quam privata sunt. Et est genus hilaritatis et +lusus apud rusticos, ut congestis cum foeno stipulis ignem magnum +transiliant his Palilibus, se expiari credentes_, Varro. See also Tibull. +II. 5. Propert. iv. 1. The simple origin of this ceremony lay in the +belief of the purifying nature of fire, (see v. 785) and something +similar was practised by the people of the North of Europe in their +heathen state; as also nearly down to the present day among the Celtic +population of Ireland and Scotland. But the Romans must assign a +historical cause for this, as for all their other customs; so we are told +by Dionysius, that when Romulus was building the city, he had fires +kindled before all the tents, and made the people jump through the flames +to expiate themselves. + +729. _Navalibus_. The usual comparison of a poem to a ship, and the +progress of composing it to a voyage, II. 863. Modern poetry will also +furnish instances. See, for example, Spenser's Faerie Queene, B. II. c. +xii. st. 42. "Now strike your sailes yee iolly mariners, For we be come +unto a quiet rode," etc. + +731. See v. 639. + +733. _Sanguis equii_, etc. This would seem to contradict the following +assertion of Solinus. _Et observatum deinceps, ne qua hostia Parilibus +caederetur, ut dies iste a sanguine purus esset_. Plutarch also says, +[Greek: En archae d' os phasin, ouden empsuchon ethyon]. But, like the +calf, whose ashes were used, this horse was not sacrificed on the +Palilia. _October equus appellabatur, qui in Campo Martio mense Octobri +Marti immolabatur, cujus cauda, ut ex ea sanguis in forum distillaret, +magna celeritate perferebatur in regiam_, Festus. The Regia here spoken +of, must have been the Atrium Vestae, see on II. 69. The blood of the +horse's tail was preserved here, along with the ashes of the calf, (v. +639,) to be used on the Palilia. + +734. _Culmen_ is here the same as _culmo.--Inane_, as the beans had been +taken out. + +735. _Ad. prim. crep_. [Greek: Y po nukta]. This was always done in the +evening.--_Lustra_. Several good MSS. read _lustrat_, others _lustret_. + +736. The ground on these occasions was swept clean and sprinkled with +water. + +739. _Caerulei fumi_. This is to be understood of the bluish smoke-like +vapour which rises from sulphur when burning.--_Viv. sulf. Vivum, quod +Graeci apyron vocant, nascitur solidum, hoc est gleba, Pliny, H. N. xxxv. +15, 50. Sulphur was of great use in purification, see above, on II. 37. +_Ipseque ter circulus travi sulfure puro_. Tibull. I. 5, 11. + +741. _Maris rores, [Greek: libanotis], rosemary. This is the reading of +two of the best and ten other MSS.; some have _maris rorem_, the rest +give _mares oleas_, which Heinsius and Gierig prefer. "Lectio doctior +(says the latter,) quam ut a librario proficisci potuerit." Olives were +used in purification, Virg. aen. vi. 230, and the trees were divided into +male and female. Plin. H. N. xvi. 19. On the other hand, the _ros +marinus_, and the _herba Sabina_, are mentioned together in Virg. Culex. +402.--_Taedam, Sextum genus_ (pinus) _est taeda proprie dicta, +abundantior succo quam reliqua, liquidior quam picea, flammis et lumini +sacrorum etiam grata_. Plin. H. N. xvi. 10. See Virg. aen. vii. 71, and +above, II. 25.--_Herb. Sab_. Sec I. 343. + +743. _Lib. de mil_. The people of Italy made a sweet kind of bread and +cakes of millet. Plin. H. N. xviii. 10.--_Fiscella_, or _fiscina_, a +basket made of rushes or willow twigs, Virg. G. I. 266. A basket of +millet was part of the offerings on the Palilia. + +745. _Daps apud antiquos dicebatur res divina, quae fiebat aut hiberna +semente aut verna_, Festus. Hence, Heinsius would read _dapi_. Gierig +thinks the _dapes_ was the feast of the rustics themselves, of which a +pail of milk formed a part, see v. 780. Compare II. 657, and Tibull. II. +5, 99.--_Resectis_. The MSS. differ greatly, giving _relictis, paratis, +remotis, refectis_. + +749. Here follows a catalogue of the transgressions, by which the +superstition of antiquity thought that the anger of the rural gods might +be provoked.--_Sacro_, scil, _in loco_. Many MSS. read _sacra_, scil. +_loca_. + +755. _Degrandinat_, says Gierig, may be for the simple _grandinat_, like +_depluere_ for _pluere_. The word occurs scarcely anywhere else. Burmann +would read _dum degrandinet_, till the hail is over--a reading which I +would willingly adopt. + +759. _Fontana_. One MS. reads _montana_. + +761. _Labra Dianae, the _lavacra_ or bathing places of Diana and her +nymphs, alluding to the fate of Actaeon. See Met. III. 161, _et seq_. + +762. [Greek: Ou themis, ho poiman to mesambrinon, ou themis ammin +Syrisden ton Pana dedoikames hae gar ap' agras Tanika kekmakus amptanetai +enti ge pikros]. Theoc. Idyll. I. 15. + +769. _Referat_, etc. Compare Virg. Ec. I. 35. + +770. When making cheese. Compare Tibull. II. 3. 15. + +778. _Rore. Bos_, like the Greek [Greek: drosos], was used for the simple +_aqua_. See Met. III. 164, and Valken on Eur. Hipp. 121. Lenz renders _in +vivo rore_ in this place, by, _In the fresh dew of evening_! A proof of +the liability of translators and commentators to mistake the meaning of +even plain passages. + +779. _Camella_. This was a kind of wooden vessel used by country-people. + +780. _Sapa. Sapam appellabant, quod de musto ad medium partem +decoxerant_, Varro de vita pop. Rom. p. 240. _Sapa fit musto usque ad +tertiam partem mensurae decocto_. Plin. H. N. xiv. 9. + +781, 782. See on v. 727. + +783. _Turba_, scil. _causarum_. + +785. _Vitium_, etc. Compare Virg. G. I. 89. _Omne per ignem excoquitur +vitium_. + +786. _Duce_. The _dux ovium_ in this place is evidently the shepherd, +who, as we have seen, used to leap through the straw-fires. In the South +of Europe, the shepherds generally walk at the head of their sheep. + +787-790. [Greek: To pur kathairei, to udor agnizei]. Plutarch, Q. R. 1. + +791. _Aqua et igni interdici solet damnatis, quam accipiunt nuptae; +videlicet quia haec duae res humanam vitam maxime continent_, Festus. _Ad +facienda foedera aqua et ignis adhibentur; unde contra quos arcere +volumus e nostro consortio ei aqua et igni interdicimus, id est rebus +quibus consortio copulamur_, Servius on aen. vii. Banishment, we may +observe, was unknown to the Roman law; the _Interdictio aqua et igni_, +which had the effect of obliging a man to quit his country, was all that +was pronounced against him. See Niebuhr's Roman History, II. 62-64. + +792. _Nova conjux_. The bride and bridegroom used to touch fire and +water. + +793. _Referri_, to be represented, called to mind. + +800. _Innocuum_, safe; when he was escaping from the flames of Troy. +Virg. aen. II. 632. + +801. _Hoc_. Several MSS. read _nunc_ from which Heinsius made _num_. The +reading of the text, besides resting on the authority of the greater +number of MSS. is much to be preferred. + +807. _Ipse locus_, etc. This very part of the poem, this very mention of +the birth-day of Rome, gives me the occasion, calls on me to relate the +origin of the city. + +Gierig refers _causas_ to the enquiry which the poet had been on, and +understands it thus: "Quid ego altius causas illius ritus acccsso, cum +ipse locus, quem incolimus, aut, si ita mavis, in quo tractando jam +versor, eas mihi suppeditat?" The reading of most MSS. is _ipse locum +casus vati_ which Marsus interprets: By chance as it were, we are come to +this place, where we must treat of the origin of the city. + +808. _Factis_. This is the reading of all the MSS. Heinsius conjectured +_festis_, which be introduced, most unwarrantably, into the text. + +809. See III. 67. + +812. _Ambigitur_, etc. See Liv. I.6, 7. _Certabant urbem Romam Remoranme +vocarent_, Ennius. + +817. _Volucres_. They were vultures, to which, as they injure neither +cattle nor corn, the Romans gave great authority in augury. + +821. All that follows was done in accordance with the ritual-books of the +Etruscans. A deep (_ad solidum_) round pit was dug in the future +Comitium. This pit was called _Mundus_. Into it was thrown a portion of +all necessary natural productions, and each person cast into it a little +of the earth of his native country. From this as a centre, the circuit of +the city was described, Plutarch Rom. 11. + +824. _Fungitur_. Most of the old MSS. read _finditur_, which Gierig has +received. The meaning would be, the altar was cleft with the heat of the +fire, like ground with that of the sun. + +825. When the _mundus_ had been made, the founder yoked a bull and a cow +to a plough which had a brazen share, and made a deep furrow, to mark the +line of the walls, those who followed him taking care to turn all the +clods inwards; when he came to the place where a gate (_porta_) was to +be, he lifted the plough and passed over it, (_portavit_). + +830. _Vobis_. Twelve MSS. read _bonis_. + +831. _Dominae_, "_Domina_, quae habet imperium in omnes. V. vs. 859." +Gierig. Surely it was Rome, not the earth that was to be the mistress. +Two of the best MSS. read _domitae_, which I think gives a better sense. +See v. 861. + +833. _Tonitru laevo. Laeva fulmina prospera existimantur, quoniam laeva +parte mundi ortus est_, Plin. H. N. ii. 53.55. Elsewhere he says, +_Fulmina laeva prospera, quia sacrificantis vel precantis latus laewum +dextrum est ejus qui postulata largitur_. + +837. _Celer_. According to Dionysius and Plutarch, Celer was one of the +companions of Romulus, and overseer of the building of the walls. In +reality he was only a personification of the Equites, who were called +Celeres. See Niebuhr, Roman History, Vol. i. 325. + +843. _Rutro_. The _rutrum_ was a kind of spade, _rutrum, ut ruitrum, a +ruendo_, Varro, L. L. iv. _Rutro_, in the text, is the conjecture of +Heinsius; the greater part of the MSS. read _retro_; some _rastro_, six +_ultro_, one _ristro_. There can be little doubt of _rutro_ being the +true reading, as it is the term used by other writers.--_Occupat_. See I. +575, and Met. xii. 343. + +853. Compare Hom. II. xxiv. 582, and Virg. aen. xi. 219. + +855. The Romans were not called Quirites till after their union with the +Sabines. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 776. + +856. Remus, a tradition said, was buried on the Remaran hill, a little +way from Rome. + +860. _Nominis hujus_, i. e. _Caesaris_. + +863-900. On the IX. Kal. Maias, was celebrated the festival, named +Vinalia, in honour of Jupiter, or, as some said, of Venus. Masurius +_apud_ Macrob. (Sat. I. 4,) says, _Vinaliorum dies Jovi sacer est, non, +ut quidam putant, Veneri_. And Varro (L. L. V.) _Vinalia dicta a vino. +Hic dies Jovis non Veneris. Hujus rei cura, non levis in Latio; nam +aliquot locis vindemiae primum a sacerdotibus publica fiebant, ut Romae +etiam nunc; nam Flamen Dialis auspicatur vindemiam, et, ut jussit vinum +legere, agna Jovi facit, inter cujus exta caesa et porrecta flamen +prorsus vinum legit_. According to Festus and an old Kalendar, there was +another Vinalia, called _rustica_, on the 19th August, and it is +evidently of this last that Varro speaks. Ovid seems to have confounded +the two, which Pliny (H. N. xviii. 29,) accurately distinguishes. +Perhaps, both were sacred to Jupiter, and the circumstance of a festival +of Venus falling on the vernal Vinalia, may have led to the supposition +of its being sacred to her. Plutarch (Q. R. 45,) calls it Veneralia. + +866. Multa agrees with _apta_, and is equivalent to _valde_. Some MSS. +read _culta_, which Heinsius prefers.--_Professarum_. When a woman at +Rome wished to become a _meretrix_, she went before the aediles and +_professed_, that is, informed them of her intention. She was then +entered among the _togatae_, (v. 134) See Suet. Tib. 35. Tac. Ann. II. +85. The same _mutatis nominibus_ is the case at the present day at Rome, +Paris, and other cities on the continent.--_Quaestibus_. Alexis, in his +comedy, called [Greek: Isostasios], says of them, [Greek: Proton men gar +es to kerdos kai to sulan tous pelas, talla autais parerga ginetai]. + +869. _Sisymbria_. The _sisymbrium_, also called _thymbraeum_, was an +odoriferous plant growing in dry places. + +870. The garlands of roses were bound with rushes. + +871. A temple was dedicated to Venus Erycina at the Colline gate, A.U.C. +571, Liv. xl. 34. There was another temple of this goddess on the +Capitoline hill, built by the direction of the Sibylline books, and +dedicated A.U.C. 537. Syracuse was taken A.U.C. 540. Ovid, as Neapolis +observed, appears to have committed two errors here; one, in confounding +the two temples of Venus Erycina at Rome; the other, in making the +building of a temple depend on an event which did not happen till after +it had been built. Gierig defends him in the former case by saying, that +v. 873-875, are merely a passing notice of the second temple: in the +latter, his defence is, "Fortasse tamen Noster, more poëtarum, a parte +bellum Punicum secundum indicare voluit." Greater poets, however, than +Ovid, have fallen into as great errors. + +874. _Eryx_. This mountain was near Drepanum, on the west side of Sicily. +There was on it a magnificent temple of Venus, the erection of which was +ascribed to aeneas and the Trojans. Virg. aen. v. 759. It is, I apprehend, +far more probable, that the Venus Erycina was the Astarte or Moon-goddess +of the Phoenicians, who was identified with Aphrodite and Venus, and that +the founders of the temple were the Carthaginians. + +877, 878. The poet would here seem to intimate, that though the festival +of Venus and the Vinalia fell on the same day, they were different. See +v. 899.--_Quaeritis_. See on V. I. + +879. See the last six books of the aeneis. + +880. _Adorat_. One MS. has _adoptat_, which Heinsius and Gierig follow. + +882. _Equo vel pede_. In horse and foot. + +887. _Cato in primo libro Originum ait, Mezentium Rutulis imperasse, ut +sibi offerrent quas diis primitias offerebant, et Latinos omnes similis +imperii metu ita vocasse: Jupiter, si tibi magis cordi est nos ea tibi +dare potius quam Mezentio, uti nos victores facias_, Macrob. Sat. III. 5. + +888. _Lacubus_. The _lacus_ or vat, was the vessel placed under the +wine-press, to receive the liquor that ran out. + +894. _Feres_. One of the best MS. reads _feras_, which Heinsius and +Gierig receive, as it is a vow. The meaning is, that as the Rutulians had +vowed or promised the produce of the following vintage to Mezentius, +aeneas promises it, in case of victory, to Jupiter. + +897. _Venerat_, etc. On account of the custom of treading out the grapes. +Met. II. 21, Virg. G. II. 8. I doubt if it was good taste to personify +Autumn in this place. _Quum satur Auctumnus quassans sua tempora ponmis, +Sordidus et musto spumantes exprimit uvas_, Columella, R. R. x. 43.-- +_Sordidus_. Five MSS. read _horridus_. + +898. _Vina_. Five MSS. read _vota_. + +901-904. On the VII. Kal. Maias, six days from the end of the month, was +the middle of spring; the _acronych_ setting of the Ram, rain, and the +rising of the Dog, also fell on this day. + +904. _Signa dant imbres_. The rains shew themselves. _Signa dare_ is the +Greek [Greek: episaemainein]. Were it not that the meaning of this +expression is so incontrovertibly shewn by I. 315, 316, one might be +disposed to understand it with Taubner, of the constellations portending +rain.--_Exoriturque Canis_. Here is a tremendous error of our poet, for, +according to Columella, Pliny, Ptolemy, and to the actual fact, the Dog +sets instead of rising at this time. Thus also, Virgil, (G. I. 217,) +_Candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus annum Taurus, et averso cedens +Canis occidit astro_. One of the best MSS. reads _occidit atque Canis_, +but I fear this is only the emendation of some one who saw the error into +which the poet had fallen. + +904. _Nomento_. Nomentum was a town of the Sabine country; a road named +the Via Nomentana led to it from the Viminal gate at Rome. On the +following narrative, Gierig observes, "Similia figmenta, vv. 685 et III. +541." I do not see the necessity of supposing these to be fictions. What +was more natural than for the poet, when about to write a poem on the +Fasti, to direct his attention to things which he had not hitherto +heeded, and to inquire into the meaning of what appeared to him deserving +of notice. + +906. _Candida pompa_. The persons who formed this _pomp_ or procession +were clad in white, that is, their togae were either new, or had been +scoured for the occasion. _Pompa_ is the reading of ten MSS. all the rest +have _turba_. + +907. _Flamen_, scil. _Quirinalis_, v. 910.--Antiquae _Robiginis_. The +festival of this goddess was called the Robigalia, and was said to have +been instituted by Numa, (Plin. xviii. 69, 3,) hence the poet says, +_antiquae. Robigalia dicta ab Robigo. Secundum segetes huic deo +sacrificatur, ne rubigo occupet segetes_, Varro, L. L. V. _Robigalia dies +festus VII. Kal. Maias, quo Robigo deo suo, quem putabant rubiginem +avertere, sacrificabant_, Festus. _Feriae Robigo via Claudia ad +milliarium quintum, ne robigo frumentis noceat; sacrificiun et ludi +cursoribus majoribus et minoribus fiunt_, Verrius Flaccus in Fastis. +_Inde et Robigus deus et sacra ejus VII. Kal. Maias Robigalia +appellantur_, Servius on Geor. I. 151. In all these places, we may see, +as also in Gellius, (v. 12,) it is a god Robigus that is spoken of; on +the other hand, in this place, of Ovid and in Lactantius, (De Fal. Rel. +I.) and Columella, it is a goddess Robigo. May we not thence infer, that +as in so many other cases (see above on III. 512. IV. 722,) so in this +the dualistic principle of Roman theology may be discovered? Finally, the +names _Robigo, Robigus, Robigalia_, were frequently written _Rubigo_, +etc. + +908. _Catularia porta Romae dicta est, quia non longe ab ea ad placandum +Caniculae sidus frugibus inimicum rufae canes immolabantur, ut fruges +flavescentes ad maturitatem perducerentur_, Festus. It would appear as if +there was some slight mistake here, as it was, as Festus himself tells +us, (see preceding note) the god Robigus, and not the Canicula, to whom +the sacrifice was made. This is also proved by the word _rufae_, for +_robus_, a word of the same origin was equivalent to [Greek: xanthos], +whence (Fest. s. v.) the peasants said _robos boves_. The Canicula +however was the cause of the dog being sacrificed. Columella (R. II. x. +342). also notices this rite. _Hinc mala, Rubigo virides ne torreat +herbas Sanguine lactentis catuli placatur et extis_. Ovid alone mentions +the sheep. + +910. _Edidit_, etc. that is prayed to this effect. + +911. _Aspera_. The Robigo, [Greek: erusibae, miltos], or _mildew_, i. e. +_meal-dew_, (It is _mehlthau_ in German,) is a red glutinous powder, +which ate into or consumed the stalks of the growing corn, and made them +_asperi, scabri_. + +913. _Secundis_, several MSS. read _secundi_. + +919. _Titan_. So the Latin poets named the Sun, either as being the same +with Hyperion the Titan or his son, Hes. Th. Mildew was thought to be +produced by the rays of the sun acting on the moisture left on the stalks +by dew or fog. Plin. xviii. 28. + +923. _Robigo_ signifies _rust_ as well as _mildew_. + +933. At the right hand of the Flamen was a woolen towel, (_mantele_) with +the fringes, or rather nap on it, (_villis solutis_) for him to wipe his +hands with. The finer kind of towels were without this appendage. _Tonsis +mantilla villis_. Virg. G. III. 377. + +936. _Obscenae_, of ill omen on account of the howling. + +939. The Canicula was said to be Maera, the dog of Erigone the daughter +of Icarus an Athenian, to whom Bacchus gave wine, which he shared with +his workmen, who thinking he had poisoned them, put him to death. +Erigone, by means of the dog discovered his body, and Bacchus touched by +her grief, raised them all three to the skies, making Icarus Bootes, +Erigone the Virgin, and Maera the Canicula or Procyon. + +940. _Praecipitur_, scil. _aestu_, is burnt up. + +941. _Pro_, instead of. + +942. The true cause of many superstitious practices, in which the mystics +find such deep meaning. + +943. _Phr. Ass. fratre_ a periphrasis of Tithonus, Ovid appears to make a +mistake here and to confound Tithonus with Ganymedes, as according to +most writers, Tithonus was the son of Laomedon, the son of Ilus the +brother of Assaracus, whose grand-nephew therefore Tithonus was.-- +_Titania_. This is the reading of only two MSS. and was first admitted +into the text by Burmann. Heinsius however had approved of it. All the +rest give _Tithonia_, which Heinsius shews to have been frequently +employed by Statius and by Valerius Flaccus but thinks that in all these +places it should be changed into Titania. Aurora is called Titania, for +the same reason as Diana (Luna) is called so, (Met. III. 173,) and their +brother, Sol Titan; see on v. 919. + +945. The Floralia began on the IV. Kal. Maias. + +946. See V. 183, _et seq_. + +949. As it was requisite that the Pontifex Maximus should reside in a +public building, near the temple of Vesta, Augustus, when raised to this +dignity, assigned a part of his Palatium to the public service, and +removed thither the sacred fire of Vesta--_Aufert_, claims.--_Cognati_. +See III. 425. Some MSS. read _cognato_. + +950. _Justi senes_. Some editions read _jussi_, instead of _justi_. I +know not on what authority. _Patres_ for _senes_, is the reading of +several MSS. + +951. The temple of the Palatine Apollo formed another part of the +Palatium. Suet. Aug. 29. Propert. II. 23. + +952. _Ipse_, Augustus. + +953. See I. 614. + + + + +LIBER V. + + +Quaeritis, unde putem Maio data nomina mensi. + Non satis est liquido cognita causa mihi. +Ut stat, et incertus qua sit sibi nescit cundum, + Quum videt ex omni parte viator iter: +Sic, quia posse datur diversas reddere causas, 5 + Qua ferar, ignoro, copiaque ipsa nocet. +Dicite, quae fontes Aganippidos Hippocrenes + Grata Medussei signa tenetis equi. +Dissensere deae. Quarum Polyhymnia coepit + Prima--Silent aliae, dictaque mente notant.-- 10 +Post chaos, ut primum data sunt tria corpora mundo, + Inque novas species omne recessit opus; +Pondere terra suo subsedit, et sequora traxit: + At coelum levitas in loca summa tulit. +Sol quoque cum stellis nulla gravitate retentus, 15 + Et vos Lunares exsiluistis equi. +Sed neque Terra diu Coelo, nec cetera Phoebo + Sidera cedebant: par erat omnis honos. +Saepe aliquis solio quod tu, Saturne, tenebas, + Ausus de media plebe sedere deus; 20 +Et latus Oceano quisquam deus advena junxit, + Tethys et extremo saepe recepta loco est; +Donec Honos, placidoque decens Reverentia vultu + Corpora legitimis imposuere toris. +Hinc sata Majestas, quae mundum temperat omnem, 25 + Quaque die partu est edita, magna fuit. +Nec mora: consedit medio sublimis Olympo, + Aurea, purpureo conspicienda sinu. +Consedere simul Pudor et Metus. Omne videres + Numen ad hanc vultus composuisse suos. 30 +Protinus intravit mentes suspectus honorum. + Fit pretium dignis, nec sibi quisque placet. +Hic status in coelo multos permansit in annos: + Dum senior fatis excidit arce deus. +Terra feros partus, immania monstra, Gigantas 35 + Edidit, ausuros in Jovis ire domum. +Mille manus illis dedit, et pro cruribus angues: + Atque ait, In magnos arma movete deos. +Exstruere hi montes ad sidera summa parabant, + Et magnum bello sollicitare Jovem. 40 +Fulmina de coeli jaculatus Jupiter arce + Vertit in auctores pondera vasta suos. +His bene Majestas armis defensa deorum + Restat: et ex illo tempore firma manet. +Assidet illa Jovi: Jovis est fidissima custos, 45 + Et praestat sine vi sceptra tenenda Jovi. +Venit et in terras: coluerunt Romulus illam, + Et Numa: mox alii, tempore quisque suo. +Illa patres in honore pio matresque tuetur: + Illa comes pueris virginibusque venit. 50 +Ilia datos fasces commendat, eburque curule: + Illa coronatis alta triumphat equis. +Finierat voces Polyhymnia: dicta probarunt + Clioque, et curvae scita Thalia lyrae. +Excipit Uranie: fecere silentia cunctae, 55 + Et vox audiri nulla, nisi illa, potest, +Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cani, + Inque suo pretio ruga senilis erat. +Martis opus juvenes animosaque bella gerebant, + Et pro dîs aderant in statione suis. 60 +Viribus illa minor, nec habendis utilis armis, + Consilio patriae saepe ferebat opem. +Nec nisi post annos patuit tunc Curia seros, + Nomen et aetatis mite Senatus erat. +Jura dabat populo senior: finitaque certis 65 + Legibus est aetas, unde petatur honos. +Et medius juvenum, non indignantibus ipsis, + Ibat, et interior, si comes unus erat. +Verba quis auderet coram sene digna rubore + Dicere; censuram longa senecta dabat. 70 +Romulus hoc vidit, selectaque pectora Patres + Dixit. Ad hos urbis summa relata novae. +Hinc sua majores posuisse vocabula Maio + Tangor, et aetati consuluisse suae. +Et Numitor dixisse potest, Da, Romule, mensem 75 + Hunc senibus! nec avum sustinuisse nepos. +Nec leve praepositi pignus successor honoris + Junius, a juvenum nomine dictus, adest. +Tum sic, neglectos hedera redimita capillos, + Prima sui coepit Calliopea chori: 80 +Duxerat Oceanus quondam Titanida Tethyn, + Qui terram liquidis, qua patet, ambit aquis. +Hinc sata Pleïone cum coelifero Atlante + Jungitur, ut fama est, Pleïadasque parit. +Quarum Maia suas forma superasse sorores 85 + Traditur, et summo concubuisse Jovi. +Haec enixa jugo cupressiferae Cyllenes, + Aetherium volucri qui pede carpit iter. +Arcades hunc, Ladonque rapax, et Maenalon ingens + Rite colunt, Luna credita terra prior. 90 +Exsul ab Arcadia Latios Evander in agros + Venerat, impositos attuleratque deos. +Hic, ubi nunc Roma est orbis caput, arbor et herbae, + Et paucae pecudes, et casa rara fuit. +Quo postquam ventum, Consistite! praescia mater, 95 + Nam locus imperii rus erit istud, ait. +Et matri et vati paret Nonacrius heros, + Inque peregrina constitit hospes humo. +Sacraque multa quidem, sed Fauni prima bicornis + Has docuit gentes, alipedisque dei. 100 +Semicaper, coleris cinctutis, Faune, Lupercis, + Quum lustrant celebres vellera secta vias. +At tu materno donasti nomine mensem, + Inventor curvae, furibus apte, fidis. +Nec pietas haec prima tua est: septena putaris, 105 + Pleïadum numerum, fila dedisse lyrae. +Haec quoque desierat; laudata est voce sororum, + Quid faciam? turbae pars habet omnis idem. +Gratia Pieridum nobis aequaliter adsit, + Nullaque laudetur plusve minusve mihi. 110 + +Ab Jove surgat opus, Prima mihi nocte videnda + Stella est in cunas officiosa Jovis. +Nascitur Oleniae signum pluviale Capellae: + Illa dati coelum praemia lactis habet. +Naïs Amalthea, Cretaea nobilis Ida, 115 + Dicitur in silvis occuluisse Jovem. +Huic fuit haedorum mater formosa duorum, + Inter Dictaeos conspicienda greges, +Cornibus aëriis atque in sua terga recurvis, + Ubere, quod nutrix posset habere Jovis. 120 +Lac dabat illa deo. Sed fregit in arbore cornu: + Truncaque dimidia parte decor is erat. +Sustulit hoc Nymphe, cinxitque recentibus herbis, + Et plenum pomis ad Jovis ora tulit. +Ille, ubi res coeli tenuit, solioque paterno 125 + Sedit, et invicto nil Jove majus erat, +Sidera nutricem, nutricis fertile cornu + Fecit; quod dominae nunc quoque nomen habet. + +Praestitibus Maiae Laribus videre Kalendae + Aram constitui, signaque parva deûm. 130 +Voverat illa quidem Curius: sed multa vetustas + Destruit, et saxo longa senecta nocet. +Causa tamen positi fuerat cognominis illis, + Quod praestant oculis omnia tuta suis. +Stant quoque pro nobis, et praesunt moenibus urbis, 135 + Et sunt praesentes, auxiliumque ferunt. +At canis ante pedes, saxo fabricatus eodem, + Stabat. Quae standi cum Lare causa fuit? +Servat uterque domum, domino quoque fidus uterque. + Compita grata deo: compita grata cani. 140 +Exagitant et Lar, et turba Diania, fures: + Pervigilantque Lares, pervigilantque canes. +Bina gemellorum quaerebam signa deorum, + Viribus annosse facta caduca morae: +Mille Lares, Geniumque ducis, qui tradidit illos, 145 + Urbs habet: et vici numina trina colunt. +Quo feror? Augustus mensis mihi carminis hujus + Jus dabit. Interea Diva canenda Bona est. +Est moles nativa: loco res nomina fecit. + Appellant saxum: pars bona mentis ea est. 150 +Huic Remus institerat frustra, quo tempore fratri + Prima Palatinae regna dedistis aves. +Templa Patres illic, oculos exosa viriles, + Leniter acclivi constituere jugo. +Dedicat haec veteris Clausorum nominis heres, 155 + Virgineo nullum corpore passa virum. +Livia restituit, ne non imitata maritum + Esset, et ex omni parte secuta virum. + +Postera quum roseam pulsis Hyperionis astris + In matutinis lampada tollit equis, 160 +Frigidus Argestes summas mulcebit aristas, + Candidaque a Calabris vela dabuntur aquis. +At simul inducunt obscura crepuscula noctem, + Pars Hyadum toto de grege nulla latet. + +Ora micant Tauri septem radiantia flammis, 165 + Navita quas Hyadas Graius ab imbre vocat. +Pars Bacchum nutrisse putat: pars credidit esse + Tethyos has neptes, Oceanique senis. +Nondum stabat Atlas humeros oneratus Olympo, + Quum satus est forma conspiciendus Hyas. 170 +Hunc stirps Oceani maturis nisibus aethra + Edidit, et Nymphas: sed prior ortus Hyas. +Dum nova lanugo, pavidos formidine cervos + Terret: et est illi praeda benigna lepus. +At postquam virtus annis adolevit, in apros 175 + Audet et hirsutas cominus ire feras. +Dumque petit latebras fetae catulosque leaenae, + Ipse fuit Libycae praeda cruenta ferae. +Mater Hyan, et Hyan moestae flevere sorores, + Cervicemque polo suppositurus Atlas. 180 +Victus uterque parens tamen est pietate sororum. + Illa dedit coelum: nomina fecit Hyas. + +Mater, ades, florum, ludis celebranda jocosis: + Distuleram partes mense priore tuas. +Incipis Aprili: transis in tempora Maii. 185 + Alter te fugiens, quum venit alter, habet. +Quum tua sint cedantque tibi confinia mensum, + Convenit in laudes ille vel iste tuas. +Circus in hunc exit, clamataque palma theatris: + Hoc quoque cum Circi munere carmen eat. 190 +Ipsa doce, quae sis. Hominum sententia fallax, + Optima tu proprii nominis auctor eris. +Sic ego. Sic nostris respondit diva rogatis: + --Dum loquitur, vernas efflat ab ore rosas-- +Chloris eram, quae Flora vocor. Corrupta Latino 195 + Nominis est nostri littera Graeca sono. +Chloris eram Nymphe campi felicis, ubi audis + Rem fortunatis ante fuisse viris. +Quae fuerit mihi forma, grave est narrare modestae: + Sed generum matri repperit illa deum. 200 +Ver erat: errabam: Zephyrus conspexit. Abibam: + Insequitur; fugio. Fortior ille fuit. +Et dederat fratri Boreas jus omne rapinae, + Ausus Erechthea praemia ferre domo. +Vim tamen emendat dando mihi nomina nuptae: 205 + Inque meo non est ulla querela toro. +Vere fruor semper: semper nitidissimus annus. + Arbor habet frondes, pabula semper humus. +Est mihi fecundus dotalibus hortus in agris. + Aura fovet; liquidae fonte rigatur aquae. 210 +Hunc meus implevit generoso flore maritus: + Atque ait, Arbitrium tu, dea, floris habe. +Saepe ego digestos volui numerare colores; + Nec potui; numero copia major erat. +Roscida quum primum foliis excussa pruina est, 215 + Et variae radiis intepuere comae; +Conveniunt pictis incinctae vestibus Horae, + Inque leves calathos munera nostra legunt. +Protinus accedunt Charites, nectuntque coronas, + Sertaque coelestes implicitura comas. 220 +Prima per immensas sparsi nova semina gentes. + Unius tellus ante coloris erat. +Prima Therapnaeo feci de sanguine florem: + Et manet in folio scripta querela suo. +Tu quoque nomen habes cultos, Narcisse, per hortos: 225 + Infelix, quod non alter et alter eras! +Quid Crocon, aut Attin referam, Cinyraque creatum, + De quorum per me vulnere surgit honor? +Mars quoque, si nescis, per nostras editus artes. + Jupiter hoc ut adhuc nesciat, usque precor. 230 +Sancta Jovem Juno, nata sine matre Minerva, + Officio doluit non eguisse suo. +Ibat, ut Oceano quereretur facta mariti: + Restitit ad nostras fessa labore fores. +Quam simul adspexi, Quid te, Saturnia, dixi, 235 + Attulit? Exponit, quem petat illa locum. +Addidit et causam. Verbis solabar amicis. + Non, inquit, verbis cura levanda mea est. +Si pater est factus neglecto conjugis usu + Jupiter, et solus nomen utrumque tenet; 240 +Cur ego desperem fieri sine conjuge mater, + Et parere intacto, dummodo casta, viro? +Omnia tentabo latis medicamina terris, + Et freta Tartareos excutiamque sinus. +Vox erat in cursu: vultum dubitantis haebebam. 245 + Nescio quid, Nymphe, posse videris, ait. +Ter volui promittere opem, ter lingua retenta est: + Ira Jovis magni causa timoris erat. +Fer, precor, auxilium, dixit; celabitur auctor: + Et Stygiae numen testificatur aquae. 250 +Quod petis, Oleniis, inquam, mihi missus ab arvis + Flos dabit. Est hortis unicus ille meis. +Qui dabat, Hoc, dixit, sterilem quoque tange juvencam; + Mater erit. Tetigi; nec mora, mater erat. +Protinus haerentem decerpsi pollice florem. 255 + Tangitur; et tacto concipit illa sinu. +Jamque gravis Thracen et laeva Propontidos intrat, + Fitque potens voti; Marsque creatus erat; +Qui memor accepti per me natalis, Habeto + Tu quoque Romulea, dixit, in urbe locum. 260 +Forsitan in teneris tantum mea regna coronis + Esse putes; tangit numen et arva meum. +Si bene floruerint segetes, erit area dives: + Si bene floruerit vinea, Bacchus erit. +Si bene floruerint oleae, nitidissimus annus, 265 + Pomaque proventum temporis hujus habent. +Flore semel laeso pereunt viciaeque fabaeque, + Et pereunt lentes, advena Nile, tuae. +Vina quoque in magnis operose condita cellis + Florent, et nebulae dolia summa tegunt. 270 +Mella meum munus. Volucres ego mella daturas + Ad violam, et cytisos, et thyma cana voco. +Nos quoque idem facimus tunc, quum juvenilibus annis + Luxuriant animi, corporaque ipsa vigent. +Talia dicentem tacitus mirabar. At illa, 275 + Jus tibi discendi, si qua requiris, ait. +Dic, dea, ludorum, respondi, quae sit origo. + Vix bene desieram; rettulit illa mihi. +Cetera luxurise nondum instrumenta vigebant: + Aut pecus, aut latam dives habebat humum. 280 +Hinc etiam _locuples_, hinc ipsa _pecunia_ dicta est. + Sed jam de vetito quisque parabat opes. +Venerat in morem populi depascere saltus: + Idque diu licuit, poenaque nulla fuit. +Vindice servabat nullo sua publica vulgus: 285 + Jamque in privato pascere inertis erat. +Plebis ad aediles perducta licentia talis + Publicios; animus defuit ante viris. +Rem populus recipit: mulctam subiere nocentes. + Vindicibus laudi publica cura fuit. 290 +Mulcta data est ex parte mihi: magnoque favore + Victores ludos instituere novos. +Parte locant clivum, qui tune erat ardua rupes. + Utile nunc iter est, Publiciumque vocant. +Annua credideram spectacula facta; negavit: 295 + Addidit et dictis altera verba suis. +Nos quoque tangit honos, festis gaudemus et aris: + Turbaque coelestes ambitiosa sumus. +Saepe deos aliquis peccando fecit iniquos: + Et pro delictis hostia blanda fuit. 300 +Saepe Jovem vidi, quum jam sua mittere vellet + Fulmina, ture dato sustinuisse manum. +At si negligimur, magnis injuria poenis + Solvitur, et justum praeterit ira modum. +Respice Thestiaden; flammis absentibus arsit. 305 + Causa est, quod Phoebes ara sine igne fuit. +Respice Tantaliden: eadem dea vela tenebat. + Virgo est, et spretos his tamen ulta focos. +Hippolyte infelix, velles coluisse Dionen, + Quum consternatis deripereris equis. 310 +Longa referre mora est correcta oblivia damnis. + Me quoque Romani praeteriere Patres. +Quid facerem? per quod fierem manifesta doloris? + Exigerem nostrae qualia damna notae? +Excidit officium tristi mihi. Nulla tuebar 315 + Rura, nec in pretio fertilis hortus erat. +Lilia deciderant: violas arere videres, + Filaque punicei languida facta croci. +Saepe mihi Zephyrus, Dotes corrumpere noli + Ipsa tuas, dixit. Dos mihi vilis erat. 320 +Florebant oleae; venti nocuere protervi. + Florebant segetes; grandine laesa Ceres. +In spe vitis erat: coelum nigrescit ab Austris, + Et subita frondes decutiuntur aqua. +Nec volui fieri, nec sum crudelis in ira: 325 + Cura repellendi sed mihi nulla fuit. +Convenere Patres, et, si bene floreat annus, + Numinibus nostris annua festa vovent. +Annuimus voto. Consul cum Consule ludos + Postumio Laenas persoluere mihi. 330 +Quaerere conabar, quare lascivia major + His foret in ludis, liberiorque jocus: +Sed mihi succurrit, numen non esse severum, + Aptaque deliciis munera ferre deam. +Tempora sutilibus cinguntur tota coronis, 335 + Et latet injecta splendida mensa rosa. +Ebrius incinctis philyra conviva capillis + Saltat, et imprudens vertitur arte meri. +Ebrius ad durum formosse limen amicae + Cantat. Habent unctae mollia serta comae. 340 +Nulla coronata peraguntur seria fronte; + Nec liquidae vinctis flore bibuntur aquae. +Donec eras mixtus nullis, Acheloë, racemis, + Gratia sumendae non erat ulla rosae. +Bacchus amat flores: Baccho placuisse coronam, 345 + Ex Ariadnaeo sidere nosse potes. +Scena levis decet hanc: non est, mihi credite, non est + Illa cothurnatas inter habenda deas. +Turba quidem cur hos celebret meretricia ludos, + Non ex difficili causa petita subest. 350 +Non est de tetricis, nori est de magna professis: + Vult sua plebeio sacra patere choro: +Et monet setatis specie, dum floreat, uti: + Contemni spinam, quum cecidere rosae. +Cur tamen, ut dantur vestes Cerealibus albae, 355 + Sic est haec cultu versicolore decens? +An quia maturis albescit messis aristis, + Et color et species floribus omnis inest? +Annuit; et motis flores cecidere capillis, + Accidere in mensas ut rosa missa solet. 360 +Lumina restabant; quorum me causa latebat, + Quum sic errores abstulit illa meos: +Vel quia purpureis collucent floribus agri; + Lumina sunt nostros visa decere dies: +Vel quia nec flos est hebeti, nec flamma, colore; 365 + Atque oculos in se splendor uterque trahit; +Vel quia deliciis nocturna licentia nostris + Convenit. A vero tertia causa venit. +Est breve praeterea, de quo mihi quaerere restat, + Si liceat, dixi. Dixit et illa, Licet. 370 +Cur tibi pro Libycis clauduntur rete leaenis + Imbelles capreae, sollicitusque lepus? +Non sibi, respondit, silvas cessisse, sed hortos, + Arvaque pugnaci non adeunda ferae. +Omnia finierat: tenues secessit in auras. 375 + Mansit odor: posses scire fuisse deam. +Floreat ut toto carmen Nasonis in aevo, + Sparge, precor, donis pectora nostra tuis. +Nocte minus quarta promet sua sidera Chiron + Semivir, et flavi corpore mixtus equi. 380 +Pelion Haemoniae mons est obversus in Austros: + Summa virent pinu: cetera quercus habet. +Phillyrides tenuit. Saxo stant antra vetusto, + Quae justum memorant incoluisse senem. +Ille manus, olim missuras Hectora leto, 385 + Creditur in lyricis detinuisse modis. +Venerat Alcides exhausta parta laborum, + Jussaque restabant ultima paene viro. +Stare simul casu Trojae duo fata videres: + Hinc puer aeacides, hinc Jove natus erat. 390 +Excipit hospitio juvenem Philyreïus heros: + Et causam adventus hic rogat: ille docet. +Perspicit interea clavam spoliumque leonis, + Virque, ait, his armis, armaque digna viro! +Nec se, quin horrens auderent tangere setis 395 + Vellus, Achilleae continuere manus. +Dumque senex tractat squalentia tela venenis, + Excidit, et laevo fixa sagitta pede est. +Ingemuit Chiron, traxitque e vulnere ferrum: + Et gemit Alcides, Haemoniusque puer. 400 +Ipse tamen lectas Pagasaeis collibus herbas + Temperat, et varia vulnera mulcet ope. +Virus edax superabat opem, penitusque recepta + Ossibus et toto corpore pestis erat. +Sanguine Centauri Lernaeae sanguis Echidnae 405 + Mixtus ad auxilium tempora nulla dabat. +Stabat, ut ante patrem, lacrimis perfusus Achilles: + Sic flendus Peleus, si moreretur, erat. +Saepe manus aegras manibus fingebat amicis: + Morum, quos fecit, praemia doctor habet. 410 +Oscula saepe dedit; dixit quoque saepe jacenti: + Vive, precor; nec me care relinque pater! +Nona dies aderat, quum tu, justissime Chiron, + Bis septem stellis corpora cinctus eras. + +Hunc Lyra curva sequi cuperet; sed idonea nondum 415 + Est via. Nox aptum tertia tempus erit. + +Scorpios in coelo, quum eras lucescere Nonas + Dicimus, a media parte notandus erit. + +Hinc ubi protulerit Formosa ter Hesperus ora, + Ter dederint Phoebo sidera victa locum; 420 +Ritus erit veteris, nocturna Lemuria, sacri: + Inferias tacitis Manibus illa dabunt. +Annus erat brevior, nec adhuc pia Februa norant, + Nec tu dux mensum, Jane biformis, eras. +Jam tamen extincto cineri sua dona ferebant, 425 + Compositique nepos busta piabat avi. +Mensis erat Maius, majorum nomine dictus, + Qui partem prisci nunc quoque moris habet. +Nox ubi jam media est, somnoque silentia praebet, + Et canis et varies conticuistis aves; 430 +Ille memor veteris ritus timidusque deorum + Surgit:--habent gemini vincula nulla pedes-- +Signaque dat digitis medio cum pollice junctis, + Occurrat tacito ne levis umbra sibi; +Quumque manus puras fontana perluit unda, 435 + Vertitur, et nigras accipit ante fabas; +Aversusque jacit; sed dum jacit, Haec ego mitto; + His, inquit, redimo meque meosque fabis. +Hoc novies dicit, nec respicit. Umbra putatur + Colligere, et nullo terga vidente sequi. 440 +Rursus aquam tangit, Temesaeaque concrepat aera, + Et rogat, ut tectis exeat umbra suis. +Quum dixit novies, Manes exite paterni! + Respicit, et pure sacra peracta putat. +Dicta sit unde dies, quae nominis exstet origo, 445 + Me fugit. Ex aliquo est invenienda deo. +Pliade nate, mone, virga venerande potenti: + Saepe tibi Stygii regia visa Jovis. +Venit adoratus Caducifer. Accipe causam + Nominis. Ex ipso cognita causa deo est. 450 +Romulus ut tumulo fraternas condidit umbras, + Et male veloci justa soluta Remo; +Faustulus infelix, et passis Acca capillis + Spargebant lacrimis ossa perusta suis. +Inde domum redeunt sub prima crepuscula moesti, 455 + Utque erat, in duro procubuere toro. +Umbra cruenta Remi visa est assistere lecto, + Atque haec exiguo murmure verba loqui: +En ego dimidium vestri parsque altera voti + Cernite sim qualis! qui modo qualis eram! 460 +Qui modo, si volucres habuissem regna jubentes, + In populo potui maximus esse meo. +Nunc sum elapsa rogi flammis et inanis imago. + Haec est ex illo forma relicta Remo. +Heu! ubi Mars pater est! si vos modo vera locuti, 465 + Uberaque expositis ille ferina dedit. +Quem lupa servavit, manus hunc temeraria civis + Perdidit. O quanto mitior illa fuit! +Saeve Celer, crudelem animam per vulnera reddas, + Utque ego, sub terras sanguinolentus eas! 470 +Noluit hoc frater. Pietas sequalis in illo est. + Quod potuit, lacrimas in mea fata dedit. +Hunc vos per lacrimas, per vestra alimenta rogate, + Ut celebrem nostro signet honore diem. +Mandantem amplecti cupiunt, et brachia tendunt: 475 + Lubrica prensantes effugit umbra manus. +Ut secum fugiens somnos abduxit imago, + Ad regem voces fratris uterque ferunt. +Romulus obsequitur, lucemque Remuria dixit + Illam, qua positis justa feruntur avis. 480 +Aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo + Littera, quae toto nomine prima fuit. +Mox etiam Lemures animas dixere silentum; + Hic verbi sensus, vis ea vocis erat. +Fana tamen veteres illis clausere diebus, 485 + Ut nunc ferali tempore operta vides. +Nec viduae taedis eadem, nec virginis apta + Tempora. Quae nupsit, non diuturna fuit. +Hac quoque de causa, si te proverbia tangunt, + Mense malas Maio nubere vulgus ait. 490 +Sed tamen haec tria sunt sub eodem tempore festa + Inter se nullo continuata die. +Quorum si mediis Boeotum Oriona quaeres; + Falsus eris. Signi causa canenda mihi. +Jupiter, et, lato qui regnat in aequore, frater 495 + Carpebant socias, Mercuriusque, vias. +Tempus erat, quo versa jugo referuntur aratra. + Et pronum saturae lac bibit agnus ovis. +Forte senex Hyrieus, angusti cultor agelli, + Hos videt, exiguam stabat ut ante casam. 500 +Atque ita, Longa via est nec tempora longa supersunt, + Dixit, et hospitibus janua nostra patet. +Addidit et vultum verbis, iterumque rogavit. + Parent promissis, dissimulantque deos. +Tecta senis subeunt, nigro deformia fumo. 505 + Ignis in hesterno stipite parvus erat; +Ipse genu nixus flammas exsuscitat aura, + Et promit quassas comminuitque faces. +Stant calices. Minor inde fabas, olus alter habebat, + Et fumant testu pressus uterque suo. 510 +Dumque mora est, tremula dat vina rubentia dextra. + Accipit aequoreus pocula prima deus. +Quae simul exhausit, Da, nunc bibat ordine, dixit, + Jupitur. Audito palluit ille Jove. +Ut rediit animus, cultorem pauperis agri 515 + Immolat, et magno torret in igne bovem; +Quaeque puer quondam primis diffuderat annis, + Promit fumoso condita vina cado. +Nec mora: flumineam lino celantibus ulvam, + Sic quoque non altis, incubuere toris. 520 +Nunc dape, nunc posito mensae nituere Lyaeo. + Terra rubens crater, pocula fagus erant. +Verba fuere Jovis: Si quid fert impetus, opta: + Omne feres. Placidi verba fuere senis: +Cara fuit conjux, prima mihi cara juventa 525 + Cognita. Nunc ubi sit, quaeritis: urna tegit. +Huic ego juratus, vobis in verba vocatis, + Conjugio dixi sola fruere meo. +Et dixi, et servo, sed enim diversa voluntas + Est mihi: nec conjux, sed pater esse volo. 530 +Annuerant omnes: omnes ad terga juvenci + Constiterant. Pudor est ulteriora loqui. +Tum superinjecta texere madentia terra. + Jamque decem menses, et puer ortus erat. +Hunc Hyrieus, quia sic genitus, vocat Uriona. 535 + Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum. +Creverat immensum: comitem sibi Delia sumpsit. + Ille deae custos, ille satelles erat. +Verba movent iras non circumspecta deorum. + Quam nequeam, dixit, vincere, nulla fera est. 540 +Scorpion immisit Tellus. Fuit impetus illi + Curva gemelliparae spicula ferre deae. +Obstitit Orion. Latona nitentibus astris + Addidit, et, Meriti praemia, dixit, habe. + +Sed quid et Orion, et cetera sidera mundo 545 + Cedere festinant, noxque coarctat iter? +Quid solito citius liquido jubar aequore tollit + Candida, Lucifero praeveniente, dies? +Fallor? an arma sonant? Non fallimur: arma sonabant; + Mars venit, et veniens bellica signa dedit. 550 +Ultor ad ipse suos coelo descendit honores, + Templaque in Augusto conspicienda Foro. +Et deus est ingens, et opus. Debebat in urbe + Non aliter nati Mars habitare sui. +Digna Giganteis haec sunt delubra tropaeis: 555 + Hinc fera Gradivum bella movere decet: +Sen quis ab Eoo nos impius orbe lacesset; + Seu quis ab occiduo sole domandus erit. +Prospicit armipotens operis fastigia summi, + Et probat invictos summa tenere deos. 560 +Prospicit in foribus diversae tela figurae, + Armaque terrarum milite victa suo. +Hinc videt aenean oneratum pondere caro, + Et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos. +Hinc videt Iliaden humeris ducis arma ferentem, 565 + Claraque dispositis acta subesse viris. +Spectat et Augusto praetextum nomine templum; + Et visum, lecto Caesare, majus opus. +Voverat hoc juvenis tunc, quum pia sustulit arma, + A tantis Princeps incipiendus erat. 570 +Ille manus tendens, hinc stanti milite justo, + Hinc conjuratis, talia dicta dedit; +Si mihi bellandi pater est, Vestaeque sacerdos + Auctor, et ulcisci numen utrumque paro: +Mars, ades, et satia scelerato sanguine ferrum: 575 + Stetque favor causa pro meliore tuus. +Templa feres, et me victore vocaberis Ultor. + Voverat; et fuso laetus ab hoste redit. +Nec satis est meruisse semel cognomina Marti: + Persequitur Parthi signa retenta manu. 580 +Gens fuit et campis, et equis, et tuta sagittis, + Et circumfusis invia fluminibus. +Addiderant animos Crassorum funera genti, + Quum periit miles, signaque, duxque simul. +Signa, decus belli, Parthus Romana tenebat, 585 + Romanaeque aquilae signifer hostis erat. +Isque pudor mansisset adhuc, nisi fortibus armis + Caesaris Ausoniae protegerentur opes. +Ille notas veteres, et longi dedecus aevi + Sustulit. Agnorunt signa recepta suos. 590 +Quid tibi nunc solitas mitti post terga sagittae, + Quid loca, quid rapidi profuit usus equi? +Parthe, refers aquilas: victos quoque porrigis arcus. + Pignora jam nostri nulla pudoris habes. +Rite deo templumque datum nomenque bis ulto, 595 + Et meritus votis debita solvit honos. +Sollemnes ludos Circo celebrate, Quirites: + Non visa est fortem scena decere deum. +Pliadas adspicies omnes, totumque sororum + Agmen, ubi ante Idus nox erit una super 600 +Tum mihi non dubiis auctoribus incipit aestas, + Et tepidi finem tempora veris habent. + +Idibus ora prior stellantia tollere Taurum + Indicat: huic signo fabula nota subest. +Praebuit, ut taurus, Tyriae sua terga puellae 605 + Jupiter, et falsa cornua fronte tulit; +Illa jubam dextra, laeva retinebat amictus; + Et timor ipse novi causa decoris erat. +Aura sinus implet: flavos movet aura capillos. + Sidoni, sic fueras aspicienda Jovi 610 +Saepe puellares subduxit ab aequore plantas, + Et metuit tactus assilientis aquae: +Saepe deus prudens tergum demittit in undas, + Haereat ut collo fortius illa suo. +Litoribus tactis stabat sine cornibus ullis 615 + Jupiter, inque deum de bove versus erat. +Taurus init coelum: te, Sidoni, Jupiter implet, + Parsque tuum terras tertia nomen habet. +Hoc alii signum Phariam dixere juvencam, + Quae bos ex homine est, ex bove facta dea. 620 + +Tum quoque priscorum virgo simulacra virorum + Mittere roboreo scirpea ponte solet. +Corpora post decies senos qui credidit annos + Missa neci, sceleris crimine damnat avos. +Fama vetus: tum quum Saturnia terra vocata est, 625 + Talia fatidici dicta fuere dei: +Falcifero libata seni duo corpora, gentes, + Mittite, quae Tuscis excipiantur aquis. +Donec in haec venit Tirynthius arva, quotannis + Tristia Leucadio sacra peracta modo; 630 +Illum stramineos in aquam misisse Quirites. + Herculis exemplo corpora falsa jaci. +Pars putat, ut ferrent juvenes suffragia soli, + Pontibus infirmos praecipitasse senes. +Tibri, doce verum: tua ripa vetustior urbe. 635 + Principium ritus tu bene nosse potes. +Tibris arundiferum medio caput extulit alveo, + Raucaque dimovit talibus ora sonis: +Haec loca desertas vidi sine moenibus herbas: + Pascebat sparsos utraque ripa boves. 640 +Et quem nunc gentes Tiberin noruntque timentque, + Tunc etiam pecori despiciendus eram. +Arcadis Evandri nomen tibi saepe refertur: + Ille meas remis advena torsit aquas. +Venit et Alcides, turba comitatus Achiva. 645 + Albula, si memini, tunc mihi nomen erat. +Excipit hospitio juvenem Pallantius heros: + Et tandem Caco debita poena venit. +Victor abit, secumque boves, Erytheïda praedam, + Abstrahit. At comites longius ire negant: 650 +Magnaque pars horum desertis venerat Argis. + Montibus his ponunt spemque Laremque suum. +Saepe tamen patriae dulci tanguntur amore; + Atque aliquis moriens hoc breve mandat opus: +Mittite me in Tiberin, Tiberinis vectus ut undis 655 + Litus ad Inachium pulvis inanis eam. +Displicet heredi mandati cura sepulcri: + Mortuus Ausonia conditur hospes humo. +Scirpea pro domino in Tiberin jactatur imago, + Ut repetat Graias per freta longa domos. 660 +Hactenus. Ut vivo subiit rorantia saxo + Antra, leves cursum sustinuistis aquae. +Clare nepos Atlantis, ades! quem montibus olim + Edidit Arcadiis Pleïas una Jovi. +Pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum 665 + Arbiter, alato qui pede carpis iter: +Laete lyrae pulsu, nitida quoque laete palaestra, + Quo didicit culte lingua favente loqui. +Templa tibi posuere Patres spectantia Circum + Idibus. Ex illo est haec tibi festa dies. 670 +Te, quicumque suas profitentur vendere merces, + Ture dato, tribuas ut sibi lucra, rogant. +Est aqua Mercurii portae vicina Capenae: + Si juvat expertis credere, numen habet. +Huc venit incinctus tunicas mercator, et urna 675 + Purus suffita, quam ferat, haurit aquam. +Uda fit hinc laurus: lauro sparguntur ab uda + Omnia, quae dominos sunt habitura novos. +Spargit et ipse suos lauro rorante capillos, + Et peragit solita fallere voce preces. 680 +Ablue praeteriti perjuria temporis, inquit, + Ablue praeterita perfida verba die. +Sive ego te feci testem, falsove citavi + Non audituri numina magna Jovis; +Sive deum prudens alium divamve fefelli, 685 + Abstulerint celeres improba dicta Noti. +Et pereant veniente die perjuria nobis, + Nec curent superi, si qua locutus ero. +Da modo lucra mihi, da facto gaudia lucro, + Et face, ut emptori verba dedisse juvet. 690 +Talia Mercurius poscentem ridet ab alto, + Se memor Ortygias surripuisse boves. + +At mihi pande, precor, tanto meliora petenti, + In Geminos ex quo tempore Phoebus eat. +Quum totidem de mense dies superesse videbis: 695 + Quot sunt Herculei facta laboris, ait. +Die, ego respondi, causam mihi sideris hujus. + Causam facundo reddidit ore deus. +Abstulerant raptas Phoeben Phoebesque sororem + Tyndaridae fratres, hic eques, ille pugil. 700 +Bella parant, repetuntque suas et frater et Idas, + Leucippo fieri pactus uterque gener. +His amor, ut repetant, illis, ut reddere nolint, + Suadet, et ex causa pugnat uterque pari. +Effugere Oebalidae cursu potuere sequentes: 705 + Sed visum celeri vincere turpe fuga. +Liber ab arboribus locus est, apta area pugnae. + Constiterant illic: nomen Aphidna loco. +Pectora trajectus Lynceo Castor ab ense + Non exspectato vulnere pressit humum. 710 +Ultor adest Pollux, et Lyncea perforat hasta, + Qua cervix humeros continuata premit. +Ibat in hunc Idas, vixque est Jovis igne repulsus: + Tela tamen dextrae fulmine rapta negant. +Jamque tibi coelum, Pollux, sublime patebat, 715 + Quum, Mea, dixisti, percipe verba, Pater. +Quod mihi das uni coelum, partire duobus: + Dimidium toto munere majus erit. +Dixit, et alterna fratrem statione redemit: + Utile sollicitae sidus uterque rati. 720 + +Ad Janum redeat, qui quaerit, Agonia quid sint: + Quae tamen in fastis hoc quoque tempus habent. + +Nocte sequente diem canis Erigoneïus exit; + Est alio signi reddita causa loco. + +Proxima Vulcani lux est, Tubilustria dicunt. 725 + Lustrantur purae, quas facit ille, tubae. + +Quattuor inde notis locus est; quibus ordine lectis + Vel mos sacrorum, vel Fuga Regis inest. + +Nec te praetereo, populi Fortuna potentis + Publica, cui templum luce sequente datum. 730 +Hanc ubi dives aquis acceperit Amphitrite, + Grata Jovi fulvae rostra videbis avis. + +Auferet ex oculis veniens Aurora Booten, + Continuaque die sidus Hyantis erit. + + +NOTES: + +1-110. The poet here enters into a long inquiry on the subject of the +origin of the name of May. To free the discussion from dryness, and to +give it a dramatic air, he introduces the Muses disputing on this +subject.--_Quaeritis_. See iv. 878. He addresses his readers in general, +and not Germanicus alone, as elsewhere. + +7. The poet would appear in this place to confound the springs of +Aganippe and Hippocrene, which, though both on Mt. Helicon, were distinct +in situation. But he had already (Met. v. 312,) distinguished them, so +that we must regard the present as a slip of his memory. _Aganippis_, +like _Ausonis, Maenalis_, etc. is evidently an adjective. + +8. _Med. equi_, Pegasus. See III. 544. + +9. _Polyhymnia_. The name of this Muse in all the Greek writers, from +Hesiod down, is [Greek: Polymnia]; by Ovid and by Horace, (Car. I. 1, +33,) she is called Polyhymnia, a name which could not be written in +Greek. + +11-54. The _first_ opinion. Maius derived its name from Majestas, the +daughter of Honos and Reverentia. _Sunt qui hunc mensem ad nostros Fastos +transisse commemorant, apud quos nunc quoque vocatur Deus Maius, qui est +Jupiter, a magnitudine et majestate dictus_. Macrobius, Sat. I. 12. + +10. _Mente notant_, mark in their mind or commit to memory. + +11. Compare I. 103. Met I. 1. _et seq_. xv. 239. In these places he +speaks of four elements, here of but three, regarding the air and the +aether as one. + +12. _Omne opus_. The whole mass. Some MSS. read _onus_. See on I. 564. + +16. I doubt if it was judicious to personify here. + +19. It was in the reign of Saturn that this confusion prevailed, hence no +gods are spoken of but Titans, the children of Heaven and Earth; such +were Oceanus and Tethys. It would be pressing the poet too closely to ask +who the _Dei advenae_ could be in the reign of Saturn. + +24. Lenz, who thinks that it is the banquets of the gods of which the +poet speaks, in the language of the Roman _triclinium_, understands by +_legitimis toris_ the couches in such being properly arranged, and the +guests placed according to their rank. Gierig rightly understands it of +the marriage of Honour and Reverence. + +25. _Quae_, etc. Three of the best MSS. read _hos est dea censa parentes_, +which Heinsius and Gierig adopt. Compare Hor. Car. I. 12. 15. + +26. _Magna fuit_, scil. Majestas, like Minerva. + +28. _Aurea_, i. e. adorned with gold.--_Sinu_, robe; part for the whole. +Compare II. 310. + +29. _Pudor et Metus_. The [Greek: Aidos] and [Greek: Nemesis] of Hesiod, +([Greek: Erga] 200). + +30. _Vultus_. One MS. reads _cultus_; either reading gives a good sense. + +31. _Suspectus_, a regard, respect for. + +34. _Dum senior_. See IV. 197. + +35. For the Giant-war, see Met. I. 151. _et seq_. Virg. G. I. 278. Hor. +Car. III. 4. 49. Mythology. p. 238. + +52. _Illa coronatis_, etc. She accompanies the conquering generals in +their triumphs, giving dignity to them. I know not where the poet got +this beautiful fiction of the birth and power of Majesty. It has, I +think, a Roman rather than a Grecian air, "Haud dubie poetae antiquiori +debet." Gierig. + +54. The poet appears to intimate that each opinion was maintained by +three of the Muses. For the names, characters, and attributes of these +goddesses, see Mythology, p. 146. + +55. The second opinion. Maius and Junius came from _Majores_ and +_Juniores. Fulvius Nobilior in Fastis, quos in aede Herculis Musarum +posuit, Romulum dicit postquam populos in majores minoresque divisit, ut +altera pars consilio, altera armis rempublicam tueretur, in honorem +utriusque partis hunc Maium sequentum mensem Junium vocasse_. Macrobius, +I. 12. + +57. [Greek: Aideisthai poliokrotaphous, eikein de gerousin Edraes kai +geraon panton], Phocyl. 207. Cicero (Sen. 18.) praises the Lacedaemonians +highly for their respect for old age, on the advantages of which he makes +his Cato dilate, but properly adds _non cani, non repente auctoritatem +accipere possunt_, as this depended on a well-spent life, and, as +Menander says, [Greek: Ouch ai triches poiousin ai leukai phronein, All' +ho tropos enion esti tae phusei Geron]. + +59. [Greek: Palaios ainos Erga men neoteron, Boulai d' echousi ton +geraiteron kratos]. Eurip. frag. Melan. + +60. Same as _Pugnabant pro aris et focis_. + +64. This derivation of Senatus is also given by Cicero (Sen. 6.). +Dionysius (II. 12.) doubts whether the corresponding Greek term [Greek: +gerousia] came from age or from honour ([Greek: geras]).--_Mite_ a very +appropriate term, "Juventus est _fervida_, senectus _mitis_." Gierig. + +66. In the early times of Rome, the maturity of years was much regarded +in the appointments to office. When Corn. Scipio was looking for the +aedileship (A.U.C. 539) the tribunes opposed him because he had not +attained the lawful age, Liv. xxv. 2. By the Lex Villia Annalis passed +A.U.C. 574 the age for the Quaestorship was made 3l, for the aedileship +37, the Praetorship 40, and the Consulship 43 years. + +67. Compare Sall. Jug. 11. + +68. See Horace Sat. II. 5. 17. + +70. _Censuram_, the right of reprimanding. + +71. _Patres_. See Liv. I. 8. Sall. Cat. 6. Vell. Paterc. I. 8.-- +_Pectora_. Several MSS. read _corpora_. + +74. _Tangor_, I am led to believe. + +75. It was probably said that this was done by Romulus at the request of +Numitor. + +76. _Sustinuisse. "Non sustinet alterum qui non potest non satisfacere +ejus precibus_," Gierig. Compare Met. xiv. 788. Liv. xxxi. 13. + +77. 78. June, the poet thinks, being named a _juvenum nomine_, is no +slight proof of the correctness of the foregoing etymology. But the +origin of June itself is to be proved.--_Praep. hon_. Six MSS. _proposito +honori_, some have _propositum_, five give the present reading, the rest +_propositi_. Heinsius proposes _praeposito honori_, which Krebs adopts. + +79-110. The third opinion. The month derived its name from the Pleias +Maia. _Cincius mensem nominatum putat a Maia, quam Vulcani dicit uxorem, +argumentoque utitur quod flamen Vulcanalis, Kal. Maiis huic deae rem +divinam facit_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. Again _Contendunt alii Maiam Mercurii +Matrem, mensi nomen dedisse_.--There is a festival of Mercury in this +month which is in favour of the Pleias; but, on the other side, Maia +seems to be an old Italian deity, the female, perhaps, of Maius, (see on +v. 11,) and is justly regarded as the Earth, (see on v. 148,) who, under +the name of Bona Dea, was worshiped on the Kalends. The marriage of +Vulcan and Maia accords with Grecian, not with Italian theology. See on +III. 512. + +79. _Hedera_, the ornament of learned brows, and therefore suited to the +Muse of the Epos. + +80. _Prima sui chori_, Calliope is placed by Hesiod and all succeeding +writers at the head of the list of the Muses. Perhaps in this place the +chorus may be those of her sisters, who thought as she did on this +subject. + +81. Oceanus and Tethys were two of the Titans, the children of Heaven and +Earth. + +82. [Greek: Mnaesomai Okeanoio bathurrhoou en gar ekeino Pasa chthon, ate +naesos apeiritos, estephanotai]. Dionys. Perieg. 3. For proof that the +ancient poets represented the Ocean as a huge river which flowed round +the earth, see Mythology, pp. 35, 228. + +89-90. The country, its rivers and mountains put for the people. For the +ante-lunar origin of the Arcadians, see I. 469. + +91. See I. 499. _et seq_. + +92. _Impositos_ scil. _navi suae_. + +93. Compare I. 5d5, II. 280, III. 71. Virg. aen. viii. 98. + +99. Sec II. 267-449. + +101. _Cinctutis_, same as _succinctis_, which is the reading of several +MSS. The Luperci were so called, because they ran, [Greek: en +perizomasi], _cincti subligaculis_. + +102. _Celebres vias_, the crowded streets.--_Vellera secta_, the +goat-skin thongs. Several MSS. read _verbera_. + +103. This is the way in which Evander chiefly testified his veneration +for Mercury, by naming a month after the god's mother. As to the fact of +his being his son, see above I. 471. According to Macrobius, (_ut supra_) +traders sacrificed in this month to Maia and Mercury. + +104. Compare Hor. Car. I. 10, 6. For the mythology of Mercury, see my +Mythology, pp. 124 and 460. + +105. _Pietas_, i. e. dutiful regard to his aunts, the Pleiades. The lyre, +or _phorminx_, of which the invention was ascribed to Hermes, had seven +strings. [Greek: Hepta de symphonous oion etanusseto chordas]. Homer, H. +Merc, 25. + +108. See on v. 64. + +111-128. On the Kalends of May, the star named Capella ([Greek: aix]) +which is in the right shoulder of the Heniochus or Charioteer, a +constellation on the north side of the Milky Way--rises heliacally, +according to Neapolis; cosmically, according to Taubner. Is it not +acronychally, according to Ovid? Pliny (xviii. 26,) makes it take place +the VIII. Id Maias.--_Ab Jove_, etc. [Greek: Ek Dios archometha], Aratus +Phaen. 1, Virg. Ec. III. 60. + +113, 114. According to Eratosthenes (Catast. 13,) Musaeus said, that when +Jupiter was born, Rhea gave him to Themis, by whom he was committed to +Amalthea, who had him suckled by her goat. Amalthea, we are told by +Theon, (ad Arat. 64,) was the daughter of Olenus. Others say, that +Amalthea was the name of the goat, and that she had two kids, which were +raised with herself to the skies by her grateful nursling. There is no +part of Grecian mythology more obscure than the early history of +Jupiter.--_Nascitur_, i.e. _oritur_.--_Pluviale_. Compare Met. III. 594, +Virg. aen. ix. 668, on which Servius says, _Supra Tauri cornua est signum, +cui Auriga nomen est. Retinet autem stellas duas in manu, quae Haedi +vocantur et Capram--quorum et ortus et occasus gravissimas tempestates +faciunt_. + +115. _Naïs_, for _Nympha_, the species for the genus. + +119. _Aëriis_, lofty, tall, rising into the air. + +123. _Cinxit_. One of the best MSS. which is followed by Heinsius and +Gierig, reads _cinctum_.--_Recentibus_, the MSS. also read _decoribus_, +_decentibus_, _virentibus_. + +129-147. The altar of the Guardian (Praestites) Lares was erected on the +Kalends of May. + +130. _Curius_. Manius Curius Dentatus, the conqueror of the Sabines and +of Pyrrhus. There is an apparent difficulty here, as, according to Varro, +T. Tatius, the Sabine king built a temple to the Lares, and Dionysius +(iv. 14) tells us, that the Compitalia were instituted in their honour by +Servius Tullius. The history of Tatius, however, is so purely mythic, +that little stress can be laid on the above circumstance, and the fact of +the previous worship of the Lares at Rome, does not militate against that +of the erection of an altar to them by Curius. The present reading _Vov + ... ... ... Cur_, was given by Ciofanus, from one MS. of the highest +authority; that of the other MSS. and the previous editions, is _Ara erat +quidem illa Curibus_, and it is a matter of great doubt which is the +genuine one. One MS. for _voverat_, reads _struxerat_. + +137. _Stabat_, scil. at the altar erected by Curius. + +140. _Grata_, agreeable. _Compitalia dies attributus. Laribus; ideo ubi +viae competunt tum in competis sacrificatur; quotannis is dies +concipitur_. Varro, L. L. V. There were 265 _compita Larium_ at Rome, +Pliny, III. 9. + +143, 144. See vv. 129, 130. + +145. _Mille_, a definite for an indefinite number.--_Qui. trad_. etc. +_Compitales Lares ornari his anno constituit vernis floribus et aestivis_. +Suet. Aug. 31. + +146. _Numina trina_, scil. the two Lares, and the Genius of Augustus. +Hor. Car. iv. 5, 34. See IV. 954.--_Vici_, the streets. + +148-158. The temple of Bona Dea was dedicated on the Kalends of May. It +is disputed who this goddess was. Varro said she was Fatua or Fauna, the +daughter of Faunus, who was so chaste that she never let herself even be +seen by men. Macrobius (I. 12,) tells us, that Corn. Labeo said she was +Maia. v. 79. As she is also said to have been the same with Ops, and a +pregnant sow was the victim offered to her, (Festus, s. v. Damium,) which +was also the victim to Tellus, (Hor. Ep. II. 1, 143.) I think it +extremely probable, that Bona Dea was only one of the names of the +goddess of the earth. + +149. _Moles nativa_, a natural rock. It was on the Aventine. + +152. Regna. Three of the best MSS. followed by Heinsius and Gierig, give +_signa_. + +155, 156. See on IV. 305. It is not certain, however, that it was Claudia +Quinta, "Haec Appia illa Claudia probatae pudicitiae femina." Neapolis. + +157, 158. Compare I. 649. + +159-182. On the second of May, the wind Argestes began to blow, and the +Hyades rose.--_Hyperionis_. Aurora, the daughter of Hyperion. + +161. Argestes, called also Caurus or Corus, was the north-west wind, and +was considered to be very cold.--_Mulcebit_. Five MSS. read _miscebit_, +which Burmann approved, and Gierig adopted. + +162. A _Cal. aq_. For vessels sailing from the east coast of Italy to +Greece, the north-west wind, also called by the Greeks Iapyx, was +eminently favourable. Hor. Car. I. 3, 4. Most MSS. read _a capreis_, four +_a campis_, three _a canis_, one _qua canis_. The reading of the text was +given by Neapolis from a MS. of no great authority. + +163. The rising of the Hyades acronychally. This, perhaps, is an error, +for Pliny (xviii. 66,) says _VI. Non. Maii Caesari Suculae matutino +oriuntur. + +166. There are three derivations of this name, one which the poet follows +from [Greek: huein] to rain; a second from the letter Y, which the +constellation was thought to resemble; a third from [Greek: hus sus], +which is supported by the Latin name _Suculae_. I am disposed to prefer +this last, (Mythology, p. 418) as also are Göttling and Nitzsch, two +distinguished critics of the present day. + +171. Atlas was the father of Hyas and the Hyades. + +182. _Illa_ scil. _pietas.--Nomina_, etc. "Sed si nauta Graecus Hyadas ab +imbre vocavit, ut vs. 166, recte admonitum est, quid opus erat idem nomen +etiam ex mythis repetere. Ita poëtae sententia secum pugnat." Gierig; who +had already observed, that _grege Hyadum_, v. 164, was an allusion to the +derivation from [Greek: us]. + +183-378. The poet now returns to the Floralia, which he had briefly +noticed at the end of the preceding book. These games were instituted +according to Pliny, (xviii. 29) A.U.C. 516 _ex oraculis Sibyllae, ut omnia +bene deflorescerent_. Velleius (I. 14) gives A.U.C. 513 as the date; +which is the true one. The Floralia began on the 28th of April, and ended +on the 3d of May.--_Mater florum_. "Matres earum rerum dicuntur Deae +quibus praesunt." Gierig. For the general principle see Mythology, p. 6. + +189. _Circus_, that is, the games of the Floral Circus, which were +continued into May. The Circus Florae was in the sixth region of the city. +For these games, see vv. 37l, 372.--_Theatris_, the spectators who +testified their approbation by clapping of hands, etc. _Tota theatra +reclamant_, Cicero Orat III. 50. + +190. _Munere. Munus_ was properly used only of gladiatorial shews. The +poet in employing it here, uses a poet's privilege. + +195. _Cloris eram_, etc. The name Chloris, is akin to [Greek: chloae] +grass, and [Greek: chloros] green, flourishing; Flora is related in the +same way to Flos. Chloris and Flora are therefore kindred terms, and the +latter is not, as the poet says, derived from the former. I am not +certain that the older Grecian Mythology acknowledged a goddess of +flowers. Lenz infers from the poem of Catullus on Berenice's hair, which +is a translation from Callimachus, that the Greeks had an ancient legend +about Chloris, the wife of Zephyrus, which the Alexandrian poet +transferred to Arsinoe, the wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and that Ovid +probably derived it from the [Greek: Aitia] of Callimachus. Nonnus, (xi. +363, xxxi. 106. 110,) is the only Greek poet, who, to my knowledge, +notices this story of Chloris. From his late age he is of little +authority, and the Italian Fauns are actors in his heterogenious poem. +According to Varro, (L. L. V.) Flora was an ancient Sabine deity, whose +worship was brought to Rome by Tatius, and when we consider the rural +character of the ancient Italian religion in general, there can be but +little doubt of its having always recognised a patroness of the flowers. +The silly, tasteless fiction, transmitted to us by Plutarch, (Q. R. 35,) +and the Fathers of the Church, of Flora having been a courtizan, who left +her wealth to the Roman people, on condition of their celebrating games +in her honour, and of the Senate having, out of shame, feigned that she +was the goddess of flowers--is utterly undeserving of notice. + +197. _Campi felicis_. The _Campus Felix_ of Ovid was, I think, the +[Greek: aelysion pedion] of Homer, (Od. iv. 564,) rather than the [Greek: +makaron naesous] of Hesiod, ([Greek: Erga], 170). See Mythology, pp. 36 +and 229. Compare Hor. Epod. xvi. 41. The localisers of the fictions of +the poets make the Canary Isles to be this blissful region. + +203. For this Athenian legend of Boreas carrying off Orithyia, the +daughter of Erechtheus, as she was dancing in a choir of maidens on the +banks of the Ilissus, see Met. vi. 677. Herod, vii. 189, Mythology, pp. +227, 346. Orithya, I may observe, signifies _mountain-rusher_, ([Greek: +Orei thyousa]) and was, therefore, a good name for the spouse of the +North-wind. Athenian vanity made her a mortal, and daughter of an Attic +king. + +211. _Generoso_, of the finest kinds. _Pruna generosa_, Met. xiii. 818, +_generosa uva_, Rem. Am. 567. _generosum pecus_. Virg. G. III. 75. + +216. _Comae_, the flowers, IV. 38. + +217. The Horae are the goddesses of the Seasons. They were the daughters +of Jupiter and Themis. Hesiod. Theog. 900.--_Incinctae_, i.e. _succinctae_. +See II. 634. _Pictis vestibus_, [Greek: peplous ennymenai droserous +anthon polyterpon], says the Orphic Hymn (xlii. 6,) of them. For +_vestibus_, three MSS. read _florihus_. + +219. The Charites or Graces were also the children of Jupiter; they +presided over social enjoyments, and were the bestowers of all grace and +elegance. The occupation of the Charites and Horae among the flowers is +thus beautifully described by the author of the lost poem, named the +Cypria, [Greek: Heimata men chroias tote ai Charites te kai Aurai +Poiaesan kai ebapsan en anthesin eiarinoisin, Oia phorous Orai, en te +kroko en th' uakintho, En t' io thalethonti, rodon t' eni anthei kalo, +Haedei, nektareo, en t' ambrosiais kalukessin Anthesi Narkissou +kallichoróou]. For the Horse and Charites, see Mythology, p. 150-153. + +221. It is not unlikely that the poet, who does not say where the garden +of Flora was, placed it mentally on the western margin of the earth, +where so many of the wonders of ancient Grecian fable lay. See vv. 233, +234. + +223. Hyacinthus, a Spartan youth, beloved by Apollo, and turned into a +flower of his own name. Met. x. 162. Therapnae was a town of Laconia. + +225. See Met. III. 407, _et seq_. + +226. _Alter et alter_, scil. that he and his shadow were not different +persons. + +227. Crocus, Met. iv. 283. Attis above, IV. 223. In the Met. (x. 103,) +Cybele changes him into a pine-tree, but Arnobius (v. p. 181,) says, +_Fluore de sanguinis viola flos nascitur, et redimitur ex hac arbos_ +(pinus). Adonis, the son of Cinyras, was turned into an anemone. Met. x. +728. See Mythology, pp. 109, 110. + +229. In Homer, Hesiod, and Apollodorus, and the Greek poets and +mythographers in general, Ares, the god corresponding to the Italian +Mars, is the son of Jupiter and Juno. The present legend I regard as the +fiction of some Italian, or, perhaps, of a Greek who was desirous of +ministering to the vanity of the Romans. I think that many legends were +invented in this way. Such, for example, is the tale of Faunus and +Hercules (above, II. 305, _et seq_.) devised to explain a custom of the +Roman Luperci. They are wrong who think that the taste and talent for +devising mythes ceased, when real history began. The present legend is +only to be found in Ovid; but Festus evidently alludes to it, for, +treating of the etymon of Gradivus, he says, _Vel, ut alii dicunt, quia_ +gramine _sit natus_. + +233. Compare Hom. II. xiv. 301. Met. II. 509.--_Facta_. Heinsius, on the +authority of one MS. reads _furta_. + +243, 244. Somewhat like her declaration in Virgil, _Flectere si nequeo +Superos Acherunta movebo_, which may have been in Ovid's mind. + +245. _Vox erat in cursu_. This may refer either to Juno or to Flora; but +it is evident that the poet is speaking of Juno, and means that as she +proceeded in her complaint, she marked the change in the countenance of +her auditress. Taubner's interpretation is curious; he supposes the +meaning to be: Juno spoke as she ran! Compare VI. 362, and Met xiii. 508. + +251. _Oleniis_. Olenus was a town of Achaea. There was another of this +name in Boeotia. + +253. _Qui dabat_. Probably Zephyrus. + +257. Thrace, on the left of the Propontis, was regarded as the +birth-place and favourite abode of Mars, on account of the martial +character of the people. + +259. This strengthens what I said above respecting the late age of the +fiction. + +261. _Coronis_. He calls the flowers crowns or garlands, not as being the +crown of the plant, for that is true of all that follow, but as being +used for making them. He goes on to say that Flora presided over +_blossoms_, as well as flowers. + +265, 266. This is said no where else of the olive. Of the almond, we +read, [Greek: Ora taen amygdalaen to karpo brithomenaen toigaroun +euetaerias tekmaerion megiston]. Theophil. Probl. nat. 17. See also Virg. +G. I. 187. + +267. Compare Virgil, G. I. 228. + +268. See II. 68. + +269. The poet could not abstain from taking advantage of a figurative +employment of the word _flos_, and, ascribing to Flora, what did not +belong to her. "Quae de _vino_ sequuntur, ea melius abessent." Gierig. The +_flos_ and _nebula_ of vine, are the light scum which comes upon its +surface when new. _Si vinum florere incipiet, saepius curare oportebit, ne +flos ejus pessun eat et saporem vitiet_. Columella, R. R. xii. 30. _Flos +vini candidus probatur; rubens triste signum est, si non is vini color +sit--Quod celeriter florere caeperit, odoremque trahere, non exit +diutinum_. Plin. H. N. xiv, 21. + +273, 274. The flower of youth--another figurative employment of the +word. + +277. He now proceeds to relate the historic origin of the Floral games. + +279. Compare Sallust, Cat. 25, _Docta psallere, saltare et multa alia, +quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt_. + +281. _Hinc et locupletes dicebant loci, hoc est agri, plenos. Pecunia +ipsa a pecore appellabatur_. Plin. xviii. 3. + +283. The subject of the Roman public land, and the Agrarian law, has been +treated and explained in a most masterly manner by the illustrious +Niebuhr, but it would be impossible to do justice to his views in the +compass of a note. I must, therefore, refer the reader to his Roman +History, Vol. II. p. 129, _et seq_. (Hare and Thirlwall's translation,) +or Vol. II. p. 353, et seq. (Walter's translation). A sufficiently full +account of these matters will be found in Nos. xv. and xxii. of the +Foreign Quarterly Review. In my Outlines of History, (p. 72,) I have +given a brief account of them_.-_Populi saltus_. These were the _pascua_, +the public pastures, for the liberty of grazing which a rent was to be +paid to the state, but of which the payment was frequently eluded by +favour or power. _Etiam nunc in tabulis Censoriis pascua dicuntur omnia, +ex quibus populus reditus habet, quia diu hoc solum vectigal fuerat_. +Pliny, _ut supra_. + +287, 288. L. and M. Publicii Malleoli, were aediles Plebis, A.U.C. 513. +The poet here, as elsewhere, shews his superficial knowledge of the +history of his country, for A.U.C. 457, _ab aedilibus Pl. L. aelio. Poeta, +et C. Fulvio Curvo ex mullaticia pecunia, quam exegerunt pecuariis +damnatis, ludi facti, pateraeque aureae ad Cereris positae. Liv. x. 23, and +a road was made A.U.C. 462, by the Curule aediles, out of similar fines. +Liv. x. 47. As by the Licinian law, no one was allowed to put more than +100 head of black, or 500 head of small cattle on the public pastures, +these fines were probably imposed on those who had exceeded that number. + +291. Besides the institution of the Floral games, a temple, of which the +poet does not speak, was built to Flora out of that money, which was +repaired by Tiberius, A.U.C. 773. Tacit. An. II. 49. + +292. _Victores_, scil. the aediles. + +293. _Clivus Publicius ab aedilibus plebei Publiciis, qui eum publice +aedificarunt_. Varro, L. L. iv. Festus, who gives a similar account, adds, +_munierunt, ut in Aventinum vehicula Velia venire possent_. A _clivus_, +was a carriageway up a hill. + +298. _Turba_, etc. This low idea of their gods, was one of the greatest +blemishes of the theology of the Greeks and Romans. It pervades all their +mythology. See above, on I. 445. Hom. II. ix. 497. Similar notions still +prevail in modern Italy, and in many other countries. + +299. _Iniquos_, that is, incensed or unfavourable, the contrary of aequos. + +305. _Thestiaden_, Meleager. See Met. 270, _et seq_. Hom. II. ix. 527, et +seq. Mythology, p. 287. + +307. _Tantaliden_. Agamemnon, descended from Pelops, the son of Tantalus. +The Grecian fleet, as is well-known, was detained at Aulis by the anger +of Diana.--_Vela_, Neapolis read _tela_, and thought of Niobe. + +308. _Virgo est_, from whom, therefore, more mildness was to be expected. + +309. See above, III. 265--_Dionen_. Venus. See II. 461. + +311. _Oblivia_, forgetfulness; or rather neglect. + +312. _Praeteriere_, i. e. neglected to celebrate the Floral games. + +329. In the consulate of L. Postumius Albinus, and M. Popilius Laenas, +A.U.C. 581, it was directed that the Floral games should be celebrated +every year. + +331. The Floralia were of an exceedingly lascivious character. The utmost +license of language prevailed, and, at the sound of trumpets, lewd women +came forth and ran and danced naked before the spectators. The Fathers of +the Church, Arnobius and Lactantius, are unsparing in their censure of +them. When Cato once appeared at them, the people were so awed at his +presence, that they would not call on the women to strip. Val. Max. II. +10. This practice probably gave occasion to the legend already noticed, +see on v. 195, of Flora having been herself a _meretrix_. Ovid views +matters here with a more lenient eye. + +335. _Tempora_, etc. He is not now narrating what took place at the +Floralia, but showing how the gifts of Flora ministered to joy and +pleasure.--_Sut. cor_. crowns made of rose-petals sewed together. There +were also _pactiles coronae_, or crowns made of various flowers, _Jam +tunc corona deorum honos erant, et Larium publicorum privatorumque, ac +sepulchrorum et Manium, summaque auctoritas pactili coronae. Sutiles +Saliorum sacris invenimus et sollemnes coenis. Transiere deinde ad +rosaria, eoque luxuria processit, ut non esset gratia nisi mero folio_. +Plin. H. N. xxi. 3, 8. + +336. It was the custom at banquets to shower down roses on the guests and +the tables. See. v. 369. + +337. Dancing was looked upon by the Romans as highly indecorous and +unbecoming in a respectable person. See Corn. Nep. Epam. I. Corte on +Sall. Cat. 25. 2. None danced but those who were drunk.--_Philyra_, the +interior bark of the linden or lime-tree. It was much used for making +these festive crowns. Plin. H. N. xvi. 14. xxi. 3. Hor. Car. I. 38. 2.-- +_Incinct. capil. Incinctus_ seems here to be used for the simple +_cinctus_; elsewhere (II. 635, V. 217. 675,) it is equivalent to +_succinctus_. + +338. _Imprudens_, etc. Scarcely knowing what he is doing, he is whirled +about by the art taught by wine, i. e. he dances. _Ille liquor docuit +voces inflectere cantu, Movit et ad certos nescia membra modos_, Tibull. +I. 2. 37. For _vertitur_ some MSS. read _utitur_, which is perhaps the +better reading. + +339, 340. This custom of lovers among the ancients is well known. See. +IV. 110. _At lacrumans exclusus amator limina saepe, Floribus et sertis +operit, postesque superbus Unguit amaricino_, Lucret. iv. 171. Hence +Heinsius would read _serta fores_, than which emendation Gierig thinks +nothing can be more certain. + +343. _Acheloë_. The name of this river is here as in Virgil (G. I. 9,) +used for water in general. + +343. See III. 513. + +347. _Scena levis_, etc. the light, the comic, the farcical opposed to +the grave, tragic scene.--_Cothurn. deas_, is either the grave, stately +goddesses, or, what is nearly the same thing, those who used to be +introduced on the cothurned, or tragic stage, such as Diana and Minerva. + +351. Here Flora is again opposed to the serious, respectable goddesses.-- +_Tetricis_, grave, severe. _Tetrica et tristis Sabinorum disciplina_, +Liv. l. l8.--_De magna_. Ten MSS. read _dea magna_. + +352. _Plebeio choro_, scil. the _Meretrices_, who were of course of low +birth. + +353. _Specie_, the beauty of youth. + +355. See IV. 619. The poet's reasons are good. + +361. _Lumina_, the torches which were used at the Floralia. + +362. _Errores_. See IV. 669. VI. 255. + +363. _Pur. flor. Purpureus_ is used of any bright splendid colour. + +371. These animals were hunted in the Circus Florae, at the time of the +Floralia. _Floralicias lasset arena feras_. Martial, viii. 66. 4. + +375. _Tenues_, etc. Compare Virg. aen. ii. 791. ix. 657. + +376. Compare Virg. aen. I. 403. + +379-414. On the V. Non, the third day of the month, (_nocte minus quarta) +the Centaur rises, Chiron was the offspring of the Oceanide Phillyra, +by Saturn, who had taken the form of a horse, and he was half-man +half-horse. Virg. G. III. 92. Mythology, pp. 49, 283. + +381. _Haemonia_ was a name of Thessaly. + +384. _Justum senem_. Chiron is called by Homer, (II. xi. 832,) [Greek: +dikaiotatos]. + +385. Achilles was committed to the care of Chiron.--_Miss. leto_. Compare +Hom. II. I. 3. + +388. According to Apollodorus, it was when Hercules was on his fourth +task, that the following accident happened to Chiron. See Mythology, p. +316. + +389. _Duo fata_. Because Troy suffered from both, being taken by one, and +reduced to extremity by the other. + +403. According to Pliny, (H. N. xxv. 6,) he recovered. _Centaurio curatus +dicitur Chiron, quum Herculis excepti hospitio pertractanti arma sagitta +cecidisset in pedem_. + +410. Heinsius regarded this line as spurious, and, as the work of some +grammarian or pedagogue, and even as semi-barbarous Latin. It has been +defended by Heinz and Krebs. In Euripides, (Iph. Aul. 926,) Achilles says +of himself. [Greek: Ego d' en andros eusebestatou trapheis Cheironos +emathon tous tropous haplous echein]. + +415, 416. Lyra rises acronychally the III. Non. + +417, 418. One part of the Scorpion sets cosmically the day before the +Nones. _Pridie Nonas Maias Nepa medius occidet_. Columella, R. R. xi. 2. +_Nepa_ is used for _Scorpio_, by Manilius and others, as well as +Columella. + +419-492. The Lemuria began on the VII. Id. and lasted for three days, but +not continuously, as appears from v. 491, and an ancient Calendar. The +_Mundus_ (See on IV. 821,) was regarded as the door of the under world, +and was believed to be open three days in the year for the spirits of the +departed to revisit the earth. Festus v. Mundus. There may be some +relation between these three days and those of the Lemuria.-- +_Protulerit_. See III. 345. Trist. III. 10, 9. Hor. Sat. I. 8, 21. +Fourteen MSS. read _sustulerit_, one _praetulerit_, others _pertulerit_ or +_propulevit.--Formosa ova_. Compare Virg. aen. viii. 589, _et seq_. + +422. _Tacitis Manibus_, i. e. the Lemures, whom (v. 481,) he calls +_animas Silentum_. According to Ovid's account, the Lemures were, what we +term, disturbed spirits. Nonius says, they were _larvae nocturnae et +terrificationes imaginum et bestiarum_. + +423. See I. 27. + +427, 428. It would appear from this, that it was thought that in the time +of Romulus, the Feralia, (II. 533,) and the Lemuria, were one, and were +celebrated in the third month, which was named _a majoribus_. + +429, 430. Compare IV. 490. Virg. aen. iv. 522, viii. 26. If there is any +imitation, I would say that it was Apollonius Rhodius, whom Ovid had in +view.--_Praebet, scil. _nox_. Some MSS. read _somnos_, or _somnum silentia +praebent_. + +431. _Ille_. He who is, that person who is. + +432. _Vincula_, scil. _pedum_, calcea, I. 410. It was the custom to bare +the feet when going about any magic operation. See Met. vii. 182. Virg. +aen. iv. 518. Hor. Sat. I. 8, 23. + +433. _Signa_, etc. Neapolis says, "Est crepitus ille, qui fit nostro aevo +in quavis saltatione, sive comica, sive rustica, digito scilicet medio +adeo presse juncto cum pollice, ut lapsus in palmam strepitum edat." This +explanation is adopted by Gierig, but as he observes from Met. ix. 299, +that "digitis pertinatim inter se junctis impediebant aliquid," and the +poet here says _digitis_ (not _digito_) _junctis_, I think the mode may +have been to lock the fingers in one another, by which means the thumbs +were joined in the middle, and then to make a noise by bringing the hands +smartly together. + +436. _Nigras_, etc. Compare II. 576. For _ante_, several MSS. read _ore_, +which Heinsius preferred. + +437. _Aversus jacit_, throws them behind him. Compare Virg. Ec. viii. +101. + +438. _Redimo_, etc. That you may no longer haunt my house. _Quibus +temporibus in sacris fabam jactant noctu ac dicunt se Lemures extra +januam ejicere_. Varro de Vita Pop. Rom. _apud_ Nonium. _Faba Lemuralibus +jacitur Larvis, et Parentalibus adhibetur sacrificiis, et in flore ejus +luctus litterae apparere videntur_. Festus. + +439. _Novies_, like _ter_, (v. 435,) for _numero deus impure gaudet_, +(Virg. Ec. viii. 75,) was probably of magic efficacy. Compare Met. xiii. +951. + +440. This superstition reminds one of that of sowing the hempseed on +All-Hallows' Eve. See Burns' Halloween, st. xvi.-xx. + +441. _Temesaea aera_, simply copper. Temesa, called by the Latins Tempsa, +was a town in Bruttium. It is supposed to be the Temesa of the Homeric +ages, to which (Od. I. 184,) the Greeks resorted to barter iron for +copper. See Mythology, p. 232. For the abundance of copper in ancient +Italy, see Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. + +450-452. Of its use on the present occasion, we may observe, that Sophron +in one of his Mimes, said, [Greek: Kuon bauxas luei ta phasmata, os kai +chalkos krotaetheis]. The Scholiast on Theocritus, tells us, that [Greek: +O tou chalkou haechos oikeios tois katoichomenois], on which Neapolis +says, "Observa illa et respice ad hodiernum modum." He was a Sicilian. + +447. _Pliade nate_, Mercury. All the editions read _Pleiade_. But see +note on IV. 169.--_Virga_, the well known _gestamen_ of [Greek: Hermaes +chrysorrhatis]. Compare Hom. II. xxiv. 43. Od. v. 47. Virg. aen. 242. Hor. +Car. I. 10, 17, 24, 15. + +448. His office of [Greek: psychopompos] is well-known. He was, +therefore, the god who was most likely to be able to tell the origin of +the name Lemuria. + +450. He does not, as usual, introduce the god himself speaking, but +informs the reader of what he had learned from him. + +451. _Tumulo condidit_. Com pare Virg. aen. III. 67. + +452. See IV. 841, _et seq--Male veloci_. Like _servata male_, I. 559. + +456. _Utque erat_. As they (each of them) were. Two of the best MSS. read +_sicut erant_, but the metre is against this reading. + +457. Compare Virg. aen. II. 270. + +471. _Pietas_, etc. His brotherly love is equal to mine. + +476. Compare Hom. II. xxiii. 99. Virg. aen. II. 792. + +479-484. _Lemures dictos esse putant quasi Remures a Remo, cujus occisi +umbram frater Romulus quum placare vellet Lemuria instituit_. Porphyrio +on Hor. Ep. II. 2, 209. + +483. Lemures, [Greek: nukterinoi daimones]. _Glossae_. + +486. See II. 557. + +487. Plutarch (Q. R. 86,) gives, among other reasons, why the Romans did +not marry in May, [Greek: oti polloi Latinon en to maeni touto tois +katoichomenois enagizousi]. He elsewhere informs us, that it was only +widows who married on holidays. + +490. The celebrated Alessandro Tassoni, as Burmann observes, treats +largely in his Pensieri Diversi, L. viii c. 2. of this superstition, +which still existed in his time at Ferrara. + +492. "Nam hi sex continuis diebus. Primus, tertius, quintus sacri sunt +Lemuralibus. Hinc capies vetus Kalendarium in quo sic illa notantur: + A. LEM. N. + BC. + C. LEM. N. + D. NP. LVD. MART. IV. CIRC. + E. LEM. N." +Neapolis. + +493-544. The second day of the Lemuria fell on the V. Id. on which day +therefore Orion set.--_Boeotum_. Orion was born in Boeotia, according to +most writers. Pindar makes Chios his birth-place. The following narrative +occurs in several writers besides Ovid. See Mythology, p. 415-419. + +494. _Falsus eris_, you will be mistaken. + +495. _Frater_. Tzetzes on Lyc. Cass. 328, says it was Apollo. As +according to Hesiod, Neptune was the father of Orion, our poet is, I +think, the more orthodox. + +497. Compare Virg. Ec. II. 66. Hor. Epod. II. 61. Compare also the whole +narrative with the delightful story of Philemon and Baucis, in the +Metamorphoses, viii. 626. _et seq_. + +504. _Parent promissis_, is equivalent to: They accept his invitation. + +506. _Ignis_, etc. The same is said of Philemon and Baucis; they had +therefore but the one hot meal a day. This way of keeping in, and blowing +up a fire, is familiar to any one who has been in a country where wood or +peat is the fuel. + +509. _Calices_, earthen pots or pipkins to go on the fire. This is rather +an unusual sense of the word.--_Inde_, of them. Compare IV. 171. Virg. G. +III. 308, 490. + +510. _Testu suo_, by its lid, I should suppose.--_Fumant_. Several MSS. +read _spumant_ or _spumat_, some have _fumat_, whence Heinsius formed the +present reading. + +517. _Puer_, when a young man.--_Diffuderat_, racked off. See Hor. Ep. +I. 5. 4. + +518. _Condo_ and _promo_ are appropriate terms, Hor. Car. I. 9. 7. Epod. +2. 47. It was the custom to set the wine jars in a place where the smoke +could have access to them. _Apothecae recte superponentur his locis, unde +pierumque fumus exoritur, quoniam vina celerius vetustescunt, quae fumi +quodam tenore praecocem maturitatem trahunt; propter quod et aliud +tabulatum esss debebit, qua amoveantur, ne rursus nimia suffitione +medicata sint_, Columella, II. R. I. 6. + +519. _Lino_, a linen covering. + +525. _Prima_, etc. Heinsius, who is followed by the other editors, reads +_primae mihi cura, juventae_, which is the reading of three of the best, +and five other MSS. Two of the best read _prima mihi cura juventa_; +others _cara mihi prima juventa_; one _prima mihi grata juventa_. I +think, with Krebs, that there is force in the repetition of _cara_. +Burmann proposes _flore juventae_. + +526. _Cognita_. Seven MSS. have _condita_. + +542. _Curva spicula_, its claws.--_Gemelliparae_, an epithet of Latona, +peculiar to our poet. + +545-598. On the IV. Id. there were Circensian games in honor of Mars +Ultor. Augustus built (A.U.C. 725,) in his own Forum a temple to this +god, which he had vowed at the time of the battle of Philippi. Suet. Aug. +29.--_Mundo_, the sky. It is often used in this sense by Manilius. Four +MSS. read _caelo_. + +546. _Coarctat_, contracts, shortens. + +549. _Bellica signa_, i. e. the clash of arms. + +555, 556. _Sanxit ut de bellis, triumphisque hic_ (in templo Martis) +_consuleretur senatus, quique victores redissent, huc insignia +triumphorum inferrent_. Suet. Aug. 29.--_Tropaeis_. Some MSS. read +_triumphis_. + +557. _Impius_. Rome was under the protection of the gods; Augustus was a +god himself. It was, therefore, impiety to take arms against them. + +560. _Ornant signis fictilibus aut aereis inauratis aedium fastigia. +Vitruv. Archit. III. 2. We know not of what gods the statues were on this +temple of Mars. + +561. _Diversae figurae_, differing in form from those used by the Romans. +These, and the _arma_ of the next line, were probably carved on the +doors, or piled or suspended at them. + +563. _Proximum a diis immortalibus honorem memoriae ducum praestitit. +Itaque et opera cujusque, manentibus titulis, restituit, et statuas +omnium triumphali effigie in utraque Fori sui porticu dedicavit_. Suet. +Aug. 3l.--_Hinc_, then, or from the temple.--_Caro_. Heinsius and Gierig +read after two of the best MSS. _sacro_. + +565. Romulus, the son of Ilia, bearing the _spolia opima_ of Acron. Liv. +1. 10. + +566. The titles and deeds of the great men were inscribed on the bases of +their statues. + +567. The name of Augustus was, according to custom, inscribed on the +temple. + +573. See III. 699. + +575. The [Greek: aimati asai Araea talaurinon polemistaen] of Homer, was, +perhaps, in Ovid's mind. + +580. To whom is unknown the fate of Crassus, and the recovery of the +captured ensigns of Rome by Augustus, the theme of every Augustan poet's +praise? Krebs. + +595. _Bis ulto_. Some MSS. read _ultum_. The greater number Bisultor, +"Nomen _Bisultoris_ ejus que templum in Capitolio lepidum est commentum +librariorum et archaeologorum aliquot, quod neque scriptori scujusquam nec +nummorum auctoritate confirmatur." Krebs. + +598. Compare v. 347. + +599. The following day, the third and last of the Lemuria, the Pleiades +rise heliacally, and summer begins. _VI. Idus Maias Vergiliae totae +apparent; pridie aestatis initium_. Columella, R. R. xi. 2. + +603-620. On the 14th May, Prid. Id. the head of the Bull rises +cosmically. The poet now inquires into its origin. See IV. 7l7-720,-- +_Prior_, scil. _dies. Idibus_ is a dative. + +605. For the story of Europa, see Met. II. 833, _et seq_. Hor. Car. III. +27. Mythology p. 408. It is also most beautifully told by the Greek poet +Moschus, in his second Idyll. + +607. _Jubam_. It is rather unusual to speak of the _juba_, (mane) of a +bull. Ovid however does so elsewhere. Am. III. 5. 24. This description +was, perhaps as Gierig observes, taken from some painting, but that in +Moschus (v. 122) is similar, [Greek: Tae men echen tauron dolichon keras, +en cheri d' allae Eirue porphyreas kolpou ptychas ... ... ... Kolpothae +d' omoisi peplos bathys Europeiaes, Istion oia te naeos, elaphrizeske de +kouraen]. And in Lucian's Dialogue of Zephyrus and Notes, it is said, +[Greek: hae de tae laie men eicheto tou keratos, os mae apolisthanoi, tae +hetera de haemeno menon ton peplon xyneiche]. Compare III. 869. + +613, 614. How truly Ovidian this is!--_Prudens_, on purpose, This word is +a contraction of _providens_. + +619. _Phariam juvencam_. Io or Isis. II. 454. Met. I. 583, _et seq_. + +621-662. On the Ides of May, after having performed the sacrifices +appointed by the law, the Pontifices, the Vestal Virgins, the Praetors, +and such other of the citizens as were legally qualified, proceeded to +the Sublician or ancient wooden bridge, and threw from it into the Tiber +thirty images of men formed of bullrushes. These figures were called +_Argei_. See Dionysius I. 19 and 38. _Argei fiunt e scirpeis virgultis: +simulacra sunt hominum triginta_ (in the old MSS. xxiv.): _et quotannis a +ponte Sublicio a sacerdotibus publice jaci solent in Tiberim_. Varro, L. +L. VI. _Argeos vocabant scirpeas effigies, quae per virgines Vestales +minis singulis jaciebantur in Tiberim_. Festus. I have departed from the +usual division in this place, and made a separate section of 621-662, as +the Argei were thrown on the Ides, and Taurus rose Prid. Idus.--_Virgo_, +scil. _Vestalis_, one, as is so frequently the case, put for the whole. +See preceding part of this note.--_Pris. vir_. This is explained by what +follows. + +622. _Roboreo_, i. e. _Sublicio_ so called _a sublicis_, the piles on +which it was built, hence Plutarch calls it [Greek: xylinaen gephuran]. +Dionysius III. says of it [Greek: haen achri ton pyrontos +diaphylattousin, hieran einai nomizontes ei de ti ponaeseien autaes +meros, oi hierophantai (Pontifices) therapeuousi, thusias tinas +epitelountes ama tae kataskeuae patrious]. The Sublician was the ancient +original bridge of Rome, and a superstitious reverence frequently +attaches to things of this nature. I need scarcely observe, that we have +here the origin of the word _Pontifex_. + +623. The first opinion respecting the origin of this custom: the ancient +Romans used to throw their old men, when they were arrived at the age of +sixty, into the Tiber, and drown them. This the poet very properly seems +disposed to reject, and whatever may have been the case with a tribe of +the ancient Indians, (see Herod. III. 38,) or with the Battas of modern +times, there is no ground for suspecting the people of ancient Latium of +such barbarity. + +625. A second opinion: it commemorated the time when human sacrifices +were offered at Home. I have, in various parts of my Mythology, hinted my +opinion, that human sacrifices were totally unknown in the heroic ages of +Greece, and that all legends relating to such are comparatively late +fictions. I now extend this theory to Italy, and assert that there are no +testimonies, on which we can rely, of such a practice having prevailed in +it in those times, when the poet says it was called _Saturnia terra_. The +opinion, of which the poet now speaks, evidently arose from the +confounding of Saturnus, the Italian god of husbandry, with 'Moloch, +horrid king, besmeared with blood Of human sacrifice, and parents' +tears,' the 'grim idol' of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians. + +626. According to Dionysius, the oracle given by the god at Dodona to the +Pelasgians was as follows; [Greek: Steichete maiomenoi Sikelon Satournian +aian Haed' Aborigeneon Kotulaen, ou nasos ocheitai. Ois anamichthentes +dekataen ekpempsate Phoibo kai kephalas Adae, kai to patri pempate +phota]. Arnobibus (adv. G. II. p. 91,) says, _Cum ex_ Apollinis _monitit +patri Diti ac Saturno humanis capitibus supplicaretur_. I need hardly +observe, that the aforesaid oracle cannot be older than the Alexandrian +period of Grecian literature. + +630. _Leucadio_. Leucas, now _Santa Maura_, on the coast of +Acarnania, was originally a peninsula. It has long been an island. The +celebrated Lover's Leap was there. Strabo (x. 2.) says, [Greek: Haen de +kai patrion tois Laukadiois kat' eniauton en tae thysia tou Apollonos apo +tes skopaes], (the Lover's Leap,) [Greek: ripteistha tina ton en aitiois +outon apotrhopes charin]. He adds, that birds, and a kind of wings, were +attached to these criminals to break the fall, and that there was a +number of persons below in small boats to save them, and to put them +beyond the bounds of the country. + +631. Macrobius (Sat. I. 7,) says, that he persuaded the people _ut +faustis sacrificiis infausta mutarent, inferences Diti, non hominum +capita, sed oscilla ad humanam effigiem arte simulata, et aras Saturnias, +non mactando viros, sed accensis luminibus excolentes, quia non solum +virum sed et lumina [Greek: phota] (see the oracle,) _significant_. The +following note of Burmann's is too curious to be omitted, "Similem fere +ritum Lipsiae a meretricibus celebratum scribit Pfeiffer Rerum +Lipsiensium, L. III. § 18, illas scilicet solitas olim primis jejunii +quadragenarii (_Lent_) diebus imaginem stramineam deformis viri, longa +pertica suffixam, sequente omni meretricum agmine, tulisse ad Pardam +flumen, ibique, cum carminibus in pallidam mortem, praecipitasse; +dicentes se lustrare urbem, ut sequenti anno a pestilentia esset +immunis."--_Ilium. Fama vetus_, (v. 625,) is understood.--_Quirites_, +proleptically, as there were no Quirites as yet. + +633. A third opinion: which appears to have arisen from the +misunderstanding of a proverb, _Cum in quintum gradum pervenerant, atque +habebant sexaginta annos, tum denique erant a publicis negotiis liberi +atque expediti et otiosi: ideo in proverbium quidam putant venisse, +sexagenarios de ponte dejici oportere, id est quod suffragium non ferant, +quod per pontem ferebant_. Nonius. _Exploratissimum illud causae est quo +tempore primum per pontem coeperunt comitiis suffragia ferre, juniores +conclamavere, ut de ponte dejicerentur sexagenarii: quia nullo pidilico +munere fungerentur; ut ipsi potius sibi quam illis deligerent imperium_, +Festus. + +635. _Tibri_, etc. The reader will call to mind Gray's "Say father +Thames," etc. in his Ode on the Distant Prospect of Eton College, and I +hope, at the same time, recollect with contempt the tasteless criticism +of Johnson, who, curious enough, had put an exactly similar apostrophe to +the Nile into the mouth of the princess Nekayah, in his own Rasselas. Was +this passage of Ovid in the mind of that maker of beautiful poetic +mosaics? + +637. _Aurundiferum_. The rivergods were usually represented crowned with +reeds. Met. ix. 3. Virg. aen. viii. 34. + +638. _Rauca ora_. As he uses the verb _dimovet, ora_, in this place, must +signify _lips_, and _hoarse lips_ is rather a hardy expression. Heinsius +proposed _glauca_. A hoarse voice is very naturally ascribed to a +river-god. Compare Virg. aen. ix. 124. + +639. Compare Virg. aen. viii. 360. + +643. See I. 471, IV. 65. + +646. See II. 389, IV. 48. Liv. I. 3. + +647. _Pallantius_, from his native town Pallantium, in Arcadia. He calls +him _Nonacrius heros_, v. 97. + +660. The only foundation of this legend is the accidental resemblance +between _Argei_ and [Greek: _Argeioi_]. Of the origin of the word +_Argei_, I can offer no conjecture; the ceremony seems to me to have been +symbolical. Perhaps, like the Leucadian rite, (see on v. 630) it had some +analogy with that of letting go the Scape-goat under the Mosaic law. In +the number of the images (thirty) I discern a relation to the thirty +curies into which the original Romans were divided: or, perhaps, a more +general one, to the political number of Latium. See Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. +II. 18, _et seq_. + +661. _Hactenus_, scil. _locutus est Tiberis_. + +663-692. A temple was dedicated to Mercury on the Ides of May, A.U.C. +258. Liv. II. 21, 27.--_Clare_, etc. Compare Hor. Car. I. 10. which ode +Ovid, very possibly had before him. + +665. _Pacis_, etc. "Mercurius pacis et armorum arbiter propter +eloquentiam et prudentiam qua excellit." Gierig. I rather think it was as +being _Caducifer_, the herald of the gods. + +671. _Te_. etc. The name of the Roman Mercurius comes evidently from +_Merx_, and there can be little doubt of his having been originally +merely the god presiding over commerce. When he was identified with the +Greek Hermes, he acquired the offices above mentioned. For Hermes, see +Mythology, p. 124. + +673. _Est aqua_, etc. "Hoc solum testimonio probant viri docti extra +portam Capenam, via Appia, aquam fuisse ita nuncupatam; qua populus, qui +negotio et quaestui operam dabat, his Idibus lustrari solitus." Neapolis. + +674. _Numen habet_, it has a divine efficacy. + +675. _Incinctus tunicas_. "Cingulo; e quo marsupium auri monetalis +propendebat. Hic vetus mercatorum habitus." Neapolis. The MSS. in general +read _tunica_. + +676. _Purus_, scil. _ipse.--Suffita_ scil. _sulfure_. Most MSS. read +_suffusa_. + +678. _Omnia_, etc. his goods, all the things that he had to sell. He, of +course, as v. 676 shews, had brought the holy water home for this pious +use. + +680. _Solita fallere_. The characier of the trader was in bad odour in +ancient Rome for honesty; for trade was considered an illiberal +employment, and no man of respectability engaged in it. + +684. _Non andituri_, who should not hear, whom I did not wish to hear. + +692. _Ortygias boves_, the oxen of Apollo. For the story, see Met. II. +685, _et seq_. the Homeridian hymn to Hermes, or my analysis of it. +(Mythology, p. 126-128.) See also Hor. Car. I. 10. 9. Ortygian, is used +by the poet as equivalent to Delian, as Ortygia was one of the names +given to Delos. For the true situation of Ortygia, and the way in which +it was confounded with Delos, see Mythology, pp. 99 and 254. + +693-720. On the XIII. Kal. Jun. the sun enters the Twins. Columella, who +is followed by Neapolis, has XV. Kal. Jun.--_Precor_ scil. te Mercuri!-- +Mel. pet_. scil. than the merchant. + +697. _Quot sunt_. etc. i. e. twelve. + +699. Phoebe and her sister Elaïra, Ilaïra or Hilaïra, as it is variously +written, the two daughters of Leucippus were promised in marriage to +their two cousins Idas and Lynceus, the sons of Aphareus. The Tyndaridae, +Castor and Pollux, who were also cousins, carried off the maidens by +force, and matters proceeded as is related in the text. See Theoc. Idyll, +xxii. Pindar. Nem. x. Mythology, p. 391. + +705. _Oebalides_, either as being the grandsons of Oebalus, Pans. III. 1, +or because they were Laconians. See on I. 260. + +708. _Aphidna_. The best known Aphidna is the Attic deme of that name. +According to Steph. Byz, (_sub. voc_.) there was an Aphidna in Laconia. + +719. See Hom. Od. xi. 301. Virg. aen. vi. 121. + +720. _Utile_, etc. They were [Greek: arogonautai daimones]. See Hor. Car. +II. 3, and 12, 27. + +721. _Ad Janum_, etc. "XII. Kal. Jun. Agonalia Urbs interabat. Hoc die +notantur haec festa in veteri Kalendario; nam illud _hoc quoque tempus +habet_, quod induxit interpretes ut dicerent XIV. Kal. intelligendum quod +etiam mense Maio denuo fiant." Neapolis. The poet refers those anxious +for information to the first book. See I. 317, _et seq_. + +723. _Canicula_ rises (it should be _sets_, Plin. xviii. 27,) on the XI +Kal. Jun. See on IV. 936. + +725. The Tubilustria were on the X. Kal. _Tubilustrium appellatur, quod +eo die in atrio sutorio sacrorum tubae lustrantur_. Varro, L. L. V. See +III. 849. + +726. _Purae_, as being sacred, or as being now cleaned or purified. + +727. _Inde_, then, in the place of the next day, IX. Kal. in the +Calendar. "In Calendario antiquo legebantur notae hae Q. R. C. F. quae +dupliciter legi poterant, vel: quando rex comitiavit fas, vel: quando rex +comitio fugit," Gierig. The king is, of course, the Rex Sacrorum. _Dies, +qui vocatur sic, Quando rex comitiavit fas, dictus ab eo, quod eo die rex +sacrificulus dicat ad comitium, ad quod tempus est nefas, ab eo fas. +Varro L. L. V. [Greek: Esti goun tis en agora thusia pros to legomeno +Komaetio patrios, haen thusas ho basileus kata tachos apeisi pheugon ex +agoras]. Plutarch, Q. R. 63. + +730. On the VIII. Kal. Jun. the temple of Fortuna Publica had been +dedicated. This is probably the temple of Fortuna Primigenia, of which +Plutarch speaks, de For. Rom. 10. [Greek: Serbios Tullios idrusato +Tychaes ieron Kapitolio to taes Primigeneias legomenaes]. See IV. 375. It +is not unlikely that, as Gesenius conjectures, Ovid read the PR. in his +Calendar _pop. Rom_. i. e. _pop. pot_. of the text, instead of +_Primigenia_. On the same day Aquila rises in the evening. + +733. The following day VII. Kal. Bootes sets heliacally, and on the VI. +Kal. the Hyades rise in the same manner. + + + + +LIBER VI. + + +Hic mensis habet dubias in nomine causas: + Quae placeant, positis omnibus, ipse leges. +Facta canam; sed erunt, qui me finxisse loquantur: + Nullaque mortali numina visa putent. +Est Deus in nobis: agitante calescimus illo. 5 + Impetus hic sacrae semina mentis habet. +Fas mihi praecipue vultus vidisse Deorum: + Vel quia sum vates; vel quia sacra cano. +Est nemus arboribus densum, secretus ab omni + Voce locus, si non obstreperetur aquis. 10 +Hic ego quaerebam, coepti quae mensis origo + Esset, et in cura nominis hujus eram. +Ecce deas vidi: non quas praeceptor arandi + Viderat, Ascraeas quum sequeretur oves; +Nec quas Priamides in aquosae vallibus Idae 15 + Contulit; ex illis sed tamen una fuit. +Ex illis fuit una, sui germana mariti. + Haec erat,--agnovi,--quae stat in arce Jovis. +Horrueram tacitoque animum pallore fatebar; + Quum dea, quos fecit, sustulit ipsa metus: 20 +Namque, ait, O vates, Romani conditor anni, + Ause per exiguos magna referre modos, +Jus tibi fecisti numen coeleste videndi, + Quum placuit numeris condere festa tuis. +Ne tamen ignores, vulgique errore traharis, 25 + Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet. +Est aliquid nupsisse Jovi, Jovis esse sororem. + Fratre magis, dubito, glorier, anne viro. +Si genus adspicitur, Saturnum prima parentem + Feci; Saturni sors ego prima fui. 30 +A patre dicta meo quondam Saturnia Roma est: + Haec illi a coelo proxima terra fuit. +Si torus in pretio est, dicor matrona Tonantis, + Junctaque Tarpeio sunt mea templa Jovi. +An potuit Maio pellex dare nomina mensi, 35 + Hic honor in nobis invidiosus erit? +Cur igitur regina vocor, princepsque dearum? + Aurea cur dextrae sceptra dedere meae? +An faciant mensem luces, Lucinaque ab illis + Dicar, et a nullo nomina mense traham? 40 +Tum me poeniteat posuisse fideliter iras + In genus Electrae Dardaniamque domum. +Causa duplex irae. Rapto Ganymede dolebam: + Forma quoque Idaeo judice victa mea est. +Poeniteat, quod non foveo Carthaginis arces, 45 + Quum mea sint illo currus et arma loco. +Poeniteat Sparten, Argosque, measque Mycenas, + Et veterem Latio supposuisse Samon. +Adde senem Tatium, Junonicolasque Faliscos, + Quos ego Romanis succubuisse tuli. 50 +Sed neque poeniteat, nec gens mihi carior ulla est. + Hic colar, hic teneam cum Jove templa meo. +Ipse mihi Mavors, Commendo maenia, dixit, + Haec tibi: tu pollens urbe nepotis eris. +Dicta fides sequitur. Centum celebramur in aris: 55 + Nec levior quovis est mihi mensis honor. +Nec tamen hunc nobis tantummodo praestat honorem + Roma: suburbani dant mihi munus idem. +Inspice, quos habeat nemoralis Aricia fastos, + Et populus Laurens, Lanuviumque meum: 60 +Est illic mensis Junonius. Inspice Tibur, + Et Praenestinae moenia sacra deae; +Junonale leges tempus. Nec Romulus illas + Condidit: at nostri Roma nepotis erat. +Finierat Juno. Respeximus. Herculis uxor 65 + Stabat, et in vultu signa dolentis erant. +Non ego, si toto mater me cedere coelo + Jusserit, invita matre morabor, ait. +Nunc quoque non luctor de nomine temporis hujus: + Blandior, et partes paene rogantis ago; 70 +Remque mei juris malim tenuisse precando; + Et faveas causae forsitan ipse meae. +Aurea possedit posito Capitolia templo + Mater, et ut debet, cum Jove summa tenet. +At decus omne mihi contingit origine mensis. 75 + Unicus est, de quo sollicitamur, honor. +Quid grave, si titulum mensis, Romane dedisti, + Herculis uxori, posteritasque memor? +Haec quoque terra aliquid debet mihi nomine magni + Conjugis. Huc captas appulit ille boves, 80 +Hic male defensus flammis et dote paterna + Cacus Aventinam sanguine tinxit humum. +Ad propiora vocor. Populum digessit ab annis + Romulus, in partes distribuitque duas. +Haec dare consilium, pugnare paratior illa est: 85 + Haec aetas bellum suadet, at illa gerit. +Sic statuit, mensesque nota secrevit eadem. + Junius est juvenum; qui fuit ante, senum. +Dixit: et in litem studio certaminis issent, + Atque ira pietas dissimulata foret; 90 +Venit Apollinea longas Concordia lauro + Nexa comas, placidi numen opusque ducis. +Haec ubi narravit Tatium, fortemque Quirinum, + Binaque cum populis regna coisse suis, +Et Lare communi soceros generosque receptos; 95 + His nomen junctis Junius, inquit, habet. +Dicta triplex causa est. At vos ignoscite, divae: + Res est arbitrio non dirimenda meo. +Ite pares a me. Perierunt judice formae + Pergama: plus laedunt, quam juvet una, duae. 100 + +Prima dies tibi, Carna, datur. Dea cardinis haec est; + Numine clausa aperit, claudit aperta suo. +Unde datas habeat vires, obscurior aevo + Fama; sed e nostro carmine certus eris. +Adjacet antiquus Tiberino lucus Helerni: 105 + Pontifices illuc nunc quoque sacra ferunt. +Inde sata est Nymphe,--Cranen dixere priores,-- + Nequidquam multis saepe petita procis. +Rura sequi jaculisque feras agitare solebat, + Nodosasque cava tendere valle plagas. 110 +Non habuit pharetram: Phoebi tamen esse sororem + Credebant; nec erat, Phoebe, pudenda tibi. +Huic aliquis juvenum dixisset amantia verba, + Reddebat tales protinus illa sonos: +Haec loca lucis habent nimis, et cum luce pudoris. 115 + Si secreta magis ducis in antra, sequor. +Credulus ante subit. Frutices haec nacta resistit, + Et latet, et nullo est invenienda loco. +Viderat hanc Janus, visseque cupidine captus + Ad duram verbis mollibus usus erat: 120 +Nympha jubet quaeri de more remotius antrum: + Utque comes sequitur, destituitque ducem. +Stulta! videt Janus, quae post sua terga gerantur; + Nil agis, en! latebras respicit ille tuas. +Nil agis, en! dixi. Nam te sub rupe latentem 125 + Occupat amplexu; speque potitus ait: +Jus pro concubitu nostro tibi cardinis esto; + Hoc pretium positae virginitatis habe. +Sic fatus, virgam, qua tristes pellere posset + A foribus noxas,--haec erat alba--dedit. 130 +Sunt avidae volucres; non quae Phineïa mensis + Guttura fraudabant: sed genus inde trahunt. +Grande caput: stantes oculi: rostra apta rapinae; + Canities pennis, unguibus hamus inest. +Nocte volant, puerosque petunt nutricis egentes, 135 + Et vitiant cunis corpora rapta suis. +Carpere dicuntur lactentia viscera rostris; + Et plenum poto sanguine guttur habent. +Est illis strigibus nomen: sed nominis hujus + Causa, quod horrenda stridere nocte solent. 140 +Sive igitur nascuntur aves, seu carmine fiunt, + Neniaque in volucres Marsa figurat anus; +In thalamos venere Procae. Proca natus in illis + Praeda recens avium quinque diebus erat; +Pectoraque exsorbent avidis infantia linguis. 145 + At puer infelix vagit opemque petit. +Territa voce sui nutrix accurrit alumni, + Et rigido sectas invenit ungue genas. +Quid faceret? color oris erat, qui frondibus olim + Esse solet seris, quas nova laesit hiems. 150 +Pervenit ad Cranen, et rem docet. Illa, Timorem + Pone! tuus sospes, dixit, alumnus erit. +Venerat ad cunas: flebant materque paterque: + Sistite vos lacrimas! ipsa medebor, ait. +Protinus arbutea postes ter in ordine tangit 155 + Fronde: ter arbutea limina fronde notat. +Spargit aquis aditus, et quae medicamen habebant: + Extaque de porca cruda bimestre tenet. +Atque ita, Noctis aves, extis puerilibus, inquit, + Parcite! pro parvo victima parva cadit. 160 +Cor pro corde, precor, pro fibris sumite fibras. + Hanc animam vobis pro meliore damus. +Sic ubi libavit, prosecta sub aethere ponit: + Quique sacris adsunt, respicere illa vetat. +Virgaque Janalis de spina ponitur alba, 165 + Qua lumen thalamis parva fenestra dabat. +Post illud nec aves cunas violasse feruntur, + Et rediit puero, qui fuit ante, color. +Pinguia cur illis gustentur larda Kalendis, + Mixtaque cum calido sit faba farre, rogas. 170 +Prisca dea est, aliturque cibis, quibus ante solebat, + Nec petit adscitas luxuriosa dapes. +Piscis adhuc illi populo sine fraude natabat; + Ostreaque in conchis tuta fuere suis: +Nec Latium norat, quam praebet Ionia dives, 175 + Nec, quae Pygmaeo sanguine gaudet, avem; +Et praeter pennas nihil in pavone placebat: + Nec tellus captas miserat ante feras. +Sus erat in pretio: caesa sue festa colebant. + Terra fabas tantum duraque farra dabat. 180 +Quae duo mixta simul sextis quicumque Kalendis + Ederit, huic laedi viscera posse negant. +Arce quoque in summa Junoni templa Monetae + Ex voto memorant facta, Camille, tuo. +Ante domus Manli fuerant, qui Gallica quondam 185 + A Capitolino reppulit arma Jove. +Quam bene--Di magni!--pugna cecidisset in illa + Defensor solii, Jupiter alte, tui! +Vixit, ut occideret damnatus crimine regni. + Hunc illi titulum longa senecta dabat. 190 +Lux eadem Marti festa est; quem prospicit extra + Appositum Tectae porta Capena viae. +Te quoque, Tempestas, meritam delubra fatemur; + Quum paene est Corsis obruta classis aquis. +Haec hominum monumenta patent. Si quaeritis astra, 195 + Tunc oritur magni praepes adunca Jovis. + +Postera lux Hyades, Taurinae cornua frontis, + Evocat: et multa terra madescit aqua. + +Mane ubi bis fuerit, Phoebusque iteraverit ortus, + Factaque erit posito rore bis uda seges; 200 +Hac sacrata die Tusco Bellona duello + Dicitur: et Latio prospera semper adest. +Appius est auctor: Pyrrho qui pace negata + Multum animo vidit; lumine captus erat. +Prospicit a templo summum brevis area Circum. 205 + Est ibi non parvae parva columna notae. +Hinc solet hasta manu, belli praenuntia, mitti, + In regem et gentes quum placet arma capi. + +Altera pars Circi custode sub Hercule tuta est: + Quod deus Euboico carmine munus habet. 210 +Muneris est tempus, qui Nonas Lucifer ante est. + Si titulos quaeris, Sulla probavit opus. + +Quaerebam, Nonas Sanco Fidione referrem, + An tibi, Semo pater: quum mihi Sancus ait: +Cuicumque ex illis dederis, ego munus habebo. 215 + Nomina trina fero: sic voluere Cures. +Hunc igitur veteres donarunt aede Sabini: + Inque Quirinali constituere jugo. + +Est mihi, sitque, precor, nostris diuturnior annis, + Filia, qua felix sospite semper ero. 220 +Hanc ego quum vellem genero dare, tempora taedis + Apta requirebam, quaeque cavenda forent. +Tum mihi post sacras monstratur Junius Idus + Utilis et nuptis, utilis esse viris; +Primaque pars hujus thalamis aliena reperta est, 225 + Nam mihi, sic conjux sancta Dialis ait: +Donec ab Iliaca placidus purgamina Vesta + Detulerit flavis in mare Tibris aquis, +Non mihi detonsos crines depectere buxo, + Non ungues ferro subsecuisse licet: 230 +Non tetigisse virum; quamvis Jovis ille sacerdos, + Quamvis perpetua sit mihi lege datus. +Tu quoque ne propera: melius tua filia nubet, + Ignea quum pura Vesta nitebit humo. + +Tertia post Nonas removere Lycaona Phoebe 235 + Fertur: et a tergo non habet Ursa metum. +Tunc ego me memini Ludos in gramine Campi + Adspicere, et didici, lubrice Tibri, tuos. +Festa dies illis, qui lina madentia ducunt, + Quique tegunt parvis aera recurva cibis. 240 + +Mens quoque numen habet. Menti delubra videmus + Vota metu belli, perfide Poene, tui. +Poene, rebellaras: et leto Consulis omnes + Attoniti Mauras pertimuere manus. +Spem metus expulerat, quum Menti vota Senatus 245 + Suscipit; et melior protinus illa venit. +Adspicit instantes mediis sex lucibus Idus + Illa dies, qua sunt vota soluta deae. + +Vesta, fave! tibi nunc operata resolvimus ora, + Ad tua si nobis sacra venire licet. 250 +In prece totus eram; coelestia numina sensi, + Laetaque purpurea luce refulsit humus. +Non equidem vidi--valeant mendacia vatum-- + Te, dea; nec fueras adspicienda viro. +Sed quae nescieram, quorumque errore tenebar, 255 + Cognita sunt nullo praecipiente mihi. +Dena quater memorant habuisse Palilia Romam, + Quum flammae custos aede recepta sua est. +Regis opus placidi, quo non metuentius ullum + Numinis ingenium terra Sabina tulit. 260 +Quae nunc aere vides, stipula tunc tecta videres, + Et paries lento vimine textus erat. +Hic locus exiguus, qui sustinet atria Vestae, + Tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numae. +Forma tamen templi, quae nunc manet, ante fuisse 265 + Dicitur: et formae causa probanda subest. +Vesta eadem est, et Terra: subest vigil ignis utrique, + Significant sedem terra focusque suam. +Terra pilae similis, nullo fulcimine nixa, + Aëre subjecto tam grave pendet onus. 270 +[Ipsa volubilitas libratum sustinet orbem: + Quique premat partes, angulus omnis abest. +Quumque sit in media rerum regione locata, + Et tangat nullum plusve minusve latus; +Ni convexa foret, parti vicinior esset, 275 + Nec medium terram mundus haberet onus.] +Arce Syracosia suspensus in aëre clauso + Stat globus, immensi parva figura poli; +Et quantum a summis, tantum secessit ab imis + Terra. Quod ut fiat, forma rotunda facit. 280 +Par facies templi: nullus procurrit in illo + Angulus. A pluvio vindicat imbre tholus. +Cur sit virgineis, quaeris, dea culta ministris. + Inveniam causas hac quoque parte suas. +Ex Ope Junonem memorant Cereremque creatas 285 + Semine Saturni: tertia Vesta fuit. +Utraqe nupserunt: ambae peperisse feruntur: + De tribus impatiens restitit una viri. +Quid mirum, virgo si virgine laeta ministra + Admittet castas in sua sacra manus? 290 +Nec tu aliud Vestam, quam vivam intellige flammam; + Nataque de flamma corpora nulla vides. +Jure igitur virgo est, quae semina nulla remittit, + Nec capit: et comites virginitatis habet. +Esse diu stultus Vestae simulacra putavi: 295 + Mox didici curvo nulla subesse tholo. +Ignis inexstinctus templo celatur in illo; + Effigiem nullam Vesta, nec ignis, habent. +Stat vi terra sua: vi stando Vesta vocatur; + Causaque par Graii nominis esse potest. 300 +At focus a flammis, et quod fovet omnia, dictus: + Qui tamen in primis aedibus ante fuit. +Hinc quoque vestibulum dici reor: inde precando + Affamur Vestam, Quae loca prima tenes. +Ante focos olim longis considere scamnis 305 + Mos erat, et mensae credere adesse deos. +Nunc quoque, quum fiunt antiquae sacra Vacunae, + Ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. +Venit in hos annos aliquid de more vetusto: + Fert missos Vestae pura patella cibos. 310 +Ecce, coronatis panis dependet asellis, + Et velant scabras florea serta molas. +Sola prius furnis torrebant farra coloni; + Et Fornacali sunt sua sacra deae. +Suppositum cineri panem focus ipse parabat, 315 + Strataque erat tepido tegula quassa solo. +Inde focum servat pistor, dominamque focorum, + Et quea pumiceas versat asella molas. +Praeteream, referamne tuum, rubicunde Priape, + Dedecus? est multi fabula parva joci. 320 +Turrigera frontem Cybele redimita corona + Convocat aeternos ad sua festa deos. +Convocat et Satyros, et, rustica numina, Nymphas. + Silenus, quamvis nemo vocarat, adest. +Nec licet, et longum est epulas narrare deorum: 325 + In multo nox est pervigilata mero. +Hi temere errabant in opacae vallibus Idae: + Pars jacet, et molli gramine membra levat. +Hi ludunt, hos somnus habet; pars brachia nectit, + Et viridem celeri ter pede pulsat humum. 330 +Vesta jacet, placidamque capit secura quietem, + Sicut erat positum cespite fulta caput. +At ruber hortorum custos Nymphasque deasque + Captat, et errantes fertque refertque pedes. +Adspicit et Vestam; dubium, Nymphamne putarit, 335 + An scierit Vestam: scisse sed ipse negat. +Spem capit obscenam, furtimque accedere tentat, + Et fert suspensos, corde micante, gradus. +Forte senex, quo vectus erat, Silenus asellum + Liquerat ad ripas lene sonantis aquae. 340 +Ibat, ut inciperet, longi deus Hellesponti, + Intempestivo quum rudit ille sono. +Territa voce gravi surgit dea. Convolat omnis + Turba; per infestas effugit ille manus. +[Lampsacos hoc animal solita est mactare Priapo: 345 + Apta asini flammis indicis exta damus.] +Quem tu, diva memor, de pane monilibus ornas. + Cessat opus: vacuae conticuere molae. +Nomine, quam pretio celebratior, arce Tonantis, + Dicam, Pistoris quid velit ara Jovis. 350 +Cincta premebantur trucibus Capitolia Gallis: + Fecerat obsidio jam diuturna famem. +Jupiter, ad solium Superis regale vocatis, + Incipe, ait Marti. Protinus ille refert: +Scilicet, ignotum est, quae sit fortuna meorum; 355 + Et dolor hic animi voce querentis eget? +Si tamen, ut referam breviter mala juncta pudori, + Exigis: Alpino Roma sub hoste jacet. +Haec est, cui fuerat promissa potentia rerum, + Jupiter? hanc terris impositurus eras? 360 +Jamque suburbanos Etruscaque contudit arma. + Spes erat in cursu; nunc Lare pulsa suo est. +Vidimus ornatos serata per atria picta + Veste triumphales occubuisse senes; +Vidimus Iliacae transferri pignora Vestae 365 + Sede. Putant aliquos scilicet esse deos. +At si respicerent, qua vos habitatis in arce, + Totque domos vestras obsidione premi: +Nil opis in cura scirent superesse deorum, + Et data sollicita tura perire manu. 370 +Atque utinam pugnae pateat locus! arma capessant; + Et, si non poterunt exsuperare, cadant. +Nunc inopes victus, ignavaque fata timentes, + Monte suo clauses barbara turba premit. +Tum Venus, et lituo pulcher trabeaque Quirinus, 375 + Vestaque pro Latio multa locuta suo. +Publica, respondit, cura est pro moenibus istis, + Jupiter, et poenas Gallia victa dabit. +Tu modo, quae desunt fruges, superesse putentur, + Effice, nec sedes desere Vesta, tuas. 380 +Quodcumque est Cereris solidae cava machina frangat, + Mollitamque manu duret in igne focus. +Jusserat: et fratris virgo Saturnia jussis + Annuit: et mediae tempora noctis erant. +Jam ducibus somnum dederat labor. Increpat illos 385 + Jupiter, et sacro, quid velit, ore docet: +Surgite, et in medios de summis arcibus hostes + Mittite, quam minime tradere vultis, opem. +Somnus abit, quaeruntque novis ambagibus acti, + Tradere quam nolint et jubeantur, opem. 390 +Ecce, Ceres visa est. Jaciunt Cerealia dona. + Jacta super galeas scutaque longa sonant. +Posse fame vinci spes excidit. Hoste repulso + Candida Pistori ponitur ara Jovi.-- +Forte revertebar festis Vestalibus illac, 395 + Qua Nova Romano nunc via juncta Foro est. +Huc pede matronam vidi descendere nudo: + Obstupui, tacitus sustinuique gradum. +Sensit anus vicina loci, jussumque sedere + Alloquitur, quatiens voce tremente caput. 400 +Hoc, ubi nunc fora sunt, udae tenuere paludes: + Amno redundatis fossa madebat aquis. +Curtius ille lacus, siccas qui sustinet aras, + Nunc solida est tellus, sed lacus ante fuit. +Qua Velabra solent in Circum ducere pompas, 405 + Nil praeter salices crassaque canna fuit. +Saepe suburbanas rediens conviva per undas + Cantat, et ad nautas ebria verba jacit. +Nondum conveniens diversis iste figuris + Nomen ab averso ceperat amne deus. 410 +Hic quoque lucus erat juncis et arundine densus, + Et pede velato non adeunda palus. +Stagna recesserunt, et aquas sua ripa coërcet: + Siccaque nunc tellus. Mos tamen ille manet. +Reddiderat causam; Valeas, anus optima! dixi: 415 + Quod superest aevi, molle sit omne, tui! +Cetera jam pridem didici puerilibus annis; + Non tamen idcirco praetereunda mihi. +Moenia Dardanides nuper nova fecerat Ilus: + Ilus adhuc Asiae dives habebat opes. 420 +Creditur armiferae signum coeleste Minervae + Urbis in Iliacae desiluisse juga. +Cura videre fuit: vidi templumque locumque. + Hoc superest illi: Pallada Roma tenet. +Consulitur Smintheus: lucoque obscurus opaco 425 + Hos non mentito reddidit ore sonos: +Aetheriam servate deam: servabitis urbem: + Imperium secum transferet illa loci. +Servat et inclusam summa tenet Ilus in arce: + Curaque ad heredem Laomedonta venit. 430 +Sub Priamo servata parum. Sic ipsa volebat, + Ex quo judicio forma revicta sua est. +Seu genus Adrasti, seu furtis aptus Ulixes, + Seu pius aeneas eripuisse datur; +Auctor in incerto. Res est Romana: tuetur 435 + Vesta, quod assiduo lumine cuncta videt. +Heu quantum timuere Patres, quo tempore Vesta + Arsit, et est tectis obruta paene suis! +Flagrabant sancti sceleratis ignibus ignes, + Mixtaque erat flamniae flammae profana piae. 440 +Attonitae flebant, demisso crine, ministra: + Abstulerat vires corporis ipse timor. +Provolat in medium, et magna, Succurrite! voce, + Non est auxilium flere, Metellus ait. +Pignora virgineis fatalia tollite palmis! 445 + Non ea sunt voto, sed rapienda manu. +Me miserum! dubitatis? ait--Dubitare videbat, + Et pavidas posito procubuisse genu.-- +Haurit aquas, tollensque manus, Ignoscite, dixit, + Sacra! vir intrabo non adeunda viro. 450 +Si scelus est, in me commissi poena redundet; + Sit capitis damno Roma soluta mei. +Dixit et irrupit. Factum dea rapta probavit, + Pontificisque sui munere tuta fuit. +Nunc bene lucetis sacrae sub Caesare flammae: 455 + Ignis in Iliacis nunc erit, estque, focis; +Nullaque dicetur vittas temerasse sacerdos + Hoc duce, nec viva defodietur humo. +Sic incesta perit: quia, quam violavit, in illam + Conditur: et Tellus Vestaque numen idem est. 460 +Tum sibi Callaïco Brutus cognomen ab hoste + Fecit, et Hispanam sanguine tinxit humum. +Scilicit, interdum miscentur tristia laetis, + Ne populum toto pectore festa juvent. +Crassus ad Euphraten aquilas, natumque, suosque 465 + Perdidit, et leto est ultimus ipse datus. +Parthe, quid exsultas? dixit dea. Signa remittes: + Quique necem Crassi vindicet, ultor erit. +At simul auritis violae demuntur asellis, + Et Cereris fruges aspera saxa terunt; 470 +Navita puppe sedens, Delphina videbimus, inquit, + Humida quum pulso nox erit orta die. + +Jam, Phryx, a nupta quereris, Tithone, relinqui, + Et vigil Eois Lucifer exit aquis. +Ite, bonae matres,--vestrum Matralia festum-- 475 + Flavaque Thebanae reddite liba deae. +Pontibus et magno juncta est celeberrima Circo + Area, quae posito de bove nomen habet. +Hac ibi luce ferunt Matutae sacra parenti + Sceptriferas Servi templa dedisse manus. 480 +Quae dea sit: quare famulas a limine templi + Arceat,--arcet enim--libaque tosta petat; +Bacche, racemiferos hedera redimite capillos, + Si domus illa tua est, dirige vatis opus. +Arserat obsequio Semele Jovis: accipit Ino 485 + Te, puer, et summa sedula nutrit ope. +Intumuit Juno, raptum quod pellice natum + Educet. At sanguis ille sororis erat. +Hinc agitur furiis Athamas, et imagine falsa: + Tuque cadis patria, parve Learche, manu. 490 +Maesta Learcheas mater tumulaverat umbras, + Et dederat miseris omnia justa rogis: +Haec quoque, funestos ut erat laniata capillos, + Prosilit, et cunis te, Melicerta, rapit. +Est spatio contracta brevi, freta bina repellit, 495 + Unaque pulsatur terra duabus aquis. +Huc venit insanis natum complexa lacertis, + Et secum e celso mittit in alta jugo. +Excipit illaesos Panope centumque sorores, + Et placido lapsu per sua regna ferunt. 500 +Nondum Lencotheë, nondum puer ille Palaemon + Vorticibus densis Tibridis ora tenent. +Lucus erat: dubium Semelae Stimulaene vocetur; + Maenadas Ausonias incoluisse ferunt. +Quaerit ab his Ino, quae gens foret. Arcadas esse 505 + Audit, et Evandrum sceptra tenere loci. +Dissimulata deam Latias Saturnia Bacchas + Instimulat fictis insidiosa sonis: +O nimium faciles! O toto pectore captae! + Non venit haec nostris hospes amica choris. 510 +Fraude petit, sacrique parat cognoscere ritum; + Quo possit poenas pendere, pignus habet. +Vix bene desierat; complent ululatibus auras + Thyades effusis per sua colla comis: +Iniiciuntque manus, puerumque revellere pugnant. 515 + Quos ignorat adhuc, invocat illa deos: +Dique, virique loci, miserae succurrite matri. + Clamor Aventini saxa propinqua ferit. +Appulerat ripae vaccas Oetaeus Iberas: + Audit, et ad vocem concitus urget iter. 520 +Herculis adventu, quae vim modo ferre parabant, + Turpia femineae terga dedere fugae. +Quid petis hinc,--cognorat enim--matertera Bacchi? + An numen, quod me, te quoque vexat, ait? +Illa docet partim, partim praesentia nati 525 + Continet, et Furiis in scelus isse pudet. +Rumor--ut est velox--agitatis pervolat alis: + Estque frequens, Ino, nomen in ore tuum. +Hospita Carmentis fidos intrasse penates + Diceris, et longam deposuisse famem. 530 +Liba sua properata manu Tegeaea sacerdos + Traditur in subito cocta dedisse foco. +Nunc quoque liba juvant festis Matralibus illam; + Rustica sedulitas gratior arte fuit. +Nunc, ait, O vates, venientia fata resigna, 535 + Qua licet: hospitiis hoc, precor, adde meis. +Parva mora est: coelum vates ac numina sumit, + Fitque sui toto pectore plena dei. +Vix illam subito posses cognoscere; tanto + Sanctior, et tanto, quam modo, major erat. 540 +Laeta canam; gaude, defuncta laboribus, Ino! + Dixit, et huic populo prospera semper ades! +Numen eris pelagi: natum quoque pontus habebit. + In nostris aliud sumite nomen aquis. +Leucotheë Graiis, Matuta vocabere nostris; 545 + In portus nato jus erit omne tuo. +Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet. + Ite, precor, nostris aequus uterque locis! +Annuerant: promissa fides: posuere labores; + Nomina mutarunt: hic deus, illa dea est. 550 +Cur vetet ancillas accedere, quaeritis. Odit, + Principiumque odii, si sinat ipsa, canam. +Una ministrarum solita est, Cadmeï, tuarum + Saepe sub amplexus coujugis ire tui. +Improbus hanc Athamas furtim dilexit: ab illa 555 + Comperit agricolis semina tosta dari. +Ipsa quidem fecisse negat, sed fama recepit. + Hoc est, cur odio sit tibi serva manus. +Non tamen hanc pro stirpe sua pia mater adoret: + Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens. 560 +Alterius prolem melius mandabitis illi; + Utilior Baccho quam fuit ipsa suis. +Hanc tibi, Quo properas, memorant dixisso, Rutili? + Luce mea Marso Consul ab hoste cades. +Exitus accessit verbis: flumenque Toleni 565 + Purpureum mixtis sanguine fluxit aquis. +Proximus annus erat: Pallantide caesus eadem + Didius hostiles ingeminavit opes. +Lux eadem, Fortuna, tua est, auctorque, locusque. + Sed superinjectis quis latet aede togis? 570 +Servius est: hoc constat enim. Sed causa latendi + Discrepat, et dubium me quoque mentis habet. +Dum dea furtivos timide profitetur amores, + Coelestemque homini concubuisse pudet; +--Arsit enim magna correpta cupidine regis, 575 + Caecaque in hoc uno non fuit illa viro-- +Nocte domum parva solita est intrare fenestra: + Unde Fenestellae nomina porta tenet. +Nunc pudet, et vultus velamine celat amatos, + Oraque sunt multa regia tecta toga. 580 +An magis est verum, post Tulli funera plebem + Confusam placidi morte fuisse ducis? +Nec modus ullus erat: crescebat imagine luctus, + Donec eam positis occuluere togis. +Tertia causa mihi spatio majore canenda est: 585 + Nos tamen adductos intus agemus equos. +Tullia, conjugio sceleris mercede peracto, + His solita est dictis exstimulare virum: +Quid juvat esse pares, te nostrae caede sororis, + Meque tui fratris, si pia vita placet? 590 +Vivere debuerant et vir meus, et tua conjux, + Si nullum ausuri majus eramus opus. +Et caput et regnum facio dotale parentis. + Si vir es, i, dictas exige dotis opes! +Regia res scelus est. Socero cape regna necato, 595 + Et nostras patrio sanguine tinge manus. +Talibus instinctus solio privatus in alto + Sederat: attonitum vulgus ad arma ruit. +Hinc cruor, hinc caedes: infirmaque vincitur aetas. + Sceptra gener socero rapta Superbus habet. 600 +Ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat sua regia, caesus + Concidit in dura sanguinolentus humo. +Filia carpento patrios initura Penates + Ibat per medias alta feroxque vias. +Corpus ut adspexit, lacrimis auriga profusis 605 + Restitit. Hunc tali corripit illa sono: +Vadis? an exspectas pretium pietatis amarum? + Duc, inquam, invitas ipsa per ora rotas! +Certa fides facti, dictus Sceleratus ab illa + Vicus, et aeterna res ea pressa nota. 610 +Post tamen hoc ausa est templum, monumenta parentis, + Tangere: mira quidem, sed tamen acta loquar. +Signum erat in solio residens sub imagine Tulli: + Dicitur hoc oculis opposuisse manum. +Et vox audita est, Vultus abscondite nostros, 615 + Ne natae videant ora nefanda meae. +Veste data tegitur: vetat hanc Fortuna moveri: + Et sic e templo est ipsa locuta suo: +Ore revelato qua primum luce patebit + Servius haec positi prima pudoris erit. 620 +Parcite, matronae, vetitas attingere vestes: + Sollemni satis est voce movere preces: +Sitque caput semper Romano tectus amictu, + Qui rex in nostra septimus urbe fuit. +Arserat hoc templum: signo tamen ille pepercit 625 + Ignis: opem nato Mulciber ipse tulit. +Namque pater Tulli Vulcanus, Ocresia mater, + Praesignis facie, Corniculana fuit. +Hanc secum Tanaquil, sacris de more peractis, + Jussit in ornatum fundere vina focum. 630 +Hic inter cineres obsceni forma virilis + Aut fuit, aut visa est: sed fuit illa magis. +Jussa loco captiva fovet, Conceptus ab illa + Servius a coelo semina gentis habet. +Signa dedit genitor, tum quum caput igne corusco 635 + Contigit, inque coma flammeus arsit apex. + +Te quoque magnifica, Concordia, dedicat aede + Livia, quam caro praestitit illa viro. +Disce tamen, veniens aetas, ubi Livia nunc est + Porticus, immensae tecta fuisse domus. 640 +Urbis opus domus una fuit: spatimque tenebat, + Quo brevius muris oppida multa tenent. +Haec aequata solo est, nullo sub crimine regni, + Sed quia luxuria visa nocere sua. +Sustinuit tantas operum subvertere moles 645 + + 645 + Totque suas heres perdere Caesar opes. +Sic agitur censura, et sic exempla parantur; + Quum vindex, alios quod monet, ipse facit. + +Nulla nota est veniente die, quam dicere possim. + Idibus Invicto sunt data templa Jovi. 650 +Et jam Quinquatrus jubeor narrare minores. + Nunc ades o coeptis, flava Minerva, meis. +Cur vagus incedit tota tibicen in urbe? + Quid sibi personae, quid stola longa, volant? +Sic ego. Sic posita Tritonia cuspide dixit: 655 + --Possem utinam doctae verba referre deae!-- +Temporibus veterum tibicinis usus avorum + Magnus et in magno semper honore fuit. +Cantabat fanis, cantabat tibia ludis: + Cantabat maestis tibia funeribus. 660 +Dulcis erat mercede labor: tempusque secutum, + Quod subito Graiae frangeret artis opus. +Adde quod aedilis, pompam qui funeris irent, + Artifices solos jusserat esse decem. +Exilio mutant urbem, Tiburque recedunt: 665 + --Exilium quodam tempore Tibur erat.-- +Quaeritur in scena cava tibia, quaeritur aris, + Ducit supremos nenia nulla toros. +Servierat quidam, quantolibet ordine dignus, + Tiburo, sed longo tempore liber erat. 670 +Rure dapes parat ille suo, turbamque canoram + Convocat. Ad festas convenit illa dapes. +Nox erat, et vinis oculique animique natabant, + Quum praecomposito nuntius ore venit: +Atque ita, Quid cessas convivia solvere? dixit: 675 + Auctor vindictae jam venit, ecce, tuae! +Nec mora; convivae valido titubantia vino + Membra movent: dubii stantque labantque pedes. +At dominus, Discedite, ait; plaustroque morantes + Sustulit. In plaustro sirpea lata fuit. 680 +Alliciunt somnos tempus, motusque, merumque, + Potaque se Tibur turba redire putat. +Jamque per Esquilias Romanam intraverat urbem; + Et mane in medio plaustra fuere foro. +Plautius, ut posset specie numeroque Senatum 685 + Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi. +Admiscetque alios, et, ut hunc tibicina coetum + Augeat, in longis vestibus ire jubet. +Sic reduces bene posse tegi, ne forte notentur + Contra collegae jussa redisse sui. 690 +Res placuit: cultuque novo licet Idibus uti, + Et canere ad veteres verba jocosa modos. +Haec ubi perdocuit, Superest mihi discere, dixi, + Cur sit Quinquatrus illa vocata dies. +Martius, inquit, agit tali mea nomine festa, 695 + Estque sub inventis haec quoque turba meis. +Prima terebrato per rara foramina buxo, + Ut daret, effeci, tibia longa sonos. +Vox placuit: liquidis faciem referentibus undis + Vidi virgineas intumuisse genas. 700 +Ars mihi non tanti est; valeas, mea tibia! dixi. + Excipit abjectam cespite ripa suo. +Inventam Satyrus primum miratur, et usum + Nescit; at inflatam sentit habere sonum; +Et modo dimittit digitis, modo concipit auras. 705 + Jamque inter Nymphas arte superbus erat: +Provocat et Phoebum; Phoebo superante pependit: + Caesa recesserunt a cute membra sua. +Sum tamen inventrix auctorque ego carminis hujus. + Hoc est, cur nostros ars colat ista dies. 710 +Tertia lux veniet, qua tu, Dodoni Thyene, + Stabis Agenorei fronte videnda bovis. +Haec est illa dies, qua tu purgamina Vestae, + Tibri, per Etruscas in mare mittis aquas. + +Si qua fides ventis, Zephyro date carbasa, nautae: 715 + Cras veniet vestris ille secundus aquis. + +At pater Heliadum radios ubi tinxerit undis, + Et cinget geminos stella serena polos; +Tollet humo validos proles Hyriea lacertos. + Continua Delphin nocte videndus erit. 720 +Scilicet hic olim Volscos Aequosque fugatos + Viderat in campis, Algida terra, tuis. +Unde suburban o clarus, Tuberte, triumpho + Vectus es in niveis, Postume, victor equis. + +Jam sex et totidem luces de mense supersunt: 725 + Huic unum numero tu tamen adde diem; +Sol abit e Geminis, et Cancri signa rubescunt: + Coepit Aventina Pallas in arce coli. + +Jam tua, Laomedon, oritur nurus, ortaque noctem + Pellit, et e pratis uda pruina fugit; 730 +Reddita, quisquis is est, Summano templa feruntur, + Tum, quum Romanis, Pyrrhe, timendus eras. + +Hanc quoque quuin patriis Galatea receperit undis, + Plenaque securae terra quietis erit; +Surgit humo juvenis, telis afflatus avitis; 735 + Et gemino nexas porrigit angue manus. +Notus amor Phaedrae, nota est injuria Thesei: + Devovit natum credulus ille suum. +Non impune plus juvenis Troezena petebat: + Dividit obstantes pectore taurus aquas. 740 +Solliciti terrentur equi, frustraque retenti + Per scopulos dominum duraque saxa trahunt. +Exciderat curru, lorisque morantibus artus + Hippolytus lacero corpore raptus erat: +Reddideratque animam, multum indignante Diana. 745 + Nulla, Coronides, causa doloris, ait, +Namque pio juveni vitam sine vulnere reddam; + Et cedent arti tristia fata meae. +Gramina continuo loculis depromit eburnis: + Profuerant Glauci Manibus illa prius: 750 +Tunc, quum observatas augur descendit in herbas, + Usus et auxilio est anguis ab angue dato. +Pectora ter tetigit, ter verba salubria dixit: + Depositum terra sustulit ille caput. +Lucus eum, nemorisque sui Dictynna recessu 755 + Celat: Aricino Virbius ille lacu. +At Clymenus Clothoque dolent, haec, fila reneri, + Hic, fieri regni jura minora sui. +Jupiter exemplum veritus direxit in ilium + Fulmina, qui nimiae moverat artis opem. 760 +Phoebe, querebaris. Deus est; placare parenti; + Propter te, fieri quod vetat, ipse facit. + +Non ego te, quamvis properabis vincere Caesar, + Si vetet auspicium, signa movere velim. +Sint tibi Flaminius Thrasimenaque litora testes, 765 + Per volucres aequos multa monere deos. +Tempora si veteris quaeris temeraria damni, + Quartus ab extremo mense bis ille dies. + +Postera lux melior. Superat Masinissa Syphacem; + Et cecidit telis Hasdrubal ipse suis. 770 + +Tempora labuntur, tacitisque senescimus annis, + Et fugiunt, freno non remorante, dies. +Quam cito venerunt Fortunae Fortis honores! + Post septem luces Junius actus erit. +Ite, deam laeti Fortem celebrate. Quirites: 775 + In Tiberis ripa munera regis habet. + +Pars pede, pars etiam celeri decurrite cymba; + Nec pudeat potos inde redire domum. +Ferte coronatae juvenum convivia lintres, + Multaque per medias vina bibantur aquas. 780 +Plebs colit hanc, quia, qui posuit, de plebe fuisse + Fertur, et ex humili sceptra tulisse loco. +Convenit et servis, serva quia Tullius ortus + Constituit dubiae templa propinqua deae. + +Ecce suburbana rediens male sobrius aede 785 + Ad stellas aliquis talia verba jacit: +Zona latet tua nunc, et eras fortasse latebit. + Dehinc erit, Orion, adspicienda mihi. +At si non esset potus, dixisset eadem + Venturum tempus solstitiale die. 790 +Lucifero subeunte Lares delubra tulerunt, + Hic, ubi fit docta multa corona manu. +Tempus idem Stator aedis habet, quara Romulus olim + Ante Palatini condidit ora jugi. + +Tot restant de mense dies, quot nomina Parcis, 795 + Quum data sunt trabeae templa, Quirine, tuae. + +Tempus Iuleis cras est natale Kalendis: + Pierides, coeptis addite summa meis. +Dicite, Pierides, quis vos adjunxerit isti, + Cui dedit invitas victa noverca manus. 800 +Sic ego. Sic Clio, Clari monumenta Philippi + Adspicis, unde trahit Marcia casta genus; +Marcia, sacrifico deductum nomen ab Anco, + In qua par facies nobilitate sua. +Par animo quoque forma suo respondet in illa; 805 + Et genus, et facies ingeniumque simul. +Nec, quod laudamus formam, tam turpe putaris; + Laudamus magnas hac quoque parte deas. +Nupta fuit quondam matertera Caesaris illi. + O decus, o sacra femina digna domo! 810 +Sic cecinit Clio: doctae assensere sorores. + Annuit Alcides, increpuitque lyram. + + +NOTES: + +1-100. The poet, as he had done in the preceding months, commences June, +by a discussion of its name. The gods, as usual, appear on the scene, +and, as there were three etymons of the name of the month, three deities +are introduced. + +2. _Quae placeant_, etc. You shall chuse for yourself. + +3, 4. Alluding, perhaps, to the Epicurean spirit of the age. + +5. _Est Deus_, etc. He expresses the same sentiment elsewhere. See A. A. +III. 549. Pont. Ill, 4, 93. [Greek: Kouphon chraema poiaetaes esti kai +ptaenon kai ieron, kai ou proteron oios te poiein prin an entheos te +genaetai, kai ekphron kai ho nous maeketi en auto enae]. Plato Ion. _Ego +non puto poetam grave plenumque carmen sine coelesti aliquo mentis +instinctu fundere_. Cicero, Tusc. I. 26. _Poeta quasi divino quodam +spiritu inflatur_. Id. Arch. 8.--What is rare is the subject of +admiration, and nothing is rarer than poetic genius in a high degree; +hence the ancients looked on it as something divine, or, as proceeding +from the favour, and even the immediate inspiration of the gods. Nothing +is more true than _poeta nascitur non fit_, but it is equally true of +other things, the musician and the painter, nay, I might add, the +carpenter and the tailor, are born, not made. But of some species, the +supply is much larger than of others. + +6. _Impetus hic_, the _furor poeticus 13. _Praeceptor arandi_. Hesiod, the +author of the oldest agricultural poem, his Works and Days. He lived at +Ascra, a village of Boeotia, at the foot of Mt. Helicon. In v. 22, of his +Theogony, it is said of the Muses, [Greek: ai nu pot' Haesiodon kalaen +edidaxan aoidaen Arnas poimainonth' Elikonos upo zatheoio]. See A. A. I. +27. Propert II. 10. 25, 34. 79. Virg. Ec. II. 70. G. II. 176. + +15. The well-known fatal Judgment of Paris--_Aquosae, [Greek: polypidax], +Homer. + +17. See v. 27. Virg. aen. I. 46. + +18. See v. 34. + +22. _Exlg. mod_. The pentameter measure. See II. 3, 4. + +26. _Junius, aut ex parte populi nominatus, aut, ut Cincius arbitratur, +quod Junonius apud Latinos olim vocitatus, diuque apud Aricinos, +Praenestinosque hoc appellatione in fastos relatus sit; adeo ut, sicut +Nisus in commentariis fastorum dicit, apud majores quoque nostros haec +appellatio mensis diu manserit, sed post, detritis quibusdam litteris, ex +Junonio Junius dictus sit; nam et aedes Junoni Monetae Cal. Jun. dedicata +est_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. This leaves, I think, little doubt respecting +the true origin of the name. + +29. See Hom. II. iv. 59. According to Hesiod, Th. 454, and the Homeridian +hymn to Venus, v. 22, Hestia (Vesta) was the first-born of Kronus and +Rhea. Ovid evidently followed Homer, without perfectly understanding him. + +31. _Hunc_ (Capitolinum) _antea_ montem Saturnium appellatum prodiderunt, +et ab eo late Saturniam terram. Antiquum oppidum in hoc fuisse Saturniam +scribitur. Ejus vestigia etiam nunc manent tria; quod Saturni fanum in +faucibus: quod Saturnia, porta quam nunc vacant Pandanam: quod post aedem +Saturni in aedificiorum legibus parietes postici muri sunt scripti_. +Varro, L. L. IV. + +32. See I. 233. _A Caesare proximus Caesar_. Ep. ex Pont. II. 8, 37. +_Proximus a domina--sedeto_, A. A. I. 139. _Tu nunc eris alter ab illo_. +Virg. Ec. v. 49. + +34. In the Capitoline temple, Juno and Minerva had chapels on each side +of that of Jupiter. The left-hand one was Juno's. The custom of uniting +these three deities was derived from the Etruscans. See Mythology, p. +453. + +35. _Pellex_, the Pleias Maia, see V. 85. Compare Virg. aen. i. 39. + +37. _Regina_. The Juno Regina of the Romans, was the Queen Kupra of the +Etruscans, whose statue was brought to Rome by Camillus, when Veii was +taken A.U.C. 359. Liv. v. 21. + +39. For the origin of the name Lucina, see on II. 449. For _faciant +mensem luces_, one of the best MSS. reads _faciam pueris lucem_, alluding +to another cause of the name. + +40. This is aukwardly expressed, for she wants to shew that the month was +named from her, and not she from the month. Taubner supposes a hypallage. +It is possible that _nomina_ may be used here in the sense of _fame, +renown_. See III. 66. + +41. _Tum me poeniteat_, then shall I repent. + +42. See IV. 31. Virg. aen i. 26. + +43. See Hom. Il. xx. 232. + +45. See Virg. aen. i. 15. + +47. See Hom. Il. iv. 51. + +49. [Greek: En apasais tais kourias Haera trapezas etheto] (Tatius) +[Greek: Kouritia legomenae, ai kai eis tode chronou keintai]. Dion. Hal. +II. 50.--_Junon. Fal_. See IV. 73. + +55. _Centum_, numerous,--a definite for an indefinite. Compare Virg. aen. +I. 415. iv. 199. + +55. _Quovis_, scil. _altero honore_.--_Honor mensis_ IV. 85. like _honor +coeli, honor templorum_. + +58. _Suburbani_. See on III. 688. Places which were not very remote from +Rome, were called _suburban_. A triumph over the Volscians is (v. 723) +named a suburban triumph. All the following towns were in Latium. + +59. _Nemoral. Aric_. See III. 263. Met. xv. 488. Aricia lay at the foot +of the Alban Mount, on the Appian Way, 13 miles from Rome. + +60. _Pop. Laurens_. Laurentum, near the Tiber, between Rome and the sea, +was said to have been the residence of king Latinus.--_Lanuvium meum_. +This was another town of the Latins, in which there was a grove and +temple of Juno Sospita, common to them and the Romans. Liv. viii. 14. For +_Lanuvium_, most MSS. read _Lavinium_, but this offends the metre. + +61. _Tibur Argeo positum colono_. Hor. Car. II. 6, 5. See on IV. 71. +Tibur, now _Tivoli_, was on the Anien. + +62. _Praenest. deae_, scil. _Fortunae. Fortunae apud Praenesten aedem +pulcherrimam ferunt fuisse_. Schol. Juven. xiv. 90. + +65. Hebe, called by the Romans _Juventas_, advances as the advocate of a +second opinion. _Fulvius Nobilior in Fastis Romulum dicit, postquam +populum in majores minoresque divisit, ut altera armit rempublicam +tueretur, in honorem utriusque partis hunc Maium, sequentem Junium +vocasse_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. For the marriage of Hebe, the daughter of +Jupiter and Juno, with Hercules, see Homer, Od. xi. 604. Hes. Th. 950. + +75. _Origine mensis_. There is the same kind of ambiguity here, and in v. +77, as above, v. 40. It is plainly (see v. 88,) the intention of the poet +to shew that the month derived its name from the _juvenes_, and not from +the goddess Juventas. + +77. _Titulum_, the honour. See IV. 115. + +79. _Nomine_, on account of. + +80. See I. 543, _et seq_. + +83. _Ab annis_, i. e. _ab aetate_. + +90. _Dissimulata_, concealed, hidden, it would have been no longer +visible. + +91, 92. Concordia, the advocate of a third opinion, from _jungo_, is here +introduced in a very timely and appropriate manner. For the reparation of +the temple of Concord by Tiberius, see I. 637.--_Apol. lauro_. See III. +139, The laurel is mentioned on account of the victories of Tiberius.-- +_Placidi_, etc. Concordia, he means, was the inspiring deity of the +peace-loving prince, and concord was his work. + +99. _Ite pares_. As I give not the preference to any, having the fate of +Paris before my eyes. + +101-182. On the Kalends of June was the festival of an ancient Roman +deity, named by our poet and Macrobius, Carna or Carnea; by Tertullian, +Cyprian, and Augustine, Carda or Cardea. _Non-nulli putaverunt, Junium +mensem a Junio Bruto, qui primus Romae consul factus est, nominatum, quod +hoc mense id est Kal. Jun. pulso Tarquinio sacrum Carnae deae in Coelio +monte voti reus fecerit. Hanc deam vitalibus humanis praeesse credunt, ab +ea denique petitur ut jecinora et corda, quaeque sunt intrinsecus viscera +conservet. Et quia, cordis beneficio, cujus dissimulatione Brutus +habebatur, idoneus emendationi publici status exstitit, hanc deam, quae +vitalibus praeest, templo sacravit. Cui pulte fabacia, et larido +sacrificatur, quod his maxime rebus vires corporis roborentur; nam et +Calendae Juniae fabariae vulgo vocantur, quod hoc mense adultae fabae +divinis rebus adhibentur_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. The name is here evidently +derived _a carne_. The Fathers of the Church, on the other hand, as they +join their Cardea or Carda with deities, named Forculus and Limininus, +(from _fores_ and _limen_) deduced her name from _Cardo_, to which origin +Ovid also plainly alludes. + +103, 104. This confirms what I have said above on V. 229, respecting the +Roman origin, and the late date of several legends. Though the personages +in this are Italian, the manners are Grecian.--_Vires_, her power. + +105. _Antiques_. Three of the best MSS. read _antiqui_. They are followed +by Heinsius and Gierig. I think it the better reading. Compare Hom. II. +xi. 166. Virg. aen. xi. 851.--_Tiberino_. See IV. 291. One MS. reads +_Tiberini_, three _Tiberinae Hilernae.--Helerni, Hilerni and Hylerni_, +are various readings. Who or what Helernus was is totally unknown. +Heinsius thinks that the _lucus Helerni_ might have been the same with +the _lucus Asyli_, (II. 67,) but this last was on the Capitoline hill, +and Ovid evidently assigns some place a little way from Rome as the +situation of the former. + +106. _Sacra ferunt_. Both the offerer (Virg. aen. III, 19,) and the priest +(Id. G. III, 446,) are said _sacra ferre_. For _ferunt_, one MS. reads +_canunt_. + +107. _Cranen_. Two MSS. read _Granen_, which has been received into the +text by Heinsius and Gierig. Two have _Gramen_, one _Grangen_.-- +_Priores_, the ancients. See I. 329, IV. 329. + +113. _Dixisset. Si_. is understood. The copyists stumbled at this +ellipse, for four MSS. read _Huic si quis_, one _si dixit_, another _quum +dixit_. There are, however, examples of it. _Dedisses huic animo par +corpus_. Plin. Ep. I. 2, 8. _Dares hanc vim M. Crasso; in foro, crede +mihi, saltaret_, Cic. Off. III. 19. Compare Hor. Sat. I. 3, 15. + +117. _Resistit_, stops. II. 86. + +126. _Occupat amplexu_, embraces, seizes in his arms. See on I. 575. _De +Jano non mihi facile quidquam occurrit, quod ad probrum pertinent; et +forte talis fuit ut innocentius vixerit et a facinoribus et flagitiis +remotius_. Augustinus de Civ. Dei. vii. This tale must have escaped the +knowledge or the memory of the zealous Father. But does not what he here +says of this ancient Italian deity offer a strong confirmation of what +has been already observed respecting the purity of the old Italian +religion? + +129. _Virgam_. Heinsius, without having the authority of any MS. reads +_spinam_. + +130. _Alba_, scil. _spina_. See v. 165. The same power is ascribed to the +[Greek: ramnos], which is the same as the Alba Spina (_whitethorn_), by +Dioscorydes, I. 119. [Greek: Legetai de kai klonas autaes thurais +prostethentas apokrouein tas ton pharmakon kakourgias]. The same is said +of the _aquifolium_ by Pliny. + +131. _Quae_, etc. the Harpies. See Apoll. Rh. Arg. II. 187. Virg. aen. +III. 212. Mythology, pp. 225, 422. + +139. _Est illis_, etc. [Greek: Strix a strizein] _stridere_, the +night-owl, _Strix aluco_ of Linnaeus. _Fabulosum arbitror de strigibus, +ubera eas infantium labris immulgere. Esse in maledictis jam antiquis +strigem convenit; sed quae sit avium constare non arbitror_. Plin. H. N. +xi. 39, 95. A very different account of this bird is given by Isidore, +(Orig. xii. 7.) _Strix nocturna avis, habens nomen de sono vocis; quando +enim elumat stridet. Vulgo Amma dicitur ub amando parvulos, unde et lac +praebere dicitur nascentibus. + +141, 142. Ovid says elsewhere, (Am. I. 8. 13.) _Hanc ego nocturnas vivam +volitare per umbras Suspicor et pluma corpus anile tegi_. And Festus +says, _Striges maleficis mulieribus nomen inditum est, quas volaticas +etiam vacant_, alluding to the same opinion. The belief of the power of +witches to transform themselves into animals, is not yet totally extinct +among the vulgar in our own country. For the power of magic-verses, +_carmina_, see Virg. Ec. viii. 69.--_Nenia_, i. e. _carmen magicum_. Hor. +Epod. 17, 28. The Marsians were famous for their magic skill. The +construction here is _Nen. Mars. fig. anus_. + +143. _Proca_. See IV. 52. + +155. We do not read anywhere else of the Arbutus being used for this +purpose. Perhaps, it was on account of its being ever green like the +laurel. Diogenes Laertius (iv. 7, 10,) tells us, that when Bion was sick, +[Greek: grai doken eumaros trachaelon eis epodaen, ramnon te kai kladon +daphnaes uper thuraen ethaeken]. + +167. Garlic was also thought to be efficacious for this purpose; it was +also good to fasten to each arm of the child an eye taken out of a live +hyaena. Ignorant people always love cruel and barbarous remedies; we have +instances enough among ourselves. + +169. See above on v. 101. + +173. Compare Hor. Epod. 2. 48. Sat. II. 2. 49. + +175. Scil, the Attagen. + +176. The Crane. See Hom. Il. III. 5. + +181 _Sextis Kalendis_, scil. _Junii_, the sixth month. + +183. See I. 638. Liv. vii. 28. + +185. See Liv. v. 47. + +187-190. Compare Juv. Sat. x. 276, _et seq_. Read carefully the admirable +account of this transaction in Niebuhr's Roman History, II. 602. _et +seq_. + +191. See Liv. vii. 23. x. 23. + +192. _Tectae viae_. The commentators confess their inability to explain +this. Donatus conjectures, that it may have been arched over, or have had +porticos along it. Some MSS. read _rectae_, one _dextrae_. The Appian +road began at the Capene gate, and it is uncertain, whether this temple +of Mars was on it, or had a separate road leading to it. + +193. This temple was built A.U.C. 495, by L. Scipio the son of Barbatus, +who conquered Corsica. It was outside of the Capene gate, where a stone +was dug up, bearing the inscription, which may be seen in Reines. Inscr. +vi. 34. p. 410, or in Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. 254. + +196. Aquila rises in the evening. + +197. On the IV. Non. the Hyades rise heliacally, accompanied by rain. + +199. The temple of Bellona vowed by Appius Claudius, in the midst of a +battle, in the Etruscan war, A.U.C. 458, (Liv. x. 19.) was dedicated on +the III. Non. Jun. Pliny, (H. N. xxxv. 2. 3.) says, _App. Claudius posuit +in Bellonae aede majores suos placuitque in excelso spectari et titulos +honorum legi_. Just what one might expect from one of the proud Claudii! + +201. _Duello_ the same as _bello_. _Duellum_ is a word of frequent +occurrence in Livy. + +203. _Pyrrho_, etc. This was A.U.C. 474. Val. Max. viii. 12. _Ad App. +Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset; tamen is quum +sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem et foedus faciendum cum Pyrrho non +dubitavit dicere illa, quae versibus persecutus est Ennius_: Quo vobis +mentes recte quae stare solebant Antehac, dementes sese flexere viai? + +204. "_Captus_ qui uti aliqua re non potest, Liv. ii. 36: _omnibus +membris captus_. xxii. 2: _captus oculis_, ubi vid. Duker," Gierig. +Upwards of Twenty MSS. read _caecus_, two _cassus_, compare Virg. aen. II. +85. + +205. Before the temple of Bellona was a small _area_, or open place, +which reached to the upper part of the Circus Flaminius. In the _area_ +before the temple, stood the celebrated pillar. It was in the temple of +Bellona that the senate gave audience to such foreign ambassadors as they +would not admit into the city, here also they received the generals who +were returned from war. See Livy, _passim. Bellona dicitur dea bellorum; +ante cujus templum erat columella, quae bellica vocabatur, supra quam +hastam jaciebant quum bellum indicebatur_. Festus. _Circus Flaminius_.-- +_Aedes Bellonae versus portam Carmentalem. Ante hanc aedem columna index +belli inferendi_. P. Victor de region, urb. Reg. ix. Livy (I. 32.) +describes the ceremony of throwing the spear. Originally, when the Roman +territory was small, and the hostile states were close at hand, the +Fetial used to cast the spear into the enemy's country; afterwards the +practice of merely casting it over the pillar of Bellona was introduced. +--_Templo_ is the reading of two MSS. of high character, all the rest +read _tergo_. + +209. At the other end of the Circus Flaminius was the temple of Hercules +Custos. Neapolis thinks there were two temples of Hercules in this +Circus, one built by order of the Senate in compliance with the +directions of the Sibyllian verses; the other erected by Fulvius +Nobilior, and repaired by Philippus. See v. 802.--_Eub. car_. See IV. +257.--_Titulos_, scil. the inscription.--_Probavit_. "Censorum proprie +est probare_." Heinsius. [Greek: Apothuon de taes ousias apasaes ho +Sullas to Haeraklei dekataen]. Plut. Sulla, 35. + +213--218. On the Nones was the anniversary of the dedication of the +temple of the ancient Sabine deity, named Sancus, Dius (_Deus_) Fidius +and Semo. Of these names, we may observe, that Sancus is also written +Sangus and Sanctus, which last is manifestly a corruption; that from the +second was formed an ordinary oath of the Romans, _Medius fidius_, +equivalent to _Mehercle_ (The Greeks who rendered _Fidius_ by [Greek: +pistios], made him the same with Hercules); that Semo, which is, perhaps, +a contraction of _Semihomo_, is equivalent to _Indiges_, and, therefore, +corresponds pretty exactly with the [Greek: haeros] of the Greeks, in its +later sense. (Mythology, p. 273). For _Pater Semo_, see on III. 775. Most +MSS. read _Semi_-_pater_, some _Semicaper_, but inscriptions prove the +correctness of the present reading.--_Aelius Gallus Dius Fidius dicebat +Diovis_ (Jovis) _filius, ut Graeci [Greek: Dioskouron] Castorem, et +putabat hunc esse Sanctum ab Sabina lingua, et Herculem ab Graeca_. +Varro, L. L. IV. Saint Augustine, (De Civ. Dei. xviii.) in accordance +with the system which represented the gods of ancient Greece and Italy, +as having been nothing but deified mortals, says, _Sabini regem suum +primum Sancum, seu, ut alii, Sanctum, retulerunt in Deos_. Cato, in his +Origines, says, _Nomen_ (scil. Sabinorum) _esse impositum ex Sabo Divi +Sanci Gentilis filio_. And Silius Italicus (viii. 422,) says, _Ibant et +laeti; pars Sanctum voce canebant Auctorem gentis; pars laudes ore +ferebant, Sabe, tuas; qui de patrio cognomine primus Dixisti populos +magna ditione Sabinos_. The _pater Sabinus_ of Virgil (aen. vii. 178,) +would appear to be the same with Sabus. Before I quit this deity, I must +notice the curious mistake into which Justin Martyr and Tertullian fell, +in consequence of the resemblance between _Semoni_ and _Simoni_. They +gravely assert, that, seduced by his magic arts, the Romans erected a +statue to Simon Magus, and adored him as a god! + +217. I think Ovid intimates very plainly here his belief that the +Sabines, when they settled at Rome, raised a temple on the Quirinal to +their ancient god, Sancus. History, however, makes no mention of it, and +Sancus is not among the deities to whom, according to Varro, L. L. IV. +Tatius erected temples. Dionysius, (iv. 58,) speaking of the treaty made +by Tarquinius Superbus, with the Gabines, says, [Greek: touton esti ton +orkion mnaemeion en Pomae keimenon en hiero Dios Pistiou on Romaioi +Sankton kalousin]; which temple, he tells us (ix. 60,) stood on the +Quirinal ([Greek: epi tou Henualiou lophou,]) was begun by Tarquinius, +and dedicated by the consul, Spurius Postumius, on the Nones of June, +A.U.C. 288. + +219. _Est mihi_, etc. Ovid speaks of his daughter also in his Tristia +(iv. 10, 75,) _Filia me mea bis prima fecunda juventa, Sed non ex uno +conjuge fecit avum_. Her name is not known, but it would appear that she +was married to a senator, for Seneca (de Con. Sap. 17,) says, _In senatu +flentem vidimus Fidum Cornelium, Nasonis generum_. + +225. _Hujus_, scil, _mensis_. It was not lucky to marry in June before +the Ides; all the rest of the month was favourable to matrimony. See II. +557, III. 393. + +227. _Stercus ex aede Vestae XVII. Kal. Jul. defertur in angiportum +medium fere clivi Capitolini, qui locus clauditur porta stercoraria. +Tantae sanctitatis majores nostri esse judicaverunt_. Festus. _Dies qui +vocatur, Quando stercus delatum, fas: ab eo appellatus, quod eo die ex +aede Vestae stercus everritur et per Capitolinum clivum in locum defertur +certum. Varro L. L. V. Ovid, we may observe differs from these writers. +Their testimony is, I think, to be preferred. + +228. _Flav. aq_. Compare Virg, aen. vii. 30. Hor. Car. I. 2. 13. + +229--231. See III. 398.--_Detonsos_. The readings of the MSS. differ +greatly, some have _detonso_, two _detenso_, three _detonsum_, one +_detonsa_, another _dentoso_, two give the present reading. _Detonsi +crines_ does not signify hair that is cut close, but what is merely clipt +at the ends, which we are to suppose was the case with that of the +Flaminia.--_Buxo_. The Roman combs, like some of our own, were made of +box-wood.--_Depectere_. See III. 465. + +232. _Matrimonium Flaminis nisi morte dirimi non jus_. Gellius, N. A. x. +15. _Certe Flaminica non nisi univira est, quae et Flaminis lex est_. +Tertull. Ex. ad Cast. 13. + +234. _Ignea Vesta_, "templum Vestae in quo ignis alitur perpetuus," +Gierig. _Veste nitebit humus_ is the reading of all the MSS. but two, +which have _humo_. The present reading, of the correctness of which no +one can doubt, was formed by Scaliger. + +235. On the VII. Id. Arctophylax or Boötes, sets in the morning.-- +_Lycaona_, Areas, the grandson of Lycaon, II. 153. _et seq_. If this is +not an oversight of the poet, Lycaon is put for Lycaonides, just as it is +supposed, that even Homer uses Hyperion for Hyperionides. See above I. +385. "Ita [Greek: Amphitryon] pro [Greek: Amphitryonidaes], Pindar Nem. +IV. 32. ubi vid. Schol. et Olymp. x. 42. [Greek: Moliones] pro [Greek: +Molionidai] ubi vid. Schmid." Burmann.--_Phoebe_. One would rather have +expected _Phoebus_. He probably meant an allusion to Diana, who had +transformed Callisto. Phoebe seems to be put for _night_. + +237. _Gram. Campi_. Compare Hor. Car III. 7. 26. iv. 1. 39. A. P. 162. + +239. _Piscatorii ludi vocantur, qui quotannis mense Junio trans Tiberim +fieri solent a Praetore urbano pro piscatoribus Tiberinis: quorum quaestus +non in macellum pervenit sed fere in aream Volcani; quod id genus +pisciculorwm vivorum datur ei deo pro animis humanis_. Festus. + +241-248. After the defeat of the Roman army by Hannibal at the Trasimene +lake, in which the consul C. Flaminius was slain, A.U.C. 537, the +Sibylline books were consulted, according to custom, and by their +direction, _Ludi magni_ were vowed to Jupiter, and temples to Venus +Erycina, and to Mars. Liv. xxii. 9. Does not this tend to confirm what I +have observed above (see on IV. 874.) respecting the Phoenician origin of +Venus Erycina? Every one knows the Roman custom of endeavouring to gain +over the deities of their enemies. + +247. _Adspicit_, etc. "Inter illam diem, qua vota soluta sunt, et Idus +interjacent sex luces. Falso Neap. putabat Ovidiam hoc disticho, VI. Id. +exprimere voluisse." Gierig. I think however Neapolis is right, for the +setting of Arctophylax was on the VII. Id. unless we suppose that the +temple of Mens was dedicated on that day, and in that case, where was the +necessity for vv. 247, 248? + +249-460. On the V. Id. were the Vestalia. The poet goes at great length +into this subject. See I. 528. III. 417, _et seq_. 697. _et seq_. IV. +949. + +253. _Non vidi_. Perhaps he means to intimate, that Vesta as the +principle of fire, had no visible anthropomorphic form, like the other +deities. Compare v. 298.--_Valeant_, etc. away with, adieu to. Compare +Hor. Ep. II. 1. 80. Ter. Andr. iv. 2. 13. The Greeks used their [Greek: +chairo], in the same sense.-_Mendacia_, fictions. See Hor. A. P. 151. + +257. _Dena quater_, etc. The temple of Vesta was built by Numa, [Greek: +Autos protos hieron idrusamenos Romaiois Hestias, kai parthenous +apodeixas autae Ouaepolous]. Dionys. II. 65. See also Plut. Num. 9 and +11. Liv. I. 20.--_Palilia_. See on IV. 721. + +258. _Flammae custos_, scil. Vesta, Vell. Paterc. II. 131. The deities +were called the guardians (_custodes_) of the objects over which they +presided. Compare II. 277. + +259. _Meluentius_, etc. Compare Met. I. 322. + +261. _Quae nunc_, etc. Compare I. 199, _et seq_. III. 183, A. A. III. 118. + +263. _Hic locus_, etc. [Greek: Edeimato plaesion tou taes Hestias hierou +taen kaloumenaen Rhaegian oion te basileion oikaema]. Plut. Num. 14. +_Habitabat propter aedem Vestae_. Solin. 2. As Lipsius justly observed, +Ovid confounds the _Regia_ and the _Atrium Vestae_. The Vestals dwelt in +the Atrium. _Virgines quum vi morbi Atrio Vestae coguntur excedere, +matronarum curae custodiaeque mandantur_. Plin. Ep. vii. 19, 2. Correct by +this the note on II. 69. + +264. _Intonsi_. See on II. 30.--_Magna_, scil, for those times. + +265. The temple of Vesta was round, [Greek: hieron enkuklion-- +apomimoumenos to schaema tou sympantos kosmou] Plut. Num. 14. _Rotundam +aedem Vestae Numa consecravit, quod eandem esse terram credebat, eamque +pilae forma esse, ut sui simili templo dea coleretur_. Festus. "Neque +Noster sibi constat; namque hic et vs. 460, Vestam facit _terram_, vs. +291, _vivam flammam_." Gierig. + +267. [Greek: Kai Gaia maeter Hestian de s' oi sophoi Broton kalousin, +haemenaen en aitheri]. Eurip. Frag. 178.--_Et Terra_. Three MSS. read +_quae Terra_. + +268. _Focus_, ignis. + +269. 270. Compare Met. I. 12. + +271-276. These six verses are wanting in all the MSS. but seven, only one +of which is of the first order. In one they come after v. 280. "Videntur +mihi spurii esse, namque l. quo referes vs. 273, _locata?_ Ad terram, vs. +269? At alia subjecta interposita sunt, _volubilitas_ et _angulus_. Non +ita negligenter Ovidius scribit. 2. Sententia inest inepta; cum in medio +mundo sit, non esset in medio, nisi convexa foret. 3. Eadem sententia sed +melius expressa legitur, vs. 279, _et seq_." Gierig. I think he is right, +and that these lines should be rejected.--_Ipsa volubilitas_, etc. The +_orbis rotundus_ is evidently the world, (_mundus_) and not the earth. +_Mundi volubilitas, quae nisi in globosa forma esse non potest_. Cic. N. +D. II. 19. Yet, from the connexion, it is of the volubility of the earth +that the poet speaks, and he would thus appear to inculcate the +Pythagorean or Copernican system, which he surely did not hold.--_Qui_, +etc. it (scil. the earth) has no saliant angles to press the matter +(_partes_) external to it, i. e. the air. + +277. The celebrated sphere of Archimedes, which represented the motions +of the sun, moon, and five planets around the earth. It was enclosed in a +glass-case, hence he says, _aëre clauso_, and it appears from this +passage of Ovid, and from Cicero, Rep. I. 14, and Athen. v. 11, that it +was preserved at Syracuse in their time. See Cic. Tusc. I. 25, Claudian. +Epigr. 68.--_Arce_, is the reading of three MSS. all the rest have +_arte.--Syracosio_. All the MSS. read _Syracusio_, which is repugnant to +the metre. Heinsius corrected it. The Greeks used [Greek: Syrakosios], as +well as [Greek: Syrakousios]. Compare Virg. Ec. vi. 1. + +282. _Tholus_, a dome, round roof. "Tholi forma est [Greek: +ouranoeides]." Neapolis. + +285. [Greek: Reia--Krono teke phaidima tekna, Istiaen, Daemaetra kai +Haeraen chrosopedilon]. Hes. Th. 453. Observe how all the names are +changed into Latin ones! + +288. _Impatiens viri_, unmarried. Compare Met. I. 478. See Mythology, p. +72. Ovid assigns two reasons for her having virgin-priestesses. 1. +Because she was a virgin herself. 2. Because she was the principle of +fire, which produces nothing. Cicero (Leg. II. 12.) gives two more. +_Vestae colendae virgines praesunt, ut advigiletur facilius ad custodiam +ignis, et sentiant mulieres in natura feminarum omnem castitatem pati_. + +299, 300. Vesta a _vi stando_! Well might Gierig say, "mira est haec +etymologia." The Greeks derived [Greek: Hestia] from [Greek: histaemi]. +_Terram nonnulli Vestam esse pronuntiant, quod in mundo stet sola, +caeteris ejus partibus mobilitate perpetua constitutis_. Arnob. adv. Gen. +III. p. 119. [Greek: Menei Hestia en theon oiko monae]. Plat. Phaedrus. + +301. _Quod fovet. Focus a fovendo id est calefaciendo_. Festus--another +equally sound piece of etymology! + +302. _Prim. aed_. the porch or entrance of the house. + +303. _Vestibulum_. "De etymo hujus voculae aliud sentit Nonius, aliud +Varro, hoc Ovidianum nemo. Servius: _Vestibulum ut Varro docet, +etymologiae non habet proprietatem, sed fit pro captu ingenii_." +Neapolis. + +304. _Affamur_, etc. We say O Vesta! who etc. _Vestae nomen a Graecis +est; ea est enim quae ab illis [Greek: Hestia] dicitur. Vis autem ejus ad +aras et focos pertinet. Itaque in ea dea, quae est verum custos +intimarum, omnis et praecatio et sacrificatio extrema, est_. Cic. N. D. +II. 27. [Greek: Tais thusiais oi Hellaenes apo taes protaes te autaes +(Hestias) haerchonto kai es eschataen autaen katepauon]. Cornut. N. D. +28. See the Homeridian hymn to Hestia, or Mythology, p. 73. The reading +of this line is very different in the MSS. some have _Quae famur Vesta_, +others _Quae famur vestra est_, or _Quae f. Vestam_; one _Quaeramus +Vestam_, another _Quaeramur_, another _Dicimus O Vesta_, which Ciofanus +and Neapolis preferred; the present reading is that of three MSS. and +was adopted by Heinsius. + +305. _Ante focos_. before the altars. Compare Virg. aen. vii. 175. + +306. _Mensae credere_, etc. See Hom. Od. vii. 201. + +307, 308. _Nunc quoque_, etc. These verses are parenthetic. He shews, by +instancing one case of its use at the present day, the antiquity of the +custom of sitting at the sacrifical feast.--_Vacunae_. See Hor. Ep. I. +10. 49. _Vacuna ap. Sabinos plurimum colitur. Quidam Dianam, nonnulli +Cererem esse dixerunt, alii Venerem, alii Victoriam, deam vacationis, +quod faciat vacare a curis. Sed Varro primo rer. divin. Minervam dicit, +quod ea maxime hi gaudent qui sapientiae vacant_. Schol. Cruq. _in loc_. + +309. _More vetusto_, scil, of offering to Vesta at the sacrifices to the +other gods. Gierig, I think is wrong, in understanding it of the custom +of sitting before the altars. + +310. _Missos cibos_. Some portion of the sacred food was sent on a clean +plate to the temple of Vesta. Was it from the sacrifices in general, or +only from those to Vacuna? + +311. _Ecce_, etc. It was usual on festivals and holidays, to put garlands +on such animals as had a share in them, or were in any way sacred to the +deity, in whose honour they were held. See I. 663. V. 52. Tibull II. 1. +8. Wernsdorf. Exc. VII. to Grat. Cyneg. in the Poetae Minores, Tom. I. p. +261. At the Vestalia, the mills stopped working, the mill-stones were +wreathed with garlands, and the asses were likewise crowned, and had +bread hung about their necks. See on v. 347. _Vesta coronatis pauper +gaudebat asellis_, says Propertius (iv. l. 21.) speaking of ancient +times. + +313. See II. 525. + +315-316. _Panem primo cinis calidus et fervens testa percoxit; deinde +furni paullatim reperti sunt et alia genera_. Seneca Ep. 90. _Panem +testicium sic facito_.--_Ubi bene subegeris defingito coquitoque sub +testa_. Cato R. R. 74. _Testuatium, quod in testu caldo coquebatur_. +Varro L. L. IV. The poet's description agrees rather with that of Seneca, +and is nearly the common mode of baking cakes at the present day. + +317. This is the true reason, why the millers and bakers kept the +Vestalia. There was no reason, but his inability to resist the +temptation, for telling the following story. + +320. Compare I. 391 _et seq_. + +320. _Quamvis_, etc. "Silenus creditus musca dialium eonviviorum." +Neapolis. + +325. _Nec licet_. "Respicit Tantali fabulam, qui epulis admotus, cum ibi +acta narrasset, poenam sensit." Burmann. + +327. _Vallibus_. Most MSS. read _collibus_. + +329. _Brachia nectit_, scil. in the dance. Compare Hor. Car. II. 12. 17. +In both these places _brachia_ is, I should think, equivalent to manus. +They did not waltz in those days. + +330. Compare Hor. Car. I. 37, 1, III. 18. iv. 1, 27. + +338. See I. 433. + +345, 346. Heinsius, and, after him, Krebs, regarded this distich as an +interpolation. But, if we take away these two verses, the relative to +_quem_ (v. 347,) is _ille_, (v. 344) which, though Krebs asks, "Asinus an +Priapus?" is, beyond question, the latter; unless, with Neapolis, we read +_illa_, and then the antecedent would be the _ille_ of v. 342. I can see +no objection to v. 345; there is a difficulty, and, I should suspect, a +corruption, in the following verse. It would seem from it that, as +Neapolis observes, "hujus (_asini_) exta quotannis oblata arae Vestali," +a practice, of the existence of which we have no other proof, and which +would be at variance with the whole of the poet's narrative, the object +of which is, to give a reason for Vesta's favour to the ass. "An unquam a +Romanis asinus Priapo mactatus sit, dubito; nec umquam Vestae asini exta +oblata sunt." Krebs. The whole difficulty might be removed if we were to +read _jacit_, or some such word, governed of Lampsacos, for _damus_. It +is evident that these verses were in the copy of Ovid's Fasti, used by +Lactantius, for he manifestly (Inst. I. 21,) takes the story from him. +_Lampsaceni asellum Priapo quasi in ultionem mactare consueverunt; cum +enim hic deus Vestae dormienti vim inferre conaretur, asinus intempestivo +clamore eam excitavit. Hinc libido insidiatoris detecta. Apud Romanos +eundem asellum Vestalibus sacris in honorem pudicitiae corservatae +panibus coronant_. + +347. _Diva memor_. See end of preceding note. The zealous Father adds, +_Quid turpius? quid flagitiosius quam si Vesta beneficio asini virgo +est?--De pan. monil_. "Quod attinet ad formam panis--in modum coronas +fuisse existimo. Hae coronae sunt quae Valentinianus et Valens in Lege De +annonis civicis et pane gradili vocant _buccellas_. Soli Siculi hanc +vocem hodie retinent qui materna lingua hujusmodi panes dicunt +_buccellatos_; Castellani vocant _rosquillas_." Neapolis. I imagine these +are nothing more than those cakes or loaves made in the shape of a ring, +which are so commonly to be met with even in France. It is probable that +a number of these were strung together, and hung about the necks of the +mill-asses. Perhaps, as Neapolis observes, this will be illustrated by +the following passage in the Plutus of Aristophanes, [Greek: Kago g' +anadaesai boulomai Euangelia s' en kribanoton ormatho Toiaut +apangeilanta]. + +349. He makes a digression here, as he is on the subject of bread, to +relate the origin of the altar on the Capitol to Jupiter Pistor.--_Nom. +quam pret. celeb_. The altar was small, and of little account. "Jovem +Pistorem nemo novit praeter Nostrum et Lactantium Inst. I. 20, qui sua ex +Ovidio omnia deprompsit." Krebs. + +350. _Dicam Pistoris_. Some MSS. read _Discant_, or _Dicant Pistores_. + +351. For the account of the capture of Rome by the Gauls, A.U.C. 364, see +Liv. v. 32, _et seq_. Plutarch, Camillas, and study Niebuhr's masterly +examination of the whole story. Hom. Hist. II. 528, _et seq_. + +359. Compare Virg. aen. I. 257. + +361. _Suburbanos_. See on III. 668. + +363, 364. So the matter is related by Livy and Florus; according to +Plutarch, they were slain in the Forum.--_aerata atria. "In quibus statuae +aeneae; dispositae." Gierig. I do not recollect to have read anywhere that +the statues of their ancestors in the Atria of the Roman nobles, in the +olden time, were of bronze. In our poets' days, there were even golden +figures in them, but of a different kind. See Lucret. II. 24. _aerata_, +like _aurata_, which is the reading of two MSS. may mean simply adorned +with brass. Lipsius proposed _cerata_; Heinsius _reserata_, which agrees +with the _patentia atria_ of Livy, the _patentes domos_ of Florus, and +the _apertas januas of Val. Max. III. ll7.--_Picta Veste_. The triumphal +robe of purple and gold. + +365. The Eternal Fire, and other sacred things, were conveyed from Rome +to Caere. + +366. _Putant_, etc. It is plain they believe the gods to have some power. +In the editions, prior to that of Gierig, there was a note of +interrogation after _deos_, which gave a wrong sense. + +367. _Qua vos_, etc. The Capitol. _Jupiter, Junoque Regina ac Minerva, +ceterique Dii Deaeque qui Capitolium arcemque incolitis_. Liv. VI. 16. + +375. _Lituo_. The _lituus_ was the staff with a curved top, used by the +augurs, its form has been retained in the bishops' crosier. Compare Virg. +aen. vii. 187. + +377. _Publica cura_. It is a public matter, it concerns us all. He +transfers to the gods the phraseology of the Roman republic. Liv. II, 41. +III. 48. + +381. _Cereris_. Ceres is frequently used for bread. Compare Virg. aen. I. +177. + +383. _Sat. virgo_. Vesta. See on v. 285. + +391. _Ceres_. See on v. 381. + +395. The poet was, or feigns he was, once during the Vestalia, coming +along the street, named the Via Nova, which led into the Forum, when he +saw a lady (_matrona_) coming down it barefoot. An old woman of the +neighbourhood observing his surprise, gave him, as he says, the following +explanation. As Vesta had a temple near the Via Nova, (Liv. v. 32.) it +was probably thither that the lady was going to worship. + +401. Before the Cloacae were constructed, the valleys between the hills of +Rome were little better than marshes, in consequence of the frequent +inundations of the Tiber. _Locus palustris tum fuit_ Lacus Curtius, _in +foro, antequam cloacae sunt factae_. Varro, L. L. IV. + +403. _Curtius Lacus_. For the supposed origin of this name, see Liv. I. +13. vii. 6. It retained its name, like so many places in London, and +other cities, after its nature had been totally changed.--_Siccas aras_, +as the place was now drained. _Forum Romanum. Ara Saturni in lacu +Curtio_. P. Victor, Reg. VIII. Ovid may have meant this altar alone, or +it and others which were in that place. + +405-408. _At qua Velabri regio patet ire solebat Exiguus pulsa per vada +linter aqua_. Tibull. II. 6, 33. _Qua Velabra suo stagnabant flumine, +quaque Nauta per urbanas velificabat aquas_. Propert. iv. 9, 5. +_Aventinum montem maxime puto dictum ab advectu; nam olim paludibus mons +erat ab reliquis disclusus. Itaque eo ex urbe qui advehebantur ratibus +quadrantem solvebant; cujus vestigia, quod ea, qua tum itur, Velabrum, et +unde adscendebant ad Rumam, Nova Via: lucus et sacellum Larum. Velabrum +dicitur a vehendo; velaturam facere etiam nunc dicuntur, qui id mercede +faciunt_. Varro, L. L. IV.--_Pampas_, scil. _Circenses_.--_Cantat_, etc. +In this place, the present tense must be used for the past, as she is +speaking of the state of the Velabrum in former times. + +409, 410. The Tuscan street, in which there stood a statue of Vertumnus, +was here. _In vico Tusco Vortumnus stat deus Etruriae_. Varro, L. L. IV. +_Tuscus ego_ (Vertumnus) _et Tuscis orior_.--_Romanum satis est posse +videre forum. Hac quondam Tiberinus iter faciebat, et aiunt Remorum +auditos per vada pulsa sonos. At postquam ille suis tantum concessit +alumnis, Vertumnus verso dicor ab amne deus_. Propert, iv. 2. For +Vertumnus, see Mythology, p. 474. + +411. _Hic_, in this place i. e. the Via Nova.--_Lucus_, a sacred grove, +as the word scarcely ever occurs in any other sense. It may have been +undergrown with reeds and rushes. + +412. _Pede velato_, with a shod foot--an unusual employment of _velo_. + +415. _Causam_. "Causam positi calcei censet ex antiqua necessitate in eos +annos perdurasse, non ex numinis reverentia: ad quem respexit etiam apud +antiquos nudipedis incessus." Neapolis. The rejected cause is however +much more likely to be the true one. _Etiam_ in this note contains an +allusion to the barefoot processions in Catholic countries. + +417. _Cetera_, etc. All that remains to be told about Vesta, he had heard +when a boy, perhaps been taught at school, and he supposes the case may +have been the same with others. + +419. For this account of the Palladium, see, Apollodorus, III. 12. or +Mythology, p. 437. + +423. _Cura_, etc. From Trist. I. 2. 77. and Ep. ex Pont. II. 10. 21. it +appears that Ovid had at one time travelled for pleasure and information +through Greece, Asia Minor, and Sicily. + +427. _Aetheriam deam_, the [Greek: Diopetes], the heaven-fallen +Palladium. + +432. See v. 15. + +433. _Genus Adrasti_, Diomedes the son of Tydeus by Deipyle, the daughter +of Adrastus, king of Argos. + +434. _Datur_. This is the reading of only one MS. all the rest have +_ferunt_. + +436. The reason why the Palladium was kept in the temple of Vesta. + +437. This conflagration took place in the time of the second Punic war. +L. Caecilius Metellus, a consular, was Pontifex Maximus. See Dion. Hal. +II. 66. Liv. Epit. 19. Val. Max. I. 4, Plin. H. N. vii. 43. + +454. Metellus lost his eyes in the flames. To compensate him, in some +measure, the senate made a decree, allowing him to come to the +senate-house in a chariot, an honour never before bestowed on any one. + +457-460. See on III. 30. + +461. On the day of the Vestalia, A.U.C. 619. D. Junius Brutus acquired +the title of Callaïcus, by a victory over the Callaeci or Gallaeci, the +people of that part of Spain still called Gallicia. + +465. On the same day Crassus was defeated and slain. See V. 580, _et +seq_. + +469-472. On the IV. Id. the Dolphin rises in the evening.--_Viola_, the +garlands of flowers, v. 311, with which the mill-asses were decorated. + +473-562. On the III. Id, as tradition related, the temple of Mater Matuta +was dedicated, and the festival of the Matralia instituted in her honour, +by Servius Tullius. For an account of this goddess, see below on v. 550. + +474. _Equis_. This is the reading of sixteen MSS. three of which are of +the best quality, all the rest read _aquis_, which is the reading of +Heinsius and Gierig, and which, though less picturesque, is more probably +the right one. In favour of _equis_, may be quoted Met. xv. 189, _quumque +albo Lucifer exit Clarus equo_; for _aquis_: _Qualis ab Eois Lucifer +ortus_ (or _exit) aquis_. Ep. ex Pont. II. 5, 50. + +476. _Theb. deae_. Mater Matuta was identified with Ino, the daughter of +Cadmus, made a goddess under the name of Leucothea. Hom. Od. v. 333.-- +_Liba_. See v. 537. + +478. _Area_, etc. The Forum Boarium, in which stood a brazen image of a +bull, which had been brought from Greece. Tacit. An. xii. 24. Plin. H. N. +xxxiv. 2. Livy also (xxxiii. 27.) mentions the temple of Matuta in this +forum. + +480. This temple was repaired by Camillus after the capture of Veii, +A.U.C. 359. Liv. v. 19, Plut. Camill. 5. + +481. See on v. 551. + +484. _Vatis opus_. Two of the best MSS. read _navis iter_, which Heinsius +and Gierig have received; one has _vatis iter_. Ovid, no doubt, +frequently employs this metaphor, (see on IV. 729,) but it does not +please me in this place. + +485. Sec III. 715, 769. Met. III. 313. + +490. See Met. iv. 516. + +491. Compare V. 451. _Animamgue sepulcro Condimus_. Virg. aen. III. 67; on +which Servius says, _Insepultorum animae vagae sunt; rite reddita +legitima sepultura, redit anima ad quietem_. See also Hor. Car. I. 28, +23. + +495. The Isthmus of Corinth. + +498. _In alta_, scil. _maria_. + +499. _Panope_, etc. the Nereïdes. + +501. _Nond, Leuc_. etc. See v. 545. + +502. The Nereïdes conveyed them to the mouth of the Tiber. + +503. _Semelae Stimulae_. The latter, or something like it, was, I have no +doubt, the original name, and its resemblance to Semele, gave occasion to +the change. _Saera Bacchanalia condemnata sunt, quum probatum esset +Senatui, honestissimas feminas ad Stimulae lucum faede adulterari_. +Schol. Juven. II. 3. Augustine also mentions a goddess, Stimula. In Liv. +xxxix. 12, it is _lucus Similae_. Neapolis and Heinsius think that it is +the grove of Fauna Fatua, or the Bona Dea, which Ovid means, as Macrobius +(I. 12,) when speaking of Maia, or the Bona Dea, says, _Boeoti Semelam +credunt, nec non eandem Fauni filiam dicunt. + +507. _Dissim. deam_, by assuming the form of some particular woman.-- +_Saturnia_, Juno. + +508. _Instimulat_, alluding, perhaps, to the _Stimula_ of v. 503. + +509. _Captae_. See on v. 204. + +511. The ancients were very solicitous to keep the knowledge of their +sacred rites from strangers, fearing that their gods might be induced to +withdraw their protection from them. See Mythology, p. 142. + +512. _Pignus_, scil. her child. + +518. _Oetaeus_, proleptically. Hercules burned himself on Mt. Oeta. + +524. _Numen_. Juno. + +526. _Continet_, restrains, prevents her from telling.--_In scelus_, by +attempting to destroy herself and her child. See v. 497. + +528. Compare Virg. aen. iv. 174. + +532-534. The cause of cakes being offered at the Matralia. _Libum, quod +libaretur, ut erat, priusquam esset coctum. Testuatium quod in testu +caldo coquelatur, ut etiam nunc Matralibus id faciunt matronae_. Varro, +L. L. IV. + +537-540. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 47. + +547. _Ut Portunus a portu, sic Neptunus a nando_, Cic. N. D. II. 26. + +549. _Annuerant_. They granted her request.--_Promissa_, i. e. _promissa +est_.--_Fides_, Faithful performance. + +550. _Hic deus, etc. We may now enquire who Mater Matuta and Portunus +were, and how they came to be identified with the Leucothea and Palaemon +of the Greeks. Mater Matuta was worshiped, as we see, at Rome by the +matrons: she was also adored at Satricum, a town of the Volscians (Liv. +vi. 33. vii. 27. xxviii. 2.) perhaps the goddess, whose rich temple near +Caere was, according to Diodorus (xv. 14.), plundered by Dionysius of +Syracuse, was Mater Matuta. From all that we can learn of her, there +appears no reason whatever for regarding her as a marine deity. On the +other hand, Lucretius, (v. 655.) says, _Tempore item certo roseam Matuta +per oras Aetheris Auroram defert et lumina pandit_; and I think those +critics are right who take _Aurora_ in this place, like _aura_, Virg. aen. +vi. 204, for a common substantive, the dawning light, and Matuta for the +goddess who brings it forth, and spreads it over heaven. Matuta would +then exactly correspond with the [Greek: Haeos] of the Greeks. Her name, +also, leads to this conclusion. _Manum dixere clarum, unde etiam mane +post tenebras diei prima pars; inde Matuta quae Graecis Leucothea_. +Nonius. _Matuta significat Auroram. Matutinum tempus inde dici vix +monendum est_. Priscian, II. p. 591. IF Matuta is thus the _Clara Dea_, +how easy was the identification of her with the Leucothea (_White +Goddess_) of the Greeks, at a time when the Romans had lost the true +sense of their ancient religion, and wished to derive all their manners +and institutions from Greece! The worship by the Roman matrons of Mater +Matuta, the dispenser of light, was as natural as that of Juno Lucina; +and it is probable, (see on v. 559,) that originally they prayed to her +for the preservation of their children. A slight resemblance of name, and +a similarity of office, may also have produced the identification of +Palaemon and Portunus or Portumnus. I need hardly repeat that the old +Italian religion did not recognise the marriages and births of deities, +or the deification of mortals. Before I quit this subject, I will attempt +to elucidate a passage of Milton's Paradise Lost. In B. xi. v. 133, we +read, "Meanwhile, To resalute the world with sacred light Leucothea +wakes." As Eos is never called by this name, I was long of opinion that +this was a slip of the poet's memory; but I now think that he may have +derived it from the passage of Nonius quoted above, or have deduced it +from those verses of Lucretius. + +551. He here gives a trifling explanation of the custom of not admitting +female slaves into the temple of Matuta. Plutarch however tells us, (Q. +R. 16.) that one was always brought in and well cuffed by the matrons. As +according to the same writer, the same kind of exclusion was practised at +the temple of Leucothea in Chaeronea, the custom may have come from +Greece to Rome. + +559. Plutarch (Q. R. 17.) asks [Greek: Dia ti pura tae theo tautae tois +men idiois teknois houk euchontai t' agatha, tois de ton adelphon]; He +gives the same reason with Ovid. I rather think they _did_ originally +pray for their own children, but a change was made when Matuta became +Leucothea. + +563. On the day of the Matralia, A.U.C. 664, in the Marsian or Social +war, the consul P. Rutilius Lupus fell in battle. Tradition, it would +seem, related that the voice of the goddess Matuta had predicted to him +his fate. + +565. _Flumen Toleni_, like _amnis Eridani, amnis Cocyti_. The Tolenus, +now the _Turano_, flows from the Marsian into the Sabine country, and +enters the Velinus near Reate. + +566. _Purpureum_. This is the reading of all the MSS. but one, which has +_purpureo_, the reading of all the editions since that of Heinsius, who +introduced it into the text. Krebs, has, I think, shewn his taste, by +bringing back _purpureum_, and joining it with the verb, and not with +_flumen_. The verse thus strikingly reminds one of these lines of Milton: +"While smooth Adonis from his native rock _Ran purple_ to the sea, +supposed with blood Of Thammuz yearly wounded." + +567. According to Appian, T. Didius was one of the Praetors in the +Marsian war, but we have no account of his death. We learn from the +epitome of Livy 75, and from Velleius, that Porcius was slain the +following year, and the Fasti inform us, that he was consul for that +year. Burmann would therefore read _Porcius_, but there is no necessity +for a change. Ovid had access to authorities which are lost to us, and +none that we have contradict him.--_Pallantide_. Pallantis, like +Pallantias is a name of Aurora, See IV. 373. + +569-636. On the same day with the temple of Mater Matuta; by the same +person (Servius Tullius); in the same place (the Forum Boarium) the +temple of Fortune was dedicated. Servius raised two temples to this +goddess, viz. that of which Ovid now speaks, and another on the banks of +the Tiber. The former, as it would appear to Bona or Virgo Fortuna, the +latter to Fors Fortuna, or Fortuna Virilis. Dionys. IV. 27. See below on +v, 776. + +570. _Auctor est M. Varro factam a Tanaquile togam regiam undulatam in +aede Fortunae, qua, Servius Tullius fuerat usus.--Servii praetextae, +quibus signum Fortunae ab eo dicatae coopertum erat, duravere ad Sejani +exitum_. Plin. H. N. viii. 48. 74. Varro himself, (de Vit. Pop. Rom. +_apud_ Nonium) says, evidently speaking of this statue, _Et a quibusdam +dicitur esse Virginis Fortunae, ab eo quod duabus undulatis togis est +opertum, proinde ut tum reges nostri undulatas et praetextatas togas +soliti sunt habere_. Varro, therefore, regarded the covered statue as +that of the goddess. Ovid asserts that it was Servius. This statue was of +gilt wood. + +575. This amour of Fortuna with Servius Tullius, is also noticed by +Plutarch de Fort. Rom. 10. Qu. Rom. 26. It is one of the many adaptations +of Grecian ideas to Roman story. + +577, 578. Plutarch (de Fort. Rom. 10) says, [Greek: oste kai suneinai +dokein auto taen Tychaen dia tinos thuridos katabainousa eis to domation, +ho nun phenestellan pulaen kalousi]. I have not met with any thing more +respecting the Porta Fenestellae. Onuph. Panvinius (De Rep. Rom. p. 60.) +thinks it was a gate of the Palatium not of the city. Some MSS. read +_Fenestratae_, others _Fenestrile_, _Fenestrale_, _Fenestralis_, etc. + +581. A second reason for the statue being covered. + +585. A third cause. See Liv. I. 46, 47. For the history of Servius +Tullius, and a critical examination of it, see Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. 358-- +365, 373--377. + +590. _Pia vita_, scil. _erga Servium_. + +593. _Caput_, scil, _parentis_. How much superior here, as in the +Regifugium, is the historian to the poet! + +609. _Sceleratus_. [Greek: Ootos o stenopos, Olbios kaloumenos proteron, +ex ekeinou tou deinou kai musarou pathous Asebaes hypo Romaion kaleitai]. +Dionys. iv. 39. In Livy, it is called the _Virbius Clivus_; by Solinus, +the _Clivus Olbius_; and Festus mentions the _Vicus Orbius_. Were it not +for these Latin testimonies, one might almost suspect that Dionysius +meant to intimate that it was at first called the _Vicus Felix_. + +612. _Sub. imag. Tul_. which represented Tullius. + +619. _Ore_, etc. "_Pudor_ intel, quo tenebantur Romani propter Servium +impie et nefarie interfectum, qui retinebat eos, ne os ejus revelarent. +Si revelassent, patuisset pudorem illum ab iis esse positum." Gierig. The +address to the _matronae_, in the following line, would lead me rather to +think that the meaning is: Female modesty (with an allusion to Tullia,) +will begin to be departed from at Rome, the day that the face of Tullius +is uncovered. + +624. _Rex septimus_. That is reckoning Titus Tatius. Several MSS. read +_sextus in_. + +625. This is also related by Dionysius, (iv. 40,) and by Valerius Maximus +(I. 8. 11). + +627. Dionysius (iv. 2.) relates this legend also, and says, that he had +found it in several of the Roman histories. See Liv. I. 39. + +629. _Peractis_. Two MSS. of the first order read _paratis_, which +Heinsius and Gierig have received, Of the common reading, Heinsius says, +"Quomodo peracta sacra si vinum foco post affunderetur?" and Gierig, +"Vulgo _peractis_ quod ferri non potest." In its defence, Krebs says, +"Hostia mactata in epulis sacris iterum libabatur." + +630. _Ornatum focum_. The sacred hearth or altar was adorned and dressed, +preparatory to a sacrifice. + +633. _Loco fovet_. The old reading was _foco sedet_. Burmann gave the +present one from six MSS. "Locus pars illa dici solet, quae feminae sexum +indicat." Gierig. + +636. _Contigit_, he (Vulcan) touched. See Liv. I, 39, Compare Virg. aen. +II. 682. + +637. See I. 639.--_Dedicat_. "_Dedicantur_ non modo templa, sed Dii +quoque, qui inter deos recipiuntur, positis in eorum honore templis, aut, +quibus jam receptis nova tantum appellatione nova aedes instituitur. V. +Mitscherl ad Hor. I. Od. 31. I." Gierig. + +640. Vedius Pollio, a man of great luxury, left, by will, to Augustus, +his house, which covered a great extent of ground. Augustus, under +pretext of its being too large, threw it down, and built the Porticus +Liviae on its site. + +641, Compare Sall. Cat. I2. + +643. _Sub crim. reg_. Alluding perhaps to the case of Valerius Poplicola, +(Liv. II. 7.) or of Sp. Cassius, or M. Manlius. + +650. On the Ides of June a temple had been dedicated to Jupiter, and the +Lesser Quinquatrus were celebrated.--_Invicto_. As no temple of Jupiter +Invictus is spoken of by any ancient writer, Neapolis properly considered +_invicto_ here to be an _epithet_, and not a _cognomen_. He therefore, +following an ancient MS. printed it as a common adjective. Heinsius and +Burmann did the same. Gierig and Krebs print it as an epithet. + +651. For the Quinquatrus Majores see III. 809. Of these Varro, L. L. V. +says, _Quinquatrus minusculae dictae Juniae Eidus ab similititdine +majorum, quod tibicines tum feriati per urbem vagantur et conveniunt ad +aedem Minervae_. The notice in Festus is to the same effect. See also +below on v. 657. + +653-692. This story is told also in the same way by Plutarch, Quaest. +Rom. 55. and somewhat differently by Livy ix. 30. and by Valer. Max. II. +5. + +654. _Stola_, This is the reading of six MSS. all the rest have _toga_, +but it is manifest from Plutarch, that the present is the right reading, +for he says of the musicians, [Greek: en esthaesin anthinais kai +gynaikeiais ontes]. + +656. _Possem utinam_. One MS. reads _pace velim_, which is the reading +given by Heinsius and Gierig. + +657. _Musica nisi grata esset diis, profecto ludi scenici placandor. +deor. causa instituti non essent, nec tibicen omnibus supplicationibus in +sacris aedibus adhiberetur, nec cum tibicine triumphus ageretur; non +Apolline cithara, non Musis tibiae ceteraque id genus essent attributa; +non tibicinibus, per quos numina placantur esset permissum aut ludos +publice facere, aut vesci in Capitolio, aut Quinquat. minusc. id est +Eidibus Juniis urbem vestitu, quo velint, personatis temulentisque +pervagari_. Censorinus de Die Natali, 12. + +661, 662. The labour was sweetened by the reward, i.e. the honour of +eating in the temple of Jupiter, but (so _que_ must be understood,) a +time came which broke the work of Grecian art, i. e. pipe-music, as the +invention of the pipe was ascribed (see v. 697) to the Grecian goddess +Pallas Athena.--_Graiae_. This is the reading of four of the best MSS. +and of some others. The rest have _gratae_, which I should prefer, if I +were sure that Ovid knew that the _cithara_ was the ancient and national +instrument of Greece, in opposition to the _tibia_ of Asia and Italy. The +_time_ of which the poet speaks here, was according to Livy, A.U.C. 442, +when they were prohibited by the censors Ap. Claudius and C. Plautius, +from eating in the Capitoline temple. + +663. _aedilis_. It is uncertain who this aedile was. Pighius conjectures +Ap. Claudius who he says was Curule aedile, A.U.C. 440. In the xii. Tables +(A.U.C. 305.) was the following law respecting funerals, _Tria si volet +ricinia et vincula purpurae at decem tibicines adhibito. Hoc plus ne +facito_. It would appear that this law which had fallen into neglect, was +put in force by the aedile, of whom the poet speaks. + +665. _Exilium_ was not _banishment_; it was, to use the words of Niebuhr, +"nothing but the act, whereby a man renounced the freedom of his own +city, by taking up his municipal franchise--in a city which had a sworn +treaty of isopolity with Rome." See on IV. 791. I am not however sure +that Ovid uses it here in its proper sense. See on v. 685. + +666. Compare Ep. ex Pont. I. 3. 81. + +669. _Servierat_, He was a freedman. According to Livy it was the +government of Tibur who had recourse to the following stratagem, when +envoys had been sent to them from Rome. + +671. _Dapes_, probably a sacrifice. See on IV. 745. + +671. _Auctor vindictae_, your patron or former master. The _vindicta_ +used here for _liberty_, was the rod which the lictor laid on the head of +the slave who was about to be manumitted. + +680. _Sirpea lata_. Several MSS. read _scirpea_ "Lego _sirpea lata fuit. +Sirpare_ veteribus pro colligare, Graecis [Greek: plekein]. Ergo +_sirpea_, colligatum, [Greek: to plegma]. Tegiticula igitur quaedam e +vimine contexta circa plaustrum erat, sudibus munita ut expanderetur ne +aliquid decideret." Neapolis. _Quae jumenta ducunt sirpea_ (Al. +_scirpea_), quae virgis sirpatur_ (scirpatur), _id est colligando +implicatur, in qua stercus aliudve quid evehitur_. Varro, L. L. IV. The +same writer makes the difference between a _plaustrum_ and a _scirpea, +tragula, vehiculum_ or _arcerra_, as it was variously called, to consist +in this, that the former was open, the latter closed. Plutarch, on this +occasion, calls them [Greek: amaxas derrhesi kuklo perikaluptomenas]. The +simple meaning is, they were sent in covered carts to Rome. + +685. _Plaudits_. This is the conjecture of Pighius; almost all the MSS. +read _Callidus_, two of the best give _Claudius_, as a various reading, +some have _cautius_. There must be a proper name, and, if we are to +follow Livy, it can be no other than Plautius. This is confirmed by a +medal of the Plautian family (Eckhel, Vol. v.) bearing on one side a +female mask, with the inscription _L. Plautius_: on the other, a winged +Aurora driving four horses, with _Plancus_ inscribed. This medal +evidently commemorates the act and the time of day. Ovid, perhaps, +followed a peculiar version of the story, and it would not in the least +surprise me, if in it the musicians had been ordered by the senate to +quit Rome, and go to Tibur, for, if this trick had been played by the +desire of the senate, why seek thus to deceive them? If the musicians had +not been ordered to leave Rome, what is the meaning of vv. 689, 690? In +this case, Ovid will have used _exilium_, v. 665, in its later sense of +banishment to a certain place, He was himself _relegated_ to Tomi, and, +in his Tristia, he frequently calls himself an _exul_. + +687. _Tibicina_, a sing. for a plural. + +696. _Haec turba_, the _tibicines_. For the following story of Marsyas, +see Met. vi. 383. Mythology, pp. 95, 123. + +711. On the XVII. Kal. Jul. the Hyades rise acronychally.--_Dodoni +Thyene_. Some MSS. read _Dodoni Dione_, and Dione was worshiped at Dodona +(Mythology, p. 105.); but Pherecydes says that the seven Hyades who +nursed Bacchus, were also called Dodonides, and Thyene is, in him, one of +them. See Hygin. Astr. Il. 21. + +712. _Agen. bov_. See on III. 658. IV. 717. + +713. _Purg. Vestae_. Sec v. 227. + +715. On the XVI. Kal. Favonius begins to blow. + +717. On the same day (XVI. Kal.) the upper part of Orion rises +acronychally. How Neapolis blunders here! "Eadem luce cum Sole Orion +simul emergit; nec est cur ambigas an agat de ortu cosmico." + +718. None of the commentators makes any remark on this line, which is not +devoid of difficulty. Is _stella serena_ the sun, which, when in the +horizon, is on the verge of the two hemispheres? Is it Orion, of which +Hyginus (Astr. III. 33.) says, _Orionem a zona et reliquo corpore +aequinoctialis circulus dividit_? Or, finally, is _stella_ for _stellae_, +as IV. 390? But what then is meant by _geminos polos_? After this line +most MSS. insert III. vv. 401, 402. + +719. _Prol. Hyr_. See V. 493, _et seq_. + +720. The following night (XV. Kal.) the Dolphin rises.--_Continua_. See +V. 734. + +721. A.U.C. 323, the dictator, A. Postumius Tubertus, triumphed after his +defeat of the Volscians and Aequians, on the Algidus. For the importance +of this victory, see Niebuhr, (II. 449--452.) who, referring to this +place of Ovid, says, that it was gained A. D. XIII. Kal. Quinctil. or +18th June, the day of Collin and Waterloo. + +723. _Suburb. triump_. As the Algidus was between Tusculum and the Alban +Mount. See on III. 667. + +725. On the XIII. Kal. Jul. the sun enters Cancer. Columella (R. R. xi. +2.49.) gives the same day. A temple was dedicated on this day to Minerva +on the Aventine. + +729. On the XII. Kal. Jul. in the time of Pyrrhus, a temple was dedicated +to a god named Summanus. Pyrrhus entered Italy A.U.C. 473.--_Nurus_. +Aurora, who was married to his son, Tithonus. + +731. _Summano_. The poet, we may observe, is not certain who this god is. +The following passages may help to remove the doubt: _Pluto qui etiam +Summanus dicitur, quasi Summus Manium_. Mart. Capella, II. p. 40. _Pluto +Summanus_, appears in Inscriptions. _Romani fulmina diurna attribuunt +Jovi, nocturna Summano_. Plin. H. N. II. 52. _Quum Summanus in fastigio +Jovis Opt. Max.--e coelo ictus esset_. Cic. Div. I. 10. P. Victor (Reg. +XI.) places in the Circus Maximus the _Aedes Ditis patris_, and a +fragment of an old Calendar has on this day _Summan. ad. Circ. Max_. +Varro, (L. L. IV.) joins Summanus with Vulcan, and says, that Tatius +built a temple to him. It is thus, I think, tolerably certain, that this +god was the same with Dis and Orcus, and with the Hades or Pluto of the +Greeks. See Mythology, p. 468. + +733-762. On the evening of the same day, Ophiuchus rises.--_Patriis_, +Galatea was one of the Nereïdes. + +733. _Juvenis_, Aesculapius.--_Avitis_, of his grandfather Jupiter. + +736. As being Ophiuchus, i.e. the Serpent-holder. + +737. See the Hippolytus of Euripides. Mythology, p. 356. + +746. _Coronides_. Aesculapius, the son of Coronis. + +750. See Hygin. Ast. II. 14. Mythology, pp. 385, 411. + +751, 752. Heinsius, I think justly, suspected these lines. + +755. Sec III. 203. Virg. aen. vii. 774. + +757. _Clymenus_, Pluto. Thus Lasus (_ap_. Athen. x.) [Greek Daemaetra +melpo, Korante Klumenoio alochon]. + +762. _Quod vetat_, seil, to raise the dead. + +763-768. On the IX. Kal. Jul. A.U.C. 537, the consul, C. Flaminius, in +opposition to the auspices, gave battle to Hannibal at the Trasimene +lake.--_Vincere_. To fight and to conquer were with Germanicus the same, +according to the poet. + +769. On the VIII. Kal. Jul. A.U.C. 551, Syphax was overcome by the Roman +and Masinissa. Liv. xxx. 3-13. + +770. _Hasdrubal_. It is uncertain what Hasdrubal is meant. Perhaps he +who was overcome and slain at the Metaurus, A.U.C. 547. Liv. xxvii. 49. + +771. _Tacitis annis_. Compare I. 65. + +773. _Honores_, the festival. + +776-784. The same day was the anniversary of the dedication of the temple +of Fors Fortuna. _Dies Fortis Fortunae appellatus ab Servio Tullio rege, +quod is fanum Fortis Fortunae secundum Tiberim extra urbem Romam +dedicavit Junio mense_. Varro, L. L. V. There was another temple of this +goddess in the same place, built A.U.C. 459. _Carvilius consul de reliquo +aere aedem Fortis Fortunae de manubiis faciendam locavit prope aedem ejus +dece ab rege Serv. Tullio dedicatam_. Liv. x. 46 Fors Fortuna is +evidently the same with the Fortuna Virilis of IV. 145, and this last +name appears to have originated in a mistake, for the true name of the +goddess is Fors, not Fortis, Fortuna. _Fors Fortuna, in quo incerti casus +significantur magis_. Cic. Leg. II. 11. 28. _Aliud Fortuna est, aliud +Fors Fortuna; nam Fors Fortuna est cujus diem festum colunt qui sine arte +aliqua vivunt: hujus aedes trans Tiberim est_. Donat. Ter. Phorm. v. 6. +1. Dionysius (iv. 27.) and Plutarch (De Fort. Rom.) render it in Greek, +[Greek: Tuchae andreia], or [Greek: ischura] or [Greek: aristeutikae]. +Ovid in this place agrees with them, but Cicero could hardly, I think, +have made a mistake. + +776. _In Tib. rip_. It is disputed on which side of the river the temple +was. Donatus (see preceding note,) places it on the further side. +"Templum sitiun in Transtiberina regione vel ex eo patet quod Naso +subdit, vel ponte vel navicula illud adeundum." Neapolis. But, with this +critic's leave, Ovid says no such thing, he merely says that they might +go by land or by water, and, if the temple was the other side of the +river, "transmisissent flumen non _decurrissent_," as Gierig justly +observes. + +781. Compare on v. 627. + +784. _Templa propinqua_. Did Ovid ascribe the foundation of the two +adjoining temples to Servius? + +785. _Suburb. aede_, i. e. of Fors Fortuna. + +787. As this was the VIII. Kal. the belt of Orion rose heliacally on the +VI. Kal. [Greek: Maeni to auto ke] (xxv.) [Greek: Orion eoos archetai +anatellein eisi de tropai therinai]. Aëtius. + +790. _Eadem die_, i. e. the VI. Kal. Pliny (xviii. 28.) says on the VIII. +Kal. Columella (R. R. xi. 2.) _VIII. et VII. et VI. Kal. Jul. Solstitium, +Favonius et calor_. Perhaps, as Neapolis says, he was here only giving +the various statements of the _Parapegmata_. + +791. On the V. Kal. the temple of the Lares in the Forum, (P. Victor, +Reg. VIII.) and that of Jupiter Stator, vowed by Romulus, (Liv. I. 12.) +were dedicated. + +792. _Hic_, etc. "In ejus vicinia taberna coronariae cujusdam doctae +fuisse videtur." Krebs. + +795. IV. Kal. Jul. was the dedication of the temple built to Romulus, +under the name of Quirinus, on the Quirinal hill. See II. 511. It was +repaired and dedicated anew by Augustus. + +796. _Trabeae_. Compare I. 37, II. 503. _Trab. Quir. tuae_. is equivalent +to _tibi trabeate Quirine_! It is a harsh mode of expression. + +797. _Tempus_, etc. is equivalent to: This is the last day of June. + +799. A.U.C. 575, M. Fulvius Nobilior built a temple to Hercules in the +Flaminian Circus, in which he placed the statues of the Muses which he +had brought from Ambracia. Plin. xxxv. 30. Eumenius, in Or. pro rest. +Sch. c. 7, says, that Fulvius had learned in Greece that Hercules was +Musagetes, or leader of the Muses. Heyne (Opusc. Acad. II. p. 305.) +doubts greatly of this, and I have met with nothing to confirm it. This +temple was repaired A.U.C. 767, by Marcius Philippus, the uncle by +marriage (v. 809.) of Augustus. Suet. Aug. 29. + +802. _Marcia casta_. She was married to Fabius Maximus, with whose family +Ovid (Ep. ex Pont. III. l. 75.) appears to have been connected by +marriage. + +803. _Sacrifico_. Ancus Marcius, _qui longe antiquissimum ratus sacra +publica, ut ab Numa instituta erant, facere_. Liv. 1. 32. + +808. _Laudamus_, etc. Witness the following epithets of their goddesses, +used by the Greek poets, [Greek: eukomos, leukolenos, kallisthuros, +kalae]. + +812. _Lyram_. This is the reading of five MSS. the rest have _lyra. +Increp. lyr_. is simply, struck the lyre. _Threïciam digitis increpuisse +lyram_. Her. III. 3. 18. See Hor. Car. iv. 15. 1, for the meaning of the +other form. + + ... In five of the best MSS. of this poem, the following four verses +are found. They look like the commencement of a seventh book. See +Introduction, §. 5. + + _Si novus a Jani sacris numerabitur annus, + Quintilis falso nomine dictus erit. + Si facis, ut fuerant, primus a Marte Kalendas, + Tempora constabunt ordine ducta suo_. + + + +INDEX RERUM ET VERBORUM NOTATU DIGNIORUM. + + +Acastus ii, 40. +Acca iv, 854. +Achates iii, 603. +Achelous ii, 43. v, 343. +Achilles v, 407. +Acis iv, 468. +Acragas iv, 475. +Actiacae frondes i, 711. +Actorides ii, 39. +addere manus in vincula iii, 306. +Adrastus vi, 433. +advena, Nilus v, 268. Tibris ii, 68. +adulterare faciem i, 373. +Aeacides v, 390. +Aediles Plebis v, 287. +Aegaeum iv. 565. +Aegeus ii, 41. +Aemoniae aquae ii, 40. puer v, 400. +Aeneadae i, 717. +Aeneas i, 527. ii, 543. iii, 545, 601. iv, 37, 879. +Aeolius career ii, 456. +Aequi vi, 721. +Aequicoli iii, 93. +aequinoctium in, 878. +Aethra v, 171. +Aetna iv, 491. +Africanus, i, 593. +Aganippe v, 7. +agatne i, 322. +Agenorius bos vi, 712. +Agnalia i, 325. +agonia i, 331. +Agrippa iv, 49. +Alba iv, 43. +Alba Longa ii, 499. +Albani iii, 89. +Albula ii, 389. +Alcides i, 575. +ales, cristatus i, 455. lucis praenuntius ii, 767. Palladis ii, 89. +Algida terra vi, 722. +Almo ii, 601. iv, 337. +Alpinus hostis vi, 358. +Amalthea v, 115. +Amata iv, 879. +Amenanus iv, 467. +Amores gemini iv, 1. +Ampelos iii, 409. +Amphiaraïdes ii, 43. +Amphitrite v, 731. +Amulius iii, 49, 67. iv, 53. +Anapus iv, 469. +Anchises iv, 35. +Ancile iii, 377. +Ancus vi, 803. +Anguis ii, 243. +Anna Perenna iii, 146, 523, 654. +annales i, 7. +annua jura i, 38. ii, 851. +anser i, 454. +Antenor iv, 75. +Aoniae, aquae iii, 456. humus i, 490. +Aphidna v, 708. +apicatus iii, 397. +Appius Caecus vi, 203. +Aprilis iv, 89. +aqua, calida i, 270. Mercurii v, 673. Palaestina ii, 464. + Virginea i, 464. Aemoniae ii, 40. Aoniae iii, 456. + Calabra v, 162. Corsae vi, 194. Deucalionis iv, 794. + Eoae vi. 474. Tuscae i, 500. Aquarius ii, 457. +Aquila v. 732. Romana v, 586. +ara, Jovis Pistoris vi, 350. Maxima i, 581. Pacis i, 709. + virginea iv, 731. +Arabes iv, 569. +arbiter, armorum iii. 73. pacis et armorum v, 665. +arbutca frons vi, 155. +Arcadia i, 469. +arcana aedes iii, 143. +Arctophylax ii, 190. +Arctos ii, 189, duae iii. 107. +Ardea ii. 721. +Arethusa iv, 423. +Argei iii, 791. +Argestes v, 161. +Argos v, 651. vi, 47. +Ariadnes corona iii, 459. +Aricina vallis iii, 263. +Aricini iii, 91. +Aries iii, 867. +Arion ii, 83. +Aristaeus i, 363. +arma, civica i, 22, coelestia iii, 259. professa ii, 198. +ars, Graia vi, 662. Jani i, 268. meri v, 338. Phoebea iii, 827. + Romana iii, 103. Syracosia vi. 277. +Ascraeae oves vi, 14. +asinus, coronatus vi, 311. Priapo mactatus i, 391. +Assaracus iv, 34, 943. +Asylum ii, 67. +Athamas vi, 489, 555. +Atlas ii, 490. v, 83. +Attalus iv, 266. +Attica iv, 502. +Attis iv, 223. v, 227. +Aventinus iv, 51. +aves iv, 814. mactatae i, 449. Palatinae v, 152. +avis fulva v, 732. Ionica vi, 175. Pygmaeo sanguine gaudens vi, 176. +augurium i, 180, 611. +Augusta i, 536. +augusta, quae sancta i, 609. +Augusti i, 531. +Aurora i, 461. +Ausonia iv, 290. +Ausonii iv, 266. +auspicium i, 168. +axis iii, 106. aligeriv,562 + +Bacchae Latiae vi, 507. +Bacchus i, 393. iii, 461, 481, 713, 736, 767. v, 345. +Battus iii, 570. +Bellona vi, 201. +benigna praeda, v, 174. +Berecynthia iv, 355. tibia iv, 181. +bonae aves i, 513. Dea v, 148 fama iv, 156. verba i, 72. +Bootes iii, 405. +Boreas v, 203. +boves, Erytheïdes i, 543. Iberae vi, 519. Ortygiae v, 692. +Bovillae iii, 667. +Briareus iii, 805. +Brutus ii, 717. vi, 461. + +Cacus i, 550. +Cadmeïs vi, 553. +Cadmus i, 490. +caducae preces i, 182. +Caducifer iv, 605. +Caenina ii, 135. +caerula caeli ii, 487. +Caesar, Augustus i, 590. iv, 670. Germanicus i, 3, 285, + Julius iii, 156, 702. iv, 379. +Calabrae aquae v, 162. +Callaïcus vi, 461. +Calliopea v, 80. +Callisto ii, 156. +Calpetus iv, 46. +Camere in, 582. +Camerina iv, 477. +Camillus vi, 184. +Camoena iv, 245. +Cancer i, 313. +canis, Erigoneïus v, 723. Icarius iv, 939. Niseï iv, 500. + Rubigini mactatus iv, 936. Triviae i, 389. +Capella Olenia v, 113. +capitale ingenium iii, 839. +Capitolium i, 453. ii, 667. vi, 73. +Caprea palus ii, 491. +Capta Minerva iii, 837. +Capys iv, 34, 45. +Carmenta i, 467. +Carna vi, 101. +carpenta i, 619. +Carseoli iv, 683. +Carthago vi, 45. +Carystus iv, 282. +Castor v, 709. +Cecropidae iii, 81. +Celaenae iv, 363. +Celaeno iv, 173. +Celer iv, 837. +Celeus iv, 508. +censura v, 70, vi, 647. +Centaurus v, 405. +cerae i, 591. +Cercalia iv, 619. dona i, 683, herbae iv, 911. +Ceres i, 704. iii, 666. iv, 401, 494, 619, 645. solida vi, 381. +cerva Dianae mactata i, 387. +cessata arva iv, 617. +Chalybeïa niassa iv, 405. +Chaos i, 103. +Charistia ii, 617. +Charites v, 219. +Charybdis iv, 499. +Chiron v, 379, 413. +Chloris v, 195. +Cinyras v, 277. +Circe iv, 70. +Circus Maximus ii, 392. +claudere iii, 384. +Claudia iv. 305. +Claudius iv, 874. +Claviger, Deus i, 228. Heros i, 544. +Clausus iv, 305, +Clio v, 54. +Clotho vi, 757. +Clusius i, 130. +Clymenus vi. 757. +coelum iii, 831. +coelum et numina sumere vi. 537. +Colchos iii, 870. +Collatinus ii, 733. +colics septem i, 515. +Concordia i, 639. ii, 631. iii, 881. vi, 91. +consilium iii, 276. +Consul ii, 853. +Census iii, 199. +conventus ii, 669. +Corinthns iv, 501. +Corona Gnossis iii, 459. querna i, 614. +Coronides vi, 746. +Coronis i, 291. +Corvinus i, 602. +Corvus ii, 243. +Corybantes iv, 210. +Cosyra iii, 567. +Crassi v, 583. +Crassus vi, 465. +Crater ii, 244. +Crathis iii, 581. +Cremera ii, 205. +Creta iii, 81. +Creticus i, 594. +Crocos v, 227. +Cumaea anus iv, 158. +cunctando Res restituta ii, 242. +Cures ii, 135. iii, 94, 201. +Curetes iv, 210. +curia ii, 530. iii, 140. iv, 635. v, 63. +Curio ii, 527. +Curius v, 131. +custos, armenti ii, 277. flammae vi, 258, hortorum i, 415. + ruris i, 391. Ursae ii, 153. +Cyane iv, 469. +Cybele iv, 191, 249. +Cyclades iv, 281. +Cyclopes iv, 288, 473. +Cyllene ii, 276, v, 87. +Cynosura iii, 107. +Cynthia ii, 91, 159. +Cynthius iii, 346. +Cythera iv, 286. +Cythereïus mensis iv. 195. +Cytheriaca myrtus iv, 15. + +Dardania, domus, vi, 42. dux ii, 680. pimis i, 519. +Dardanus iv, 31. +Daunus iv, 76. +Dea, aetheria vi, 427. Arcadia i, 462. bellica iii, 814. + Bona v, 148. docta vi, 656. dubia vi, 784. flava iv, 424. + florum iv, 945. fornacalis vi, 314. gemellipara, v, 542. + Maenalis i, 634. Magna iv, 194. muta ii, 583. Parrhasia i, 618. + Praenestina vi, 62. rustica iv, 744. taedifera iii, 786. + Thebana vi. 476. turrigera iv. 224. +Deae, cothurnatae v, 348. Palaestinae iv, 236. +December iii, 58. +Decemviri ii, 54, iv, 384. +Dei, cultores Lycaei i, 395. generis ii, 631. Iliaci i, 528. + Ledaei i, 706. ruris i, 382. Delia v, 537. +delibare artes i, 169. +Dolphin ii, 79. +Deorum Mater iv. 263. +detecti ii, 301. +detonsae frondes iii. 237. +Deus, aequoreus v, 512. bellicus ii, 478. caeruleus iii. 874. + celer i, 386. Clarius i, 20. claviger i, 228. Delphicus iii, 856. + falcifer i, 234. fatidicus ii, 262. fortis iii, 850. + Hellespontiacus i, 440. Maenalius iv, 650. nitidus iii, 44. + pecoris ii, 271. semicaper iv, 752. +Diana i, 387. ii. 155. iii, 81. vi, 745. +Diania turba v, 141. +Dictaei greges v, 118. +Dictynna vi, 755. +Didius vi, 568. +Dido iii, 545. +Didyme iv, 475. +dies ater i, 58. comitialis i, 53. fastus i, 48. + ferales ii, 34. intercisus i, 50. nefastus i, 47. + nundinalis i, 54. parentales ii, 548. sementiva i, 658. +Dindymus iv, 234. +Dione ii, 461. v, 309. +Dis iv, 449. +Dodonis vi, 711. +dominus ii, 142. +donaria iii, 335. +Doris iv, 678. +draconigena urbs, iii. 865. +Drusus i, 12, 597. +duo semina rerum iv, 788. +Dux, Neritius iv, 69. perpetuus iv, 408. sacratus ii, 60. + Tuscus iv. 884. + +ebur i, 882. +Eetion iv, 280. +Egeria iii, 154, 275. +Electra iv, 31. vi, 42. +elegi ii, 3, 125. +Eleusin iv, 507. +Elissa iii, 553. +emeriti cursus iii. 43. equi iv, 68. +Eos iii, 887. +Epeüs iii, 825. +equi, aetherei iv, 674. alati iii, 416. Aricino nemore ablegati + iii, 266. caerulei iv. 446. lunares v, 16. matutini v, 160. + nivei iv, 374. purpurei ii, 74. rosei iv, 714. ventosi iv, 392. +Equiria ii, 859. iii, 519. +equus, flavus v, 380. fuscus ii, 314. Gorgoneus iii, 450. + legitimus iii, 130. Medusaeus v, 8, Soli mactatus i, 385. +Erato iv, 195. +Erechthea domus v, 204. +Erichthonius iv, 33. +Eryx iv, 478, 874. +Esquiliae iii, 246. vi, 601. +Evander i, 471. +Euboicum carmen iv, 257. +expositus iii, 54, 600. iv, 563, 783. + +Fabii ii, 196, 375. +Falisci i, 84. iii, 89, 843. iv, 74. vi, 49. +fallere, furta iii, 22. nomen ii, 837. +falsus, adulter ii, 808. caedes ii, 497. +famen, deponere vi, 530. exsolvere iv, 534. +Fasces i, 81. +Fasti i, 11. +Faunus iii, 291. agrestis ii, 193. bicornis ii, 268. cornipes + ii, 361. Lycaeus ii, 424. piniger in, 84. semicaper v, 101. +Faustulus iii, 56. iv, 854. +februa ii, 19. iv, 726. +fecunda dextra, ii, 427. +fenum iii, 115. +felix campus v, 197. +Fenestella vi, 578. +Feralia ii, 569. +feriae, indictivae i, 659. stativae i, 660. +fibrae ii, 681. vi, 161. +fictile fulmen i, 202. +fila iii, 462. vi, 757. croc ii, 342. +Flamen ii, 21. Dialis ii, 282. Quirinalis iv, 910. +Flaminica ii, 27. vi, 226. +Flaminius vi, 765. +Flora v, 195. +flos vini v, 270. +focus vi, 301. +fora i, 264. iv, 188, duo i, 258. +forda bos iv. 630. +Fornax ii, 525. +Fortuna vi, 569. Fors vi, 773. publica iv, 376. virilis iv. 145. +fortunati iii, 540. v, 198. +forum i, 302. Augustum v. 552. Boarium i, 582. magnum iii. 704. +fulmineum os ii, 232. +Furius i, 641. + +Gabii ii, 690. +Galatea vi, 733. +Galli iv, 361. vi, 351. +Gallus iv, 364. +Ganges iii, 729. +Ganymedes vi, 43. +Gelas iv, 470. +Gemini v, 694. +Genii iii, 58. +Genius ii, 545. v, 145. +gens, Fabia ii, 240. Herculea ii, 237. +gentiles ii, 198. +Gigantes iii, 439. v, 35. +Glaucus vi, 750. +gloriafuco perfusa i, 303. +Gradivus ii, 861. iii, 169, 677. +Graecia Major iv, 64. +Grane vi, 107. +gravis iii, 23. +Gyges iv, 593. + +Hadriacum iv, 501. +Haemus i, 390. +Halcyone iv, 173, +Halesus iv, 73. +Hamadryades ii, 155. +Hasdrubal vi, 770. +hasta, belli praenuntia vi, 207, recurva ii, 560. +Hastati iii, 128. +Hebe vi, 65. +Hebrus iii, 737. +Hecate i, 141. +Hector v, 385. +Helernus vi, 105. +Heliades vi, 717. +Helice iii, 108. +Helicon iv, 193. +Helle iii, 857. +Hellespontus iv, 567. +Helorus iv, 477. +Henna iv, 422. +Hercules i, 543. Custos vi, 209. +Hernici iii, 90. +Heros, claviger i, 544. Cythereïus iii, 611. Nonacrius v, 97. + Pallantius v, 647. Tirynthius ii, 349. +herous pes ii, 126. +Hesperia i, 498. +Hetrusci i, 641. +Himera iv, 475. +Hippocrene v, 7. +Hippolytus iii, 265. v, 309. +hirundo, ignota i, 157. veris praenuntia ii, 853, +honeste procumbere ii, 833. +honoratus i, 52. +Honos v, 23, 66. +Horae v, 217. +hostia i, 336. +Hyades v, 164. +Hyas v, 170. +Hymenaeus ii, 561. +Hyperion i, 385. +Hyperionis v, 159. +Hypsipylaea tellus iii, 82 +Hyrieus v, 499. + +Janalis virga vi, 165. +Jani i, 257. +Janiculum i, 246. +Janus i, 64. 127. iii, 881. vi, 119. +Iarba iii, 552. +Iason i, 491. +Icarium iv, 283. +Icarus iv, 284. +Ida Cretaea v, 115. Phrygia iv, 79, 249. +Idaeus, judex vi, 44. Parens iv, 182. puer ii, 145. +Idas v, 701. +Idus i, 56. +jejunia ponere iv, 535. solvere iv, 607. +Ilia ii, 383. iii. 11. iv, 54. +Iliaci, foci iii, 142. ignes iii, 29. opes iv, 250. Vesta vi, 227. + urbs vi, 422. +Iliadae fratres iii, 62. +Iliades iv, 23. v. 565. +Inachia, bos iii, 658. littus v, 656. +Inachis i, 454. +inane ii, 41. vulgus 554. +Indi depoxi iii, 465. +indictae dapes iv, 354. +Indus iii, 720. +inermis iii, 716. +ingeniosus ager iv, 604. +inhonesta vulnera ii, 211. +Ino ii; 628. iii, 859. vi, 485. +intonsi avi ii, 30. +Ionium iv, 566. +Isauricus i, 593. +Ismarus iii, 410. +Itys iv, 482. +judex Trojanus iv, 121. +Iuleï, avi iv, 124. nobilitas v. 564. +Julia i, 536. +Julia domus iv, 40. +Iulus iv, 39. +Junius v, 78. vi, 26. 96. +Juno v, 231. Lucina iii, 255. Moneta vi, 183. Sospita ii, 56. +Junonale tempus vi, 63. +Junonius mensis, vi. 61. +Jupiter v, 231. Capitolinus vi, 186. Elicius iii, 328. + Pistor vi, 350. Stator vi, 793. Stygius v, 448. Tarpcius vi, 34. + Tonans ii, 69. Victor iv, 621. +Justitia i, 249. +Juturna ii, 585. +Juturnae lacus i, 708. ii. 603. + +Kalendae i, 55. + +lacrymatae cortice myrrhae i, 339. +lactens, ficus ii, 263. porca ii, 656. sata i, 351. viscera vi, 137. +lacus, Aricinus vi, 756. Curtius vi, 403. Juturnae i, 708. + Trasimenus vi, 765. +Ladon ii, 274. +Laenas v, 330. +Laestrygoues iv, 69. +Lampsacos vi, 345. +Lanuvium vi, 60. +Laomedon vi, 430. +Lara ii, 599. +Larda vi, 169. +Larentalia iii, 57. +Larentia iii, 55. +Lares ii, 616. incincti ii, 634. Praestites v, 129. +Latinus ii, 544. iv. 43. +Latium i, 238. iii, 85. +Latoria v, 543. +Lavinia iii, 629. +Lausus iv, 54. +Learchas vi, 490. +Lemures v, 483. +Lemuria v, 421. +Leo i, 655. +Leontini iv, 467. +Lernae Echidna v, 405. +Lesbos iv, 281. +Leucadius modus v. 630. +Leucippus v, 702. +Leucothee vi, 501. +liba iii, 734. +libamina iii, 733. +Liber iii, 465, 777. +Libera iii, 512. +libera toga iii, 771. +Libertas iv, 624. +Libra iv, 386. +Libyca fera v, 178. fretum iii, 568. +Libys iv, 570. +licia iii, 267. cantata ii, 575. +Lilybaeum iv, 479. +limus iii, 759. +litigiosus ii, 660. +Livia i, 649. +Livia porticus vi, 639. +locuples v, 281. +lolium i, 691. +Lotis i, 416. +lotos iv, 190. +Luceres iii, 132. +Lucina ii, 449. iii, 255. vi, 39. +Lucretia ii, 741. +lucus Asyli ii, 67. Helerni vi, 105. +Luna iii, 883. +Lupercal ii, 381. +Luperci ii, 31, 267. cinctuti v, 101. +lustrati ii, 38. +lustrum ii, 183. iii, 120, 165. +Lycaonis ii, 173. +Lycaeum i, 395. +Lycurgus iii, 722. +Lynceus v, 711. +Lyra i, 316. Lesbis ii, 82. + +Maena ii, 578. +Maenades, Threïciae iv, 458. Ausoniae vi, 504. +Maenalis, Diva i, 634. ora iii, 84. +Maeenalos v, 89. +Maeonides ii, 120. +Maeonis ii, 310. +Magnus Pompeius i, 603. +Maia iv, 174. +Majestas v, 25. +Mains v, 73. +Mamurius in, 383. +Manes ii, 535. 842. +maniplaris in, 118. +manipli in, 117. +Manlius vi, 185. +Marcia vi, 802. +mares oleae iv, 741. +Mars iii, 2, 171. v, 229. Ultor v, 577. bis ultus v, 595. +Marsa nenia vi, 142. +Martia, avis iii, 37. campus ii, 860. proles in, 59. +Masinissa vi, 769. +Mater Phrygia ii, 55. +Matralia vi, 475. +Matuta vi, 479. +Mauri vi, 244. +Maximus Fabius i, 606. ii, 241. +Medusa iii, 451. +Megalesia iv, 357. +Megarea iv, 741. +mel inventum iii, 744. +Melas iv, 476. +Melicerta vi, 494. +Melite iii, 567. +Memnonis iv, 714. +Mens vi, 241. +Mercurius v, 663. +Meroe iv, 570. +Merope iv, 175. +Metanira iv, 539. +Metellus iv, 348. vi, 444. +Motus v, 29. +Mezentius iv, 881. +militia ii, 9. iii, 244. +Miluus iii, 794. +Minerva iii, 5, 176, 681, 809. v, 231. vi, 652. Capta iii, 837. + invita iii, 823. +monstra Tyrrhena iii, 723. +mos sacrorum v, 728. +movere i, 19, 268. iii, 11, 113. iv, 212, 373, 386, 820, 939. +Mulciber i, 554. vi, 626. +murex, Gaetulus ii, 319. Tyrius ii, 107. +Mutinensia arma iv, 627. +Mycenae iii, 83. +Mystae iv, 536. + +Narcissus v, 225. +nascentia temporal, 167. +Nasica iv, 347. +Neritius dux iv, 69. +Nestor iii, 533. +Nilus v, 268. +Nisaeï canes iv, 500. +nobilitas, adoptiva iv, 22. Iulea v, 564. +nomen loco majus iii, 187. +Nomentum iv, 905. +Nonacris ii, 275. +Nonae i, 57. +Nox i, 455. +noxae deditus i, 359. +Numa Pompilius i, 43. 3. 152. +Numantinus i, 596. +numerus crescens iii, 125. +Numicius in, 647. +Numidicus i, 595. +Numitor iv, 53. +Nymphae, Cretides iii, 444. Nysiades iii, 769. Sagaritis iv, + 229. Tiberinides ii, 597. + +obsessum solum iv, 646. +Oceanus v, 21. 81. +Ocresia vi, 627. +Oebalidae v, 705. +Oebalides matres iii, 230. +Oebalius Tatius i, 260. +Oenides iv, 76. +Oetaeus vi, 519. +Olenia arva v. 251. Capella v, 113. +olivifera arva iii, 151. +olor ii, 110. +Olympus i, 307. +onus, dulce ii, 760. humanum iv, 554. novum ii, 114. Urbis + ii, 197. uteri ii, 452. +opes iii, 56. aritiquae ii, 302. ruris iv, 928. +Ophiuchus vi, 735. +Ops vi, 285. +opus i, 564. luteum i, 158. urbis vi, 641. +orbes iii, 127. +Orion iv, 388. v, 493. +Orionis Zona vi, 787. +Ortygiae boves v, 692. +Ortygie iv, 471. +Ossa i, 307. +Othryades ii, 665. + +pacales flammae i, 719. +Pachyrios iv, 479. +Padus iv, 571. +Paean iv, 263. +Pagasaei, colles v, 401. Iason i, 491. +Palaemon vi, 501. +Pales iv, 640, 776. +Palilia iv, 721. +Palilis flamma iv, 798. +Palladium vi, 421. +Pallantias iv, 373. +Pallantis vi, 567. +Pallas i, 521. +Pallas: _vide_ Minerva. +Pan ii, 271. +Panes i, 397. +Pangaea iii, 739. +Panope vi, 499, +Pantagie iv, 471. +Parcae iii, 802. +pares centum iii, 127. +Parrhasia i, 478. +Parrhasides stellae iv, 577. +Parthi v, 580. +partiti carcere equi iv, 680. +pastoralis juventus ii, 365, +pastoria sacra iv, 723. +pater, hominum ii, 132. orbis ii, 130. patriae ii, 127. +Patres v, 71. +Patulcius i, 129. +Paxi, 704, 712. +pecunia v, 281. +Pegasus iii, 450. +Pelasgi ii, 281. +Peleus ii, 39. v, 408. +Peligni iii, 95, 685. +Pelion v, 311. +Pelorus iv, 479. +Pentheus iii, 721. +peragere, humum iv, 693. preces v, 680. sonos iii, 26. +Pergama i, 525. vi, 100. +Persephone iv, 452. +Persis i, 385. +Phaedra vi, 737. +Pharia juvenca, v, 619. +Phasis li, 42. +Philippi iii, 707. +Philippus vi, 801. +Phillyrides v, 383. +Phineus vi, 131. +Phocus ii, 39. +Phoebe ii, 163. +Phoebe et soror v, 699. +Phoebus vi, 707. +Pholoe ii, 273. +Phrygia iv, 265. +Phryxea, ovis iii, 852. soror iv. 278. +Phryxus iii, 858. +piamina ii, 19. +Picus iii, 291. +Pierides vi, 798. +Pilani iii, 129. +pinea, taeda ii, 558. texta i, 506. +Piraeus iv, 563. +Pisces ii, 458. +pius, lente iii, 208. stulte iv, 555. +Plautius vi, 685. +Pleiades iv, 169. v, 84. +Pleïone v. 83. +Poenus iii, 148. +poll iii, 106. +Pollux v, 710. +Polyhymnia v, 9. +pontes vi, 477. +Pontificale caput iii, 706. honos iii, 420. sacrum i, 462. +porrigere i, 646. +Porrima i, 633. +porta, Capena iv, 345. Carmentis ii, 201. Collina iv, 871. +Portunus vi, 547. +Posthumius v, 330. +Posthumus iv, 41, Tubertus vi, 724. +Postverta i, 633. +praeceps tempus ii, 400. +praeceptor arandi vi, 13. +Praenestina Dea vi, 62. +pretium i, 217. +Priamides vi, 15. +Priamus vi, 431. +Priapus i, 415. +Principes iii, 129. +principia, i, 178. +probare vi, 212, +Proca iv., 52. vi, 143. +Proculus Julius ii, 499. +procurare iii, 343, +Progne et soror ii, 629. 855. +Propontis v, 257. +prosecta vi, 163. +Proteus i, 367. +publica facta iii. 248. +Publicii v, 288. +Publicium iter v, 294. +Pudor v, 29. +Punica poma iv. 608. +purus, ager iii, 582. arbor ii, 25. dies ii, 558. +purgamina ii, 35. +purpura i, 81. +Pygmalion iii, 574. +Pyrrhus vi, 203, 732. +Pythagoras Samius iii 353. + +quatuor notae v, 727. +Quinctilii ii, 378. +Quinquatria iii, 810 miriora vi, 651. +Quintilis iii, 149. +Quirinus ii, 475, iv, 46 Martigena i, 199 trabeatus i, 37. +Quirites ii, 479. iii 277. iv. 855. stra minei v, 631. + +Ramnes iii, 132. +Regis fuga ii, 685. v. 728. +Remulus iv, 49. +Remuria v, 479. +Remus ii, 372. iii, 70. iv. 56, 817, 841. v, 457. +repostor templorum ii 63. +Reverentia v, 23. +Rex, nemorensis iii, 271. sacrificulus i, 333. +Rhea iv, 201. +Rhenus i, 286, +Rhodanus iv, 571, +Rhodope iii, 739. +Rhoeteum iv, 279. +rhombus ii, 575. +rogi suburbani ii, 550. +Romulus i, 29. iii, 97, vi, 84. +Rubigo iv, 907. +Rumina ficus ii, 412. +Rutilius vi, 563. +Rutuli iv. 883. + +Sabini i, 273. vi, 213. +Sacer mons iv, 664. +Sagaritis iv, 229. +Salii iii, 387. +Salus Romana iii, 882. +Samos vi, 48. +Sancus Fidius Semo vi, 213. +Sapaei i, 389. +Sardona regna iv, 289. +Saturnia i, 237. +Saturnus i, 233. iv, 197. +Satyri i, 397. +scamna vi, 305. +Sceleratus vicus vi, 609. +scena testificata iv, 326. +scirpea simulacra v, 622. +Scorpios iii, 712. v, 541. +scortea i, 629. +Scythae iii, 719. iv, 82. +secessio, elementorum i, 107. plebis i, 643. iii, 664. +Semele iii, 715. vi, 503. +Senatus v, 64. +senex aequoreus i, 372. +septa i, 53. +Servius Tullius vi, 480, 571, 581, 620, 783. +Sibylla iii, 534. iv, 875. +sicca terra iv, 570. +Sidonii iii, 108. +Sidonis iii, 649. v, 610. +Sigeum iv, 279. +signa i, 2. iii, 44, 109. 650. iv, 7. v, 8, 130. +signum Minervae vi, 421. +Silenus i, 399. +Sisyphus iv, 175. +Sithones iii, 719. +Smintheus vi, 425. +Solymus iv, 79. +Somnus iv, 653. +Sparte iii, 83. +spatia iii, 126. +spica Cilissa i, 76. +spina alba vi, 129, 165. +Sterope iv, 172. +Stimula vi, 503. +stips i, 189. +strix vi, 139. +Stultorum festa ii, 513. +Stymphalus ii, 273. +Styx ii, 536. iii, 322, 802. +subitae ferae ii, 286. +suffragia ferre v, 633. +Sulla vi, 212. +Sulmo iv, 80. +Summanus vi, 731. +Sunion iv, 563. +Sylvia iii, 45. +Sylvius iv, 42. +Symaethus iv, 472. +Syphax vi, 769. +Syracuse iv, 873. +Syri ii, 474. +Syrtes iv, 499. + +Tacita ii, 572. +Taenaria vallis iv, 612. +Tanaquil vi, 629. +tangere v, 74. +Tantalidae fratres ii, 627. +Tantalides v, 307. +Tarpeia i, 261. +Tarpeiae arces i, 79. +Tarquinius, Sextus ii, 691. Superbus ii, 687. vi, 600. +Tartara iii, 620. iv, 605. +Tatius i, 262. +Tauromenos iv, 475. +Taurus v, 603. +Taygete iv, 174. +Tegeaea, domus i, 545. parens i, 627. sacerdos vi, 531. +Telegonus iii, 92. iv, 71. +Temesaea aera, v, 441. +Tempestas vi, l93. +Tenedos iv, 280. +Terenti vada i, 501. +Tereus ii, 296, 856. +Terminus ii, 50, 641. +Tethys ii, 191. v, 22, 81. +Thalia v, 54. +Thapsos iv, 477. +Themis iii, 658. +Therapnaeus sanguis v, 223. +Theseus iii, 473. vi, 737. +Thestiades v, 305. +Thrace v, 257. +thura i, 341. +Thyades vi, 514. +Thyene vi, 711. +Thyreatis terra ii, 663. +Thyrsus iii, 764. +Tiberini, ludi vi, 237. ostia iv, 329. +Tiberinus ii, 389. iv, 47, 291. +tibia vi, 659. +tibicen vi, 653. +Tibrisi, 242. +Tibur iv, 71. vi, 666. +tiro iii, 787. +Titan 5, 617. +Titanes iii, 797. +Titania iv, 943. +Tithonus i, 461. +Titienses iii, 131. +Titus i, 260. +Tmolus ii, 313. +Tolenum vi, 565. +Tonans ii, 69. +Torquatus i, 601. +trabea ii, 503. vi, 796. +Trasimena littora vi, 765. +tria, corpora i, 105. verba i, 47. +tribuni iii, 663. +Trieterica i, 394. +Trinacris iv, 420. +Triptolemus iv, 550. +triste saxum iv, 504. +Tritonia vi, 655. +Trivia i, 141, 389. +triumphalis vi, 364. +Troezen vi, 739. +Troja i, 523. iv, 251. v, 389. +Tros iv, 33. +Tubilustria v, 725. +Tullia vi, 587. +Turnus iv, 879. +Tuscus, amnis i, 233. duellum vi, 201. +Tychius iii, 824. +Tydeus i, 491. +Tyndaridae fratres v, 700. +Typhoeus i, 573. iv, 491. +Typhon ii, 461. +Tyrii iii, 555. +Tyrius, murex ii, 107. paratus iii, 627. puella v, 605. +Tyros iii, 631. + +Vacuna vi, 307. +Vacunales foci vi, 308. +vegrandia farra iii, 445. +Veientia arva ii, 195. +Vejovis templum iii, 430. +Velabra vi, 405. +Venus iv, 27, 36. 119, 875. +vesca iii, 446. +Vesta iii, 417, 426, 698, vi, 249, 267, 291, 299, 436. +Vestalis iii, Il. humo defossa vi, 458. +vestes intactae i, 79. +vestibulum vi, 304. +vetustas correcta i, 675. +via, Nova vi, 396. Tecta vi, 192. +victae artes iii, 101. nix ii, 220. +victima i, 335. +Vinalia iv, 863. +Vindemitor iii, 407. +vindicta vi, 676. +Virbius vi, 756. +vitta iii, 30, iv, 134. +vivax, cespes iv, 397, pater ii, 625. +vivus pumex ii, 315. +Ulixes vi, 433. +Volsci vi, 721. +volucres mellificae v, 271. +Uranie v, 55. +urbs draconigena iii, 865. +urere i, 689. iii, 503, 831. +Urion v, 535. +Vulcanus v, 725. vi, 627. +vulpes combustae iv, 681. + +Zancle iv, 499. +Zephyrus v, 201. + + + +FINIS. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, FASTI *** + +This file should be named 7fsti10.txt or 7fsti10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 7fsti11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 7fsti10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Fasti + +Author: Ovid et al + +Release Date: August, 2005 [EBook #8738] +[This file was first posted on August 6, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO Latin-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, FASTI *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Tapio Riikonen, Marc D'Hooghe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +PUBLII OVIDII NASONIS FASTORUM + +LIBRI VI. + + +OVID'S FASTI; + +NOTES AND AN INTRODUCTION, + +BY + +THOMAS KEIGHTLEY, + +Author of The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy, History of Greece, +History of Rome, etc. + + + +Sex ego Fastorum scripsi, totidemque libellos; +Cumque suo finem mense volumen habet. + OVID. TRIST. II. 549. + + + + +PREFACE + + +No one, I should think, who has even done nothing more than look into +Ovid's Fasti, will refuse his assent to the following words of Hercules +Ciofanus, one of the earliest editors of this poem: _Ex omnibus_, says +he, _veterum poetarum monumentis nullum hodierno die exstat opus, quod, +aut eruditione aut rebus quae ad Romanam antiquitatem cognoscendam +pertineant, hos Ovidii Fastorum libros antecellat_. In effect we have +here ancient Roman history, religion, mythology, manners and customs, and +moreover much Grecian mythology, and that portion of the ancient +astronomy which regards the rising and setting of the different +constellations. These altogether form a wide field of knowledge; and in +my opinion there is not, in the whole compass of classical literature, a +work better calculated to be put into the hands of students. + +Accordingly the Fasti are read at some of our great public schools and at +several of the private ones, and I have lately had the gratification of +seeing this very edition adopted at one of the most eminent of the great +schools. The name of the master of that school, did I feel myself at +liberty to mention it, would be a warrant for the goodness, at least the +relative goodness, of the present edition. + +At the same time I will candidly confess that the work falls far short of +my own ideas of perfection in this department of literature. Circumstances, +which it is needless to mention, caused it to be executed in a very hurried +manner and without the necessary apparatus of books. It was in fact +undertaken, written, and printed in little more than two months. This is +mentioned in explanation of, not in excuse for, its defects--for no such +excuse should be admitted. + +The text is that of Krebs, the latest German editor; from which however I +have occasionally departed, especially in the punctuation. In the notes +will be found the most important various readings of the fifty-eight MSS. +of this poem which have been collated. I have also adopted the Calendar +of Krebs' edition, as being on the whole the best, and as its copiousness +enables it to supply the place of arguments to the several books. + +In the Introduction I have given such matter as the student should be +acquainted with previous to commencing the poem. The study of it will, I +trust, be found to be of advantage. My plan in writing the notes was, to +be as concise as was compatible with a full elucidation of the meaning of +the author. While therefore no difficult passage is left without at least +an attempt at explaining it, I have avoided swelling out my notes with +mythic or historic notices and narrations which may be found in the +Classical Dictionary. I suppose, for example, the student to know, or to +be able easily to discover, who Hercules and Romulus were, and where +Mount Haemus lies. Perhaps it would have been better if the notes on the +first two or three books had been more copious; those on the three last +are, I believe, sufficiently so. + +Many references will be found to Niebuhr's History of Rome, and to my own +Mythology of Greece and Italy. For those to the former work I may perhaps +be entitled to thanks, as leading the attention to the noble discoveries +of the Bacon of history, as he is justly styled by Dr. Arnold. This last +eminent scholar is himself engaged on a History of Rome, of which apart +has appeared, and which promises to form a permanent portion of our +historic literature. In my own epitome of the Roman history sufficient +information on the portions of it alluded to will be found by those who +have not access to the work of Niebuhr. For the accuracy and fidelity of +the translation of Niebuhr's history by my friends Hare and Thirlwall, I +can pledge myself without any reservation. It may be useful here to add, +that the dates in the following notes are those of the Varronian +chronology, and not the Catonian as in my History of Rome. + +With respect to my Mythology, I may boldly say it is the only work on the +subject in our language. Even the first edition (which is the one +referred to in the notes) received the approbation of the most competent +judges, and the second has been so much enlarged and improved as to form +in reality a new work. At the same time, I do not enjoin the study of it: +the references were merely intended for the use of those who desire +something more than the ordinary superficial acquaintance with mythology. + +The _errata_, or typographical errors, are more numerous than they should +have been; but a complete list of them will be found on the page opposite +the commencement of the poem. There are, however, two or three errors of +a graver kind, which I may here rectify. + +The reader will observe perhaps with surprise how completely I mistook +the sense of Lib. II. vv. 619, 620; though it is so obvious. The passage +might possibly bear the sense which I have given it; but it surely is not +what the poet meant. I was led into the error by v. 566. My interpretation +certainly gives the more poetical sense, and it is curious enough that I +have since met with the very same idea in one of the plays of our old +dramatist Ford: + +"These holy rites perform'd, now take your times To spend the remnant of +the day in feasts. Such fit repasts are pleasing to the saints Who are +your guests, though not with mortal eyes To be beheld." + +In the note on Lib. III. v. 845, the remark on _furta_ is trifling; for +that word is equivalent to _fures_, as _servitia_ is to _servi, operae_ to +_operarii_, etc., such being one of the peculiarities of the Latin +language. The time of the death of the Fabii is given incorrectly in the +note on Lib. II. v. 195: it should be "the Quinctilis of the year 277." +There is, I believe, no other error of any importance. Should another +edition be called for at any future time, I shall endeavour to make it +more complete, + +T. K. + +_Tunbridge Wells_, Aug. 30, 1839. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +§ 1. OF THE RISING AND SETTING OF THE STARS--§ 2. OF THE ROMAN YEAR +--§ 3. OF THE ROMAN MONTHS AND DAYS--§ 4. OF THE ROMAN FASTI--§ 5. OF +OVID'S POEM ON THE FASTI--§ 6. OF THE EDITIONS OF THIS POEM. + + +§ 1. + +_Of the Rising and Setting of the Stars_. + +The attention of a people who, like the ancient Greeks, dwelt in a region +where, during a great part of the year, the night might be passed in the +open air, and no mists or clouds obscured the heaven, must have been +early drawn to those luminous points which are scattered over it in such +profusion. They must have early learned to distinguish various clusters +of them, and thence to give them appropriate names. Accordingly, in the +most ancient portion of Grecian literature, the Homeric and Hesiodic +poems, we find various groupes of the stars designated by peculiar names. +Such are Orion, the Hyades, the Pleiades, the Bear or Wain, the Dog and +the Ploughman or Bear-ward (Boötes or Arcturus). The case was the same in +the East; we meet in the book of Job (c. ix. 9.) names for the Pleiades, +Hyades and Orion, and (xxvi. 14.) the constellation named the Great +Serpent. The people of ancient Italy appear to have done the same: the +Latin name of the Pleiades was _Vergiliae_, that of the Hyades _Suculae_, +the seven stars, which form the constellation of the Great Bear, were +named by them the _Septem Triones_, or Seven Oxen; for, as they go round +and round the pole without ever setting, the analogy between them and the +oxen, which trod out the corn by going round and round the _area_, or +threshing-floor, was an obvious one. Doubtless, the brilliant constellation +Orion, had a peculiar Latin name, which has not come down to us; of the +others, none but Greek appellations occur. + +A very short acquaintance with the face of the stellar heaven sufficed to +shew, that it did not always remain the same. During a part of the year +Orion flamed in full magnificence on the sky, and, to the eye of the +Grecian herdsman and hunter, he and his Dog pursued the Bear, who kept +_watching_ him while the Pleiades (Peleiades, pigeons) were _flying_ +before him; at another season the sky was destitute of this brilliant +scene. It was soon observed that the stars made 'their exits and their +entrances' at regular periods, corresponding with the changes which took +place in the course of nature on earth, and these coincidences were +marked and employed for agricultural purposes. A people who have no +regular scientific calendar, always contrives a natural one, taken from +celestial or terrestrial appearances. Thus the North American Aborigines +designate times and seasons by the flowering of certain plants; the +ancient Greeks appear to have done something of the same kind, for one of +Hesiod's designations of a particular season is, _when the thistle is in +blossom_; we ourselves call the first season of the year the Spring, (i.e. +of plants,) and our Transatlantic brethren term the autumn, the Fall +(of the leaves). + +The Greeks, however, seem early to have seen the superior accuracy and +determinateness of the celestial phenomena. In the didactic poem of +Hesiod, this mode of marking the times of navigation and of rural labours +is frequently employed, and its use was retained by the countryfolk of +both Greece and Italy far into the time of the Roman empire. Those who +wrote on rural subjects or natural history, employed it; we meet it in +Aristotle, as well as in Pliny and Columella. + +When intercourse with Egypt and Phoenicia had called the thoughts of the +Greeks to natural science, the rude astronomy of their rustic forefathers +became the subject of improvement. The name of Thales is, as was to be +expected, to be found at the head of the cultivators of this science. He +is said to have been the first who taught to distinguish between the real +and apparent rising and setting of a constellation; which implies a +knowledge of spheric astronomy. His example was followed and observation +extended by others, and as rain, wind, and other aërial phenomena were +held to be connected with the rising and setting of various signs, the +times of their risings and settings, both apparent and real, were +computed by Meton, Eudoxus, and other ancient astronomers. The tables +thus constructed were cut on brass or marble, and fixed up (whence they +were called [Greek: parapaegmata],) in the several cities of Greece, and +the peasant or sailor had only to look on one of these _parapegmata_, to +know what sign was about to rise or set, and what weather might be +expected. Without considering the difference of latitude and longitude, +the Romans borrowed the _parapegmata_, like every thing else, from the +Greeks. The countrymen, as we learn from Pliny (xviii. 60, 65,), ceased +to mark the stellar heaven, a _Kalendarium rusticum siderale_, (Colum. +ix. 14) taught him when the signs rose and set, and on what days he was +to expect sacrifices and festivals. When Virgil (G. I. 257.) says, + + Nec frustra signorum obitus speculamur et ortus, + Temporibusque parem diversia quattuor annum. + +it is, (as Voss observes,) more probable that it is one of these +calendars, and not the actual heaven that he means. + +Before the time of Thales it was, of course only the visible and apparent +risings and settings of the signs that were the subject of observation. +But astronomers now learned to distinguish these phenomena into three +kinds. These they termed the cosmic, acronych, and heliac risings and +settings. The cosmic rising or setting ([Greek: kosmikos epitolae], or +[Greek: dusis],) was the true one in the morning; the acronych ([Greek: +akronychos][1]), _prima nox_, is evening, the beginning (one end) of the +night, the true one in the evening; the heliac, ([Greek: haeliakos]) the +apparent rising in the morning or setting in the evening. A star was said +to rise or set cosmically, when it rose or set at sun-rise; it rose or +set acronychally, when it rose or set at sun-set; it rose heliacally, +when in the morning it just emerged from the solar rays, it set in the +same manner, when in the evening it sank immediately after him. Two +general observations may be made here. 1. In the morning the true rising +precedes the apparent one, perhaps several days. 2. In the evening the +apparent setting precedes the real one. To illustrate this. Let us +suppose it 'spring time when the sun with Taurus rides,' the Hyades which +are in the head of Taurus will rise with the sun, but lost in his +effulgence they will elude our vision; at length when in his progress +through the Tauric portion of the ecliptic, he has left them a sufficient +distance behind him, their rising (as his motion in the ecliptic is +contrary to his apparent diurnal motion,) will precede his by a space of +time which will allow them to be seen. The real evening setting of a +star, is its sinking at the same moment with the sun below the horizon, +its heliac setting, is its becoming visible as he is setting and then +disappearing, that is ceasing to be visible after sun-set, in the western +part of the hemisphere. Thus the sun and the Hyades may actually set +together several days before they become sufficiently elongated from him, +to admit of their being seen before they set. + +There are thus three risings, and three settings of a star, namely:-- + + The true morning rising, i. e. the cosmic. + The apparent morning rising, i. e. the heliac. + The true evening rising, i. e. the acronych. + + The true morning setting, i. e. the cosmic. + The true evening setting, i. e. the acronych. + The apparent evening setting, i. e. the heliac. + +Of these, the one which is most apt to engage the attention, is the +acronych or true evening rising, that is the rising of the star at the +eastern verge of the horizon, at the moment the sun is sinking on the +western side. It is of this I think, that Hesiod always speaks. The +attention of the constructors of parapegmata does not seem to have been +directed to the risings of the stars at different hours of the night. + + +§ 2. + +_Of the Roman Year_. + +Nothing is better established by competent authority, than that two kinds +of year were in use among the ancient Romans, the one of ten, the other +of twelve months. In the usual spirit of referring their ancient +institutions to those whom they regarded as their first kings, the +ten-month year was ascribed to Romulus, the improved one of twelve months +to Numa. This was the current opinion, such as we find it in the +following poem; some ancient writers, however, such as Licinius Macer and +Fenestella, to whom we may perhaps add Plutarch, rejected the ten-month +year as a mere fiction. Their opinion has been adopted by the great +Joseph Scaliger, who asserts that the Roman year always consisted of +twelve months. Both opinions may, I think, be maintained, the Romans may, +from the beginning of their state, have had a year of twelve months, +which I would call the Roman year, and yet have used along with it a year +of ten months, which, for reasons which will presently appear, I call the +Etruscan year. I will commence by showing that a year of ten months was +in use even in the time of the republic. + +Ten months was the term for mourning; the fortunes of daughters, left by +will, were to be paid in three instalments of ten months each; on the +sale of olives, grapes on the vine, and wine in the vessels, ten month's +credit was given; the most ancient rate of interest also supposes a year +of ten months. It may further be noted, that even Scaliger, who rejected +this year, could not avoid remarking, how singular it was, that the +household festivals of the Saturnalia and the Matronalia should be the +one at the end of December, the other at the beginning of March. He did +not perceive that this would seem to indicate a time when, at the end of +a year of ten months, these two festivals were one, and male and female +slaves together enjoyed the liberty of the season. + +These are mere presumptions; a nearer approach can be made to certainty. +There was nothing the ancient inhabitants of Italy more carefully +shunned, than drawing down the vengeance of the gods, by even an +involuntary breach of faith. It was also the custom, especially of the +Etruscans, to make peaces under the form of truces, for a certain number +of years. Now we find that, in the year 280, a peace was made with Veii +for 40 years. In 316 Fidenas revolted and joined Veii, which must then +have been at war with Rome, but 316-280, is only 36, yet the Romans, +though highly indignant, did not accuse the Veientines of breach of +faith. Suppose the truce made for 40 ten-month years, and it had expired +in the year 314. Again, in 329, a truce was made for twenty years, and +Livy says that it was expired in 347, but 347-329 is 18 not 20. Let the +year have been, of ten months, and the truce had ended in the year 346. +These are Etruscan cases, but we find the same mode of proceeding in +transactions with other nations; a truce for 8 years was made with the +Volscians in 323, and in 331 they were at war with Rome, without being +charged with perjury. + +This ten-month year was that of the Etruscans who were the most learned +and cultivated people of the peninsula. As the civil years of the Latin +and other peoples were formed on various principles, and differed in +length, the Romans at least, if not the others, deemed it expedient to +use, in matters of importance, a common fixed measure of time. On all +points relating to science and religion they looked up to the Etruscans; +it was, therefore, a matter of course that their year should be the one +adopted. + +This Etruscan year consisted of 304 days, divided into 38 weeks of eight +days each. It is not absolutely certain that it was also divided into +months, but all analogy is in favour of such a division. Macrobius and +Solinus say, that it contained six months of 31, and four of 30 days, but +this does not seem to agree with weeks of eight days; perhaps there were +nine months of four weeks and one of two, or more probably eight of four +weeks and two of three.[2] This year, which depended on neither the sun +nor the moon, was a purely scientific one, founded on astronomical +grounds and the accurate measurement of a long portion of time. It served +the Etruscans as a correction of their civil lunar year, the one which +was in common use, and, from the computations which have been made, it +appears that, by means of it, it may be ascertained that the Etruscans +had determined the exact length of the tropical or solar year, with a +greater degree of accuracy than is to be found in the Julian computation. + +Like the Etruscans, the Romans employed for civil purposes a lunar year, +which they had probably borrowed also from that people. This year, which, +of course, like every year of the kind, must have consisted of twelve +months, fell short of the solar year by the space of 11 days and 6 hours, +and the mode adopted for bringing them into accordance was to +intercalate, as it was termed, a month in every other year, during +periods of 22 years, these intercalated months consisting alternately of +22 and 23 days. This month was named Mercedonius. In the last biennium of +the period no intercalation took place. As five years made a lustre, so +five of these periods made a secle, which thus consisted of 110 years or +22 lustres, and was the largest measure of time among the Romans.[3] + +The care of intercalating lay with the pontiffs, and they lengthened and +shortened the year at their pleasure, in order to serve or injure the +consuls and farmers of the revenue, according as they were hostile or +friendly toward them. In consequence of this, Julius Caesar found the year +67 days in advance of the true time, when he undertook to correct it by +the aid of foreign science. From his time the civil year of the Romans +was a solar, not a lunar one,[4] and the Julian year continued in use +till the Gregorian reformation of the Calendar. + +We thus see that the civil year of the Romans always consisted of twelve +months, and that a year of ten months was in use along with it in the +early centuries of the state, which served to correct it, and which was +used in matters of importance.[5] + + +§ 3. + +_Of the Months and Days of the Roman Year_. + +When it was believed that the year of 304 days was the original civil +year of the Romans, and evidence remained to prove that the commencement +of the year had, in former times, been regulated by the vernal equinox, +instead of the winter solstice, it seemed to follow, of course, that the +original year of Romulus had consisted of but ten months. The +inconvenience of this mode of dividing time must have been thought to +have appeared very early, since we find the introduction of the lunar +year of twelve months ascribed to Numa, who is said to have added two +months to the Romulian year, which, it would thus appear, was regarded +as having been a year of ten lunar months. This placing of the lunar +twelve-month year in the mythic age of Rome, I may observe, tends to +confirm the opinion of its having been in use from the origin of the +city. + +The ancient Israelites had two kinds of year, a religious and a civil +one, which commenced at different seasons. Their months also originally, +we are told, proceeded numerically, but afterwards got proper names. As +the month Abib is mentioned by name in the book of Deuteronomy, I hazard +a conjecture, that the civil and religious years had coexisted from the +time of Moses, and that the months of the former had had proper names, +while those of the latter proceeded numerically. Is there any great +improbability in supposing the same to have been the case at Rome? The +religious year of ten months, as being least used, may have proceeded +with numerical appellations from its first month to December, while the +months of the civil year had each their peculiar appellation derived from +the name of a deity, or of a festival. It is remarkable that the first +six months of the year alone have proper names; but the remaining ones +may have had them also, though, from causes which we are unable to +explain, they have gone out of use, and those of the cyclic year have +been employed in their stead.[6] + +The oriental division of time into weeks of seven days, though resulting +so naturally from the phases of the moon, was not known at Rome till the +time of the emperors. The Etruscan year, as we have seen, consisted of +weeks of eight days, and in the Roman custom of holding markets on the +_nundines_, or every ninth day, we see traces of its former use, but a +different mode of dividing the month seems to have early begun to +prevail. + +In the Roman month there were three days with peculiar names, from their +places with relation to which the other days were denominated. These were +the Kalends (_Kalendae_ or _Calendae_,) the Nones, (_Nonae_) and the Ides +(_Idus_ or _Eidus_). The Kalends (from _calare_, to proclaim,) were the +first day of the month; the Nones (from _nonus_, ninth) were the ninth +day before the Ides reckoning inclusively; the Ides, (from iduare, to +divide,) fell about, not exactly on, the middle of the months. In March, +May, July and October, the Ides were the 15th, and, consequently, the +Nones the 7th day of the month; in the remaining months the Ides were the +13th, the Nones the 5th. The space, therefore, between the Nones and Ides +was always the same, those between the Kalends and Nones, and the Ides +and Kalends, were subject to variation. Originally, however, it would +appear, the latter space also was fixed, and there were in every month, +except February, 10 days from the Ides to the Kalends, The months, +therefore, consisted of 31 and 29 days, February having 28. In the Julian +Calendar, January, August and December were raised from 29 to 31 days, +while their Nones and Ides remained unchanged. It was only necessary then +to know how many days there were between the Kalends and Nones, as the +remaining portions were constant. Accordingly, on the day of new moon, +the pontiff cried aloud _Calo Jana novella_[7] five times or seven times, +and thus intimated the day of the Nones, which was quite sufficient for +the people. + +We thus see that the Roman month was, like the Attic, divided into three +portions, but its division was of a more complex and embarrassing kind; +for while the Attic month consisted of three decades of days, and each +day was called the first, second, third, or so, of the decade, to which +it belonged; the days of the Roman month were counted with reference to +the one of the three great days which was before them. It is an error to +suppose that the Romans counted backwards. Thus, taking the month of +January for an example, the first day was the Kalends, the second was +then viewed with reference to the approaching Nones, and was denominated +the _fourth before the Nones_; the day after the Nones was the _eighth +before the Ides_; the day after the Ides, the _nineteenth before the +Kalends_ of February. + +The technical phraseology of the Roman Calendar ran thus. The numeral was +usually put in the ablative case, and as the names of the months were +adjectives, they were made to agree with the Kalends etc. or followed in +the genitive, _mensis_ being understood. Thus, to say that an event +occurred on the Ides of March, the term would be _Idibus Martiis_, or +_Idibus Martii_ (_mensis_). So also of the Kalends and Nones, for any +other day the phrase would be, for example, _tertio Kalendas, i. e. +tertio (die ante) Kalendas_ or _tertio (die) Kalendarum_, The day before +any of the three principal days was _pridie (i. e. priore die) Kalendas_ +or _Kalendarum, Nonas_ or _Nonarum, Idus_ or _Iduum_. + +Another mode of expression, was to use a preposition, and an accusative +case. Thus, for _tertio Nonas_ they would say _ante diem tertium Nonas_, +which was written _a. d. III. Non_. This form is very much employed by +Livy and Cicero. It was even used objectively, and governed of the +prepositions _in_ and _ex_. We thus meet _in ante tertium Nonas_, and _ex +ante diem Nonas_, in these authors. Another preposition thus employed is +_ad_, we meet _ad pridie Nonas_. + +As the Romans reckoned inclusively, we must be careful in assigning any +particular day to its place in the month, according to the modern mode of +reckoning. We must, therefore, always diminish the given number by one, +or we shall be a day behind. Thus, the 5th of June being the Nones, the +3d is III. Non. but if we subduct 3 from 5 we get the 2d instead of the +3d of the month. The rule then is, as we know the days on which the Nones +and Ides fall in each month, to subduct from that day the Roman number +_minus_ 1, and we have the day of the month. For days before the Kalends, +subduct in the same manner from the number of days in the month. + +The days of the Roman year were farther divided into _fasti_, _nefasti_ +and _endotercisi_,[8] or _intercisi_, which were marked in the Kalends by +the letters F. N. and EN. The _dies fasti_ were those on which courts +sat, and justice was administered; they were so named from _fari_ to +speak, because on them the Praetor gave judgement, that is _spoke_ the +three legal words, Do (_bonorum possessionem_), Dico (_jus_), Addico (_id +de quo quaeritur_); the _dies nefasti_, were festivals, and other days on +which the courts did not sit; the _dies intercisi_ were those days, on +only a part of which justice might be administered. Thus, we are told +that some holidays were _nefasti_, during the time of the killing of the +victim, but _fasti, inter caesa et porrecta (exta)_, again _nefasti_ while +the victim was being consumed on the altar. + +Manutius, by merely counting up the number of the _dies fasti_ in the +Julian Calendar, found that they were exactly 38 in number. This strongly +confirms what has been said above, respecting the division of the cyclic +year into 38 weeks, and is one among numerous instances of the pertinacity +with which the Romans retained old forms and names, even when become no +longer applicable; for as 38 days were quite insufficient for the business +of the Forum, a much larger number of other days, under different +appellations, had been added to them long before. The making the market +days _fasti_ was, we are told,[9] the act of the consul Hortensius. + + +§ 4. + +_Of the Roman Fasti_. + +The Roman patricians derived from their Tuscan instructors, the practice, +common to sacerdotal castes, of maintaining power by keeping the people +in ignorance of matters which, though simple in themselves, were of +frequent use, and thence of importance. One of the things, which such +bodies are most desirous of enveloping in mystery and confining the +knowledge of to themselves, is the Calendar, by which religious rites and +legal proceedings are regulated. Accordingly, for a long time, the Roman +people had no means of learning with certainty what days were _fasti_ and +what not, but by applying to the pontiff, in whose house the tables of +the _fasti_ were kept, or by the proclamation which he used to make of +the festivals which were shortly to take place. As we have seen above, +the knowledge of the length of the ensuing month could only be obtained +in the same manner. This, and the power of intercalating, gave a highly +injurious degree of power to the pontiffs. + +Accordingly, nothing could exceed the indignation of the senate when, in +the year 440, Flavius, the clerk or secretary of App. Claudius, as a most +effectual mode of gaining the popular favour, secretly made tables of the +Calendar and set them up about the Forum.[10] Henceforth the _dies fasti_ +and _nefasti_, the _stative_ festivals, the anniversaries of the +dedications of temples, etc. were known to every one. The days of +remarkable actions, such as the successes and reverses of the arms of the +republic, were also noted. Copies for the use of the public and +individuals were multiplied; the _municipia_ and other towns of Italy, as +the fragments which have been discovered shew, followed the example of +Rome, and the colonies, in this as in every thing else, presented the +mother-city in little. The custom was transmitted to modern Europe, and, +in the Calendar part of our own Almanacks, we may see a copy of those +Fasti, which once formed a portion of the mysterious treasures of the +patricians of ancient Rome. + +These were the Fasti Sacri or Kalendares, but the word Fasti was applied +to another kind of register, named the Fasti Historici or Consulares, +which contained the names of the magistrates of each year, especially the +consuls, and the chief events of the year were set down in them, so that +they formed a kind of annals of the state. When we read of the name of +any consul, as was the case with L. and M. Antonius, being erased from +the Fasti by a senatusconsult, it is always these Fasti that are meant. + + +§ 5. + +_Of Ovid's Poem on the Fasti_. + +Among the choir of poets who shed glory on the reign of Augustus, the +first place for originality may be claimed by P. Ovidius Naso. His Heroic +Epistles had no model in Grecian literature; his Art of Love, the most +perfect of his works, was equally his own, though didactic poetry had +been cultivated in Greece; his Metamorphoses bore perhaps a resemblance +to a lost poem of Nicander or Callimachus; but unless a work of this last +poet, presently to be noticed, was of the same kind with it, Grecian +literature contained nothing resembling his Fasti. + +To a poet like Ovid, of various powers and great command of language, few +subjects could have appeared to possess more 'capabilities,' to use a +hackneyed but expressive term. He had here an opportunity of displaying +his power in the light, easy, and graceful style, when narrating the +adventures of the god of Grecian theology; while the real and legendary +history of his country afforded subjects which might have called forth +the highest powers of genius, and have awakened the sympathies of every +Roman reader. Here, however, I think he has failed; Ovid in fact very +much resembled a distinguished poet of our own days, who, like him, +excels in the light and amatory, and sportive style, but whose efforts in +the grave and dignified are not equally successful. In reading the poem, +I have sometimes asked myself if it would not have been better had the +Fasti of Rome been the theme of the Mantuan instead of the Pelignian +bard. Where Ovid fails Virgil would certainly have succeeded, and the +Regifugium and fall of the Fabii would have come down to us in strains +equal to those which celebrate the wars of ancient Italy. Whether the +reverse would have been the case, and that, in those lighter and more +familiar parts, where Ovid succeeds Virgil would have failed, I take not +on me to decide; but I should reckon much on the taste and judgement of +the author of the Georgics. Still, even in the higher parts, we know not +to what disadvantage even Virgil's verses might have competed with the +venerable Annals of Ennius, with whom he rather seemed to shun than to +seek collision. This is a question, however, which can never be decided, +and, much as I delight in the poetry of Virgil, I regard him as inferior +in genius to Ovid. Virgil depends on others, he always imitates; Ovid +borrows rarely, in composition he is always best when most independent. + +I do not think that Ovid had any model for his Fasti; the idea might have +been suggested to him, as it is thought, by this verse of Propertius (iv. +1. 69): + + Sacra, diesque canam et cognomina prisca locorum, + +with which he concludes a poem, in which he feigns himself to be shewing +to a stranger the principal monuments of Rome. Callimachus, too, had +written a poem which, like all the poetry of the Alexandrian period, was +well known at Rome and was quoted by Varro, Martial, Servius and others. +Its title was [Greek: Aitia], and, from its name and the few fragments +and scanty accounts of it which remain, it appears that it treated of the +_causes_ of matters relating to the gods and ancient heroes of Greece. +From an epigram in the Anthology, we learn that he feigned that he was +transported in a dream to Mt. Helicon, and there received his information +from the Muses. The epigram ends thus: + + [Greek: + Ai de hoi eiromeno, amph' Ogugion Haeroon + Aitia kai makaron eiron ameibomenai]. + +It is uncertain whether the poem was in heroic or elegiac measure. Ovid +appears to have been acquainted with it, for (Trist. v. 5. 33.) when +speaking of the dividing of the flame on the pyre of the Theban brothers +he adds-- + + Hoc, memini, quondam fieri non posse loquebar, + Et me Battiades judice falsus erat. + +The difference, however, between this poem and the Fasti, must have been +considerable. A Greek poet, named Butas, according to Plutarch (Rom. +21.), wrote [Greek: aitias muthodeis en elegeiois ton Romaikon], from +which he quotes these two verses relating to the Luperci, and in +explanation of their custom of striking those whom they met-- + + [Greek: + Empodious tuptontas hopos tote phasgan' echontes + Ex Albaes etheon Romulos aede Remos]. + +This might appear to have been the model of Ovid's poem, but it is +unknown when Butas lived, and he may as well have written after as before +the Latin poet. + +On the whole, I think Ovid's claim to originality in this poem cannot +justly be contested. Even though he may have taken the idea of it from +others his mode of treating the subject is his own. + +When Ovid first conceived the idea of writing a poem on the Roman Fasti, +it is not likely that he was very well furnished with the requisite +knowledge. Any one, who is familiar with the internal history of +literature, knows how common it is for a writer, especially a poet, to +select a subject of which he is sufficiently ignorant, and then to go in +search of materials. Such appears to me to have been the case with Ovid, +and the errors into which he falls prove that though a diligent enquirer, +as I think he was, he never arrived at accuracy in history or science; +with Grecian mythology he was intimately acquainted, and here he is +superior to Virgil, whose knowledge of the history and institutions of +ancient Italy much exceeded his. + +The Annals of Ennius, the historical works of Fabius Pictor and his +successors down to Livy, contained the history of Rome, and these works, +it is evident, Ovid had studied; for the institutions and their origins +his chief source must have been the writings of L. Cincius Alimentus, the +contemporary of Fabius Pictor, the most judicious investigator of +antiquities that Rome ever produced. The various Fasti, such as those of +his contemporary Verrius Flaccus, of which fragments have been discovered +and published,[11] contributed much information, and various passages of +the poem intimate that personal inquiry and oral communication aided in +augmenting his stores of antiquarian lore. His astronomical knowledge was +probably derived from the ordinary Calendars, and as they were not +strictly correct, and the poet, in all probability, did not apply himself +with much relish to what he must have viewed as a dry and uninviting +study, we are not to look in him for extreme accuracy on this head, and +must not be surprised to meet even gross blunders. + +Two points are to be considered respecting this poem, namely, the time +when it was written and published, and whether, when published, it +contained any more than the six books which have come down to us. + +The mysterious relegation of Ovid to Tomi, on the coast of the Euxine, +took place A.U.C. 762, in the fifty-second year of the poet's age. In the +long exculpatory epistle to Augustus, which forms the second book of his +Tristia, he mentions the Fasti as a work actually written, and dedicated +to that prince, but interrupted by his exile. The poem itself contains +many passages which were evidently addressed to him. On the other hand, +it is actually dedicated to Germanicus, the adoptive son of Tiberius, and +L. I. v. 285, he mentions the triumph of that prince over the Catti, +Cherusci and Angevarii, which, according to Tacitus (Ann. II. 41.), took +place in the year 770, which was the year of the poet's death. It would, +therefore, seem to follow at once that this is the true date of the +publication of the poem, were it not that Tacitus (II. 26.) tells us that +the triumph had been decreed by the senate in the year 768, so that the +poet's words may be proleptical. The other, however, is by far the most +natural and probable interpretation of his words. It is confirmed by a +passage (L. II. 55. _et seq_.) in which he praises Tiberius as the +builder and restorer of the temples of the gods, and in this very year +770, as we learn from Tacitus, the emperor repaired and dedicated the +temple of Liber, Libera and Ceres, that of Flora and that of Janus. We +may, therefore, venture to assert that the year 770 was that of the +publication of this poem. We are now to enquire whether any more appeared +then than what has come down to us. + +In the epistle to Augustus, above alluded to, Ovid says, + + Sex ego Fastorum scripsi totidemque libellos; + Cumque suo finem mense volumen habet. + Idque tuo nuper scriptum sub nomine, Caesar, + Et tibi sacratum sors mea rupit opus. + +Hence it has become the prevalent opinion that he wrote twelve books, of +which the half has perished. This appears certainly to follow plainly +enough from the words of the poet, but the silence of the ancients +respecting the last six books is strong on the negative side, for of all +the quotations which we meet of this work, particularly in Lactantius, +there is not a single one that is not to be found in the books which we +possess. I, therefore, agree with Masson, in his life of the poet, that +the meaning of those verses is, that he had collected his materials for +the whole work, and digested them under the different months, and in part +versified them. This is applying no force to the verb _scribo_; we should +recollect that Racine, when he had his materials collected and his plot +arranged, used to say _Voilà ma tragédie faite!_ We cannot say whether +Ovid had versified the last six books, for he may have done so, and they +may have been lost at the time of his death. There is a curious +coincidence between the fate of Ovid's Fasti and Spenser's Faerie Queene; +of each we have but the one half, and it is a matter of controversy +respecting the remaining books of each, whether they were never written, +or, having been written, unhappily chanced to perish. + + +§ 6. + +_Of the Editions of Ovid's Fasti_. + + The earliest edition of this poem with notes was in the works of Ovid, +edited by A. Navagero, a Venetian nobleman, and printed by Aldus, in the +year 1502. An edition appeared at Basle, in 1550, edited by J. Micyllus, +with the commentaries of several men of learning. Hercules Ciofani, a +native of Sulmo, edited in 1578-1580, the works of his compatriote poet. +In the Fasti he used twelve of the best MSS. and he added a body of notes +on the whole of Ovid's works, which were afterwards printed separately, +by Plantin, at Antwerp. The next who devoted his labours to the Fasti was +a young Sicilian nobleman, named Carlo Neapolis, who wrote, at the age of +twenty one, a commentary on this poem, which was published at Antwerp, in +1639, under the title of _Anaptyxis ad Fastos Ovidianos_. The celebrated +N. Heinsius also undertook the task of elucidating this pleasing poet, +whose entire works, castigated by the aid of upwards of sixty MSS. and of +great learning and critical sagacity, he gave to the light, in 1658-1661, +at Amsterdam, in 3 Tom. 12. with brief notes. Finally, appeared at the +same place, in 1727, in 4 vols. 4. the works of Ovid, edited by Peter +Burmann; this editor gave a revision of the text of Heinsius, which he +occasionally altered, and he added, in whole or in part, the notes of the +preceding commentators. + +These were the principal editions of this poem previous to the present +century. I should add that G. C. Taubner published an edition of it at +Leipzig, in 1747, with a selection of notes from preceding commentators, +to which he added his own observations; and that C. W. Mitscherlich +published at Göttingen, in 1796-98, in 2 vols. 8vo. the works of Ovid +with an amended text. But in the year 1812, G. E. Gierig, who had already +published an edition of the Metamorphoses with a commentary, gave out the +Fasti in a similar manner. He has revised the text, and his notes are +generally extremely good, though liable to the charge of needless +prolixity in some parts, and too great brevity in others. It is however, +a valuable edition on the whole, and the best for general use. In the +Oxford edition of the works of Ovid, published in the year 1825, the +entire notes of this critic have been given. + +J. P. Krebs, who had thirty years before translated this poem into +German, gave an edition of it for the use of schools in 1826. His +attention was chiefly directed to the text, and he has most carefully +given all the various readings, to which he adds parallel and explanatory +passages from other writers, and the dates of the several events which +are mentioned in the poem. Beyond this his notes do not extend. His text +has been adopted for the present edition, but I have noticed only the +various readings of greatest importance. + + +NOTES: + +[1] [Greek: Akronyx, akronychia, to akron taes nuktos]. + +[2] See the Cambridge Philological Museum, No. V. p, 474. + +[3] Certus undenos decies per annos + Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos. + HORACE CAR. SEC. 21. + +[4] It is for this reason that in my note on I. 1, I have called the Latin +year a solar one, for such it was when Ovid wrote. + +[5] On the subjects treated of in this section, see Niebuhr on the Secular +Cycle, in his History of Rome, and Scaliger de Emendatione Temporum. + +[6] That this is by no means improbable is evident from the circumstance, +that the name of the intercalary month, Mercedonius, is to be found in no +Latin writer. It would be unknown to us, if Plutarch had not chanced to +mention it. + +[7] _Jana_ was the moon, and from _Dea Jana_ (pronounced _Yana_), was made +Diana. + +[8] _Endo_ or _indu_, was an old form for _in_. It may still be seen in +the fragments of Ennius and in Lucretius. + +[9] Macrob. Sat. I. 16. + +[10] Liv. ix. 46. + +[11] At Rome, in 1772, by Fogginius. + + + +FASTI + +KALENDARES ROMANI + +Ex Ovidio. + + +JANUARIUS. LIB. I. + +1. A. KAL. F. Novi consulatus initia, 75, Jani festum, 89. + Aesculapii et Jovis templa in insula Tiberina + consecrata, 290. +2. B. IV. NON. F. +3. C. III. NON. C. Cancer occidit, 311. +4. D. PR. NON. C. +5. E. NON. F. Lyra oritur, 315. +6. F. VIII.ID. F. +7. G. VII. ID. C. +8. H. VI. ID. C. +9. A. V. ID. Agonalia celebrata, 317. Delphini ortus, 457. +10. B. IV. ID. EN. Hiems media, 459. +11. C. III. ID. NP. Carmentalia, 461. Juturnae sedes in campo Martio + ad aquam Virginem dicata, 463. +12. D. PR. ID. C. +13. E. ID. NP. Jovi Statori ovis semimas immolabatur, 587. + Populo provinciae redditae. 589. Octaviano + Augusti nomen datum, 590. +14. F. XIX. KAL. FEBR. EN. +15. G. XVIII.KAL Carmentalia relata, 617. Porrimae et Postvertae + festus dies, 631. +16. H. XVII. KAL. C. Concordiae templum prope tedem Junonis Monetae + dedicatum, 637. +17. A. XVI. KAL. C. Sol Aquarium ingreditur relicto Capricorno, 651. +18. B. XV. KAL. C. +19. C. XIV. KAL. C. +20. D. XIII. KAL. C. +21. E. XII. KAL. C. +22. F. XI. KAL. C. +23. G. X. KAL. C. Lyra occidit, 653. +24. H. IX. KAL. C. Stella in medio Leonis pectore occidit, 655. + Sementivae feriae circa hoc tempus indictae, + 657. Paganalia, 669. +25. A. VIII. KAL. C. +26. B. VII. KAL. C. +27. C. VI. KAL. C. Castori et Polluci templura ad Juturnae stagnum + dedicatum, 705. +28. D. V. KAL. C. +29. E. IV. KAL. F. +30. F. III. KAL. NP. Pacis ara dicata, 709. +31. G. PR. KAL. C. + + +FEBRUARIUS. LIB. II. + +1. H. KAL. N. Templum Junoni Sospitae positum, 65. Lucus + Asyli celebratus, 67. Jovi in Capitolio + bidens mactata, 69. +2. A. IV. NON. N. Lyra occidit, 73. et Leo medius, 77. +3. B. III. NON. N. Delphinus occidit, 79. +4. C. PR. NON. N. +5. D. NON. (N.) Augustus Pater Patriae dictus, 119. Aquarius + medius oritur, 145. +6. E. VIII. ID. N. +7. F. VII. ID. N. +8. G. VI. ID. N. +9. H. V. ID. N. Veris initium, 149. +10. A. IV. ID. N. +11. B. III. ID. N. Arctophylax oritur, 153. +12. C. PR. ID. N. +13. D. ID. NP. Fauni sacra, 193. Fabianae cladis memoria, 195. +14. E. XVI. KAL. MART. N. (C.) Corvus, Anguis, Crater oriuntur, 243. +15. F. XV. KAL. NP. Lupercalia Fauno sacra, 267. Ventorum inconstantia + per sex dies, 453. Aquario relicto Sol + Pisces iugreditur, 457. +16. G. XIV. KAL. EN. +17. H. XIII.KAL. NP. Quirini sacra, 475. Stultorum festiis dies, 513. + Fornicalia, 527. +18. A. XII. KAL. C. +19. B. XI. KAL. C. Feralia, i. e. ultimus placandis Manibus dies. + 567. Deae Mutae sacra facit anus, 571. +20. C. X. KAL. C. +21. D. IX. KAL. F. +22. E. VIII.KAL. C. Charistia, cognatorum sacra, 617. +23. F. VII. KAL. NP. Terminalia, 639. +24. G. VI. KAL. N. Regifugium, 685. Hirundo advenit, veris + praenuntia, 853. +25. H. V. KAL. C. +26. A. IV. KAL. EN. +27. B. III. KAL. NP. Equiria, 857. +28. C. PR. KAL. C. + + +MARTIUS. LIB. III. + +1. D. KAL. NP. In flaminum domibus, regia, curia, Vestae aede + novae ponuntur laureae, ignis Vestae + reficitur, 137. Matronalia, 170. et + Salinorum dies festi, 259. +2. E. VI. NON. F. +3. F. V. NON. C. Alter c Piscibus occidit, 399. +4. G. IV. NON. C. +5. H. III. NON. C. Arctophylax occidit, 403. Vindemitor nondum + occidit, 407. +6. A. PR. NON. NP. Vestae sacrum, Caesar Augustus Pontifex Maximus + factus, 415. +7. B. NON. F. Vejovis templum consecratum, 429. Pegasi collum + oritur, 449. +8. C. VIII. ID. F. Corona Gnossis oritur, 459. +9. D. VII. ID. C. +10. E. VI. ID. C. +11. F. V. ID. C. +12. G. IV. ID. C. +13. H. III. ID. EN. +14. A. PR. ID. NP. Equiria altera in campo Martio, 517. vel monte + Coelio, 521. +15. B. ID. NP. Annae Perennae sacra, 523. Julii Caesaris + caedes, 697. +16. C. XVII. KAL. APR. F. Scorpius ex parte occidit, 711. Itum ad + Argeos hac et sequenti die, 791. +17. D. XVI. KAL. NP. Liberalia, Bacchi sacrum, 713. Toga libera + data, 771. Milvi ortus, 793. +18. E. XV. KAL. C. +19. F. XIV. KAL. N. Quinquatria Minervae sacra, 809. Minervae + natalis, 811. Minerval magistris solutum, + 829. Delubra Minervae Captae dedicata, 835. +20. G. XIII. KAL. C. Alter Quinquatruum dies gladiatoriis + certaminibns cum tribus sequentibus + celebratus, 818. +21. H. XII. KAL. C. +22. A. XI. KAL. N. Sol ingreditur Arictem, 851. +23. B. X. KAL. NP. Quintus idemque ultimus Qumquatruum dies, et + Tubilustrium Minervae sacrum, 849. +24. C. IX. KAL. Q. R. C. F. +25. D. VIII. KAL. C. +26. E. VII. KAL. C. Aequinoctium vernum, 877. +27. F. VI. KAL. NP. +28. G. V. KAL. C. +29. H. IV. KAL. C. +30. A. III. KAL. C. Jani, Concordiae, Salutis, Pacis estus dies, 879 +31. B. PR. KAL. C. Lunae sacra in monte Aventino, 833. + + +APRILIS. LIB. IV. + +1. C. KAL. N. Veneris sacra, 133. Mulieres lavantur, 139. + Fortuna Virilis, 145. et Venus Verticordia + placari solitae, 151. Scorpius occidit, 163. +2. D. IV. NON. C. Pliades occidere incipiunt, 165. +3. E. III. NON. C. +4. F. PR. NON. C. Festa Idaeae Parentis s. Megalesia Matri Deum, + 179. (Ludi per plures dies celebrati, 387.) +5. G. NON. Fortuna Publica sacrata in colle Quirini, 373. +6. H. VIII. ID. NP. Juba a Caesare victus, 377. Libra (per totam + noctem in coelo) imbres secum fert, 385. +7. A. VII. ID. N. +8. B. VI. ID. N. +9. C. V. ID. N. Orion occidit, 387. +10. D. IV. ID. N. Ludi in circo, 389. +11. E. III. ID. N. +12. F. PR. ID. N. Ludi Cereales, 393. +13. G. ID. NP. Jovi Victori aedes dicata, 621. Atrium Libertatis + instructum, 623. +14. H. XVIII.KAL. MAI. N. Ventus ab occasu cum grandine, 625. + Augusti Caesaris victoria Mutinensis, 627. +15. A. XVII. KAL. NP. Fordicidia Telluri sacra in Capitolio et in + curia, 629. +16. B. XVI. KAL. N. Augustus Imperator salutatus, 675. Hyades + occidunt, 677. +17. C. XV. KAL. N. +18. D. XIV. KAL. N. +19. E. XIII. KAL. N. Equestria certamina in circo in Cereris honorem, + 679. Vulpes combustae ultimo Cerealium die, + 681. +20. F. XII. KAL. N. Sol in Taurum abit, 713. +21. G. XI. KAL. NP. Palilia, 721. Romae natalis, 806. +22. H. X. KAL. N. +23. A. IX. KAL. N. Vinalia, 863. Veneris sacra, 865. et Jovis, 878. +24. B. VIII. KAL. C. +25. C. VII. KAL. NP. Ver medium, 901. Aries occidit, 903. Canis + exoritur, 904. Robigalia, 905. +26. D. VI. KAL. F. +27. E. V. KAL. C. +28. F. IV. KAL. NP. Floralium initium, 943. Vesta in Palatium + recepta, 949. dies ex parte Phoebi, 931. + et Caesaris, 952. +29. G. III. KAL. C. +30. H. PR. KAL. C. + + +MAIUS. LIB. V. + +1. A. KAL. N. Capella oritur, 111. Laribus Praestitibus ara + posita, 130. Bonae Deae sacrum, 148. +2. B. VI. NON. F. Argeste flante, 161, Hyades oriuntur, 163. +3. C. V. NON. C. Floralium ultimus dies, 183. Chiron (Centaurus) + oritur, 379. +4. D. IV. NON. C. +5. E. III. NON. C. Lyra oritur, 415. +6. F. PR. NON. C. Scorpius occidit (oritur) medius, 417. +7. G. NON. N. +8. H. VIII. ID. F. +9. A. VII. ID. N. Lemuria Manibus sacra, 419. +10. B. VI. ID. C. +11. C. V. ID. N. Lemuria altera, 419. Orion occidit, 493. +12. D. IV. ID. NP. Marti ultori templum sacratum, 545. Ludi Marti + in circo, 597. +13. E. III. ID. N. Lemuria ultima, 591. Pliades oriuntur, 599. + Aestatis initium, 601. +14. F. PR. ID. C. Taurus oritur, 603. Scirpea simulacra in Tiberim + missa, 621. +15. G. ID. NP. Mercurio templum positum ejusque festa dies, 663. +16. H. XVII. KAL. JUN. F. +17. A. XVI. KAL. C. +18. B. XV. KAL. C. +19. C. XIV. KAL. C. +20. D. XIII. KAL. C. Sol in Geminos transit, 693. +21. E. XII. KAL. NP. Agonia altera, 721. +22. F. XI. KAL. N. Canis oritur, 723. +23. G. X. KAL. NP. Tubilustria Vulcano sacra, 726. +24. H. IX. KAL. Q. R. C. F. 727. +25. A. VIII. KAL. C. Templum Fortunae Publicae positum, 729. Aquilae + rostrum apparet, 731. +26. B. VII. KAL. C. Bootes occidit, 733. +27. C. VI. KAL. C. Hyas oritur, 734. +28. D. V. KAL. C. +29. E. IV. KAL. C. +30. F. III. KAL. C. +31. G. PR. KAL. C. + + +JUNIUS. LIB. VI. + +1 H. KAL. N. Camae deae sacrum, 101. Kalendae fabariae, 180. + Junonia Monctae templum sacratum, 180. Martis + extra portam Capenam sacra, 191. Tempestatis + aedes dedicata, 193. Aquila tota apparet, 196. +2. A. IV. NON. F. Hyadum ortus et Tauri cornuum, pluit, 197. +3. B. III. NON. C. Bellonae aedes consecrata, 199. +4. C. PR. NON. C. Herculi Custodi aedes in circo Flaminio posita, 209. +5. D. NON. (N.) Sanco Fidio Semoni Patri aedes posita, 213. +6. E. VIII. ID. N. +7. F. VII. ID. N. Arctophylax (Lycaon) totus occidit, 235. Ludi + Tibridi sacri a piscatoribus celebrati, 237. +8. O. VI. ID. N. Menti delubra data, 241. +9. H. V. ID. N. Vestae sacra, 249. Jovis Pistoris ara in Capitolio, + 349. Brutus Gallaecos vicit, 461. Crassus a + Parthis victus et occisus, 465. +10. A. IV. ID. N. Delphinua oritur, 469. +11. B. III. ID. N. Matralia Matri Matutae sacra, 473. Matutae + templum a Servio rege positum, 479. Rutilius et + Didius occisi, 563. Fortunos templum a Servio + rege dedicatum, 569. Concordiae aedes per + Liviam consecrata, 637. +12. C. PR. ID. N. +13. D. ID. N. Jovi invicto templa data. 650. Quinquatrus minores + Minervae sacra, 651. Nubere ante Idus non + bonum, 219. nec fas Flaminis Dialis oonjugi + crines depectere, 220. nec ungues praesecare, + 230. nec viro concumbere, 231. exspectanda dies + Q. St. D. F. 233. +14. E. XVIII.KAL. JUL. N. +15. F. XVII. KAL. Q. St. D. F. Thyene, stella in Tauri fronte, + oritur, 711. Stercus ex aede Vestae defertur, 713. +16. G. XVI. KAL. C. Zephyro secundo fiante, 715. Orion oritur, 717. +17. H. XV. KAL. C. Delphinus totus apparet, 720. Postumius Tubertus + Aequos Volscosque fudit, 721. +18. A. XIV. KAL. C. +19. B. XIII. KAL. C. Sol e Geminis in Cancrum abit, 725. Pallas in + Aventino coli coepta, 728. +20. C. XII. KAL. C. Summani templum positum, 729. Ophiuchus + (Aesculapius) oritur, 733. +21. D. XI. KAL. C. +22. E. X. KAL. C. +23. F. IX. KAL. C. Flaminius ad lacum Trasimenum victus, 766. +24. G. VIII. KAL. C. Syphax victus, 769. Hasdrubal occisus, 770. + Fortunae Fortis honores, 771. +25. H. VII. KAL. C. +26. A. VI. KAL. C. Orionis zona apparet, 785. Solstitium, 789. +27. B. V. KAL. C. Larium delubra posita, 791. et Jovis Statoris + aedes, 793. +28. C. IV. KAL. C. Quirino templum positum, 795. +29. D. III. KAL. F. +30. E. PR. KAL. C. Musis et Herculi Musagetae aedes consecrata, 797. + + + + +P. OVIDII NASONIS FASTORUM + +LIBER I. + + +Tempora cum causis Latium digesta per annum, + Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa canam. +Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, vultu + Hoc opus, et timidae dirige navis iter; +Officioque, levem non aversatus honorem, 5 + Huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades. +Sacra recognosces annalibus eruta priscis, + Et quo sit merito quaeque notata dies. +Invenies illic et festa domestica vobis. + Saepe tibi pater est, saepe legendus avus; 10 +Quaeque ferunt illi pictos signantia fastos, + Tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres. +Caesaris arma canant alii, nos Caesaris aras, + Et quoscumque sacris addidit ille dies. +Annue conanti per laudes ire tuorum, 15 + Deque meo pavidos excute corde metus. +Da mihi te placidum, dederis in carmina vires, + Ingenium vultu statque caditque tuo. +Pagina judicium docti subitura movetur + Principis, ut Clario missa legenda deo. 20 +Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, + Civica pro trepidis quum tulit arma reis. +Scimus et, ad nostras quum se tulit impetus artes, + Ingenii currant flumina quanta tui. +Si licet et fas est, vates rege vatis habenas, 25 + Auspice te felix totus ut annus eat. + +Tempora digereret quum conditor urbis, in anno + Constituit menses quinque bis esse suo. +Scilicet arma magis, quam sidera, Romule, horas, + Curaque finitimos vincere major erat. 30 +Est tamen et ratio, Caesar, quae moverit illum, + Erroremque suum quo tueatur habet. +Quod satis est utero matris dum prodeat infans, + Hoc anno statuit temporis esse satis. +Per totidem menses a funere conjugis uxor 35 + Sustinet in vidua tristia signa domo. +Hoc igitur vidit trabeati cura Quirini, + Quum rudibus populis annua jura daret. +Martis erat primus mensis, Venerisque secundus, + Haec generis princeps, ipsius ille pater. 40 +Tertius a senibus, juvenum de nomine quartus, + Quae sequitur numero turba notata fuit. +At Numa nec Janum, nec avitas praeterit umbras, + Mensibus antiquis apposuitque duos. + +Ne tamen ignores variorum jura dierum: 45 + Non habet officii Lucifer omnis idem. +Ille Nefastus erit, per quem tria verba silentur: + Fastus erit, per quem lege licebit agi; +Neu toto perstare die sua jura putaris: + Qui jam Fastus erit, mane Nefastus erat. 50 +Nam simul exta deo data sunt, licet omnia fari, + Verbaque honoratus libera prsetor habet. +Est quoque, quo populum jus est includere septis: + Est quoque, qui nono semper ab orbe redit. +Vindicat Ausonias Junonis cura Kalendas: 55 + Idibus alba Jovi grandior agna cadit: +Nonarum tutela deo caret. Omnibus istis + --Ne fallare, cave--proximus Ater erit. +Omen ab eventu est, illis nam Roma diebus + Damna sub adverso tristia Marte tulit. 60 +Haec mihi dicta semel, totis haerentia fastis, + Ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt. + +Ecce tibi faustum, Germanice, nuntiat annum, + Inque meo primus carmine Janus adest. +Jane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo, 65 + Solus de superis qui tua terga vides, +Dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura labore + Otia terra ferax, otia pontus agit. +Dexter ades patribusque tuis, populoque Quirini, + Et resera nutu Candida templa tuo. 70 +Prospera lux oritur: linguisque animisque favete! + Nunc dicenda bono sunt bona verba die. +Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint + Jurgia; differ opus, livida lingua, tuum. +Cernis, odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether, 75 + Et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis? +Flamma nitore suo templorum verberat aurum, + Et tremulum summa spargit in aede jubar. +Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur in arces, + Et populus festo concolor ipse suo est. 80 +Jamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget, + Et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur. +Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda juvenci, + Quos aluit campis herba Falisca suis. +Jupiter, arce sua totum quum spectet in orbem, 85 + Nil nisi Romanum, quod tueatur, habet. +Salve, laeta dies, meliorque revertere semper, + A populo rerum digna potente coli! +Quem tamen esse deum te dicam, Jane biformis? + Nam tibi par nullum Graecia numen habet. 90 +Ede simul causam, cur de coelestibus unus, + Sitque quod a tergo, sitque quod ante, vides. +Haec ego quum sumptis agitarem mente tabellis, + Lucidior visa est, quam fuit ante, domus. +Tum sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Janus 95 + Bina repens oculis obtulit ora meis. +Obstupui, sensique metu riguisse capillos, + Et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat. +Ille tenens dextra baculum, clavemque sinistra, + Edidit hos nobis ore priore sonos: 100 +Disce, metu posito, vates operose dierum, + Quod petis, et voces percipe mente meas. +Me Chaos antiqui--nam res sum prisca--vocabant. + Adspice, quam longi temporis acta canam. +Lucidus hic aër, et, quae tria corpora restant, 105 + Ignis, aquae, tellus, unus acervus erant. +Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, + Inque novas abiit massa soluta domos; +Flamma petit altum, propior locus aëra cepit, + Sederunt medio terra fretumque solo. 110 +Tunc ego, qui fueram globus et sine imagine moles, + In faciem redii dignaque membra deo. +Nunc quoque, confusae quondam nota parva figurae, + Ante quod est in me, postque videtur idem. +Accipe, quaesitae? quae causa sit altera formae, 115 + Hanc simul ut noris officiumque meum. +Quidquid ubique vides, coelum, mare, nubila, terras, + Omnia sunt nostra clausa patentque manu. +Me penes est unum vasti custodia mundi, + Et jus vertendi cardinis omne meum est. 120 +Quum libuit Pacem placidis emittere tectis, + Libera perpetuas ambulat illa vias. +Sanguine letifero totus miscebitur orbis, + Ni teneant rigidae condita bella serae. +Praesideo foribus coeli cum mitibus Horis: 125 + It, redit officio Jupiter ipse meo. +Inde vocor Janus. Cui quum Cereale sacerdos + Imponit libum farraque mixta sale, +Nomina ridebis; modo namque Patulcius idem, + Et modo sacrifice Clusius ore vocor. 130 +Scilicet alterno voluit rudis illa vetustas + Nomine diversas significare vices. +Vis mea narrata est: causam nunc disce figurae; + Jam tamen hanc aliqua tu quoque parte vides. +Omnis habet geminas hinc atque hinc janua frontes, 135 + E quibus haec populum spectat, at illa Larem. +Utque sedens vester primi prope limina tecti + Janitor egressus introitusque videt; +Sic ego prospicio, coelestis janitor aulae, + Eoas partes Hesperiasque simul. 140 +Ora vides Hecates in tres vergentia partes, + Servet ut in ternas compita secta vias. +Et mihi, ne flexu cervicis tempora perdam, + Cernere non moto corpore bina licet. +Dixerat, et vultu, si plura requirere vellem, 145 + Se mihi difficilem non fore, fassus erat: +Sumpsi animum, gratesque deo non territus egi, + Verbaque sum spectans pauca locutus humum: +Dic, age, frigoribus quare novus incipit annus, + Qui melius per ver incipiendus erat? 150 +Omnia tunc florent, tunc est nova temporis aetas, + Et nova de gravido palmite gemma tumet, +Et modo formatis operitur frondibus arbos, + Prodit et in summum seminis herba solum, +Et tepidum volucres concentibus aëra mulcent, 155 + Ludit et in pratis luxuriatque pecus. +Tum blandi soles, ignotaque prodit hirundo, + Et luteum celsa sub trabe fingit opus. +Tum patitur cultus ager, et renovatur aratro. + Haec anni novitas jure vocanda fuit. 160 +Quaesieram multis: non multis ille moratus, + Contulit in versus sic sua verba duos: +Bruma novi prima est, veterisque novissima solis: + Principium capiunt Phoebus et annus idem. +Post ea mirabar, cur non sine litibus esset 165 + Prima dies. Causam percipe, Janus ait. +Tempora commisi nascentia rebus agendis, + Totus ab auspicio ne foret annus iners. +Quisque suas artes ob idem delibat agendo, + Nec plus quam solitum testificatur opus. 170 +Mox ego: Cur, quamvis aliorum numina placem, + Jane, tibi primo tura merumque fero? +Ut per me possis aditum, qui limina servo, + Ad quoscumque voles, inquit, habere deos. +At cur laeta tuis dicuntur verba Kalendis, 175 + Et damus alternas accipimusque preces? +Tum deus incumbens baculo, quem dextra gerebat, + Omina principiis, inquit, inesse solent. +Ad primam vocem timidas advertitis aures, + Et primum visam consulit augur avem. 180 +Templa patent auresque deûm, nec lingua caducas + Concipit ulla preces, dictaque pondus habent. +Desierat Janus: nec longa silentia feci, + Sed tetigi verbis ultima verba meis: +Quid vult palma sibi rugosaque carica, dixi, 185 + Et data sub niveo Candida mella cado? +Omen, ait, causa est, ut res sapor ille sequatur, + Et peragat coeptum dulcis ut annus iter. +Dulcia cur dentur, video: stipis adjice causam, + Pars mihi de festo ne labet ulla tuo. 190 +Risit, et, O quam te fallunt tua saecula, dixit, + Qui stipe mel sumpta dulcius esse putes! +Vix ego Saturno quemquam regnante videbam, + Cujus non animo dulcia lucra forent. +Tempore crevit amor, qui nunc est summus, habendi; 195 + Vix ultra, quo jam progrediatur, habet. +Pluris opes nunc sunt, quam prisci temporis annis, + Dum populus pauper, dura nova Roma fuit, +Dum casa Martigenam capiebat parva Quirinum, + Et dabat exiguum fluminis ulva torum. 200 +Jupiter angusta vix totus stabat in aede, + Inque Jovis dextra fictile fulmen erat. +Frondibus ornabant, quae nunc Capitolia gemmis, + Pascebatque suas ipse senator oves; +Nec pudor in stipula placidam cepisse quietem, 205 + Et fenum capiti supposuisse fuit. +Jura dabat populis posito modo consul aratro, + Et levis argenti lamina crimen erat. +At postquam Fortuna loci caput extulit hujus, + Et tetigit summos vertice Roma deos; 210 +Creverunt et opes, et opum furiosa cupido, + Et, quum possideant plurima, plura volunt. +Quaerere, ut absumant, absumpta requirere certant: + Atque ipsae vitiis sunt alimenta vices. +Sic, quibus intumuit suffusa venter ab unda, 215 + Quo plus sunt potae, plus sitiuntur aquae. +In pretio pretium nunc est; dat census honores, + Census amicitias; pauper ubique jacet. +Tu tamen, auspicium cur sit stipis utile, quaeris, + Curque juvent nostras aera vetusta manus. 220 +Aera dabant olim; melius nunc omen in auro est, + Victaque concedit prisca moneta novae. +Nos quoque templa juvant, quamvis antiqua probemus, + Aurea; majestas convenit ista deo. +Laudamus veteres, sed nostris utimur annis; 225 + Mos tamen est aeque dignus uterque coli. +Finierat monitus; placidis ita rursus, ut ante, + Clavigerum verbis alloquor ipse deum: +Multa quidem didici: sed cur navalis in aere + Altera signata est, altera forma biceps? 230 +Noscere me duplici posses in imagine, dixit, + Ni vetus ipsa dies extenuaret opus. +Causa ratis superest: Tuscum rate venit in amnem + Ante pererrato falcifer orbe deus. +Hac ego Saturnum memini tellure receptum; 235 + Coelitibus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. +Indediu genti mansit Saturnia nomen: + Dicta quoque est Latium terra, latente deo. +At bona posteritas puppim servavit in aere, + Hospitis adventum testificata dei. 240 +Ipse solum colui, cujus placidissima laevum + Radit arenosi Tibridis unda latus. +Hic, ubi nunc Roma est, incaedua silva virebat, + Tantaque res paucis pascua bubus erat. +Arx mea collis erat, quem cultrix nomine nostro 245 + Nuncupat haec aetas, Janiculumque vocat. +Tunc ego regnabam, patiens quum terra deorum + Esset, et humanis numina mixta locis. +Nondum Justitiam facinus mortale fugarat: + --Ultima de superis illa reliquit humum-- 250 +Proque metu populum sine vi pudor ipse regebat; + Nullus erat justis reddere jura labor. +Nil mihi cum bello, pacem postesque tuebar. + Et clavem ostendens, Haec, ait, arma gero. +Presserat ora deus: tune sic ego nostra resolvo, 255 + Voce mea voces eliciente dei: +Quum tot sint Jani, cur stas sacratus in uno, + Hic ubi juncta foris templa duobus habes? +Ille manu mulcens propexam ad pectora barbam, + Protinus Oebalii rettulit arma Tati, 260 +Utque levis custos armillis capta Sabinis + Ad summae Tatium duxerit arcis iter. +Inde, velut nunc est, per quem descenditis, inquit, + Arduus in valles et fora clivus erat. +Et jam contigerat portam, Saturnia cujus 265 + Dempserat oppositas insidiosa seras. +Cum, tanto veritus committere numine pugnam, + Ipse meae movi callidus artis opus, +Oraque, qua pollens ope sum, fontana reclusi, + Sumque repentinas ejaculatus aquas. 270 +Ante tamen calidis subjeci sulfura venis, + Clauderet ut Tatio fervidus humor iter. +Cujus ut utilitas pulsis percepta Sabinis, + Quaeque fuit, tuto reddita forma loco est; +Ara mihi posita est parvo conjuncta sacello: 275 + Haec adolet flammis cum strue farra suis. +At cur pace lates, motisque recluderis armis? + Nec mora, quaesiti reddita causa mihi. +Ut populo reditus pateant ad bella profecto, + Tota patet dempta janua nostra sera. 280 +Pace fores obdo, ne qua discedere possit: + Caesareoque diu nomine clausus ero. +Dixit, et, attollens oculos diversa tuentes, + Adspexit toto quidquid in orbe fuit. +Pax erat, et vestri, Germanice, causa triumphi 285 + Tradiderat famulas jam tibi Rhenus aquas. +Jane, face aeternos pacem pacisque ministros, + Neve suum, praesta, deserat auctor opus. + +Quod tamen ex ipsis licuit mihi discere fastis: + Sacravere patres hoc duo templa die. 290 +Accepit Phoebo Nymphaque Coronide natum + Insula, dividua quam premit amnis aqua. +Jupiter in parte est; cepit locus unus utrumque, + Junctaque sunt magno templa nepotis avo. +Quid vetat et stellas, ut quseque oriturque caditque,295 + Dicere? promissi pars fuit ista mei. +Felices animos, quibus hsec cognoscere primis, + Inque domos superas scandere cura fuit! +Credibile est illos pariter vitiisque locisque + Altius humanis exseruisse caput. 300 +Non Venus et vinum sublimia pectora fregit, + Officiumve fori, militiaeve labor. +Nec levis ambitio, perfusaque gloria fuco, + Magnarumve fames sollicitavit opum. +Admovere oculis distantia sidera nostris, 305 + Aetheraque ingenio supposuere suo. +Sic petitur coelum, non ut ferat Ossan Olympus, + Summaque Peliacus sidera tangat apex. +Nos quoque sub ducibus coelum metabimur illis, + Ponemusque suos ad stata signa dies. 310 + +Ergo ubi nox aderit venturis tertia Nonis, + Sparsaque coelesti rore madebit humus; +Octipedis frustra quaeruntur brachia Cancri: + Praeceps occiduas ille subivit aquas. + +Institerint Nonae, missi tibi nubibus atris 315 + Signa dabunt imbres, exoriente Lyra. + +Quattuor adde dies ductos ex ordine Nonis, + Janus _Agonali_ luce piandus erit. +Nominis esse potest succinctus causa minister, + Hostia coelitibus quo feriente cadit; 320 +Qui calido strictos tincturus sanguine cultros, + Semper, _Agatne_, rogat; nec nisi jussus agit. +Pars, quia non veniant pecudes, sed agantur, ab actu + Nomen _Agonalem_ credit habere diem. +Pars putat hoc festum priscis _Agnalia_ dictum, 325 + Una sit ut proprio littera dempta loco. +An, quia praevisos in aqua timet hostia cultros, + A pecoris lux est ista notata metu? +Pars etiam, fieri solitis aetate priorum + Nomina de ludis Graia tulisse diem. 330 +Et pecus antiquus dicebat _Agonia_ sermo: + Veraque judicio est ultima causa meo. +Utque ea nunc certa est, ita Rex placare Sacrorum + Numina lanigerae conjuge debet ovis. +_Victima_, quae dextra cecidit victrice, vocatur; 335 + Hostibus amotis _hostia_ nomen habet. +Ante, deos homini quod conciliare valeret, + Far erat, et puri lucida mica salis. +Nondum pertulerat lacrimatas cortice myrrhas + Acta per aequoreas hospita navis aquas; 340 +Tura nec Euphrates, nec miserat India costum, + Nec fuerant rubri cognita fila croci. +Ara dabat fumos, herbis contenta Sabinis, + Et non exiguo laurus adusta sono. +Si quis erat, factis prati de flore coronis 345 + Qui posset violas addere, dives erat. +Hic, qui nunc aperit percussi viscera tauri, + In sacris nullum culter habebat opus. +Prima Ceres avidae gavisa est sanguine porcae, + Ulta suas merita caede nocentis opes. 350 +Nam sata, vere novo, teneris lactentia succis, + Eruta setigerae comperit ore suis. +Sus dederat poenas. Exemplo territus hujus + Palmite debueras abstinuisse, caper. +Quem spectans aliquis dentes in vite prementem, 355 + Talia non tacito dicta dolore dedit: +Rode, caper, vitem: tamen huic, quum stabis ad aram, + In tua quod spargi cornua possit, erit. +Verba fides sequitur: noxae tibi deditus hostis + Spargitur affuso cornua, Bacche, mero. 360 +Culpa sui nocuit: nocuit quoque culpa capellae. + Quid bos, quid placidae commeruistis oves? +Flebat Aristaeus, quod apes cum stirpe necatas + Viderat inceptos destituisse favos. +Caerula quem genitrix aegre solata dolentem, 365 + Addidit haec dictis ultima verba suis: +Siste, puer, lacrimas! Proteus tua damna levabit, + Quoque modo repares, quae periere, dabit. +Decipiat ne te versis tamen ille figuris, + Impediant geminas vincula firma manus. 370 +Pervenit ad vatem juvenis, resolutaque somno + Alligat aequorei brachia capta senis. +Ille sua faciem transformis adulterat arte: + Mox domitus vinclis in sua membra redit, +Oraque caerulea tollens rorantia barba, 375 + Qua, dixit, repares arte, requiris, apes, +Obrue mactati corpus tellure juvenci: + Quod petis a nobis, obrutus ille dabit. +Jussa facit pastor. Fervent examina putri + De bove: mille animas una necata dedit. 380 +Poscit ovem fatum. Verbenas improba carpsit, + Quas pia dis ruris ferre solebat anus. +Quid tuti superest, animam quum ponat in aris + Lanigerumque pecus, ruricolaeque boves? +Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperiona cinctum, 385 + Ne detur celeri victima tarda deo. +Quod semel est triplici pro virgine caesa Dianae, + Nunc quoque pro nulla virgine cerva datur. +Exta canum vidi Triviae libare Sapaeos, + Et quicumque tuas accolit, Haeme, nives. 390 +Caeditur et rigido custodi ruris asellus. + Causa pudenda quidem est, huic tamen apta deo. +Festa corymbiferi celebrabat Graecia Bacchi, + Tertia quae solito tempore bruma refert. +Di quoque cultores gelidi venere Lycaei, 395 + Et quicumque joci non alienus erat: +Panes, et in Venerem Satyrorum prona juventus, + Quaeque colunt amnes solaque rura deae. +Venerat et senior pando Silenus asello, + Quique rubro pavidas inguine terret aves. 400 +Dulcia qui dignum nemus in convivia nacti + Gramine vestitis accubuere toris. +Vina dabat Liber: tulerat sibi quisque coronam. + Miscendas parce rivus agebat aquas. +Naïdes effusis aliae sine pectinis usu, 405 + Pars aderant positis arte manuque comis. +Illa super suras tunicam collecta ministrat, + Altera dissuto pectus aperta sinu. +Exserit haec humerum, vestem trahit illa per herbas, + Impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes. 410 +Hinc aliae Satyris incendia mitia praebent: + Pars tibi, qui pinu tempora nexa geris. +Te quoque, inexstinctae Silene libidinis, urunt. + Nequitia est, quae te non sinit esse senem. +At ruber hortorum deus et tutela Priapus 415 + Omnibus ex illis Lotide captus erat. +Hanc cupit, hanc optat: sola suspirat in illa: + Signaque dat nutu, sollicitatque notis. +Fastus inest pulchris, sequiturque superbia formam. + Irrisum vultu despicit illa suo. 420 +Nox erat, et, vino somnum faciente, jacebant + Corpora diversis victa sopore locis. +Lotis herbosa sub acernis ultima ramis, + Sicut erat lusu fessa, quievit humo. +Surgit amans, animamque tenens vestigia furtim 425 + Suspenso digitis fert taciturna gradu. +Ut tetigit niveae secreta cubilia Nymphae, + Ipsa sui flatus ne sonet aura, cavet. +Et jam finitima corpus librabat in herba: + Illa tamen multi plena soporis erat. 430 +Gaudet, et, a pedibus tracto velamine, vota + Ad sua felici coeperat ire via. +Ecce rudens rauco Sileni vector asellus + Intempestivos edidit ore sonos. +Territa consurgit Nymphe, manibusque Priapum 435 + Rejicit, et fugiens concitat omne nemus. +Morte dedit poenas auctor clamoris: et hinc est + Hellespontiaco victima grata deo. 440 +Intactae fueratis aves, solatia ruris, + Assuetum silvis innocuumque genus, +Quae facitis nidos, quae plumis ova fovetis, + Et facili dulces editis ore modos. +Sed nihil ista juvant, quia linguae crimen habetis, 445 + Dique putant mentes vos aperire suas. +Nec tamen id falsum: nam, dis ut proxima quaeque, + Nunc penna veras, nunc datis ore notas. +Tuta diu volucrum proles tum denique caesa est, + Juveruntque deos indicis exta sui. 450 +Ergo saepe suo conjux abducta marito + Uritur in calidis alba columba focis. +Nec defensa juvant Capitolia, quo minus anser + Det jecur in lances, Inachi lauta, tuas. +Nocte deae Nocti cristatus caeditur ales, 455 + Quod tepidum vigili provocat ore diem. +Interea Delphin clarum super aequora sidus + Tollitur, et patriis exserit ora vadis. + +Postera lux hiemen medio discrimine signat, + Aequaque praeteritae, quae superabit, erit. 460 + +Proxima prospiciet Tithono Aurora relicto + Arcadiae sacrum pontificale deae. +Te quoque lux eadem, Turni soror, aede recepit, + Hic ubi Virginea campus obitur aqua. +Unde petam causas horum moremque sacrorum? 465 + Dirigat in medio quis mea vela freto? +Ipsa mone, quae nomen habes a carmine ductum, + Propositoque fave, ne tuus erret honos. +Orta prior Luna,--de se si creditur ipsi-- + A magno tellus Arcade nomen habet. 470 +Hic fuit Evander, qui, quamquam clarus utroque, + Nobilior sacra; sanguine matris erat, +Quae, simul aetherios animo conceperat ignes, + Ore dabat vero carmina plena dei. +Dixerat haec, nato motus instare sibique, 475 + Multaque praeterea, tempore nacta fidem. +Nam juvenis vera nimium cum matre fugatus + Deserit Arcadiam Parrhasiumque larem. +Cui genitrix flenti, Fortuna viriliter, inquit, + --Siste, puer, lacrimas!--ista ferenda tibi est. 480 +Sic erat in fatis, nec te tua culpa fugavit, + Sed deus; offenso pulsus es urbe deo. +Non meriti poenam pateris, sed numinis iram, + Est aliquid magnis crimen abesse malis. +Conscia mens ut cuique sua est, ita concipit intra 485 + Pectora pro facto spemque metumque suo. +Nec tamen ut primus maere mala talia passus; + Obruit ingentes ista procella viros. +Passus idem, Tyriis qui quondam pulsus ab oris + Cadmus in Aonia constitit exsul humo. 490 +Passus idem Tydeus, et idem Pagasaeus Iason, + Et quos praeterea longa referre mora est. +Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus sequor, + Ut volucri, vacuo quidquid in orbe patet. +Nec fera tempestas toto tamen horret in anno, 495 + Et tibi--crede mihi--tempora veris erunt. +Vocibus Evander firmata mente parentis + Nave secat fluctus, Hesperiamque tenet. +Jamque ratem doctae monitu Carmentis in amnem + Egerat, et Tuscis obvius ibat aquis. 500 +Fluminis illa latus, cui sunt vada juncta Terenti, + Adspicit, et sparsas per loca sola casas. +Utque erat, immissis puppim stetit ante capillis, + Continuitque manum torva regentis iter; +Et procul in dextram tendens sua brachia ripam, 505 + Pinea non sano ter pede texta ferit; +Neve daret saltum properans insistere terrae, + Vix est Evandri vixque retenta manu; +Dique petitorum, dixit, salvete locorum, + Tuque novos coelo terra datura deos, 510 +Fluminaque, et Fontes, quibus utitur hospita tellus, + Et nemorum Nymphae, Naiadumque chori! +Este bonis avibus visi natoque mihique, + Ripaque felici tacta sit ista pede! +Fallor? an hi fient ingentia moenia colles, 515 + Juraque ab hac terra cetera terra petet? +Montibus his olim totus promittitur orbis. + Quis tantum fati credat habere locum? +Et jam Dardaniae tangent haec litora pinus. + Hic quoque causa novi femina Martis erit. 520 +Care nepos, Palla, funesta quid induis arma? + Indue: non humili vindice caesus eris. +Victa tamen vinces, eversaque Troja resurges; + Obruet hostiles ista ruina domos. +Urite victrices Neptunia Pergama flammae: 525 + Num minus hic toto est altior orbe cinis? +Jam pius Aeneas sacra, et sacra altera patrem, + Afferet: Iliacos excipe, Vesta, deos. +Tempus erit, quum vos orbemque tuebitur idem, + Et fient ipso sacra colente deo: 530 +Et penes Augustos patriae tutela manebit. + Hanc fas imperii frena tenere domum. +Inde nepos natusque dei--licet ipse recuset-- + Pondera coelesti mente paterna feret. +Utque ego perpetuis olim sacrabor in aris, 535 + Sic Augusta novum Julia numen erit. +Talibus ut dictis nostros descendit ad annos, + Substitit in medios praescia lingua sonos. +Puppibus egressus Latia stetit exsul in herba. + Felix, exsilium cui locus ille fuit! 540 +Nec mora longa fuit; stabant nova tecta, nec alter + Montibus Ausoniis Arcade major erat. +Ecce boves illuc Erytheïdas applicat heros, + Emensus longi claviger orbis iter. +Dumque huic hospitium domus est Tegeaea, vagantur 545 + Incustoditae laeta per arva boves. +Mane erat: excussus somno Tirynthius hospes + De numero tauros sentit abesse duos. +Nulla videt taciti quaerens vestigia furti: + Traxerat aversos Cacus in antra ferox; 550 +Cacus, Aventinae timor atque infamia silvae, + Non leve finitimis hospitibusque malum. +Dira viro facies, vires pro corpore, corpus + Grande, pater monstri Mulciber hujus erat; +Proque domo longis spelunca recessibus ingens, 555 + Abdita, vix ipsis invenienda feris. +Ora super postes affixaque brachia pendent, + Squalidaque humanis ossibus albet humus. +Servata male parte boum Jove natus abibat: + Mugitum ranco furta dedere sono. 560 +Accipio revocamen, ait, vocemque secutus + Impia per silvas ultor ad antra venit. +Ille aditum fracti praestruxerat objice montis: + Vix juga movissent quinque bis illud onus. +Nititur hic humeris,--coelum quoque sederat illis-- 565 + Et vastum motu collabefactat onus. +Quod simul evulsum est, fragor aethera terruit ipsum, + Ictaque subsedit pondere molis humus. +Prima movet Cacus collata proelia dextra, + Remque ferox saxis stipitibusque gerit. 570 +Quis ubi nil agitur, patris malo fortis ad artes + Confugit, et flammas ore sonante vomit. +Quas quoties proflat, spirare Typhoëa credas, + Et rapidum aetnaeo fulgur ab igne jaci. +Occupat Alcides, adductaque clava trinodis 575 + Ter quater adversi sedit in ore viri. +Ille cadit, mixtosque vomit cum sanguine fumos, + Et lato moriens pectore plangit humum. +Immolat ex illis taurum tibi, Jupiter, unum + Victor, et Evandrum ruricolasque vocat, 580 +Constituitque sibi, quae Maxima dicitur, aram, + Hic ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet. +Nec tacet Evandri mater, prope tempus adesse, + Hercule quo tellus sit satis usa suo. +At felix vates, ut dîs gratissima vixit, 585 + Possidet hunc Jani sic dea mense diem. + +Idibus in magni castus Jovis aede sacerdos + Semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis: +Redditaque est omnis populo provincia nostro, + Et tuus Augusto nomine dictus avus. 590 +Perlege dispositas generosa per atria ceras; + Contigerunt nulli nomina tanta viro. +Africa victorem de se vocat: alter Isauras, + Aut Cretum domitas testificatur opes; +Hunc Numidae faciunt, illum Messana superbum; 595 + Ille Numantina traxit ab urbe notam. +Et mortem et nomen Druso Germania fecit. + Me miserum, virtus quam brevis illa fuit! +Si petat a victis, tot sumat nomina Caesar, + Quot numero gentes maximus orbis habet. 600 +Ex uno quidam celebres, aut torquis ademptae, + Aut corvi titulos auxiliaris habent. +Magne, tuum nomen rerum mensara tuarum est: + Sed qui te vicit, nomine major erat. +Nec gradus est ultra Fabios cognominis ullus; 605 + Illa domus meritis Maxima dicta suis. +Sed tamen humanis celebrantur honoribus omnes: + Hic socium summo cum Jove nomen habet. +Sancta vocant _augusta_, patres: _augusta_ vocantur + Templa sacerdotum rite dicata manu. 610 +Hujus et augurium dependet origine verbi, + Et quodcumque sua Jupiter auget ope. +Augeat imperium nostri ducis, augeat annos: + Protegat et vestras querna corona fores. +Auspicibusque deis tanti cognominis heres 615 + Omine suscipiat, quo pater, orbis onus. + +Respiciet Titan actas ubi tertius Idus, + Fient Parrhasiae sacra relata deae. +Nam prius Ausonias matres carpenta vehebant: + --Haec quoque ab Evandri dicta parente reor-- 620 +Mox honor eripitur, matronaque destinat omnis + Ingratos nulla prole novare viros; +Neve daret partus, ictu temeraria caeco + Visceribus crescens excutiebat onus. +Corripuisse patres ausas immitia nuptas, 625 + Jus tamen exemptum restituisse, ferunt. +Binaque nunc pariter Tegeaeae sacra parenti + Pro pueris fieri virginibusque jubent. +Scortea non illi fas est inferre sacello, + Ne violent puros exanimata focos. 630 +Si quis amas ritus veteres, assiste precanti: + Nomina percipies non tibi nota prius, +Porrima placantur Postvertaque, sive sorores, + Sive fugae comites, Maenali Nympha, tuae. +Altera, quod porro fuerat, cecinisse putatur: 635 + Altera, versurum postmodo quidquid erat. + +Candida te niveo posuit lux proxima templo, + Qua fert sublimes alta Moneta gradus: +Nunc bene prospicies Latiam, Concordia, turbam: + Nunc te sacratae restituere manus. 640 +Furius antiquum populi superator Etrusci + Voverat, et voti solverat ante fidem. +Causa, quod a patribus sumptis secesserat armis + Vulgus, et ipsa suas Roma timebat opes. +Causa recens melior: passos Germania crines 645 + Porrigit auspiciis, dux venerande, tuis. +Inde triumphatae libasti munera gentis, + Templaque fecisti, quam colis ipse, deae. +Haec tua constituit Genitrix et rebus et ara, + Sola toro magni digna reperta Jovis. 650 +Haec ubi transierint, Capricorne, Phoebe, relicto, + Per juvenis curres signa gerentis aquam. + +Septimus hinc Oriens quum se demiserit undis, + Fulgebit toto jam Lyra nulla polo. +Sidere ab hoc ignis venienti nocte, Leonis 655 + Qui micat in medio pectore, mersus erit. + +Ter quater evolvi signantes tempora fastos, + Nec Sementiva est ulla reperta dies: +Quum mihi--sensit enim--Lux haec indicitur, inquit + Musa: quid a fastis non stata sacra petis? 660 +Utque dies incerta sacro, sic tempora certa, + Seminibus jactis est ubi fetus ager. +State coronati plenum ad praesepe juvenci, + Cum tepido vestrum vere redibit opus. +Rusticus emeritum palo suspendat aratrum: 665 + Omne reformidat frigida vulnus humus. +Villice, da requiem terrae, semente peracta: + Da requiem, terram qui coluere, viris, +Pagus agat festum; pagum lustrate, coloni, + Et date paganis annua liba focis. 670 +Placentur matres frugum, Tellusque, Ceresque, + Farre suo gravidae visceribusque suis. +Officium commune Ceres et Terra tuentur; + Haec praebet causam frugibus, illa locum. +Consortes operum, per quas correcta vetustas, 675 + Quernaque glans victa est utiliore cibo, +Frugibus immensis avidos satiate colonos, + Ut capiant cultus praemia digna sui. +Vos date perpetuos teneris sementibus auctus, + Nec nova per gelidas herba sit usta nives. 680 +Quum serimus, coelum ventis aperite serenis; + Quum latet, aetheria spargite semen aqua; +Neve graves cultis Cerealia dona, cavete, + Agmine laesuro depopulentur aves. +Vos quoque subjectis, formicae, parcite granis: 685 + Post messem praedae copia major erit. +Interea crescat scabrae robiginis expers, + Nec vitio coeli palleat aegra seges, +Et neque deficiat macie, neque pinguior sequo + Divitiis pereat luxuriosa suis; 690 +Et careant loliis oculos vitiantibus agri; + Nec sterilis culto surgat avena solo. +Triticeos fetus, passuraque farra bis ignem, + Hordeaque ingenti fenore reddat ager. +Hoc ego pro vobis, hoc vos optate coloni, 695 + Efficiatque ratas utraque diva preces. +Bella diu tenuere viros: erat aptior ensis + Vomere: cedebat taurus arator equo. +Sarcula cessabant, versique in pila ligones, + Factaque de rastri pondere cassis erat. 700 +Gratia dîs domuique tuae! religata catenis + Jampridem nostro sub pede bella jacent. +Sub juga bos veniat, sub terras semen aratas. + Pax Cererem nutrit: pacis alumna Ceres. + +At quae venturas praecedet sexta Kalendas, 705 + Hac sunt Ledaeis templa dicata deis. +Fratribus illa deis fratres de gente deorum + Circa Juturnae composuere lacus. + +Ipsum nos carmen deducit Pacis ad aram. + Haec erit a mensis fine secunda dies. 710 +Frondibus Actiacis comptos redimita capillos + Pax ades, et toto mitis in orbe mane. +Dum desunt hostes, desit quoque causa triumphi. + Tu ducibus bello gloria major eris. +Sola gerat miles, qnibus arma coërceat, arma, 715 + Canteturque fera, nil nisi pompa, tuba, +Horreat aeneadas et primus et ultimus orbis: + Si qua parum Romam terra timebit, amet. +Tura, sacerdotes, pacalibus addite flammis, + Albaque percussa victima fronte cadat: 720 +Utque domus, quae praestat eam, cum pace perennet, + Ad pia propensos vota rogate deos. +Sed jam prima mei pars est exacta laboris, + Cumque suo finem mense libellus habe. + + +NOTES: (numbers refer to lines) + +1. _Tempora_ in Virgil. (Ecl. iii. 42. Geor. i. 257,) is the seasons, +here it denotes the festivals and other remarkable days of the year.-- +_Latium_, adj. Latin, _Latius annus_ is the solar year. + +2. _Lapsa ortaque signa_. The subject of the poem is the Roman festivals, +and the rising and setting of the constellations. See Introduction, § 1. + +3. _Caesar Germ_, son of Drusus Claudius Nero, and nephew of Tiberius, by +whom he was adopted at the desire of Augustus. See Tacit. Annal II. 73. +Suet. Calig. 1-4.--_Pacato vultu_, etc. as if he were a deity. + +5. Heinsius and Burmann, following some of the best MSS. read _officii + ... In tibi devoto munere_, which gives a good sense. Lenz, Mitscherlich +and Krebs, prefer the present reading. + +7, 8. See Introd. § 4. + +9. _Vobis_, your family, i.e. the Claudii, or rather the Julii, into +which he had been adopted. + +10. _Pater_, Tiberius; _avus_, Augustus, who had adopted Tiberius. + +11. Germanicus and his brother, the poet says, will perform actions and +receive honors similar to those of Augustus and Tiberius. Drusus was the +son of Tiberius; and therefore, only the adoptive brother of Germanicus. +--_Pictos_. the Fasti, were like all other books, adorned with various +colours. + +13. _Aras_. The altars dedicated by Augustus, perhaps the altars raised +to him, Hor. Ep. II. 1. 15. The following line shows the former sense to +be preferable. + +15-20. All the terms _annue_, etc. used here, are such as would be +addressed to a deity.--_Laudes_, praiseworthy deeds.--_Tuorum_, like +_vobis_, v. 9.--_Pagina_ for _liber_.--_Movetur_ scil; with awe. He +personifies the book.--_Clario Deo_. There was a celebrated oracle of the +Clarian Apollo, near Colophon, in Asia Minor, which Germanicus himself +once consulted. Tac. Annal. xii. 22. + +21, 22. Germanicus had pleaded causes publicly with success, Suet. Cal. +4. Dion. 56. 26. + +23-25. He had written Greek comedies, Suet, _ut sup_. He also made a +version of Aratus which is still extant, + +26. _Totus annus_, i. e. the whole poem on the year. + +27. _Tempora_, the parts of the year, i. e. months and days.--_Cond. +urb_. Romulus. + +28. See Introd. § 2. + +33, 34. That is ten lunar months. + +35, 35. This is putting the effect for the cause, the mourning was for +ten months, because that was the length of the original year.--_Tristia +signa_, the signs of grief, such as avoiding society, wearing mourning, +&c. + +37. _Trabeati_, Romulus wore the trabea. Liv. I. 8. + +38. _Populis_, i. e. _civibus.--Annua jura daret_, i.e. regulated the +year, v. 27. + +40. _Princeps_ head or origin. Venus was the mother of aeneas, Mars the +father of Romulus. + +41. See the beginning of Books III and IV. + +42. Quinctilis, Sextilis, September, &c. + +43. _Nec avitas_, see below II. 19. _et seq_. + +45-62. See Introd. § 3. + +50. _Qui jam_, &c. a half holiday, the latter part of the day might be +devoted to business. + +52. _Honoratus_, as bearing office. It was applied with peculiar +propriety to the Praetor whose edicts were called the _Jus honorarium_. + +53. The _Dies comitiales_ on which _cum populo licebat agi_, i. e. laws +might be proposed, &c.--_Septis_ the wooden palings, within which the +people were assembled in the Campus Martius, to pass laws. + +54. The Nundinae. Every ninth day the country people came into Rome to +attend the market. By the Hortensian law, these days were made _fasti_ in +order that their rustic disputes might be settled. + +55. On all the Kalends the Pontifex Minor and the Regina Sacrorum +sacrificed to Juno who was by some regarded as the moon. For the name +Juno see my Mythology, p. 461.--_Junonis_, Heinsius would read _Junonia_. + +56. A sacrifice of a lamb was offered on the Capitol to Jupiter on the +Ides of each month. + +57. The Nones were not under the care of any deity. + +57-60. The days following the Kalends, Nones and Ides were termed _Atri_, +black or unlucky, as on these days, the Romans had met with their most +memorable defeats at the Cremera, the Allia, and elsewhere. A public +calamity on any particular day of any one month rendered _ater_, that day +in every other month. + +61, 62. I say it once for all. + +63. For the mythology of Janus, see Mythology, p. 466, _et seq_. + +65. _An. tac lab_. denotes the noiseless pace of time.--_Origo_ as the +year began with January. + +66. See his figure. Mythology, Plate xii. 4. + +67. _Ducibus_, perhaps Tib. and Germ, after the victory gained by the +latter over the Catti and Cherusci, and other German tribes, A.U.C. 770; +it may, however, include Augustus and other generals. + +68. Terra ferax, the [Greek: zeidoros arera] of Homer. + +69. _Tuis_, Burmann would read _tui_ as it seems awkward to say the +_Patres Jani_ and the Populus Quirini. Quirinus was a name of Janus +(_Janum Quirinum ter clusit_ Suet. Aug. 22.) and Gierig thinks the true +reading might have been _Quirine_. After all it was perhaps the +constraint of the metre that made the poet express himself thus. + +70. _Candida templa_, either as being built of marble, or on account of +those who frequented them on festival days, being clad in white. Gierig +inclines to the latter, I should prefer the former sense. + +71. _Lin. anim. fav_. [Greek: euphaemeite] by using no words of ill omen +and by admitting no thoughts but what were good. + +75. _Odor. ig_. with the frankincense, cinnamon, saffron, &c. which were +burnt on the altars. + +76. _Spica Cilissa_, the saffron from Mount Corycus in Cilicia.-- +_Spica_, the chives or filaments of the saffron.--_Sonet_, when the +saffron was good it crackled in the fire. + +77. _Aurum_, the gilded roof of the temple. + +79, 80. _Vest, intact_. with new or white garments, the Roman _toga_ was +white.--_Concolor_, a festal or happy day was metaphorically termed +white.--_Tarp. Arces_, the Capitol. It was the practice ever since A.U.C. +601 for the consuls elect, followed by the people, to go in procession to +the Capitol and offer a sacrifice to Jupiter. + +81, 82. The consuls entered on their office on this day.--_Purpura_, the +_toga praetexta_ or _trabea_, worn by magistrates.--_Ebur_, the curule +chair. + +83. _Rudis operum_, that had never been worked. + +84. _Herba Fal_. &c., the land of Falerii in Etruria, whence the animals +for sacrifice were chiefly brought, the water of the Clitumnus, in +Umbria, was supposed to make them white, Virg. G. II. 146. + +85. _Arce_, either the Capitol, or the dome of Heaven, see Met. I. 163. +Virg aen. I. 223. + +88. _Pop. rer. pol_. the _Romanos rerum dominos_ of Virgil. + +89. The poet here commences his enquiry into the mythology of Janus. + +90. There was no deity worshipped in Greece whose attributes were the +same as those of Janus. A curious similarity has been traced out between +him and the Ganesa of India. + +93. _Tabellis_, his writing-tables. + +94. A usual sign of the presence of a Deity. + +100. _Ore priore_, his front face. See his image. + +101. _Vat. oper. dier_. Poet engaged on the days. + +103. _First_ opinion, Janus was the World. + +105-110. Compare Met. I. _init_. + +113, 114. His back and front figure were the same, a memorial of the time +when the world was in a chaotic state of confusion, all its parts being +alike. This is a very silly explanation. + +115. _Second_ opinion, see below v. 135-140. + +116. His office of door-keeper (_Janitor_) of heaven and earth. + +120. The _cardines_ of heaven, if they are meant, are the cardinal +points, where according to the poetic creed of the Augustan age there +were doors for the gods to go in and out of heaven. Stat. Theb. i. 158, +vii. 35. x. 1. See Mythology, p. 39. + +121. He represents Peace and War as persons in the custody of Janus.-- +_Placidis_ as being the abode of Peace. + +122. _Perpetuas_, long. + +125. See Hom. II. v. 749, _et seq_. Mythology p. 150. + +127. _Janus à janua_. + +127, 128. _Cereale libum_, the _Janual_, a kind of cake offered to Janus. +Festus _sub. voc.--Imponit_ on the altar.--_Far mix. sal_. the _Mola +salsa_. + +129, 130. _Patulcius (à pateo)_ the Opener, _Clusius (à claudo)_ the +Shutter; sacrifical names of Janus. + +133. _Vis_ i.e. _officium_. + +134. From what I have said you already in part perceive it. + +137. _Primi tecti_, the first part of the house, i.e. the entrance. + +141, 142. The three-faced Hecate, (see her figure Mythology, Plate III. +2.) was placed at the _triviae_, or the point where a road branched off +(like the Greek capital Y) so that a face looked down each road. + +149, 150. The poet naturally asks why the year began in the middle of +winter and not in the spring. This gives him an opportunity of +introducing the following lovely description with which compare, Virg. G. +II. 324, _et seq_. Lucret I. 5, _et seq_. and below III. 236 _et seq_. +IV. 87 _et seq_. + +153. _Oper. frond_. Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig on the authority of nine +MSS. read _amicitur vitibus_; four MSS. have _amicitur frondibus_ which I +should feel disposed to prefer. + +154. _Seminis herba_ appears to be the corn which had been sown and was +now coming up; one MS. reads _graminis_. + +157. _Ignota_, the stranger, as the swallow returns in spring. + +158. _Lut. fing. opus_. her clay-built nest: _Fingere_ is the proper term +when speaking of pottery any work in clay. + +163. _Bruma_, the winter solstice after which the days begin to lenghten. + +165-170. It was usual with all classes of the people to practice a little +at their respective trades, or occupations on the Kalends of January by +way of omen and not for payment. Thus the shoe-maker or the fuller did +some little job or another, the peasant some rural work, pleaders +skirmished a little in the forum, &c,--_Delibat_, i.e. _leviter +attingit_. + +171-174. The reason is here required and given, why the Romans when about +to sacrifice to any other of the gods, first made offerings to Janus. The +old historian, Fabius Pictor, said it was because Janus first taught to +use spelt (_far_) and wine in sacrifice. Macrobius says because he was +the first who erected temples to the gods in Italy. Others give other +reasons equally unsatisfactory. + +175-182. In our own custom of wishing each other a happy new year, &c. +may still be witnessed, the practice of which the poet here asks the +reason. The _bona verba_ were used for the sake of omen.--_Ulla lingua_, +any tongue which then utters a prayer.--_Caducas_, unavailing. + +186, 187. The _strenae_ (Fr. _étrennes_) or New Year's gift--_Palma_, +dates, the fruit of the palm, (_caryotae_) covered with gold leaf, were a +part of the _strenae_.--_Carica_ the [Greek: ischas] or dried fig.-- +_Cado_, some MSS. read _favo_. + +189. _Stipis_, pieces of money were then as now, a part of the New-year's +gift. Augustus himself, as inscriptions shew, did not scruple to receive +money as his _strenae_ on the Kalends of January, See Suet. Aug. 91. + +191-218. The praises of ancient simplicity, and censure of the vices of +his own times,--a common place with Ovid and the other poets. + +191. _Quam te fallunt_, etc. How little you know the character of your +own times. + +193, 194. Such was hardly the case even in the golden age. + +_Pris. tem. an_. In the years of the olden time. + +199. _Martigena_, Mars-begotten, like _terrigena_, etc. + +201. _Angusta aede_, either the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, built by +Romulus on the Capitol, and which was not quite fifteen feet long, or +that built by Numa, or rather any temple of those ancient times.--_Vix +totus stabat_ seems to mean that the statue was in a sitting posture, and +the roof of the temple so low, that it would not admit of its being +placed erect in it. + +202. _Fictile fulmen_. The images of the gods at Rome, in those times, +were of baked clay, manufactured in Etruria. Even the four-horse chariot +which was placed on the Capitoline temple, when first built, was of baked +clay. Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. 491. + +208. _Levis lamina_ is employed to express more strongly the simplicity +of those days, as if the possession of even the smallest quantity of the +precious metals was a crime. Fabricius, when censor, A.U.C. 478, put out +of the senate Cornel. Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, +for having ten pounds weight of wrought silver. + +210. Rome would appear to be personified in this place. + +212, 213. The union of luxury and avarice, Sallust Cat. 5 and 12. They +vie in gaining what they may consume, in regaining, what they have +consumed, and these very alternations (of avarice and luxury) are the +aliment (or support) of (these) vices. + +215, 216. The usual comparison of avarice to the dropsy. See Hor. Carm. +II. 2. 13. + +217, 218. _In pret. pret_. a play on words.--_Dat census_, etc. Hor. +Epist. I. 6. + +219. _cur sit_. Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig, read _si sit_.--_Quaeris_, +means you will probably ask, or you wish to know, for the poet had not +yet asked the question.--_Ausp. utile_, a good omen. + +220. _Aera vestua_, the _stips_ or _as_. was a copper coin. In the old +times, the Romans had none but copper money. See Neibuhr, Rom. Hist. I. +449 _et seq_. + +223. _Nos_, we, the gods, or I, Janus. + +226. The manners of each time are suited to it, and should be followed. + +227. _Munitus_, acc. plur. of the substantive. Five MSS. read _manitis_. + +229, 230. The old Roman coin bore on one side the figure of a ship; on +the other, a two-headed Janus. + +232. The impression on the old coins was, of course, often effaced by +time and use. + +234. _Falcifer_ Saturn. See Mythology, p. 465, Virg. aen. viii. 315 _et +seq_. + +241. The Janiculum on the left, or Tuscan bank of the Tiber. See vv. 245, +246. + +242. _Aren. Tib_. the _flavus Tib_. of Horace, Carm. I. 3.--_Radit_, like +_rodet_ and _mordet_, is very appropriately applied to a stream. See Hor. +Carm. I. 22, 8. + +243. Virg. aen. viii. 314. Propert, iv. 1. Tibul. II. 5, 25. This contrast +of the former and the present state of the Seven Hills, was a favorite +theme with poets of the Augustan age.--_Incaedua_ uncut, i.e. ancient, +denoting in general a wood, which was an object of religious awe and +veneration. + +245. _Arx_. The dwelling of the princes of the heroic ages was usually on +an eminence, like the castles of the feudal chiefs of the middle ages. + +247, 248. In the golden age. + +249, 250. See Met. I. 89, _et seq_. 150. Hesiod [Greek: herga] 195. +Mythology, 258-262. + +251. Pudor, [Greek: Aidos]. + +257, 258. The Romans gave the name of _Jani_ to arches, like that of +Templebar, in London, under which people passed from one street into +another. They were always double, people entering by one and going out +the other, every one keeping to the right. Lenz, understands by _Jani_, +in this place, temples of Janus, of which there were three at Rome.-- +_Stas_ sacratus_ have a statue. _For. duob_. the fish and the ox-market. +This temple was built by Duilius. + +260. _Oebalii_, alluding to the fancied descent of the Sabines, from the +Lacedaemmonians, one of whose ancient kings Oebalus is said to have been. +_Tati_--One MS. reads _Titi_, which Heinsius and Gierig adopted. for this +story, see Met. xiv. 771 _et seq_. and Livy I 11. + +261. _Levis custos_ Tarpeia.--_levis_, light-minded. + +264. _Arduus clivus_, a steep path. + +265. _Portam_, the Palantine gate.--_Saturnia_, Juno. + +267. _Tanto numine_ Scil. Juno. + +268. _Meae artis_, that is, of openings. + +269. He caused streams of hot sulphurous water to gush out of the groung. + +274. When after the repulse of the Sabines, the hot waters ceased to +flow, and the place became as it was before. + +275, 276. This earliest temple was exceedingly small, containing nothing +but a statue of the god, five feet high. Procopius (de Bell. Goth.) +describes it. _Strue_. The _strues_--was a kind of cake. + +277. The well known circumstance of the temple of Janus being open in +time of war, closed in time of peace. + +279-281. For what is probably the true reason, see Niebuhr's Roman +History, I. 287, or Mythology, p. 467. + +283. _Diversa tuentes_, on account of his two faces. + +285, 286. This was A.U.C. 770, when on the vii. Kal. Jun. Germanicus +triumphed over the Catti, the Cherusci, and the Angivarii, Tacit. An. II. +4l.--_Fam. Rhe. aq_. the river, as was usual with the poets, put for the +people who dwelt on its banks, to denote that the Germans now obeyed +Rome. + +287. _Face_, fac.--_Ministros pacis_, Tiberius and Germanicus. + +288. May not he (Germ. or Tib.) who has procured this peace for the +empire, break it by resuming arms. + +289, 290. The poet now ceases to discourse with Janus, and informs the +reader of what he had found in the Fasti, namely, that two temples had +been consecrated, at different times, on the Kalends of January. + +291, 292. A.U.C. 462, in consequence of a plague at Rome, by the +direction of the Sybelline books, an embassy was sent to Epidaurus, and +one of the serpents sacred to Aesculapius was brought to Rome; a temple +was built to the god on the island in the Tiber. See Met. xv. 622--744. +_Ph. n_. _Cor. nat_. Aesculapius. See Mythology, p. 384. + +293, 294. _In parte est_, is a sharer in the day and place. The temple of +Jupiter in the island was dedicated by C. Servilius Duumvir, some time +after the second Punic war. + +295-310. Being now for the first time about to perform the other part of +his promise, namely, to note the risings and settings of the stars, he +prefaces it by the praises of the astronomers. See Introd. § 1. + +299, 300. As the study of astronomy elevates the mind above the +terrestrial abode of men, so it raises, or should raise it, above all +mean and groveling pursuits and ideas. + +305. They have brought the distant stars to our eyes. Gierig, following +one MS. for _nostris_, reads _terris_, a reading which Burmann approved, +though he did not adopt it. + +307, 308. Alluding to the Alodïes, Otus and Ephialtes, Hom. Od. xi. +304-316. Virg. G. I. 280. Hor. Carm. III. 4, 49. + +311-314. The cosmic setting of Cancer, on the morning of the 3rd January, +the third before the Nones. See Introd. §. 1. + +316. The cosmic rising of Lyra, which was usually attended with rain. + +317, 318. On the 9th January was celebrated the festival of Jannus, named +the Agonia or Agonalia, the origin of which name the poet now proceeds to +discuss. + +319-322. One etymon was _ago_, to do, as the _popa_ or officiating +minister of the altar cried _Agone_? Shall I act? before he struck the +victim.--_Agatne_. Four of the best MSS. read _Agone_; they are followed +by Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig. + +323, 324. A second from _agor_, because the victims were _led_ to the +altar. Both equally silly. + +325. a third; _quasi_ Agnalia from _Agna_. + +327, 328. A fourth from the Greek [Greek: agonia, agoniazein]--_In aqua_, +the vessels of water by the altar in which the knives were placed. + +329, 330. A fifth from the Greek [Greek: agones] _ludi_. + +331. A sixth, which the poet approves, from _Agonia_, an old name for +cattle. + +333, 334. A ram was the victim offered on this day by the Rex Sacrorum. + +335, 336. Two trifling etymoligies. The _victima_, he intimates, was +offered after a victory; the _hostia_, in time of peace, when there was +no enemy, _hostibus amotis_. Krebs reads _a motis_: almost all the MSS. +_a domitis_. + +337-456. A long digression on the origin and causes of the various +sacrifices offered to the gods. + +338. The _Mola salsa_.--_Pura_ because it purifies or keeps from decay. + +340. _Hospita navis_, a foreign ship. + +343. _Herbis Sabinis_. The _Savin_, called by the Greeks [Greek: brathu]. +_Duorum generum est_, says Pliny, _altera tamaraci similis folio, altera +cupresso_. + +344. A loud crackling of the leaves of the bay or laurel in the fire was +a good omen. + +347. This was in the golden age, before animals were slain in honor of +the gods. + +349. He now proceeds to explain how the altars came to be stained with +the blood of animals. This was caused chiefly by the anger of the gods, +on account of the mischief which they did. + +357. [Greek: Kaen me phagaes epi rizan, omos eti karpophoraeoo Osson +epispeisai soi, trage, Ouomeno], Euenus in Anthol. Gr. T. I. p. 165, +_Jacobs_. + +363. _Aristaeus_, the son of Apollo, by the nymph Cyrene. See Virg. G. +iv. 281-558. Mythology, p. 294-296. This tale, after all, gives not the +reason why the ox was offered in sacrifice. + +381. Some popular legend probably assigned this silly cause.--_Verbena_, +herbs gathered in a sacred place. + +385. _Persis_, Persia.--_Hyperiona_, the Persian Mithras, the presiding +deity of the Sun, identified by the Greeks with their god Helius, also +called Hyperion. + +387. _Quod_, because; given by Heinsius from the best MSS. others read +_quaae.--_Trip. Dianae_, identifying her with Hecate. See above, v. 41.-- +_Virgine_, Iphigenia. + +389. _Sapaeos_, a people of Thrace. Herod, vii. 110. Most MSS. have +Sabaeos, or Saphaeos, but incorrectly.--_Vidi_. When Ovid was going into +exile, at Tomi, A.U.C. 763, he passed through Thrace. + +391. _Custodi ruris_, Priapus. This god who was chiefly worshiped at +Lampsacus, was said to be the offspring of Bacchus and Venus. See +Mythology, p. 205. + +393. _Festa_, etc. the Trieterides, celebrated once in every three +years.--_Corymbiferi_, Bacchus was frequently represented crowned with +bunches of ivy-berries. Some MSS. read _racemiferi_.--_Celebrabat_, +Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig, read _celebrabas_, on the authority of two +MSS. + +395. _Di cultores Lycaei_. Scil. the Pans and Satyrs, the gods of Arcadia. +Gierig, on the authority of some of the best MSS. reads _Lyaei_. For Pan, +etc. see Mythology, p. 198-205. + +398. The Naïdes and other nymphs. + +400. Priapus. + +403. _Parce_ is to be joined with _miscendas_. + +407. That is, _succincta_. + +410. _Vincula nulla_, they were barefoot. It is to be recollected that in +the heroic ages, after which the poets modelled the life of the gods, the +attendants at meals were females. + +412. Pan. + +414. _Nequitia_, lust. + +420. She evinces her haughty contempt of him by her looks. + +423. _Ultima_, the most remote. + +425. _Animam_, his breath. + +426. _Digitis_ scil _pedis_, his toes. A beautiful description of one +stealing on tip-toe. + +436. _Omne nemus_, all the gods in the grove. + +440. _Hellesp. Deo_. Priapus, the god of Lampsacus, on the Hellespont. + +445. _Linguae crimen_. Still ascribing a revengeful character to the +gods, he supposes them to be pleased with the sacrifice of the birds, who +revealed their intentions to mankind. + +447. _Dis ut proxima_. Flying high towards heaven. "Ye birds, That +singing up to heaven gate ascend."--Milton. + +448. _Penna_, the _Praepetes_; _ore_, the _oscines_, as they were styled +in language of augury. + +453. See Liv. v. 47, for this well-known story. + +454. _Inachi lauta_. Isis the Egyptian deity, supposed to be the same +with Io, the daughter of the river-god, Inachus. See Met. I. 747, _et +seq_. Mythology, 367.--_Lauta_, dainty, as _lautioribus cibis utens_, +such as the livers of geese. Isis was much worshiped at Rome at this +time. + +455. _Deae Nocti_. A cock was sacrificed to Night, as being odious to +her.--_Ales_, like the Greek [Greek: ornis], the _bird_ [Greek: kat +exochaen]. + +456. _Tepidum diem_, the dawn, warm after the chill of the night.-- +_Provocat_, calls forth. + +457. The cosmic rising of the Dolphin, on the ninth of January. + +459. _Postera lux_, the tenth of January, which, according to the poet, +was the _bruma_, or middle of winter. Columella and Ptolemy place it on +the 4th January, the day before the Nones; Pliny, xviii. 5, makes it the +viii. Kal. Jan. or 25th December. + +461. _Aurora_. Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig read _nupta_, on the +authority of seven MSS. + +462. The Carmentalia, on the 10th, or III. Id. of January.--_Arcad. +deae_. Carmenta, the mother of Evander; her altar was at the Carmental +gate, at the foot of the Capitol. + +463. _Turni soror_, Juturna. See Virg. aen. xii. 134, _et seq_. + +464. The temple of Juturna stood in the Campus Martius, by the _Aqua +Virgo_, which Agrippa had brought thither on account of its excellence. + +467. _Quae nomen_, etc. Scil. Carmenta. + +496, 470. _Orta_, etc. The Arcadians called themselves [Greek: +proselaenous] as having existed before the Moon.--_Tellus_, scil. +_gens_.--_Areade_, Arcas, the son of Jupiter and Callisto. See Met. II. +401, _et seq_. Mythology, p. 387. + +471. Evander was the son of Mercury and Carmenta. According to Servius, +on the aeneis, his father was Echemus, and I am inclined to think that +Ovid followed this last genealogy. + +473. _aetherios ignes_, the inspiration of the god. + +474. _Plena_ may be joined either with _carmina_, or with the nominative +to _dabat_. + +475. _Motus_, civil discord. + +475. Time verified her predictions. + +478. _Parrhasium_, for Arcadian, part for the whole. Evander dwelt at +Pallantium. + +490. See Met. III. _init_. Mythology, 291. + +491. Iason is always a trisyllable. For Tydeus and Jason, see Mythology +under their names. + +493. [Greek: Apas men aaer aieto perasimos, Apasa de chthon andri gennaio +patris]. Eurip. frag. Comp. Hor. Carm. II. 9. + +494. _Vacuo_, etc. the air. + +495. Hor. Carm. II. 10. 15. + +498. _Hesperiam tenet_. He reaches Italy, not, as Gierig understands it, +he held his course for Italy. + +500. Sailed up against the stream,--_Tuscis_, as flowing by Etruria. + +501. There was a place in the Campus Martius, named Terentum, where was +an altar of Dis and Proserpine, at which secular games were celebrated. I +rather incline to think with Gierig, that the _vada Terenti_ was a part +of the river near the Terentum. + +502. The abodes of the Aborigines. + +503-508. The _furor divinus_ comes over her; her hair is disheveled; her +countenance becomes stern; by signs she directs the steersman to turn the +ship to the land; she is hardly restrained from jumping out of the +vessel. + +510. Romulus and the Caesars--the flattery of the poet. + +511. _Hospita_, stranger. + +515-518. The future greatness of Rome. + +519. The fleet of Aeneas. All the following events occur in the last six +books of the Aeneis. + +520. _Femina_, Lavinia. + +521. Pallas, the son of Evander, slain by Turnus, and avenged by Aeneas. + +523, 524. The future conquest of Greece by the Romans. Virg. aen. I. 283. + +525. Troy was walled by Neptune. Eight MSS. read _moenia_ for _Pergama_. + +526. _Num_, etc. Are those ashes (of Troy) nevertheless not higher than +the whole world? i.e. Will not Rome spring from them? + +527. A tradition, followed by Cato, Strabo, Dio Cassius, and others, +related that Anchises came to Italy. Perhaps Ovid followed the same +tradition. + +528. According to Dionysius. (I. 67,) the temple of the Penates, whom +Aeneas brought from Troy, was near that of Vesta. Others (Tacit. An. xv. +41) thought that they were in the temple of that goddess. + +529. Julius Caesar who was Pontifex Maximus, and was deified after his +death. Some think it is Augustus who is meant. + +531. _Augustos_ seems to be equivalent to _Caesares_. + +532. _Hanc domum_, scil: the Caesarian. + +533. Tiberius, by adoption the son of Augustus, and grandson of Julius +Caesar, both of whom were deified. His affected reluctance to accept the +imperial dignity is well known. Tac. An. I. _init_. + +534. _Pondera_, the weight of empire. + +536. _Augusta Julia_. Livia, the wife of Augustus, adopted by his +testament into the Julian family. This prediction of the poet was +accomplished by the emperor Claudius, who placed Livia among the gods. + +539. _Exsul_, Evander. + +540. The poet had probably his own miserable place of exile in view. + +542. _Arcade_, Evander. + +543. Hercules, when driving the oxen of Geryon from the isle of Erythea. +See Mythology, p. 320. + +545. For this adventure with Cacus, see Virg. aen. viii. 190, _et. _seq_. +Liv. I. 7.--Tegeaea, Arcadian. + +553. _Pro corpore_, suited to his body. + +559. _Servata male_, having ill kept, i.e. lost. + +560. _Furta_, the stolen oxen. + +564. _Opus_. The Greeks used their [Greek: ergon] in the same sense. +Homer says that twenty-two waggons (_juga_) would not have moved the rock +with which Polyphemus closed the mouth of his cave. + +565. When he supported the heavens for Atlas. See Mythology, p. 324. + +575. _Occupat_, attacks him. _Jussit quatuor admoveri, canes, qui +celeriter occupavere feram_. Curtius, ix.--_Clava trinodis_, his knotty +club. It was of the wood of the _oleaster_ ([Greek: kotinos]) or wild +olive.--_Trinodis_, a definite for an indefinite. + +581, 582. The Ara Maxima of Hercules was in the Forum Boarium. According +to Virgil, it was built by Evander. + +583, 584. The apotheosis of Hercules. + +587, 588. The usual sacrifice to Jupiter on the Ides, was a lamb, (see +above, v. 57,) here it is a wether. + +589. On the Ides of January, A.U.C. 727, Octavianus, after a speech full +of hypocritical moderation, restored to the Senate and People such of the +provinces as were in a state of tranquillity, retaining those which were +still disturbed.--The Senate, on account of this, decreed him the title +of Augustus. + +591. _Generosa atria_, the halls of the different noble families at +Rome.--_Ceras_, the waxen images of their ancestors, under which were +inscribed their titles and actions. + +593. _Africa_ etc. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus.--_Isauruas_. P. +Servilius Isauricus. + +594. _Cretum_. Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus. + +595. _Numidae_. another Q. Caecilius Metellus, the predecessor of Marius, +in the war against Jugurtha.--_Messana_. Claudius Caudex was sent to the +aid of the Mamertines in Messana. He relieved the town, but derived no +title from it. His statue and deeds, however, stood in the Atrium of the +Claudii. + +596. _Numantina_. Scipio aemilianus. + +597. _Druso_. Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, and father of Germanicus, +to whom the poem is dedicated, died in consequence of a broken leg, +caused by his horse falling on him in the summer-camp on the Rhine, +A.U.C. 745. The senate decreed the title of Germanicus to him and his +children. + +598. _Quam brevis_. How shortlived! Paterculus speaks in high terms of +the virtues of Drusus. See also Hor. Car. iv. 4. + +599. _Caesar_. C. Julius Caesar. + +601. T. Manlius Torquatus. Liv. viii. 10. + +602. M. Valerius Corvinus. Liv. vii. 26. + +603. _Magne_. Cn. Pompeius Magnus. + +604. C. Julius Caesar. + +605, 606. When Fabius (A.U.C. 449.) divided the lower class of people +into the four tribes named the _Urbanas_ he was given the title of +Maximus, which adhered to his family.--_Nec gradus ullus_, of comparison, +playing on the _magne_ of v. 603. + +608. _Hic_. Augustus. + +609. The Greeks rendered Augustus by [Greek: sebastus], from [Greek: +sebo], to venerate. This name was considered beyond any human title. + +610. _Sacerd. manu_. The Pontifex, when dedicating a temple, held one of +the door-posts. + +611. I do not think, with Gierig, that the poet derives _augurium_ from +_augustus_. It appears to me that he deduces them both from _augeo_. +_Loca quoque religiosa et in quibus augurato quid consecratur augusta +dicantur ab auctu vel ab avium gestu gustuve_. Suet. Aug. 7. + +614. An oak-leaf garland, the symbol of protection, hung over the door of +the Palatium; a laurel, the emblem of victory, stood on each side. + +615. Tiberius, who bore the name of Augustus. + +617-636. The Carmentalia were repeated on the 18th Kal. Feb. or the 15th +of the month. + +617. _Actas_, scil. _exactas_, past. + +619. _Matres_. scil. _Matronae_.--_Carpenta_, the _carpentum_, was a +covered two-wheel carriage. The etymon given by the poet is unworthy of +attention. + +629. _Scortea_, things made of skin or leather. + +631. _Precanti_, by any one who is praying. + +633. Porrima. This goddess is so named only in this place, and by +Servius, on aen. viii. 336. Macrobius (Sat. I. 7.) calls her Antevorta. +Varro, _apud_. A. Gellius (N. A. xvi. 6.) speaking of women who had a +difficult labour, says, _hujus periculi deprecandi causa arae statutae sunt +Romae duabus Carmentibus; quarum altera Postverta nominata est, Prosa +(alii Prorsa) altera; a recti perversique partus et potestate et nomine_. +We have here the true meaning of this feast of the Carmentalia, about +which our poet has been puzzling. + +634. _Nympha_, scil. Carmenta. Virg. aen. viii. 336. Thus Homer, (II. in. +130,) calls Helen a _nymph_. See Mythology, p. 206, note. For _nympha_, +in this place, eight MSS. read _diva_. + +635. _Porro_, usually denotes the future; in this place, it evidently +denotes the past. Burmann knows no other instance of its occurrence in +this sense. + +637. On the following day, the xvii. Kal. Feb. the most ancient of the +five temples of Concord at Rome, had been vowed, A.U.C. 386, by L. Furius +Camillus. It was repaired and dedicated anew by Tiberius, A.U.C. 762. The +temple of Juno Moneta (_Warner_) stood on the site of the house of +Manlius on the Capitol; a flight of 100 steps led from the temple of +Concord up to it.--_Candida lux_, auspicious day, as being that on which +the temple of Concord was dedicated.--_Niveo_, as being built of marble. + +639. The temple being on the side of the Capitol over the Forum. + +640. _Sacratae manus_ of Tiberius. Every thing belonging to the emperor +was _sacratum_ and _sanctum_. + +641. _Antiquum_, scil. templum? Neapolis, I think is wrong, in taking +_antiquum_ to be used adverbially for _olim_, and joining it with _pop. +sup. Etr_. Burmann, as he enclosed it in brackets, also understood it +adverbially. _Antiquum_, which is unquestionably the right reading, is +that of only three MSS. The others read _antiquam_ or _antiquus_, or +_antiqui_ or _antiquo_.--_Populi_, etc. merely a designation of Furius, +and has nothing to do with the occasion of the vow,--_Ante_, olim. + +643. On the occasion of the Licinian rogations. Niebuhr, on this subject, +prefers the authority of Ovid to that of Livy, who says, _Prope ad +secessionem.--venit_. + +644. _Opes_, the Plebeians. + +645. A compliment to Tiberius. The first temple was built in consequence +of civil discord; the second, in consequence of victories gained over the +most formidable foes of Rome.--_Passos_, etc. Germany (i.e. the Germans) +holds forth her dishevelled locks, vanquished by the Roman arms, under +thine auspices. _Jam tibi captivos mittet Germania crines; Culta +triumphatae munere gentis eris_, says our poet (Am. I. 14,) to a lady, as +the false hair used at Rome mostly came from Germany. Nations, when +conquered, were said _porrigere_, to surrender, those things for which +they were distinguished. Thus he says, (Trist. II. 227,) _Nunc porrigit +arcus Parthus eques timida captaque manu_, see below, V. 593. It is +therefore supposed, that a condition of the peace was the delivery of a +large quantity of hair for the use of the Roman wig-makers. There is +nothing very sublime in this. + +646. _Dux_, Tiberius. + +647. _Libasti_, You have offered. + +648. _Quam colis ipse_, by your love of peace. + +649. _Haec_. scil. templa. This place is very obscure. Some MSS. read +_hanc.--Rebus_, the commentators say, by the harmony in which she lived +with Augustus.--_Ara_, by an altar, which they suppose she placed in the +temple of Concord. + +650. _Magni Jovis_, Augustus, the vicegerent of Jove on earth. + +651. The passage of the sun into Aquarius, the xvi. Kal. Feb.--_Haec_. +scil. tempora. The first editions, and two MSS. read _transieris_. Two +other MSS. read _transierit_, which I should incline to prefer, and make +_haec_ refer to _dies_ or to _lux_, v. 637. Heinsius would read _Nox_, or +_Lux ubi transierit_. + +653, 654. On the 10th Kal. Feb. Lyra sets heliacally.--_Oriens_, scil. +Sol. + +655, 656. The following day (Jan. 24,) Regulus, the bright star in the +breast of the Lion, sets cosmically. The poet is mistaken here; according +to Colunnella, he sets on the 27th of January. + +657, 658. The Romans (see Macrob. Sat. I.) had two kinds of festivals, +the _Stativae_ and the _Conceptivaae_. The former were fixed to certain +days, and were marked in the Fasti; such were the Agonalia, Carmentalia, +Lupercalia, etc.: the latter were annually given out, (_indicebantur_) +for certain, or even uncertain days, by the magistrates or priests; such +were the Feriae Latinae, the Paganalia, Sementinae, Compitalia, etc. Seven +MSS. read _Sementinae_; seven read _Sementiva_; twelve _Sementita_. +_Sementinae_ (seu _vae) feriae: dies is appellatus a Sementi, quod Sationis +causa susceptae_. Varro. L. LV. + +661. The time was well known, but not the exact day. + +669. _Pagus_. Servius Tullius divided the Roman territory into _Pagi_. In +each Pagus was an altar, on which a common sacrifice was offered every +year by the _Pagani_, or people of the Pagus. This festival was called +the Paganalia. The origin of our word Pagan, is curious. As the country +people held out longest against Christianity, Pagan became equivalent to +heathen, and we find it at last applied to Mohammedans!--_Lustrate_, by +leading the victims round it. See Virg. G. I. 339, _et seq_. Ovid here +follows Tibullus, Eleg. II. 1. + +670. _Liba_, [Greek: pelanoi], cakes brought by the different families of +the _pagus_. + +675. _Consortes operum_, Ceres and Tellus. + +693. The ancients parched the _far_ before they ground it. It was +afterwards baked. + +701. _Tuae_ scil. Germanici.--_Religata_, etc. Virg. aen. I. 291. _et +seq_. + +707. A.U.C. 769. Tiberius built a temple to Castor and Pollux, which he +inscribed with his own name, and that of his brother Drusus.--_Gente +Deorum_, the Caesarian family. + +709, 710. The Romans erected no altar to Peace until A.U.C. 741. +Sacrifices were offered on it on the 30th of January and of March. + +711. _Actiacis_. Because the battle of Actium gave peace to the world. +There is an allusion to Apollo Actius, and the laurel. + +717. _Primus_, the near. + +721. _Domus_, the Caesarian family. + + + + +LIBER II. + + +Janus habet finem: cum carmine crescit et annus. + Alter ut hinc mensis, sic liber alter eat. +Nunc primum velis, elegi, majoribus itis: + Exiguum, memini, nuper eratis opus. +Ipse ego vos habui faciles in amore ministros, 5 + Quum lusit numeris prima juventa suis. +Idem sacra cano, signataque tempora fastis. + Ecquis ad haec illuc crederet esse viam? +Haec mea militia est: ferimus, quae possumus, arma, + Dextraque non omni munere nostra vacat. 10 +Si mihi non valido torquentur pila lacerto, + Nec bellatoris terga premuntur equi, +Nec galea tegimur, nec acuto cingimur ense: + --His habilis telis quilibet esse potest-- +At tua prosequimur studioso pectore, Caesar, 15 + Nomina, per titulos ingredimurque tuos. +Ergo ades, et placido paulum mea munera vultu + Respice, pacando si quid ab hoste vacas. +_Februa_ Romani dixere piamina patres: + Nunc quoque dant verbo plurima signa fidem. 20 +Pontifices ab Rege petunt et Flamine lanas, + Quîs veteri lingua _Februa_ nomen erat; +Quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina certis, + Torrida cum mica farra, vocantur idem. +Nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura 25 + Casta sacerdotum tempora fronde tegit. +Ipse ego Flaminicam poscentem februa vidi: + Februa poscenti pinea virga data est. +Denique quodcumque est, quo pectora nostra pientur, + Hoc apud intonsos nomen habebat avos. 30 +Mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle Luperci + Omne solum lustrant, idque piamen habent; +Aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris, + Tunc quum ferales praeteriere dies, +Omne nefas omnemque mali purgamina causam 35 + Credebant nostri tollere posse senes. +Graecia principium moris fuit. Illa nocentes + Impia lustratos ponere facta putat. +Actoriden Peleus, ipsum quoque Pelea Phoci + Caede per Haemonias solvit Acastus aquas. 40 +Vectam frenatis per inane draconibus aegeus + Credulus immerita Phasida juvit ope. +Amphiaraïdes Naupactoo Acheloo, + Solve nefas, dixit. Solvit et ille nefas. +Ah nimium faciles, qui tristia crimina caedis 45 + Fluminea tolli posse putetis aqua! +Sed tamen--antiqui ne nescius ordinis erres-- + Primus, ut est, Jani mensis et ante fuit. +Qui sequitur Janum, veteris fuit ultimus anni; + Tu quoque sacrorum, Termine, finis eras. 50 +Primus enim Jani mensis, quia janua prima est; + Qui sacer est imis Manibus, imus erat. +Postmodo creduntur spatio distantia longo + Tempora bis quini continuasse Viri. + +Principio mensis Phrygiae contermina Matri 55 + Sospita delubris dicitur aucta novis. +Nunc ubi sint illis, quaeris, sacrata Kalendis + Templa deae: longo procubuere die. +Cetera ne simili caderent labefacta ruina, + Cavit sacrati provida cura ducis, 60 +Sub quo delubris sentitur nulla senectus. + Nec satis est homines, obligat ille deos. +Templorum positor, templorum sancte repostor, + Sit superis, opto, mutua cura tui. +Dent tibi coelestes, quos tu coelestibus, annos, 65 + Proque tua maneant in statione domo. +Tum quoque vicini lucus celebratur Asyli, + Qua petit aequoreas advena Tibris aquas. +Ad penetrale Numae, Capitolinumque Tonantem, + Inque Jovis summa caeditur arce bidens. 70 +Saepe graves pluvias adopertus nubibus Auster + Concitat, aut posita sub nive terra latet. + +Proximus Hesperias Titan abiturus in undas + Gemmea purpureis quum juga demet equis, +Illa nocte aliquis tollens ad sidera vultum 75 + Dicet: Ubi est hodie, quae Lyra fulsit heri? +Dumque Lyram quaeret, medii quoque terga Leonis + In liquidas subito mersa notabit aquas. + +Quem modo caelatum stellis Delphina videbas, + Is fugiet visus nocte sequente tuos; 80 +Seu fuit occultis felix in amoribus index, + Lesbida cum domino seu tulit ille lyram. +Quod mare non novit, quae nescit Ariona tellus? + Carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas. +Saepe sequens agnam lupus est hac voce retentus: 85 + Saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum: +Saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una, + Et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae; +Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite cornix + Sedit, et accipitri juncta columba fuit. 90 +Cynthia saepe tuis fertur, vocalis Arion, + Tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis. +Nomen Arionium Siculas impleverat urbes, + Captaque erat lyricis Ausonis ora sonis. +Inde domum repetens puppim conscendit Arion, 95 + Atque ita quaesitas arte ferebat opes. +Forsitam, infelix, ventos undamque timebas; + At tibi nave tua tutius aequor erat. +Namque gubernator destricto constitit ense, + Ceteraque armata conscia turba manu. 100 +Quid tibi cum gladio? dubiam rege, navita, pinum. + Non sunt haec digitis arma tenenda tuis. +Ille metu pavidus, Mortem non deprecor, inquit: + Sed liceat sumpta pauca referre lyra. +Dant veniam, ridentque moram. Capit ille coronam, 105 + Quae possit crines, Phoebe, decere tuos. +Induerat Tyrio bis tinctam murice pallam: + Reddidit icta suos pollice chorda sonos: +Flebilibus veluti numeris canentia dura + Trajectus penna tempora cantat olor. 110 +Protinus in medias ornatus desilit undas; + Spargitur impulsa caerula puppis aqua. +Inde--fide majus--tergo delphina recurvo + Se memorant oneri supposuisse novo. +Ille sedens citharamque tenet, pretiumque vehendi 115 + Cantat, et aequoreas carmine mulcet aquas. +Dî pia facta vident; astris delphina recepit + Jupiter, et stellas jussit habere novem. + +Nunc mihi mille sonos, quoque est memoratus Achilles, + Vellem, Maeonide, pectus inesse tuum. 120 +Dum canimus sacras alterno carmine Nonas, + Maximus hinc fastis accumulatur honos. +Deficit ingenium, majoraque viribus urgent. + Haec mihi praecipuo est ore canenda dies. +Quid volui demens elegis imponere tantum 125 + Ponderis? heroi res erat ista pedis. +Sancte Pater Patriae, tibi plebs, tibi Curia nomen + Hoc dedit, hoc dedimus nos tibi nomen Eques. +Res tamen ante dedit; sero quoque vera tulisti + Nomina; jam pridem tu pater orbis eras. 130 +Hoc tu per terras, quod in aethere Jupiter alto, + Nomen habes; hominum tu pater, ille deum. +Romule, concedas; facit hic tua magna tuendo + Moenia: tu dederas transilienda Remo. +Te Tatius, parvique Cures, Caeninaque sensit; 135 + Hoc duce Romanum est solis utrumque latus. +Tu breve nescio quid victae telluris habebas: + Quodcumque est alto sub Jove, Caesar habet. +Tu rapis, hic castas duce se jubet esse maritas. + Tu recipis luco, submovet ille nefas. 140 +Vis tibi grata fuit, florent sub Caesare leges; + Tu domini nomen, principis ille tenet. +Te Remus incusat, veniam dedit hostibus ille. + Coelestem fecit te pater, ille patrem. + +Jam puer Idaeus media tenus eminet alvo, 145 + Et liquidas mixto nectare fundit aquas. +En etiam, si quis Borean horrere solebat, + Gaudeat: a Zephyris mollior aura venit. + +Quintus ab aequoreis nitidum jubar extulit undis + Lucifer, et primi tempora veris erunt. 150 +Ne fallare tamen, restant tibi frigora, restant, + Magnaque discedens signa reliquit hiems. + +Tertia nox veniat: Custodem protinus Ursae + Adspicies geminos exseruisse pedes. +Inter Hamadryadas jaculatricemque Dianam 155 + Callisto sacri pars fuit una chori. +Illa deae tangens arcus, Quos tangimus, arcus, + Este meae testes virginitatis, ait. +Cynthia laudavit, promissaque foedera serva, + Et comitum princeps tu mihi, dixit, eris. 160 +Foedera servasset, si non formosa fuisset. + Cavit mortales: ab Jove crimen habet. +Mille feras Phoebe silvis venata redibat, + Aut plus, aut medium sole tenente diem. +Ut tetigit lucum,--densa niger ilice lucus, 165 + In medio gelidae fons erat altus aquae-- +Hac, ait, in silva, virgo Tegeaeae, lavemur. + Erubuit falso virginis illa sono. +Dixerat et Nymphis: Nymphae velamina ponunt. + Hanc pudet, et tardae dat mala signa morae. 170 +Exuerat tunicas: uteri manifesta tumore + Proditur indicio ponderis ipsa sui. +Cui Dea, Virgineos, perjura Lycaoni, coetus + Desere, nec castas pollue, dixit, aquas. +Luna novum decies implerat cornibus orbem: 175 + Quae fuerat virgo credita, mater erat. +Laesa furit Juno, formam mutatque puellae. + Quid facis? invito pectore passa Jovem est. +Utque ferae vidit turpes in pellice vultus, + Hujus in amplexus Jupiter, inquit, eat. 180 +Ursa per incultos errabat squalida montes, + Quae fuerat summo nuper amanda Jovi. +Jam tria lustra puer furto conceptus agebat, + Quum mater nato est obvia facta suo. +Illa quidem, tamquam cognosceret, adstitit amens, 185 + Et gemuit: gemitus verba parentis erant. +Hanc puer ignarus jaculo fixisset acuto, + Ni foret in superas raptus uterque domus. +Signa propinqua micant. Prior est, quam dicimus _Arcton_; + _Arctophylax_ formam terga sequentis habet. 190 +Saevit adhuc canamque rogat Saturnia Tethyn, + Maenaliam tactis ne lavet Arcton aquis. + +Idibus agrestis fumant altaria _Fauni_, + Hic ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas. +Haec fuit illa dies, in qua Vejentibus arvis 195 + Ter centum _Fabii_ ter cecidere duo. +Una domus vires et onus susceperat urbis: + Sumunt gentiles arma professa manus. +Egreditur castris miles generosus ab îsdem, + E quis dux fieri quilibet aptus erat. 200 +Carmentis portae dextro via proxima Jano est. + Ire per hanc noli, quisquis es, omen habet. +Ill fama refert Fabios exisse trecentos. + Porta vacat culpa; sed tamen omen habet. +Ut celeri passu Cremeram tetigere rapacem, 205 + --Turbidus hibernis ille fluebat aquis-- +Castra loco ponunt: destrictis ensibus ipsi + Tyrrhenum valido Marte per agmen eunt: +Non aliter, quam quum Libyca de rupe leones + Invadunt sparsos lata per arva greges. 210 +Diffugiunt hostes, inhonestaque vulnera tergo + Accipiunt: Tusco sanguine terra rubet. +Sic iterum, sic saepe cadunt. Ubi vincere aperte + Non datur, insidias armaque caeca parant. +Campus erat: campi claudebant ultima colles, 215 + Silvaque montanas occulere apta feras. +In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt: + Cetera virgultis abdita turba latet. +Ecce, velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus + Aut nive, quae Zephyro victa tepente fluit, 220 +Per sata perque vias fertur, nec, ut ante solebat, + Riparum clausas margine finit aquas: +Sic Fabii latis vallem discursibus implent, + Quosque vident, spernunt, nec etus alter inest. +Quo ruitis, generosa domus? male creditur hosti. 225 + Simplex nobilitas, perfida tela cave. +Fraude perit virtus. In apertos undique campos + Prosiliunt hostes, et latus omne tenent. +Quid facient pauci contra tot millia fortes? + Quidve, quod in misero tempore restet, habent? 230 +Sicut aper silvis longe Laurentibus actus + Fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes; +Mox tamen ipse perit: sic non moriuntur inulti, + Vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. +Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes: 235 + Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. +Ut tamen Herculeae superessent semina gentis, + Credibile est ipsos consuluisse deos. +Nam puer impubes et adhuc non utilis armis + Unus de Fabia gente relictus erat, 240 +Scilicet, ut posses olim tu, Maxime, nasci, + Cui res cunctando restituenda foret. + +Continuata loco tria sidera, Corvus et Anguis, + Et medius Crater inter utrumque jacet. +Idibus illa latent: oriuntur nocte sequenti. 245 + Quae sibi cur tria sint consociata, canam. +Forte Jovi festum Phoebus sollemne parabat: + --Non faciet longas fabula nostra moras-- +I mea, dixit, avis, ne quid pia sacra moretur, + Et tenuem vivis fontibus affer aquam. 250 +Corvus inauratum pedibus cratera recurvis + Tollit, et aërium pervolat altus iter. +Stabat adhuc duris ficus densissima pomis: + Tentat eam rostro: non erat apta legi. +Immemor imperii sedisse sub arbore fertur, 255 + Dum fierent tarda dulcia poma mora. +Jamque satur nigris longum rapit unguibus hydrum, + Ad dominumque redit, fictaque verba refert: +Hic mihi causa morae, vivarum obsessor aquarum: + Hic tenuit fontes officiumque meum. 260 +Addis, ait, culpae mendacia? Phoebus, et audes + Fatidicum verbis fallere velle deum? +At tibi, dum lactens haerebit in arbore ficus, + De nullo gelidae fonte bibantur aquae. +Dixit, et antiqui monumenta perennia facti 265 + Anguis, Avis, Crater, sidera juncta micant. + +Tertia post Idus nudos Aurora Lupercos + Adspicit, et Fauni sacra bicornis erunt. +Dicite, Pierides, sacrorum quae sit origo, + Attigerint Latias unde petita domos. 270 +Pana deum pecoris veteres coluisse feruntur + Arcades. Arcadiis plurimus ille jugis. +Testis erit Pholoë, testes Stymphalides undae, + Quique citis Ladon in mare currit aquis, +Cinctaque pinetis nemoris juga Nonacrini, 275 + Altaque Cyllene, Parrhasiaeque nives. +Pan erat armenti custos, Pan numen equarum: + Munus ob incolumes ille ferebat oves. +Transtulit Evander silvestria numina secum. + Hic, ubi nunc urbs est, tum locus urbis erat. 280 +Inde deum colimus, devectaque sacra Pelasgis. + Flamen ad haec prisco more Dialis erat. +Cur igitur currant, et cur--sic currere mos est-- + Nuda ferant posita corpora veste, rogas. +Ipse deus velox discurrere gaudet in altis 285 + Montibus, et subitas concitat ille feras. +Ipse deus nudus nudos jubet ire ministros: + Nec atis ad cursum commoda vestis erat. +Ante Jovem genitum terras habuisse feruntur + Arcades, et Luna gens prior illa fuit. 290 +Vita feris similis, nullos agitata per usus: + Artis adhuc expers et rude vulgus erat. +Pro domibus frondes norant, pro frugibus herbas: + Nectar erat palmis hausta duabus aqua. +Nullus anhelabat sub adunco vomere taurus: 295 + Nulla sub imperio terra colentis erat: +Nullus adhuc erat usus equi, se quisque ferebat. + Ibat ovis lana corpus amicta sua. +Sub Jove durabant, et corpora nuda gerebant, + Docta graves imbres et tolerare Notos. 300 +Nunc quoque detecti referunt monumenta vetusti + Moris, et antiquas testificantur opes. +Sed, cur praecipue fugiat velamina Faunus, + Traditur antiqui fabula plena joci. +Forte comes dominae juvenis Tirynthius ibat: 305 + Vidit ab excelso Faunus utrumque jugo. +Vidit, et incaluit, Montanaque numina, dixit, + Nil mihi vobiscum est; haec meus ardor erit. +Ibat odoratis humeros perfusa capillis + Maeonis, aurato conspicienda sinu. 310 +Aurea pellebant rapidos umbracula soles, + Quae tamen Herculeae sustinuere manus. +Jamque nemus Bacchi, Tmoli vineta, tenebat, + Hesperus et fusco roscidus ibat equo, +Antra subit tophis laqueataque pumice vivo; 315 + Garrulus in primo limine rivus erat. +Dumque parant epulas potandaque vina ministri, + Cultibus Alciden instruit illa suis. +Dat tenues tunicas Gaetulo murice tinctas: + Dat teretem zonam, qua modo cincta fuit. 320 +Ventre minor zona est: tunicarum vincla relaxat, + Ut possit vastas exseruisse manus. +Fregerat armillas non illa ad brachia factas. + Scindebant magni vincula parva pedes. +Ipsa capit clavamque gravem spoliumque leonis, 325 + Conditaque in pharetra tela minora sua. +Sic epulis functi, sic dant sua corpora somno, + Et positis juxta secubuere toris. +Causa: repertori vitis pia sacra parabant, + Quae facerent pure, quum foret orta dies. 330 +Noctis erat medium: quid non amor improbus audet? + Roscida per tenebras Faunus ad antra venit, +Utque videt somno comites vinoque solutos, + Spem capit in dominis esse soporis idem, +Intrat, et huc illuc temerarius errat adulter, 335 + Et praefert cautas subsequiturque manus, +Venerat ad strati captata cubilia lecti, + Et prima felix sorte futurus erat. +Ut tetigit fulvi setis hirsuta leonis + Vellera, pertimuit, sustinuitque manum, 340 +Attonitusque metu riguit: ut saepe viator + Turbatum viso rettulit angue pedem. +Inde tori, qui junctus erat, velamina tangit + Mollia, mendaci decipiturque nota. +Cetera tentantem cubito Tirynthius heros + Reppulit. E summo decidit ille toro. 350 +Fit sonus: inclamat comites, et lumina poscit + Maeonis. Illatis ignibus acta patent. +Ille gemit lecto graviter dejectus ab alto, + Membraque de dura vix sua tollit humo. +Ridet et Alcides, et qui videre jacentem: 355 + Ridet amatorem Lyda puella suum. +Veste deus lusus fallentes lumina vestes + Non amat, et nudos ad sua sacra vocat. +Adde peregrinis causas, mea Musa, Latinas, + Inque suo noster pulvere currat equus. 360 +Cornipedi Fauno caesa de more capella, + Venit ad exiguas turba vocata dapes; +Dumque sacerdotes verubus transsuta salignis + Exta parant, medias sole tenente vias, +Romulus et frater, pastoralisque juventus, 365 + Solibus et campo corpora nuda dabant, +Caestibus, et jaculis, et missi pondere saxi + Brachia per lusus experienda dabant. +Pastor ab excelso, Per devia rura juvencos, + Romule, praedones, eripe, dixit, agunt. 370 +Longum erat armari. Diversis exit uterque + Partibus; accursu praeda recepta Remi. +Ut rediit, verubus stridentia detrahit exta: + Atque ait, Haec certe non nisi victor edet. +Dicta facit, Fabiique simul. Venit irritus illuc 375 + Romulus, et mensas ossaque nuda videt. +Risit, et indoluit Fabios potuisse Remumque + Vincere: Quinctilios non potuisse suos. +Fama manet facti. Posito velamine currunt: + Et memorem famam, quod bene cessit, habet. 380 +Forsitan et quaeras, cur sit locus ille _Lupercal_, + Quaeve diem tali nomine causa notet. +Ilia Vestalis coelestia semina partu + Ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo. +Is jubet auferri pueros et in amne necari. 385 + Quid facis? ex istis Romulus alter erit. +Jussa recusantes peragunt lacrimosa ministri; + Flent tamen, et geminos in loca jussa ferunt. +Albula, quem Tibrin mersus Tiberinus in unda + Reddidit, hibernis forte tumebat aquis. 390 +Hic, ubi nunc Fora sunt, lintres errare videres, + Quaque jacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae. +Hic ubi venerunt,--neque enim procedere possunt + Longius--ex illis unus et alter, ait: +At quam sunt similes! at quam formosus uterque! 395 + Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet. +Si genus arguitur vultu, ni fallit imago, + Nescio quem vobis suspicor esse deum. +At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor, + In tam praecipiti tempore ferret opem. 400 +Ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret, + Quae facta est uno mater et orba die. +Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas + Corpora. Desicrat; deposuitque sinu, +Vagierunt clamore pari: sentire putares. 405 + Hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis. +Sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda. + Heu quantum fati parva tabella tulit! +Alveus in limo silvis appulsus opacis, + Paullatim fluvio deficiente, sedet. 410 +Arbor erat: remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur + Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. +Venit ad expositos--mirum--lupa feta gemellos. + Quis credat pueris non nocuisse feram? +Non nocuisse parum est: prodest quoque: quos lupa nutrit,415 + Perdere cognatae sustinuere manus. +Constitit, et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis, + Et fingit lingua corpora bina sua. +Marte satos scires; timor abfuit: ubera ducunt, + Nec sibi promissi lactis aluntur ope. 420 +Illa loco nomen fecit; locus ipse Lupercis. + Magna dati nutrix praemia lactis habet. +Quid vetat Arcadio dictos a monte Lupercos? + Faunus in Arcadia templa Lycaeus habet. +Nupta, quid exspectas? non tu pollentibus herbis, 425 + Nec prece, nec magico carmine mater eris. +Excipe fecundae patienter verbera dextrae: + Jam socer optatum nomen habebit avi. +Nam fuit illa dies, dura quum sorte maritae + Reddebant uteri pignora rara sui. 430 +Quid mihi, clamabat, prodest rapuisse Sabinas, + Romulus--hoc illo sceptra tenente fuit-- +Si mea non vires, sed bellum injuria fecit! + Utilius fuerat non habuisse nurus. +Monte sub Esquilio, multis incaeduus annis 435 + Junonis magnae nomine lucus erat, +Huc ubi venerunt, pariter nuptaeque virique + Suppliciter posito procubuere genu. +Quum subito motae tremuere cacumina silvae, + Et dea per lucos mira locuta suos, 440 +Italidas matres, inquit, sacer hircus inito! + Obstupuit dubio territa turba sono. +Augur erat: nomen longis intercidit annis: + Nuper ab Etrusca venerat exsul humo. +Ille caprum mactat. Jussae sua terga puellae 445 + Pellibus exsectis percutienda dabant. +Luna resumebat decimo nova cornua motu, + Virque pater subito, nuptaque mater erat. +Gratia Lucinae: dedit haec tibi nomina lucus, +Aut quia principium tu, dea, lucis habes. 450 +Parce, precor, gravidis, facilis Lucina, puellis, + Maturumque utero molliter effer onus. + +Orta dies fuerit: tu desine credere ventis, + Perdidit illius temporis aura fidem. +Flamina non constant: et sex reserata diebus 455 + Carceris aeolii janua laxa patet. +Jam levis obliqua subsedit Aquarius urna. + Proximus aetherios excipe, Piscis, equos. +Te memorant fratremque tuum--nam juncta micatis + Signa--duos tergo sustinuisse deos. 460 +Terribilem quondam fugiens Typhona Dione, + Tunc quum pro coelo Jupiter arma tulit, +Venit ad Euphraten comitata Cupidine parvo, + Inque Palaestinae margine sedit aquae. +Populus et cannae riparum summa tenebant, 465 + Spemque dabant salices, hos quoque posse tegi. +Dum latet, intonuit vento nemus. Illa timore + Pallet, et hostiles credit adesse manus; +Utque sinu natum tenuit, Succurrite Nymphae, + Et dîs auxilium ferte duobus, ait. 470 +Nec mora, prosiluit. Pisces subiere gemelli; + Pro quo nunc dignum sidera munus habent. +Inde nefas ducunt genus hoc imponere mensis, + Nec violant timidi piscibus ora Syri. + +Proxima lux vacua est: at tertia dicta Quirino. 475 + Qui tenet hoc nomen, Romulus ante fuit; +Sive quod hasta _curis_ priscis est dicta Sabinis: + --Bellicus a telo venit in astra deus-- +Sive suum regi nomen posuere Quirites: + Seu quia Romanis junxerat ille Cures. 480 +Nam pater armipotens, postquam nova moenia vidit, + Multaque Romulea bella peracta manu, +Jupiter, inquit, habet Romana potentia vires: + Sanguinis officio non eget illa mei. +Redde patri natum: quamvis intercidit alter, 485 + Pro se, proque Remo, qui mihi restat, erit. +Unus erit, quem tu tolles in caerula coeli; + Tu mihi dixisti: sint rata dicta Jovis. +Jupiter annuerat; nutu tremefactus uterque + Est polus, et coeli pondera sensit Atlas. 490 +Est locus: antiqui Capreae dixere paludem. + Forte tuis illic, Romule, jura dabas. +Sol fugit, et removent subeuntia nubila coelum, + Et gravis effusus decidit imber aquis, +Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether. 495 + Fit fuga: rex patris astra petebat equis. +Luctus erat, falsaeque Patres in crimine caedis; + Haesissetque animis forsitan illa fides: +Sed Proculus Longa veniebat Julius Alba, + Lunaque fulgebat, nec facis usus erat: 500 +Quum subito motu nubes crepuere sinistrae. + Rettulit ille gradus, horrueruntque comae. +Pulcher, et humano major, trabeaque decorus + Romulus in media visus adesse via, +Et dixisse simul, Prohibe lugere Quirites: 505 + Nec violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. +Tura ferant, placentque novum pia turba Quirinum, + Et patrias artes militiamque colant. +Jussit, et in tenues oculis evanuit auras. + Convocat hic populos, jussaque verba refert. 510 +Templa deo fiunt. Collis quoque dictus ab illo, + Et referunt certi sacra paterna dies. +Lux quoque cur eadem Stultorum festa vocetur, + Accipe: parva quidem causa, sed apta subest. +Non habuit tellus doctos antiqua colonos: 515 + Lassabant agiles aspera bella viros. +Plus erat in gladio, quam curvo laudis aratro: + Neglectus domino pauca ferebat ager. +Farra tamen veteres jaciebant, farra metebant, + Primitias Cereri farra resecta dabant. 520 +Usibus admoniti flammis torrenda dederunt, + Multaque peccato damna tulere suo. +Nam modo verrebant nigras pro farre favillas; + Nunc ipsas ignes corripuere casas. +Facta dea est Fornax: laeti Fornace coloni 525 + Orant, ut fruges temperet illa suas. +Curio legitimis nunc Fornacalia verbis + Maximus indicit, nec stata sacra facit; +Inque Foro, multa circum pendente tabella, + Signatur certa Curia quaeque nota; 530 +Stultaque pars populi, quae sit sua Curia, nescit: + Sed facit extrema sacra relata die. + +Est honor et tumulis. Animas placate paternas, + Parvaque in exstinctas munera ferte pyras, +Parva petunt Manes. Pietas pro divite grata est 535 + Munere. Non avidos Styx habet ima deos. +Tegula porrectis satis est velata coronis, + Et sparsae fruges, parcaque mica salis, +Inque mero mollita Ceres, violaeque solutae. + Haec habeat media testa relicta via. 540 +Nec majora veto: sed et his placabilis umbra est. + Adde preces positis et sua verba focis. +Hunc morem aeneas, pietatis idoneus auctor, + Attulit in terras, juste Latine, tuas. +Ille patris Genio sollemnia dona ferebat; 545 + Hinc populi ritus edidicere pios. +At quondam, dum longa gerunt pugnacibus armis + Bella, Parentales deseruere dies. +Non impune fuit. Nam dicitur omine ab isto + Roma suburbanis incaluisse rogis. 550 +Vix equidem credo: bustis exisse feruntur, + Et tacitae questi tempore noctis avi; +Perque vias urbis, Latiosque ululasse per agros + Deformes animas, vulgus inane, ferunt. +Post ea praeteriti tumulis redduntur honores, 555 + Prodigiisque venit funeribusque modus. +Dum tamen haec fiunt, viduae cessate puellae: + Exspectet puros pinea taeda dies. +Nec tibi, quae cupidae matura videbere matri, + Comat virgineas hasta recurva comas. 560 +Conde tuas, Hymenaee, faces, et ab ignibus atris + Aufer. Habent alias maesta sepulcra faces. +Di quoque templorum foribus celentur opertis, + Ture vacent arae, stentque sine igne foci. +Nunc animae tenues et corpora functa sepulcris 565 + Errant: nunc posito pascitur umbra cibo. +Nec tamen haec ultra, quam, tot de mense supersint + Luciferi, quot habent carmina nostra pedes. +Hanc, quia justa ferunt, dixere _Feralia_ lucem. + Ultima placandis Manibus illa dies. 570 +Ecce anus in mediis residens annosa puellis + Sacra facit Tacitae: vix tamen ipsa tacet; +Et digitis tria tura tribus sub limine ponit, + Qua brevis occultum mus sibi fecit iter. +Tumn cantata ligat cum fusco licia plumbo; 575 + Et septem nigras versat in ore fabas; +Quodque pice adstrinxit, quod acu trajecit ahena, + Obsutum maenae torret in igne caput: +Vina quoque instillat. Vini quodcumque relictum est, + Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit. 580 +Hostiles linguas inimicaque vinximus ora, + Dicit discedens, ebriaque exit anus. +Protinus a nobis, quae sit dea Muta, requires. + Disce, per antiquos quae mihi nota senes. +Jupiter indomito Juturnae captus amore 585 + Multa tulit, tanto non patienda deo. +Illa modo in silvis inter coryleta jacebat: + Nunc in cognatas desiliebat aquas. +Convocat hic Nymphas, Latium quaecumque tenebant, + Et jacit in medio talia verba choro: 590 +Invidet ipsa vitatque, quod expedit illi, + Vestra soror summo jungere membra deo. +Consulite ambobus: nam quae est mea magna voluptas, + Utilitas vestra magna sororis erit. +Vos illi in prima fugienti obsistite ripa, 595 + Ne sua fluminea corpora mergat aqua. +Dixerat: annuerunt nymphae Tiberinides omnes, + Quaeque colunt thalamos, Illa diva, tuos. +Forte fuit Naïs, Lara nomine: prima sed illi + Dicta bis antiquum syllaba nomen erat, 600 +Ex vitio positum. Saepe illi dixerat Almo, + Nata, tene linguam: nec tamen illa tenet. +Quae, simul ac tetigit Juturnae stagna sororis, + Effuge, ait, ripas: dicta refertque Jovis. +Illa etiam Junonem adiit, miserataque nuptam, 605 + Naïda Juturnam vir tuus, inquit, amat. +Jupiter intumuit: quaque est non usa modeste, + Eripuit linguam, Mercuriumque monet, +Duc hanc ad Manes: locus ille silentibus aptus. + Nympha, sed infernae Nympha paludis, erit. 610 +Jussa Jovis fiunt. Accepit lucus euntes. + Dicitur illa duci placuisse deo. +Vim parat hic: vultu pro verbis illa precatur, + Et frustra muto nititur ore loqui. +Fitque gravis, geminosque parit, qui compita servant, 615 + Et vigilant nostra semper in aede, Lares. +Proxima cognati dixere Caristia cari, + Et venit ad socias turba propinqua dapes. +Scilicet a tumulis, et, qui periere, propinquis + Protinus ad vivos ora referre juvat, 620 +Postque tot amissos, quidquid de sanguine restat, + Adspicere, et generis dinumerare gradus. +Innocui veniant: procul hinc, procul impius esto + Frater, et in partus mater acerba suos; +Cui pater est vivax, qui matris digerit annos, 625 + Quae premit invisam socrus iniqua nurum. +Tantalidae fratres absint, et Iasonis uxor, + Et quae ruricolis semina tosta dedit: +Et soror, et Progne, Tereusque duabus iniquus, + Et quicumque suas per scelus auget opes. 630 +Dîs generis date tura bonis; Concordia fertur + Illa praecipue mitis adesse die; +Et libate dapes, ut grati pignus honoris + Nutriat incinctos missa patella Lares, +Jamque ubi suadebit placidos nox ultima somnos, 635 + Larga precaturi sumite vina manu, +Et, Bene nos, Patriae, bene te, Pater, optime Caesar! + Dicite suffuso per sacra verba mero. + +Nox ubi transierit, solito celebretur honore, + Separat indicio qui deus arva suo. 640 +Termine, sive lapis, sive es defossus in agro + Stipes ab antiquis, sic quoque numen habes. +Te duo diversa domini pro parte coronant, + Binaque serta tibi, binaque liba ferunt. +Ara fit: huc ignem curto fert rustica testu 645 + Sumptum de tepidis ipsa colona focis. +Ligna senex minuit, concisaque construit alte, + Et solida ramos figere pugnat humo. +Dum sicco primas irritat cortice flammas, + Stat puer, et manibus lata canistra tenet. 650 +Inde, ubi ter fruges medios immisit in ignes, + Porrigit incisos filia parva favos. +Vina tenent alii: libantur singula flammis. + Spectant et linguis Candida turba favent. +Spargitur et caeso communis Terminus agno: 655 + Nec queritur, lactens quum sibi porca datur. +Conveniunt celebrantque dapes vicinia supplex, + Et cantant laudes, Termine sancte, tuas. +Tu populos, urbesque, et regna ingentia finis: + Omnis erit sine te litigiosus ager. 660 +Nulla tibi ambitio est: nullo corrumperis auro: + Legitima servas credita rura fide: +Si tu signasses olim Thyreatida terram, + Corpora non leto missa trecenta forent, +Nec foret Othryades congestis lectus in armis. 665 + O quantum patriae sanguinis ille dedit! +Quid, nova quum fierent Capitolia? nempe deorum + Cuncta Jovi cessit turba, locumque dedit. +Terminus--ut veteres memorant--inventus in aede + Restitit, et magno cum Jove templa tenet. 670 +Nunc quoque, se supra ne quid nisi sidera cernat, + Exiguum templi tecta foramen habent. +Termine, post illud levitas tibi libera non est, + Qua positus fueris in statione, mane. +Nec tu vicino quidquam concede roganti, 675 + Ne videare hominem praeposuisse Jovi; +Et seu vomeribus, seu tu pulsabere rastris, + Clamato, Meus est hic ager, ille tuus. +Est via, quae populum Laurentes ducit in agros, + Quondam Dardanio regna petita duci. 680 +Illac lanigeri pecoris tibi, Termine, fibris + Sacra videt fieri sextus ab urbe lapis. +Gentibus est aliis tellus data limite certo; + Romanae spatium est urbis et orbis idem. + +Nunc mihi dicenda est Regis fuga. Traxit ab illa 685 + Sextus ab extremo nomina mense dies. +Ultima Tarquinius Romanae gentis habebat + Regna, vir injustus, fortis ad arma tamen. +Ceperat hic alias, alias everterat urbes, + Et Gabios turpi fecerat arte suos. 690 +Namque trium minimus, proles manifesta Superbi, + In medios hostes nocte silente venit. +Nudarant gladios: Occidite, dixit, inermem! + Hoc cupiant fratres, Tarquiniusque pater, +Qui mea crudeli laceravit verbere terga! 695 + --Dicere ut hoc posset, verbera passus erat-- +Luna fuit. Spectant juvenem, gladiosque recondunt, + Tergaque, deducta veste, notata vident. +Flent quoque, et, ut secum tueatur bella, precantur. + Callidus ignaris annuit ille viris. 700 +Jamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico, + Prodendi Gabios quod sibi monstret iter, +Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis, + Sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae. +Illic Tarquinius mandata latentia nati 705 + Accipit, et virga lilia summa metit. +Nuntius ut rediit, decussaque lilia dixit, + Filius, Agnosco jussa parentis, ait. +Nec mora: principibus caesis ex urbe Gabina, + Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis. 710 +Ecce--nefas visu--mediis altaribus anguis + Exit, et exstinctis ignibus exta rapit. +Consulitur Phoebus. Sors est ita reddita: Matri + Qui dederit princeps oscula, victor erit. +Oscula quisque suae matri properata tulerunt, 715 + Non intellecto credula turba deo. +Brutus erat stulti sapiens imitator, ut esset + Tutus ab insidiis, dire Superbe, tuis. +Ille jacens pronus matri dedit oscula Terrae, + Creditus offenso procubuisse pede. 720 +Cingitur interea Romanis Ardea signis, + Et patitur lentas obsidione moras. +Dum vacat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam, + Luditur in castris: otia miles agit. +Tarquinius juvenis socios dapibusque meroque 725 + Accipit, atque illis rege creatus ait: +Dum nos difficilis pigro tenet Ardea bello, + Nec sinit ad patrios arma referre deos; +Ecquid in officio torus est socialis? et ecquid + Conjugibus nostris mutua cura sumus? 730 +Quisque suam laudant. Studiis certamina crescunt, + Et fervent multo linguaque corque mero. +Surgit, cui clarum dederat Collatia nomen; + Non opus est verbis, credite rebus, ait. +Nox superest: tollamur equis, urbemque petamus. 735 + Dicta placent: frenis impediuntur equi. +Pertulerant dominos. Regalia protinus illi + Tecta petunt: custos in fore nullus erat. +Ecce nurum regis fusis per colla coronis + Inveniunt posito pervigilare mero. 740 +Inde cito passu petitur Lucretia. Nebat; + Ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erant. +Lumen ad exiguum famulae data pensa trahebant, + Inter quas tenui sic ait ipsa sono: +Mittenda est domino--nunc, nunc properate, puellae-- 745 + Quamprimum nostra facta lacerna manu. +Quid tamen audistis?--nam plura audire potestis-- + Quantum de bello dicitur esse super? +Postmodo victa cades, melioribus, Ardea, restas, + Improba, quae nostros cogis abesse viros. 750 +Sint tantum reduces. Sed enim temerarius ille + Est meus, et stricto quolibet ense ruit. +Mens abit, et morior, quoties pugnantis imago. + Me subit, et gelidum pectora frigus habet. +Desinit in lacrimas, intentaque fila remittit, 755 + In gremio vultum deposuitque suum. +Hoc ipsum decuit: lacrimae decuere pudicam, + Et facies animo dignaque parque fuit. +Pone metum, venio, conjux ait. Illa revixit, + Deque viri collo dulce pependit onus. 760 +Interea juvenis furiales regius ignes + Concipit, et caeco raptus amore furit. +Forma placet, niveusque color, flavique capilli, + Quique aderat nulla factus ab arte decor. +Verba placent, et vox, et quod corrumpere non est: 765 + Quoque minor spes est, hoc magis ille cupit. +Jam dederat cantum lucis praenuntius ales, + Quum referunt juvenes in sua castra pedem. +Carpitur attonitos absentis imagine sensus + Ille: recordanti plura magisque placent. 770 +Sic sedit, sic culta fuit, sic stamina nevit, + Neglectae collo sic jacuere comae, +Hos habuit vultus, haec illi verba fuere, + Hic decor, haec facies, hic color oris erat. +Ut solet a magno fluctus languescere flatu, 775 + Sed tamen a vento, qui fuit, unda tumet: +Sic, quamvis aberat placitae praesentia formae, + Quem dederat praesens forma, manebat amor. +Ardet, et injusti stimulis agitatus amoris + Comparat indigno vimque dolumque toro. 780 +Exitus in dubio est. Audebimus ultima, dixit. + Viderit, audentes forsne deusne juvet. +Cepimus audendo Gabios quoque. Talia fatus + Ense latus cinxit, tergaque pressit equi. +Accipit aerata juvenem Collatia porta, 785 + Condere jam vultus sole parante suos. +Hostis, ut hospes, init penetralia Collatini: + Comiter excipitur: sanguine junctus erat. +Quantum animis erroris inest! parat inscia rerum + Infelix epulas hostibus illa suis. 790 +Functus erat dapibus: poscunt sua tempora somni. + Nox erat, et tota lumina nulla domo. +Surgit, et auratum vagina liberat ensem, + Et venit in thalamos, nupta pudica, tuos, +Utque torum pressit, Ferrum, Lucretia, mecum est, 795 + Natus, ait, regis, Tarquiniusque loquor. +Illa nihil: neque enim vocem viresque loquendi, + Aut aliquid toto pectore mentis habet. +Sed tremit, ut quondam stabulis deprensa relictis + Parva sub infesto quum jacet agna lupo. 800 +Quid faciat? pugnet? vincetur femina pugna. + Clamet? at in dextra, qui necet, ensis adest. +Effugiat? positis urgentur pectora palmis; + Tune primum externa pectora tacta manu. +Instat amans hostis precibus, pretioque, minisque: 805 + Nec prece, nec pretio, nec movet ille minis. +Nil agis; eripiam, dixit, pro crimine vitam: + Falsus adulterii testis adulter erit. +Interimam famulum, cum quo deprensa fereris. + Succubuit famae victa puella metu. 810 +Quid, victor, gaudes? haec te victoria perdet. + Heu quanto regnis nox stetit una tuis! +Jamque erat orta dies: passis sedet illa capillis, + Ut solet ad nati mater itura rogum; +Grandaevumque patrem fido cum conjuge castris 815 + Evocat: et posita venit uterque mora. +Utque vident habitum, quae luctus causa, requirunt, + Cui paret exsequias, quove sit icta malo. +Illa diu reticet, pudibundaque celat amictu + Ora. Fluunt lacrimae more perennis aquae. 820 +Hinc pater, hinc conjux lacrimas solantur, et orant, + Indicet: et caeco flentque paventque metu. +Ter conata loqui, ter destitit, ausaque quarto. + Non oculos adeo sustulit illa suos. +Hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus? eloquar, inquit, 825 + Eloquar infelix dedecus ipsa meum. +Quaeque potest narrat. Restabant ultima; flevit, + Et matronales erubuere genae. +Dant veniam facto genitor conjuxque coactae. + Quam, dixit, veniam vos datis, ipsa nego. 830 +Nec mora; celato figit sua pectora ferro, + Et cadit in patrios sanguinolenta pedes. +Tunc quoque jam moriens, ne non procumbat honeste, + Respicit. Haec etiam cura cadentis erat. +Ecce super corpus communia damna gementes, 835 + Obliti decoris, virque paterque jacent. +Brutus adest, tandemque animo sua nomina fallit, + Fixaque semanimi corpore tela rapit; +Stillantemqne tenens generoso sanguine cultrum, + Edidit impavidos ore minante sonos: 840 +Per tibi ego hunc juro fortem castumque cruorem, + Perque tuos Manes, qui mihi numen erunt, +Tarquinium poenas profuga cum stirpe daturum. + Jam satis est virtus dissimulata diu. +Illa jacens ad verba oculos sine lumine movit, 845 + Visaque concussa dicta probare coma. +Fertur in exsequias animi matrona virilis, + Et secum lacrimas invidiamque trahit. +Vulnus inane patet. Brutus clamore Quirites + Concitat, et regis facta nefanda refert. 850 +Tarquinius cum prole fugit. Capit annua Consul + Jura. Dies regnis illa suprema fuit. + +Fallimur? an veris praenuntia venit hirundo, + Et metuit, ne qua versa recurrat hiems? +Saepe tamen, Progne, nimium properasse quereris, 855 + Virque tuo Tereus frigore laetus erit. + +Jamque duae restant noctes de mense secundo, + Marsque citos junctis curribus urget equos. +Ex vero positum permansit Equiria nomen, + Quae deus in campo prospicit ipse suo. 860 +Jure venis, Gradive; locum tua tempora poscunt, + Signatusque tuo nomine mensis adest. +Venimus in portum libro cum mense peracto. + Naviget hinc alia jam mihi linter aqua. + + +NOTES: + +1. _Crescit_. Some MSS. read _crescat_. + +2. _Ut hinc_. Most MSS. read _ut hic;_ three of the best _ut it_. The +present reading is the conjecture of Heinsius. + +3, 4. The Elegiac measure which is employed in this poem, was usually +appropriated to subjects which had not much dignity in them. Such had +been his preceding compositions in this species of verse. + +5. Alluding to his Amores, Ars Amandi, etc.--_Faciles_, ready, compliant. + +6. When my early youth sported in numbers adapted to it. + +7, 8. I now sing the festivals, etc. Would any one think that idle +love-verses would have led the way to such a theme? + +9, 10. _Militia, dextra, munere_, all words relating to military service. +See Hor. Car. iv. l.--_Ferimus_, most MSS. read _gerimus_.--_Vacat_. +Seven have _caret_. + +14. _Habilis_, fit. Any one can be a soldier. + +16. _Nomina_, i. e. deeds of name.--Titulos, is employed in the same +manner. + +17, 18. He continues the adulatory style in which he at first addressed +him. + +19. The poet now begins an inquiry into the origin of the name of the +second month.--_Februum: Sabinis purgamentum et in sacris nostris +verbum_. Varro de L. L. V.--_Piamina_, the [Greek: katharmoi] of the +Greeks, whatever was used in purification, and in removing the [Greek: +agos], or piacular guilt. Five MSS. read _piacula_, which signifies the +same thing. + +20. Scil. the word is still frequently used in this sense. + +21. _Rege_, the Rex Sacrorum.--_Flamine_, the Flamen Dialis.--_Lanas_. As +Clemens Alexandrinus enumerates the [Greek: eria pyrrha] among the +articles used by the Gentiles in purification Neapolis conjectures that +this wool was _red_. + +23. _Lictor_, of the Flamen Dialis.--_Sertis_, one MS. _cernis_, three +_ternis_, one _acernis_. Heinsius proposes _tersis_.--_Domibus_, the +house of the Flamen. + +24. The _Mola Salsa_. + +25. _Arbore pura_, the pine, as making pure. + +27. _Flaminicam_, the wife of the Flamen Dialis. Some MSS. read +_Flaminiam_ or _Flamineam_. + +30. _Intonsos_, i.e. _priscos, antiquos_. _Intonsus Numa_, below V. 264. +_Intonsus Cato_. Hor. Car. II. 15. There were no barbers at Rome, till +A.U.C. 454. + +31. See below, v. 267. _et seq_. + +33. See below, v. 433, _et seq_.--_Tempora pura_, because the guilt and +evil had been removed. + +37. In the mode usual in his time, Ovid assigns a Grecian origin to this +opinion. It was however common to Greece, Italy, and the East, and was a +part of the Law of Moses. Homer makes mention of it more than once. Thus +when Ulysses had slain the suitors, he says to Euryclea, [Greek: Oide +theeion graeu kakon akos, oise de moi pur, Ophra theeioso megaron]. +According to the legend, (See Mythology, p. 94.) Apollo himself required +purification for having slain the Python. + +39. _Actoriden_, Menoetius the father of Patroclus who had slain by +accident Clesonymus or aeanes.--_Pelea_. Telamon and Peleus slew their +brother Phocus. Peleus fled to Thessaly to Actor, or to Eurytion, the son +of Actor, by whom he was purified, and having had the misfortune to kill +his benefactor, he was purified by Acastus. The poet evidently makes a +mistake here. See Mythology, pp. 279 and 414. + +41. Aegeus received Medea when she fled after the murder of her children. +--_Credulus_, too easily believing.--_Phasida_, Colchian. See Mythology, +279, 352. + +43. _Amphiaraïdes_. Alemaeon, the son of Amphiaraus, put his mother +Eriphyle to death. Mythology, p. 434.--_Naupactoo_ scil. aetolian. +Naupactus is in aetolia, but not near the Achelous. + +45. _Faciles_, credulous. + +47-54. This passage is hard to understand. If in the year of Numa +Pompilius, which is the one spoken of, January was the first month, how +could February be the last? Perhaps, though this is at variance with v. +48, the poet here, as in I. 43, 44, only means that Numa added two months +to the Romulian year, in which case February would be the last. See +Introd. § 2.--_Tu quoque_, etc. The intercalation was made after the +Terminalia, that is, the 23d of February.--_Postmodo_, etc. this +regulation of the Decemvirs, is spoken of no where else.--_Tempora +continuasse_. "Effecisse ut hi duo menses, nullo interposito, se +exciperent, cum antea _distarent longo spatio_ decem ipsis mensibus +interjectis," Gierig. As the year is a circle, must not the two ends have +joined? + +55. The poet here catches at the opportunity of praising Tiberius. The +temple of Juno Sospita, near that of the Mother of the Gods on the +Palatine hill, had been dedicated on the Kalends of February, but was now +fallen. + +62. This is going the utmost length of flattery. + +66. _Man. in stat_. Keep guard. A military phrase. + +67. Romulus opened the Asylum on the Kalends of February, that is, on the +day of his year corresponding thereto. + +69. _Penetrale Numae_. The temple of Vesta, in the Atrium of which, called +the Regia, Numa resided. + +70. The Capitolium and the Arx were two parts of the same hill. Liv. III. +18, V. 47. + +74. _Purpureis_, bright. This is a usual sense of this word. + +76. The cosmic setting of Lyra. + +77. The acronych setting of Leo. + +79. On the third of February, the Dolphin sets heliacally.--Caelatum, set +or embossed. + +81. Alluding to the aid which the Dolphin gave Neptune in his courtship +of Amphitrite. + +82. This story of Arion is told by Herodotus, I. 23. + +84. _Et seq_. comparing him to Orpheus. + +91. _Cynthia_. Diana, the moon. + +101, 102. An exclamation of the poet. + +107. A long trailing robe of the richest purple, the _dibaphe_. + +109, 110. This distich was justly suspected by Heinsius. There is a +corruption in it, which it is now, perhaps, impossible to cure. Burmann +understands by _penna_, an arrow; others think it denotes a hard feather +which the swan gets when old.--_Trajectus_. Four MSS. read _Threïcius_. + +112. Describing the effect of his plunge into the sea. + +115. _Pretium vehendi_, Scil. carmen. + +119. See Hom. Il. II. 488. Virg. Geor. II. 42. aen, vi. 625.--_Quo_. +scil. _pectore_. + +121. _Alterno carmine_ in hexameters et pentameters; the _versibus +impariter junctis_ of Horace, A. P. 75. The common reading is _pectine.-- +Sacras Nonas_, on account of the honours decreed to Augustus. + +126. _Heroi pedis_. Hexameters. + +127. On the nones of February, A.U.C. 752, Valerius Messala addressed +Augustus in the senate-house in these words, _Senatus te consentiens cum +Pop. Rom. consulutat Patrem Patriae_. Sact. Aug. 58. + +128. _Eques_. Ovid was of the equestrian order. + +132. The [Greek: pataer andron te theon te] of Homer, the _Divum pater +atque hominum rex_ of Virgil. + +134. Comparing the paltry defences erected by the first founder of Rome, +with the strength of the city under its second founder, as Augustus was +styled. + +135, 136. See Livy, I. Romulus was only formidable to the little states +around his town; Augustus reduced both the East and the West under the +sway of Rome. + +139. The rape of the Sabines is opposed to the laws against adultery, +etc. of Augustus.--_Duce se_, by his own example. + +140. The Asylum opposed to the vigorous administration of justice by +Augustus. + +142. The favourite title of Augustus and of Tiberius was Princeps. scil. +Senatus; [Greek: deopotaes men ton doulon, autokrator de ton stratioton, +ton de dae loipon prokritus] (Princeps) [Greek: eimi], was a usual saying +of Tiberius. + +143. There may be an allusion here to Augustus' forgiveness of Cinna and +others. + +144. Mars and Julius Caesar. + +145. The cosmic rising of Aquarius.--_Puer. Idaeus_, Ganymedes, son of +Tros, king of Troy, fabled in aftertimes to have been made this +constellation. + +146. _Liquidas_, means clear and not liquid.--_Nectare_, as being +cupbearer of the gods. + +149. Spring began on the 9th of February, the V. Idus. + +153. On the III. Idus Arctophylax, or Bootes, rises acronychally. + +155-192. The poet had already told this tale. Met. II, 401-530. See also +Mythology, p. 387. + +193. The Faunalia were celebrated on the Ides. The island in the Tiber +contained the temple of Faunus, as well as those of Aesculapius and +Jupiter. It was built by the Aediles with the money arising from fines, +and dedicated A.U.C. 509. There was another Faunalia on the nones of +December. Hor. Car. III. 18. For Faunus, see Mythology, p. 477. + +195. See Niebuhr's Roman History, II. 192-195, and 200-203. It is his +opinion that the Fabian Creus, disgusted with the obstinate refusal of +their order to grant the just claims of the Plebeians, retired with their +clients, and a part of the Plebeians, to the number of 4,500, as related +by Dionysius, and founded a colony on the banks of the Cremera, in +Etruria. They left Rome on the Ides of February, A.U.C. 275, and were cut +off by the Tuscans on the 18th of the following Quinctilis, the very day +on which the defeat was sustained at the Allia some years afterwards. The +poet has evidently fallen into a great error here. + +196. The number of the Fabii is always given as being 306. + +198. _Arma professa_, which they had promised. + +199. _Castris_. From the context, this must have been the abodes of the +family at Rome. He may, perhaps, mean their settlement on the Cremera, v. +207. + +201. They went out at the Carmental gate. The Roman gates, as has been +already observed, were double. People went out by one, and came in by the +other. Ever after this day, no one went through the gate by which the +Fabii had passed. The way was named _Via Scelerata_ or _Infelix.--Jano_, +that is, probably, simply the gate through which they passed. + +203, 204. These lines are wanting in some of the best MSS. Gierig, though +unsatisfied with them, thinks they are necessary to the narration. It +does not seem so to me. We have only to understand the poet thus: they +went out, etc. v. 199, the way _by which they went_ is next etc. v. 201, +to have a very good sense. + +206. _Hibernis_, produced by the melting of the snow. It was now the +spring. See note on v. 390. + +214. _Parant_, scil. the Tuscans. + +225, 226. The poet, as if present, calls out to them.--_Simplex_, +incautious, unsuspicious of guile. + +237. _Herculeae gentis_. It was the tradition of the Fabian family that +they derived their origin from Hercules, by a daughter of Evander. + +239. Niebuhr _ut supra_, shews that the Fabius who remained at Rome, must +have been then a grown man. He thinks the cause of his staying behind was +his differing in politics from the rest of the family. + +241. The celebrated Fabius Maximas Cunctator, the man who shewed how to +vanquish Hannibal. + +243. The day after the Ides these three signs, which lie close together, +rise acronychally. + +247. The inferior gods offered sacrifices to the superior. See below, iv. +423. aeschyl. Prom. 526, _et seq_. + +254. _Eam_, the tree for the fruit. + +255. Figs ripen very fast (Pliny, xv. 19,) so that this is not badly +invented. + +260. _Tenuit_ is used here in a double sense. + +263. _Lactens_, that is, full of juice. It was peculiarly used of the +fig. + +264. _De nullo_, etc. It was an opinion of the ancients, that for sixty +days before the figs ripened, the ravens were affected by a looseness of +bowels, which obliged them to abstain from every thing humid. Pliny, X. +12. aelian. V. Il. II. 5. + +267. The Lupercalia were celebrated on the 15th February, the xv. Kal. +Mart. The poet here, according to the custom of the Latin poets, +confounds the ancient Italian deity, Faunus, with the Pan of the +Arcadians. On these occasions, a theory or a legend was always devised to +explain the manner in which the worship had been introduced. For Pan, see +Mythology, p. 198. + +272. He most haunts the Arcadian mountains, or, he is most worshiped +there. + +273. _Pholoë_, the mountain of that name. + +274. This is an error, the Ladom falls into the Alpheus. + +277. _Equarum_. Several MSS. read _aquarum_, which reading Burmann +defends, as Pan is called [Greek: aktios] by Theocritus. Idyll. V. 14. + +278. Instead of _Pan ovium custos_. + +280. That is, there was no town there at the time. + +281. The Arcadians were always regarded as of the Pelasgian race. + +282. The Flamen Dialis always bore a part in the Lupercalia. + +285. The _first_ reason; they imitated the god himself. + +289. The _second_; they commemorated the ancient mode of life in Arcadia. +It was said that Jupiter was born in this country. Callim. H. I. + +290. See above, I. 469. + +291. _Feris_. One MS. reads _ferae_; another _fere_; another _et fere.-- +Usus_, occupations. + +292. _Erat_. One MS. reads _erant_, which is adopted by Heinsius, Burmann +and Gierig. + +299. _Sub Jove_, same as _sub dio_, in the open air. + +301. _Detecti_, scil. the _naked_ Luperci. + +302. _Opes_, that is, the want of wealth. + +303. The _third_ reason for the nudity of the Luperci.--_Faunus_, scil. +Pan. + +305. _Dominae_, Omphale, queen of Lydia, to whom Hercules was sold by +Mercury. + +310. _Aurato sinu_. Her robe had threads of gold woven into it, or was +embroidered. + +311. _Umbracula_, the _skiadia_, the modern umbrella--_Rapidos_. This is +the reading of eleven MSS. the rest have _tepidos_, which is very tame. +_Rapidos_ well expresses the consuming power of fire. + +313. _Tenebat_, scil. Omphale, thus _subit_, v. 315. Some MSS. read +_tenebant_. + +314. Hesperus is beautifully styled _roscidus_, as the dews of evening +accompany his appearance in the summer-season. The poet gives him a +dark-coloured horse, as the sky is then becoming every moment darker; +for the opposite reason, a white horse is given to Lucifer. "Hesperus, +that led The starry host, _rode_ brightest." Milton. + +321. _Vincla_, either the wrists or the arm-holes of the tunic, which +would appear to have had running-strings in them. + +324. _Scindebant_. Seven MSS. read _stringebant_. + +326. _Tela minora_, the arrows opposed to the club. + +329. Previous to a sacrifice, _à Venere abstinebant.--Pia sacra_, like +_pia tura, pium far_. + +337. _Captata_, felt by groping, One MS. reads _tractata_. + +359. A _fourth_ reason for this custom.--_Peregrinis causas Latinas_. +Three MSS. read peregrinae; two read _causam_. Perhaps the best reading +would be _peregrinis causam Latinam_. + +360. _Suo pulvere_, in his own common (i.e. Italian) course. + +361. Scil. at the Lupercalia. + +363. _Transsuta_, Others read _transfixa, transita_, or _trajecta_. + +367, 368. These lines are wanting in three MSS. and are probably +spurious.--_Caestibus_. Six MSS. read _vectibus_, which Heinius prefers, +as the caestus was unknown to the old Romans, and pitching bar(_vectis_) +was a common exercise of the Roman soldiery. The poets, however, troubled +themselves little about minutiae of this kind. Some MMS. have _vestibus_. + +375-378. Fabius, says the legend, was over the comrades of Remus, and +Quinctilius over those of Romulus; and those under them were named from +them. The truth is, the Fabian family were of the Sabine, the +Quinctilian, of the Roman part of the nation. + +380. _Quod bene cessit_. Several of the best MSS. read _gessit_. Some +_qui lene gesset_. + +381. He now proceeds to inquire into the origin of the names _Lupercal_ +and _Lupercalia_, and takes this occasion of relating the early history +of the founders of Rome. + +383. _Ilia_. Most MSS. read _Silvia_. + +385. _Pueros_. The reading of most MSS. is _parvos_. Burmann observes, +that the ancients did not use _parvos_ without a substantive for +children. + +387. _Recusantes_, unwillingly; refusing as far as they dared. Burmann +proposes _reluctantes_ or _repugnantes_. + +389. _Albula_. This was an ancient name of the Tiber. The Romans, aping +the Greeks in this, as in every thing else, deduced the name Tiber, from +that of a fabled king. + +390. _Hibernis_. Neapolis would infer from this, that Romulus and Remus +were born in the winter. This is pressing poetic language too close; the +Latin poets used _Hiems_, and its kindred adjectives, as the Greeks did +[Greek: cheimon], and the terms derived from it. The meaning is, the +river was swoln by the rains which had lately fallen. If we wished +regularly to confute Neapolis, we might refer him to v. 413, as the wolf +does not bring forth in winter. + +391, 392. The different Fora or markets at Rome, were in the valleys +between the hills. The Circus Maximus was three stadia and a half long, +and one broad. It is probably to express its magnitude that he uses +_valles_ in the plural, as the measure imposed no necessity. + +393. According to the account given by Dionysius from Fabius Pictor, they +came down with the babes from the summit of the Palatine hill, and laid +them in the water, which now washed its foot. + +394. _Et_. Two MSS. read _an_, which Heinsius adopts and justifies by a +number of examples, and which is certainly the more elegant. + +396. _Iste_, scil. Romulus. + +398. _Esse_, scil: _patrem_. This ellipsis well expresses the doubt and +hesitation of the speaker.--_Suspicor_. Three MSS. read _suspicer_. + +400. _Praecipiti_, critical, dangerous. + +401. _Si non etc_. The ancients believed that a god could not, any more +than a man, be in more places than one at the same time. Hence the jest +that Diana could not save her temple at Ephesus from the flames, as she +was aiding the birth of Alexander the Great, in Macedonia. + +408. Scil: the fate of Rome. + +409. _Appulsus_. Eight MSS. read _impulsus_, which Lenz prefers, as +expressing the force with which the water drove them, but they were not +in the current of a stream, and the motion of the retiring water must +have been very gentle. + +412. _Rumina_, from _rumis_ or _ruma_, the same as _mamma_. This must +have been the original name; the derivation from Romulus is futile. In +the time of Varro, as he informs us, (De L. L. iv.) a new _ficus +ruminalis_ was planted in the Comitium, which was standing when the poet +wrote. It withered in the reign of Nero. Pliny, xv. 18. + +413. _Feta_, i. e. _enixa_, as the context shews. + +416. _Perdere_. Two MSS. read _prodere_._--Cog. manus_. scil: the hands of +Amulius. + +417. She shews her affection for the babes by the motion of her tail. + +419. They might be known to be the offspring of Mars by the wolf, his +sacred animal, coming to feed them, and by their shewing no signs of +fear. + +420. _Promissi_, i. e. destined by nature. + +423. Another cause, a Grecian origin, from Mt. Lycaeum, in Arcadia. + +424. _Faunus_, scil. Pan,--_Lycaeo_. Pausanius, who mentions [Greek: Zeus +lukaios], does not give this epithet to Pan. He speaks, however, of his +temple on Mt. Lycaeum. In an epigram of Leonidas, we meet [Greek: +lagobola Pani Lukaio]. + +425. Barren women placed themselves in the way of Luperci, as they ran +about striking people with their goat-skin thongs, as the contact of the +sacred lash was supposed to produce fecundity.--_Herbis_, etc. the usual +modes of obtaining the power of bearing children. + +428. _Optatum_. One MS. which is followed by Heinsius and Gierig, has +_optati_. + +433. Instead of increasing the number and strength of his people by their +having offspring, he had only brought on himself and them the war with +the Sabines. + +435, 436. The grove of Juno Lucina. Varro, L. L. iv. + +440. _Mira_, wonderful things. + +441. _Italidas_. Several of the best MSS. read _Italias_.--_Sacer hircus_. +Four MSS. read _caper hirtus_, in favour of which, it is urged, that as +the _caper_ was a gelt _hircus_, the wonder was the greater; and v. 445, +a _caper_ is sacrificed. I should feel disposed to adopt this reading, +which is that of Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig. + +443. His name has not come down to us. + +444. Etruria was renowned for augury. + +449, 450. Two derivations of Lucina; one from _lucus_, as if she was so +named from being worshiped in a grove; a second from _lux_, as the light +proceeded from her. This last might identify Juno Lucina with the moon, +and with the Eilcithyia of the Greeks. See Mythology, p. 154. + +451. _Facilis_ seems to answer to [Greek: praumaetis], an epithet of +Eilcithyia. + +453-458. On the day of the Lupercalia, the sun entered Pisces, and winds +began to blow, which continued for six days. + +461. _Dione_, Venus. In Homer, this goddess is the daughter of Dione. +Ovid confounds them, as he does the Hyperion and Helius (_Sol_) of Homer. + +462. In the Giant-war. See Mythology, p. 238. + +471. Others say, the goddess and her son turned themselves into fishes at +the approach of Typhon. + +473, 474. He confounds, in the usual manner, the Aphrodite of the Greeks, +and Venus of the Latins, with the Atergatis or Derceto of the Syrians.-- +_Timidi_, scil. _Deorum_, pious. + +475. There was no festival, and nothing remarkable on the XIV. Kal. Mart. +The Quirinalia were on the following day. He takes this occasion of +relating the end of Romulus and his apotheosis. See Livy, I. 13. It +occurred on the Nones of Quinctilis. + +477-480. Three derivations of the name Quirinus. The first is the true +one. See Mythology, p. 472. + +484. _Officio_. The care and labour of Romulus. + +487. This is a line of Ennius. It also occurs, Met. xiv. 814.--The poet, +in this account of the Assumption of Romulus, evidently keeps close to +the Annals of the old poet. + +491. The _Palus Caprea_, or _Capreae_, was in the Campus Martius.-- +_Capreae_. Some MSS. read _Caprae_; one _Capream_, which is adopted by +Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig. The Greeks called it [Greek: aigos hae +zorkos helos]. + +492. _Jura dabas_. According to most accounts he was reviewing the army. +The poet may, however, have used these words only in a general sense, to +denote any exercise of his authority. The assembly of the Roman people on +the Campus Martius was always regarded as an _exercitus_. See Niebuhr on +the Centuries. Rom. Hist. Vol. I. + +493. _Sol. fugit_, in consequence of the darkness. It is not necessary, +with Dionysius and others, to suppose an eclipse. + +496. See Hor. Car. III. 3, 15. This circumstance was evidently in the +Annals of Ennius, from which both poets derived it.--_Fit fuga_, hence +this day was also called the _Populifugiun_. + +498. _Fides_, belief or opinion. + +500. _Luna fulgebat_, consequently there could not have been an eclipse +of the sun. Livy says, that Romulus appeared _prima luce_, at the dawn of +day. Several MSS. read _surgebat_. I prefer the common reading, as the +poet, by saying that Proculus carried no torch, evidently means to +express bright moon-light. + +501. _Sinistrae_, the lucky side, according to Etrurian augury.--_Nubes +crepuere_. Several MSS. read _Sepes tremuere_, or _sonuere_. + +503. The usual signs of divinity.--_Trabea_. See above, I. 37. Plutarch +says, that Romulus appeared [Greek: huplois lamprois kai phlegousi +kekosmaemenos]. As the poet here uses the word _trabea_, I would take +_jura dabas_ above, v. 492, in its simple sense. + +510. _Populos_, the Romans and Sabines, or probably as above, I. 38, for +_cives_. Many MSS. read _patres_. + +511. _Collis_, the Quirinal. Festus, with much greater probability, +supposes it to have derived its name from the Sabines from Cures having +settled on it. Niebuhr thinks there was a town on it named Quirium, +whence came the name Quirites, at first peculiar to the Sabine portion of +the Roman people. + +512. The Quirinalia were _stativa_. See note on I. 657. + +513. Another name for the Quirinalia was the Stultorurn Feriae, because +those who from ignorance, or from having been on a journey, or from want +of time, or any other just cause, had not sacrificed with the rest of the +people on the Fornicalia, which was an indictive festival, (see preceding +note) did so on the Quirinalia. The poet takes this occasion of relating +the supposed origin of the Fornicalia. + +519. _Jaciebant_, cast, i. e. sowed. + +526. _Temperet_, that is, keep from burning. + +527. _Curio_. Romulus, we are told, divided the people into 30 _curiae_, +over each of which was a _curio_. The Curio Maximus presided over the 30 +Curiones.--_Leg. verb_. ex gr. _Lavatio Deum Matris est hodie. Jovis +epulum eras est. Aesculapii geritur celebraturque vindemia. Lectisternium +Cereris erit Idibus proximis_. Arnobius, L. vii. + +529. _Multa tabella_. On which was inscribed in what Curia each part of +the people was to worship. + +533. The Feralia, in honour of the dead, were celebrated on the 19th of +February, as this was formerly the last month of the year. Festus derives +Feralia, _à ferendis epulis vel a feriendis pecudibus_.--Varro, _ab +inferis et ferendo epulas_. The derivation from _inferis_ is nearest the +truth. + +537. _Porrectis_. One MS. which is followed by Heinsius, and the other +editors, reads _projectis_. + +542. _Sua verba_, suitable words. + +545. See Virg aen. v. 94, _et seq_. + +548. _Par. dies_, the days on which the Parentalia were celebrated.-- +_Deseruere_, neglected. + +554. _Deformes_, scil, _simulacra modis pallentia miris_, or, as Lenz +understands it, having no certain form. + +557. _Viduae puellae_, either widows, or, if _viduae_ is taken in its +general sense, simply unmarried women. Two MSS. read _avidae_. + +558. _Puros dies_, days not devoted to gloomy or melancholy matters, like +the Feralia. + +559, 560. _Quae_ etc. opposed, it would appear, to the _viduae_ of v. +557.--_Hasta_. It was the custom to divide the hair of a virgin-bride +with the point of a small spear. + +560. Torches were used at funerals and at the _Parentalia_, as well as at +weddings. + +563. During this time, the temples of the gods were closed, and no sacred +rites performed. + +566. That the souls of the dead loved to partake of food, is an opinion +as old as the time of Homer. See the [Greek: nekuia] in the Odyssey. + +567, 568. The Feralia, or last day for appeasing the Manes, was the XII. +Kal. Mart, from which, to the end of the month, there were exactly +eleven; that is, six and five days. Some have thought that the poet meant +six feet only, and that therefore the Feralia were the VI. Kal. Mart, +but this is contradicted by v. 684, and by an ancient calendar which +places them on the XII. Kal. Mart. + +569. See note on v. 533. + +571. He now relates the rites performed on this day to the goddess Muta +or Tacita, to bind the tongues of detractors. Neapolis thinks that the +reason of uniting them with the Parentalia, may have been to give effect +to the maxim, _de mortuis nil nisi bonum.--Annosa_, Heinsius would read +_vinosa_ or _pannosa_. + +574. _Brevis_, i. e. _parvus_. + +575. _Plumbo_. Black lead was employed in magic. One or two MSS. read +_rhombo_, which is adopted by Heinsius and Gierig, and which I should +also feel disposed to adopt. The _rhombus_ or spindle, and the black or +party-coloured threads were of great use in magic. See Virg. Ecl. viii. +75. + +576. Seven, like three, was a magic number. + +578. _Maenae_. The _maena_ was a small fish of little value, which was +salted and eaten by the poorer sort of people. It was used on this +occasion symbolically, and was an appropriate offering to the goddess of +Silence. This, which is the reading of only two MSS. has been adopted by +all the editors: the MSS. in general read _menta_ or _mintha_. + +581. _Vinximus_. _Vincire_ was the appropriate word to express the +hindrance of any action by magic art. + +583. This legend must have been invented long after the Romans had become +acquainted with Grecian Mythology, as their ancient religion knew nothing +of choirs of nymphs, or of amours of the gods. See Mythology, p. 450. + +585. _Indomita_, [Greek: adamasto]. Many MSS. read _immodico_, and +_victus_ for _captus_. + +598. The nymphs of the Anien, the god of which, according to our poet +(Am. III. 6, 45,) espoused the mother of Romulus. Horace (Car. I. 2, 17,) +unites her to the god of the Tiber. + +600. That is, her name was 615. The Romans had both Lala, from _lalia_. + +601. He makes her the daughter of the god of the river Almo. + +605. _Nuptam_ scil. Junonem. The common reading of the MSS. is _nuptas_; +some have _nymphae_ or _nympnam. It is evident that the poet wished to +express the busy meddling loquacity of Lara, as it would have sufficed to +set Juturna on her guard. + +615. The Romans had both public and private Lares. The word Las is +Etruscan and signified _Lord_. See V. 1238, _et seq_. and Mythology, pp. +481.482. + +617--638. On the XI. Kal. Mart. was held the domestic feast, named the +Caristia, from _carus_. "Convivium etiam solemne majores instituerunt, +idque Caristia appellaverunt, cui praeter cognatos et affines nemo +interponebatur; ut si qua inter necessarios querela esset orta, apud +sacra mensae et inter hilaritatem animorum, fautoribus concordiae +adhibitis, tolleretur." Valer. Max. II. 1. + +619. He gives the reason why the Caristia followed immediately after the +Feralia, that the dead might visit their friends, and have their share of +the feast. See above note on v. 566. + +625. Who thinks his father or mother lives too long. + +628. Ino. For all the persons mentioned here, see my Mythology, under +their names. + +631. The Genii, and all the domestic gods, were called _Di boni_, [Greek: +agathoi daimones]. The Lares or Penates are meant here. + +633. _Libate dapes_. Place a portion of the food (_dapes_) on a _patella_ +to be set before the gods, i. e. the _Lares_. _Libare, dapes, patella_ +and _honor_, are all the appropriate terms. + +634. _Incinctos_, that is, _succinctos_. See V. 2l7. 675. Persius Sat. +V.3l. + +635. _Nox ultima_, the latter part of the night towards morning, Most +MSS. read _humida_. + +636. _Larga_. One or two MSS. read parca, which Heinsius and Gierig adopt +without hesitation,--_Precaturi manu_. Heinsius conjectures _precaturae +manus_, which reading is adopted by Gierig. In their editions the line +runs thus: _Parca precaturae sumite vina manus_. + +637. It was considered highly culpable not to join the name of the prince +in their supplications on occasions like this. Hence we seem to have +derived the custom of drinking the king's health. + +639. On the VIII. Kal. Mart. was the festival of the Terminalia, +instituted, as was said, by Numa. + +640. The Terminus or boundary, which also represented the god, was either +a stone or a post of wood placed in the ground. + +643. He here gives a minute description of the mode of worshiping the god +of boundaries.--_Duo domini_, the owners of the ground on both sides. + +644. _Bina_, same as _duo_. + +645. _Curto testu_, a small earthen vessel. Heinsius has proved by +abundant examples, that this was a usual sense of _curtus_. + +648. _Rami_. These were driven into the ground, or rather into the +sod-built altar, to keep the wood which was piled up from tumbling about. + +650. _Canistra_, the basket in which were the corn, &c. to be used. + +654. _Candida_, clad in white. + +659. This is the hymn of the poet, rather than of the rustics. + +663. The well-known story of the combat between three hundred +Lacedaemonians and as many Argives, for the possession of Thyrea. See +Herod. I. 82. Lucian, Charon, Valerius Maximus, &c. + +665. _Lectus_, read; for when the three surviving Argives had run home +with the news of their victory, thinking all the enemies dead, he got up, +piled a trophy, and inscribed it with his blood. All the MSS. read +_tectus_; _lectus_ is the conjecture of Barthius, as Statius, Theb. iv. +47, says, _Et Lacedaemonium Thyre lectura cruorem_. It is almost certain +that it is the true reading; the exclamation in the following line +appears to confirm it. + +667. See the story in Livy, I. 55. + +669. _Inventus_. Five MSS. read _conventus_, which Heinsius and Gierig +have adopted. Gierig interprets it _cum ad eum convenissent augures_. I +must doubt if _conventus_ ever occurs in this passive sense. Burmann +proposes _tunc lentus_. + +670. _Unde in Capitolio superna pars tecti patet quae lapidem ipsum +Termini spectat, nam Termino non nisi, sub divo sacrificabatur_. Servius +on aen. ixx. 448. + +680. It is well known that aeneas landed in this part of the country. See +Virgil, Livy, &c. + +682. The boundary of the Roman dominion was at one time between the fifth +and sixth milestone on the Laurentine way.--How it was enlarged in the +days of the poet! A sacrifice to Terminus was still offered on that spot. + +684. A play on words. + +685. The _Regifugium_, or banishment of the Tarquins, is placed by the +poet on the 24th February, the VIII. Kal. Mart. One very ancient MS. +reads _quintus_, which reading is adopted by Neapolis and by Petavius, +who accuses Ovid of gross negligence. One MS. reads _Septimus extremo_. + +687. See the whole history in Livy, I. Niebuhr (Rom. Hist, I. 486,) +justly gives the palm to the narrative of the historian over that of our +poet. The modern historian's criticism of the whole story is exceedingly +well worthy of perusal. + +690. Livy, I. 53. It is the story of Zopyrus, transferred from Herodotus +(III. 154,) to the Roman history. + +694. _Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae_. Virg. + +703. This also is taken from Herodotus, (v. 92) who tells us that +Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miletus, employed the same mode of giving +counsel to Periander. + +704. _Sectus_. Most MSS. read _septus_. The former is much to be +preferred. _Seco_ is frequently used of rivers. + +706. In the ordinary narrative they are poppies. + +713. The poet in his haste or negligence confounds matters here, for this +response was given to their question, of who should be king of Rome. See +Livy. + +716. _Turba_. There were but two sons of Tarquin sent to consult the +oracle. + +729. _Torus socialis_, i.e. _uxor_.--_In officio_, faithful. _Fundanos +in officio esse_. Liv. viii. 19. + +733. _Cui clarum_, etc. When Tarquin took Collatia from the Sabines, he +made his uncle, Egerius, governor of it, whose son was thence named +Collatinus. A different, and much more probable origin of names of this +kind, is given by Niebuhr. Rom. Hist. I. 293. + +739. _Nurum_, the wife of Sextus Tarquinius. Nodell ad Avian, p. 108, +proposes _nurus_. It is _nurus_ in Livy. The poet (v. 725,) has, however, +spoken of but one of the young Tarquinii.--_Coronis_, several MSS. read +_capillis_, but compare v. 772. + +744. _Tenui_, a low, soft voice. + +746. _Lacerna_, a thick, warm, military cloak. + +747. This is said to intimate the retired life which Lucretia led. + +749. You will certainly be conquered at last; you hold out against better +(i.e. braver) men. _Dum pugnant Danai dum restat barbarus Hector_, +Propert, III. 7, 31. _Nunc paucis plures vix restatis_. Liv. xxiii. 45. + +755. _Intenta_, drawn. Most MSS. read _incepta_. + +765. _Et quod_, etc. Her modesty. _Tum forma, tum spectata castitas +incitat_. Livy. + +785. _aerata_, covered with brass. + +787. _Hostis ut hospes_. This play on words was not disdained even by +Livy, who puts it in the mouth of Lucretia herself. + +788. He was second cousin to Collatinus. + +807. Compare v. 809. _Pro crimine_, as a means of criminating you. + +808. _Adulter_, scil. Sextus himself. + +825. _Hoc_, scil. that I am obliged to relate my own disgrace. How +infinitely superior is Livy here. It is probable that he kept much closer +to Ennius than Ovid chose to do. + +833. Euripides (Hec. 568,) says of Polyxena [Greek: hae de kai thnaeskous +omos Pollaen pronoian eichen euschaemos pesein]. + +837. Brutus signifies _stupid, foolish_. Niebuhr shews well the +inconsistencies and contradictions in the whole history of Brutus. + +845. _Ad verba_. Eight MSS. read _adversa_.--_Sine lumine_, as being now +sunk in death. + +846. _Concussa coma_. Gierig thinks this is an allusion to the Jupiter of +Homer, and condemns it; most justly, no doubt, if it is such, but of that +I am by no means certain. + +847. _Fertur_ scil. effertur_. + +848. Tears for her own hard fate; hatred (_invidia, odium_) of the +tyrant. + +853. Columella, xi. 2, says, that the, swallow is seen on the VII. Kal. +Mart, Pliny, II. 47, says, _Favonium quidam a. d. viii. Kal. Mart. +Chelidoniam vacant ab hirundinis visu.--Veris praenuntia_ [Greek: haeros +angelos imerophonos aaedon]. Sappho. + +854. _Qua_ scil. _parte_. + +855. For Progne and Tereus, see Met. vi. 425, _et seq_. Mythology, p. +341. + +857. The Equiria or horseraces on the Campus Martius, in honour of Mars, +were held on the III. Kal. Mart. + +861. Your month (_tua tempora_) demands a place in my poem. + +864. _Mihi_. Five MSS. read _mea_. + + + + +LIBER III. + + +Bellice, depositis clypeo paullisper et hasta, + Mars, ades, et nitidas casside solve comas. +Forsitan ipse roges, quid sit cum Marte poetae. + A te, qui canitur, nomina mensis habet. +Ipse vides manibus peragi fera bella Minervae; 5 + Num minus ingenuis artibus illa vacat? +Palladis exemplo ponendae tempora sume + Cuspidis; invenies et quod inermis agas. +Tum quoque inermis eras, quum te Romana sacerdos + Cepit, ut huic urbi semina digna dares. 10 +Silvia Vestalis--quid enim vetat inde moveri?-- + Sacra lavaturas mane petebat aquas. +Ventum erat ad molli declivem tramite ripam: + Ponitur e summa fictilis urna coma. +Fessa resedit humi, ventosque accepit aperto 15 + Pectore, turbatas restituitque comas. +Dum sedet, umbrosae salices volucresque canorae? + Fecerunt somnos, et leve murmur aquae. +Blanda quies victis furtim subrepit ocellis, + Et cadit a mento languida facta manus. 20 +Mars videt hanc, visamque cupit, potiturque cupitam, + Et sua divina furta fefellit ope. +Somnus abit: jacet illa gravis. Jam scilicet intra + Viscera, Romanae conditor urbis, eras. +Languida consurgit, nec scit, cur languida surgat, 25 + Et peragit tales arbore nixa sonos: +Utile sit faustumque, precor, quod imagine somni + Vidimus! An somno clarius illud erat? +Ignibus Iliacis aderam, quum lapsa capillis + Decidit ante sacros lanea vitta focos. 30 +Inde duae pariter--visu mirabile--palmae + Surgunt. Ex illis altera major erat, +Et gravibus ramis totum protexerat orbem, + Contigeratque nova sidera summa coma. +Ecce meus ferrum patruus molitur in illas! 35 + Terreor admonitu, corque timore micat. +Martia picus avis gemino pro stipite pugnant + Et lupa. Tuta per hos utraque palma fuit. +Dixerat: et plenam non firmis viribus urnam + Sustulit.--Implerat, dum sua visa refert.-- 40 +Interea crescente Remo, crescente Quirino, + Coelesti tumidus pondere venter erat. +Quo minus emeritis exiret cursibus annus, + Restabant nitido jam duo signa deo: +Silvia fit mater. Vestae simulacra feruntur 45 + Virgineas oculis opposuisse manus. +Ara deae certe tremuit, pariente ministra, + Et subiit cineres territa flamma suos. +Haec ubi cognovit contemptor Amulius aequi, + --Nam raptas fratri victor habebat opes-- 50 +Amne jubet mergi geminos. Scelus unda refugit: + In sicca pueri destituuntur humo. +Lacte quis infantes nescit crevisse ferino, + Et picum expositis saepe tulisse cibos? +Non ego te, tantae nutrix Larentia gentis, 55 + Nec taceam vestras, Faustule pauper, opes. +Vester honos veniet, quum Larentalia dicam: + Acceptus Geniis illa December habet. +Martia ter senos proles adoleverat annos, + Et suberat flavae jam nova barba comae: 60 +Omnibus agricolis armentorumque magistris + Iliadae fratres jura petita dabant. +Saepe domum veniunt praedonum sanguine laeti, + Et redigunt actos in sua rura boves. +Ut genus audierunt, animos pater editus auget, 65 + Et pudet in paucis nomen habere casis: +Romuleoque cadit trajectus Amulius ense, + Regnaque longaevo restituuntur avo. +Moenia conduntur, quae, quamvis parva fuerunt, + Non tamen expediit transiluisse Remo. 70 +Jam, modo qua fuerant silvae pecorumque recessus, + Urbs erat, aeternae quum pater urbis ait: +Arbiter armorum, de cujus sanguine natus + Credor, et ut credar, pignora certa dabo, +A te principium Romano ducimus anno: 75 + Primus de patrio nomine mensis eat. +Vox rata fit, patrioque vocat de nomine mensem. + Dicitur haec pietas grata fuisse deo. +Et tamen ante omnes Martem coluere priores; + Hoc dederat studiis bellica turba suis; 80 +Pallada Cecropidae, Minoia Creta Dianam, + Vulcanum tellus Hypsipylea colit: +Junonem Sparte Pelopeïadesque Mycenae: + Pinigerum Fauni Maenalis ora caput. +Mars Latio venerandus erat, quia praesidet armis. 85 + Arma ferae genti remque decusque dabant. +Quod si forte vacas, peregrinos inspice fastos: + Mensis in his etiam nomine Martis erit. +Tertius Albanis, quintus fuit ille Faliscis: + Sextus apud populos, Hernica terra, tuos. 90 +Inter Aricinos Albanaque tempora constant + Factaque Telegoni moenia celsa manu. +Quintum Laurentes, bis quintum Aequicolus asper, + A tribus hunc primum turba Curensis habet. +Et tibi cum proavis, miles Peligne, Sabinis 95 + Convenit: hic genti quartus utrique deus. +Romulus, hos omnes ut vinceret ordine saltem, + Sanguinis auctori tempora prima dedit. +Nec totidem veteres, quot nunc, habuere Kalendas, + Ille minor geminis mensibus annus erat. 100 +Nondum tradiderat victas victoribus artes + Graecia, facundum, sed male forte genus. +Qui bene pugnabat, Romanam noverat artem; + Mittere qui poterat pila, disertus erat. +Quis tunc aut Hyadas, aut Pliadas Atlanteas 105 + Senserat, aut geminos esse sub axe polos? +Esse duas Arctos, quarum Cynosura petatur + Sidoniis, Helicen Graja carina notet? +Signaque, quae longo frater percenseat anno, + Ire per haec uno inense sororis equos? 110 +Libera currebant, et inobservata per annum + Sidera: constabat sed tamen esse deos. +Non illi coelo labentia signa movebant, + Sed sua: quae magnum perdere crimen erat. +Illa quidem feno; sed erat reverentia feno, 115 + Quantam nunc aquilas cernis habere tuas. +Pertica suspensos portabat longa maniplos: + Unde maniplaris nomina miles habet. +Ergo animi indociles et adhuc ratione carentes + Mensibus egerunt lustra minora decem. 120 +Annus erat, decimum quum luna repleverat orbem. + Hic numerus magno tunc in honore fuit; +Seu quia tot digiti, per quos numerare solemus: + Seu quia bis quino femina mense parit: +Seu quod adusque decem numero crescente venitur; 125 + Principium spatiis sumitur inde novis. +Inde pares centum denos secrevit in orbes + Romulus, Hastatos instituitque decem; +Et totidem Princeps, totidem Pilanus habebat + Corpora, legitimo quique merebat equo. 130 +Quin etiam paries totidem Titiensibus idem, + Quosque vocant Ramnes, Luceribusque dedit. +Assuetos igitur numeros servavit in anno. + Hoc luget spatio femina maesta virum. +Neu dubites, primae fuerint quin ante Kalendae 135 + Martis, ad haec animum signa referre potes, +Laurea Flaminibus, quae toto perstitit anno, + Tollitur, et frondes sunt in honore novae. +Janua nunc Regis posita viret arbore Phoebi: + Ante tuas fit idem, Curia Prisca, fores. 140 +Vesta quoque ut folio niteat velata recenti, + Cedit ab Iliacis laurea cana focis. +Adde, quod arcana fieri novus ignis in aede + Dicitur, et vires flamma refecta capit. +Nec mihi parva fides, annos hinc isse priores, 145 + Anna quod hoc coepta est mense Perenna coli. +Hinc etiam veteres initi memorantur honores + Ad spatium belli, perfide Poene, tui. +Denique quintus ab hoc fuerat Quintilis, et inde + Incipit, a numero nomina quisquis habet. 150 +Primus oliviferis Romam deductus ab arvis + Pompilius menses sensit abesse duos: +Sive hoc a Samio doctus, qui posse renasci + Nos putat, Egeria sive monente sua. +Sed tamen errabant etiam tunc tempora, donec 155 + Caesaris in multis haec quoque cura fuit. +Non haec ille deus, tantaeque propaginis auctor, + Credidit officiis esse minora suis, +Promissumque sibi voluit praenoscere coelum, + Nec deus ignotas hospes inire domos, 160 +Ille moras solis, quibus in sua signa rediret, + Traditur exactis disposuisse notis. +Is decies senos tercentum et quinque diebus + Junxit, et e pleno tempora quarta die. +Hic anni modus est. In lustrum accedere debet, 165 + Quae consummatur partibus, una dies. + +Si licet occultus monitus audire deorum + Vatibus, ut certe fama licere putat, +Quum sis officiis, Gradive, virilibus aptus, + Dic mihi, matronae cur tua festa colant. 170 +Sic ego. Sic posita dixit mihi casside Mavors; + Sed tamen in dextra missilis hasta fuit: +Nunc primum studiis pacis deus utilis armis + Advocor, et gressus in nova castra fero. +Nec piget incepti; juvat hac quoque parte morari, 175 + Hoc solam ne se posse Minerva putet. +Disce, Latinorum vates operose dierum, + Quod petis, et memori pectore dicta nota. +Parva fuit, si prima velis elementa referre, + Roma: sed in parva spes tamen hujus erat. 180 +Moenia jam stabant, populis angusta futuris, + Credita sed turbae tunc nimis ampla suae. +Quae fuerit nostri, si quaeris, regia nati, + Adspice de canna straminibusque domum. +In stipula placidi carpebat munera somni, 185 + Et tamen ex illo venit in astro toro. +Jamque loco majus nomen Romanus habebat, + Nec conjux illi, nec socer ullus erat. +Spernebant generos inopes vicinia dives, + Et male credebar sanguinis auctor ego. 190 +In stabulis habitasse, boves pavisse, nocebat, + Jugeraque inculti pauca tenere soli. +Cum pare quaeque suo coëunt volucresque feraeque, + Atque aliquam, de qua procreet, anguis habet. +Extremis dantur connubia gentibus: at, quae 195 + Romano vellet nubere, nulla fuit. +Indolui, patriamque dedi tibi, Romule, mentem. + Tolle preces, dixi: quod petis, arma dabunt. +Festa para Conso.--Consus tibi cetera dicet + Illo facta die, quum sua sacra canes.-- 200 +Intumuere Cures, et quos dolor attigit idem, + Tum primum generis intulit arma socer. +Jamque fere raptae matrum quoque nomen habebant, + Tractaque erant longa bella propinqua mora, +Conveniunt nuptae dictam Junonis in aedem, 205 + Quas inter mea sic est nurus orsa loqui: +O pariter raptae,--quoniam hoc commune tenemus-- + Non ultra lente possumus esse piae. +Stant acies: sed utra dî sint pro parte rogandi, + Eligite; hinc conjux, hinc pater arma tenent, 210 +Quaerendum, viduae fieri malimus an orbae. + Consilium vobis forte piumque dabo. +Consilium dederat: parent, crinemque resolvunt, + Maestaque funerea corpora veste tegunt. +Jam stabant acies ferro mortique paratae: 215 + Jam lituus pugnae signa daturus erat: +Quum raptae veniunt inter patresque virosque, + Inque sinu natos, pignora cara, ferunt. +Ut medium campi passis tetigere capillis, + In terram posito procubuere genu; 220 +Et, quasi sentirent, blando clamore nepotes + Tendebant ad avos brachia parva suos. +Qui poterat, clamabat avum tum denique visum, + Et qui vix poterat, posse coactus erat. +Tela viris animique cadunt, gladiisque remotis 225 + Dant soceri generis accipiuntque manus; +Laudatasque tenent natas, scutoque nepotem + Fert avus: hic scuti dulcior usus erat. +Inde diem, quae prima, meas celebrare Kalendas + Oebalides matres non leve munus habent. 230 +An, quia committi strictis mucronibus ausae + Finierant lacrimis Martia bella suis? +Vel, quod erat de me feliciter Ilia mater, + Rite colunt matres sacra diemque meum? +Quid? quod hiems adoperta gelu nunc denique cedit, 235 + Et pereunt victae sole tepente nives; +Arboribus redeunt detonsae frigore frondes, + Vividaque e tenero palmite gemma tumet; +Quaeque diu latuit, nunc, se qua tollat in auras, + Fertilis occultas invenit herba vias. 240 +Nunc fecundus ager: pecoris nunc hora creandi: + Nunc avis in ramo tecta laremque parat. +Tempora jure colunt Latiae fecunda parentes, + Quarum militiam votaque partus habet. +Adde, quod, excubias ubi rex Romanus agebat, 245 + --Qui nunc Esquilias nomina collis habet-- +Illic a nuribus Junoni templa Latinis + Hac sunt, si memini, publica facta die. +Quid moror, et variis onero tua pectora causis? + Eminet ante oculos, quod petis, ecce tuos. 250 +Mater amat nuptas: matrum me turba frequentant. + Haec nos praecipue tam pia causa decet. +Ferte deae flores: gaudet florentibus herbis + Haec dea: de tenero cingite flore caput. +Dicite, Tu lucem nobis, Lucina, dedisti; 255 + Dicite, Tu voto parturientis ades. +Si qua tamen gravida est, resoluto crine precetur, + Ut solvat partus molliter illa suos. + +Quis mihi nunc dicet, quare coelestia Martis + Arma ferant Salii, Mamuriumque canant? 260 +Nympha, mone, nemori stagnoque operata Dianae: + Nympha, Numae conjux, ad tua facta veni. +Vallis Aricinae silva praecinctus opaca + Est lacus antiqua religione sacer. +Hic latet Hippolytus furiis distractus equorum: 265 + Unde nemus nullis illud initur equis. +Licia dependent longas velantia sepes, + Et posita est meritae multa tabella deae. +Saepe potens voti, frontem redimita coronis, + Femina lucentes portat ab urbe faces. 270 +Regna tenent fortesque manu, pedibusque fugaces; + Et perit exemplo postmodo quisque suo. +Defluit incerto lapidosus murmure rivus: + Saepe, sed exiguis haustibus, inde bibi. +Egeria est, quae praebet aquas, dea grata Camenis. 275 + Illa Numae conjux consiliumque fuit. +Principio nimium promptos ad bella Quirites + Molliri placuit jure deûmque metu. +Inde datae leges, ne firmior omnia posset, + Coeptaque sunt pure tradita sacra coli. 280 +Exuitur feritas, armisque potentius aequum est, + Et cum cive pudet conseruisse manus. +Atque aliquis, modo trux, visa jam vertitur ara, + Vinaque dat tepidis salsaque farra focis. +Ecce deûm genitor rutilas per nubila flammas 285 + Spargit, et effusis aethera siccat aquis. +Non alias missi cecidere frequentius ignes. + Rex pavet, et vulgi pectora terror habet. +Cui dea, Ne nimium terrere! piabile fulmen + Est, ait, et saevi flectitur ira Jovis. 290 +Sed poterunt ritum Picus Faunusque piandi + Prodere, Romani numen uterque soli. +Nec sine vi tradent; adhibeto vincula captis! + Atque ita, qua possint, erudit, arte capi. +Lucus Aventino suberat niger ilicis umbra, 295 + Quo posses viso dicere, numen inest. +In medio gramen, muscoque adoperta virenti + Manabat saxo vena perennis aquae. +Inde fere soli Faunus Picusque bibebant. + Huc venit, et Fonti rex Numa mactat ovem, 300 +Plenaque odorati dîs ponit pocula Bacchi, + Cumque suis antro conditus ipse latet. +Ad solitos veniunt silvestria numina fontes, + Et relevant multo pectora sicca mero. +Vina quies sequitur: gelido Numa prodit ab antro, 305 + Vinclaque sopitas addit in arcta manus. +Somnus ut abscessit, tentando vincula pugnant + Rumpere: pugnantes fortius illa tenent. +Tum Numa, Di nemorum, factis ignoscite nostris, + Si scelus ingenio scitis abesse meo; 310 +Quoque modo possit fulmen, monstrate, piari. + Sic Numa. Sic quatiens cornua Faunus ait: +Magna petis, nec quae monitu tibi discere nostro + Fas sit. Habent fines numina nostra suos. +Di sumus agrestes, et qui dominemur in altis 315 + Montibus. Arbitrium est in sua tela Jovi. +Hunc tu non poteris per te deducere coelo: + At poteris nostra forsitan usus ope. +Dixerat haec Faunus: par est sententia Pici. + Deme tamen nobis vincula, Picus ait. 320 +Jupiter huc veniet summa deductus ab arce. + Nubila promissi Styx mihi testis erit. +Emissi quid agant laqueis, quae carmina dicant, + Quaque trahant superis sedibus arte Jovem, +Scire nefas homini. Nobis concessa canentur, 325 + Quaeque pio dici vatis ab ore licet. +Eliciunt caelo te, Jupiter; unde minores + Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciumque vocant. +Constat Aventinae tremuisse cacumina silvae, + Terraque subsedit pondere pressa Jovis. 330 +Corda micant regis, totoque e pectore sanguis + Fugit, et hirsutae diriguere comae. +Ut rediit animus, Da certa piamina, dixit, + Fulminis, altorum rexque paterque deum, +Si tua contigimus manibus donaria puris, 335 + Hoc quoque, quod petitur, si pia lingua rogat. +Annuit oranti: sed verum ambage remota + Abdidit, et dubio terruit ore virum. +Caede _caput_, dixit. Cui rex, Parebimus, inquit: + Caedenda est hortis eruta _cepa_ meis. 340 +Addidit hic, _Hominis. Summos_, ait ille, _capillos_. + Postulat hic _animam_. Cui Numa, _Piscis_, ait. +Risit, et, His, inquit, facito mea tela procures, + O vir colloquio non abigende deum! +Sed tibi, protulerit quum totum crastinus orbem 345 + Cynthius, imperii pignora certa dabo. +Dixit, et ingenti tonitru super aethera motum + Fertur, adorantem destituitque Numam. +Ille redit laetus, memoratque Quiritibus acta. + Tarda venit dictis difficilisque fides. 350 +At certe credemur, ait, si verba sequatur + Exitus. En, audi crastina, quisquis ades. +Protulerit terris quum totum Cynthius orbem, + Jupiter imperii pignora certa dabit. +Discedunt dubii, promissaque tarda videntur, 355 + Dependetque fides a veniente die. +Mollis erat tellus rorataque mane pruina; + Ante sui populus limina regis adest. +Prodit et in solio medius consedit acerno. + Innumeri circa stantque silentque viri. 360 +Ortus erat summo tantummodo margine Phoebus: + Sollicitae mentes speque metuque pavent. +Constitit, atque caput niveo velatus amictu + Jam bene dîs notas sustulit ille manus. +Atque ita, Tempus adest promissi muneris, inquit, 365 + Pollicitam dictis, Jupiter, adde fidem. +Dum loquitur, totum jam sol evolverat orbem, + Et gravis aetherio venit ab axe fragor. +Ter tonuit sine nube deus, tria fulgura misit. + Credite dicenti; mira, sed acta, loquor. 370 +A media coelum regione dehiscere coepit: + Submisere oculos cum duce turba suo. +Ecce levi scutum versatum leniter aura + Decidit. A populo clamor ad astra venit. +Tollit humo munus caesa prius ille juvenca, 375 + Quae dederat nulli colla premenda jugo; +Idque _ancile_ vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est, + Quaque notes oculis angulus omnis abest. +Tum, memor imperii sortem consistere in illo, + Consilium multae calliditatis init. 380 +Plura jubet fieri simili caelata figura, + Error ut ante oculos insidiantes eat. +Mamurius, morum fabraene exactior artis, + Difficile est ulli dicere, clausit opus. +Cui Numa munificus, Facti pete praemia, dixit: 385 + Si mea nota fides, irrita nulla petes. +Jam dederat Saliis--a saltu nomina ducunt-- + Armaque, et ad certos verba canenda modos. +Tum sic Mamurius, Merces mihi gloria detur, + Nominaque extreme carmine nostra sonent. 390 +Inde sacerdotes operi promissa vetusto + Praemia persolvunt, Mamuriumque vocant. +Nubere si qua voles, quamvis properabitis ambo, + Differ: habent parvae commoda magna morae. +Arma movent pugnam, pugna est aliena maritis. 395 + Condita quum fuerint, aptius omen erit. +His etiam conjux apicati cincta Dialis + Lucibus impexas debet habere comas. + +Tertia nox emersa suos ubi moverit ignes, + Conditus e geminis Piscibus alter erit. 400 +Nam duo sunt: Austris hic est, Aquilonibus ille + Proximus; a vento nomen uterque tenet. + +Quum croceis rorare genis Tithonia conjux + Coeperit, et quintae tempora lucis aget; +Sive est Arctophylax, sive est piger ille Bootes, 405 + Mergetur, visus effugietque tuos. +At non effugiet Vindemitor. Hoc quoque causam + Unde trahat sidus, parva docere mora est. +Ampelon intonsum Satyris Nymphaque creatum + Fertur in Ismariis Bacchus amasse jugis. 410 +Tradidit huic vitem pendentem ex frondibus ulmi, + Quae nunc de pueri nomine nomen habet, +Dum legit in ramo pictas temerarius uvas, + Decidit: amissum Liber in astra vehit. + +Sextus ubi Oceano clivosum scandit Olympian 415 + Phoebus, et alatis aethera carpit equis; +Quisquis ades, canaeque colis penetralia Vestae, + Cratera Iliacis turaque pone focis. +Caesaris innumeris, quem maluit ille mereri, + Accessit titulis Pontificalis honos. 420 +Ignibus aeternis aeterni numina praesunt + Caesaris. Imperii pignora juncta vides. +De veteris Troiae dignissima praeda favilla, + Qua gravis aeneas tutus ab hoste fuit; +Ortus ab aenea tangit cognata sacerdos 425 + Numina; cognatum, Vesta, tuere caput. +Quos sancta fovet ille manu, bene vivitis ignes. + Vivite inexstincti, flammaque, duxque! precor. +Una nota est Martis Nonis, sacrata quod illis + Templa putant lucos Vejovis ante duos. 430 +Romulus ut saxo lucum circumdedit alto, + Quilibet huc, inquit, confuge, tutus eris. +O quam de tenui Romanus origine crevit! + Turba vetus quam non invidiosa fuit! +Ne tamen ignaro novitas tibi nominis obstet, 435 + Disce, quis iste deus, curve vocetur ita. +Jupiter est juvenis: juveniles adspice vultus. + Adspice deinde manum, fulmina nulla tenet. +Fulmina post ausos coelum affectare Gigantas + Sumpta Jovi: primo tempore inermis erat. 440 +Ignibus Ossa novis, et Pelion altior Ossa + Arsit, et in solida fixus Olympus humo. +Stat quoque capra simul: Nymphae pavisse feruntur + Cretides: infanti lac dedit Jovi. +Nunc vocor ad nomen. _Vegrandia_ farra colonae, 445 + Quae male creveruut, _vescaque_ parva vocant. +Vis ea si verbi est, cur non ego _Vejovis_ aedem, + aedem non magni suspicer esse Jovis? +Jamque, ubi caeruleum variabunt sidera coelum, + Suspice; Gorgonei colla videbis equi. 450 +Creditur hic caesae gravida cervice Medusae + Sanguine respersis prosiluisse jubis. +Huic supra nubes et subter sidera lapso + Coelum pro terra, pro pede penna fuit. +Jamque indignanti nova frena receperat ore, 455 + Quum levis Aonias ungula fodit aquas. +Nunc fruitur coelo, quod pennis ante petebat, + Et nitidus stellis quinque decemque micat. + +Protinus adspicies venienti nocte Coronam + Gnosida. Theseo crimine facta dea est. 460 +Jam bene perjuro mutarat conjuge Bacchum, + Quae dedit ingrato fila legenda viro. +Sorte tori gaudens, Quid flebam rustica? dixit, + Utiliter nobis perfidus ille fuit. +Interea Liber depexus crinibus Indos 465 + Vincit, et Eoo dives ab orbe redit. +Inter captivas facie praestante puellas + Grata nimis Baccho filia regis erat. +Flebat amans conjux, spatiataque litore curvo + Edidit incultis talia verba comis: 470 +En iterum similes, fluctus, audite querelas! + En iterum lacrimas accipe, arena, meas! +Dicebam, memini, perjure et perfide Theseu! + Ille abiit: eadem crimina Bacchus habet. +Nunc quoque, nulla viro, clamabo, femina credat. 475 + Nomine mutato causa relata mea est. +O utinam mea sors, qua primum coeperat, isset! + Jamque ego praesenti tempore nulla forem! +Quid me desertis perituram, Liber, arenis + Servabas? potui dedoluisse semel. 480 +Bacche levis, leviorque tuis, quae tempora cingunt, + Frondibus, in lacrimas cognite Bacche meas, +Ausus es ante oculos adducta pellice nostros + Tam bene compositum sollicitare torum. +Heu! ubi pacta fides? ubi, quae jurare solebas? 485 + Me miseram! quoties haec ego verba loquor! +Thesea culpabas, fallacemque ipse vocabas: + Judicio peccas turpius ipse tuo. +Ne sciat hoc quisquam, tacitisque doloribus urar! + Ne toties falli digna fuisse puter! 490 +Praecipue cupiam celari Thesea, ne te + Consortem culpae gaudeat esse suae. +At, puto, praeposita est fuscae mihi candida pellex. + Eveniat nostris hostibus ille color! +Quid tamen hoc refert? vitio tibi gratior ipso est. 495 + Quid facis? amplexus inquinat illa tuos. +Bacche, fidem praesta, nec praefer amoribus ullam + Conjugis assuetae semper amare virum. +Ceperunt matrem formosi cornua tauri; + Me tua: me laudant, ille pudendus amor. 500 +Ne noceat quod amo! neque enim tibi, Bacche, nocebat, + Quod flammas nobis fassus es ipse tuas; +Nec, quod nos uris, mirum facis; ortus in igne + Diceris, et patria raptus ab igne manu. +Illa ego sum, cui tu solitus promittere coelum. 505 + Hei mihi, pro coelo qualia dona fero! +Dixerat: audibat jamdudum verba querentis + Liber, ut a tergo forte secutus erat. +Occupat amplexu, lacrimasque per oscula siccat: + Et, Pariter coeli summa petamus, ait. 510 +Tu mihi juncta toro mihi juncta vocabula sumes; + Jam tibi mutatae Libera nomen erit; +Sintque tuae tecum faciam monumenta coronae, + Vulcanus Veneri quam dedit, illa tibi. +Dicta facit, gemmasque novem transformat in ignes. 515 + Aurea per stellas nunc micat illa novem. + +Sex ubi sustulerit, totidem demerserit orbes, + Purpureum rapido qui vehit axe diem; +Altera gramineo spectabis Equiria campo, + Quem Tiberis curvis in latus urget aquis. 520 +Qui tamen ejecta si forte tenebitur unda, + Coelius accipiat pulverulentus equos. + +Idibus est Annae festum geniale Perennse, + Haud procul a ripis, advena Tibri, tuis. +Plebs venit, ac virides passim disjecta per herbas 525 + Potat, et accumbit cum pare quisque sua. +Sub Jove pars durat: pauci tentoria ponunt: + Sunt, quibus e ramis frondea facta casa est: +Pars ibi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis, + Desuper extentas imposuere togas. 530 +Sole tamen vinoque calent, annosque precantur, + Quot sumant cyathos, ad numerumque bibunt. +Invenies illic, qui Nestoris ebibat annos: + Quae sit per calices facta Sibylla suos. +Illic et cantant, quiquid didicere theatris, 535 + Et jactant faciles ad sua verba manus: +Et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas, + Cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis. +Quum redeunt, titubant, et sunt spectacula vulgo, + Et fortunatos obvia turba vocat. 540 +Occurri nuper. Visa est mihi digna relatu + Pompa: senem potum pota trahebat anus. +Quae tamen haec Dea sit,--quoniam rumoribus errat-- + Fabula proposito nulla tacenda meo. +Arserat Aeneae Dido miserabilis igne: 545 + Arserat exstructis in sua fata rogis: +Compositusque cinis, tumulique in marmore carmen + Hoc breve, quod moriens ipsa reliquit, erat: +Praebuit aeneas et causam mortis et ensem: + Ipsa sua Dido concidit usa manu. 550 +Protinus invadunt Numidae sine vindice regnum, + Et potitur capta Maurus Iarba domo; +Seque memor spretum, Thalamis tamen, inquit, Elissae + En ego, quem toties reppulit illa, fruor! +Diffugiunt Tyrii, quo quemque agit error, ut olim 555 + Amisso dubiae rege vagantur apes. +Tertia nudandas acceperat area messes, + Inque cavos ierant tertia musta lacus; +Pellitur Anna domo, lacrimansque sororia linquit + Moenia: germanae justa dat ante suae. 560 +Mixta bibunt molles lacrimis unguenta favillae, + Vertice libatas accipiuntque comas; +Terque, Vale, dixit: cineres ter ad ora relatos + Pressit, et est illis visa subesse soror. +Nacta ratem comitemque fugae pede labitur sequo, 565 + Moenia respiciens, dulce sororis opus. +Fertilis est Melite sterili vicina Cosyrae + Insula, quam Libyci verberat unda freti. +Hanc petit hospitio regis confisa vetusto; + Hospes opum dives rex ibi Battus erat. 570 +Qui postquam didicit casus utriusque sororis, + Haec, inquit, tellus quantulacumque tua est. +Et tamen hospitii servasset ad ultima munus, + Sed timuit magnas Pygmalionis opes. +Signa recensuerat his sol sua: tertius ibat 575 + Annus, et exsulibus terra petenda nova est. +Frater adest belloque petit, rex arma perosus, + Nos sumus imbelles, tu fuge sospes, ait. +Jussa fugit, ventoque ratem committit et undis. + Asperior quovis aequore frater erat. 580 +Est prope piscosos lapidosi Crathidis amnes + Parvus ager: Cameren incola turba vocat. +Illuc cursus erat; nec longius abfuit inde, + Quam quantum novies mittere funda potest. +Vela cadunt primo, et dubia librantur ab aura. 585 + Findite remigio, navita dixit, aquas. +Dumque parant torto subducere carbasa lino, + Percutitur rapido puppis adunca Noto, +Inque patens aequor, frustra pugnante magistro, + Fertur, et ex oculis visa refugit humus. 590 +Assiliunt fluctus, imoque a gurgite pontus + Vertitur, et canas alveus haurit aquas. +Vincitur ars vento, nec jam moderator habenis + Utitur, at votis is quoque poscit opem. +Jactatur tumidas exsul Phoenissa per undas, 595 + Humidaque opposita lumina veste tegit. +Tum primum Dido felix est dicta sorori, + Et quaecumque aliquam corpore pressit humum. +Figitur ad Laurens ingenti flamine litus + Puppis, et expositis omnibus hausta perit. 600 +Jam pius aeneas regno nataque Latini + Auctus erat, populos miscueratque duos. +Litore dotali solo comitatus Achate + Secretum nudo dum pede carpit iter, +Adspicit errantem, nec credere sustinet Annam 605 + Esse. Quid in Latios illa veniret agros? +Dum secum aeneas, _Anna_ est! exclamat Achates. + Ad nomen vultus sustulit illa suos. +Quo fugiat? quid agat? quos terrae quaerat hiatus? + Ante oculos miserae fata sororis erant. 610 +Sensit et alloquitur trepidam Cythereius heros: + Flet tamen admonitu mortis, Elissa, tuae. +Anna, per hanc juro, quam quondam audire solebas + Tellurem fato prosperiore dari; +Perque deos comites, hac nuper sede locatos, 615 + Saepe meas illos increpuisse moras. +Nec timui de morte tamen: metus abfuit iste. + Hei mihi! credibili fortior illa fuit. +Ne refer. Adspexi non illo pectore digna + Vulnera, Tartareas ausus adire domos. 620 +At tu, seu ratio te nostris appulit oris, + Sive deus, regni commoda carpe mei. +Multa tibi memores, nil non debemus Elissae. + Nomine grata tuo, grata sororis, eris. +Talia dicenti--neque enim spes altera restat-- 625 + Credidit, errores exposuitque suos. +Utque domum intravit Tyrios induta paratus, + Incipit Aeneas:--cetera turba silet-- +Hanc tibi cur tradam, pia causa, Lavinia conjux, + Est mihi: consumpsi naufragus hujus opes. 630 +Orta Tyro regnum Libyca possedit in ora: + Quam precor ut carae more sororis ames. +Omnia promittit, falsumque Lavinia vulnus + Mente premit tacita, dissimulatque fremens; +Donaque quum videat praeter sua lumina ferri 635 + Multa palam, mitti clam quoque multa putat. +Non tamen exactum, quid agat. Furialiter odit, + Et parat insidias, et cupit ulta mori. +Nox erat: ante torum visa est adstare sororis + Squalenti Dido sanguinolenta coma, 640 +Et, Fuge, ne dubita, maestum fuge, dicere, tectum, + Sub verbum querulas impulit aura fores. +Exsilit, et velox humili super arva fenestra + Se jacit;--audacem fecerat ipse timor-- +Quaque metu rapitur tunica velata recincta, 645 + Currit, ut auditis territa dama lupis. +Corniger hanc cupidis rapuisse Numicius undis + Creditur, et stagnis occuluisse suis. +Sidonis interea magno clamore per agros + Quaeritur. Apparent signa notaeque pedum. 650 +Ventum erat ad ripas: inerant vestigia ripis. + Sustinuit tacitas conscius amnis aquas. +Ipsa loqui visa est, _Placidi sum Nympha Numici: + Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor_. +Protinus erratis laeti vescuntur in agris, 655 + Et celebrant largo seque diemque mero. +Sunt, quibus haec Luna est, quia mensibus impleat annum: + Pars Themin, Inachiam pars putat esse bovem. +Invenies, qui te Nymphen Atlantida dicant, + Teque Jovi primes, Anna, dedisse cibos. 660 +Haec quoque, quam referam, nostras pervenit ad aures + Fama, nec a vera dissidet illa fide. +Plebs vetus, et nullis etiam tune tuta Tribunis, + Fugit, et in sacri vertice mentis abit. +Jam quoque, quem secum tulerant, defecerat illos 665 + Victus et humanis usibus apta Ceres. +Orta suburbanis quaedam fuit Anna Bovillis + Pauper, sed multae sedulitatis, anus. +Illa levi mitra canos redimita capillos + Fingebat tremula rustica liba manu. 670 +Atque ita per populum fumantia mane solebat + Dividere. Haec populo copia grata fuit. +Pace domi facta signum posuere Perennae, + Quod sibi defectis illa tulisset opem. +Nunc mihi, cur cantent, superest, obscena puellae, 675 + Dicere: nam coëunt certaque probra canunt. +Nuper erat dea facta; venit Gradivus ad Annam, + Et cum seducta talia verba facit: +Mense meo coleris: junxi mea tempora tecum: + Pendet ab officio spes mihi magna tuo. 680 +Armifer armiferae correptus amore Minervae + Uror, et hoc longo tempore vulnus alo. +Effice, dî studio similes coëamus in unum. + Conveniunt partes hae tibi, comis anus. +Dixerat: illa deum promisso ludit inani, 685 + Et stultam dubia spem trahit usque mora. +Saepius instanti, Mandata peregimus, inquit: + Evicta est precibus: vix dedit illa manus. +Gaudet amans thalamosque parat. Deducitur illuc + Anna tegens vultus, ut nova nupta, suos. 690 +Oscula sumpturus subito Mars adspicit Annam; + Nunc pudor elusum, nunc subit ira, deum. +Ridet amatorem carae nova diva Minervae; + Nec res hac Veneri gratior ulla fuit. +Inde joci veteres obscenaque dicta canuntur, 695 + Et juvat hanc magno verba dedisse deo. +Praeteriturus eram gladios in principe fixos, + Quum sic a castis Vesta locuta focis: +Ne dubita meminisse: meus fuit ille sacerdos. + Sacrilegae telis me petiere manus. 700 +Ipsa virum rapui, simulacraque nuda reliqui; + Quae cecidit ferro, Caesaris umbra fuit. +Ille quidem coelo positus Jovis atria vidit, + Et tenet in magno templa dicata foro. +At quicumque nefas ausi, prohibente deorum 705 + Numine, polluerant Pontificale caput, +Morte jacent merita. Testes estote Philippi, + Et quorum sparsis ossibus albet humus. +Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuerunt + Caesaris, ulcisci justa per arma patrem. 710 + +Postera quum teneras Aurora refecerit herbas, + Scorpios a prima parte videndus erit. + +Tertia post Idus lux est celeberrima Baccho. + Bacche, fave vati, dum tua festa cano. +Nec referam Semelen; ad quam nisi fulmina secum 715 + Jupiter afferret, parvus inermis erat: +Nec, puer ut posses maturo tempore nasci, + Expletum patrio corpore matris onus. +Sithonas et Scythicos longum est narrare triumphos, + Et domitas gentes, turifer Inde, tuas. 720 +Tu quoque Thebanae mala praeda tacebere matris, + Inque tuum furiis acte, Lycurge, genu. +Ecce libet subitos pisces Tyrrhenaque monstra + Dicere; sed non est carminis hujus opus. +Carminis hujus opus, causas expromere, quare 725 + Vilis anus populos ad sua liba vocet. +Ante tuos ortus arae sine honore fuerunt, + Liber, et in gelidis herba reperta focis. +Te memorant, Gange totoque Oriente subacto, + Primitias magno seposuisse Jovi. 730 +Cinnama tu primus captivaque tura dedisti, + Deque triumphato viscera tosta bove. +Nomine ab auctoris ducunt Libamina nomen, + Libaque, quod sacris pars datur inde focis. +Liba deo fiunt, succis quia dulcibus ille 735 + Gaudet, et a Baccho mella reperta ferunt. +Ibat arenoso Satyris comitatus ab Hebro: + --Non habet ingratos fabula nostra jocos-- +Jamque erat ad Rhodopen Pangaeaque florida ventum: + aeriferae comitum concrepuere manus. 740 +Ecce novae coëunt volucres tinnitibus actae, + Quaque movent sonitus aera sequuntur apes. +Colligit errantes, et in arbore claudit inani + Liber: et inventi praemia mellis habet. +Ut Satyri levisque senex tetigere saporem, 745 + Quaerebant flavos per nemus omne favos, +Audit in exesa stridorem examinis ulmo, + Adspicit et ceras dissimulatque senex; +Utque piger pandi tergo residebat aselli, + Applicat hunc ulmo corticibusque cavis. 750 +Constitit ipse super ramoso stipite nixus, + Atque avide trunco condita mella petit. +Millia crabronum coëunt, et vertice nudo + Spicula defigunt, oraque summa notant. +Ille cadit praeceps, et calce feritur aselli, 755 + Inclamatque suos, auxiliumque rogat. +Concurrunt Satyri, turgentiaque ora parentis + Rident. Percusso claudicat ille genu. +Ridet et ipse deus, limumque inducere monstrat. + Hic paret monitis et linit ora luto. 760 +Melle pater fruitur, liboque infusa calenti + Jure repertori candida mella damus. +Femina cur praestet, non est rationis opertae. + Femineos thyrso concitat ille chores. +Cur anus hoc faciat, quaeris. Vinosior aetas 765 + Haec est, et gravidae munera vitis amans. +Cur hedera cincta est; Hedera est gratissima Baccho. + Hoc quoque cur ita sit, dicere nulla mora est. +Nysiades Nymphae, puerum quaerente noverca, + Hanc frondem cunis opposuere novis. 770 +Restat, ut inveniam, quare toga libera detur + Lucifero pueris, candide Bacche, tuo; +Sive, quod ipse puer semper juvenisque videris, + Et media est aetas inter utrumque tibi: +Seu, quia tu pater es, patres sua pignora natos 775 + Commendant curae numinibusque tuis; +Sive, quod es Liber, vestis quoque libera per te + Sumitur, et vitae liberioris iter; +An quia, quum prisci colerent studiosius agros, + Et patrio faceret rure senator opus, 780 +Et caperet fasces a curvo consul aratro, + Nec crimen duras esset habere manus, +Rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem: + Sed dîs, non studiis ille dabatur honos. +Luce sua ludos uvae commentor habebat: 785 + Quos cum taedifera nunc habet ipse dea. +Ergo, ut tironem celebrare frequentia posset, + Visa dies dandae non aliena togae. +Mite, Pater, caput huc placataque cornua vertas, + Et des ingenio vela secunda meo! 790 +Itur ad Argeos--qui sint, sua pagina dicet-- + Hac, si commemini, praeteritaque die. +Stella Lycaoniam vergit proclinis ad Arcton + Miluus. Haec illa nocte videnda venit. +Quid dederit volucri, si vis cognoscere, coelum: 795 + Saturnus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. +Concitat iratus validos Titanas in arma, + Quaeque fuit fatis debita, poscit opem. +Matre satus Terra, monstrum mirabile, taurus + Parte sui serpens posteriore fuit. 800 +Hunc triplici muro lucis incluserat atris + Parcarum monitu Styx violenta trium. +Viscera qui tauri flammis adolenda dedisset, + Sors erat, aeternos vincere posse deos. +Immolat hunc Briareus facta ex adamante securi: 805 + Et jam jam flammis exta daturus erat. +Jupiter alitibus rapere imperat. Attulit illi + Miluus, et meritis venit in astra suis. + +Una dies media est, et fiunt sacra Minervae, + Nomina quae a junctis quinque diebus habent. 810 +Sanguine prima vacat, nec fas concurrene ferro. + Causa, quod est illa nata Minerva die. +Altera tresque super strata celebrantur arena. + Ensibus exsertis bellica laeta dea est. +Pallada nunc pueri teneraeque ornate puellae. 815 + Qui bene placarit Pallada, doctus erit. +Pallade placata, lanam mollite, puellae: + Discite jam plenas exonerare colos. +Illa etiam stantes radio percurrere telas + Erudit, et rarum pectine denset opus. 820 +Hanc cole, qui maculas laesis de vestibus aufers: + Hanc cole velleribus quisquis ahena paras. +Nec quisquam invita faciet bene vincula plantae + Pallade, sit Tychio doctior ille licet; +Et licet antiquo manibus collatus Epeo 825 + Sit prior, irata Pallade mancus erit. +Vos quoque, Phoebea morbos qui pellitis arte, + Munera de vestris pauca referte deae. +Nec vos, turba fere censu fraudata, magistri + Spernite; discipulos attrahet illa novos. 830 +Quique moves caelum, tabulamque coloribus uris, + Quique facis docta mollia saxa manu. +Mille dea est operum: certe dea carminis illa est. + Si mereor, studiis adsit amica meis. +Coelius ex alto qua mons descendit in aequum, 835 + Hic ubi non plana est, sed prope plana via est: +Parva licet videas Captae delubra Minervae, + Quae dea natali coepit habere suo. +Nominis in dubio causa est. _Capitale_ vocamus + Ingenium sollers: ingeniosa dea est. 840 +An, quia de capitis fertur sine matre paterni + Vertice cum clypeo prosiluisse suo? +An, quia perdomitis ad nos captiva Faliscis + Venit? et hoc ipsum littera prisca docet. +An, quod habet legem, capitis quae pendere poenas 845 + Ex illo jubeat furta reperta loco? +A quacumque trahis ratione vocabula, Pallas, + Pro ducibus nostris aegida semper habe. +Summa dies e quinque tubas lustrare canoras + Admonet, et forti sacrificare deae. 850 +Nunc potes ad solem sublato dicere vultu: + Hic here Phrixeae vellera pressit ovis. +Seminibus tostis sceleratae fraude novercae + Sustulerat nullas, ut solet, herba comas. +Mittitur ad tripodas, certa qui sorte reportet, 855 + Quam sterili terrae Delphicus edat opem. +Hic quoque corruptus cum semine nuntiat Helles + Et juvenis Phrixi funera sorte peti. +Usque recusantem cives, et tempus, et Ino + Compulerant regem jussa nefanda pati; 860 +Et soror, et Phrixus velati tempora vittis + Stant simul ante aras junctaque fata gemunt. +Adspicit hos, ut forte pependerat aethere mater, + Et ferit attonita pectora nuda manu: +Inque draconigenam nimbis comitantibus urbem 865 + Desilit, et natos eripit inde suos; +Utque fugam capiant, aries nitidissimus auro + Traditur. Ille vehit per freta longa duos. +Dicitur infirma cornu tenuisse sinistra + Femina, quum de se nomina fecit aquae. 870 +Paene simul periit, dum vult succurrere lapsae, + Frater, et extentas porrigit usque manus. +Flebat, ut amissa gemini consorte pericli, + Caeruleo junctam nescius esse deo. +Litoribus tactis aries fit sidus: at hujus 875 + Pervenit in Colchas aurea lana domos. + +Tres ubi Luciferos veniens praemiserit Eos, + Tempora nocturnis aequa diurna feres. + +Inde quater pastor saturos ubi clauserit hoedos, + Canuerint herbae rore recente quater; 880 +Janus adorandus, cumque hoc Concordia mitis, + Et Romana Salus, araque Pacis erit. +Luna regit menses. Hujus quoque tempora mensis + Finit Aventino Luna colenda jugo. + + +NOTES: + +1. As the first book began with the praises of Janus, so here the poet +invokes Mars; in the next book we shall find him calling upon Venus.-- +_Depositis_, etc. as the poet's occupation is a peaceful one. + +3, 4. A question and answer. + +5-8. As Minerva, who, especially in the Roman theology, was a deity, who +presided over the arts of peace, engaged also in those of war; so Mars +might for a time lay aside his arms, and attend to the song of the poet. +--_Cuspidis_. Several MSS. read _cassidis_. The general sense is the +same. + +9. He takes occasion here to sing the most celebrated adventure of the +Roman god, Mars. It comes with peculiar propriety in this place, as the +month had been named after the god by his son, whose birth it relates. +For the difference between the Greek Ares and the Roman Mars, see +Mythology, p. 79 and 459.--_Romana sacerdos_. The affair occurred at +Alba, and Rome did not yet exist. Heinsius would read _Trojana_, another +critic proposes _regina_, as in Virgil, aen. I. 227. There is no need of +any change; poets did not always attend to accuracies of this kind. + +11. _Silvia_. One MS. reads _Ilia_, which reading has been adopted by +Heinsius.--_Moveri_ scil, _carmen_, like the _cantuxque movete_ of +Virgil. + +12. It was the office of the Vestals to draw water, for the purpose of +washing and sprinkling the temple, and cleansing the sacred vessels. +Servius on aen. vii. 150, says, _Vestae libare non nisi de Numicio flumine +licebat_. + +13. _Molli_, etc. beautifully expresses the gentle descent to the river. + +14. Then, as now, women carried their earthen pitchers on their heads. +Speaking of Amymone, our poet says, (Am. I. x. 6,) _Cum premeret summi +verticis urna comas_ and Propertius of Tarpeia (iv. 4, 16,) _at illi +Urguebat medium fictilis urna caput_. + +16. _Restituit_, settled. Two MSS. which are followed by Heinsius, read +_composuit_; but as Burmann justly observes this supposes leisure, and +the use of a mirror, whereas _restituit_ places before us a girl hastily +settling up her hair, as we express it. + +17, 18. Compare Virg. Ec. I. 55, and Hor. Epod. II. 26. + +21. The descent of Mars, as Addison, I believe, first observed, is to be +seen represented on ancient Roman coins.--_Cupitam_. This is the reading +of two of the best MSS. and of Diomedes, the grammarian, who quotes this +verse: all the other MSS. read _cupita_. Heinsius, in his note, shews +that _potior_ governed the fourth ease, in the best authors, and Priscian +(xviii. 23,) says, _Omnes auctores, potior illius et illum et illo_. + +22. _Fefellit_, concealed.--_Divina ope_, i. e. by his own power. + +26. _Sonos_, words. Two MSS. read _preces. + +27. _Utile_, etc. The well-known Roman _formula, Quod bonum, felix +faustumque sit_,--_Imagine somni_, in a dream. + +28. _An somno_, etc. Was it more than a dream, than a mere [Greek: +enupnion]? + +29. _Ig. II_. The perpetual fire of Vesta brought from Troy by aeneas. +Virg. aen. II. 296. + +30. This circumstance was ominous, as the sacred fillet was taken by the +Pontifex off the head of a Vestal condemned for breach of vow. Dionysius, +when describing the fate of the Vestal, Oppia, or Opimia, says, [Greek: +autaen men taes koryphaes aphelomenoi ta stemmata, kai pompeuontes di' +agoras, entos teichous zosan katoruxan]. + +31. Compare the dream of Astyages, portending the birth of Cyrus. Just. +I. 4.--_Palmae_, emblems of victory. It is probably the meaning of the +poet that they sprang from the ground, though _inde_ would appear to +refer rather to the fillet. + +35. _Molitur_, i.e. _vibrat_. Virg. G. iv. 331. + +36. _Admonitu_, scil. _deorum_, the vision. + +37. The woodpecker, as well as the wolf, was sacred to Mars. In the old +legend, (see v. 54,) the woodpecker also contributed to nourish the +exposed babes. + +43, 44. A periphrasis for ten months.--_Emeritis. Qui merere desiit_, +having completed his task or service, was called _Emeritus_. + +45. The poet himself informs us, (VI. 295,) that there was no statue in +the temple of Vesta. Gierig supposes that he did not know this at the +time he wrote this part of the poem. But it is well known that he kept it +a long time by him, altering and revising it. I again repeat, that we are +not to look for extreme accuracy in the ancient poets. There were statues +of Vesta outside of the temple. + +46. See below, VI. 614. + +48. The sacred flame drew back as it were, and became nearly extinct. +Nothing more terrified the Romans than the extinction of the Vestal +flame; it was to them a sign, as Dionysius says, [Greek: tou aphanismou +taes poleos]. + +50. _Opes_, the kingdom. He here gives the reason why Amulius interfered, +not that of his calling him _contemptor aequi_. + +51, 52. He had already related this at length, II. 385, _et seq_. + +53, 54. It was the common tradition, it was in the poem of Ennius, which +every one knew, and was probably the subject of some of those old ballads +about Romulus, which Dionysius says still existed in his time. + +55. _Larentia_, the wife of the shepherd, Faustulus, and nurse of Romulus +and Remus. All the MSS. but two read _Laurentia_. + +56. _Vestras_, scil. _tui et Larentiae_,--_Opes_, house, mode of living, +etc.; see II. 413, on the aid rendered to the founders of Rome. + +57. 58. The Larentalia were in December. The poet did not live to perform +his promise; he probably could not write the Fasti away from Rome.-- +_Acceptus geniis_. On account of the Saturnalia, when _indulgebant +genio_. See Virg. G. I. 300. + +61, 62. This reminds one of the early proofs of his being born to rule, +exhibited by Cyrus. It is by no means improbable, that his legend was +transferred to Romulus and Remus. That of Paris (Mythology, p. 438,) is +somewhat similar, as also that of Habis. See Justin, xliv. 4. + +64. _Actos_, i. e. _abactos_, by the robbers. + +65. _Editus_, told. Five MSS. read _agnitus_. + +66. _Nomen habere_, scil. to have their fame confined to a few cottages. +--_Paucis_, most MSS. read _purvis_. + +70. A euphemism, sparing the fame of Romulus. + +71. _Pecorum_. Three MSS. read _pecudum_, two _nemorum_, which Burmann +prefers. + +72. _aeternae urbis_. So the Romans loved to call their city. + +75. He thus returns to the subject in hand. + +78. As he shewed by removing Romulus to heaven, and by giving victory and +fame in arms to the Romans. + +79. The poet now becomes a grammarian, and argues learnedly.--_Priores_, +the Latins. + +80. _Hoc_ scil. the worship of Mars. Several MSS. read _haec_. + +81. _Minoia_, etc. The Cretans worshiped a goddess named Dictynna, who +was regarded as being the same as the Artemis of the other Greeks, and +the Diana of the Latins. See Mythology, p. 100. + +82. _Tellus Hyps_. Lemnos. The slaughter of the men of Lemnos by their +wives, and the saving of Thoas, by his daughter Hypsipyle, is a well +known event. When Valean was flung from Olympus, by Jupiter, he fell in +Lemnos. Hom. Il. I. 93. + +83. See VI. 47. Hom. Il. iv. 51. + +84. _Maenalis ora_, like _Ausonis ora_, II. 94. + +86. _Remque decusque_, wealth and fame. + +87. _Peregrinos_, i. e. of other Italian peoples, and you will find that +they also had a month called after Mars. + +91, 92. The people of Aricia and of Tusculum follow the same rule as the +Albans, making March the third month. According to Krebs, the +construction is, _Inter Ar. et Alb. et Teleg. manu facta moenia celsa +constant tempora_. It is harsh taken any way. + +94. First after three months, that is, the fourth. + +95, 96. March was the fourth month also to the Pelignians, and their +Sabine ancestors. For the best account of all these peoples of ancient +Italy, see Niebuhr's Roman History. + +97, 98. In reality he only followed the Alban, or rather general Latin +calendar, in which March was the third month. + +101, 102. Compare Hor. Epist. II. 1, 156. Virg. aen. vi. 850.--_Male +forte_, same as _non forte_, _imbelle_. + +103, 104. War was the science of the Romans.--_Pugnabat_. Three MSS. read +_pugnarat_. + +105. The Hyades and Pleiades are always spoken of together by the poets, +as being near each other in position.--_Pliadas Atlanteas_. See IV. 169, +[Greek: Plaeiadon Atlageneon epitellomenaon]. Hesiod. See Mythology, p. +52 and 418. + +106. The Arctic and Antarctic poles. + +107, 108. Cynosure ([Greek: kynos oura]) was a name of the Lesser Bear: +Helice ([Greek: helikae]) from its revolving round the pole, a name of +the Greater Bear. _Omnes qui Peloponnesum incolunt priore utuntur Arcto; +Phoenices autem, quam a suo inventore_ (Thalete) _acceperunt, observant +Cynosuram; et hanc studiosius perspiciendo diligentius navigare +existimantur_. Hygin. Poët. Astron. II. 2. + +111. _Libera_, as being unobserved, left to themselves, as it were; +subjected to no laws. + +112. _Constabat_, &c. Burmann and Gierig take the meaning to be: they +believed the stars to be divinities. May it not be: nevertheless, though +ignorant of astronomy, they believed in the gods? A stroke at the learned +infidelity of the poet's own days, like Gray's, "No very great wit, he +believed in a god." + +113, 114. A play on words as usual. _Movere signa coelestia_ seems rather +harsh, but it is not without example. _Numeri movent astra_, Lucan, I. +640. _Carmina quîs ignes movimus aërios_, Cinna in Anthol. Lat. T. I. p. +441. _Movebant_ is the reading of seven MSS. six read _notabant_; all the +rest _tenebant_.--_Quae magnum_, etc. See Livy, II. 59. One of the best +MSS. reads _prodere_, which Heinsius and Bentley (on Hor. Ep. I. 67,) +prefer. + +115, 116. A bundle of hay tied on a pole, is said to have been the +standard used by the Romans in their early days.--_Tuas_, of Germanicus. + +118. _Maniplaris_. The soldiers belonging to one company, that is one +_manipulus_, or standard, were called _manipulares_. + +119-122. See Introduction, § 2. + +119. _Indociles_, untaught. This passive sense is not unusual.-- +_Ratione_, science scil. astronomy. + +120. The Lustres or periods of five years, were smaller by ten months, +two for each year, at that time when there were but ten months in the +year. Gierig's note is _"Lustra quinquennalia tum nondum condebantur a +Romanis."_ This looks as if he did not understand the passage, though +Neapolis had briefly, but clearly explained it. + +124. See above, I. 33. + +126. _Spatiis novis_, the decades. + +127. _Pares_. This is the reading of the best MSS. and editions; the +greater number of the MSS. read _patres_. It is difficult to ascertain +the meaning of the poet here. Scaliger, Lipsius and Dan. Heinsius think +he means the members of the senate, who were equals in age or in +property, See Livy I. 8 and 17, and, as Niebuhr has shown, it is highly +probable that the Roman senate originally consisted of one hundred +members divided into ten decuries. On the other hand Neapolis who is +followed by Gierig, understands it of the army, as in each legion the +soldiers equal in age and strength, were divided into ten centuries, +(_centum denos orbes_) of each of the three ranks, viz. Hastati, +Principes and Pilani or Triarii. The passage is exceedingly obscure, and +I cannot satisfy myself respecting it; I however rather incline to the +opinion of the first named critics, and the circumstance of _patres_ +being the reading of so many MSS. proves that it has generally been so +understood. In this case we should place a colon after _Romulus_, and a +comma or semicolon after _decem_. + +130. There were three hundred Equites in each legion, each mounted on a +horse supported by the state, hence called _legitimus_. They were divided +into ten _turmae_ or troops. + +131, 132. The three divisions of the Roman Patricians: the Ramnes were +the original Romans, the Titiensis the Sabines; the origin of the Luceres +is a mere conjecture. See Niebuhr's Rom. Hist. Vol. 291--293. + +134. See above, I. 35. + +136. _Signa_, proofs or arguments. He goes on with farther proofs of +March having been the first month of the ancient Roman year. + +137--142. The laurels were changed in the month of March, at the houses +of the Flamens, and of the Rex Sacrorum, the temple of Vesta, and the +_Curia Prisca_, by which last, Neapolis understands the four ancient +_Curiae_, (See above II. 527,) which still, as Festus tells us, remained +in Rome, the singular being employed for the plural.--_Vesta quoque_, +etc. Does he speak of a statue of Vesta? See above on v. 45. The +following passages are of importance. _Romani initio annum decem mensibus +computabant, a Martio auspicantes; adeo ut ejus die prima de_ (_in?_) +_aris Vestalibus ignem accenderent; mutarent viridibus veteres laureas; +Senatus et populus Comitia agerent; matronae servis suis caenas ponerent, +sicut Saturnalibus domini: illae ut per honores promptius obsequium +provocarent, hi quasi gratiam repensarent perfecti laboris_. Solinus, c. +3. _Eodem quoque ingrediente mense in regia, curiisque atque Flaminum +domibus laureae veteres novis laureis mutabantur_, Macrobius, Sat. I.12. + +142. _Il. focis_. See above. + +143, 144. _Hujus etiam mensis prima die ignem novum Vestae aris +accendebant ut, incipiente anno, cura denuo servandi novati ignis +inciperet_. Macrob. _ut supra_.--_Arcana_ and _Dicitur_, because none but +the Vestals dare enter the temple. + +145, 146. A second proof is, the festival of Anna Perenna being in this +month. See below, v. 523, _et seq_.--_Fides_, proof, ground of belief. + +147, 148. A third argument; previous to the second Punic war, the +magistrates, that is, the consuls, as it would appear, used to enter on +their offices in March. The poet is not quite correct in this assertion: +the Regifugium (see above, II. 685,) was at the end of February; hence, +of course, the first consuls entered on their office in March; but A.U.C. +291, the day was the Kal. Sext. A.U.C. 304, the Ides of May, and from +A.U.C. 600, the time of the Hannibalian war, the Kal. Jan. It is probable +that the poet, knowing that this last change was made A.U.C. 600, +inferred from the Regifugium, that previously the consuls had begun to +exercise their magistracy in March. There is no proof that he studied the +Annals with a critical eye.--_Perfide Poene_. Hannibal, with the usual +Roman calumny of the greatest man of antiquity. + +149. A fourth and incontrovertible argument. + +151. _Oliviferis_. The Sabine land was famous for olives. Columella, v. +8, 5. Mutusca, in that country, is called by Virgil (aen. vii. 711,) +_olivifera_.--_Deductus_, the proper term to denote his being brought +with pomp and ceremony to Rome. One MS. reads _devectus_. + +153. _Samio_, Pythagoras, who was erroneously supposed to have been the +instructor of Numa.--_Qui posse_, etc. a periphrasis of the +Metempsychosis, which doctrine he taught. See Met. xv. 157. + +154. _Egeria_. See below, v. 261, _et seq_. + +155. In consequence of the imperfect nature of the Roman year, and the +arbitrary manner in which the Pontifices, for party and political +purposes, made the intercalations, it had fallen into such sad confusion, +that the festivals fell at the wrong parts of the year. Accordingly, +Julius Caesar, as Pontifex Maximus, with the aid of M. Flavius and of +Sosigenes, made it correspond with the course of the sun, after the +manner of the Egyptian year. For this purpose, he had to add no less than +sixty-seven days to the year 708. These he inserted between November and +December, and, as the intercalary month also fell in this year, it +consisted of fifteen months. + +157-160. Caesar was not yet a god, but the poet could not let pass an +occasion of displaying his wit, and flattering the imperial family. + +161. _Moras Solis_. The time the son spends in the signs of the Zodiac. + +162. _Exactis_, certain. + +163-166. The Julian year of 365 days 6 hours; the day, which the hours of +four years made, being added at the end of the lustre.--_Junxit_. Two +MSS. read _auxit_.--_Quarta_. Many MSS. read _quinta_.--_Consummatur_, +to complete, to make up of parts. Some MSS. have _consumatur_, which +Heinsius preferred. + +167. The poet now begins to inquire of the god why the Matronalia, a +festival on which the matrons sacrificed to Juno, and sent presents to +each other, and received them from their husbands, should be on the +Kalends of the month sacred to the god of war. The deity assigns five +causes. + +168. Witness Homer's invocations to the Muses. + +169. "Cum a viris soleas coli," Gierig. When you preside over manly +occupations, is the interpretation of Lenz. May it not be, Since thine +occupations are all of a manly character? + +173, 174. I, a god whose chief value is in arms, am now, for the first +time, called to the pursuits of peace. By the poet or by the matrons? +_Gressus_, etc. alluding, perhaps, to his name Gradivus, v. 169. + +177. See above, I. 101. + +179. First cause, the rape of the Sabines. + +180. _Hujus_, scil. _Romae_. Some MSS. read _urbis_. + +184. The straw-roofed cottage, said to have been the abode of Romulus, +was still standing on the Palatine, in the time of the poet. + +195, 196. They (the neighbouring peoples) have the _connubium_, or +intermarry with nations at ever so great a distance, but their women all +looked down on the Romans. + +197. _Patriam_, like thy father's, to take by force what was refused to +entreaty. + +198. _Tolle preces_, away with entreaties. Thus, _tolle moras_, Met. +xiii. 556. _Tolle querelas_, Hor. Ep. I. 12. 3. + +199. 200. _Consus_, etc. In this parenthesis the god addresses the poet. +The readings of the MSS. differ very much here. Most have _Illo festa die +dum s. s. facis_, making it a part of the advice of the god to his son. +Heinsius followed those which read, _Ipso festa die d. s. s. canes_. +_Illo_ or _illa_--_festa_ or _facta_--_canes_, _canas_, _coles_, _facis_, +are the readings of various MSS. The present reading, with _canet_ +instead of _canas_, was proposed by Gronovius, and adopted by Gierig. The +Consualia were on the XV. Kal. Sept. It is a pity that the poem does not +go so far, as Ovid might have given us some additional information +respecting Consus. See Mythology, p. 473. + +201. Scil. the Caeninenses, the Crustumini, and the Antemnates. See the +story in Livy, I. + +202. It is not at all unlikely that, as Donza supposes, he glances here +at the war between Julius Caesar, and his son-in-law, Pompey. + +203. The war lasted to the third year. + +205. _Dictam_, appointed. + +206. _Nurus_, Hersilia, the wife of Romulus. + +219. The construction is, _ut (feminae quae erant) passis capillis +tetigere_, etc. + +223. Seen for the first time. + +224. Taubner thinks that by pinching the babes, they made them cry _Ah! +vae!_ which sounded like _ave!_ Much as Ovid loved to play on words, I can +hardly suspect him of this. + +230. _Oebalides_. See I. 260. + +231-234. Second cause. Was this the real cause, or is it because Ilia was +a mother by me, that the matrons hold their feast on the Kalends of my +month? + +235-244. Third cause. It was fit that in the season of fecundity the +matrons should pray to Juno for offspring. Compare this description of +the spring with that in I. 151, _et seq_. See also Hor. Car. iv. 7.-- +_Hiems. adop. gel_. the _glacialis hiems_ of Virgil.--_Victae_. Several +MSS. read _lapsae_; one _maestae_. Heinsius proposes _ictae_, but as +Burmann justly observes, why alter so excellent a reading as _victae_?-- +_Detonsae_, some of the older MSS. read _excussae_.--_Virida_. This is +the reading of the best and oldest MSS. and was adopted by Heinsius. +Burmann and Gierig follow those which read _uvida_; some have _humida_.-- +_Tenero_. Some MSS. read _gravido_, which is, perhaps, the true reading. +See above, I. 152. One MS. reads _in tumido_.--_Occultas vias_, the +_caeca spiramenta_ of Virgil, G. I. 89.--_Hora_, season, like the Greek +[Greek: horae]. + +244. Taubner, who is followed by some translators, explains this line +thus: "quarum proles vel militis officio fungatur, vel sacerdotio s. +_votis_ oportet." Its plain meaning is, as given by Gierig: whose service +and vows is childbirth. _Et rudis ad partus et nova miles eram_, says our +poet (Her. xi. 48,) in the person of Canace. See above, II. 9. + +245-248. The fourth cause, because the temple of Juno Lucina, on the +Esquiline hill, was first opened for worship on the Kalends of March. + +245. _Ubi rex_, etc. Ten MSS. read _ibi rex R_. two _regi R_. which +reading is adopted by Heinsius, and retained by Gierig. The _excubiae_ +were held by Romulus on the Esquiline, at the time that he suspected +Titus Tatius of bad faith.--_Agebat_. Several of the best MSS. have +_habebat_. + +246. _Esquilias alii scripserunt ab excubiis regis dictas_. Varro, iv. 8. +Ovid seems to follow the same etymology: the true one is from _esculus_. +--_Qui_. This is the reading of all the MSS. Heinsius, Burmann and +Gierig read _qua_. + +251. The fifth cause. Juno, the mother of Mars, loves married women, who, +in return, honor me. The Grecian Hera, by the way, was the mother of +Ares; but the same was not the case with the Italian Juno and Mars. See +Mythology.--_Matrum_. Heinsius adopts _matris_ on conjecture, which +reading is received by Burmann and Gierig. Some MSS. have _matres_. + +254. _Cingite caput_, of the statue of the goddess, says Gierig, perhaps +of the worshipper. + +259. As the Salii bore the sacred _ancilia_ through the city on the +Kalends of March, the poet now proceeds to enquire into the origin of +this institution. See Livy, I. 20. + +261. _Nympha_, scil. Egeria.--_Nemori_, etc. See v. 263--275.-- +_Operata_. Seven MSS. read _adoperta_. + +262. _Facta_. Some MSS. read _festa_, others _sacra_. + +263. Met. xv. 479, _et seq_. Virg. aen. vii. 761, _et seq_. This account +of the grove of Aricia is a complete digression in this place. Aricia, +and its grove, lay at the foot of the Mons Albanus. + +265. An _Indiges_, named Virbius, was worshiped here, who was identified +with Hippolytus. + +267, 268. This practice may be witnessed at the present day, in every +country where the Roman Catholic religion prevails.--_Longas sepes_. The +wall, says Neapolis, surrounding the sacred grove. + +269, 270. It was the custom for women, whose prayers to this goddess had +been heard, to carry lighted torches from the city to the grove of +Aricia. See Propert, II. 23, 39. + +271, 272. The priest of Diana, in this grove, called Rex Nemorensis, was +always a runaway slave, who had slain his predecessor in office. He +always went armed, to protect himself from aspirants to his dignity. +Strabo calls this a barbarous and Scythian custom, and it led to the idea +of the Arician Diana, being one with the Tauric Artemis. + +273--275. See Juvenal's account of this fountain. Sat. III. + +274. _Bibi_. The other editions, following some MSS. read _bibes_. + +277-284. See Livy, Dionysius and Plutarch. + +283. _Vertitur_, is changed. + +285. This legend was related in the same manner by the historian Valerius +Antias, from whom Ovid probably took it. As Livy, I. 20, relates the +matter differently, it probably was not in the Annals of Ennius. It was +evidently founded on the adventure of Menelaus with Proteus. Hom. Od. iv. +See also Virg. G. iv. 387, _et seq_. + +291. _Picus Faunusque_. Old Italian deities. See Heyne Excursus, V. to +aen. vii. Mythology, p. 477. + +292. _Prodere_. Many MSS. read _edere_, others _tradere_.--_Romani_, etc. +Each a god of Roman ground, i.e. a Roman rural deity. + +296. Dark shady groves were, from a very natural feeling, regarded with +awe as the abode of deities. See Seneca. Epist. 41. + +300. _Fonti_. To the deity or spirit of the fount. + +301. _Dis ponit_. This is the conjecture of Heinsius; the MSS. read +_disponit_. + +312. _Quatiens cornua_. To indicate the difficulty of the matter. + +313. _Monitu_. This word is used to indicate information divinely given. + +314. _Numina_, divine power. + +317. _Deducere_, a magic term, the [Greek: katagein] of the Greeks. +_Lunam deducere tentas_ Tibullus, [Greek: Ai pharmakides katagousi taen +selaenaen]. Interp. Apollonii. + +321. _Sum. ded. ab arce_. The reading of the best MSS. is _Valida +perductus ab arce_: some of the best have _val. veniet ded. ab arce_ or +_arte_; some _nostra perd. ab arte_. + +322. _Nubila_, etc. He mixes, according to custom, the Greek and Italian +mythologies: the oath, by Styx, was peculiar to the former. See Hom. Od. +v. l85--_Nubila_, as the Styx, was supposed to exhale a dense vapour. + +323. _Carmina_, magic verses. + +325. _Scire nefas homini_. Is not for man to know. _Quid crastina +volveret aetas Scire nefas homini_. Stat. Theb. III. 562. See Hor. Car. I. +11. 1. + +327-330. Some modern writers suppose that the ancient Etruscans possessed +the art of conducting the lightning which Franklin discovered, or, +according to them, re-discovered, and that it is exhibited in this poetic +narrative. Their conjecture is, they think, confirmed by the fate of +Tullus Hostilius, which they attribute to his ignorance of the proper +mode of conducting the electric fluid.--_Minores_, posterity. + +337. _Ambage remota_. As this seems not by any means to accord with what +follows, Gierig renders _ambage_ circumlocution, as opposed to the +brevity with which the god speaks. One MS. reads _remissa_. The dialogue +of Jupiter and Numa will be easily understood. + +342. _Piscis_. According to Plutarch, the _maena_. See above, II. 578, +_note_. + +346. _Pignora certa_, the _ancile_. Celestial gifts of this kind, on +which the safety of the state were supposed to depend, were common in +antiquity. + +347. _Aethera, motum. Vidisti motu sonitus procurrere caelo_. Profert, +II. 16. + +352. _Crastina_, scil. _crastinas res_, what will happen to-morrow. + +357. Virg. Ec. viii. l4.--_Rorataque_. Many MSS. read _rorata_. + +359. _Acerno_. Five MSS. read _eburno_, but see Met. iv. 486. Virg. aen. +viii. 178. + +363. It was the custom of the Romans to cover their heads when praying, +or performing any other religious rite, lest any thing of ill omen should +present itself to their view. See Virg. aen. iii. 405. + +367 _Evolverat_. This is the reading of five of the best MSS. two read +_emerserat_, which Heinsius, Burmann and Gierig have received, and which +I should prefer. See v. 517. Most read _emoverat_; one _commoverat_, +another _ostenderat_. + +369. _Sine nube_. It was therefore supernatural. Compare Hor. Car. I. 34. +6. Virg. aen. vii. 141. + +371. Two of the best MSS. read, _A media subito coelum discedere visum +est_, which Heinsius prefers. Virgil (aen. ix. 20,) has _medium video +discedere coelum_, and if this last be, as I am inclined to think it is, +the true reading, it is not unlikely that Ovid imitated this line of the +aeneis: if it is not, the line is the work of some grammarian, and formed +from the Virgilian verse. + +372. _Submisere_. One MS. has _surrexere manus_, which Burmann prefers. +For this sense of _sub_, see Virg. Ec. vi. 38. x. 74, _submittere +cornua_. Petron. 126, 18, 3. _Submissas tendunt alta ad Capitolia +dextras_. Silius, xii. 640. + +377. _Ancile. Ancile vocatum quia ex utroque latere erat recisum, ut +summum infimumque latus pateret_, Festus. _Ancilia dicta ab ancisu, quod +ea arma, ab utraque parte, ut peltae Thracum, incisa. Ancisia Saturnio in +carmine_. Varro, L. L. iv. Ovid evidently follows the same etymology. +According to Juba, whom Plutarch copies, it is derived from [Greek: +ankylon] curved, and should be spelt _ancyle_. It is, however, certainly +an old Latin word, and is by all Latin writers properly spelt with an +_i_. It is well known that _y_ is no Latin letter, yet we constantly meet +_Sylla_ for _Sulla_. From Plutarch's description of the _ancile_, we may +collect that it was of an oval form. + +381. _Caelata_, i.e. _sculpta_, or simply, made. + +383. His morals were as perfect as his skill. + +384. _Clausit opus_, simply, completed the work.--_Ulli_, some MSS. read +_illi_; one _illud_, which Heinsius and Gierig have adopted. + +387. The Salii, clad in brazen armour, and striking the _ancilia_ with +their daggers as they sang the old verses ascribed to Numa, went through +the city dancing to the sound of pipes. + +393. It was not considered lucky to marry on the Kalends of March, as the +ancilia were carried on that day. This day was also considered +inauspicious for commencing a journey. Suet. Otho. 8. Livy, xxxvii. 33. + +396. _Condita_, laid up in the temple. + +397, 398. The Flamen Dialis wore a peculiar kind of white hat, called +_apex_, without which he never went out; his wife wore a flame-coloured +robe, named _venenatum_, and a peculiar kind of band about her head, +called _rica_. (See Gellius, N. A. x. 15,) hence the poet says, _cincta_. +_Cincta Flaminica veste velata_ Festus. Some MSS. have _sancta_; others +_capitis distincta_, one _apicatis cura_. It was enjoined by law on the +Flaminia, not to cut her nails, comb her hair, etc. on certain days. + +399-402. One of the Fishes set acronychally on the 3d March, the V. Non. + +403. _Rorare genis_. Five MSS. read _rutilare_; two _comis_. + +405. The poet commits an error here. Arctophylax _rises_ acronychally, +instead of setting on the 5th March. + +407. _Vindemitor_, [Greek: protrygaetaer], a star in the right shoulder +of the Virgin, which now rises acronychally. + +409. The story of Ampelos is told differently by Nonnus, in his +Dionysiacs. See Mythology, p. l74.--_Intonsum_, denotes youth and beauty; +it is therefore an epithet of Apollo, [Greek: akersekomaes].--_Satyris_, +to denote the lewdness of the Nymph, says Burmann. It may, however, mean +merely one of the Satyrs. Some MSS. read _Satyro_. + +411, 412. These two lines were suspected by Heinsius. They are certainly +very indifferent, but without them the narrative seems imperfect. Ovid +would hardly have omitted an allusion to the name of Ampelos. + +414. _Vehit_. This is the reading of five of the best MSS. all the rest +have _tulit_. + +415-428. On the 6th of the month, Prid. Non. A.U.C. 741. Augustus was +made Pontifex Maximus. The P.M. presided over the Vestals. + +417. _Quisquis ades_ etc. The Vestals, as it would appear, who alone +could enter the temple.--_Canae_. This is the reading of two of the best +MSS.; the rest have _castae_, one _gratae_. See Virg. aen. ix. 259. + +422. _Vides_. All the older MSS. have _videt_ or _vident_; one _Vesta +videt_.--_Pignora juncta_, the pledges of empire, in the temple of Vesta, +were the Eternal Fire, and the Palladium (Livy, v. 52, xxvi. 27,) to +these now was joined.--Augustus. The force of flattery could no farther +go. + +423. This is the reading of three of the best MSS. and adopted by +Heinsius, and the succeeding editors: the other MSS. have _Di v. T. d. p. +ferenti_.--_Dignissima praeda_, Vesta. + +424. _Gravis_, i. e. _gravatus_, laden. See Virg. aen. II. 296. Three MSS. +read _pius_. + +425. The Julian house into which Augustus had been adopted, derived their +lineage from aeneas. I do not, however, see the relationship to Vesta, +unless it be through Kronus, (Saturn) who was her father, and whose +grand-daughter Venus, was the mother of aeneas. + +428. _Dux_, Augustus. This was probably written before the poet left +Rome, and he did not alter it. + +429-448. An account of Vejovis, whose temple was dedicated by Romulus, on +the Nones of March. + +429. The reading of the older MSS. was _Una nota est Marti: Nonis +sacra_.--_Una nota_, the Nones of March were distinguished by one mark in +the Fasti, one event had taken place on them. + +430. The space between the Arx and the Capitol, in which the Asylum and +the temple of Vejovis were, was called _Inter duos lucos_. Livy, 1.8, +[Greek: to methorion duoin drumon]. Dionysius, II. 15. + +435. He now enquires into the origin of the name of this god. + +437. The statue of Vejovis represented a youthful figure, without any +thunderbolts, in his hand. He may, therefore, be Young Jupiter. + +443. There was the figure of a she-goat standing beside it; a farther +proof, as Jupiter was suckled by the goat, Amalthea. + +445. The country-people, called ill-grown corn _vegrandia_, (_Vegrandes +et imbecillae oves_. Varro, R. II. II.) and _vescus_ with them, was +equivalent to _parvus_. From all this he infers, that Vejovis is Little +Jupiter. This is not convincing. See Mythology, p. 468, where it is shewn +that Vejovis was probably a god of the under-world.--_Colonae_. Many of +the best MSS. read _colono_. Eleven have _colone_ (colonae); one _colonae_, +which Heinsius adopted. Gierig follows the MSS. which read _coloni_, and +he is, perhaps, right in so doing. + +449, 450. The heliac rising of Pegasus on the Nones. For Pegasus, see +Hesiod. Th. 280, _et seq_. and 325. Met. iv. 784, v. 256. Mythology, pp. +223, 364.--_Variabunt_. Eight MSS. read _vallabunt_, which Heinsius +adopted. + +451. _Gravida cervice_ is rather a curious mode of expression. Medusa was +pregnant by Neptune, and when Perseus cut off her head, Pegasus sprang +forth (_prosiluit_, [Greek: exethore] Hes.) with the blood: hence the +poet says, _gravida crevice_. He was named Pegasus, as being born at the +_springs_ ([Greek: paegas]) of Ocean. + +455. See the story of Bellerophon. + +456. The Horse-fount ([Greek: hippoukraenae] Hippocrene) in Aonia +(Boeotia), said to have been produced by a stroke of the hoof of Pegasus. +--_Fodit_. Nine of the best MSS. read _fudit. Rutilius (Itin. I. 264,) +says, _Musarum ut latices ungula fodit equi_. Avienus (in Arat. Phaen. +Equo.) _cornuque excita repente Lympha, Camenalem fudit procul +Hippocrenen_, I think _fudit_ the more poetic term. + +458. The astronomers of the present day reckon eighty-nine stars in +Pegasus. + +459-516. The Crown of Ariadne rises acronychally on the 8th March, the +VIII. Id. For the story of Theseus and Ariadne, see Met. viii. 175--182. +Ars Amandi, I. 531--564, Her. x. Hor. Car. II. 19. Catul. lxiv. 52, _et +seq_. Mythology pp. 411, 412. + +460. _Gnosida_ Gnosian, as Minos, the father of Ariadne, reigned at +Gnosus, in Crete.--_Facta dea_, Ariadne, not her crown. + +461. "Solent poëtae verbo _mutare_ Accusat rei acceptae et Ablat. relictae +addere." Gierig. Thus Horace, _Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem mutat +Lycaeo_.--_Faunus_. + +465. _Depexus crinibus_, his hair neatly and carefully combed out. See +VI. 229. Bacchus, whom the Greeks named [Greek: eukomaes (eukomos], is a +general epithet of the goddesses) was like Apollo, distinguished for the +beauty of his hair. See Met. III. 421 and 555, iv. 13. The common reading +was, what appears the most obvious, _depexis_. Some of the best MSS. read +_depexos_, agreeing with _Indos_. + +466. Some of the best MSS. read _venit_. For the Indian expedition of +Bacchus, see Mythology, P. I. chap. xiv. + +476. My case is told or repeated. + +480. _Dedoluisse_, have ended my grief; have died. + +493. _At puto_, etc. Ironically. + +495. See Hor. Sat. I. 3, 38. + +499. _Matrem_ Pasiphaë. The story is well known. + +500. Bacchus was represented horned, in consequence of the identification +of him with the Phrygian Sabazius. Mythology, p. 168. Hence he was called +[Greek: boukeros, taurokeros].--_Me tua_, etc. The best and most numerous +MSS. read _Me juvat et laedit_: one, _me viat et laedit_; another _me tua +me laedit_ or _laudat_: three of the best have the reading of the text, +the rest _me tua sed laedit_. Heinsius gives from conjecture, _me tua. At +hic laudi est_, which Gierig has received. + +503. A play on words as usual. + +512. _Libera_. The Italian religion, as I have observed after Niebuhr, +(Mythology, p. 455,) delighted in representing the deities presiding over +any object in pairs of males and females. Hence, with Liber, the god of +wine, was joined a goddess Libera, and when the Greek and Italian +religions came to be mingled, she was identified with Proserpine. Ovid +alone makes her the same with Ariadne. I forgot to notice this under the +head Liber Pater (Mythology, p. 469). I should be inclined to derive +Liber from libo, [Greek: leibo], instead of libero. + +514. _Vulcanus Veneri_. One MS. reads _Neptunus Thetidi_. I suppose Homer +was running in the head of whoever he was that made this improvement.-- +_Tibi_. One MS. reads mihi, which Burmann has received. + +517-522. On the 14th or Prid. Id. was another Equiria.--_Demerserit_. +Several of the good MSS. read _quum deseret or deserit_; others _quot +demserit_; some _quum demserit_; three of the best _dimiserit_; others +_demiserit_; one _totidemque remiserit_; another of the best +_dimerserit_, whence Heinsius formed the present reading. + +518. _Purpureum_, bright, see II. 74. Virg. aen. vi. 641, _purpureum +lumen_, scil. Soils. + +522. If the Tiber, as was so frequently the case, had overflowed the +Campus Martius, the races were run on the Campus Martialis on the Coelian +hill. + +523-696. On the Ides was the festival of Anna Perenna.--_Geniale, i. e. +quo genio indulgetur_. See v. 58. + +524. Between the Milvian bridge and the point of confluence with the +Anien. + +527. _Sub Jove_. See II. 299. + +529. _Ibi_. Several MSS. read _sibi_. + +532. _Ad numerum_. They reckon the cups. + +536. Suit the action to the word by making gesticulations. + +537. _Posito_, scil. in honour of the goddess.--_Duras_, aukward, +inelegant. + +541, 542. Heinsius and Burmann think with a great deal of probability, +that a good many verses are lost after this distich, Burmann supposes +that the monks who copied the MSS. left them out, on account of their +indelicacy. + +543. He now commences his enquiry into the character and history of +_Anna_.--_Errat_, is uncertain. Six MSS. read _errant_. + +544. _Fabula nulla_, no legend or tradition. + +545. For the whole story of Dido and Aeneas, see the Aeneis I. and IV.-- +_Arserat_, the usual play on words. + +551-554. See aen. iv. 36, 198, _et seq_. + +556. See Virg. G. iv. 213. 565. + +557, 558. Counting the years poetically by the harvests and vintages. + +561. Favillae, cineres. Hor. Car. II. 6, 22. They used to pour wine and +precious oils on the ashes of the dead. + +562. _Vertice libatas_, cut from the head, and laid as an offering on the +tomb. _Placemus umbras? Capitis exuvias cape, Laceraeque frontis accipe +abcissam comam_. Seneca Hyppol. 1181. + +565. _Comitem_ is the reading of six of the best MSS. all the rest have +_comites_.--Pede aequo, the _pedes_ are the ropes called braces, by which +the yards are moved. This shews that the vessel ran before the wind, +_vento secundo_. + +567. _Melite_. Malta; _Cosyra_, Gozzo. + +570. _Battus_. Silius Italicus (viii. 51,) says of Battus, _Cyrenem molli +tum forte fovebat Imperio_, and he brings Anna thither. Battus was the +founder of the Grecian colony at Cyrene. + +581. _Crathidis. The Crathis was a river in Magna Graecia, near Thurii. + +582. _Parvus_. Two MSS. read _Purus_, which Heinius and Gierig prefer. +There are abundant instances of the use of _purus_ in the sense of free +from trees. + +587. _Subducere_, to draw up, to furl. + +594. _Is_. Two MSS. read _hic_, + +602. _Populos duos_. The Trojans and Aborigines, under the common name of +Latins. See Livy, I. 2. + +613. Italy. + +615. _Deos comites_, the Penatestale, which he had brought with him from +Troy, aen. I. 6, xii. 192.--_Increpuisse_, "signis quibusdam datis," +Gierig. Virgil does not mention this. Ovid was, perhaps, thinking of the +message brought from Jupiter by Mercury, etc. + +617. _Morte scil. Didonis_. + +618. _Credibile_, than what I believed, or could have believed. + +619. _Ne refer_, tell not the tale. + +621, 622. _Ratio_, your own choice.--_Deus_, fortune. See Hor. Sat. +I. 1, 2. + +623. _Memores, scil. sumus debere_. + +627. _Paratus_, dress. Met vi. 451. + +633. _Falsum vulnus_, causeless wound of jealousy. Virg. aen. I. 36, iv. +67 and 332. Two MSS. read _tacitum_. + +635. _Praeter sua lumina_, before her eyes. Seven MSS. _limina_. Heinsius +puts a colon after _ferri_, and a comma after _mitti_. + +637. _Exactum_. She has not yet determined. + +642. _Sub verbum_ as she spoke. + +647. _Corniger_, a usual epithet of rivers, (Virg. G. IV 371. aen. viii. +77.) on account of their roaring or windings. The Numicius was between +Larentum and Lavinium. + +654. "Si Nympha antea _Anna_ dicta, non opus erat ab _amne_ nomen suum +deducere," Gierig. The fact is, the poet here confounds two etymons, an +old one from _amne perenne_, and a later one from Anna the sister of +Dido. Was Anna mentioned in the poem of Naevius? or did Virgil first give +it vogue? It is a Semitic name, and occurs in Scripture. + +657. A second opinion, Anna is the Moon. + +658. A third, she is Themis; a fouth Io or Isis. + +659. 660. A fifth, made her a daughter of Atlas, and one of the Nymphs +who reared Jupiter. These however are said to have been the two daughters +of Melissa, or simply the nymph Amalthea. There is however another +tradition which commits the rearing of the infant deity to the Hyades, +who were the daughters of Atlas. + +661. A sixth theory, derived Anua from _anus_, and devised the folloing +legend which the poet thinks is not unlike the truth. + +663. The famous secession of the Plebs. A.U.C. 260. to the hill beyound +the Anien, three miles from Rome, afterwards named the Mons Sacer. + +667. Bovillae or Bovilla was a Latin town mot far from Rome, on the +Appian Way.--_Suburbanis_ does not mean close to the city, for Horace +(Ep, I, 7, 77.) calls his Sabine country-seat _suburbana rura_. + +673. Can any thing be more silly than this account of the origin of an +ancient Italian deity? I have elsewhere (Mythology p. 479) observed, what +little taste and elegance of imagination, and I add sense, the Romans +displayed in the origins which they invented for their gods. The real +etymon of Anna Perenna is, I think, _annus_, as the poet himself would +appear to have seen: see vv. 145, 146. Perhaps, according to the +principle noticed above on, v. 512, she was a female corresponding to a +god Annus. It is curious to observe the resemblance which has been traced +out between her and the Indian Anna Purna in the Asiatic Researches. + +675. He now undertakes to explain by a legend, why at the festival of +Anna Perenna indecorous verse were sung by young women. The mystics would +here, of course, talk to us of the symbolic wisdom of ancient priests and +sages, but the more probable reason is to be found in the rude simplicity +of an agricultural race, like the ancient Latins, and other peoples of +Italy, which also gave origin to the Fescinnine verses. On occasions like +this, however, one should always bear in mind these words of Johnson, +"The oringinal of ancient customs is commonly unknown; for the practice +often continues after the cause has ceased; and concerning superstitious +ceremonies it is vain to conjecture, reson cannot explain," Rasselas, +Chap. 48. + +696. _Verba dedisse_, to have deceived. + +697. Julius Caesar was slain on the Ides of March, A.U.C. 709. The senate +directed, that in future this day should be called _Parricidium_, and +that no senate should ever sit on it. Suet. Caes. 88. + +698. _Locuta_, scil. to the poet. + +699. _Sacerdos_, as being Pontifex Maximus. [Greek: All' outos ho pataer, +outos ho archiereus, ho asulos, ho aeros, ho theos, tethnaeken], are the +words of Antonius over him in Dion. Cass. xliv. 49. + +703. _Vidit_. Two MS. read _servat_. Compare Virg. Ec. v. 56. + +704. A temple was raised to Caesar. A.U.C 712. three years after his +death. + +707. It was observed by the historians that all the murderers of Caesar +perished within three years after him. + +710. _Caesaris_. Augustus. + +711, 712. On the XVII. Kal. April is the cosmic rising of the middle of +the Scorpion. + +713-790. On the following day were the Liberalia, which the poet now +sings. + +716. _Parvus inermis erat_, scil. Jupiter. Most MSS. read _eras_, +applying it to Bacchus. Gierig is not satisfied with either reading, and +he thinks the passage corrupt. + +7l8. _Expletum_ completed, brought to maturity.--_Onus_, most MSS. +_opus_. + +719. The expedition of Bacchus. + +721. Pentheus. See Met. iii. 511. _et seq_. + +722. Met. iv. 22. + +723. Met. iii. 597, _et seq_. + +726. _Vilis anus_, a mean, or common old woman. Seven MSS. three of which +are of the best, read _Vitisator_, but the correctness of the present +text is proved by the following passage of Varro L. L. V. _Liberalia +dicta, quod per totum oppidum eo die sedent sacerdotes Liberi, hedera +coronatae anus, cum libis et foculo pro emptore sacrificantes_. + +728. _Gelidis focis_, cold altars, as no fire was kindled on them. + +730. _Seposuisse_. The greater number of MSS. have _supposuisse_. + +733. "Mira etymologia!" Gierig. See above v. 512. The _libum_ was a kind +of cake, [Greek: plakous ek galaktos, itrion te kai melitos, on Romaioi +libon kalousi]. Athenaeus III. p. 125. + +739. _Florida_. Most MSS. read _flumina_: the present, which is far +preferable, is that of three of the best and four other MSS. + +741-744. Compare Virgil G. IV. 64, _et seq_. The practice is too well +known among ourselves to require any elucidation. + +743. _Levis senex_, Silenus, who was bald. Most MSS. read _lenis_. + +748. _Dissimulat_, conceals his discovery. + +753 It was therefore a hornet's nest he had got. + +763 See v. 726.--_Praestet_, "exhibeat praetereuntibus." Gierig. + +769. _Nysiades_. There was a Nysa in Boeotia, in Thrace, in India, in +Arabia. It was probably the Boeotian that the poet meant. See Met. III. +3l3.--_Noverca_, Juno. + +771. On the Liberalia, the youths who had attained the age of sixteen +laid aside the _praetexta_, which they had hitherto worn and assumed, the +_toga virilis_, _pura_, _recta_, or _libera_, as it was variously, +called. The poet gives four reasons for its being done on the Liberalia. + +773. First reason, Bacchus, like Apollo, was ever young, See Met. iv. 17. + +775. Second reason, because he was a father, (_Liber Pater_.) The Romans +however called all their gods _patres_. ex. gr. Jupiter, (Jovis pater +Zeus [Greek: pataer]), Dispiter, Mars-piter, Janus pater, Pater Neptunus, +Pater Silvanus. (Hor. Epod. ii. 21.) etc. + +777. Third reason, and perhaps the true one, because his name Liber +coincided with the adjective _liber_. + +779. Fourth reason, because as the people used to come from the country +into Rome on the Liberalia to see the plays, it was deemed a good +opportunity for giving a youth the _toga virilis_, when all his friends +and relations were present. + +781. Alluding to L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, _ille dictator ab aratro_, +Flor. I. 11. + +782. Alluding, perhaps, to the story of Scipio, who, on shaking the hand +of a country voter, as he canvassed him, said, _Prythee, friend, dost +walk on thy hands?_ and thereby lost his election. I, however, rather +think that the poet had only in view the effeminacy of his own days. + +784. _Studiis_, scil_. musices et poeseos_, taste. + +786. _Taedifera dea_, Ceres. + +787. _Tironem_. The youth who took the manly gown was named a _tiro_, and +the day, _dies tirocinii_. He was accompanied from the Capitol to the +Forum, and thence home by a great number of his relatives, friends and +clients.--_Celeb. freq. Frequentia me usque ad Capitolium celebravit_. +Cic. Att. vi. 1. + +791, 792. See V. 621, Livy, I. 22. _Reliqua urbis loca olim discreta, ut +Argeorum sacraria in septem et viginti partes urbis sunt disposita. +Argeos dictos putant a principibus, qui cum Hercule Argivo venerunt Romam +et in Saturnia subsederunt_. Varro, L. L. iv. J. B. Fontejus (_De Prisca +Caesiorum Gente_, L. I. c. 7,) supposes that the Argei were the reputed +burial-places of some of these noble Argives.--_Sua Pagina_, its own part +of the Fasti. He means, perhaps, V. 621, _et seq_. + +793, 794. On the same day (XVI. Kal. April.) the Kite rises +acronychally.--_Proclinis_ is the reading of two of the best MSS.; five +of the best read _proclivis_, some have _declivis_; the greater number +_declinis_.--_Miluus_, a trisyllable (like _Iason_, _Iulus_, _Iambus_, +_silua_, _Suevos_, etc.) is the reading of the best MSS.: the rest have +_Milvius_. The constellation of the Kite, Krebs says, is not mentioned by +any Greek writer on astronomy, before the time of Ovid. It is quite +uncertain where he got the following legend. + +798. That is to slay the monster about to be described. + +801. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 549. + +803, 804. This reminds one strongly of the sacrifice of the horse of +Hindoo Mythology. See Southey's Curse of Kehama, viii. + +805. Briareus. See Hom. Il. I. 402. According to Homer and Hesiod, +Briareus was one of the Hundred-handed, and the ally of Jupiter. Ovid +appears to make him a Titan.--_Adamante_. The _adamas_ of the poets is +iron, or rather steel. _Adamas lapis durissimus, qui nec ferro cedere +dicitur_. Pliny, H. N. xxvii. 4. + +809-850. On the XIV. Kal. April, began the festival of Minerva, named the +Quinquatrus, Quinquatres, or Quinquatria. + +810. _Nomina quae_. Several MSS. have _numinaque adjunctis_. _Quinquatrus: +hic dies unus a nominis errore observatur, proinde ut sint quinque dies, +dictus ab Tusculanis; post diem sextum Idus similiter vocatus Sexatrus, +et post diem septimum Septimatrus; sic hic, quod erat post diem quintum +Idus, Quinquatrus_, Varro, L. L. V. Festus gives the same derivation. It +is in favour of Ovid that the festival lasted exactly five days, but this +may have been the effect, and not the cause of the name. + +811. The gladiatorial combats with which the festival of Minerva, as the +goddess of war, were celebrated, did not begin till the second day. As +the Minerva of the Romans was certainly no war-goddess, till she was +identified with the Pallas Athena of Greece, I am inclined to think that +the origin of this mode of worshiping her will be found in the account +given by Herodotus, (iv. 180, 189) of the worship of the Lybian goddess, +whom he makes to be the prototype of Pallas Athena. To shew how modes of +worship were transferred; the Athenians had, in the time of the empire, +combats of gladiators in a theatre on their Acropolis, in honour of their +patron-goddess. See Philostratus' Life of Apollonius, L. iv. c. 7. For +Pallas Athena and Minerva, see Mythology, pp. 119 and 462. + +812. _Illa nata die_. "Illa die _nata Minerva_, quatenus ei templum in +Aventino dedicatum, quod notat Verrius. Etiam Calend. Vindob. _N. +Minervae_." Gierig. + +815. See Juvenal. Sat. x. 118.--_Ornate_, scil. with garlands. + +816. _Doctus_, skilful. + +817. 818. Spinning. + +819, 820. Weaving.--_Stantes telas_, the _stamina_ or warp. + +821-826. The fuller, the dyer, the shoemaker and the carpenter. For +Tychius, see Hom. II. vii. 221, for Epeus. Id. Od. viii. 492, Virg. aen. +II. 264. + +827, 828. The Physicians. There is an inscription in Gruter _Minervae +Medicae_. The reader needs not to be reminded of the medical character of +Phoebus Apollo. + +829. This is a sadly perplexing line. Seven MSS. read _censu fraudante_; +others _sensu fraudante_; four _sensus fraudata_; one of the best _censu +fraudata_; two of the best _sensu fraudare_; one of the best _turba ferae +sensus fraudare_; two _verba feri_; three _deam, censu fraudata_, which +Burmann and Gierig have adopted. The present reading is the common one, +with a slight change of _feri_, which gives no good sense, to _fere_. +Matthiae conjectured, and gave the same reading. I think the poet meant +the bad payment and bad treatment which the school-masters so frequently +met with at Rome. + +831, 832. The sculptors, painters and statuaries.--_Tabulam_, etc. The +Encaustae, as they were called, who burned-in wax, spread over the place +to be painted.--_Mollia_, smooth or soft, as it were, to the eye. + +835. There was a small temple of Minerva Capta on the rise of the Coelian +hill, of which name the poet now tries, but in vain, to discover the +origin.--_Captae_, Six MSS. _capitae_; others _castae_. This shews the +negligence and temerity of the transcribers. + +838. See on v. 812. + +843. It was the custom when a town was taken, to bring its gods to the +abode of the conquerors.--Falerii was captured by Camillus, A.U.C. 361. +See Livy, v. 24. + +844. _Littera prisca_, the old name of the goddess, or the old books, the +Annals. + +845, 846. This passage is difficult. For _ex illo_ most MSS. have +_exilio_; many for _reperta_, read _recepta_. It is the _fures_, and not +the _furta_, which should be punished. _Capitalis lucus, ubi si quid +violatum est, capite violatoris_, (two MSS. _vigilatoris_) _expiatur_. +Festus. + +849, 850. On the last day of the Quinquatrus, the Kal. Apr. was the +_Tubilustrum_. According to Varro and Festus, the trumpets were purified +in the Atrium Sutorium. On the X. Kal. Jun. there was a Tubilustrum to +Vulcan. For _deae_ in this place, three of the best MSS. read _deo_, which +Heinsius adopts, and understands it of Mars. Gesenius also prefers this +reading. In Verrius, we find _Feriae Martis_, and Laur. Lydus (de +Mensibus, p. 85,) says, [Greek: tae pro deka kalandon Aprillion katharmos +salpingos kai kinaesis ton oplon, kai timai Areos kai Nerinaes, haen +aexioun einai taen Athaenan nerinae gar (en tae Sabinon glossae) hae +andria esti]. This Nerine-Minerva was probably the _fortis dea_. + +851-876. The sun enters the Ram, and the poet takes the occasion of +telling the story of Phrixus and Helle. See Mythology, p. 296.--_Nunc_, +on the last day of the Quinquatrus, as it was the day after the XI. Kal. +Apr. which last was that of the entrance of the sun into the Ram. See the +Kalendarium. + +863. _Pependerat_. Their mother was Nephele, cloud. See also v. 805. + +865. Thebes was built by the Sparti (_Sown_) who sprang from the +serpent's teeth. + +870. The Hellespont, Helle's-sea. + +874. _Caeruleo deo_. Neptune. + +877. The vernal equinox on the VII. Kal. Apr.--_Eos_, Aurora. + +879. Four days after the VII. Kal. Apr. was a festival of Janus, Concord, +Health and Peace. Augustus raised statues to these three last-named +deities. + +883, 884. Servius Tullius built a temple to Diana on the Aventine, Livy, +I. 45. Tac. An. xv. 41. Ovid, like the other poets, makes Diana and Luna, +as they really were, identical. See Mythology, p. 463. + + + + +LIBER IV. + + +Alma, fave, dixi, geminorum mater Amorum. + Ad vatem vultus rettulit illa suos. +Quid tibi, ait, mecum? certe majora canebas. + Num vetus in molli pectore vulnus habes? +Scis dea, respondi, de vulnere.--Risit, et aether 5 + Protinus ex illa parte serenus erat.-- +Saucius, an sanus, numquid tua signa reliqui? + Tu mihi propositum, tu mihi semper opus. +Quae decuit, primis sine crimine lusimus annis: + Nunc teritur nostris area major equis. 10 +Tempora cum causis annalibus eruta priscis, + Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa cano. +Venimus ad quartum, quo tu celeberrima, mensem; + Et vatem, et mensem scis, Venus esse tuos. +Mota Cytheriaca leviter mea tempora myrto 15 + Contigit, et, Coeptum perfice, dixit, opus. +Sensimus, et subito causae patuere dierum. + Dum licet, et spirant flamina, navis eat. +Si qua tamen pars te de fastis tangere debet, + Caesar, in Aprili, quo tenearis, habes. 20 +Hic ad te magna descendit imagine mensis, + Et fit adoptiva nobilitate tuus. +Hoc pater Iliades, quum longum scriberet annum, + Vidit, et auctores rettulit ipse suos. +Utque fero Marti primam dedit ordine sortem, 25 + Quod sibi nascenti proxima causa fuit; +Sic Venerem gradibus multis in gente repertam + Alterius voluit mensis habere locum; +Principiumque sui generis revolutaque quaerens + Saecula, cognatos venit ad usque deos. 30 +Dardanon Electra nesciret Atlantide cretum? + Scilicet Electran concubuisse Jovi? +Hujus Erichthonius: Tros est generatus ab illo: + Assaracon creat hic, Assaracusque Capyn. +Proximus Anchisen, cum quo commune parentis 35 + Non dedignata est nomen habere Venus, +Hinc satus aeneas, pietas spectata per ignes, + Sacra, patremque humeris altera sacra, tulit. +Venimus ad felix aliquando nomen Iuli, + Unde domus Teucros Julia tangit avos. 40 +Postumus huic, qui, quod silvis fuit ortus in altis, + Silvius in Latia gente vocatus erat; +Isque, Latine, tibi pater est: subit Alba Latinum: + Proximus est titulis Epytos, Alba, tuis, +Ille dedit Capyi recidiva vocabula Troiae, 45 + Et tuus est idem, Calpete, factus avus. +Quumque patris regnum post hunc Tiberinus haberet, + Dicitur in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae. +Jam tamen Agrippam genitum, Remulumque nepotem + Viderat; in Remulum fulmina missa ferunt. 50 +Venit Aventinus post hos, locus unde vocatus, + Mons quoque. Post illum tradita Procae. +Quem sequitur diri Numitor germanus Amuli. + Ilia cum Lauso de Numitore sati. +Ense cadit patrui Lausus: placet Ilia Marti; 55 + Teque parit, gemino juncte Quirine Remo. +Ille suos semper Venerem Martemque parentes + Dixit, et emeruit vocis habere fidem. +Neve secuturi possent nescire nepotes, + Tempora dîs generis continuata dedit. 60 +Sed Veneris mensem Graio sermone notatum + Auguror: a spumis est dea dicta maris. +Nec tibi sit mirum Graio rem nomine dici: + Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat. +Venerat Evander plena cum classe suorum: 65 + Venerat Alcides, Graius uterque genus. +Hospes Aventinis armentum pavit in herbis + Claviger, et tanto est Albula pota deo. +Dux quoque Neritius. Testes Laestrygones exstant: + Et quod adhuc Circes nomina litus habet. 70 +Et jam Telegoni, jam moenia Tiburis udi + Stabant, Argolicae quod posuere manus. +Venerat Atridae fatis agitatus Halesus, + A quo se dictam terra Falisca putat. +Adjice Trojanae suasorem Antenora pacis, 75 + Et generum Oeniden, Appule Daune, tuum. +Serus ab Iliacis, et post Antenora, flammis + Attulit aeneas in loca nostra deos. +Hujus erat Solymus Phrygia comes unus ab Ida: + A quo Sulmonis moenia nomen habent, 80 +Sulmonis gelidi, patriae, Germanice, nostrae. + Me miserum! Scythico quam procul illa solo est! +Ergo ego tam longe?--sed supprime, Musa, querelas; + Non tibi sunt maesta sacra canenda lyra. +Quo non livor abit? Sunt qui tibi mensis honorem 85 + Eripuisse velint, invideantque, Venus. +Nam, quia ver aperit tunc omnia, densaque cedit + Frigoris asperitas, fetaque terra patet; +Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum, + Quem Venus injecta vindicat alma manu. 90 +Illa quidem totum dignissima temperat orbem: + Illa tenet nullo regna minora deo: +Juraque dat coelo, terrae, natalibus undis, + Perque suos initus continet omne genus. +Illa deos omnes--longum est narrare--creavit: 95 + Illa satis causas arboribusque dedit: +Illa rudes animos hominum contraxit in unum, + Et docuit jungi cum pare quemque sua. +Quid genus omne creat volucrum, nisi blanda voluptas? + Nec coëunt pecudes, si levis absit amor. 100 +Cum mare trux aries cornu decertat: at idem + Frontem dilectae laedere parcit ovis. +Deposita taurus sequitur feritate juvencam, + Quem toti saltus, quem nemus omne tremit. +Vis eadem, lato quodcumque sub sequore vivit, 105 + Servat, et innumeris piscibus implet aquas. +Prima feros habitus homini detraxit: ab illa + Venerunt cultus mundaque cura sui. +Primus amans carmen vigilatum nocte negata + Dicitur ad clausas concinuisse fores; 110 +Eloquiumque fuit duram exorare puellam: + Proque sua causa quisque disertus erat. +Mille per hanc artes motae, studioque placendi, + Quae latuere prius, multa reperta ferunt. +Hanc quisquam titulo mensis spoliare secundi 115 + Audeat? a nobis sit procul iste furor. +Quid? quod ubique potens, templisque frequentibus aucta, + Urbe tamen nostra jus dea majus habet? +Pro Troja, Romane, tua Venus arma ferebat; + Quum genuit teneram cuspide laesa manum, 120 +Coelestesque duas Trojano judice vicit; + --Ah! nolim victas hoc meminisse deas!-- +Assaracique nurus dicta est, ut scilicet olim + Magnus Iuleos Caesar haberet avos. +Nec Veneri tempus, quam ver, erat aptius ullum. 125 + Vere nitent terrae: vere remissus ager. +Nunc herbae rupta tellure cacumina tollunt; + Nunc tumido gemmas cortice palmes agit. +Et formosa Venus formoso tempore digna est, + Utque solet, Marti continuata suo. 130 +Vere monet curvas materna per aequora puppes + Ire, nec hibernas jam timuisse minas. +Rite deam Latiae colitis matresque nurusque; + Et vos, quîs vittae longaque vestis abest. +Aurea marmoreo redimicula solvite collo: 135 + Demite divitias: tota lavanda dea est. +Aurea siccato redimicula reddite collo: + Nunc alii flores, nunc nova danda rosa est. +Vos quoque sub viridi myrto jubet illa lavari; + Causaque, cur jubeat,--discite--certa subest. 140 +Litore siccabat rorantes nuda capillos: + Viderunt Satyri, turba proterva, deam. +Sensit, et opposita texit sua corpora myrto. + Tuta fuit facto: vosque referre jubet. +Discite nunc, quare Fortunae tura Virili 145 + Detis eo, calida qui locus humet aqua. +Aspicit ille locus posito velamine cunctas, + Et vitium nudi corporis omne patet. +Ut tegat hoc, celetque viros, Fortuna Virilis + Praestat, et hoc parvo ture rogata facit. 150 +Nec pigeat niveo tritum cum lacte papaver + Sumere, et expressis mella liquata favis. +Quum primum cupido Venus est deducta marito, + Hoc bibit; ex illo tempore nupta fuit. +Supplicibus verbis illam placate: sub illa 155 + Et forma, et mores, et bona fama manet. +Roma pudicitia proavorum tempore lapsa est: + Cumaeam, veteres, consuluistis anum. +Templa jubet Veneri fieri: quibus ordine factis, + Inde Venus verso nomina corde tenet. 160 +Semper ad Aeneadas placido, pulcherrima, vultu + Respice, totque tuas, diva, tuere nurus. +Dum loquor, elatae metuendus acumine caudae + Scorpios in virides praecipitatur aquas. +Nox ubi transient, coelumque rubescere primo 165 + Coeperit, et tactae rore querentur aves, +Semustamque facem vigilata nocte viator + Ponet, et ad solitum rusticus ibit opus: +Pliades incipiunt humeros relevare paternos, + Quae septem dici, sex tamen esse solent; 170 +Seu, quod in araplexum sex hinc venere deorum: + Nam Steropen Marti concubuisse ferunt: +Neptuno Halcyonen, et te, formosa Celaeno: + Maian, et Electran, Taygetenque Jovi: +Septima mortali Merope tibi, Sisyphe, nupsit: 175 + Poenitet, et facti sola pudore latet; +Sive, quod Electra Trojae; spectare ruinas + Non tulit, ante oculos opposuitque manum. + +Ter sine perpetuo coelum versetur in axe; + Ter jungat Titan, terque resolvat equos; 180 +Protinus inflexo Berecyntia tibia cornu + Flabit, et Idaeae festa Parentis erunt. +Ibunt semimares et inania tympana tundent, + Aeraque tinnitus sere repulsa dabunt. +Ipsa sedens molli comitum cervice feretur 185 + Urbis per medias exululata vias. +Scena sonat, ludique vocant. Spectate, Quirites! + Et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent. +Quaerere multa libet: sed me sonus aeris acuti + Terret, et horrendo lotos adunca sono. 190 +Da, dea, quas sciter, doctas, Cybeleïa, neptes. + Audit, et has curae jussit adesse meae. +Pandite mandati memores, Heliconis alumnae, + Gaudeat assiduo cur dea Magna sono. +Sic ego. Sic Erato:--mensis Cythereïus illi 195 + Cessit, quod teneri nomen Amoris habet.-- +Reddita Saturno sors haec erat: Optime regum. + A nato sceptris excutiere tuis. +Ille suam metuens, ut quaeque erat edita, prolem + Devorat, immersam visceribusque tenet. 200 +Saepe Rhea questa est toties fecunda, nec umquam + Mater, et indoluit fertilitate sua. +Jupiter ortus erat.--Pro magno teste vetustas + Creditur; acceptam parce movere fidem.-- +Veste latens saxum coelesti gutture sedit. 205 + Sic genitor fatis decipiendus erat. +Ardua jam dudum resonat tinnitibus Ide, + Tutus ut infanti vagiat ore puer. +Pars clypeos rudibus, galeas pars tundit inanes: + Hoc Curetes habent, hoc Corybantes opus. 210 +Res latuit patrem: priscique imitamina facti + aera deae comites raucaque terga movent. +Cymbala pro galeis, pro scutis tympana pulsant: + Tibia dat Phrygios, ut dedit ante, modos. +Desierat: coepi: Cur huic genus acre leonum 215 + Praebeat insolitas ad juga curva jubas? +Desieram: coepit: Feritas mollita per illam + Creditur. Id curru testificata suo est. +At cur turrita caput est ornata corona? + An primis turres urbibus illa dedit? 220 +Annuit. Unde venit, dixi, sua membra secandi + Impetus? Ut tacui, Pieris orsa loqui: +Phryx puer in silvis facie spectabilis Attis + Turrigeram casto vinxit amore deam. +Hunc sibi servari voluit, sua templa tueri: 225 + Et dixit, _Semper fac puer esse velis_. +Ille fidem jussis dedit; et, _Si mentiar_, inquit, + _Ultima, qua fallam, sit Venus illa mihi_. +Fallit, et in Nympha Sagaritide desinit esse, + Quod fuit. Hinc poenas exigit ira deae. 230 +Naïda vulneribus succidit in arbore factis. + Illa perit. Fatum Naïdos arbor erat. +Hic furit: et credens thalami procumbere tectum, + Effugit et cursu Dindyma summa petit. +Et modo, _Tolle faces! Remove_, modo, _verbera!_ clamat. 235 + Saepe Palaestinas jurat adesse deas. +Ille etiam saxo corpus laniavit acuto, + Longaque in immundo pulvere tracta coma est; +Voxque fuit, Merui: meritas do sanguine poenas: + Ah pereant partes, quae nocuere mihi! 240 +Ah pereant! dicebat adhuc: onus inguinis aufert; + Nullaque sunt subito signa relicta viri. +Venit in exemplum furor hic, mollesque ministri + Caedunt jactatis vilia membra comis. +Talibus Aoniae facunda voce Camenae; 245 + Reddita quaesiti causa furoris erat. +Hoc quoque, dux operis, moneas, precor, unde petita + Venerit, an nostra semper in urbe fuit? +Dindymon, et Cybelen, et amoenam fontibus Iden + Semper, et Iliacas Mater amavit opes. 250 +Quum Trojam. aeneas Italos portaret in agros, + Est dea sacriferas paene secuta rates. +Sed nondum fatis Latio sua numina posci + Senserat, assuetis substiteratque locis. +Post, ut Roma potens opibus jam saecula quinque 255 + Vidit, et edomito sustulit orbe caput; +Carminis Euboici fatalia verba sacerdos + Inspicit. Inspectum tale fuisse ferunt: +_Mater abest; Matrem jubeo, Romane, requiras. + Quum veniet, casta est accipienda manu_. 260 +Obscurae sortis Patres ambagibus errant, + Quaeve parens absit, quove petenda loco. +Consulitur Paean, _Divûm_ que _arcessite Matrem_, + Inquit, _et Idaeo est invenienda jugo_. +Mittuntur proceres. Phrygiae tum sceptra tenebat 265 + Attalus: Ausoniis rem negat ille viris. +Mira canam: longo tremuit cum murmure tellus, + Et sic est adytis diva locuta suis: +_Ipsa peti volui. Ne sit mora: mitte volentem. + Dignus Roma locus, quo deus omnis eat_. 270 +Ille soni terrore pavens, Proficiscere, dixit; + Nostra eris: in Phrygios Roma refertur avos. +Protinus innumerae caedunt pineta secures + Illa, quibus fugiens Phryx pius usus erat. +Mille manus coëunt: et picta coloribus ustis 275 + Coelestum Matrem concava puppis habet. +Illa sui per aquas fertur tutissima nati, + Longaque Phrixeae stagna sororis adit, +Rhoeteumque rapax, Sigeaque litora transit, + Et Tenedum, et veteres Eëtionis opes. 280 +Cyclades excipiunt, Lesbo post terga relicta, + Quaque Carysteis frangitur unda vadis. +Transit et Icarium, lapsas ubi perdidit alas + Icarus, et vastae nomina fecit aquae. +Tum laeva Creten, dextra Pelopeïdas undas 285 + Deserit, et Veneri sacra Cythera petit. +Hinc mare Trinacrium, candens ubi tingere ferrum + Brontes, et Steropes, Acmonidesque solent: +aequoraque Afra legit, Sardoaque regna sinistris + Prospicit a remis, Ausoniamque tenet. 290 +Ostia contigerat, qua se Tiberinus in altum + Dividit, et campo liberiore natat: +Omnis eques, mixtaque gravis cum plebe senatus + Obvius ad Tusci fluminis ora venit; +Procedunt pariter matres, nataeque, nurusque. 295 + Quaeque colunt sanctos virginitate focos. +Sedula fune viri contento brachia lassant. + Vix subit adversas hospita navis aquas, +Sicca diu tellus fuerat: sitis usserat herbas: + Sedit limoso pressa carina vado. 300 +Quisquis adest operi, plus quam pro parte laborat, + Adjuvat et fortes voce sonante manus. +Illa velut medio stabilis sedet insula ponto. + Attoniti monstro stantque paventque viri. +Claudia Quinta genus Clauso referebat ab alto: 305 + Nec facies impar nobilitate fuit. +Casta quidem, sed non et credita. Rumor iniquus + Laeserat, et falsi criminis acta rea est. +Cultus et ornatis varie prodisse capillis + Obfuit, ad rigidos promptaque lingua senes. 310 +Conscia mens recti famae mendacia risit: + Sed nos in vitium credula turba sumus. +Haec ubi castarum processit ab agmine matrum, + Et manibus puram fluminis hausit aquam, +Ter caput irrorat, ter tollit in aethera palmas; 315 + --Quicumque adspiciunt, mente carere putant.-- +Submissoque genu vultus in imagine divae + Figit, et hos edit crine jacente sonos: +Supplicis, alma, tuae, genitrix fecunda deorum, + Accipe sub certa conditione preces. 320 +Casta negor. Si tu damnas, meruisse fatebor; + Morte luam poenas judice victa dea. +Sed, si crimen abest, tu nostrae pignora vitae + Re dabis, et castas casta sequere manus. +Dixit, et exiguo funem conamine traxit. 325 + Mira, sed et scena testificata loquar. +Mota dea est, sequiturque ducem, laudatque sequendo. + Index laetitiae fertur in astra sonus. +Fluminis ad flexum veniunt: Tiberina priores + Ostia dixerunt, unde sinister abit. 330 +Nox aderat: querno religant a stipite funem, + Dantque levi somno corpora functa cibo. +Lux aderat: querno solvunt a stipite funem; + Ante tamen posito tura dedere foco: +Ante coronatam puppim sine labe juvencam 335 + Mactarunt operum conjugiique rudem. +Est locus, in Tiberin qua lubricus influit Almo, + Et nomen magno perdit ab amne minor. +Illic purpurea canus cum veste sacerdos + Almonis dominam sacraque lavit aquis. 340 +Exululant comites, furiosaque tibia flatur, + Et feriunt molles taurea terga manus. +Claudia praecedit, laeto celeberrima vultu; + Credita vix tandem teste pudica dea. +Ipsa sedens plaustro porta est invecta Capena: 345 + Sparguntur junctae flore recente boves. +Nasica accepit. Templi non perstitit auctor; + Augustus nunc est; ante Metellus erat. +Substitit hic Erato. Mora fit, si cetera quaeram. + Dic, inquam, parva cur stipe quaerat opes? 350 +Contulit aes populus, de quo delubra Metellus + Fecit, ait; dandae mos stipis inde manet. +Cur vicibus factis ineant convivia, quaero, + Tum magis, indictas concelebrentque dapes. +Quod bene mutarit sedem Berecyntia, dixit, 355 + Captant mutatis sedibus omen idem. +Institeram, quare primi Megalesia ludi + Urbe forent nostra, quum dea,--sensit enim-- +Illa deos, inquit, peperit. Cessere parenti, + Principiumque dati Mater honoris habet. 360 +Cur igitur Gallos, qui se excidere, vocamus, + Quum tanto Phrygia Gallica distet humus? +Inter, ait, viridem Cybelen altasque Celaenas, + Amnis it insana, nomine Gallus, aqua. +Qui bibit inde, furit. Procul hinc discedite, quis est 365 + Cura bonae mentis. Qui bibit inde, furit. +Non pudet herbosum, dixi, posuisse moretum + In dominae mensis? an sua causa subest? +Lacte mero veteres usi memorantur et herbis, + Sponte sua si quas terra ferebat, ait. 370 +Candidus elisae miscetur caseus herbae, + Cognoscat priscos ut dea prisca cibos. + +Postera quum coelo motis Pallantias astris + Fulserit, et niveos Luna levarit equos; +Qui dicet, Quondam sacrata est colle Quirini 375 + Hac Fortuna die Publica, verus erit + +Tertia lux--memini--ludis erat. At mihi quidam +Spectanti senior contiguusque loco, +Haec, ait, illa dies, Libycis qua Caesar in oris + Perfida magnanimi contudit arma Jubae. 380 +Dux mihi Caesar erat, sub quo meruisse Tribunus + Glorior. Officio praefuit ille meo. +Hanc ego militia sedem, tu pace parasti, + Inter bis quinos usus honore Viros. +Plura locuturi subito seducimur imbre; 385 + Pendula coelestes Libra movebat aquas. +Ante tamen, quam summa dies spectacula sistat, + Ensifer Orion aequore mersus erit. + +Proxima victricem quum Romam inspexerit Eos, + Et dederit Phoebo stella fugata locum; 390 +Circus erit pompa celeber, numeroque deorum: + Primaque ventosis palma petetur equis. +Hinc Cereris Ludi. Non est opus indice causae; + Sponte deae munus promeritumque patet. +Messis erant primis virides mortalibus herbae, 395 + Quas tellus nullo sollicitante dabat; +Et modo carpebant vivaci cespite gramen, + Nunc epulae tenera fronde cacumen erant. +Postmodo glans nata est. Bene erat jam glande reperta, + Duraque magnificas quercus habebat opes. 400 +Prima Ceres homini ad meliora alimenta vocato + Mutavit glandes utiliore cibo. +Illa jugo tauros collum praebere coëgit; + Tum primum soles eruta vidit humus. +Aes erat in pretio: chalybeïa massa latebat. 405 + Heu heu perpetuo debuit illa tegi! +Pace Ceres laeta est, et vos optate, coloni, + Perpetuam pacem, perpetuumque ducem. +Farra deae, micaeque licet salientis honorem + Detis, et in veteres turea grana focos; 410 +Et, si tura aberunt, unctas accendite taedas. + Parva bonae Cereri, sint modo casta, placent. +A bove succincti cultros removete ministri. + Bos aret: ignavam sacrificate suem. +Apta jugo cervix non est ferienda securi. 415 + Vivat, et in dura saepe laboret humo! +Exigit ipse locus, raptus ut virginis edam. + Plura recognosces: pauca docendus eris. +Terra tribus scopulis vastum procurrit in aequor + Trinacris, a positu nomen adepta loci. 420 +Grata domus Cereri. Multas ibi possidet urbes, + In quibus est culto fertilis Henna solo. +Frigida coelestum matres Arethusa vocarat. + Venerat ad sacras et dea flava dapes. +Filia consuetis ut erat comitata puellis, 425 + Errabat nudo per sua prata pede. +Valle sub umbrosa locus est, adspergine multa + Humidus ex alto desilientis aquae. +Tot fuerant illic, quot habet natura, colores, + Pictaque dissimili flore nitebat humus. 430 +Quam simul adspexit, Comites accedite, dixit, + Et mecum plenos flore referte sinus. +Praeda puellares animos oblectat inanis, + Et non sentitur sedulitate labor. +Haec implet lento calathos e vimine textos, 435 + Haec gremium, laxos degravat illa sinus, +Illa legit calthas, huic sunt violaria curae, + Illa papavereas subsecat ungue comas, +Has, hyacinthe, tenes, illas, amarante, moraris, + Pars thyma, pars rorem, pars meliloton amant. 440 +Plurima lecta rosa est, et sunt sine nomine flores. + Ipsa crocos tenues, liliaque alba legit. +Carpendi studio paullatim longius itur, + Et dominam casu nulla secuta comes. +Hanc videt, et visam patruus velociter aufert, 445 + Regnaque caeruleis in sua portat equis. +Illa quidem clamabat, _Io carissima mater, + Auferor!_ ipsa suos abscideratque sinus. +Panditur interea Diti via; namque diurnum + Lumen inassueti vix patiuntur equi. 450 +At chorus aequalis, cumulatis flore canistris, + Persephone, clamant, ad tua dona veni. +Ut clamata silet, monies ululatibus implent, + Et feriunt maesta pectora nuda manu. +Attonita est plangore Ceres,--modo venerat Hennam-- 455 + Nec mora, _Me miseram! filia_, dixit, _ubi es?_ +Mentis inops rapitur, quales audire solemus + Threïcias fusis Maenadas ire comis. +Ut vitulo mugit sua mater ab ubere rapto, + Et quaerit fetus per nemus omne suos; 460 +Sic dea: nec retinet gemitus, et concita cursu + Fertur, et e campis incipit, Henna, tuis. +Inde puellaris nacta est vestigia plantae, + Et pressam noto pondere vidit humum. +Forsitan illa dies erroris summa fuisset, 465 + Si non turbassent signa reperta sues. +Jamque Leontinos Amenanaque flumina cursu + Praeterit, et ripas, herbifer Aci, tuas: +Praeterit et Cyanen, et fontem lenis Anapi, + Et te, vorticibus non adeunde Gela. 470 +Liquerat Ortygien, Megareaque, Pantagienque, + Quaque Symaetheas accipit aequor aquas, +Antraque Cyclopum, positis exusta caminis, + Quique locus curvae nomina falcis habet: +Himeraque, et Didymen, Acragantaque, Tauromenonque, 475 + Sacrorumque Melan pascua laeta boum. +Hinc Camerinan adit, Thapsonque et Heloria tempe, + Quaque patet Zephyro semper apertus Eryx. +Jamque Peloriaden, Lilybaeaque, jamque Pachynon + Lustrarat, terrae cornua prima suae. 480 +Quacumque ingreditur, miseris loca cuncta querelis + Implet, ut amissum quum gemit ales Ityn; +Perque vices modo, _Persephone_, modo, _Filia_, clamat. + Clamat, et alternis nomen utrumque ciet. +Sed neque Persephone Cererem, neque filia matrem 485 + Audit, et alternis nomen utrumque perit. +Unaque, pastorem vidisset an arva colentem, + Vox erat, _Hac gressus si qua puella tulit_? +Jam color unus inest rebus, tenebrisque teguntur + Omnia; jam vigiles conticuere canes. 490 +Alta jacet vasti super ora Typhoëos aetne, + Cujus anhelatis ignibus ardet humus. +Illic accendit geminas pro lampade pinus: + Hinc Cereris sacris nunc quoque taeda datur. +Est specus exesi structura pumicis asper; 495 + Non homini regio, non adeunda ferae. +Quo simul ac venit, frenatos curribus angues + Jungit, et aequoreas sicca pererrat aquas. +Effugit et Syrtes, et te, Zaneltaea Charybdi, + Et vos, Nissei naufraga monstra, canes; 500 +Hadriacumque patens late, bimaremque Corinthon. + Sic venit ad portus, Attica terra, tuos. +Hic primum sedit gelido maetissima saxo. + Illud Cecropidae nunc quoque _triste_ vocant. +Sub Jove duravit multis immota diebus, 505 + Et lunae patiens, et pluvialis aquae. +Fors sua cuique loco est. Quo nunc Cerealis Eleusin, + Dicitur hoc Celei rura fuisse senis. +Ille domum glandes excussaque mora rubetis + Portat, et arsuris arida ligna focis. 510 +Filia parva duas redigebat rupe capellas, + Et tener in cunis filius aeger erat. +Mater, ait virgo,--mota est dea nomine matris-- + Quid facis in solis incomitata jugis? +Restitit et senior, quamvis onus urget, et orat, 515 + Tecta suae subeat quantulacumque casae. +Ille negat.--Simularat anum, mitraque capillos + Presserat--Instanti talia dicta refert: +Sospes eas, semperque parens! Mihi filia rapta est. + Heu! melior quanto sors tua sorte mea! 520 +Dixit, et, ut lacrimae,--neque enim lacrimare deorum est-- + Decidit in tepidos lucida gutta sinus. +Flent pariter molles animis, virgoque senexque. + E quibus haec justi verba fuere senis: +Sic tibi, quam raptam quereris, sit filia sospes; 525 + Surge, nec exiguae despice tecta casae. +Cui dea, _Duc_, inquit: _scisti, qua cogere posses_; + Seque levat saxo, subsequiturque senem. +Dux comiti narrat, quam sit sibi filius aeger, + Nec capiat somnos, invigiletque malis. 530 +Illa soporiferum, parvos initura penates, + Colligit agresti lene papaver humo. +Dum legit, oblito fertur gustasse palato, + Longamque imprudens exsoluisse famem. +Quae quia principio posuit jejunia noctis, 535 + Tempus habent Mystae sidera visa cibi. +Limen ut intravit, luctus videt omnia plena. + Jam spes in puero nulla salutis erat. +Matre salutata,--mater Metanira vocatur-- + Jungere dignata est os puerile suo. 540 +Pallor abit, subitaeque vigent in corpore vires. + Tantus coelesti venit ab ore vigor! +Tota domus laeta est, hoc est, materque, paterque, + Nataque: tres illi tota fuere domus. +Mox epulas ponunt, liquefacta coagula lacte, 545 + Pomaque, et in teneris aurea mella favis. +Abstinet alma Ceres, somnique papavera causas + Dat tibi cum tepido lacte bibenda, puer. +Noctis erat medium, placidique silentia somni; + Triptolemum gremio sustulit illa suo, 550 +Terque manu permulsit eum: tria carmina dixit, + Carmina mortali non referenda sono; +Inque foco pueri corpus vivente favilla + Obruit, humanum purget ut ignis onus. +Excutitur somno stulte pia mater, et amens, 555 + _Quid facis?_ exclamat, membraque ab igne rapit. +Cui Dea, Dum non es, dixit scelerata fuisti: + Irrita materno sunt mea dono metu. +Iste quidem mortalis erit, sed primus arabit, + Et seret, et culta praemia tollet humo. 560 +Dixit, et egrediens nubem trahit, inque dracones + Transit, et aligero tollitur axe Ceres. +Sunion expositum, Piraeaque tuta recessu + Linquit, et in dextrum quae jacet ora latus. +Hinc init aegaeum, quo Cycladas adspicit omnes, 565 + Ioniumque rapax, Icariumque legit; +Perque urbes Asiae longum petit Hellespontum: + Divereumque locis alta pererrat iter. +Nam modo turilegos Arabas, modo despicit Indos: + Hinc Libys, hinc Meroë, siccaque terra subest. 570 +Nunc adit Hesperios, Rhenum, Rhodanumque, Padumque, + Teque future parens, Tibri, potentis aquae. +Quo feror? immensum est erratas dicere terras: + Praeteritus Cereri nullus in orbe locus. +Errat et in coelo, liquidique immunia ponti 575 + Alloquitur gelido proxima signa polo: +Parrhasides stellae,--namque omnia nosse potestis, + aequoreas numquam quum subeatis aquas-- +Persephonen miserae natam monstrate parenti. + Dixerat: huic Helice talia verba refert: 580 +Crimine nox vacua est. Solem de virgine rapta + Consule, qui late facta diurna videt. +Sol aditus, Quam quaeris, ait, ne vana labores, + Nupta Jovis fratri tertia regna tenet. +Questa diu secum sic est affata Tonantem: 585 + --Maximaque in vultu signa dolentis erant-- +Si memor es, de quo mihi sit Proserpina nata; + Dimidium curae debet habere tuae. +Orbe pererrato, sola est injuria facti + Cognita: commissi praemia raptor habet. 590 +At neque Persephone digna est praedone marito, + Nec gener hoc nobis more parandus erat. +Quid gravius victore Gyge captiva tulissem, + Quam nunc, te coeli sceptra tenente, tuli? +Verum impune ferat: nos haec patiamur inultae. 595 + Reddat, et emendet facta priora novis. +Jupiter hanc lenit, factumque excusat amore, + Nec gener est nobis ille pudendus, ait. +Non ego nobilior. Posita est mihi regia coelo: + Possidet alter aquas: alter inane Chaos. 600 +Sed si forte tibi non est mutabile pectus, + Statque semel juncti rumpere vincla tori; +Hoc quoque tentemus, siquidem jejuna remansit: + Sin minus, inferni conjugis uxor erit. +Tartara jussus adit sumptis Caducifer alis, 605 + Speque redit citius, visaque certa refert. +Rapta tribus, dixit, solvit jejunia granis, + Punica quae lento cortice poma tegunt. +Haud secus indoluit, quam si modo rapta fuisset, + Maesta parens, longa vixque refecta mora est. 610 +Atque ita, Nec nobis coelum est habitabile, dixit: + Taenaria recipi me quoque valle jube. +Et factura fuit, pactus nisi Jupiter esset, + Bis tribus ut coelo mensibus illa foret. +Tum demum vultumque Ceres animumque recepit, 615 + Imposuitque suae spicea serta comae. +Largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis. + Et vix congestas area cepit opes. +Alba decent Cererem: vestes Cerealibus albas + Sumite; nunc pulli velleris usus abest. 620 + +Occupat Apriles Idus cognomine Victor + Jupiter: hac illi sunt data templa die. +Hac quoque, ni fallor, populo dignissima nostro + Atria Libertas coepit habere sua. + +Luce secutura tutos pete, navita, portus: 625 + Ventus ab occasu grandine mixtus erit. +Scilicet, ut fuerit, tamen hac Mutinensia Caesar + Grandine militia contudit arma sua. + +Tertia post Veneris quum lux surrexerit Idus, + Pontifices, forda sacra litate bove. 630 +_Forda_, ferens bos est fecundaque, dicta ferendo: + Hinc etiam _fetus_ nomen habere putant. +Nunc gravidum pecus est: gravidae nunc semine terrae. + Telluri plenae victima plena datur. +Pars cadit arce lovis: ter denas Curia vaccas 635 + Accipit, et largo sparsa cruore madet. +Ast ubi visceribus vitulos rapuere ministri, + Sectaque fumosis exta dedere focis; +Igne cremat vitulos, quae natu maxima Virgo est, + Luce Palis populos purget ut ille cinis. 640 +Rege Numa, fructu non respondente labori, + Irrita decepti vota colentis erant. +Nam modo siccus erat gelidis Aquilonibus annus, + Nunc ager assidua luxuriabat aqua; +Saepe Ceres primis dominum fallebat in herbis. 645 + Et levis obsesso stabat avena solo: +Et pecus ante diem partus edebat acerbos, + Agnaque nascendo saepe necabat ovem. +Silva vetus nullaque diu violata securi + Stabat, Maenalio sacra relicta deo. 650 +Ille dabat tacitis animo responsa quieto + Noctibus. Hic geminas rex Numa mactat oves. +Prima cadit Fauno, leni cadit altera Somno. + Sternitur in duro vellus utrumque solo. +Bis caput intonsum fontana spargitur unda, 655 + Bis sua faginea tempora fronde tegit. +Usus abest Veneris: nec fas animalia mensis + Ponere, nec digitis annulus ullus inest. +Veste rudi tectus supra nova vellera corpus + Ponit, adorato per sua verba deo. 660 +Interea placidam redimita papavere frontem + Nox venit, et secum somnia nigra trahit. +Faunus adest, oviumque premens pede vellera duro, + Edidit a dextro talia dicta toro: +Morte boum tibi, Rex, Tellus placanda duarum: 665 + Det sacris animas una necata duas. +Excutitur terrore quies; Numa visa revolvit, + Et secum ambages caecaque jussa refert. +Expedit errantem nemori gratissima conjux, + Et dixit, _Gravidae posceris exta bovis_. 670 +Exta bovis dantur gravidae; felicior annus + Provenit, et fructum terra pecusque ferunt. +Hanc quondam Cytherea diem properantius ire + Jussit, et aetherios praecipitavit equos, +Ut titulum imperii quam primum luce sequenti 675 + Augusto juveni prospera bella darent. + +Sed jam praeteritas quartus ubi Lucifer Idus + Respicit, hac Hyades Dorida nocte petunt. +Tertia post Hyadas quum lux erit orta remotas, + Carcere partitos Circus habebit equos. 680 +Cur igitur missae vinctis ardentia taedis + Terga ferant vulpes, causa docenda mihi. +Frigida Carseolis, nec olivis apta ferendis + Terra, sed ad segetes ingeniosus ager. +Hac ego Pelignos, natalia rura, petebam, 685 + Parva, sed assiduis humida semper aquis, +Hospitis antiqui solitas intravimus aedes: + Dempserat emeritis jam juga Phoebus equis. +Is mihi multa quidem, sed et haec, narrare solebat, + Unde meum praesens instrueretur opus: 690 +Hoc, ait, in campo--campumque ostendit--habebat + Rus breve cum duro parca colona viro. +Ille suam peragebat humum, sive usus aratri, + Seu curvae falcis, sive bidentis erat. +Haec modo verrebat stantem tibicine villam: 695 + Nunc matris plumis ova fovenda dabat; +Aut virides malvas, aut fungos colligit albos, + Aut humilem grato calfacit igne focum. +Et tamen assiduis exercet brachia telis, + Adversusque minas frigoris arma parat. 700 +Filius hujus erat primo lascivus in aevo, + Addideratque annos ad duo lustra duos. +Is capit extremi vulpem convalle salicti: + Abstulerat multas illa cohortis aves. +Captivam stipula fenoque involvit, et ignes 705 + Admovet. Urentes effugit illa manus. +Qua fugit, incendit vestitos messibus agros: + Damnosis vires ignibus aura dabat. +Factum abiit: monumenta manent; nam vivere captam + Nunc quoque lex vulpem Carseolana vetat. 710 +Utque luat poenas gens haec, Cerealibus ardet, + Quoque modo segetes perdidit, ipsa perit. + +Postera quum veniet terras visura patentes + Memnonis in roseis lutea mater equis; +De duce lanigeri pecoris, qui prodidit Hellen, 715 + Sol abit: egresso victima major adest. +Vacca sit an taurus, non est cognoscere promptum: + Pars prior apparet: posteriora latent. +Seu tamen est taurus, sive est hoc femina signum, + Junone invita munus amoris habet. 720 + +Nox abiit, oriturque Aurora. Palilia poscor. + Non poscor frustra, si favet alma Pales. +Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti, + Prosequor officio si tua festa pio. +Certe ego de vitulo cinerem stipulasque fabales, 725 + Saepe tuli plena februa casta manu. +Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas, + Udaque roratas laurea misit aquas. +Mota dea est, operique favet. Navalibus exit + Puppis: habent ventos jam mea vela suos. 730 +I, pete virginea, populus, suffimen ab ara: + Vesta dabit; Vestae munere purus eris. +Sanguis equi suffimen erit, vitulique favilla. + Tertia res durae culmen inane fabae. +Pastor, oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustra. 735 + Unda prius spargat, virgaque verrat humum. +Frondibus et fixis decorentur ovilla ramis, + Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores. +Caerulei fiant vivo de sulfure fumi; + Tactaque fumanti sulfure balet ovis. 740 +Ure maris rores, taedamque, herbasque Sabinas, + Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis; +Libaque de milio milii fiscella sequatur: + Rustica praecipue est hoc dea laeta cibo. +Adde dapes mulctramque suas: dapibusque resectis 745 + Silvicolam tepido lacte precare Palen. +Consule, dic, pecori pariter pecorisque magistris: + Effugiat stabulis noxa repulsa meis. +Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacra, + Pabulaque in bustis inscia carpsit ovis: 750 +Seu nemus intravi vetitum, nostrisve fugatae + Sunt oculis Nymphae, semicaperve deus: +Seu mea falx ramo lucum spoliavit opaco, + Unde data est aegrae fiscina frondis ovi; +Da veniam culpae: nec, dum degrandinat, obsit 755 + Agresti Fauno supposuisse pecus; +Nec noceat turbasse lacus. Ignoscite, Nymphae, + Mota quod obscuras ungula fecit aquas. +Tu, dea, pro nobis Fontes fontanaque placa + Numina; tu sparsos per nemus omne deos. 760 +Nec Dryadas, nec nos videamus labra Dianae + Nec Faunum, medio quum premit arva die. +Pelle procul morbos. Valeant hominesque gregesque; + Et valeant vigiles, provida turba, canes; +Neve minus multas redigam, quam mane fuerunt, 765 + Neve gemam referens vellera rapta lupo. +Absit iniqua fames. Herb frondesque supersint, + Quaeque lavent artus, quaeque bibantur, aquae, +Ubera plena premam: referat mihi caseus aera, + Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero; 770 +Sitque salax aries, conceptaque semina conjux + Reddat, et in stabulo multa sit agna meo; +Lanaque proveniat, nullas laesura puellas, + Mollis, et ad teneras quamlibet apta manus. +Quae precor, eveniant: et nos faciamus ad annum 775 + Pastorum dominae grandia liba Pali. +His dea placanda est: haec tu conversus ad ortus + Dic ter, et in vivo perlue rore manus. +Tum licet, apposita, veluti cratere, camella, + Lac niveum potes, purpureamque sapam; 780 +Moxque per ardentes stipulae crepitantis acervos + Trajicias celeri strenua membra pede. +Expositus mos est. Moris mihi restat origo. + Turba facit dubium, coeptaque nostra tenet. +Omnia purgat edax ignis, vitiumque metallis 785 + Excoquit; idcirco cum duce purgat oves. +An, quia cunctarum contraria semina rerum + Sunt duo discordes, ignis et unda, dei; +Junxerunt elementa patres, aptumque putarunt + Ignibus et sparsa tangere corpus aqua? 790 +An, quod in his vitae causa est; haec perdidit exsul: + His nova fit conjux: haec duo magna putant? +Vix equidem credo. Sunt qui Phaëthonta referri + Credant, et nimias Deucalionis aquas. +Pars quoque, quum saxis pastores saxa feribant, 795 + Scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt. +Prima quidem periit: stipulis excepta secunda est. + Hoc argumentum flamma Palilis habet. +An magis hunc morem pietas Aeneïa fecit, + Innocuum victo cui dedit ignis iter? 800 +Hoc tamen est vero propius, quum condita Roma est, + Transferri jussos in nova tecta Lares, +Mutantesque domum tectis agrestibus ignem + Et cessaturae supposuisse casae; +Per flammas saluisse pecus, saluisse colonos. 805 + Quod fit natali nunc quoque, Roma, tuo. +Ipse locus causas vati facit. Urbis origo + Venit. Ades factis, magne Quirine, tuis. +Jam luerat poenas frater Numitoris, et omne + Pastorum gemino sub duce vulgus erat: 810 +Contrahere agrestes, et moenia ponere utrique + Convenit. Ambigitur, moenia ponat uter. +Nil opus est, dixit, certamine, Romulus, ullo. + Magna fides avium est: experiamur aves. +Res placet. Alter init nemorosi saxa Palati: 815 + Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. +Sex Remus, hic volucres bis sex videt ordine. Pacto + Statur: et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet. +Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. + Sacra Palis suberant: inde movetur opus. 820 +Fossa fit ad solidum: fruges jaciuntur in ima, + Et de vicino terra petita solo. +Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara, + Et novus accenso fungitur igne focus. +Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco; 825 + Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. +Vox fuit haec regis: Condenti, Jupiter, urbem, + Et genitor Mavors, Vestaque mater ades, +Quosque pium est adhibere deos, advertite cuncti: + Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. 830 +Longa sit huic aetas, dominaeque potentia terrae: + Sitque sub hac oriens occiduusqne dies. +Ille precabatur: tonitru dedit omina laevo + Jupiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. +Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835 + Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. +Hoc Celer urget opus, quem Romulus ipse vocarat; + Sintque, Celer, curae, dixerat, ista tuae, +Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam + Transeat; audentem talia dede neci. 840 +Quod Remus ignorans, humiles contemnere muros + Coepit, et, _His populus_, dicere, _tutus erit_? +Nec mora, transiluit. Rutro Celer occupat ausum. + Ille premit duram sanguinolentus humum. +Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845 + Devorat, et clausum pectore vulnus habet. +Flere palam non vult, exemplaque fortia servat, + Sicque meos muros transeat hostis, ait. +Dat tamen exsequias: nec jam suspendere fletum + Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet; 850 +Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro, + Atque ait, _Invito frater adempte, vale_! +Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille, + Faustulus, et maestas Acca soluta comas. +Tum juvenem nondum facti flevere Quirites; 855 + Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est. +Urbs oritur--quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset?-- + Victorem terris impositura pedem. +Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper: + Saepe etiam plures nominis hujus habe; 860 +Et quoties steteris domito sublimis in orbe, + Omnia sint humeris inferiora tuis. + +Dicta Pales nobis. Idem Vinalia dicam. + Una tamen media est inter utramque dies. +Numina vulgares Veneris celebrate puellae. 865 + Multa professarum quaestibus apta Venus. +Poscite ture dato formam populique favorem; + Poscite blanditias, dignaque verba joco: +Cumque sua dominae date grata sisymbria myrto, + Textaque composita juncea vincla rosa. 870 +Templa frequentari Collinae proxima portae + Nunc decet: a Siculo nomina colle tenent. +Utque Syracusas Arethusidas abstulit armis + Claudius, et bello te quoque cepit, Eryx; +Carmine vivacis Venus est translata Sibyllae, 875 + Inque suae stirpis maluit urbe coli. +Cur igitur Veneris festum Vinalia dicant, + Quaeritis, et quare sit Jovis ista dies. +Turnus an aeneas Latiae gener esset Amatae, + Bellum erat. Etruscas Turnus adorat opes. 880 +Clarus erat sumptisque ferox Mezentius armis, + Et vel equo magnus, vel pede major erat. +Quem Rutuli Turnusque suis adsciscere tentant + Partibus. Haec contra dux ita Tuscus ait: +Stat mihi non parvo virtus mea. Vulnera testor, 885 + Armaque, quae sparsi sanguine saepe meo: +Qui petis auxilium, non grandia divide mecum + Praemia de lacubus proxima musta tuis. +Nulla mora est operae; vestrum dare, vincere nostrum est. + Quam velit aeneas ista negata mihi! 890 +Annuerant Rutuli: Mezentius induit arma. + Induit aeneas, alloquiturque Jovem: +Hostica Tyrrheno vota est vindemia regi; + Jupiter, e Latio palmite musta feres. +Vota valent meliora: cadit Mezentius ingens, 895 + Atque indignanti pectore plangit humum. +Venerat auctummus, calcatis sordidus uvis: + Redduntur merito debita vina Jovi. +Dicta dies hinc est Vinalia. Jupiter illam + Vindicat, et festis gaudet inesse suis. 900 + +Sex ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit; + In medio cursu tempora veris erunt; +Et frustra pecudem quaeres Athamantidos Helles: + Signaque dant imbres: exoriturque Canis. +Hac mihi Nomento Romam quum luce redirem, 905 + Obstitit in media candida pompa via. +Flamen in antiquae lucum Robiginis ibat, + Exta canis flammis, exta daturas ovis. +Protinus accessi, ritus ne nescius essem. + Edidit haec Flamen verba, Quirine, tuus: 910 +Aspera Robigo, parcas Cerealibus herbis, + Et tremat in summa leve cacumen humo. +Tu sata sideribus coeli nutrita secundis + Crescere, dum fiant falcibus apta, sinas. +Vis tua non levis est. Quae tu frumenta notasti, 915 + Maestus in amissis illa colonus habet. +Nec venti tantum Cereri nocuere, nec imbres; + Nec sic marmoreo pallet adusta gelu; +Quantum, si culmos Titan incalfacit udos. + Tum locus est irae, diva timenda, tuae. 920 +Parce, precor, scabrasque manus a messibus aufer, + Neve noce cultis: posse nocere sat est; +Neu teneras segetes, sed durum amplectere ferrum, + Quodque potest alios perdere, perde prior. +Utilius gladios et tela nocentia carpes. 925 + Nil opus est illis: otia mundus agit. +Sarcula nunc, durusque bidens, et vomer aduncus, + Ruris opes niteant: inquinet arma situs; +Conatusque aliquis vagina ducere ferrum, + Adstrictum longa sentiat esse mora. 930 +At tu ne viola Cererem, semperque colonus + Absenti possit solvere vota tibi. +Dixerat:--a dextra villis mantele solutis, + Cumque meri patera turis acerra fuit.-- +Tura focis vinumque dedit, fibrasque bidentis, 935 + Turpiaque obscenae--vidimus--exta canis. +Tum mihi, Cur detur sacris nova victima, quaeris; + --Quaesieram--causam percipe, Flamen ait: +Est Canis--Icarium dicunt--quo sidere moto + Tosta sitit tellus, praecipiturque seges. 940 +Pro cane sidereo canis hic imponitur arae, + Et, quare pereat, nil nisi nomen habet. + +Quum Phrygis Assaraci Titania fratre relicto + Sustulit immenso ter jubar orbe suum, +Mille venit variis florum dea nexa coronis: 945 + Scena joci morem liberioris habet. +Exit et in Maias sacrum Morale Kalendas. + Tunc repetam: nunc me grandius urget opus. +Aufert Vesta diem: cognati Vesta recepta est + Limine. Sic justi constituere senes. 950 +Phoebus habet partem; Vestas pars altera cessit: + Quod superest illis, tertius ipse tenet. +State Palatinae laurus, praetextaque quercu + Stet domus. Aeternos tres habet una deos. + + + + +NOTES: + +1. The poet, when about to commence the month of April, invokes Venus, to +whom that month was sacred.--_Dlxi_. Four MSS. followed by Heinsius and +Gierig, read _vati_, which is, I think, more Ovidian.--_Gem. Amor_. It is +doubtful who these two Loves were, whether the [Greek: Eros] and [Greek: +Imeros] of Hesiod (Th. 20l.) i.e. the _Cupido_ and _Jocus_ of Horace, +(Car. I. 2. 33.) or the celestial and terrestrial Loves of Plato, or the +Eros and Anteros of Cicero, (N. D. iii. 23.) See Mythology, p. 112. + +4. Alluding to his Amores, etc. See II. 5. + +5. _Risit_, etc. Compare Virg. aen. I. 225. + +7. The poets of the Augustan age were fond of comparing love to military +service, and employed the terms of Roman discipline when speaking of it. + +9. Love was suitable and becoming to youth. Compare Hor. Ep. I. 14, 36. + +10. See II. 360. _Pulsanda est magnis area major equis_. Amor. III. 15, +18, alluding to the races in the Circus. + +11, 12. Repeated from I. 1, 2, 7. + +15. The myrtle was the favourite plant of Venus. _Dixit_ (Venus) _et a +myrto_ (_myrto nam cincta capillos Constiterat_) _folium granaque pauca +dedit. Sensimus acceptis numen quoque, purior aether Fulsit, et a toto +pectore cessit onus_. A. A. III. 53. Compare Burns' Vision, last stanza. + +18. While I have the inspiration of Venus. + +20. _Caesar_, Germanicus.-_Tenearis_. You (i. e. your attention) may be +detained. See Trist. iv. 10, 49. Hor. Ep. I. 1, 81. + +21, 22. The waxen figures (_imagines_) of all their ancestors, stood in +the halls of the noble Romans, and they had all a _stemma_, or genealogy +of their family, which _descended_ from the first author of it. Venus, as +mother of aeneas, was at the head of the _stemma_ of the Julii, into which +family Germanicus was entered by adoption, I. 3, 10, _notes_. + +23. _Pat. Il_. Romulus, the son of Ilia.--_Scriberet_, i. e. +_describeret_ in menses. + +24. _Auct. suos_. Mars and Venus. + +27. There were all the Alban kings between aeneas and Romulus. + +29, 30. He traced his lineage up to the gods. + +31. _Nesciret_, i.e. _Quis nesciret_? + +32. _Scilicet_ is usually joined with the preceding line, and a semicolon +placed after it; but see I. 29, II. 241, IV. 627. For this genealogy, see +Hom. II. xx. 215, _et seq_. Virg. G. III. 35. Mythology, p. 435. + +37, 38. See I. 527. Virg. aen. III. 148. + +39. _Aliquando_, at length. + +40. See Livy, I. 3. Virg. aen. I. 268.--_Teucros_. This name of the +Trojans does not occur in Homer and the older Greek poets, and but rarely +in the later. Like Graecus, Graius, it is constantly employed by the Latin +poets. + +41-56. Ovid has also given the series of Alban kings, in Met. xiv. 609, +_et seq_. but somewhat differently. This list differs from that in Livy +only by omitting aeneas, after Silvius, and by giving Epytos for Atis, and +Calpetus for Capetus. The list in Dionysius differs but little. This +writer adds Silvius to the names of all, after the grandson of aeneas. For +these Alban kings, whose names are, beyond doubt, a fiction of later +times, to fill up the space which the chronology of the Greeks gave +between the fall of Troy and the building of Rome, see Livy, I. 3. +Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. 202. Compare the equally veracious poetic +genealogy of the British kings in Spenser's Faerie Queene, B. II. c. x. + +46. _Calpete_. The reading of several MSS. is _Capete_, but the metre +requires Calpete, which Neapolis gave from Dionysius and Eusebius. + +48. _Tuscae aquae_, of the Albula, II. 389. + +61. The ancients gave two etymons of the name April, one Greek, _quasi +Aphrilis_, from, [Greek: Aphroditae], the name of Venus, and its supposed +root, [Greek: aphros]: the other Latin, from _aperio_. Ovid, to gratify +the Julian family, adopts and defends the former, which is by far the +less probable. _Secundus mensis, ut Fulvius Flaccus scribit et Junius +Gracchus, a Venere, quod ea sit [Greek: Aphroditae]. Varro, L. L. V. + +63. He tries to obviate the objection, that an ancient Roman name could +not have been derived from the Greek. + +64. The south of Italy, as being filled with Grecian colonies, and larger +than Greece Proper, was named Magna Graecia. 65-68. See I. 471, 543, V. +643. + +69. _Dux Neritius_. Ulysses, from the hill Neritus, in Ithaca, Hom. Od. +ix. 2l.--_Laestrygones_. Od. x. 120. This tribe of cannibals was placed by +some of the localisers of the Homeric fables at Formiae, in Campania. + +70-72. aeaea, the isle of Circe, was supposed to be the promontary, +Circeii.--_Circeii, insula quondam immense mari circumdata, at nunc +planitio_, Pliny, H. N. iii. 5, 9. Tusculum was said to have been founded +by Telegonus, her son by Ulysses. For the Laestrygones and Circe, see +Mythology, pp. 241, 242. Tibur was said to owe its origin to Tiburnus, +Catillus and Coras, three brothers, who led thither a colony from Argos. +Hor. Car. II. 6, 5. Virg. aen. vii. 670.--_Udi_, on account of the Anien, +and the rivulets and springs about it. See Hor. Car. III. 29, 6; also I. +7, 13. + +73. _Halesus_. See Amor. III. 13, 31. Virg. aen. vii. 723. Halesus was +said to have been a son or grandson of Atreus, who, on the murder of +Agamemnon, fled to Italy, where he founded Falerii, and introduced the +worship of Juno. The worship of Juno, both in Argos and Falerii, probably +gave occasion to the legend, and the name Halesus was formed from +Falisci. F. and H. are commutable. See on v. 630. + +75. See Hom. Il. vii. 348, _et seq_. Hor. Ep. I. 2, 9. The tradition was +that, being allowed to depart from Troy by the Greeks, he came into Italy +at the head of a colony of Paphlagonian Heneti, and founded Patavium, now +_Padua_. See Livy, I. 1. Virg. aen. i. 242. + +76. Diomedes, grandson of Oeneus, king of aetolia, came, after his return +from Troy, to Apulia, where Daunus, the king of the country, gave him his +daughter in marriage, and a share of his dominions. Met. xiv. Virg. aen. +xi. 246. There were in Apulia the _Diomedis campi_, and, on the coast, +the _Diomedea insula_. + +77. _Serus_. According to Virgil, the wanderings of aeneas lasted seven +years. + +79, 80. Why should not the _gelidus Sulmo_ in the Appenines, the chief +town of the Sabellian Pelignians, and the birth-place of our poet have a +foreign origin, as well as Rome and Patavium? The reader needs scarcely +to be told, that accidental similarities of names are the source of all +these tales. The city of Tours in France, I have read, was founded by +Turnus, the rival of aeneas, and his tomb was long to be seen there! See +Selden's notes on Drayton's Poly-Olbion, Song I. + +82. The natural regret of an exile at the recollection of his country. + +85-89. A second and much more likely etymon of April. _Hujus mensis nomen +ego magis puto dictum, quod ver omnia aperit_. Varro, L. L. V. Cincius +also, a name of great authority, was of the same opinion, as we are +informed by Macrobius, Sat. 1. 12. His reasons were: there was no festal +day, and no remarkable sacrifice to Venus appointed by the ancients in +this month, and the name of Venus was not mentioned with those of the +other gods in the Salian hymns. Varro also says, that neither the Latin +nor the Greek name of Venus was known in the time of the kings. For the +difference between Aphrodite and Venus, see Mythology, pp. 105 and 464. + +90. _Injecta manu_. _Manus injectio quotiens, nulla judicis auctoritate +expectata, rem nobis debitam vindicamus_. Servius, on aen. x. 419. + +91-116. He argues, in defence of Venus, from her dignity and power. +Compare Lucret. I. i, _et seq_. + +93. _Natalibus_, from which she herself was born. + +95. _Creavit_. All the deities worshiped in Greece, as we may see in the +Theogony of Hesiod, were born like mankind, Venus excepted, and even she +in Homer, has a father and a mother. + +103. Compare Virg. G. III. 209, _et seq_. aen. xii. 715. p. 76. + +117-124. He now argues from the claims which Venus had on the gratitude +of the Romans. + +120. See Hom. II. v. 335 et seq. + +121. See Hom. II. xxiv. 27, _et seq_. Virg. aen. I. 27. Mythology, p. 76. + +125-132. He argues from the beauty of spring, as being suited to Venus. +Compare III. 235. Virg. Ec. III. 55. G. II. 334, _et seq_. + +126. _Nitent_. Some MSS. read _virent_. + +131. From the III. Id. Nov. to the VI. Id. Mart. the sea was said to be +closed, and the ships were laid up on shore. In spring they were launched +anew. See Hor. Car. I. 4, 3. + +134. _Et vos_, etc. A periphrasis of the _meretrices_, who wore a _toga_ +instead of the _stola_ (_longa vestis_) worn by women of character. +_Scripsimus haec illis, quarum nec vitta pudicas Attingit crines, nec +stola longa pedes_. Ep. ex. Pont. III. 3, 54. + +135. These washings of the statues of the gods were common among the +Greeks and Romans, There is a hymn of Callimachus on the washing of that +of Pallas. See Spanheim's notes on it.--_Redimicula_, the strings or +ribbons which tied on the cap or bonnet. Virg. aen. ix. 616. + +139. _Sub myrto_. That is crowned with myrtle, as is manifest from +Plutarch Numa, 19, and Laur. Lydus de Mens, p. 19. + +145. The temple of Fortuna Virilis or Fors Fortuna, was built by Servius +Tullius outside of the city on the banks of the Tiber, Dionys. iv. 27. +Varro L. L. V. + +146. See v. l39.--_Calida_. This is the reading of fifteen MSS. the rest +have _gelida_. + +151. None of the commentators make any remark on this custom. The poet +accounts for it in the usual way by a legend. + +157-160. A.U.C. 639, as a Roman knight named Elvius was returning to +Apulia from the plays at Rome with his daughter Elvia, the maiden who was +on horseback was struck with lightning in such a manner, that her clothes +were thrown up, and her tongue forced out, the trappings of the horse +were also scattered. The Vates being consulted, declared that it +portended infamy to the Vestals and to the knights. Enquiry was made, and +three Vestals, Aemilia, Licinia and Martia, were found to have been +carrying on an illicit intercourse with some of the knights. The +Sibylline books directed that two Greeks and two Gauls should be buried +alive, to appease some strange gods, and a statue raised to Venus +Verticordia, that she might turn the hearts of the women from iniquity. +The statue was dedicated by Sulpicia, the wife of Fulvius Flaccus, as she +bore the highest character for chastity and purity of manners. See +Plutarch Quaest. Rom. Plin. H. N. viii. 35. Val. Max. viii. 15. Jul. +Obsequens, c. 97. + +163. The Scorpion set cosmically on the Kalends of April.--_Elatae_, etc. +An accurate description of the Scorpion. + +165. The IV. Non. the Pleiades (called by the Romans _Vergiliae_,) set +heliacally according to Neapolis, acronychally according to Taubner, who +maintains that the heliac setting was not till three days afterwards. See +Introd. § 1. + +166. _Queruntur_. Queror is used of the song of birds. See Hor. Epod. 2. +20. Lucretius (iv. 588.) and Horace (Car. in. 7. 30.) employ it to +express the soft and sweet tones of the pipe. + +167. See II. 500. Met. i. 493. + +169. _Pliades_. It is thus spelt here and elsewhere in all the MSS.-- +_Humeros_, etc. The Pleiades or seven stars in the back of the Bull, were +said to be the daughters of Atlas who supported the heavens, consequently +when they set, their father's shoulders were eased of a portion of their +burden. When a constellation is added to heaven, the weight is encreased. +Met. ix. 273. + +171-179. Reasons why, though the Pleiades were seven, but six could be +seen. + +179-372. On the 4th of the month, Prid. Non. began the great festival of +the Megalensia or Megalesia, celebrated in honor of the mother of the +gods, the Phrygian Cybele, whose worship was introduced into Rome, A.U.C. +547. See Livy xxix. 14, (where it is _pridie Idus_) Lucret. ii. 598-623. +Virg. aen. in. 104. vi. 785. x. 252, Mythology, p. 191. + +180. _Titan_, the Sun, who is frequently so called by the Latin poets. +See on IV. 919. Ovid also calls the Moon, Titania. + +181. _Berecynthia_, i. e. Phrygian, from Mt. Berecynthus. + +181. _Idaeae_. Cybele, was so named, from Mt. Ida. + +183. _Semimares_. The Galli, or priests of Cybele.--_Tympana_, +tambourins. + +184. _Aera_, etc. cymbals. + +185. The statue of the goddess was carried through the streets by a +Phrygian man and woman. + +187. Stage-plays were always performed at the Megalesia, Livy, _ut +supra_, and xxxvi. 36. See also the inscriptions of Terence's comedies. + +188. The days of the Megalesia were Nefasti. See Introd. § 3. + +190. _Lotos_. The wood of the Lybian lotos was chiefly employed for the +manufacture of pipes.--Theophr. Hist, plant, iv. 3. Plin. H.N. xiii. 17, +32. + +191. _Cyleleïa_. Cybelean, from Mt. Cybele.--_Neptes_, grand-daughters, +the Muses. As the Greeks identified the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, with +their Rhea, the spouse of Kronus, and mother of the Kronides or +Olympians, Cybele, of course, became the grandmother of the Muses. The +Ops of the Italians, with whom the Romans identified her, resembled +Cybele much more nearly than Rhea did, who appears to have been an +allegorical personnage. See Mythology, p. 50. + +195. _Erato_. Our poet invokes this muse for the same reason, A. A. II. +16. Apollonius Rhodius calls on Erato, when about to relate the loves of +Jason and Medea, and Virgil (aen. vii. 37,) addresses her when he is going +to tell of the war between Turnus and aeneas, for the sake of Lavinia, +whom the former hero loved. + +197. _Reddita_, etc. scil. by Heaven and Earth. The whole story is told +by Hesiod Theog. 464, _et seq_. Mythology, p. 42. + +204. _Parce_, forbear.--Fidem, the tradition, as the cause of belief. + +205. _Gutture_. One of the best MSS. reads _viscere_, which is followed +by Heinsius and Gierig. Three have _gurgite_. + +208. _Ardua Ide_, would seem here to be the Phrygian Ida, but Hesiod, and +the general tradition, made the Cretan Ida to be the scene of the infancy +of the god.--_Jamdudum_, forth with. Virg. aen. II. 103. + +209, _Rudibus_. Most MSS. read _manibus_; two of the best _rudibus_, four +of the best _sudibus_, which is also the reading of Lactantius, in his +quotation of this verse. Inst. I. 21. In the Greek narratives, the word +is [Greek: encheiridia, ziphea], and [Greek: dorata], with which the +_rudes_, foils or blunt swords, best agree. Lobeck proposes _tudibus_. + +210. The Curetes are those who, in the Cretan legend, danced their +[Greek: pyrrhichaen] or armed dance, about the cradle of Jupiter; the +Corybantes were regarded as the attendants of the Mother of the Gods. The +poet here evidently alludes to the resemblance between their name and +[Greek: korus], a helmet. + +215-218. See her figure. Mythology, Plate ix. 1. + +219. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 785. Lucret. II. 607. + +220. The poet and the muse are not quite right here. Cybele, as the +symbol of the earth, was very naturally crowned with towers. _Quod autem +turritam gestat coronam, ostendit superpositas esse terrae civitates, quas +insignitas turribus constat_. Servius on aen. iii. 113. But the fact is, +Ovid was entangled in the Euhemeric or anthropomorphising system, which +prevailed so much in his time. See Mythology, pp. 19, 20, 442. + +221. _Secandi_, scil. by the Galli. + +223. For the story of Attis, as told somewhat differently by Diodorus, +see Mythology, p. 192; see also Catullus, LXIII. and the notes of +Doering. + +225. _Tueri_, to be the _aedituus_ of her temple. + +226. _Puer esse_, to be a virgin, if the term may be used. + +231. Ovid frequently uses Naïs as synonymous with Nympha. He is +peculiarly incorrect here, for the nymph in question, as the daughter of +the god of the river Sagaris, must have been a real Naïs, and yet he +makes her a Hamadryad. For the Nymphs, see Mythology, p. 206. + +233. _Credens_, etc. His madness thus commenced. + +236. _Palaestinas deas_. As the whips and torches are mentioned, there +can be no doubt that these were the Furies, but why they were thus +called, none of the commentators can say. Marsus shews, from an old MS. +of Caesar's Commentaries, that Palaestae was a town of Epirus, in which +country the Furies had a temple. This, though bad, is the only +explanation we have. One MS. reads _Palestrinas_, another _Palatinas_. + +247. Now comes the narrative of the introduction of the worship of the +Magna Mater into Rome, A.U.C. 547. See Livy, xxix. 10, 11, l4. xxxvi. 36. +Valer. Max. viii. 15, 3. Silius. Ital. xvii. init. Compare Met. xv. +622-744. + +249, 250. _Dindymon_, etc. Mountains of Phrygia.--_Amoen_. font [Greek: +polypidax] Homer,--_H. op_. Troy. + +252. _Sacriferas_, as bearing the Penates and the Eternal Fire.--_Paene +secuta_, I think there is an allusion here to the legend in Virg. aen. ix. +120. + +257. _Carminis_, etc. The Sibylline books. + +265. _Proceres_, scil. Valerius Laevinus, a consular; M. Caecilius +Metellus, a former praetor; Sulpicius Galba, who had been an aedile, and +two who had served the office of quaestor. + +266. _Negat_. This was not the case according to Livy. + +272. Rome derived her origin from Phrygia. + +276. From the following description of it, given by Arnobius, (Adv. Gen. +vii. p. 285,) it is quite evident that this symbol of the Mother of the +Gods was an aërolithe. _Ex Phrygia nihil quidem aliud scribitur missum +rege ab Attalo, nisi lapis quidem non magnus ferri manu hominis sine ulla +impressione qui posset, coloris furvi atque atri, angellis prominentibus +inaequalis_. A more accurate description of the external appearance of an +aërolithe could not easily be given. + +277. _Nati_, Neptune. Let the reader trace this voyage on the map. + +280. _Vet. Eët. op_. Thebes, near Adramyttium, the residence of Eëtion, +the father of Andromache, See Hom. II. I. 366, vi. 395, xxii. 480. + +282. The coast of Euboea. + +283, 284. See Met. viii. 195, _et seq_.--_Lapsas_. Most MSS. read +_lassas_. + +292. _Dividit_, spreads itself: perhaps simply divides, as the Tiber had +two mouths. + +294. _Obvius_, to meet it. + +300. The river was shallow in consequence of the drought. + +301. _Plus quam pro parte_, beyond his strength. + +302. Just as sailors and others do at the present day in all countries. + +305. The _Eponymus_, or reputed head of the Claudian family, was a hero +named Clausus. Virg. aen. vii. 706. Attus Clausus was the name of the +Sabine chief, who, with his _gens_ and their clients, came to Rome, where +they were received among the Patricians, and became famous in Roman story +under the name of Claudii. Livy, II. 16. This Claudia Quinta was the +grand-daughter of Appius Claudius Caecus. + +308. _Acta rea_, was charged with. A law term. + +310. _Ad rigidos_. "Apud severos," Gierig. I think he is wrong, and that +the meaning is, she was too free of her tongue _against_ the old men, +perhaps ridiculing them, and despising their admonitions.--_Senes_. +Several MSS. read _sonos_. + +312. As true of the present day as of the time of Ovid. + +326. Was there a play acted at the Megalesia, of which this was the +subject? + +329, 330. This would appear to indicate the spot where the river divided. +See on v. 292. + +335. _Coronatam_. The custom of adorning the poops of vessels with +garlands, must be familiar to every reader of the classics. See Virg. G. +I. 304, aen. iv. 418. + +339. _Canus sacerdos_, the Archigallus, or chief priest of Cybele, as +Neapolis thinks. + +340. It was the custom to wash the image of the goddess and her chariot +every year in the Almo. _Qui lotam parvo revocant_ (renovant) _Almone +Cybeben_. Lucan. I. 600. + +346. _Boves_. The car of Cybele was drawn by heifers. + +347. The sacred stone was committed to the care of P. Corn. Scipio +Nasica, the son of Cneius, who had fallen in Spain, as being the most +virtuous man in Rome, It was brought into the temple of Victory, which +was on the Palatium. The temple was not finished until thirteen years +after, and the stage-plays acted on that occasion were, according to +Valerius Antias, the first ever performed at Rome.--_Non perstitit_. This +is the reading of six of the best and of other MSS. and of the old +editions; four of the best, and three others have _tunc extitit_, which +is the reading adopted by Heinsius and Gierig. I think the present +reading gives the more Ovidian sense, scil. the name of the author did +not remain unchanged; it _was_ Metellus, it _is_ Augustus. See v. 351. + +350. The Phrygian man and woman who carried the goddess about, collected +small pieces of money. This, by the Greeks, was called [Greek: +maetragyrtein]. The poet gives a cause, and a wrong one for it. + +353. It was the custom for the principal persons at Rome to give _mutual_ +entertainments, at the time of the Megalesia. This was called _mutitare_. +_Quam ob causam Patricii Megalensibus mutitare soliti sint, Plebs +Cerealibus?_ Gellius, xviii. 2. + +354. _Indictas_. "Proprie de non vocatis, sed qui sponte veniunt ad +epulas. Suet. Ner. 27. Vitell. 13. Male interpretes a sacerdotibus +indictas capiunt." Burmann. + +355. _Bene mutarit_. Having exchanged her obscure Phrygian abode for the +capital of the world. This reason is too trifling to be noticed. + +357. _Institeram_. "Institueram, quaerere volebam," Gierig.--_Primi_. See +on v. 347, or is it first in point of dignity, or first in order in the +year? + +359. See Virg. aen. vi. 787. + +361. _Qui se_, etc. The Galli or priests of Cybele were voluntary +eunuchs. + +363. _Vir. Cyb_. Cybele was a mountain of Phrygia.--_Alt. Cel_. Celaenae, +a mountain and town, at one time the chief place in Phrygia; the river +Maeander rose on its summit, and the Marsyas not far from it. + +364. _Am. nom. Gal. Gallus in Phrygia, unde qui bibit insanit more +fanatico_, Vibius Sequester de Flumin. Pliny, (H. N. xxxi. 2. 5,) +following Callimachus, enumerates the Gallus among those whose waters +were good for persons afflicted with the stone, and adds, _Sed ibi in +potando necessarius modus, ne lymphatos agat_. As, however, no river ever +had this quality, we may be allowed to doubt the correctness of this +etymology. + +367. _Herbosum moretum_. The _moretum_ called by the Greeks [Greek: +muttonton] or [Greek: trimma] was a mess composed of garlic, parsley, +rue, coriander, onions, cheese, oil and vinegar pounded up together. See +the description of the mode of making it in the poem called Moretum, +ascribed to Virgil.--_Herbosum_, an account of the parsley, etc. + +371. _Elisae_, bruised or pounded, the part, of _elido_; most MSS. read +_elixae_. + +373-376. The temple of Fortuna Publica on the Quirinal hill, was +dedicated on the Nones of April--_Motis_ scil. _amotis_.--_Pallantias_, +Aurora, as being daughter to the Titan Pallas. This genealogy, as far as +my knowledge extends, is peculiar to the Latin poets. In Hesiod, Eos or +Aurora is the daughter of the Titan Hyperion and niece to Pallas-- +_Levarit_. "Jugo solverit," Gierig.--_Niv. eq_. Such were suited to the +_candida Luna_. In an epigram ascribed to Ovid, her car is drawn _niveis +juvencis_. The fiction was caused by the _horned_ moon. Nonnus and +Claudian gives her the same.--_Fort. Pub_. This temple was vowed, A.U.C. +549, by the consul Sempronius on the eve of a battle with Hannibal. It +was dedicated ten years afterwards by Q. Martius, Ralla created Decemvir +for the purpose. + +377. _Tertia lux_, scil. _Megalesium_, the day after the Nones.--_Ludis_. +The plays were acted on this day. + +380. _Perfida_. After the usual fashion of the Romans, to call rebels and +traitors all who opposed them, or the victorious party among them. It was +thus that Napoleon used to style the Spaniards rebels and insurgents. I +need hardly observe that Juba king of Mauritania was most faithful to the +cause of Pompey and the republic. He and Scipio put an end to their lives +after their defeat by Caesar, hence the poet applies to him the term +_magnanimus_, which denotes courage, as the Romans greatly approved of +those who escaped from disgrace and insult by voluntary death. Compare +Hor. Car. I. 37. 21. The victory was gained, A.U.C. 708. See Hirtius +Bell. Afric. 94. Florus iv. 2. 69.--_Contudit_. Virg. aen. I. 264. + +381. _Meruisse_, to have served. + +383, 384. _Sedem_, scil. in the orchestra, where Ovid sat, as having been +a Decemvir; not the fourteen rows where he might have sat of right, as +belonging to the equestrian order, but to a seat on which the tribune +could have no claim. The Vigintiviratus was an office, through which men +rose to the senate. Of the Vigintiviri, three had charge of the execution +of capital punishments, three of the mint, four of the roads, ten (the +Decemvirs) of assembling the Centumvirs, and presiding when they sat for +the trial of causes. + +385. _Imbre_. The Roman theatres were not roofed. There was usually an +awning drawn across to keep off the sun. See Lucret. IV. 73. + +386. _Pendula Libra_. On the day after the Nones, the VIII. Id. Libra was +in the sky all through the night, and was usually attended by rain. +_Pendula_ is a very appropriate term for Libra. + +388. _Ensifer_. The better MSS. read _ensiger_. + +389. The following day (IV. Idus.) began the Ludi Circenses or Cereales, +in honour of Ceres. Tac. An. xv. 53, 74.--_Inspexerit_, looked down on. + +391. On the first day of the festival, a _pomp_ or procession, led by the +principal men of the state, moved from the Capitol through the Forum to +the Circus. The procession vas closed by the images of several gods +carried on men's shoulders. This pomp is described by our poet. Am. III. +2. 43, and by Dionysius, vii. 72. Some critics maintain that the Cereales +were but a part of the Ludi Circenses, which last were a festival of all +the gods. See Suet. Jul. 76. Tacitus certainly, in the passage first +referred to above, says, _Circensium ludorum die, qui Cereri celebratur_, +but Ovid seems to make no distinction. + +392. _Ventosis_, swift as the wind, [Greek: theiein anemoisin homoioi], +Hom. II. x. 437, of the horses of Rhesus, [Greek: podaenemos], is an +epithet of Iris. + +395. According to the Epicurean system of philosophy, in vogue in his +days, the poet regards the original condition of man, as similar to that +of the beasts that graze. + +398. _Ten. fron. cac_. "Tenerae frondes arborum," Gierig. The shoot or +tender bough, with its fresh juicy leaves.--_Erant_. Most MSS. _erat_. + +401. Compare Amor. III. 10. Met. v. 342. Virg. G. I. 147. Lucret. v. 937. + +405. [Greek: Chalko d' ergazonto melas d' ouk eske sidaeros]. Hesiod. +[Greek: Erga], l50.--_Chalybeïa massa_, iron, from the Chalybes who +manufactured it. + +406-408. This longing for the continuance of peace, and aversion to war, +is to be found in all the poets of the Augustan age. It may have been +partly flattery to Augustus, but I rather think it arose from the +previous state of war which had lasted so long, and caused so much ruin +and misery. Something of the same kind may be observed in Europe at the +present moment. + +412. _Casta_, pure, offered with a pure mind. + +414. See I. 349. + +417. He had already related this tale at considerable length, Met. V. +Compare Claudian de Rap. Pros, and the Homeridian hymn to Demeter. See +Mythology, p. 133. + +422. Henna or Enna, was an elevated valley-plain, nearly in the centre of +Sicily. Cicero, Verr. iv. 48. + +423. Arethusa, the nymph of the fount in the island at Syracuse. + +436. "_Gremium_ et _sinus_, ut Grammatici docent, ita differunt ut +_sinus_ sit inter pectoris et brachorium, gremium inter femorum +complexum." Gierig. + +439. _Amarante_. Two of the best MSS. read _Narcisse_. + +440. _Rorem, scil. _marinum, rosemary_, Virg. Ec. II. 49, G. II. 213. Two +of the best MMS. read _casiam_, which Heinsius and Gierig have received; +one _violas_, three _rosas_, several _rores_ most _rorem_.--_Meliloton_, +also called _Sertula Campana_, grows abundantly in Campania. It resembles +the _saffron_ in colour and in smell. + +445. _Patruus_. Pluto, the brother of Jupiter and Ceres. + +466. _Sues_. "Melius poëta omississet in hac narratione," Gierig. It is +probable that this was a reason given for swine being offered to Ceres. +See v. 414. + +467-480. See all these places on the map, and compare Virg. aen. iii. 687, +_et seq_. The poet, we may observe, follows no regular topographical +order in enumerating them. + +470. The Gelas, at whose mouth Gela was built, was a very rapid eddying +stream. + +470. Megara or Megaris, formerly called Hybla, was near Syracuse. Pangie +or Pantagiae, was a small stream near Leontini. + +473. Compare Virg. aen. viii. 418. + +474. Messana, was anciently called Zancle, which, in the Sicilian +language, signified a sickle, which the place resembled in form. Thuc. +vi. 4. + +477. _Heloria tempe_. The Helorus entered the sea near Pachynus. The +Greeks called all those long narrow wooded glens, through which a river +ran, [Greek: tempea] or [Greek: tempae]. + +482. See the story of Progne and Tereus. Met. vi. 620. _et seq_. +Mythology, p. 341. + +491. See Mythology, p. 239. + +495. "_Pumex_, omnis lapis aut rupes excavata," Gierig. + +497. Ceres, therefore, kept her 'dragon yoke' in this cavern. + +499, 500. Ovid, in this place, agrees with Virgil and Apollonius Rhodius, +in placing Scylla on the Italian, Charybdis on the Sicilian side of the +strait. In the Metamorphoses, xiv. he reverses the positions. Here too, +like Virgil, Ec. vi. 74, he confounds this Scylla with the daughter of +Nisus. + +504. _Triste_, [Greek: agelastos petra], was the Greek name. + +507. _Eleusin_. This is the reading of the best MSS. + +521. _Neq. lac. deor. est_. [Greek: Horo kat osson d' ou themis balein +dakru], says Diana, Eurip. Hip. 1396; for Apollo see Met. II. 621. + +527. _Qua cogere posses_, scil. by mentioning her daughter, v. 525. + +535, 536. This circumstance of the legend was invented to account for the +_mystae_, or persons just initiated, not taking food till the evening. +[Greek: Oi ta mystaeria paralambanontes legontai en archae men mustai met +eniauton de epoptai kai ephoroi]. Suidas. + +550. _Triptolemum_. He is called Demophoon in the Homeridian hymn. I +would recommend the reader to compare that hymn, or the analysis of it in +my Mythology, with this narrative of Ovid. + +563. The poet here sets out on another excursion with the goddess, in +which he is as negligent of order as ever. For example, coming from +Eleusis, she must have passed the Piraeus, on her way to Sunion. + +567. _Ionium rapax_. The Ionian sea was to the west of Greece. As I +cannot suspect the poet of making such wilful confusion, I assent to +those who suppose he meant by it the sea on the coast of Ionia in Asia. + +569. _Turilegos Arabas. Tura praeter Arabiam nullis ac ne Arabiae quidem +universae; pagus Sabaeorum regio turifera_. Pliny, H. N. xii. 14. + +571. _Hesperios_, scil_.fluvios_. The Nile was in the poet's mind. + +580. _Helice_. See on III. 108. + +593. _Victore Gyge_, scil. in the Giant-war. Gyges was one of the +Hundred-handed, the allies of Jupiter in the Titan-war. Hes. Th. 149. + +600. _Inane Chaos_. Chaos, with the usual confusion of the later poets, +is here put for Erebus, the proper name for Pluto's realm. + +620. On this account, in seasons of public mourning, the Cerealia were +not celebrated, as the mourning matrons could not appear at them. + +620-624. A.U.C. 457. Q. Fabius Maximus, when advancing against the camp +of the Samnites, Liv. x. 29. The temple of Liberty was dedicated on Mt. +Aventine, vowed a temple to Jupiter Victor, in the time of the second +Punic war, by the father of Tiberius Gracchus. Liv. xxiv. 16. The Atrium +Libertatis was repaired A.U.C. 559, by the censors Paetus and Cornelius +Cethegus. + +625. _Luce secutura_. The XVIII. Kal. Maii. There was frequently hail and +rain at this time. Columella, xi. 2. + +627. _Scilicet, ut fuerit_, be this as it may. This reading was formed by +Heinsius. Eight MSS. read _scilicet et fuerit_, eleven _sit licet ut +fuerit_, the remainder have _sit licet et fuerit_, which Gierig prefers, +and explains thus: "Sit ita, ut eo die interdum grando cadat, _et fuerit_ +ita et olim."--_Mutinensia arma_. The battle of Mutina was fought A.U.C. +710, against Antony, by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and the propraetor, +Octavianus Caesar. One of the consuls was severely wounded, and the other +slain in the action; and as Octavianus either would not, or knew not how +to use the victory, Antony escaped to Liguria. The flattery of the poet, +therefore, goes a little too far. + +629. _Veneris_, scil. _mensis Veneris_. + +630. The Fordicidia were on the 15th April. _Fordicidia a fordis bubus. +Bos forda quae fert in ventre; quod eo die publice immolantur boves +praegnantes in curiis complures. A fordis caedendis Fordicidia dicta_, +Varro, L. L. V. He also (R. R. II. 5, 6,) names the festival _Hordicidia_ +and _Hordicalia_, and the adjective _Hordus_, which was the Sabine word. + +635. _Curia_. The singular for the plural. See last note and II. 527. + +637. _Ministri_, the _popae_, or _Victimarii_. + +639. _Virgo_. The eldest of the Vestals. The ashes were reserved to +purify the people on the Palilia at the end of the month. + +641. Now comes a legend as usual, to explain the origin of this practice. + +649. Compare Virg. aen. vii. 81, _et seq_. Faunus is, as before, +confounded with Pan. + +651. This divining sleep was called by the Latins, _incubatio;_ by the +Greeks, [Greek: enkoimaesis]. _Incubare dicuntur proprie hi, qui dormiunt +ad accipienda responsa_, Servius on Virg. 1. c. + +655. _Intonsum_, II. 30. All the following practices were usual, on +occasions of consulting the gods in this way. The reason of them is +apparent. + +662. _Somnia nigra_. Compare V. 547. Tibull. II. 1, 89, [Greek: +Melanopterygon mater Honeiron], Eurip. Hec. 71. + +669. _Errantem_, IV. 261. I should here, on account of _nemori_, be +inclined to take this word in its primitive sense.--_Conjux_, Egeria. + +673-676. On the 15th April, A.U.C. 724, Augustus was saluted +_Imperator.--Cyth. diem. prop. ire_. He appears here to have had Homer in +view, who gives this power to Juno, [Greek: Helion d' akamanta boopis +potnia Hrae Hempsen ep Okeanoio roas haekonta neesthai]. II. xviii. 239. + +677, 678. The XV. Kal. Maias, the Hyades, called by the Latins, +_Suculae_, a cluster of stars in the head of the Bull set acronychally. +See below, V. 163, _et seq--Ubi_.. Some MSS. read _tibi.--Dorida_. Doris, +the daughter of Oceanus, wife of Nercus, and mother of the Nereïdes, is +like her daughter Amphitrite, frequently put for the sea. + +679, 680. The Cerealia still continued. On the XIII. Kal. Maias, there +were horse-races in the Circus.--_Carcere_. The _carceres_ were the place +in which the horses stood, with a cord stretched before them, on the +dropping of which they started; the starting-place.--_Partitos_, +started. + +681, 682. "Addebatur his ludis, hoc eodem die combustio vulpium ob vetus +damnum," Neapolis. "Die. 19, Apr. vulpes in Circensibus comburuntur." +Gierig; from which I think we are to infer that these critics, and those +who transcribe them, consider the burning of the foxes to have formed a +part of the celebration of the Cerealia in the Circus at Rome. I do not +find in any of the old Calendars that such was the case, and the +narrative of the poet would, as appears to me, restrict this practice to +the district of Carseoli. See particularly vv. 709, 7l0.--_Missae_, scil. +at Carseoli?--_Vinctis_. This is the reading of one MS. only, but that +one of the best; it has been received by Heinsius and Gierig; almost all +the rest have _junctis_; three _cinctis_; one _victis_. Five give the +line thus: _Cur. ig. taedis unctis ardentia missae_. + +683. _Carseolis_, at Carseoli. One of the best MSS. reads _pars coli_, +from which Heinsius made, and received into the text, _Carseoli_. This +town was on the Valerian road, leading from Rome to the country of the +Pelignians. + +684. _Ingeniosus_. _Ingenium_ is used speaking of soil and plants. _Nunc +locus arvorum ingeniis_, Virg. G. II. 177. _Arbores silvestres sui +cujusque ingenii poma gerunt_, Columella, R. R. III. 1. + +685. 686. Ovid (v. 81,) was a native of Sulmo, the chief place of this +country. Compare Amorr. II. 16, I,--_Humida_. One MS. gives as a +different reading _uvida_; several have _obvia_. + +687. _Solitas_. Twelve MSS. read _fidas_. + +689, 690. It appears from this and other passages that Ovid, besides +consulting the Fasti and other books, was diligent in the collection of +such oral traditions, as might aid him in explaining old customs and +religious rites. + +692. _Duro_, hardy, like _duri messores, juvenci, humeri_, etc. The +following is a very pleasing description of an industrious peasant and +his wife of ancient times. It would apply, without any alteration, to +many a rustic couple in modern Italy. + +693. _Peragebat humum_. "Mi hi non satis placet; Codd tamen nihil +varietatis suppeditant." Gierig. + +694. _Curves falcis_. "Falcis usus erat etiam ad premendas umbras ruris +opaci. Virg. G. I. 155, _et seq_. Unde apparet describi hic +diligentissimum colonum,"--Gierig. As the poet is speaking of a small +farm in a plain, I would here restrict the meaning of _falcis_, which is +placed immediately after the plough, to sickle. For _curvae_, eleven MSS. +followed by Heinsius and Gierig, read _cavae_. One of the best has _sive +citruae_. + +695. _Tibicine_. The _tibicen_ was a prop set against the wall of a +house, to keep it from falling out. + +703. _Extrem. conval. Sal_. In the end of a valley planted with sallows, +that is, among the sallows which grew at the end of the valley. Two of +the best MSS. read _sub valle_, which is the reading given by Heinsius +and Gierig. + +704. _Cohortis. Duo erant oviaria sive cohortes; una in plano, in qua +pascebantur gallinae; altera sublimis, in qua erant columbae in turribus +aut summa villa_. Varro, R. R. III. 3, 6. The cohort was the Greek +[Greek: chortos]. It was round, as the following passage of Cato (Orig. +iv.) shews, _Mapalia vocantur ubi habitant; ea quasi cohortes rotunda +sunt.--Aves_, like the Greek [Greek: ornithes]. See on I. 455. + +709-712. These lines, I think, prove the custom to have been peculiar to +Carseoli. Compare the account given in the book of Judges of Sampson +making use of foxes to set fire to the corn of the Philistines. + +713. On the 20th April, the Sun enters Taurus. + +714. A periphrasis of Aurora. Compare Met. xiii. 579. See Virg. aen. vii. +25. Homer calls Eos [Greek: krokopeplos], to which the _lutea_ of the +Latin poets corresponds. The _lutum_ was a plant, whose juice dyed +yellow. The Greek poet also styles this goddess [Greek: rododaktylos] and +[Greek: rodopaechus], but as far as I know, no Greek poet gives her +rose-hued horses or chariot. + +715. _Duce_, etc. the Ram. + +716. _Victima major_, scil, the Bull--a bad periphrasis! + +717-720. In the ancient, as in the modern representations of the stellar +heaven, only the forepart of Taurus was drawn. Hence, it could not be +said whether it was a bull or a cow. Some, therefore, said, that it was +the heifer into which Io had been changed; others, the bull which had +carried Europa. In either case, it was an object of aversion to Juno. + +721. On the XI. Kal. Maias, was the festival of Pales, the goddess of +shepherds, named the Palilia, and celebrated by the Romans as the +birthday of Rome, ([Greek: genethlian taes patridos]), the day of the +foundation of the city. The poet, therefore, dwells on this important day +at considerable length.--_Abiit_. The last syllable is long, on account +of the following pause. Two MSS. give _obit, exoriturque.--Palilia_. +Some MSS. read _Parilias. Palilia dicta a Pale, quod feriae ei deae fiunt_, +Varro, L. L. V. _Pales dea pastoralis est, cujus dies festus Palilia +dicuntur, nisi quod quidam a partu Iliae Parilia dicere maluerunt_, +Carisius Inst. Gram. I. p. 55. Solinus, c. 1, and the Scholiast on +Persius, Sat. I. also mention this derivation. This last quotes from +Cicero's Philippics the following passage, which is not now to be found +in them: _Palilia, quae nunc Parilia mutatis literis dicimus_. Parilia is +also the term used by all the Greek writers, except Plutarch. There is +certainly, no doubt, but that both Palilia and Parilia were in use in the +time of Ovid, and that, perhaps, many regarded the latter, which would +appear to come so naturally from _pario_, to be the true name of a +festival of spring, when every herb and tree brings forth, and beast and +bird produce their young. But still, as the name of the goddess was +always Pales, we may be quite sure that Palilia was the original name of +the festival.--_Poscor_, scil. _ad Palilia. Poscimur Aonides_. Met. v. +333. _Poscimur_. Hor. Car. I. 32. 1, to his lyre. + +722. _Pales. Pales dea est pabuli, quam alii Vestam, alii Matrem Deûm +volunt. Hanc Virgilius genere feminino_ (Magna Pales) _appellat, alii, +inter quos Varro, masculino genere_. Servius on Virg. G. III. 1. This +male deity was viewed as the servant and bailiff, as it were, of Jupiter. +Serv. on Ec. v. 35. Arnobius adv. Gentes, III. p. 123. Perhaps, according +to the principle stated above, on III. 512, there was, after the usual +manner, a deity of each sex united in office. + +725. _De vitulo cinerem_. See v. 637, _et seq_. + +726. _Februa_. See II. 19. + +727. _Palilia tam publica quam privata sunt. Et est genus hilaritatis et +lusus apud rusticos, ut congestis cum foeno stipulis ignem magnum +transiliant his Palilibus, se expiari credentes_, Varro. See also Tibull. +II. 5. Propert. iv. 1. The simple origin of this ceremony lay in the +belief of the purifying nature of fire, (see v. 785) and something +similar was practised by the people of the North of Europe in their +heathen state; as also nearly down to the present day among the Celtic +population of Ireland and Scotland. But the Romans must assign a +historical cause for this, as for all their other customs; so we are told +by Dionysius, that when Romulus was building the city, he had fires +kindled before all the tents, and made the people jump through the flames +to expiate themselves. + +729. _Navalibus_. The usual comparison of a poem to a ship, and the +progress of composing it to a voyage, II. 863. Modern poetry will also +furnish instances. See, for example, Spenser's Faerie Queene, B. II. c. +xii. st. 42. "Now strike your sailes yee iolly mariners, For we be come +unto a quiet rode," etc. + +731. See v. 639. + +733. _Sanguis equii_, etc. This would seem to contradict the following +assertion of Solinus. _Et observatum deinceps, ne qua hostia Parilibus +caederetur, ut dies iste a sanguine purus esset_. Plutarch also says, +[Greek: En archae d' os phasin, ouden empsuchon ethyon]. But, like the +calf, whose ashes were used, this horse was not sacrificed on the +Palilia. _October equus appellabatur, qui in Campo Martio mense Octobri +Marti immolabatur, cujus cauda, ut ex ea sanguis in forum distillaret, +magna celeritate perferebatur in regiam_, Festus. The Regia here spoken +of, must have been the Atrium Vestae, see on II. 69. The blood of the +horse's tail was preserved here, along with the ashes of the calf, (v. +639,) to be used on the Palilia. + +734. _Culmen_ is here the same as _culmo.--Inane_, as the beans had been +taken out. + +735. _Ad. prim. crep_. [Greek: Y po nukta]. This was always done in the +evening.--_Lustra_. Several good MSS. read _lustrat_, others _lustret_. + +736. The ground on these occasions was swept clean and sprinkled with +water. + +739. _Caerulei fumi_. This is to be understood of the bluish smoke-like +vapour which rises from sulphur when burning.--_Viv. sulf. Vivum, quod +Graeci apyron vocant, nascitur solidum, hoc est gleba, Pliny, H. N. xxxv. +15, 50. Sulphur was of great use in purification, see above, on II. 37. +_Ipseque ter circulus travi sulfure puro_. Tibull. I. 5, 11. + +741. _Maris rores, [Greek: libanotis], rosemary. This is the reading of +two of the best and ten other MSS.; some have _maris rorem_, the rest +give _mares oleas_, which Heinsius and Gierig prefer. "Lectio doctior +(says the latter,) quam ut a librario proficisci potuerit." Olives were +used in purification, Virg. aen. vi. 230, and the trees were divided into +male and female. Plin. H. N. xvi. 19. On the other hand, the _ros +marinus_, and the _herba Sabina_, are mentioned together in Virg. Culex. +402.--_Taedam, Sextum genus_ (pinus) _est taeda proprie dicta, +abundantior succo quam reliqua, liquidior quam picea, flammis et lumini +sacrorum etiam grata_. Plin. H. N. xvi. 10. See Virg. aen. vii. 71, and +above, II. 25.--_Herb. Sab_. Sec I. 343. + +743. _Lib. de mil_. The people of Italy made a sweet kind of bread and +cakes of millet. Plin. H. N. xviii. 10.--_Fiscella_, or _fiscina_, a +basket made of rushes or willow twigs, Virg. G. I. 266. A basket of +millet was part of the offerings on the Palilia. + +745. _Daps apud antiquos dicebatur res divina, quae fiebat aut hiberna +semente aut verna_, Festus. Hence, Heinsius would read _dapi_. Gierig +thinks the _dapes_ was the feast of the rustics themselves, of which a +pail of milk formed a part, see v. 780. Compare II. 657, and Tibull. II. +5, 99.--_Resectis_. The MSS. differ greatly, giving _relictis, paratis, +remotis, refectis_. + +749. Here follows a catalogue of the transgressions, by which the +superstition of antiquity thought that the anger of the rural gods might +be provoked.--_Sacro_, scil, _in loco_. Many MSS. read _sacra_, scil. +_loca_. + +755. _Degrandinat_, says Gierig, may be for the simple _grandinat_, like +_depluere_ for _pluere_. The word occurs scarcely anywhere else. Burmann +would read _dum degrandinet_, till the hail is over--a reading which I +would willingly adopt. + +759. _Fontana_. One MS. reads _montana_. + +761. _Labra Dianae, the _lavacra_ or bathing places of Diana and her +nymphs, alluding to the fate of Actaeon. See Met. III. 161, _et seq_. + +762. [Greek: Ou themis, ho poiman to mesambrinon, ou themis ammin +Syrisden ton Pana dedoikames hae gar ap' agras Tanika kekmakus amptanetai +enti ge pikros]. Theoc. Idyll. I. 15. + +769. _Referat_, etc. Compare Virg. Ec. I. 35. + +770. When making cheese. Compare Tibull. II. 3. 15. + +778. _Rore. Bos_, like the Greek [Greek: drosos], was used for the simple +_aqua_. See Met. III. 164, and Valken on Eur. Hipp. 121. Lenz renders _in +vivo rore_ in this place, by, _In the fresh dew of evening_! A proof of +the liability of translators and commentators to mistake the meaning of +even plain passages. + +779. _Camella_. This was a kind of wooden vessel used by country-people. + +780. _Sapa. Sapam appellabant, quod de musto ad medium partem +decoxerant_, Varro de vita pop. Rom. p. 240. _Sapa fit musto usque ad +tertiam partem mensurae decocto_. Plin. H. N. xiv. 9. + +781, 782. See on v. 727. + +783. _Turba_, scil. _causarum_. + +785. _Vitium_, etc. Compare Virg. G. I. 89. _Omne per ignem excoquitur +vitium_. + +786. _Duce_. The _dux ovium_ in this place is evidently the shepherd, +who, as we have seen, used to leap through the straw-fires. In the South +of Europe, the shepherds generally walk at the head of their sheep. + +787-790. [Greek: To pur kathairei, to udor agnizei]. Plutarch, Q. R. 1. + +791. _Aqua et igni interdici solet damnatis, quam accipiunt nuptae; +videlicet quia haec duae res humanam vitam maxime continent_, Festus. _Ad +facienda foedera aqua et ignis adhibentur; unde contra quos arcere +volumus e nostro consortio ei aqua et igni interdicimus, id est rebus +quibus consortio copulamur_, Servius on aen. vii. Banishment, we may +observe, was unknown to the Roman law; the _Interdictio aqua et igni_, +which had the effect of obliging a man to quit his country, was all that +was pronounced against him. See Niebuhr's Roman History, II. 62-64. + +792. _Nova conjux_. The bride and bridegroom used to touch fire and +water. + +793. _Referri_, to be represented, called to mind. + +800. _Innocuum_, safe; when he was escaping from the flames of Troy. +Virg. aen. II. 632. + +801. _Hoc_. Several MSS. read _nunc_ from which Heinsius made _num_. The +reading of the text, besides resting on the authority of the greater +number of MSS. is much to be preferred. + +807. _Ipse locus_, etc. This very part of the poem, this very mention of +the birth-day of Rome, gives me the occasion, calls on me to relate the +origin of the city. + +Gierig refers _causas_ to the enquiry which the poet had been on, and +understands it thus: "Quid ego altius causas illius ritus acccsso, cum +ipse locus, quem incolimus, aut, si ita mavis, in quo tractando jam +versor, eas mihi suppeditat?" The reading of most MSS. is _ipse locum +casus vati_ which Marsus interprets: By chance as it were, we are come to +this place, where we must treat of the origin of the city. + +808. _Factis_. This is the reading of all the MSS. Heinsius conjectured +_festis_, which be introduced, most unwarrantably, into the text. + +809. See III. 67. + +812. _Ambigitur_, etc. See Liv. I.6, 7. _Certabant urbem Romam Remoranme +vocarent_, Ennius. + +817. _Volucres_. They were vultures, to which, as they injure neither +cattle nor corn, the Romans gave great authority in augury. + +821. All that follows was done in accordance with the ritual-books of the +Etruscans. A deep (_ad solidum_) round pit was dug in the future +Comitium. This pit was called _Mundus_. Into it was thrown a portion of +all necessary natural productions, and each person cast into it a little +of the earth of his native country. From this as a centre, the circuit of +the city was described, Plutarch Rom. 11. + +824. _Fungitur_. Most of the old MSS. read _finditur_, which Gierig has +received. The meaning would be, the altar was cleft with the heat of the +fire, like ground with that of the sun. + +825. When the _mundus_ had been made, the founder yoked a bull and a cow +to a plough which had a brazen share, and made a deep furrow, to mark the +line of the walls, those who followed him taking care to turn all the +clods inwards; when he came to the place where a gate (_porta_) was to +be, he lifted the plough and passed over it, (_portavit_). + +830. _Vobis_. Twelve MSS. read _bonis_. + +831. _Dominae_, "_Domina_, quae habet imperium in omnes. V. vs. 859." +Gierig. Surely it was Rome, not the earth that was to be the mistress. +Two of the best MSS. read _domitae_, which I think gives a better sense. +See v. 861. + +833. _Tonitru laevo. Laeva fulmina prospera existimantur, quoniam laeva +parte mundi ortus est_, Plin. H. N. ii. 53.55. Elsewhere he says, +_Fulmina laeva prospera, quia sacrificantis vel precantis latus laewum +dextrum est ejus qui postulata largitur_. + +837. _Celer_. According to Dionysius and Plutarch, Celer was one of the +companions of Romulus, and overseer of the building of the walls. In +reality he was only a personification of the Equites, who were called +Celeres. See Niebuhr, Roman History, Vol. i. 325. + +843. _Rutro_. The _rutrum_ was a kind of spade, _rutrum, ut ruitrum, a +ruendo_, Varro, L. L. iv. _Rutro_, in the text, is the conjecture of +Heinsius; the greater part of the MSS. read _retro_; some _rastro_, six +_ultro_, one _ristro_. There can be little doubt of _rutro_ being the +true reading, as it is the term used by other writers.--_Occupat_. See I. +575, and Met. xii. 343. + +853. Compare Hom. II. xxiv. 582, and Virg. aen. xi. 219. + +855. The Romans were not called Quirites till after their union with the +Sabines. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 776. + +856. Remus, a tradition said, was buried on the Remaran hill, a little +way from Rome. + +860. _Nominis hujus_, i. e. _Caesaris_. + +863-900. On the IX. Kal. Maias, was celebrated the festival, named +Vinalia, in honour of Jupiter, or, as some said, of Venus. Masurius +_apud_ Macrob. (Sat. I. 4,) says, _Vinaliorum dies Jovi sacer est, non, +ut quidam putant, Veneri_. And Varro (L. L. V.) _Vinalia dicta a vino. +Hic dies Jovis non Veneris. Hujus rei cura, non levis in Latio; nam +aliquot locis vindemiae primum a sacerdotibus publica fiebant, ut Romae +etiam nunc; nam Flamen Dialis auspicatur vindemiam, et, ut jussit vinum +legere, agna Jovi facit, inter cujus exta caesa et porrecta flamen +prorsus vinum legit_. According to Festus and an old Kalendar, there was +another Vinalia, called _rustica_, on the 19th August, and it is +evidently of this last that Varro speaks. Ovid seems to have confounded +the two, which Pliny (H. N. xviii. 29,) accurately distinguishes. +Perhaps, both were sacred to Jupiter, and the circumstance of a festival +of Venus falling on the vernal Vinalia, may have led to the supposition +of its being sacred to her. Plutarch (Q. R. 45,) calls it Veneralia. + +866. Multa agrees with _apta_, and is equivalent to _valde_. Some MSS. +read _culta_, which Heinsius prefers.--_Professarum_. When a woman at +Rome wished to become a _meretrix_, she went before the aediles and +_professed_, that is, informed them of her intention. She was then +entered among the _togatae_, (v. 134) See Suet. Tib. 35. Tac. Ann. II. +85. The same _mutatis nominibus_ is the case at the present day at Rome, +Paris, and other cities on the continent.--_Quaestibus_. Alexis, in his +comedy, called [Greek: Isostasios], says of them, [Greek: Proton men gar +es to kerdos kai to sulan tous pelas, talla autais parerga ginetai]. + +869. _Sisymbria_. The _sisymbrium_, also called _thymbraeum_, was an +odoriferous plant growing in dry places. + +870. The garlands of roses were bound with rushes. + +871. A temple was dedicated to Venus Erycina at the Colline gate, A.U.C. +571, Liv. xl. 34. There was another temple of this goddess on the +Capitoline hill, built by the direction of the Sibylline books, and +dedicated A.U.C. 537. Syracuse was taken A.U.C. 540. Ovid, as Neapolis +observed, appears to have committed two errors here; one, in confounding +the two temples of Venus Erycina at Rome; the other, in making the +building of a temple depend on an event which did not happen till after +it had been built. Gierig defends him in the former case by saying, that +v. 873-875, are merely a passing notice of the second temple: in the +latter, his defence is, "Fortasse tamen Noster, more poëtarum, a parte +bellum Punicum secundum indicare voluit." Greater poets, however, than +Ovid, have fallen into as great errors. + +874. _Eryx_. This mountain was near Drepanum, on the west side of Sicily. +There was on it a magnificent temple of Venus, the erection of which was +ascribed to aeneas and the Trojans. Virg. aen. v. 759. It is, I apprehend, +far more probable, that the Venus Erycina was the Astarte or Moon-goddess +of the Phoenicians, who was identified with Aphrodite and Venus, and that +the founders of the temple were the Carthaginians. + +877, 878. The poet would here seem to intimate, that though the festival +of Venus and the Vinalia fell on the same day, they were different. See +v. 899.--_Quaeritis_. See on V. I. + +879. See the last six books of the aeneis. + +880. _Adorat_. One MS. has _adoptat_, which Heinsius and Gierig follow. + +882. _Equo vel pede_. In horse and foot. + +887. _Cato in primo libro Originum ait, Mezentium Rutulis imperasse, ut +sibi offerrent quas diis primitias offerebant, et Latinos omnes similis +imperii metu ita vocasse: Jupiter, si tibi magis cordi est nos ea tibi +dare potius quam Mezentio, uti nos victores facias_, Macrob. Sat. III. 5. + +888. _Lacubus_. The _lacus_ or vat, was the vessel placed under the +wine-press, to receive the liquor that ran out. + +894. _Feres_. One of the best MS. reads _feras_, which Heinsius and +Gierig receive, as it is a vow. The meaning is, that as the Rutulians had +vowed or promised the produce of the following vintage to Mezentius, +aeneas promises it, in case of victory, to Jupiter. + +897. _Venerat_, etc. On account of the custom of treading out the grapes. +Met. II. 21, Virg. G. II. 8. I doubt if it was good taste to personify +Autumn in this place. _Quum satur Auctumnus quassans sua tempora ponmis, +Sordidus et musto spumantes exprimit uvas_, Columella, R. R. x. 43.-- +_Sordidus_. Five MSS. read _horridus_. + +898. _Vina_. Five MSS. read _vota_. + +901-904. On the VII. Kal. Maias, six days from the end of the month, was +the middle of spring; the _acronych_ setting of the Ram, rain, and the +rising of the Dog, also fell on this day. + +904. _Signa dant imbres_. The rains shew themselves. _Signa dare_ is the +Greek [Greek: episaemainein]. Were it not that the meaning of this +expression is so incontrovertibly shewn by I. 315, 316, one might be +disposed to understand it with Taubner, of the constellations portending +rain.--_Exoriturque Canis_. Here is a tremendous error of our poet, for, +according to Columella, Pliny, Ptolemy, and to the actual fact, the Dog +sets instead of rising at this time. Thus also, Virgil, (G. I. 217,) +_Candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus annum Taurus, et averso cedens +Canis occidit astro_. One of the best MSS. reads _occidit atque Canis_, +but I fear this is only the emendation of some one who saw the error into +which the poet had fallen. + +904. _Nomento_. Nomentum was a town of the Sabine country; a road named +the Via Nomentana led to it from the Viminal gate at Rome. On the +following narrative, Gierig observes, "Similia figmenta, vv. 685 et III. +541." I do not see the necessity of supposing these to be fictions. What +was more natural than for the poet, when about to write a poem on the +Fasti, to direct his attention to things which he had not hitherto +heeded, and to inquire into the meaning of what appeared to him deserving +of notice. + +906. _Candida pompa_. The persons who formed this _pomp_ or procession +were clad in white, that is, their togae were either new, or had been +scoured for the occasion. _Pompa_ is the reading of ten MSS. all the rest +have _turba_. + +907. _Flamen_, scil. _Quirinalis_, v. 910.--Antiquae _Robiginis_. The +festival of this goddess was called the Robigalia, and was said to have +been instituted by Numa, (Plin. xviii. 69, 3,) hence the poet says, +_antiquae. Robigalia dicta ab Robigo. Secundum segetes huic deo +sacrificatur, ne rubigo occupet segetes_, Varro, L. L. V. _Robigalia dies +festus VII. Kal. Maias, quo Robigo deo suo, quem putabant rubiginem +avertere, sacrificabant_, Festus. _Feriae Robigo via Claudia ad +milliarium quintum, ne robigo frumentis noceat; sacrificiun et ludi +cursoribus majoribus et minoribus fiunt_, Verrius Flaccus in Fastis. +_Inde et Robigus deus et sacra ejus VII. Kal. Maias Robigalia +appellantur_, Servius on Geor. I. 151. In all these places, we may see, +as also in Gellius, (v. 12,) it is a god Robigus that is spoken of; on +the other hand, in this place, of Ovid and in Lactantius, (De Fal. Rel. +I.) and Columella, it is a goddess Robigo. May we not thence infer, that +as in so many other cases (see above on III. 512. IV. 722,) so in this +the dualistic principle of Roman theology may be discovered? Finally, the +names _Robigo, Robigus, Robigalia_, were frequently written _Rubigo_, +etc. + +908. _Catularia porta Romae dicta est, quia non longe ab ea ad placandum +Caniculae sidus frugibus inimicum rufae canes immolabantur, ut fruges +flavescentes ad maturitatem perducerentur_, Festus. It would appear as if +there was some slight mistake here, as it was, as Festus himself tells +us, (see preceding note) the god Robigus, and not the Canicula, to whom +the sacrifice was made. This is also proved by the word _rufae_, for +_robus_, a word of the same origin was equivalent to [Greek: xanthos], +whence (Fest. s. v.) the peasants said _robos boves_. The Canicula +however was the cause of the dog being sacrificed. Columella (R. II. x. +342). also notices this rite. _Hinc mala, Rubigo virides ne torreat +herbas Sanguine lactentis catuli placatur et extis_. Ovid alone mentions +the sheep. + +910. _Edidit_, etc. that is prayed to this effect. + +911. _Aspera_. The Robigo, [Greek: erusibae, miltos], or _mildew_, i. e. +_meal-dew_, (It is _mehlthau_ in German,) is a red glutinous powder, +which ate into or consumed the stalks of the growing corn, and made them +_asperi, scabri_. + +913. _Secundis_, several MSS. read _secundi_. + +919. _Titan_. So the Latin poets named the Sun, either as being the same +with Hyperion the Titan or his son, Hes. Th. Mildew was thought to be +produced by the rays of the sun acting on the moisture left on the stalks +by dew or fog. Plin. xviii. 28. + +923. _Robigo_ signifies _rust_ as well as _mildew_. + +933. At the right hand of the Flamen was a woolen towel, (_mantele_) with +the fringes, or rather nap on it, (_villis solutis_) for him to wipe his +hands with. The finer kind of towels were without this appendage. _Tonsis +mantilla villis_. Virg. G. III. 377. + +936. _Obscenae_, of ill omen on account of the howling. + +939. The Canicula was said to be Maera, the dog of Erigone the daughter +of Icarus an Athenian, to whom Bacchus gave wine, which he shared with +his workmen, who thinking he had poisoned them, put him to death. +Erigone, by means of the dog discovered his body, and Bacchus touched by +her grief, raised them all three to the skies, making Icarus Bootes, +Erigone the Virgin, and Maera the Canicula or Procyon. + +940. _Praecipitur_, scil. _aestu_, is burnt up. + +941. _Pro_, instead of. + +942. The true cause of many superstitious practices, in which the mystics +find such deep meaning. + +943. _Phr. Ass. fratre_ a periphrasis of Tithonus, Ovid appears to make a +mistake here and to confound Tithonus with Ganymedes, as according to +most writers, Tithonus was the son of Laomedon, the son of Ilus the +brother of Assaracus, whose grand-nephew therefore Tithonus was.-- +_Titania_. This is the reading of only two MSS. and was first admitted +into the text by Burmann. Heinsius however had approved of it. All the +rest give _Tithonia_, which Heinsius shews to have been frequently +employed by Statius and by Valerius Flaccus but thinks that in all these +places it should be changed into Titania. Aurora is called Titania, for +the same reason as Diana (Luna) is called so, (Met. III. 173,) and their +brother, Sol Titan; see on v. 919. + +945. The Floralia began on the IV. Kal. Maias. + +946. See V. 183, _et seq_. + +949. As it was requisite that the Pontifex Maximus should reside in a +public building, near the temple of Vesta, Augustus, when raised to this +dignity, assigned a part of his Palatium to the public service, and +removed thither the sacred fire of Vesta--_Aufert_, claims.--_Cognati_. +See III. 425. Some MSS. read _cognato_. + +950. _Justi senes_. Some editions read _jussi_, instead of _justi_. I +know not on what authority. _Patres_ for _senes_, is the reading of +several MSS. + +951. The temple of the Palatine Apollo formed another part of the +Palatium. Suet. Aug. 29. Propert. II. 23. + +952. _Ipse_, Augustus. + +953. See I. 614. + + + + +LIBER V. + + +Quaeritis, unde putem Maio data nomina mensi. + Non satis est liquido cognita causa mihi. +Ut stat, et incertus qua sit sibi nescit cundum, + Quum videt ex omni parte viator iter: +Sic, quia posse datur diversas reddere causas, 5 + Qua ferar, ignoro, copiaque ipsa nocet. +Dicite, quae fontes Aganippidos Hippocrenes + Grata Medussei signa tenetis equi. +Dissensere deae. Quarum Polyhymnia coepit + Prima--Silent aliae, dictaque mente notant.-- 10 +Post chaos, ut primum data sunt tria corpora mundo, + Inque novas species omne recessit opus; +Pondere terra suo subsedit, et sequora traxit: + At coelum levitas in loca summa tulit. +Sol quoque cum stellis nulla gravitate retentus, 15 + Et vos Lunares exsiluistis equi. +Sed neque Terra diu Coelo, nec cetera Phoebo + Sidera cedebant: par erat omnis honos. +Saepe aliquis solio quod tu, Saturne, tenebas, + Ausus de media plebe sedere deus; 20 +Et latus Oceano quisquam deus advena junxit, + Tethys et extremo saepe recepta loco est; +Donec Honos, placidoque decens Reverentia vultu + Corpora legitimis imposuere toris. +Hinc sata Majestas, quae mundum temperat omnem, 25 + Quaque die partu est edita, magna fuit. +Nec mora: consedit medio sublimis Olympo, + Aurea, purpureo conspicienda sinu. +Consedere simul Pudor et Metus. Omne videres + Numen ad hanc vultus composuisse suos. 30 +Protinus intravit mentes suspectus honorum. + Fit pretium dignis, nec sibi quisque placet. +Hic status in coelo multos permansit in annos: + Dum senior fatis excidit arce deus. +Terra feros partus, immania monstra, Gigantas 35 + Edidit, ausuros in Jovis ire domum. +Mille manus illis dedit, et pro cruribus angues: + Atque ait, In magnos arma movete deos. +Exstruere hi montes ad sidera summa parabant, + Et magnum bello sollicitare Jovem. 40 +Fulmina de coeli jaculatus Jupiter arce + Vertit in auctores pondera vasta suos. +His bene Majestas armis defensa deorum + Restat: et ex illo tempore firma manet. +Assidet illa Jovi: Jovis est fidissima custos, 45 + Et praestat sine vi sceptra tenenda Jovi. +Venit et in terras: coluerunt Romulus illam, + Et Numa: mox alii, tempore quisque suo. +Illa patres in honore pio matresque tuetur: + Illa comes pueris virginibusque venit. 50 +Ilia datos fasces commendat, eburque curule: + Illa coronatis alta triumphat equis. +Finierat voces Polyhymnia: dicta probarunt + Clioque, et curvae scita Thalia lyrae. +Excipit Uranie: fecere silentia cunctae, 55 + Et vox audiri nulla, nisi illa, potest, +Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cani, + Inque suo pretio ruga senilis erat. +Martis opus juvenes animosaque bella gerebant, + Et pro dîs aderant in statione suis. 60 +Viribus illa minor, nec habendis utilis armis, + Consilio patriae saepe ferebat opem. +Nec nisi post annos patuit tunc Curia seros, + Nomen et aetatis mite Senatus erat. +Jura dabat populo senior: finitaque certis 65 + Legibus est aetas, unde petatur honos. +Et medius juvenum, non indignantibus ipsis, + Ibat, et interior, si comes unus erat. +Verba quis auderet coram sene digna rubore + Dicere; censuram longa senecta dabat. 70 +Romulus hoc vidit, selectaque pectora Patres + Dixit. Ad hos urbis summa relata novae. +Hinc sua majores posuisse vocabula Maio + Tangor, et aetati consuluisse suae. +Et Numitor dixisse potest, Da, Romule, mensem 75 + Hunc senibus! nec avum sustinuisse nepos. +Nec leve praepositi pignus successor honoris + Junius, a juvenum nomine dictus, adest. +Tum sic, neglectos hedera redimita capillos, + Prima sui coepit Calliopea chori: 80 +Duxerat Oceanus quondam Titanida Tethyn, + Qui terram liquidis, qua patet, ambit aquis. +Hinc sata Pleïone cum coelifero Atlante + Jungitur, ut fama est, Pleïadasque parit. +Quarum Maia suas forma superasse sorores 85 + Traditur, et summo concubuisse Jovi. +Haec enixa jugo cupressiferae Cyllenes, + Aetherium volucri qui pede carpit iter. +Arcades hunc, Ladonque rapax, et Maenalon ingens + Rite colunt, Luna credita terra prior. 90 +Exsul ab Arcadia Latios Evander in agros + Venerat, impositos attuleratque deos. +Hic, ubi nunc Roma est orbis caput, arbor et herbae, + Et paucae pecudes, et casa rara fuit. +Quo postquam ventum, Consistite! praescia mater, 95 + Nam locus imperii rus erit istud, ait. +Et matri et vati paret Nonacrius heros, + Inque peregrina constitit hospes humo. +Sacraque multa quidem, sed Fauni prima bicornis + Has docuit gentes, alipedisque dei. 100 +Semicaper, coleris cinctutis, Faune, Lupercis, + Quum lustrant celebres vellera secta vias. +At tu materno donasti nomine mensem, + Inventor curvae, furibus apte, fidis. +Nec pietas haec prima tua est: septena putaris, 105 + Pleïadum numerum, fila dedisse lyrae. +Haec quoque desierat; laudata est voce sororum, + Quid faciam? turbae pars habet omnis idem. +Gratia Pieridum nobis aequaliter adsit, + Nullaque laudetur plusve minusve mihi. 110 + +Ab Jove surgat opus, Prima mihi nocte videnda + Stella est in cunas officiosa Jovis. +Nascitur Oleniae signum pluviale Capellae: + Illa dati coelum praemia lactis habet. +Naïs Amalthea, Cretaea nobilis Ida, 115 + Dicitur in silvis occuluisse Jovem. +Huic fuit haedorum mater formosa duorum, + Inter Dictaeos conspicienda greges, +Cornibus aëriis atque in sua terga recurvis, + Ubere, quod nutrix posset habere Jovis. 120 +Lac dabat illa deo. Sed fregit in arbore cornu: + Truncaque dimidia parte decor is erat. +Sustulit hoc Nymphe, cinxitque recentibus herbis, + Et plenum pomis ad Jovis ora tulit. +Ille, ubi res coeli tenuit, solioque paterno 125 + Sedit, et invicto nil Jove majus erat, +Sidera nutricem, nutricis fertile cornu + Fecit; quod dominae nunc quoque nomen habet. + +Praestitibus Maiae Laribus videre Kalendae + Aram constitui, signaque parva deûm. 130 +Voverat illa quidem Curius: sed multa vetustas + Destruit, et saxo longa senecta nocet. +Causa tamen positi fuerat cognominis illis, + Quod praestant oculis omnia tuta suis. +Stant quoque pro nobis, et praesunt moenibus urbis, 135 + Et sunt praesentes, auxiliumque ferunt. +At canis ante pedes, saxo fabricatus eodem, + Stabat. Quae standi cum Lare causa fuit? +Servat uterque domum, domino quoque fidus uterque. + Compita grata deo: compita grata cani. 140 +Exagitant et Lar, et turba Diania, fures: + Pervigilantque Lares, pervigilantque canes. +Bina gemellorum quaerebam signa deorum, + Viribus annosse facta caduca morae: +Mille Lares, Geniumque ducis, qui tradidit illos, 145 + Urbs habet: et vici numina trina colunt. +Quo feror? Augustus mensis mihi carminis hujus + Jus dabit. Interea Diva canenda Bona est. +Est moles nativa: loco res nomina fecit. + Appellant saxum: pars bona mentis ea est. 150 +Huic Remus institerat frustra, quo tempore fratri + Prima Palatinae regna dedistis aves. +Templa Patres illic, oculos exosa viriles, + Leniter acclivi constituere jugo. +Dedicat haec veteris Clausorum nominis heres, 155 + Virgineo nullum corpore passa virum. +Livia restituit, ne non imitata maritum + Esset, et ex omni parte secuta virum. + +Postera quum roseam pulsis Hyperionis astris + In matutinis lampada tollit equis, 160 +Frigidus Argestes summas mulcebit aristas, + Candidaque a Calabris vela dabuntur aquis. +At simul inducunt obscura crepuscula noctem, + Pars Hyadum toto de grege nulla latet. + +Ora micant Tauri septem radiantia flammis, 165 + Navita quas Hyadas Graius ab imbre vocat. +Pars Bacchum nutrisse putat: pars credidit esse + Tethyos has neptes, Oceanique senis. +Nondum stabat Atlas humeros oneratus Olympo, + Quum satus est forma conspiciendus Hyas. 170 +Hunc stirps Oceani maturis nisibus aethra + Edidit, et Nymphas: sed prior ortus Hyas. +Dum nova lanugo, pavidos formidine cervos + Terret: et est illi praeda benigna lepus. +At postquam virtus annis adolevit, in apros 175 + Audet et hirsutas cominus ire feras. +Dumque petit latebras fetae catulosque leaenae, + Ipse fuit Libycae praeda cruenta ferae. +Mater Hyan, et Hyan moestae flevere sorores, + Cervicemque polo suppositurus Atlas. 180 +Victus uterque parens tamen est pietate sororum. + Illa dedit coelum: nomina fecit Hyas. + +Mater, ades, florum, ludis celebranda jocosis: + Distuleram partes mense priore tuas. +Incipis Aprili: transis in tempora Maii. 185 + Alter te fugiens, quum venit alter, habet. +Quum tua sint cedantque tibi confinia mensum, + Convenit in laudes ille vel iste tuas. +Circus in hunc exit, clamataque palma theatris: + Hoc quoque cum Circi munere carmen eat. 190 +Ipsa doce, quae sis. Hominum sententia fallax, + Optima tu proprii nominis auctor eris. +Sic ego. Sic nostris respondit diva rogatis: + --Dum loquitur, vernas efflat ab ore rosas-- +Chloris eram, quae Flora vocor. Corrupta Latino 195 + Nominis est nostri littera Graeca sono. +Chloris eram Nymphe campi felicis, ubi audis + Rem fortunatis ante fuisse viris. +Quae fuerit mihi forma, grave est narrare modestae: + Sed generum matri repperit illa deum. 200 +Ver erat: errabam: Zephyrus conspexit. Abibam: + Insequitur; fugio. Fortior ille fuit. +Et dederat fratri Boreas jus omne rapinae, + Ausus Erechthea praemia ferre domo. +Vim tamen emendat dando mihi nomina nuptae: 205 + Inque meo non est ulla querela toro. +Vere fruor semper: semper nitidissimus annus. + Arbor habet frondes, pabula semper humus. +Est mihi fecundus dotalibus hortus in agris. + Aura fovet; liquidae fonte rigatur aquae. 210 +Hunc meus implevit generoso flore maritus: + Atque ait, Arbitrium tu, dea, floris habe. +Saepe ego digestos volui numerare colores; + Nec potui; numero copia major erat. +Roscida quum primum foliis excussa pruina est, 215 + Et variae radiis intepuere comae; +Conveniunt pictis incinctae vestibus Horae, + Inque leves calathos munera nostra legunt. +Protinus accedunt Charites, nectuntque coronas, + Sertaque coelestes implicitura comas. 220 +Prima per immensas sparsi nova semina gentes. + Unius tellus ante coloris erat. +Prima Therapnaeo feci de sanguine florem: + Et manet in folio scripta querela suo. +Tu quoque nomen habes cultos, Narcisse, per hortos: 225 + Infelix, quod non alter et alter eras! +Quid Crocon, aut Attin referam, Cinyraque creatum, + De quorum per me vulnere surgit honor? +Mars quoque, si nescis, per nostras editus artes. + Jupiter hoc ut adhuc nesciat, usque precor. 230 +Sancta Jovem Juno, nata sine matre Minerva, + Officio doluit non eguisse suo. +Ibat, ut Oceano quereretur facta mariti: + Restitit ad nostras fessa labore fores. +Quam simul adspexi, Quid te, Saturnia, dixi, 235 + Attulit? Exponit, quem petat illa locum. +Addidit et causam. Verbis solabar amicis. + Non, inquit, verbis cura levanda mea est. +Si pater est factus neglecto conjugis usu + Jupiter, et solus nomen utrumque tenet; 240 +Cur ego desperem fieri sine conjuge mater, + Et parere intacto, dummodo casta, viro? +Omnia tentabo latis medicamina terris, + Et freta Tartareos excutiamque sinus. +Vox erat in cursu: vultum dubitantis haebebam. 245 + Nescio quid, Nymphe, posse videris, ait. +Ter volui promittere opem, ter lingua retenta est: + Ira Jovis magni causa timoris erat. +Fer, precor, auxilium, dixit; celabitur auctor: + Et Stygiae numen testificatur aquae. 250 +Quod petis, Oleniis, inquam, mihi missus ab arvis + Flos dabit. Est hortis unicus ille meis. +Qui dabat, Hoc, dixit, sterilem quoque tange juvencam; + Mater erit. Tetigi; nec mora, mater erat. +Protinus haerentem decerpsi pollice florem. 255 + Tangitur; et tacto concipit illa sinu. +Jamque gravis Thracen et laeva Propontidos intrat, + Fitque potens voti; Marsque creatus erat; +Qui memor accepti per me natalis, Habeto + Tu quoque Romulea, dixit, in urbe locum. 260 +Forsitan in teneris tantum mea regna coronis + Esse putes; tangit numen et arva meum. +Si bene floruerint segetes, erit area dives: + Si bene floruerit vinea, Bacchus erit. +Si bene floruerint oleae, nitidissimus annus, 265 + Pomaque proventum temporis hujus habent. +Flore semel laeso pereunt viciaeque fabaeque, + Et pereunt lentes, advena Nile, tuae. +Vina quoque in magnis operose condita cellis + Florent, et nebulae dolia summa tegunt. 270 +Mella meum munus. Volucres ego mella daturas + Ad violam, et cytisos, et thyma cana voco. +Nos quoque idem facimus tunc, quum juvenilibus annis + Luxuriant animi, corporaque ipsa vigent. +Talia dicentem tacitus mirabar. At illa, 275 + Jus tibi discendi, si qua requiris, ait. +Dic, dea, ludorum, respondi, quae sit origo. + Vix bene desieram; rettulit illa mihi. +Cetera luxurise nondum instrumenta vigebant: + Aut pecus, aut latam dives habebat humum. 280 +Hinc etiam _locuples_, hinc ipsa _pecunia_ dicta est. + Sed jam de vetito quisque parabat opes. +Venerat in morem populi depascere saltus: + Idque diu licuit, poenaque nulla fuit. +Vindice servabat nullo sua publica vulgus: 285 + Jamque in privato pascere inertis erat. +Plebis ad aediles perducta licentia talis + Publicios; animus defuit ante viris. +Rem populus recipit: mulctam subiere nocentes. + Vindicibus laudi publica cura fuit. 290 +Mulcta data est ex parte mihi: magnoque favore + Victores ludos instituere novos. +Parte locant clivum, qui tune erat ardua rupes. + Utile nunc iter est, Publiciumque vocant. +Annua credideram spectacula facta; negavit: 295 + Addidit et dictis altera verba suis. +Nos quoque tangit honos, festis gaudemus et aris: + Turbaque coelestes ambitiosa sumus. +Saepe deos aliquis peccando fecit iniquos: + Et pro delictis hostia blanda fuit. 300 +Saepe Jovem vidi, quum jam sua mittere vellet + Fulmina, ture dato sustinuisse manum. +At si negligimur, magnis injuria poenis + Solvitur, et justum praeterit ira modum. +Respice Thestiaden; flammis absentibus arsit. 305 + Causa est, quod Phoebes ara sine igne fuit. +Respice Tantaliden: eadem dea vela tenebat. + Virgo est, et spretos his tamen ulta focos. +Hippolyte infelix, velles coluisse Dionen, + Quum consternatis deripereris equis. 310 +Longa referre mora est correcta oblivia damnis. + Me quoque Romani praeteriere Patres. +Quid facerem? per quod fierem manifesta doloris? + Exigerem nostrae qualia damna notae? +Excidit officium tristi mihi. Nulla tuebar 315 + Rura, nec in pretio fertilis hortus erat. +Lilia deciderant: violas arere videres, + Filaque punicei languida facta croci. +Saepe mihi Zephyrus, Dotes corrumpere noli + Ipsa tuas, dixit. Dos mihi vilis erat. 320 +Florebant oleae; venti nocuere protervi. + Florebant segetes; grandine laesa Ceres. +In spe vitis erat: coelum nigrescit ab Austris, + Et subita frondes decutiuntur aqua. +Nec volui fieri, nec sum crudelis in ira: 325 + Cura repellendi sed mihi nulla fuit. +Convenere Patres, et, si bene floreat annus, + Numinibus nostris annua festa vovent. +Annuimus voto. Consul cum Consule ludos + Postumio Laenas persoluere mihi. 330 +Quaerere conabar, quare lascivia major + His foret in ludis, liberiorque jocus: +Sed mihi succurrit, numen non esse severum, + Aptaque deliciis munera ferre deam. +Tempora sutilibus cinguntur tota coronis, 335 + Et latet injecta splendida mensa rosa. +Ebrius incinctis philyra conviva capillis + Saltat, et imprudens vertitur arte meri. +Ebrius ad durum formosse limen amicae + Cantat. Habent unctae mollia serta comae. 340 +Nulla coronata peraguntur seria fronte; + Nec liquidae vinctis flore bibuntur aquae. +Donec eras mixtus nullis, Acheloë, racemis, + Gratia sumendae non erat ulla rosae. +Bacchus amat flores: Baccho placuisse coronam, 345 + Ex Ariadnaeo sidere nosse potes. +Scena levis decet hanc: non est, mihi credite, non est + Illa cothurnatas inter habenda deas. +Turba quidem cur hos celebret meretricia ludos, + Non ex difficili causa petita subest. 350 +Non est de tetricis, nori est de magna professis: + Vult sua plebeio sacra patere choro: +Et monet setatis specie, dum floreat, uti: + Contemni spinam, quum cecidere rosae. +Cur tamen, ut dantur vestes Cerealibus albae, 355 + Sic est haec cultu versicolore decens? +An quia maturis albescit messis aristis, + Et color et species floribus omnis inest? +Annuit; et motis flores cecidere capillis, + Accidere in mensas ut rosa missa solet. 360 +Lumina restabant; quorum me causa latebat, + Quum sic errores abstulit illa meos: +Vel quia purpureis collucent floribus agri; + Lumina sunt nostros visa decere dies: +Vel quia nec flos est hebeti, nec flamma, colore; 365 + Atque oculos in se splendor uterque trahit; +Vel quia deliciis nocturna licentia nostris + Convenit. A vero tertia causa venit. +Est breve praeterea, de quo mihi quaerere restat, + Si liceat, dixi. Dixit et illa, Licet. 370 +Cur tibi pro Libycis clauduntur rete leaenis + Imbelles capreae, sollicitusque lepus? +Non sibi, respondit, silvas cessisse, sed hortos, + Arvaque pugnaci non adeunda ferae. +Omnia finierat: tenues secessit in auras. 375 + Mansit odor: posses scire fuisse deam. +Floreat ut toto carmen Nasonis in aevo, + Sparge, precor, donis pectora nostra tuis. +Nocte minus quarta promet sua sidera Chiron + Semivir, et flavi corpore mixtus equi. 380 +Pelion Haemoniae mons est obversus in Austros: + Summa virent pinu: cetera quercus habet. +Phillyrides tenuit. Saxo stant antra vetusto, + Quae justum memorant incoluisse senem. +Ille manus, olim missuras Hectora leto, 385 + Creditur in lyricis detinuisse modis. +Venerat Alcides exhausta parta laborum, + Jussaque restabant ultima paene viro. +Stare simul casu Trojae duo fata videres: + Hinc puer aeacides, hinc Jove natus erat. 390 +Excipit hospitio juvenem Philyreïus heros: + Et causam adventus hic rogat: ille docet. +Perspicit interea clavam spoliumque leonis, + Virque, ait, his armis, armaque digna viro! +Nec se, quin horrens auderent tangere setis 395 + Vellus, Achilleae continuere manus. +Dumque senex tractat squalentia tela venenis, + Excidit, et laevo fixa sagitta pede est. +Ingemuit Chiron, traxitque e vulnere ferrum: + Et gemit Alcides, Haemoniusque puer. 400 +Ipse tamen lectas Pagasaeis collibus herbas + Temperat, et varia vulnera mulcet ope. +Virus edax superabat opem, penitusque recepta + Ossibus et toto corpore pestis erat. +Sanguine Centauri Lernaeae sanguis Echidnae 405 + Mixtus ad auxilium tempora nulla dabat. +Stabat, ut ante patrem, lacrimis perfusus Achilles: + Sic flendus Peleus, si moreretur, erat. +Saepe manus aegras manibus fingebat amicis: + Morum, quos fecit, praemia doctor habet. 410 +Oscula saepe dedit; dixit quoque saepe jacenti: + Vive, precor; nec me care relinque pater! +Nona dies aderat, quum tu, justissime Chiron, + Bis septem stellis corpora cinctus eras. + +Hunc Lyra curva sequi cuperet; sed idonea nondum 415 + Est via. Nox aptum tertia tempus erit. + +Scorpios in coelo, quum eras lucescere Nonas + Dicimus, a media parte notandus erit. + +Hinc ubi protulerit Formosa ter Hesperus ora, + Ter dederint Phoebo sidera victa locum; 420 +Ritus erit veteris, nocturna Lemuria, sacri: + Inferias tacitis Manibus illa dabunt. +Annus erat brevior, nec adhuc pia Februa norant, + Nec tu dux mensum, Jane biformis, eras. +Jam tamen extincto cineri sua dona ferebant, 425 + Compositique nepos busta piabat avi. +Mensis erat Maius, majorum nomine dictus, + Qui partem prisci nunc quoque moris habet. +Nox ubi jam media est, somnoque silentia praebet, + Et canis et varies conticuistis aves; 430 +Ille memor veteris ritus timidusque deorum + Surgit:--habent gemini vincula nulla pedes-- +Signaque dat digitis medio cum pollice junctis, + Occurrat tacito ne levis umbra sibi; +Quumque manus puras fontana perluit unda, 435 + Vertitur, et nigras accipit ante fabas; +Aversusque jacit; sed dum jacit, Haec ego mitto; + His, inquit, redimo meque meosque fabis. +Hoc novies dicit, nec respicit. Umbra putatur + Colligere, et nullo terga vidente sequi. 440 +Rursus aquam tangit, Temesaeaque concrepat aera, + Et rogat, ut tectis exeat umbra suis. +Quum dixit novies, Manes exite paterni! + Respicit, et pure sacra peracta putat. +Dicta sit unde dies, quae nominis exstet origo, 445 + Me fugit. Ex aliquo est invenienda deo. +Pliade nate, mone, virga venerande potenti: + Saepe tibi Stygii regia visa Jovis. +Venit adoratus Caducifer. Accipe causam + Nominis. Ex ipso cognita causa deo est. 450 +Romulus ut tumulo fraternas condidit umbras, + Et male veloci justa soluta Remo; +Faustulus infelix, et passis Acca capillis + Spargebant lacrimis ossa perusta suis. +Inde domum redeunt sub prima crepuscula moesti, 455 + Utque erat, in duro procubuere toro. +Umbra cruenta Remi visa est assistere lecto, + Atque haec exiguo murmure verba loqui: +En ego dimidium vestri parsque altera voti + Cernite sim qualis! qui modo qualis eram! 460 +Qui modo, si volucres habuissem regna jubentes, + In populo potui maximus esse meo. +Nunc sum elapsa rogi flammis et inanis imago. + Haec est ex illo forma relicta Remo. +Heu! ubi Mars pater est! si vos modo vera locuti, 465 + Uberaque expositis ille ferina dedit. +Quem lupa servavit, manus hunc temeraria civis + Perdidit. O quanto mitior illa fuit! +Saeve Celer, crudelem animam per vulnera reddas, + Utque ego, sub terras sanguinolentus eas! 470 +Noluit hoc frater. Pietas sequalis in illo est. + Quod potuit, lacrimas in mea fata dedit. +Hunc vos per lacrimas, per vestra alimenta rogate, + Ut celebrem nostro signet honore diem. +Mandantem amplecti cupiunt, et brachia tendunt: 475 + Lubrica prensantes effugit umbra manus. +Ut secum fugiens somnos abduxit imago, + Ad regem voces fratris uterque ferunt. +Romulus obsequitur, lucemque Remuria dixit + Illam, qua positis justa feruntur avis. 480 +Aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo + Littera, quae toto nomine prima fuit. +Mox etiam Lemures animas dixere silentum; + Hic verbi sensus, vis ea vocis erat. +Fana tamen veteres illis clausere diebus, 485 + Ut nunc ferali tempore operta vides. +Nec viduae taedis eadem, nec virginis apta + Tempora. Quae nupsit, non diuturna fuit. +Hac quoque de causa, si te proverbia tangunt, + Mense malas Maio nubere vulgus ait. 490 +Sed tamen haec tria sunt sub eodem tempore festa + Inter se nullo continuata die. +Quorum si mediis Boeotum Oriona quaeres; + Falsus eris. Signi causa canenda mihi. +Jupiter, et, lato qui regnat in aequore, frater 495 + Carpebant socias, Mercuriusque, vias. +Tempus erat, quo versa jugo referuntur aratra. + Et pronum saturae lac bibit agnus ovis. +Forte senex Hyrieus, angusti cultor agelli, + Hos videt, exiguam stabat ut ante casam. 500 +Atque ita, Longa via est nec tempora longa supersunt, + Dixit, et hospitibus janua nostra patet. +Addidit et vultum verbis, iterumque rogavit. + Parent promissis, dissimulantque deos. +Tecta senis subeunt, nigro deformia fumo. 505 + Ignis in hesterno stipite parvus erat; +Ipse genu nixus flammas exsuscitat aura, + Et promit quassas comminuitque faces. +Stant calices. Minor inde fabas, olus alter habebat, + Et fumant testu pressus uterque suo. 510 +Dumque mora est, tremula dat vina rubentia dextra. + Accipit aequoreus pocula prima deus. +Quae simul exhausit, Da, nunc bibat ordine, dixit, + Jupitur. Audito palluit ille Jove. +Ut rediit animus, cultorem pauperis agri 515 + Immolat, et magno torret in igne bovem; +Quaeque puer quondam primis diffuderat annis, + Promit fumoso condita vina cado. +Nec mora: flumineam lino celantibus ulvam, + Sic quoque non altis, incubuere toris. 520 +Nunc dape, nunc posito mensae nituere Lyaeo. + Terra rubens crater, pocula fagus erant. +Verba fuere Jovis: Si quid fert impetus, opta: + Omne feres. Placidi verba fuere senis: +Cara fuit conjux, prima mihi cara juventa 525 + Cognita. Nunc ubi sit, quaeritis: urna tegit. +Huic ego juratus, vobis in verba vocatis, + Conjugio dixi sola fruere meo. +Et dixi, et servo, sed enim diversa voluntas + Est mihi: nec conjux, sed pater esse volo. 530 +Annuerant omnes: omnes ad terga juvenci + Constiterant. Pudor est ulteriora loqui. +Tum superinjecta texere madentia terra. + Jamque decem menses, et puer ortus erat. +Hunc Hyrieus, quia sic genitus, vocat Uriona. 535 + Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum. +Creverat immensum: comitem sibi Delia sumpsit. + Ille deae custos, ille satelles erat. +Verba movent iras non circumspecta deorum. + Quam nequeam, dixit, vincere, nulla fera est. 540 +Scorpion immisit Tellus. Fuit impetus illi + Curva gemelliparae spicula ferre deae. +Obstitit Orion. Latona nitentibus astris + Addidit, et, Meriti praemia, dixit, habe. + +Sed quid et Orion, et cetera sidera mundo 545 + Cedere festinant, noxque coarctat iter? +Quid solito citius liquido jubar aequore tollit + Candida, Lucifero praeveniente, dies? +Fallor? an arma sonant? Non fallimur: arma sonabant; + Mars venit, et veniens bellica signa dedit. 550 +Ultor ad ipse suos coelo descendit honores, + Templaque in Augusto conspicienda Foro. +Et deus est ingens, et opus. Debebat in urbe + Non aliter nati Mars habitare sui. +Digna Giganteis haec sunt delubra tropaeis: 555 + Hinc fera Gradivum bella movere decet: +Sen quis ab Eoo nos impius orbe lacesset; + Seu quis ab occiduo sole domandus erit. +Prospicit armipotens operis fastigia summi, + Et probat invictos summa tenere deos. 560 +Prospicit in foribus diversae tela figurae, + Armaque terrarum milite victa suo. +Hinc videt aenean oneratum pondere caro, + Et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos. +Hinc videt Iliaden humeris ducis arma ferentem, 565 + Claraque dispositis acta subesse viris. +Spectat et Augusto praetextum nomine templum; + Et visum, lecto Caesare, majus opus. +Voverat hoc juvenis tunc, quum pia sustulit arma, + A tantis Princeps incipiendus erat. 570 +Ille manus tendens, hinc stanti milite justo, + Hinc conjuratis, talia dicta dedit; +Si mihi bellandi pater est, Vestaeque sacerdos + Auctor, et ulcisci numen utrumque paro: +Mars, ades, et satia scelerato sanguine ferrum: 575 + Stetque favor causa pro meliore tuus. +Templa feres, et me victore vocaberis Ultor. + Voverat; et fuso laetus ab hoste redit. +Nec satis est meruisse semel cognomina Marti: + Persequitur Parthi signa retenta manu. 580 +Gens fuit et campis, et equis, et tuta sagittis, + Et circumfusis invia fluminibus. +Addiderant animos Crassorum funera genti, + Quum periit miles, signaque, duxque simul. +Signa, decus belli, Parthus Romana tenebat, 585 + Romanaeque aquilae signifer hostis erat. +Isque pudor mansisset adhuc, nisi fortibus armis + Caesaris Ausoniae protegerentur opes. +Ille notas veteres, et longi dedecus aevi + Sustulit. Agnorunt signa recepta suos. 590 +Quid tibi nunc solitas mitti post terga sagittae, + Quid loca, quid rapidi profuit usus equi? +Parthe, refers aquilas: victos quoque porrigis arcus. + Pignora jam nostri nulla pudoris habes. +Rite deo templumque datum nomenque bis ulto, 595 + Et meritus votis debita solvit honos. +Sollemnes ludos Circo celebrate, Quirites: + Non visa est fortem scena decere deum. +Pliadas adspicies omnes, totumque sororum + Agmen, ubi ante Idus nox erit una super 600 +Tum mihi non dubiis auctoribus incipit aestas, + Et tepidi finem tempora veris habent. + +Idibus ora prior stellantia tollere Taurum + Indicat: huic signo fabula nota subest. +Praebuit, ut taurus, Tyriae sua terga puellae 605 + Jupiter, et falsa cornua fronte tulit; +Illa jubam dextra, laeva retinebat amictus; + Et timor ipse novi causa decoris erat. +Aura sinus implet: flavos movet aura capillos. + Sidoni, sic fueras aspicienda Jovi 610 +Saepe puellares subduxit ab aequore plantas, + Et metuit tactus assilientis aquae: +Saepe deus prudens tergum demittit in undas, + Haereat ut collo fortius illa suo. +Litoribus tactis stabat sine cornibus ullis 615 + Jupiter, inque deum de bove versus erat. +Taurus init coelum: te, Sidoni, Jupiter implet, + Parsque tuum terras tertia nomen habet. +Hoc alii signum Phariam dixere juvencam, + Quae bos ex homine est, ex bove facta dea. 620 + +Tum quoque priscorum virgo simulacra virorum + Mittere roboreo scirpea ponte solet. +Corpora post decies senos qui credidit annos + Missa neci, sceleris crimine damnat avos. +Fama vetus: tum quum Saturnia terra vocata est, 625 + Talia fatidici dicta fuere dei: +Falcifero libata seni duo corpora, gentes, + Mittite, quae Tuscis excipiantur aquis. +Donec in haec venit Tirynthius arva, quotannis + Tristia Leucadio sacra peracta modo; 630 +Illum stramineos in aquam misisse Quirites. + Herculis exemplo corpora falsa jaci. +Pars putat, ut ferrent juvenes suffragia soli, + Pontibus infirmos praecipitasse senes. +Tibri, doce verum: tua ripa vetustior urbe. 635 + Principium ritus tu bene nosse potes. +Tibris arundiferum medio caput extulit alveo, + Raucaque dimovit talibus ora sonis: +Haec loca desertas vidi sine moenibus herbas: + Pascebat sparsos utraque ripa boves. 640 +Et quem nunc gentes Tiberin noruntque timentque, + Tunc etiam pecori despiciendus eram. +Arcadis Evandri nomen tibi saepe refertur: + Ille meas remis advena torsit aquas. +Venit et Alcides, turba comitatus Achiva. 645 + Albula, si memini, tunc mihi nomen erat. +Excipit hospitio juvenem Pallantius heros: + Et tandem Caco debita poena venit. +Victor abit, secumque boves, Erytheïda praedam, + Abstrahit. At comites longius ire negant: 650 +Magnaque pars horum desertis venerat Argis. + Montibus his ponunt spemque Laremque suum. +Saepe tamen patriae dulci tanguntur amore; + Atque aliquis moriens hoc breve mandat opus: +Mittite me in Tiberin, Tiberinis vectus ut undis 655 + Litus ad Inachium pulvis inanis eam. +Displicet heredi mandati cura sepulcri: + Mortuus Ausonia conditur hospes humo. +Scirpea pro domino in Tiberin jactatur imago, + Ut repetat Graias per freta longa domos. 660 +Hactenus. Ut vivo subiit rorantia saxo + Antra, leves cursum sustinuistis aquae. +Clare nepos Atlantis, ades! quem montibus olim + Edidit Arcadiis Pleïas una Jovi. +Pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum 665 + Arbiter, alato qui pede carpis iter: +Laete lyrae pulsu, nitida quoque laete palaestra, + Quo didicit culte lingua favente loqui. +Templa tibi posuere Patres spectantia Circum + Idibus. Ex illo est haec tibi festa dies. 670 +Te, quicumque suas profitentur vendere merces, + Ture dato, tribuas ut sibi lucra, rogant. +Est aqua Mercurii portae vicina Capenae: + Si juvat expertis credere, numen habet. +Huc venit incinctus tunicas mercator, et urna 675 + Purus suffita, quam ferat, haurit aquam. +Uda fit hinc laurus: lauro sparguntur ab uda + Omnia, quae dominos sunt habitura novos. +Spargit et ipse suos lauro rorante capillos, + Et peragit solita fallere voce preces. 680 +Ablue praeteriti perjuria temporis, inquit, + Ablue praeterita perfida verba die. +Sive ego te feci testem, falsove citavi + Non audituri numina magna Jovis; +Sive deum prudens alium divamve fefelli, 685 + Abstulerint celeres improba dicta Noti. +Et pereant veniente die perjuria nobis, + Nec curent superi, si qua locutus ero. +Da modo lucra mihi, da facto gaudia lucro, + Et face, ut emptori verba dedisse juvet. 690 +Talia Mercurius poscentem ridet ab alto, + Se memor Ortygias surripuisse boves. + +At mihi pande, precor, tanto meliora petenti, + In Geminos ex quo tempore Phoebus eat. +Quum totidem de mense dies superesse videbis: 695 + Quot sunt Herculei facta laboris, ait. +Die, ego respondi, causam mihi sideris hujus. + Causam facundo reddidit ore deus. +Abstulerant raptas Phoeben Phoebesque sororem + Tyndaridae fratres, hic eques, ille pugil. 700 +Bella parant, repetuntque suas et frater et Idas, + Leucippo fieri pactus uterque gener. +His amor, ut repetant, illis, ut reddere nolint, + Suadet, et ex causa pugnat uterque pari. +Effugere Oebalidae cursu potuere sequentes: 705 + Sed visum celeri vincere turpe fuga. +Liber ab arboribus locus est, apta area pugnae. + Constiterant illic: nomen Aphidna loco. +Pectora trajectus Lynceo Castor ab ense + Non exspectato vulnere pressit humum. 710 +Ultor adest Pollux, et Lyncea perforat hasta, + Qua cervix humeros continuata premit. +Ibat in hunc Idas, vixque est Jovis igne repulsus: + Tela tamen dextrae fulmine rapta negant. +Jamque tibi coelum, Pollux, sublime patebat, 715 + Quum, Mea, dixisti, percipe verba, Pater. +Quod mihi das uni coelum, partire duobus: + Dimidium toto munere majus erit. +Dixit, et alterna fratrem statione redemit: + Utile sollicitae sidus uterque rati. 720 + +Ad Janum redeat, qui quaerit, Agonia quid sint: + Quae tamen in fastis hoc quoque tempus habent. + +Nocte sequente diem canis Erigoneïus exit; + Est alio signi reddita causa loco. + +Proxima Vulcani lux est, Tubilustria dicunt. 725 + Lustrantur purae, quas facit ille, tubae. + +Quattuor inde notis locus est; quibus ordine lectis + Vel mos sacrorum, vel Fuga Regis inest. + +Nec te praetereo, populi Fortuna potentis + Publica, cui templum luce sequente datum. 730 +Hanc ubi dives aquis acceperit Amphitrite, + Grata Jovi fulvae rostra videbis avis. + +Auferet ex oculis veniens Aurora Booten, + Continuaque die sidus Hyantis erit. + + +NOTES: + +1-110. The poet here enters into a long inquiry on the subject of the +origin of the name of May. To free the discussion from dryness, and to +give it a dramatic air, he introduces the Muses disputing on this +subject.--_Quaeritis_. See iv. 878. He addresses his readers in general, +and not Germanicus alone, as elsewhere. + +7. The poet would appear in this place to confound the springs of +Aganippe and Hippocrene, which, though both on Mt. Helicon, were distinct +in situation. But he had already (Met. v. 312,) distinguished them, so +that we must regard the present as a slip of his memory. _Aganippis_, +like _Ausonis, Maenalis_, etc. is evidently an adjective. + +8. _Med. equi_, Pegasus. See III. 544. + +9. _Polyhymnia_. The name of this Muse in all the Greek writers, from +Hesiod down, is [Greek: Polymnia]; by Ovid and by Horace, (Car. I. 1, +33,) she is called Polyhymnia, a name which could not be written in +Greek. + +11-54. The _first_ opinion. Maius derived its name from Majestas, the +daughter of Honos and Reverentia. _Sunt qui hunc mensem ad nostros Fastos +transisse commemorant, apud quos nunc quoque vocatur Deus Maius, qui est +Jupiter, a magnitudine et majestate dictus_. Macrobius, Sat. I. 12. + +10. _Mente notant_, mark in their mind or commit to memory. + +11. Compare I. 103. Met I. 1. _et seq_. xv. 239. In these places he +speaks of four elements, here of but three, regarding the air and the +aether as one. + +12. _Omne opus_. The whole mass. Some MSS. read _onus_. See on I. 564. + +16. I doubt if it was judicious to personify here. + +19. It was in the reign of Saturn that this confusion prevailed, hence no +gods are spoken of but Titans, the children of Heaven and Earth; such +were Oceanus and Tethys. It would be pressing the poet too closely to ask +who the _Dei advenae_ could be in the reign of Saturn. + +24. Lenz, who thinks that it is the banquets of the gods of which the +poet speaks, in the language of the Roman _triclinium_, understands by +_legitimis toris_ the couches in such being properly arranged, and the +guests placed according to their rank. Gierig rightly understands it of +the marriage of Honour and Reverence. + +25. _Quae_, etc. Three of the best MSS. read _hos est dea censa parentes_, +which Heinsius and Gierig adopt. Compare Hor. Car. I. 12. 15. + +26. _Magna fuit_, scil. Majestas, like Minerva. + +28. _Aurea_, i. e. adorned with gold.--_Sinu_, robe; part for the whole. +Compare II. 310. + +29. _Pudor et Metus_. The [Greek: Aidos] and [Greek: Nemesis] of Hesiod, +([Greek: Erga] 200). + +30. _Vultus_. One MS. reads _cultus_; either reading gives a good sense. + +31. _Suspectus_, a regard, respect for. + +34. _Dum senior_. See IV. 197. + +35. For the Giant-war, see Met. I. 151. _et seq_. Virg. G. I. 278. Hor. +Car. III. 4. 49. Mythology. p. 238. + +52. _Illa coronatis_, etc. She accompanies the conquering generals in +their triumphs, giving dignity to them. I know not where the poet got +this beautiful fiction of the birth and power of Majesty. It has, I +think, a Roman rather than a Grecian air, "Haud dubie poetae antiquiori +debet." Gierig. + +54. The poet appears to intimate that each opinion was maintained by +three of the Muses. For the names, characters, and attributes of these +goddesses, see Mythology, p. 146. + +55. The second opinion. Maius and Junius came from _Majores_ and +_Juniores. Fulvius Nobilior in Fastis, quos in aede Herculis Musarum +posuit, Romulum dicit postquam populos in majores minoresque divisit, ut +altera pars consilio, altera armis rempublicam tueretur, in honorem +utriusque partis hunc Maium sequentum mensem Junium vocasse_. Macrobius, +I. 12. + +57. [Greek: Aideisthai poliokrotaphous, eikein de gerousin Edraes kai +geraon panton], Phocyl. 207. Cicero (Sen. 18.) praises the Lacedaemonians +highly for their respect for old age, on the advantages of which he makes +his Cato dilate, but properly adds _non cani, non repente auctoritatem +accipere possunt_, as this depended on a well-spent life, and, as +Menander says, [Greek: Ouch ai triches poiousin ai leukai phronein, All' +ho tropos enion esti tae phusei Geron]. + +59. [Greek: Palaios ainos Erga men neoteron, Boulai d' echousi ton +geraiteron kratos]. Eurip. frag. Melan. + +60. Same as _Pugnabant pro aris et focis_. + +64. This derivation of Senatus is also given by Cicero (Sen. 6.). +Dionysius (II. 12.) doubts whether the corresponding Greek term [Greek: +gerousia] came from age or from honour ([Greek: geras]).--_Mite_ a very +appropriate term, "Juventus est _fervida_, senectus _mitis_." Gierig. + +66. In the early times of Rome, the maturity of years was much regarded +in the appointments to office. When Corn. Scipio was looking for the +aedileship (A.U.C. 539) the tribunes opposed him because he had not +attained the lawful age, Liv. xxv. 2. By the Lex Villia Annalis passed +A.U.C. 574 the age for the Quaestorship was made 3l, for the aedileship +37, the Praetorship 40, and the Consulship 43 years. + +67. Compare Sall. Jug. 11. + +68. See Horace Sat. II. 5. 17. + +70. _Censuram_, the right of reprimanding. + +71. _Patres_. See Liv. I. 8. Sall. Cat. 6. Vell. Paterc. I. 8.-- +_Pectora_. Several MSS. read _corpora_. + +74. _Tangor_, I am led to believe. + +75. It was probably said that this was done by Romulus at the request of +Numitor. + +76. _Sustinuisse. "Non sustinet alterum qui non potest non satisfacere +ejus precibus_," Gierig. Compare Met. xiv. 788. Liv. xxxi. 13. + +77. 78. June, the poet thinks, being named a _juvenum nomine_, is no +slight proof of the correctness of the foregoing etymology. But the +origin of June itself is to be proved.--_Praep. hon_. Six MSS. _proposito +honori_, some have _propositum_, five give the present reading, the rest +_propositi_. Heinsius proposes _praeposito honori_, which Krebs adopts. + +79-110. The third opinion. The month derived its name from the Pleias +Maia. _Cincius mensem nominatum putat a Maia, quam Vulcani dicit uxorem, +argumentoque utitur quod flamen Vulcanalis, Kal. Maiis huic deae rem +divinam facit_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. Again _Contendunt alii Maiam Mercurii +Matrem, mensi nomen dedisse_.--There is a festival of Mercury in this +month which is in favour of the Pleias; but, on the other side, Maia +seems to be an old Italian deity, the female, perhaps, of Maius, (see on +v. 11,) and is justly regarded as the Earth, (see on v. 148,) who, under +the name of Bona Dea, was worshiped on the Kalends. The marriage of +Vulcan and Maia accords with Grecian, not with Italian theology. See on +III. 512. + +79. _Hedera_, the ornament of learned brows, and therefore suited to the +Muse of the Epos. + +80. _Prima sui chori_, Calliope is placed by Hesiod and all succeeding +writers at the head of the list of the Muses. Perhaps in this place the +chorus may be those of her sisters, who thought as she did on this +subject. + +81. Oceanus and Tethys were two of the Titans, the children of Heaven and +Earth. + +82. [Greek: Mnaesomai Okeanoio bathurrhoou en gar ekeino Pasa chthon, ate +naesos apeiritos, estephanotai]. Dionys. Perieg. 3. For proof that the +ancient poets represented the Ocean as a huge river which flowed round +the earth, see Mythology, pp. 35, 228. + +89-90. The country, its rivers and mountains put for the people. For the +ante-lunar origin of the Arcadians, see I. 469. + +91. See I. 499. _et seq_. + +92. _Impositos_ scil. _navi suae_. + +93. Compare I. 5d5, II. 280, III. 71. Virg. aen. viii. 98. + +99. Sec II. 267-449. + +101. _Cinctutis_, same as _succinctis_, which is the reading of several +MSS. The Luperci were so called, because they ran, [Greek: en +perizomasi], _cincti subligaculis_. + +102. _Celebres vias_, the crowded streets.--_Vellera secta_, the +goat-skin thongs. Several MSS. read _verbera_. + +103. This is the way in which Evander chiefly testified his veneration +for Mercury, by naming a month after the god's mother. As to the fact of +his being his son, see above I. 471. According to Macrobius, (_ut supra_) +traders sacrificed in this month to Maia and Mercury. + +104. Compare Hor. Car. I. 10, 6. For the mythology of Mercury, see my +Mythology, pp. 124 and 460. + +105. _Pietas_, i. e. dutiful regard to his aunts, the Pleiades. The lyre, +or _phorminx_, of which the invention was ascribed to Hermes, had seven +strings. [Greek: Hepta de symphonous oion etanusseto chordas]. Homer, H. +Merc, 25. + +108. See on v. 64. + +111-128. On the Kalends of May, the star named Capella ([Greek: aix]) +which is in the right shoulder of the Heniochus or Charioteer, a +constellation on the north side of the Milky Way--rises heliacally, +according to Neapolis; cosmically, according to Taubner. Is it not +acronychally, according to Ovid? Pliny (xviii. 26,) makes it take place +the VIII. Id Maias.--_Ab Jove_, etc. [Greek: Ek Dios archometha], Aratus +Phaen. 1, Virg. Ec. III. 60. + +113, 114. According to Eratosthenes (Catast. 13,) Musaeus said, that when +Jupiter was born, Rhea gave him to Themis, by whom he was committed to +Amalthea, who had him suckled by her goat. Amalthea, we are told by +Theon, (ad Arat. 64,) was the daughter of Olenus. Others say, that +Amalthea was the name of the goat, and that she had two kids, which were +raised with herself to the skies by her grateful nursling. There is no +part of Grecian mythology more obscure than the early history of +Jupiter.--_Nascitur_, i.e. _oritur_.--_Pluviale_. Compare Met. III. 594, +Virg. aen. ix. 668, on which Servius says, _Supra Tauri cornua est signum, +cui Auriga nomen est. Retinet autem stellas duas in manu, quae Haedi +vocantur et Capram--quorum et ortus et occasus gravissimas tempestates +faciunt_. + +115. _Naïs_, for _Nympha_, the species for the genus. + +119. _Aëriis_, lofty, tall, rising into the air. + +123. _Cinxit_. One of the best MSS. which is followed by Heinsius and +Gierig, reads _cinctum_.--_Recentibus_, the MSS. also read _decoribus_, +_decentibus_, _virentibus_. + +129-147. The altar of the Guardian (Praestites) Lares was erected on the +Kalends of May. + +130. _Curius_. Manius Curius Dentatus, the conqueror of the Sabines and +of Pyrrhus. There is an apparent difficulty here, as, according to Varro, +T. Tatius, the Sabine king built a temple to the Lares, and Dionysius +(iv. 14) tells us, that the Compitalia were instituted in their honour by +Servius Tullius. The history of Tatius, however, is so purely mythic, +that little stress can be laid on the above circumstance, and the fact of +the previous worship of the Lares at Rome, does not militate against that +of the erection of an altar to them by Curius. The present reading _Vov + ... ... ... Cur_, was given by Ciofanus, from one MS. of the highest +authority; that of the other MSS. and the previous editions, is _Ara erat +quidem illa Curibus_, and it is a matter of great doubt which is the +genuine one. One MS. for _voverat_, reads _struxerat_. + +137. _Stabat_, scil. at the altar erected by Curius. + +140. _Grata_, agreeable. _Compitalia dies attributus. Laribus; ideo ubi +viae competunt tum in competis sacrificatur; quotannis is dies +concipitur_. Varro, L. L. V. There were 265 _compita Larium_ at Rome, +Pliny, III. 9. + +143, 144. See vv. 129, 130. + +145. _Mille_, a definite for an indefinite number.--_Qui. trad_. etc. +_Compitales Lares ornari his anno constituit vernis floribus et aestivis_. +Suet. Aug. 31. + +146. _Numina trina_, scil. the two Lares, and the Genius of Augustus. +Hor. Car. iv. 5, 34. See IV. 954.--_Vici_, the streets. + +148-158. The temple of Bona Dea was dedicated on the Kalends of May. It +is disputed who this goddess was. Varro said she was Fatua or Fauna, the +daughter of Faunus, who was so chaste that she never let herself even be +seen by men. Macrobius (I. 12,) tells us, that Corn. Labeo said she was +Maia. v. 79. As she is also said to have been the same with Ops, and a +pregnant sow was the victim offered to her, (Festus, s. v. Damium,) which +was also the victim to Tellus, (Hor. Ep. II. 1, 143.) I think it +extremely probable, that Bona Dea was only one of the names of the +goddess of the earth. + +149. _Moles nativa_, a natural rock. It was on the Aventine. + +152. Regna. Three of the best MSS. followed by Heinsius and Gierig, give +_signa_. + +155, 156. See on IV. 305. It is not certain, however, that it was Claudia +Quinta, "Haec Appia illa Claudia probatae pudicitiae femina." Neapolis. + +157, 158. Compare I. 649. + +159-182. On the second of May, the wind Argestes began to blow, and the +Hyades rose.--_Hyperionis_. Aurora, the daughter of Hyperion. + +161. Argestes, called also Caurus or Corus, was the north-west wind, and +was considered to be very cold.--_Mulcebit_. Five MSS. read _miscebit_, +which Burmann approved, and Gierig adopted. + +162. A _Cal. aq_. For vessels sailing from the east coast of Italy to +Greece, the north-west wind, also called by the Greeks Iapyx, was +eminently favourable. Hor. Car. I. 3, 4. Most MSS. read _a capreis_, four +_a campis_, three _a canis_, one _qua canis_. The reading of the text was +given by Neapolis from a MS. of no great authority. + +163. The rising of the Hyades acronychally. This, perhaps, is an error, +for Pliny (xviii. 66,) says _VI. Non. Maii Caesari Suculae matutino +oriuntur. + +166. There are three derivations of this name, one which the poet follows +from [Greek: huein] to rain; a second from the letter Y, which the +constellation was thought to resemble; a third from [Greek: hus sus], +which is supported by the Latin name _Suculae_. I am disposed to prefer +this last, (Mythology, p. 418) as also are Göttling and Nitzsch, two +distinguished critics of the present day. + +171. Atlas was the father of Hyas and the Hyades. + +182. _Illa_ scil. _pietas.--Nomina_, etc. "Sed si nauta Graecus Hyadas ab +imbre vocavit, ut vs. 166, recte admonitum est, quid opus erat idem nomen +etiam ex mythis repetere. Ita poëtae sententia secum pugnat." Gierig; who +had already observed, that _grege Hyadum_, v. 164, was an allusion to the +derivation from [Greek: us]. + +183-378. The poet now returns to the Floralia, which he had briefly +noticed at the end of the preceding book. These games were instituted +according to Pliny, (xviii. 29) A.U.C. 516 _ex oraculis Sibyllae, ut omnia +bene deflorescerent_. Velleius (I. 14) gives A.U.C. 513 as the date; +which is the true one. The Floralia began on the 28th of April, and ended +on the 3d of May.--_Mater florum_. "Matres earum rerum dicuntur Deae +quibus praesunt." Gierig. For the general principle see Mythology, p. 6. + +189. _Circus_, that is, the games of the Floral Circus, which were +continued into May. The Circus Florae was in the sixth region of the city. +For these games, see vv. 37l, 372.--_Theatris_, the spectators who +testified their approbation by clapping of hands, etc. _Tota theatra +reclamant_, Cicero Orat III. 50. + +190. _Munere. Munus_ was properly used only of gladiatorial shews. The +poet in employing it here, uses a poet's privilege. + +195. _Cloris eram_, etc. The name Chloris, is akin to [Greek: chloae] +grass, and [Greek: chloros] green, flourishing; Flora is related in the +same way to Flos. Chloris and Flora are therefore kindred terms, and the +latter is not, as the poet says, derived from the former. I am not +certain that the older Grecian Mythology acknowledged a goddess of +flowers. Lenz infers from the poem of Catullus on Berenice's hair, which +is a translation from Callimachus, that the Greeks had an ancient legend +about Chloris, the wife of Zephyrus, which the Alexandrian poet +transferred to Arsinoe, the wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and that Ovid +probably derived it from the [Greek: Aitia] of Callimachus. Nonnus, (xi. +363, xxxi. 106. 110,) is the only Greek poet, who, to my knowledge, +notices this story of Chloris. From his late age he is of little +authority, and the Italian Fauns are actors in his heterogenious poem. +According to Varro, (L. L. V.) Flora was an ancient Sabine deity, whose +worship was brought to Rome by Tatius, and when we consider the rural +character of the ancient Italian religion in general, there can be but +little doubt of its having always recognised a patroness of the flowers. +The silly, tasteless fiction, transmitted to us by Plutarch, (Q. R. 35,) +and the Fathers of the Church, of Flora having been a courtizan, who left +her wealth to the Roman people, on condition of their celebrating games +in her honour, and of the Senate having, out of shame, feigned that she +was the goddess of flowers--is utterly undeserving of notice. + +197. _Campi felicis_. The _Campus Felix_ of Ovid was, I think, the +[Greek: aelysion pedion] of Homer, (Od. iv. 564,) rather than the [Greek: +makaron naesous] of Hesiod, ([Greek: Erga], 170). See Mythology, pp. 36 +and 229. Compare Hor. Epod. xvi. 41. The localisers of the fictions of +the poets make the Canary Isles to be this blissful region. + +203. For this Athenian legend of Boreas carrying off Orithyia, the +daughter of Erechtheus, as she was dancing in a choir of maidens on the +banks of the Ilissus, see Met. vi. 677. Herod, vii. 189, Mythology, pp. +227, 346. Orithya, I may observe, signifies _mountain-rusher_, ([Greek: +Orei thyousa]) and was, therefore, a good name for the spouse of the +North-wind. Athenian vanity made her a mortal, and daughter of an Attic +king. + +211. _Generoso_, of the finest kinds. _Pruna generosa_, Met. xiii. 818, +_generosa uva_, Rem. Am. 567. _generosum pecus_. Virg. G. III. 75. + +216. _Comae_, the flowers, IV. 38. + +217. The Horae are the goddesses of the Seasons. They were the daughters +of Jupiter and Themis. Hesiod. Theog. 900.--_Incinctae_, i.e. _succinctae_. +See II. 634. _Pictis vestibus_, [Greek: peplous ennymenai droserous +anthon polyterpon], says the Orphic Hymn (xlii. 6,) of them. For +_vestibus_, three MSS. read _florihus_. + +219. The Charites or Graces were also the children of Jupiter; they +presided over social enjoyments, and were the bestowers of all grace and +elegance. The occupation of the Charites and Horae among the flowers is +thus beautifully described by the author of the lost poem, named the +Cypria, [Greek: Heimata men chroias tote ai Charites te kai Aurai +Poiaesan kai ebapsan en anthesin eiarinoisin, Oia phorous Orai, en te +kroko en th' uakintho, En t' io thalethonti, rodon t' eni anthei kalo, +Haedei, nektareo, en t' ambrosiais kalukessin Anthesi Narkissou +kallichoróou]. For the Horse and Charites, see Mythology, p. 150-153. + +221. It is not unlikely that the poet, who does not say where the garden +of Flora was, placed it mentally on the western margin of the earth, +where so many of the wonders of ancient Grecian fable lay. See vv. 233, +234. + +223. Hyacinthus, a Spartan youth, beloved by Apollo, and turned into a +flower of his own name. Met. x. 162. Therapnae was a town of Laconia. + +225. See Met. III. 407, _et seq_. + +226. _Alter et alter_, scil. that he and his shadow were not different +persons. + +227. Crocus, Met. iv. 283. Attis above, IV. 223. In the Met. (x. 103,) +Cybele changes him into a pine-tree, but Arnobius (v. p. 181,) says, +_Fluore de sanguinis viola flos nascitur, et redimitur ex hac arbos_ +(pinus). Adonis, the son of Cinyras, was turned into an anemone. Met. x. +728. See Mythology, pp. 109, 110. + +229. In Homer, Hesiod, and Apollodorus, and the Greek poets and +mythographers in general, Ares, the god corresponding to the Italian +Mars, is the son of Jupiter and Juno. The present legend I regard as the +fiction of some Italian, or, perhaps, of a Greek who was desirous of +ministering to the vanity of the Romans. I think that many legends were +invented in this way. Such, for example, is the tale of Faunus and +Hercules (above, II. 305, _et seq_.) devised to explain a custom of the +Roman Luperci. They are wrong who think that the taste and talent for +devising mythes ceased, when real history began. The present legend is +only to be found in Ovid; but Festus evidently alludes to it, for, +treating of the etymon of Gradivus, he says, _Vel, ut alii dicunt, quia_ +gramine _sit natus_. + +233. Compare Hom. II. xiv. 301. Met. II. 509.--_Facta_. Heinsius, on the +authority of one MS. reads _furta_. + +243, 244. Somewhat like her declaration in Virgil, _Flectere si nequeo +Superos Acherunta movebo_, which may have been in Ovid's mind. + +245. _Vox erat in cursu_. This may refer either to Juno or to Flora; but +it is evident that the poet is speaking of Juno, and means that as she +proceeded in her complaint, she marked the change in the countenance of +her auditress. Taubner's interpretation is curious; he supposes the +meaning to be: Juno spoke as she ran! Compare VI. 362, and Met xiii. 508. + +251. _Oleniis_. Olenus was a town of Achaea. There was another of this +name in Boeotia. + +253. _Qui dabat_. Probably Zephyrus. + +257. Thrace, on the left of the Propontis, was regarded as the +birth-place and favourite abode of Mars, on account of the martial +character of the people. + +259. This strengthens what I said above respecting the late age of the +fiction. + +261. _Coronis_. He calls the flowers crowns or garlands, not as being the +crown of the plant, for that is true of all that follow, but as being +used for making them. He goes on to say that Flora presided over +_blossoms_, as well as flowers. + +265, 266. This is said no where else of the olive. Of the almond, we +read, [Greek: Ora taen amygdalaen to karpo brithomenaen toigaroun +euetaerias tekmaerion megiston]. Theophil. Probl. nat. 17. See also Virg. +G. I. 187. + +267. Compare Virgil, G. I. 228. + +268. See II. 68. + +269. The poet could not abstain from taking advantage of a figurative +employment of the word _flos_, and, ascribing to Flora, what did not +belong to her. "Quae de _vino_ sequuntur, ea melius abessent." Gierig. The +_flos_ and _nebula_ of vine, are the light scum which comes upon its +surface when new. _Si vinum florere incipiet, saepius curare oportebit, ne +flos ejus pessun eat et saporem vitiet_. Columella, R. R. xii. 30. _Flos +vini candidus probatur; rubens triste signum est, si non is vini color +sit--Quod celeriter florere caeperit, odoremque trahere, non exit +diutinum_. Plin. H. N. xiv, 21. + +273, 274. The flower of youth--another figurative employment of the +word. + +277. He now proceeds to relate the historic origin of the Floral games. + +279. Compare Sallust, Cat. 25, _Docta psallere, saltare et multa alia, +quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt_. + +281. _Hinc et locupletes dicebant loci, hoc est agri, plenos. Pecunia +ipsa a pecore appellabatur_. Plin. xviii. 3. + +283. The subject of the Roman public land, and the Agrarian law, has been +treated and explained in a most masterly manner by the illustrious +Niebuhr, but it would be impossible to do justice to his views in the +compass of a note. I must, therefore, refer the reader to his Roman +History, Vol. II. p. 129, _et seq_. (Hare and Thirlwall's translation,) +or Vol. II. p. 353, et seq. (Walter's translation). A sufficiently full +account of these matters will be found in Nos. xv. and xxii. of the +Foreign Quarterly Review. In my Outlines of History, (p. 72,) I have +given a brief account of them_.-_Populi saltus_. These were the _pascua_, +the public pastures, for the liberty of grazing which a rent was to be +paid to the state, but of which the payment was frequently eluded by +favour or power. _Etiam nunc in tabulis Censoriis pascua dicuntur omnia, +ex quibus populus reditus habet, quia diu hoc solum vectigal fuerat_. +Pliny, _ut supra_. + +287, 288. L. and M. Publicii Malleoli, were aediles Plebis, A.U.C. 513. +The poet here, as elsewhere, shews his superficial knowledge of the +history of his country, for A.U.C. 457, _ab aedilibus Pl. L. aelio. Poeta, +et C. Fulvio Curvo ex mullaticia pecunia, quam exegerunt pecuariis +damnatis, ludi facti, pateraeque aureae ad Cereris positae. Liv. x. 23, and +a road was made A.U.C. 462, by the Curule aediles, out of similar fines. +Liv. x. 47. As by the Licinian law, no one was allowed to put more than +100 head of black, or 500 head of small cattle on the public pastures, +these fines were probably imposed on those who had exceeded that number. + +291. Besides the institution of the Floral games, a temple, of which the +poet does not speak, was built to Flora out of that money, which was +repaired by Tiberius, A.U.C. 773. Tacit. An. II. 49. + +292. _Victores_, scil. the aediles. + +293. _Clivus Publicius ab aedilibus plebei Publiciis, qui eum publice +aedificarunt_. Varro, L. L. iv. Festus, who gives a similar account, adds, +_munierunt, ut in Aventinum vehicula Velia venire possent_. A _clivus_, +was a carriageway up a hill. + +298. _Turba_, etc. This low idea of their gods, was one of the greatest +blemishes of the theology of the Greeks and Romans. It pervades all their +mythology. See above, on I. 445. Hom. II. ix. 497. Similar notions still +prevail in modern Italy, and in many other countries. + +299. _Iniquos_, that is, incensed or unfavourable, the contrary of aequos. + +305. _Thestiaden_, Meleager. See Met. 270, _et seq_. Hom. II. ix. 527, et +seq. Mythology, p. 287. + +307. _Tantaliden_. Agamemnon, descended from Pelops, the son of Tantalus. +The Grecian fleet, as is well-known, was detained at Aulis by the anger +of Diana.--_Vela_, Neapolis read _tela_, and thought of Niobe. + +308. _Virgo est_, from whom, therefore, more mildness was to be expected. + +309. See above, III. 265--_Dionen_. Venus. See II. 461. + +311. _Oblivia_, forgetfulness; or rather neglect. + +312. _Praeteriere_, i. e. neglected to celebrate the Floral games. + +329. In the consulate of L. Postumius Albinus, and M. Popilius Laenas, +A.U.C. 581, it was directed that the Floral games should be celebrated +every year. + +331. The Floralia were of an exceedingly lascivious character. The utmost +license of language prevailed, and, at the sound of trumpets, lewd women +came forth and ran and danced naked before the spectators. The Fathers of +the Church, Arnobius and Lactantius, are unsparing in their censure of +them. When Cato once appeared at them, the people were so awed at his +presence, that they would not call on the women to strip. Val. Max. II. +10. This practice probably gave occasion to the legend already noticed, +see on v. 195, of Flora having been herself a _meretrix_. Ovid views +matters here with a more lenient eye. + +335. _Tempora_, etc. He is not now narrating what took place at the +Floralia, but showing how the gifts of Flora ministered to joy and +pleasure.--_Sut. cor_. crowns made of rose-petals sewed together. There +were also _pactiles coronae_, or crowns made of various flowers, _Jam +tunc corona deorum honos erant, et Larium publicorum privatorumque, ac +sepulchrorum et Manium, summaque auctoritas pactili coronae. Sutiles +Saliorum sacris invenimus et sollemnes coenis. Transiere deinde ad +rosaria, eoque luxuria processit, ut non esset gratia nisi mero folio_. +Plin. H. N. xxi. 3, 8. + +336. It was the custom at banquets to shower down roses on the guests and +the tables. See. v. 369. + +337. Dancing was looked upon by the Romans as highly indecorous and +unbecoming in a respectable person. See Corn. Nep. Epam. I. Corte on +Sall. Cat. 25. 2. None danced but those who were drunk.--_Philyra_, the +interior bark of the linden or lime-tree. It was much used for making +these festive crowns. Plin. H. N. xvi. 14. xxi. 3. Hor. Car. I. 38. 2.-- +_Incinct. capil. Incinctus_ seems here to be used for the simple +_cinctus_; elsewhere (II. 635, V. 217. 675,) it is equivalent to +_succinctus_. + +338. _Imprudens_, etc. Scarcely knowing what he is doing, he is whirled +about by the art taught by wine, i. e. he dances. _Ille liquor docuit +voces inflectere cantu, Movit et ad certos nescia membra modos_, Tibull. +I. 2. 37. For _vertitur_ some MSS. read _utitur_, which is perhaps the +better reading. + +339, 340. This custom of lovers among the ancients is well known. See. +IV. 110. _At lacrumans exclusus amator limina saepe, Floribus et sertis +operit, postesque superbus Unguit amaricino_, Lucret. iv. 171. Hence +Heinsius would read _serta fores_, than which emendation Gierig thinks +nothing can be more certain. + +343. _Acheloë_. The name of this river is here as in Virgil (G. I. 9,) +used for water in general. + +343. See III. 513. + +347. _Scena levis_, etc. the light, the comic, the farcical opposed to +the grave, tragic scene.--_Cothurn. deas_, is either the grave, stately +goddesses, or, what is nearly the same thing, those who used to be +introduced on the cothurned, or tragic stage, such as Diana and Minerva. + +351. Here Flora is again opposed to the serious, respectable goddesses.-- +_Tetricis_, grave, severe. _Tetrica et tristis Sabinorum disciplina_, +Liv. l. l8.--_De magna_. Ten MSS. read _dea magna_. + +352. _Plebeio choro_, scil. the _Meretrices_, who were of course of low +birth. + +353. _Specie_, the beauty of youth. + +355. See IV. 619. The poet's reasons are good. + +361. _Lumina_, the torches which were used at the Floralia. + +362. _Errores_. See IV. 669. VI. 255. + +363. _Pur. flor. Purpureus_ is used of any bright splendid colour. + +371. These animals were hunted in the Circus Florae, at the time of the +Floralia. _Floralicias lasset arena feras_. Martial, viii. 66. 4. + +375. _Tenues_, etc. Compare Virg. aen. ii. 791. ix. 657. + +376. Compare Virg. aen. I. 403. + +379-414. On the V. Non, the third day of the month, (_nocte minus quarta) +the Centaur rises, Chiron was the offspring of the Oceanide Phillyra, +by Saturn, who had taken the form of a horse, and he was half-man +half-horse. Virg. G. III. 92. Mythology, pp. 49, 283. + +381. _Haemonia_ was a name of Thessaly. + +384. _Justum senem_. Chiron is called by Homer, (II. xi. 832,) [Greek: +dikaiotatos]. + +385. Achilles was committed to the care of Chiron.--_Miss. leto_. Compare +Hom. II. I. 3. + +388. According to Apollodorus, it was when Hercules was on his fourth +task, that the following accident happened to Chiron. See Mythology, p. +316. + +389. _Duo fata_. Because Troy suffered from both, being taken by one, and +reduced to extremity by the other. + +403. According to Pliny, (H. N. xxv. 6,) he recovered. _Centaurio curatus +dicitur Chiron, quum Herculis excepti hospitio pertractanti arma sagitta +cecidisset in pedem_. + +410. Heinsius regarded this line as spurious, and, as the work of some +grammarian or pedagogue, and even as semi-barbarous Latin. It has been +defended by Heinz and Krebs. In Euripides, (Iph. Aul. 926,) Achilles says +of himself. [Greek: Ego d' en andros eusebestatou trapheis Cheironos +emathon tous tropous haplous echein]. + +415, 416. Lyra rises acronychally the III. Non. + +417, 418. One part of the Scorpion sets cosmically the day before the +Nones. _Pridie Nonas Maias Nepa medius occidet_. Columella, R. R. xi. 2. +_Nepa_ is used for _Scorpio_, by Manilius and others, as well as +Columella. + +419-492. The Lemuria began on the VII. Id. and lasted for three days, but +not continuously, as appears from v. 491, and an ancient Calendar. The +_Mundus_ (See on IV. 821,) was regarded as the door of the under world, +and was believed to be open three days in the year for the spirits of the +departed to revisit the earth. Festus v. Mundus. There may be some +relation between these three days and those of the Lemuria.-- +_Protulerit_. See III. 345. Trist. III. 10, 9. Hor. Sat. I. 8, 21. +Fourteen MSS. read _sustulerit_, one _praetulerit_, others _pertulerit_ or +_propulevit.--Formosa ova_. Compare Virg. aen. viii. 589, _et seq_. + +422. _Tacitis Manibus_, i. e. the Lemures, whom (v. 481,) he calls +_animas Silentum_. According to Ovid's account, the Lemures were, what we +term, disturbed spirits. Nonius says, they were _larvae nocturnae et +terrificationes imaginum et bestiarum_. + +423. See I. 27. + +427, 428. It would appear from this, that it was thought that in the time +of Romulus, the Feralia, (II. 533,) and the Lemuria, were one, and were +celebrated in the third month, which was named _a majoribus_. + +429, 430. Compare IV. 490. Virg. aen. iv. 522, viii. 26. If there is any +imitation, I would say that it was Apollonius Rhodius, whom Ovid had in +view.--_Praebet, scil. _nox_. Some MSS. read _somnos_, or _somnum silentia +praebent_. + +431. _Ille_. He who is, that person who is. + +432. _Vincula_, scil. _pedum_, calcea, I. 410. It was the custom to bare +the feet when going about any magic operation. See Met. vii. 182. Virg. +aen. iv. 518. Hor. Sat. I. 8, 23. + +433. _Signa_, etc. Neapolis says, "Est crepitus ille, qui fit nostro aevo +in quavis saltatione, sive comica, sive rustica, digito scilicet medio +adeo presse juncto cum pollice, ut lapsus in palmam strepitum edat." This +explanation is adopted by Gierig, but as he observes from Met. ix. 299, +that "digitis pertinatim inter se junctis impediebant aliquid," and the +poet here says _digitis_ (not _digito_) _junctis_, I think the mode may +have been to lock the fingers in one another, by which means the thumbs +were joined in the middle, and then to make a noise by bringing the hands +smartly together. + +436. _Nigras_, etc. Compare II. 576. For _ante_, several MSS. read _ore_, +which Heinsius preferred. + +437. _Aversus jacit_, throws them behind him. Compare Virg. Ec. viii. +101. + +438. _Redimo_, etc. That you may no longer haunt my house. _Quibus +temporibus in sacris fabam jactant noctu ac dicunt se Lemures extra +januam ejicere_. Varro de Vita Pop. Rom. _apud_ Nonium. _Faba Lemuralibus +jacitur Larvis, et Parentalibus adhibetur sacrificiis, et in flore ejus +luctus litterae apparere videntur_. Festus. + +439. _Novies_, like _ter_, (v. 435,) for _numero deus impure gaudet_, +(Virg. Ec. viii. 75,) was probably of magic efficacy. Compare Met. xiii. +951. + +440. This superstition reminds one of that of sowing the hempseed on +All-Hallows' Eve. See Burns' Halloween, st. xvi.-xx. + +441. _Temesaea aera_, simply copper. Temesa, called by the Latins Tempsa, +was a town in Bruttium. It is supposed to be the Temesa of the Homeric +ages, to which (Od. I. 184,) the Greeks resorted to barter iron for +copper. See Mythology, p. 232. For the abundance of copper in ancient +Italy, see Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. + +450-452. Of its use on the present occasion, we may observe, that Sophron +in one of his Mimes, said, [Greek: Kuon bauxas luei ta phasmata, os kai +chalkos krotaetheis]. The Scholiast on Theocritus, tells us, that [Greek: +O tou chalkou haechos oikeios tois katoichomenois], on which Neapolis +says, "Observa illa et respice ad hodiernum modum." He was a Sicilian. + +447. _Pliade nate_, Mercury. All the editions read _Pleiade_. But see +note on IV. 169.--_Virga_, the well known _gestamen_ of [Greek: Hermaes +chrysorrhatis]. Compare Hom. II. xxiv. 43. Od. v. 47. Virg. aen. 242. Hor. +Car. I. 10, 17, 24, 15. + +448. His office of [Greek: psychopompos] is well-known. He was, +therefore, the god who was most likely to be able to tell the origin of +the name Lemuria. + +450. He does not, as usual, introduce the god himself speaking, but +informs the reader of what he had learned from him. + +451. _Tumulo condidit_. Com pare Virg. aen. III. 67. + +452. See IV. 841, _et seq--Male veloci_. Like _servata male_, I. 559. + +456. _Utque erat_. As they (each of them) were. Two of the best MSS. read +_sicut erant_, but the metre is against this reading. + +457. Compare Virg. aen. II. 270. + +471. _Pietas_, etc. His brotherly love is equal to mine. + +476. Compare Hom. II. xxiii. 99. Virg. aen. II. 792. + +479-484. _Lemures dictos esse putant quasi Remures a Remo, cujus occisi +umbram frater Romulus quum placare vellet Lemuria instituit_. Porphyrio +on Hor. Ep. II. 2, 209. + +483. Lemures, [Greek: nukterinoi daimones]. _Glossae_. + +486. See II. 557. + +487. Plutarch (Q. R. 86,) gives, among other reasons, why the Romans did +not marry in May, [Greek: oti polloi Latinon en to maeni touto tois +katoichomenois enagizousi]. He elsewhere informs us, that it was only +widows who married on holidays. + +490. The celebrated Alessandro Tassoni, as Burmann observes, treats +largely in his Pensieri Diversi, L. viii c. 2. of this superstition, +which still existed in his time at Ferrara. + +492. "Nam hi sex continuis diebus. Primus, tertius, quintus sacri sunt +Lemuralibus. Hinc capies vetus Kalendarium in quo sic illa notantur: + A. LEM. N. + BC. + C. LEM. N. + D. NP. LVD. MART. IV. CIRC. + E. LEM. N." +Neapolis. + +493-544. The second day of the Lemuria fell on the V. Id. on which day +therefore Orion set.--_Boeotum_. Orion was born in Boeotia, according to +most writers. Pindar makes Chios his birth-place. The following narrative +occurs in several writers besides Ovid. See Mythology, p. 415-419. + +494. _Falsus eris_, you will be mistaken. + +495. _Frater_. Tzetzes on Lyc. Cass. 328, says it was Apollo. As +according to Hesiod, Neptune was the father of Orion, our poet is, I +think, the more orthodox. + +497. Compare Virg. Ec. II. 66. Hor. Epod. II. 61. Compare also the whole +narrative with the delightful story of Philemon and Baucis, in the +Metamorphoses, viii. 626. _et seq_. + +504. _Parent promissis_, is equivalent to: They accept his invitation. + +506. _Ignis_, etc. The same is said of Philemon and Baucis; they had +therefore but the one hot meal a day. This way of keeping in, and blowing +up a fire, is familiar to any one who has been in a country where wood or +peat is the fuel. + +509. _Calices_, earthen pots or pipkins to go on the fire. This is rather +an unusual sense of the word.--_Inde_, of them. Compare IV. 171. Virg. G. +III. 308, 490. + +510. _Testu suo_, by its lid, I should suppose.--_Fumant_. Several MSS. +read _spumant_ or _spumat_, some have _fumat_, whence Heinsius formed the +present reading. + +517. _Puer_, when a young man.--_Diffuderat_, racked off. See Hor. Ep. +I. 5. 4. + +518. _Condo_ and _promo_ are appropriate terms, Hor. Car. I. 9. 7. Epod. +2. 47. It was the custom to set the wine jars in a place where the smoke +could have access to them. _Apothecae recte superponentur his locis, unde +pierumque fumus exoritur, quoniam vina celerius vetustescunt, quae fumi +quodam tenore praecocem maturitatem trahunt; propter quod et aliud +tabulatum esss debebit, qua amoveantur, ne rursus nimia suffitione +medicata sint_, Columella, II. R. I. 6. + +519. _Lino_, a linen covering. + +525. _Prima_, etc. Heinsius, who is followed by the other editors, reads +_primae mihi cura, juventae_, which is the reading of three of the best, +and five other MSS. Two of the best read _prima mihi cura juventa_; +others _cara mihi prima juventa_; one _prima mihi grata juventa_. I +think, with Krebs, that there is force in the repetition of _cara_. +Burmann proposes _flore juventae_. + +526. _Cognita_. Seven MSS. have _condita_. + +542. _Curva spicula_, its claws.--_Gemelliparae_, an epithet of Latona, +peculiar to our poet. + +545-598. On the IV. Id. there were Circensian games in honor of Mars +Ultor. Augustus built (A.U.C. 725,) in his own Forum a temple to this +god, which he had vowed at the time of the battle of Philippi. Suet. Aug. +29.--_Mundo_, the sky. It is often used in this sense by Manilius. Four +MSS. read _caelo_. + +546. _Coarctat_, contracts, shortens. + +549. _Bellica signa_, i. e. the clash of arms. + +555, 556. _Sanxit ut de bellis, triumphisque hic_ (in templo Martis) +_consuleretur senatus, quique victores redissent, huc insignia +triumphorum inferrent_. Suet. Aug. 29.--_Tropaeis_. Some MSS. read +_triumphis_. + +557. _Impius_. Rome was under the protection of the gods; Augustus was a +god himself. It was, therefore, impiety to take arms against them. + +560. _Ornant signis fictilibus aut aereis inauratis aedium fastigia. +Vitruv. Archit. III. 2. We know not of what gods the statues were on this +temple of Mars. + +561. _Diversae figurae_, differing in form from those used by the Romans. +These, and the _arma_ of the next line, were probably carved on the +doors, or piled or suspended at them. + +563. _Proximum a diis immortalibus honorem memoriae ducum praestitit. +Itaque et opera cujusque, manentibus titulis, restituit, et statuas +omnium triumphali effigie in utraque Fori sui porticu dedicavit_. Suet. +Aug. 3l.--_Hinc_, then, or from the temple.--_Caro_. Heinsius and Gierig +read after two of the best MSS. _sacro_. + +565. Romulus, the son of Ilia, bearing the _spolia opima_ of Acron. Liv. +1. 10. + +566. The titles and deeds of the great men were inscribed on the bases of +their statues. + +567. The name of Augustus was, according to custom, inscribed on the +temple. + +573. See III. 699. + +575. The [Greek: aimati asai Araea talaurinon polemistaen] of Homer, was, +perhaps, in Ovid's mind. + +580. To whom is unknown the fate of Crassus, and the recovery of the +captured ensigns of Rome by Augustus, the theme of every Augustan poet's +praise? Krebs. + +595. _Bis ulto_. Some MSS. read _ultum_. The greater number Bisultor, +"Nomen _Bisultoris_ ejus que templum in Capitolio lepidum est commentum +librariorum et archaeologorum aliquot, quod neque scriptori scujusquam nec +nummorum auctoritate confirmatur." Krebs. + +598. Compare v. 347. + +599. The following day, the third and last of the Lemuria, the Pleiades +rise heliacally, and summer begins. _VI. Idus Maias Vergiliae totae +apparent; pridie aestatis initium_. Columella, R. R. xi. 2. + +603-620. On the 14th May, Prid. Id. the head of the Bull rises +cosmically. The poet now inquires into its origin. See IV. 7l7-720,-- +_Prior_, scil. _dies. Idibus_ is a dative. + +605. For the story of Europa, see Met. II. 833, _et seq_. Hor. Car. III. +27. Mythology p. 408. It is also most beautifully told by the Greek poet +Moschus, in his second Idyll. + +607. _Jubam_. It is rather unusual to speak of the _juba_, (mane) of a +bull. Ovid however does so elsewhere. Am. III. 5. 24. This description +was, perhaps as Gierig observes, taken from some painting, but that in +Moschus (v. 122) is similar, [Greek: Tae men echen tauron dolichon keras, +en cheri d' allae Eirue porphyreas kolpou ptychas ... ... ... Kolpothae +d' omoisi peplos bathys Europeiaes, Istion oia te naeos, elaphrizeske de +kouraen]. And in Lucian's Dialogue of Zephyrus and Notes, it is said, +[Greek: hae de tae laie men eicheto tou keratos, os mae apolisthanoi, tae +hetera de haemeno menon ton peplon xyneiche]. Compare III. 869. + +613, 614. How truly Ovidian this is!--_Prudens_, on purpose, This word is +a contraction of _providens_. + +619. _Phariam juvencam_. Io or Isis. II. 454. Met. I. 583, _et seq_. + +621-662. On the Ides of May, after having performed the sacrifices +appointed by the law, the Pontifices, the Vestal Virgins, the Praetors, +and such other of the citizens as were legally qualified, proceeded to +the Sublician or ancient wooden bridge, and threw from it into the Tiber +thirty images of men formed of bullrushes. These figures were called +_Argei_. See Dionysius I. 19 and 38. _Argei fiunt e scirpeis virgultis: +simulacra sunt hominum triginta_ (in the old MSS. xxiv.): _et quotannis a +ponte Sublicio a sacerdotibus publice jaci solent in Tiberim_. Varro, L. +L. VI. _Argeos vocabant scirpeas effigies, quae per virgines Vestales +minis singulis jaciebantur in Tiberim_. Festus. I have departed from the +usual division in this place, and made a separate section of 621-662, as +the Argei were thrown on the Ides, and Taurus rose Prid. Idus.--_Virgo_, +scil. _Vestalis_, one, as is so frequently the case, put for the whole. +See preceding part of this note.--_Pris. vir_. This is explained by what +follows. + +622. _Roboreo_, i. e. _Sublicio_ so called _a sublicis_, the piles on +which it was built, hence Plutarch calls it [Greek: xylinaen gephuran]. +Dionysius III. says of it [Greek: haen achri ton pyrontos +diaphylattousin, hieran einai nomizontes ei de ti ponaeseien autaes +meros, oi hierophantai (Pontifices) therapeuousi, thusias tinas +epitelountes ama tae kataskeuae patrious]. The Sublician was the ancient +original bridge of Rome, and a superstitious reverence frequently +attaches to things of this nature. I need scarcely observe, that we have +here the origin of the word _Pontifex_. + +623. The first opinion respecting the origin of this custom: the ancient +Romans used to throw their old men, when they were arrived at the age of +sixty, into the Tiber, and drown them. This the poet very properly seems +disposed to reject, and whatever may have been the case with a tribe of +the ancient Indians, (see Herod. III. 38,) or with the Battas of modern +times, there is no ground for suspecting the people of ancient Latium of +such barbarity. + +625. A second opinion: it commemorated the time when human sacrifices +were offered at Home. I have, in various parts of my Mythology, hinted my +opinion, that human sacrifices were totally unknown in the heroic ages of +Greece, and that all legends relating to such are comparatively late +fictions. I now extend this theory to Italy, and assert that there are no +testimonies, on which we can rely, of such a practice having prevailed in +it in those times, when the poet says it was called _Saturnia terra_. The +opinion, of which the poet now speaks, evidently arose from the +confounding of Saturnus, the Italian god of husbandry, with 'Moloch, +horrid king, besmeared with blood Of human sacrifice, and parents' +tears,' the 'grim idol' of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians. + +626. According to Dionysius, the oracle given by the god at Dodona to the +Pelasgians was as follows; [Greek: Steichete maiomenoi Sikelon Satournian +aian Haed' Aborigeneon Kotulaen, ou nasos ocheitai. Ois anamichthentes +dekataen ekpempsate Phoibo kai kephalas Adae, kai to patri pempate +phota]. Arnobibus (adv. G. II. p. 91,) says, _Cum ex_ Apollinis _monitit +patri Diti ac Saturno humanis capitibus supplicaretur_. I need hardly +observe, that the aforesaid oracle cannot be older than the Alexandrian +period of Grecian literature. + +630. _Leucadio_. Leucas, now _Santa Maura_, on the coast of +Acarnania, was originally a peninsula. It has long been an island. The +celebrated Lover's Leap was there. Strabo (x. 2.) says, [Greek: Haen de +kai patrion tois Laukadiois kat' eniauton en tae thysia tou Apollonos apo +tes skopaes], (the Lover's Leap,) [Greek: ripteistha tina ton en aitiois +outon apotrhopes charin]. He adds, that birds, and a kind of wings, were +attached to these criminals to break the fall, and that there was a +number of persons below in small boats to save them, and to put them +beyond the bounds of the country. + +631. Macrobius (Sat. I. 7,) says, that he persuaded the people _ut +faustis sacrificiis infausta mutarent, inferences Diti, non hominum +capita, sed oscilla ad humanam effigiem arte simulata, et aras Saturnias, +non mactando viros, sed accensis luminibus excolentes, quia non solum +virum sed et lumina [Greek: phota] (see the oracle,) _significant_. The +following note of Burmann's is too curious to be omitted, "Similem fere +ritum Lipsiae a meretricibus celebratum scribit Pfeiffer Rerum +Lipsiensium, L. III. § 18, illas scilicet solitas olim primis jejunii +quadragenarii (_Lent_) diebus imaginem stramineam deformis viri, longa +pertica suffixam, sequente omni meretricum agmine, tulisse ad Pardam +flumen, ibique, cum carminibus in pallidam mortem, praecipitasse; +dicentes se lustrare urbem, ut sequenti anno a pestilentia esset +immunis."--_Ilium. Fama vetus_, (v. 625,) is understood.--_Quirites_, +proleptically, as there were no Quirites as yet. + +633. A third opinion: which appears to have arisen from the +misunderstanding of a proverb, _Cum in quintum gradum pervenerant, atque +habebant sexaginta annos, tum denique erant a publicis negotiis liberi +atque expediti et otiosi: ideo in proverbium quidam putant venisse, +sexagenarios de ponte dejici oportere, id est quod suffragium non ferant, +quod per pontem ferebant_. Nonius. _Exploratissimum illud causae est quo +tempore primum per pontem coeperunt comitiis suffragia ferre, juniores +conclamavere, ut de ponte dejicerentur sexagenarii: quia nullo pidilico +munere fungerentur; ut ipsi potius sibi quam illis deligerent imperium_, +Festus. + +635. _Tibri_, etc. The reader will call to mind Gray's "Say father +Thames," etc. in his Ode on the Distant Prospect of Eton College, and I +hope, at the same time, recollect with contempt the tasteless criticism +of Johnson, who, curious enough, had put an exactly similar apostrophe to +the Nile into the mouth of the princess Nekayah, in his own Rasselas. Was +this passage of Ovid in the mind of that maker of beautiful poetic +mosaics? + +637. _Aurundiferum_. The rivergods were usually represented crowned with +reeds. Met. ix. 3. Virg. aen. viii. 34. + +638. _Rauca ora_. As he uses the verb _dimovet, ora_, in this place, must +signify _lips_, and _hoarse lips_ is rather a hardy expression. Heinsius +proposed _glauca_. A hoarse voice is very naturally ascribed to a +river-god. Compare Virg. aen. ix. 124. + +639. Compare Virg. aen. viii. 360. + +643. See I. 471, IV. 65. + +646. See II. 389, IV. 48. Liv. I. 3. + +647. _Pallantius_, from his native town Pallantium, in Arcadia. He calls +him _Nonacrius heros_, v. 97. + +660. The only foundation of this legend is the accidental resemblance +between _Argei_ and [Greek: _Argeioi_]. Of the origin of the word +_Argei_, I can offer no conjecture; the ceremony seems to me to have been +symbolical. Perhaps, like the Leucadian rite, (see on v. 630) it had some +analogy with that of letting go the Scape-goat under the Mosaic law. In +the number of the images (thirty) I discern a relation to the thirty +curies into which the original Romans were divided: or, perhaps, a more +general one, to the political number of Latium. See Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. +II. 18, _et seq_. + +661. _Hactenus_, scil. _locutus est Tiberis_. + +663-692. A temple was dedicated to Mercury on the Ides of May, A.U.C. +258. Liv. II. 21, 27.--_Clare_, etc. Compare Hor. Car. I. 10. which ode +Ovid, very possibly had before him. + +665. _Pacis_, etc. "Mercurius pacis et armorum arbiter propter +eloquentiam et prudentiam qua excellit." Gierig. I rather think it was as +being _Caducifer_, the herald of the gods. + +671. _Te_. etc. The name of the Roman Mercurius comes evidently from +_Merx_, and there can be little doubt of his having been originally +merely the god presiding over commerce. When he was identified with the +Greek Hermes, he acquired the offices above mentioned. For Hermes, see +Mythology, p. 124. + +673. _Est aqua_, etc. "Hoc solum testimonio probant viri docti extra +portam Capenam, via Appia, aquam fuisse ita nuncupatam; qua populus, qui +negotio et quaestui operam dabat, his Idibus lustrari solitus." Neapolis. + +674. _Numen habet_, it has a divine efficacy. + +675. _Incinctus tunicas_. "Cingulo; e quo marsupium auri monetalis +propendebat. Hic vetus mercatorum habitus." Neapolis. The MSS. in general +read _tunica_. + +676. _Purus_, scil. _ipse.--Suffita_ scil. _sulfure_. Most MSS. read +_suffusa_. + +678. _Omnia_, etc. his goods, all the things that he had to sell. He, of +course, as v. 676 shews, had brought the holy water home for this pious +use. + +680. _Solita fallere_. The characier of the trader was in bad odour in +ancient Rome for honesty; for trade was considered an illiberal +employment, and no man of respectability engaged in it. + +684. _Non andituri_, who should not hear, whom I did not wish to hear. + +692. _Ortygias boves_, the oxen of Apollo. For the story, see Met. II. +685, _et seq_. the Homeridian hymn to Hermes, or my analysis of it. +(Mythology, p. 126-128.) See also Hor. Car. I. 10. 9. Ortygian, is used +by the poet as equivalent to Delian, as Ortygia was one of the names +given to Delos. For the true situation of Ortygia, and the way in which +it was confounded with Delos, see Mythology, pp. 99 and 254. + +693-720. On the XIII. Kal. Jun. the sun enters the Twins. Columella, who +is followed by Neapolis, has XV. Kal. Jun.--_Precor_ scil. te Mercuri!-- +Mel. pet_. scil. than the merchant. + +697. _Quot sunt_. etc. i. e. twelve. + +699. Phoebe and her sister Elaïra, Ilaïra or Hilaïra, as it is variously +written, the two daughters of Leucippus were promised in marriage to +their two cousins Idas and Lynceus, the sons of Aphareus. The Tyndaridae, +Castor and Pollux, who were also cousins, carried off the maidens by +force, and matters proceeded as is related in the text. See Theoc. Idyll, +xxii. Pindar. Nem. x. Mythology, p. 391. + +705. _Oebalides_, either as being the grandsons of Oebalus, Pans. III. 1, +or because they were Laconians. See on I. 260. + +708. _Aphidna_. The best known Aphidna is the Attic deme of that name. +According to Steph. Byz, (_sub. voc_.) there was an Aphidna in Laconia. + +719. See Hom. Od. xi. 301. Virg. aen. vi. 121. + +720. _Utile_, etc. They were [Greek: arogonautai daimones]. See Hor. Car. +II. 3, and 12, 27. + +721. _Ad Janum_, etc. "XII. Kal. Jun. Agonalia Urbs interabat. Hoc die +notantur haec festa in veteri Kalendario; nam illud _hoc quoque tempus +habet_, quod induxit interpretes ut dicerent XIV. Kal. intelligendum quod +etiam mense Maio denuo fiant." Neapolis. The poet refers those anxious +for information to the first book. See I. 317, _et seq_. + +723. _Canicula_ rises (it should be _sets_, Plin. xviii. 27,) on the XI +Kal. Jun. See on IV. 936. + +725. The Tubilustria were on the X. Kal. _Tubilustrium appellatur, quod +eo die in atrio sutorio sacrorum tubae lustrantur_. Varro, L. L. V. See +III. 849. + +726. _Purae_, as being sacred, or as being now cleaned or purified. + +727. _Inde_, then, in the place of the next day, IX. Kal. in the +Calendar. "In Calendario antiquo legebantur notae hae Q. R. C. F. quae +dupliciter legi poterant, vel: quando rex comitiavit fas, vel: quando rex +comitio fugit," Gierig. The king is, of course, the Rex Sacrorum. _Dies, +qui vocatur sic, Quando rex comitiavit fas, dictus ab eo, quod eo die rex +sacrificulus dicat ad comitium, ad quod tempus est nefas, ab eo fas. +Varro L. L. V. [Greek: Esti goun tis en agora thusia pros to legomeno +Komaetio patrios, haen thusas ho basileus kata tachos apeisi pheugon ex +agoras]. Plutarch, Q. R. 63. + +730. On the VIII. Kal. Jun. the temple of Fortuna Publica had been +dedicated. This is probably the temple of Fortuna Primigenia, of which +Plutarch speaks, de For. Rom. 10. [Greek: Serbios Tullios idrusato +Tychaes ieron Kapitolio to taes Primigeneias legomenaes]. See IV. 375. It +is not unlikely that, as Gesenius conjectures, Ovid read the PR. in his +Calendar _pop. Rom_. i. e. _pop. pot_. of the text, instead of +_Primigenia_. On the same day Aquila rises in the evening. + +733. The following day VII. Kal. Bootes sets heliacally, and on the VI. +Kal. the Hyades rise in the same manner. + + + + +LIBER VI. + + +Hic mensis habet dubias in nomine causas: + Quae placeant, positis omnibus, ipse leges. +Facta canam; sed erunt, qui me finxisse loquantur: + Nullaque mortali numina visa putent. +Est Deus in nobis: agitante calescimus illo. 5 + Impetus hic sacrae semina mentis habet. +Fas mihi praecipue vultus vidisse Deorum: + Vel quia sum vates; vel quia sacra cano. +Est nemus arboribus densum, secretus ab omni + Voce locus, si non obstreperetur aquis. 10 +Hic ego quaerebam, coepti quae mensis origo + Esset, et in cura nominis hujus eram. +Ecce deas vidi: non quas praeceptor arandi + Viderat, Ascraeas quum sequeretur oves; +Nec quas Priamides in aquosae vallibus Idae 15 + Contulit; ex illis sed tamen una fuit. +Ex illis fuit una, sui germana mariti. + Haec erat,--agnovi,--quae stat in arce Jovis. +Horrueram tacitoque animum pallore fatebar; + Quum dea, quos fecit, sustulit ipsa metus: 20 +Namque, ait, O vates, Romani conditor anni, + Ause per exiguos magna referre modos, +Jus tibi fecisti numen coeleste videndi, + Quum placuit numeris condere festa tuis. +Ne tamen ignores, vulgique errore traharis, 25 + Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet. +Est aliquid nupsisse Jovi, Jovis esse sororem. + Fratre magis, dubito, glorier, anne viro. +Si genus adspicitur, Saturnum prima parentem + Feci; Saturni sors ego prima fui. 30 +A patre dicta meo quondam Saturnia Roma est: + Haec illi a coelo proxima terra fuit. +Si torus in pretio est, dicor matrona Tonantis, + Junctaque Tarpeio sunt mea templa Jovi. +An potuit Maio pellex dare nomina mensi, 35 + Hic honor in nobis invidiosus erit? +Cur igitur regina vocor, princepsque dearum? + Aurea cur dextrae sceptra dedere meae? +An faciant mensem luces, Lucinaque ab illis + Dicar, et a nullo nomina mense traham? 40 +Tum me poeniteat posuisse fideliter iras + In genus Electrae Dardaniamque domum. +Causa duplex irae. Rapto Ganymede dolebam: + Forma quoque Idaeo judice victa mea est. +Poeniteat, quod non foveo Carthaginis arces, 45 + Quum mea sint illo currus et arma loco. +Poeniteat Sparten, Argosque, measque Mycenas, + Et veterem Latio supposuisse Samon. +Adde senem Tatium, Junonicolasque Faliscos, + Quos ego Romanis succubuisse tuli. 50 +Sed neque poeniteat, nec gens mihi carior ulla est. + Hic colar, hic teneam cum Jove templa meo. +Ipse mihi Mavors, Commendo maenia, dixit, + Haec tibi: tu pollens urbe nepotis eris. +Dicta fides sequitur. Centum celebramur in aris: 55 + Nec levior quovis est mihi mensis honor. +Nec tamen hunc nobis tantummodo praestat honorem + Roma: suburbani dant mihi munus idem. +Inspice, quos habeat nemoralis Aricia fastos, + Et populus Laurens, Lanuviumque meum: 60 +Est illic mensis Junonius. Inspice Tibur, + Et Praenestinae moenia sacra deae; +Junonale leges tempus. Nec Romulus illas + Condidit: at nostri Roma nepotis erat. +Finierat Juno. Respeximus. Herculis uxor 65 + Stabat, et in vultu signa dolentis erant. +Non ego, si toto mater me cedere coelo + Jusserit, invita matre morabor, ait. +Nunc quoque non luctor de nomine temporis hujus: + Blandior, et partes paene rogantis ago; 70 +Remque mei juris malim tenuisse precando; + Et faveas causae forsitan ipse meae. +Aurea possedit posito Capitolia templo + Mater, et ut debet, cum Jove summa tenet. +At decus omne mihi contingit origine mensis. 75 + Unicus est, de quo sollicitamur, honor. +Quid grave, si titulum mensis, Romane dedisti, + Herculis uxori, posteritasque memor? +Haec quoque terra aliquid debet mihi nomine magni + Conjugis. Huc captas appulit ille boves, 80 +Hic male defensus flammis et dote paterna + Cacus Aventinam sanguine tinxit humum. +Ad propiora vocor. Populum digessit ab annis + Romulus, in partes distribuitque duas. +Haec dare consilium, pugnare paratior illa est: 85 + Haec aetas bellum suadet, at illa gerit. +Sic statuit, mensesque nota secrevit eadem. + Junius est juvenum; qui fuit ante, senum. +Dixit: et in litem studio certaminis issent, + Atque ira pietas dissimulata foret; 90 +Venit Apollinea longas Concordia lauro + Nexa comas, placidi numen opusque ducis. +Haec ubi narravit Tatium, fortemque Quirinum, + Binaque cum populis regna coisse suis, +Et Lare communi soceros generosque receptos; 95 + His nomen junctis Junius, inquit, habet. +Dicta triplex causa est. At vos ignoscite, divae: + Res est arbitrio non dirimenda meo. +Ite pares a me. Perierunt judice formae + Pergama: plus laedunt, quam juvet una, duae. 100 + +Prima dies tibi, Carna, datur. Dea cardinis haec est; + Numine clausa aperit, claudit aperta suo. +Unde datas habeat vires, obscurior aevo + Fama; sed e nostro carmine certus eris. +Adjacet antiquus Tiberino lucus Helerni: 105 + Pontifices illuc nunc quoque sacra ferunt. +Inde sata est Nymphe,--Cranen dixere priores,-- + Nequidquam multis saepe petita procis. +Rura sequi jaculisque feras agitare solebat, + Nodosasque cava tendere valle plagas. 110 +Non habuit pharetram: Phoebi tamen esse sororem + Credebant; nec erat, Phoebe, pudenda tibi. +Huic aliquis juvenum dixisset amantia verba, + Reddebat tales protinus illa sonos: +Haec loca lucis habent nimis, et cum luce pudoris. 115 + Si secreta magis ducis in antra, sequor. +Credulus ante subit. Frutices haec nacta resistit, + Et latet, et nullo est invenienda loco. +Viderat hanc Janus, visseque cupidine captus + Ad duram verbis mollibus usus erat: 120 +Nympha jubet quaeri de more remotius antrum: + Utque comes sequitur, destituitque ducem. +Stulta! videt Janus, quae post sua terga gerantur; + Nil agis, en! latebras respicit ille tuas. +Nil agis, en! dixi. Nam te sub rupe latentem 125 + Occupat amplexu; speque potitus ait: +Jus pro concubitu nostro tibi cardinis esto; + Hoc pretium positae virginitatis habe. +Sic fatus, virgam, qua tristes pellere posset + A foribus noxas,--haec erat alba--dedit. 130 +Sunt avidae volucres; non quae Phineïa mensis + Guttura fraudabant: sed genus inde trahunt. +Grande caput: stantes oculi: rostra apta rapinae; + Canities pennis, unguibus hamus inest. +Nocte volant, puerosque petunt nutricis egentes, 135 + Et vitiant cunis corpora rapta suis. +Carpere dicuntur lactentia viscera rostris; + Et plenum poto sanguine guttur habent. +Est illis strigibus nomen: sed nominis hujus + Causa, quod horrenda stridere nocte solent. 140 +Sive igitur nascuntur aves, seu carmine fiunt, + Neniaque in volucres Marsa figurat anus; +In thalamos venere Procae. Proca natus in illis + Praeda recens avium quinque diebus erat; +Pectoraque exsorbent avidis infantia linguis. 145 + At puer infelix vagit opemque petit. +Territa voce sui nutrix accurrit alumni, + Et rigido sectas invenit ungue genas. +Quid faceret? color oris erat, qui frondibus olim + Esse solet seris, quas nova laesit hiems. 150 +Pervenit ad Cranen, et rem docet. Illa, Timorem + Pone! tuus sospes, dixit, alumnus erit. +Venerat ad cunas: flebant materque paterque: + Sistite vos lacrimas! ipsa medebor, ait. +Protinus arbutea postes ter in ordine tangit 155 + Fronde: ter arbutea limina fronde notat. +Spargit aquis aditus, et quae medicamen habebant: + Extaque de porca cruda bimestre tenet. +Atque ita, Noctis aves, extis puerilibus, inquit, + Parcite! pro parvo victima parva cadit. 160 +Cor pro corde, precor, pro fibris sumite fibras. + Hanc animam vobis pro meliore damus. +Sic ubi libavit, prosecta sub aethere ponit: + Quique sacris adsunt, respicere illa vetat. +Virgaque Janalis de spina ponitur alba, 165 + Qua lumen thalamis parva fenestra dabat. +Post illud nec aves cunas violasse feruntur, + Et rediit puero, qui fuit ante, color. +Pinguia cur illis gustentur larda Kalendis, + Mixtaque cum calido sit faba farre, rogas. 170 +Prisca dea est, aliturque cibis, quibus ante solebat, + Nec petit adscitas luxuriosa dapes. +Piscis adhuc illi populo sine fraude natabat; + Ostreaque in conchis tuta fuere suis: +Nec Latium norat, quam praebet Ionia dives, 175 + Nec, quae Pygmaeo sanguine gaudet, avem; +Et praeter pennas nihil in pavone placebat: + Nec tellus captas miserat ante feras. +Sus erat in pretio: caesa sue festa colebant. + Terra fabas tantum duraque farra dabat. 180 +Quae duo mixta simul sextis quicumque Kalendis + Ederit, huic laedi viscera posse negant. +Arce quoque in summa Junoni templa Monetae + Ex voto memorant facta, Camille, tuo. +Ante domus Manli fuerant, qui Gallica quondam 185 + A Capitolino reppulit arma Jove. +Quam bene--Di magni!--pugna cecidisset in illa + Defensor solii, Jupiter alte, tui! +Vixit, ut occideret damnatus crimine regni. + Hunc illi titulum longa senecta dabat. 190 +Lux eadem Marti festa est; quem prospicit extra + Appositum Tectae porta Capena viae. +Te quoque, Tempestas, meritam delubra fatemur; + Quum paene est Corsis obruta classis aquis. +Haec hominum monumenta patent. Si quaeritis astra, 195 + Tunc oritur magni praepes adunca Jovis. + +Postera lux Hyades, Taurinae cornua frontis, + Evocat: et multa terra madescit aqua. + +Mane ubi bis fuerit, Phoebusque iteraverit ortus, + Factaque erit posito rore bis uda seges; 200 +Hac sacrata die Tusco Bellona duello + Dicitur: et Latio prospera semper adest. +Appius est auctor: Pyrrho qui pace negata + Multum animo vidit; lumine captus erat. +Prospicit a templo summum brevis area Circum. 205 + Est ibi non parvae parva columna notae. +Hinc solet hasta manu, belli praenuntia, mitti, + In regem et gentes quum placet arma capi. + +Altera pars Circi custode sub Hercule tuta est: + Quod deus Euboico carmine munus habet. 210 +Muneris est tempus, qui Nonas Lucifer ante est. + Si titulos quaeris, Sulla probavit opus. + +Quaerebam, Nonas Sanco Fidione referrem, + An tibi, Semo pater: quum mihi Sancus ait: +Cuicumque ex illis dederis, ego munus habebo. 215 + Nomina trina fero: sic voluere Cures. +Hunc igitur veteres donarunt aede Sabini: + Inque Quirinali constituere jugo. + +Est mihi, sitque, precor, nostris diuturnior annis, + Filia, qua felix sospite semper ero. 220 +Hanc ego quum vellem genero dare, tempora taedis + Apta requirebam, quaeque cavenda forent. +Tum mihi post sacras monstratur Junius Idus + Utilis et nuptis, utilis esse viris; +Primaque pars hujus thalamis aliena reperta est, 225 + Nam mihi, sic conjux sancta Dialis ait: +Donec ab Iliaca placidus purgamina Vesta + Detulerit flavis in mare Tibris aquis, +Non mihi detonsos crines depectere buxo, + Non ungues ferro subsecuisse licet: 230 +Non tetigisse virum; quamvis Jovis ille sacerdos, + Quamvis perpetua sit mihi lege datus. +Tu quoque ne propera: melius tua filia nubet, + Ignea quum pura Vesta nitebit humo. + +Tertia post Nonas removere Lycaona Phoebe 235 + Fertur: et a tergo non habet Ursa metum. +Tunc ego me memini Ludos in gramine Campi + Adspicere, et didici, lubrice Tibri, tuos. +Festa dies illis, qui lina madentia ducunt, + Quique tegunt parvis aera recurva cibis. 240 + +Mens quoque numen habet. Menti delubra videmus + Vota metu belli, perfide Poene, tui. +Poene, rebellaras: et leto Consulis omnes + Attoniti Mauras pertimuere manus. +Spem metus expulerat, quum Menti vota Senatus 245 + Suscipit; et melior protinus illa venit. +Adspicit instantes mediis sex lucibus Idus + Illa dies, qua sunt vota soluta deae. + +Vesta, fave! tibi nunc operata resolvimus ora, + Ad tua si nobis sacra venire licet. 250 +In prece totus eram; coelestia numina sensi, + Laetaque purpurea luce refulsit humus. +Non equidem vidi--valeant mendacia vatum-- + Te, dea; nec fueras adspicienda viro. +Sed quae nescieram, quorumque errore tenebar, 255 + Cognita sunt nullo praecipiente mihi. +Dena quater memorant habuisse Palilia Romam, + Quum flammae custos aede recepta sua est. +Regis opus placidi, quo non metuentius ullum + Numinis ingenium terra Sabina tulit. 260 +Quae nunc aere vides, stipula tunc tecta videres, + Et paries lento vimine textus erat. +Hic locus exiguus, qui sustinet atria Vestae, + Tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numae. +Forma tamen templi, quae nunc manet, ante fuisse 265 + Dicitur: et formae causa probanda subest. +Vesta eadem est, et Terra: subest vigil ignis utrique, + Significant sedem terra focusque suam. +Terra pilae similis, nullo fulcimine nixa, + Aëre subjecto tam grave pendet onus. 270 +[Ipsa volubilitas libratum sustinet orbem: + Quique premat partes, angulus omnis abest. +Quumque sit in media rerum regione locata, + Et tangat nullum plusve minusve latus; +Ni convexa foret, parti vicinior esset, 275 + Nec medium terram mundus haberet onus.] +Arce Syracosia suspensus in aëre clauso + Stat globus, immensi parva figura poli; +Et quantum a summis, tantum secessit ab imis + Terra. Quod ut fiat, forma rotunda facit. 280 +Par facies templi: nullus procurrit in illo + Angulus. A pluvio vindicat imbre tholus. +Cur sit virgineis, quaeris, dea culta ministris. + Inveniam causas hac quoque parte suas. +Ex Ope Junonem memorant Cereremque creatas 285 + Semine Saturni: tertia Vesta fuit. +Utraqe nupserunt: ambae peperisse feruntur: + De tribus impatiens restitit una viri. +Quid mirum, virgo si virgine laeta ministra + Admittet castas in sua sacra manus? 290 +Nec tu aliud Vestam, quam vivam intellige flammam; + Nataque de flamma corpora nulla vides. +Jure igitur virgo est, quae semina nulla remittit, + Nec capit: et comites virginitatis habet. +Esse diu stultus Vestae simulacra putavi: 295 + Mox didici curvo nulla subesse tholo. +Ignis inexstinctus templo celatur in illo; + Effigiem nullam Vesta, nec ignis, habent. +Stat vi terra sua: vi stando Vesta vocatur; + Causaque par Graii nominis esse potest. 300 +At focus a flammis, et quod fovet omnia, dictus: + Qui tamen in primis aedibus ante fuit. +Hinc quoque vestibulum dici reor: inde precando + Affamur Vestam, Quae loca prima tenes. +Ante focos olim longis considere scamnis 305 + Mos erat, et mensae credere adesse deos. +Nunc quoque, quum fiunt antiquae sacra Vacunae, + Ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. +Venit in hos annos aliquid de more vetusto: + Fert missos Vestae pura patella cibos. 310 +Ecce, coronatis panis dependet asellis, + Et velant scabras florea serta molas. +Sola prius furnis torrebant farra coloni; + Et Fornacali sunt sua sacra deae. +Suppositum cineri panem focus ipse parabat, 315 + Strataque erat tepido tegula quassa solo. +Inde focum servat pistor, dominamque focorum, + Et quea pumiceas versat asella molas. +Praeteream, referamne tuum, rubicunde Priape, + Dedecus? est multi fabula parva joci. 320 +Turrigera frontem Cybele redimita corona + Convocat aeternos ad sua festa deos. +Convocat et Satyros, et, rustica numina, Nymphas. + Silenus, quamvis nemo vocarat, adest. +Nec licet, et longum est epulas narrare deorum: 325 + In multo nox est pervigilata mero. +Hi temere errabant in opacae vallibus Idae: + Pars jacet, et molli gramine membra levat. +Hi ludunt, hos somnus habet; pars brachia nectit, + Et viridem celeri ter pede pulsat humum. 330 +Vesta jacet, placidamque capit secura quietem, + Sicut erat positum cespite fulta caput. +At ruber hortorum custos Nymphasque deasque + Captat, et errantes fertque refertque pedes. +Adspicit et Vestam; dubium, Nymphamne putarit, 335 + An scierit Vestam: scisse sed ipse negat. +Spem capit obscenam, furtimque accedere tentat, + Et fert suspensos, corde micante, gradus. +Forte senex, quo vectus erat, Silenus asellum + Liquerat ad ripas lene sonantis aquae. 340 +Ibat, ut inciperet, longi deus Hellesponti, + Intempestivo quum rudit ille sono. +Territa voce gravi surgit dea. Convolat omnis + Turba; per infestas effugit ille manus. +[Lampsacos hoc animal solita est mactare Priapo: 345 + Apta asini flammis indicis exta damus.] +Quem tu, diva memor, de pane monilibus ornas. + Cessat opus: vacuae conticuere molae. +Nomine, quam pretio celebratior, arce Tonantis, + Dicam, Pistoris quid velit ara Jovis. 350 +Cincta premebantur trucibus Capitolia Gallis: + Fecerat obsidio jam diuturna famem. +Jupiter, ad solium Superis regale vocatis, + Incipe, ait Marti. Protinus ille refert: +Scilicet, ignotum est, quae sit fortuna meorum; 355 + Et dolor hic animi voce querentis eget? +Si tamen, ut referam breviter mala juncta pudori, + Exigis: Alpino Roma sub hoste jacet. +Haec est, cui fuerat promissa potentia rerum, + Jupiter? hanc terris impositurus eras? 360 +Jamque suburbanos Etruscaque contudit arma. + Spes erat in cursu; nunc Lare pulsa suo est. +Vidimus ornatos serata per atria picta + Veste triumphales occubuisse senes; +Vidimus Iliacae transferri pignora Vestae 365 + Sede. Putant aliquos scilicet esse deos. +At si respicerent, qua vos habitatis in arce, + Totque domos vestras obsidione premi: +Nil opis in cura scirent superesse deorum, + Et data sollicita tura perire manu. 370 +Atque utinam pugnae pateat locus! arma capessant; + Et, si non poterunt exsuperare, cadant. +Nunc inopes victus, ignavaque fata timentes, + Monte suo clauses barbara turba premit. +Tum Venus, et lituo pulcher trabeaque Quirinus, 375 + Vestaque pro Latio multa locuta suo. +Publica, respondit, cura est pro moenibus istis, + Jupiter, et poenas Gallia victa dabit. +Tu modo, quae desunt fruges, superesse putentur, + Effice, nec sedes desere Vesta, tuas. 380 +Quodcumque est Cereris solidae cava machina frangat, + Mollitamque manu duret in igne focus. +Jusserat: et fratris virgo Saturnia jussis + Annuit: et mediae tempora noctis erant. +Jam ducibus somnum dederat labor. Increpat illos 385 + Jupiter, et sacro, quid velit, ore docet: +Surgite, et in medios de summis arcibus hostes + Mittite, quam minime tradere vultis, opem. +Somnus abit, quaeruntque novis ambagibus acti, + Tradere quam nolint et jubeantur, opem. 390 +Ecce, Ceres visa est. Jaciunt Cerealia dona. + Jacta super galeas scutaque longa sonant. +Posse fame vinci spes excidit. Hoste repulso + Candida Pistori ponitur ara Jovi.-- +Forte revertebar festis Vestalibus illac, 395 + Qua Nova Romano nunc via juncta Foro est. +Huc pede matronam vidi descendere nudo: + Obstupui, tacitus sustinuique gradum. +Sensit anus vicina loci, jussumque sedere + Alloquitur, quatiens voce tremente caput. 400 +Hoc, ubi nunc fora sunt, udae tenuere paludes: + Amno redundatis fossa madebat aquis. +Curtius ille lacus, siccas qui sustinet aras, + Nunc solida est tellus, sed lacus ante fuit. +Qua Velabra solent in Circum ducere pompas, 405 + Nil praeter salices crassaque canna fuit. +Saepe suburbanas rediens conviva per undas + Cantat, et ad nautas ebria verba jacit. +Nondum conveniens diversis iste figuris + Nomen ab averso ceperat amne deus. 410 +Hic quoque lucus erat juncis et arundine densus, + Et pede velato non adeunda palus. +Stagna recesserunt, et aquas sua ripa coërcet: + Siccaque nunc tellus. Mos tamen ille manet. +Reddiderat causam; Valeas, anus optima! dixi: 415 + Quod superest aevi, molle sit omne, tui! +Cetera jam pridem didici puerilibus annis; + Non tamen idcirco praetereunda mihi. +Moenia Dardanides nuper nova fecerat Ilus: + Ilus adhuc Asiae dives habebat opes. 420 +Creditur armiferae signum coeleste Minervae + Urbis in Iliacae desiluisse juga. +Cura videre fuit: vidi templumque locumque. + Hoc superest illi: Pallada Roma tenet. +Consulitur Smintheus: lucoque obscurus opaco 425 + Hos non mentito reddidit ore sonos: +Aetheriam servate deam: servabitis urbem: + Imperium secum transferet illa loci. +Servat et inclusam summa tenet Ilus in arce: + Curaque ad heredem Laomedonta venit. 430 +Sub Priamo servata parum. Sic ipsa volebat, + Ex quo judicio forma revicta sua est. +Seu genus Adrasti, seu furtis aptus Ulixes, + Seu pius aeneas eripuisse datur; +Auctor in incerto. Res est Romana: tuetur 435 + Vesta, quod assiduo lumine cuncta videt. +Heu quantum timuere Patres, quo tempore Vesta + Arsit, et est tectis obruta paene suis! +Flagrabant sancti sceleratis ignibus ignes, + Mixtaque erat flamniae flammae profana piae. 440 +Attonitae flebant, demisso crine, ministra: + Abstulerat vires corporis ipse timor. +Provolat in medium, et magna, Succurrite! voce, + Non est auxilium flere, Metellus ait. +Pignora virgineis fatalia tollite palmis! 445 + Non ea sunt voto, sed rapienda manu. +Me miserum! dubitatis? ait--Dubitare videbat, + Et pavidas posito procubuisse genu.-- +Haurit aquas, tollensque manus, Ignoscite, dixit, + Sacra! vir intrabo non adeunda viro. 450 +Si scelus est, in me commissi poena redundet; + Sit capitis damno Roma soluta mei. +Dixit et irrupit. Factum dea rapta probavit, + Pontificisque sui munere tuta fuit. +Nunc bene lucetis sacrae sub Caesare flammae: 455 + Ignis in Iliacis nunc erit, estque, focis; +Nullaque dicetur vittas temerasse sacerdos + Hoc duce, nec viva defodietur humo. +Sic incesta perit: quia, quam violavit, in illam + Conditur: et Tellus Vestaque numen idem est. 460 +Tum sibi Callaïco Brutus cognomen ab hoste + Fecit, et Hispanam sanguine tinxit humum. +Scilicit, interdum miscentur tristia laetis, + Ne populum toto pectore festa juvent. +Crassus ad Euphraten aquilas, natumque, suosque 465 + Perdidit, et leto est ultimus ipse datus. +Parthe, quid exsultas? dixit dea. Signa remittes: + Quique necem Crassi vindicet, ultor erit. +At simul auritis violae demuntur asellis, + Et Cereris fruges aspera saxa terunt; 470 +Navita puppe sedens, Delphina videbimus, inquit, + Humida quum pulso nox erit orta die. + +Jam, Phryx, a nupta quereris, Tithone, relinqui, + Et vigil Eois Lucifer exit aquis. +Ite, bonae matres,--vestrum Matralia festum-- 475 + Flavaque Thebanae reddite liba deae. +Pontibus et magno juncta est celeberrima Circo + Area, quae posito de bove nomen habet. +Hac ibi luce ferunt Matutae sacra parenti + Sceptriferas Servi templa dedisse manus. 480 +Quae dea sit: quare famulas a limine templi + Arceat,--arcet enim--libaque tosta petat; +Bacche, racemiferos hedera redimite capillos, + Si domus illa tua est, dirige vatis opus. +Arserat obsequio Semele Jovis: accipit Ino 485 + Te, puer, et summa sedula nutrit ope. +Intumuit Juno, raptum quod pellice natum + Educet. At sanguis ille sororis erat. +Hinc agitur furiis Athamas, et imagine falsa: + Tuque cadis patria, parve Learche, manu. 490 +Maesta Learcheas mater tumulaverat umbras, + Et dederat miseris omnia justa rogis: +Haec quoque, funestos ut erat laniata capillos, + Prosilit, et cunis te, Melicerta, rapit. +Est spatio contracta brevi, freta bina repellit, 495 + Unaque pulsatur terra duabus aquis. +Huc venit insanis natum complexa lacertis, + Et secum e celso mittit in alta jugo. +Excipit illaesos Panope centumque sorores, + Et placido lapsu per sua regna ferunt. 500 +Nondum Lencotheë, nondum puer ille Palaemon + Vorticibus densis Tibridis ora tenent. +Lucus erat: dubium Semelae Stimulaene vocetur; + Maenadas Ausonias incoluisse ferunt. +Quaerit ab his Ino, quae gens foret. Arcadas esse 505 + Audit, et Evandrum sceptra tenere loci. +Dissimulata deam Latias Saturnia Bacchas + Instimulat fictis insidiosa sonis: +O nimium faciles! O toto pectore captae! + Non venit haec nostris hospes amica choris. 510 +Fraude petit, sacrique parat cognoscere ritum; + Quo possit poenas pendere, pignus habet. +Vix bene desierat; complent ululatibus auras + Thyades effusis per sua colla comis: +Iniiciuntque manus, puerumque revellere pugnant. 515 + Quos ignorat adhuc, invocat illa deos: +Dique, virique loci, miserae succurrite matri. + Clamor Aventini saxa propinqua ferit. +Appulerat ripae vaccas Oetaeus Iberas: + Audit, et ad vocem concitus urget iter. 520 +Herculis adventu, quae vim modo ferre parabant, + Turpia femineae terga dedere fugae. +Quid petis hinc,--cognorat enim--matertera Bacchi? + An numen, quod me, te quoque vexat, ait? +Illa docet partim, partim praesentia nati 525 + Continet, et Furiis in scelus isse pudet. +Rumor--ut est velox--agitatis pervolat alis: + Estque frequens, Ino, nomen in ore tuum. +Hospita Carmentis fidos intrasse penates + Diceris, et longam deposuisse famem. 530 +Liba sua properata manu Tegeaea sacerdos + Traditur in subito cocta dedisse foco. +Nunc quoque liba juvant festis Matralibus illam; + Rustica sedulitas gratior arte fuit. +Nunc, ait, O vates, venientia fata resigna, 535 + Qua licet: hospitiis hoc, precor, adde meis. +Parva mora est: coelum vates ac numina sumit, + Fitque sui toto pectore plena dei. +Vix illam subito posses cognoscere; tanto + Sanctior, et tanto, quam modo, major erat. 540 +Laeta canam; gaude, defuncta laboribus, Ino! + Dixit, et huic populo prospera semper ades! +Numen eris pelagi: natum quoque pontus habebit. + In nostris aliud sumite nomen aquis. +Leucotheë Graiis, Matuta vocabere nostris; 545 + In portus nato jus erit omne tuo. +Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet. + Ite, precor, nostris aequus uterque locis! +Annuerant: promissa fides: posuere labores; + Nomina mutarunt: hic deus, illa dea est. 550 +Cur vetet ancillas accedere, quaeritis. Odit, + Principiumque odii, si sinat ipsa, canam. +Una ministrarum solita est, Cadmeï, tuarum + Saepe sub amplexus coujugis ire tui. +Improbus hanc Athamas furtim dilexit: ab illa 555 + Comperit agricolis semina tosta dari. +Ipsa quidem fecisse negat, sed fama recepit. + Hoc est, cur odio sit tibi serva manus. +Non tamen hanc pro stirpe sua pia mater adoret: + Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens. 560 +Alterius prolem melius mandabitis illi; + Utilior Baccho quam fuit ipsa suis. +Hanc tibi, Quo properas, memorant dixisso, Rutili? + Luce mea Marso Consul ab hoste cades. +Exitus accessit verbis: flumenque Toleni 565 + Purpureum mixtis sanguine fluxit aquis. +Proximus annus erat: Pallantide caesus eadem + Didius hostiles ingeminavit opes. +Lux eadem, Fortuna, tua est, auctorque, locusque. + Sed superinjectis quis latet aede togis? 570 +Servius est: hoc constat enim. Sed causa latendi + Discrepat, et dubium me quoque mentis habet. +Dum dea furtivos timide profitetur amores, + Coelestemque homini concubuisse pudet; +--Arsit enim magna correpta cupidine regis, 575 + Caecaque in hoc uno non fuit illa viro-- +Nocte domum parva solita est intrare fenestra: + Unde Fenestellae nomina porta tenet. +Nunc pudet, et vultus velamine celat amatos, + Oraque sunt multa regia tecta toga. 580 +An magis est verum, post Tulli funera plebem + Confusam placidi morte fuisse ducis? +Nec modus ullus erat: crescebat imagine luctus, + Donec eam positis occuluere togis. +Tertia causa mihi spatio majore canenda est: 585 + Nos tamen adductos intus agemus equos. +Tullia, conjugio sceleris mercede peracto, + His solita est dictis exstimulare virum: +Quid juvat esse pares, te nostrae caede sororis, + Meque tui fratris, si pia vita placet? 590 +Vivere debuerant et vir meus, et tua conjux, + Si nullum ausuri majus eramus opus. +Et caput et regnum facio dotale parentis. + Si vir es, i, dictas exige dotis opes! +Regia res scelus est. Socero cape regna necato, 595 + Et nostras patrio sanguine tinge manus. +Talibus instinctus solio privatus in alto + Sederat: attonitum vulgus ad arma ruit. +Hinc cruor, hinc caedes: infirmaque vincitur aetas. + Sceptra gener socero rapta Superbus habet. 600 +Ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat sua regia, caesus + Concidit in dura sanguinolentus humo. +Filia carpento patrios initura Penates + Ibat per medias alta feroxque vias. +Corpus ut adspexit, lacrimis auriga profusis 605 + Restitit. Hunc tali corripit illa sono: +Vadis? an exspectas pretium pietatis amarum? + Duc, inquam, invitas ipsa per ora rotas! +Certa fides facti, dictus Sceleratus ab illa + Vicus, et aeterna res ea pressa nota. 610 +Post tamen hoc ausa est templum, monumenta parentis, + Tangere: mira quidem, sed tamen acta loquar. +Signum erat in solio residens sub imagine Tulli: + Dicitur hoc oculis opposuisse manum. +Et vox audita est, Vultus abscondite nostros, 615 + Ne natae videant ora nefanda meae. +Veste data tegitur: vetat hanc Fortuna moveri: + Et sic e templo est ipsa locuta suo: +Ore revelato qua primum luce patebit + Servius haec positi prima pudoris erit. 620 +Parcite, matronae, vetitas attingere vestes: + Sollemni satis est voce movere preces: +Sitque caput semper Romano tectus amictu, + Qui rex in nostra septimus urbe fuit. +Arserat hoc templum: signo tamen ille pepercit 625 + Ignis: opem nato Mulciber ipse tulit. +Namque pater Tulli Vulcanus, Ocresia mater, + Praesignis facie, Corniculana fuit. +Hanc secum Tanaquil, sacris de more peractis, + Jussit in ornatum fundere vina focum. 630 +Hic inter cineres obsceni forma virilis + Aut fuit, aut visa est: sed fuit illa magis. +Jussa loco captiva fovet, Conceptus ab illa + Servius a coelo semina gentis habet. +Signa dedit genitor, tum quum caput igne corusco 635 + Contigit, inque coma flammeus arsit apex. + +Te quoque magnifica, Concordia, dedicat aede + Livia, quam caro praestitit illa viro. +Disce tamen, veniens aetas, ubi Livia nunc est + Porticus, immensae tecta fuisse domus. 640 +Urbis opus domus una fuit: spatimque tenebat, + Quo brevius muris oppida multa tenent. +Haec aequata solo est, nullo sub crimine regni, + Sed quia luxuria visa nocere sua. +Sustinuit tantas operum subvertere moles 645 + + 645 + Totque suas heres perdere Caesar opes. +Sic agitur censura, et sic exempla parantur; + Quum vindex, alios quod monet, ipse facit. + +Nulla nota est veniente die, quam dicere possim. + Idibus Invicto sunt data templa Jovi. 650 +Et jam Quinquatrus jubeor narrare minores. + Nunc ades o coeptis, flava Minerva, meis. +Cur vagus incedit tota tibicen in urbe? + Quid sibi personae, quid stola longa, volant? +Sic ego. Sic posita Tritonia cuspide dixit: 655 + --Possem utinam doctae verba referre deae!-- +Temporibus veterum tibicinis usus avorum + Magnus et in magno semper honore fuit. +Cantabat fanis, cantabat tibia ludis: + Cantabat maestis tibia funeribus. 660 +Dulcis erat mercede labor: tempusque secutum, + Quod subito Graiae frangeret artis opus. +Adde quod aedilis, pompam qui funeris irent, + Artifices solos jusserat esse decem. +Exilio mutant urbem, Tiburque recedunt: 665 + --Exilium quodam tempore Tibur erat.-- +Quaeritur in scena cava tibia, quaeritur aris, + Ducit supremos nenia nulla toros. +Servierat quidam, quantolibet ordine dignus, + Tiburo, sed longo tempore liber erat. 670 +Rure dapes parat ille suo, turbamque canoram + Convocat. Ad festas convenit illa dapes. +Nox erat, et vinis oculique animique natabant, + Quum praecomposito nuntius ore venit: +Atque ita, Quid cessas convivia solvere? dixit: 675 + Auctor vindictae jam venit, ecce, tuae! +Nec mora; convivae valido titubantia vino + Membra movent: dubii stantque labantque pedes. +At dominus, Discedite, ait; plaustroque morantes + Sustulit. In plaustro sirpea lata fuit. 680 +Alliciunt somnos tempus, motusque, merumque, + Potaque se Tibur turba redire putat. +Jamque per Esquilias Romanam intraverat urbem; + Et mane in medio plaustra fuere foro. +Plautius, ut posset specie numeroque Senatum 685 + Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi. +Admiscetque alios, et, ut hunc tibicina coetum + Augeat, in longis vestibus ire jubet. +Sic reduces bene posse tegi, ne forte notentur + Contra collegae jussa redisse sui. 690 +Res placuit: cultuque novo licet Idibus uti, + Et canere ad veteres verba jocosa modos. +Haec ubi perdocuit, Superest mihi discere, dixi, + Cur sit Quinquatrus illa vocata dies. +Martius, inquit, agit tali mea nomine festa, 695 + Estque sub inventis haec quoque turba meis. +Prima terebrato per rara foramina buxo, + Ut daret, effeci, tibia longa sonos. +Vox placuit: liquidis faciem referentibus undis + Vidi virgineas intumuisse genas. 700 +Ars mihi non tanti est; valeas, mea tibia! dixi. + Excipit abjectam cespite ripa suo. +Inventam Satyrus primum miratur, et usum + Nescit; at inflatam sentit habere sonum; +Et modo dimittit digitis, modo concipit auras. 705 + Jamque inter Nymphas arte superbus erat: +Provocat et Phoebum; Phoebo superante pependit: + Caesa recesserunt a cute membra sua. +Sum tamen inventrix auctorque ego carminis hujus. + Hoc est, cur nostros ars colat ista dies. 710 +Tertia lux veniet, qua tu, Dodoni Thyene, + Stabis Agenorei fronte videnda bovis. +Haec est illa dies, qua tu purgamina Vestae, + Tibri, per Etruscas in mare mittis aquas. + +Si qua fides ventis, Zephyro date carbasa, nautae: 715 + Cras veniet vestris ille secundus aquis. + +At pater Heliadum radios ubi tinxerit undis, + Et cinget geminos stella serena polos; +Tollet humo validos proles Hyriea lacertos. + Continua Delphin nocte videndus erit. 720 +Scilicet hic olim Volscos Aequosque fugatos + Viderat in campis, Algida terra, tuis. +Unde suburban o clarus, Tuberte, triumpho + Vectus es in niveis, Postume, victor equis. + +Jam sex et totidem luces de mense supersunt: 725 + Huic unum numero tu tamen adde diem; +Sol abit e Geminis, et Cancri signa rubescunt: + Coepit Aventina Pallas in arce coli. + +Jam tua, Laomedon, oritur nurus, ortaque noctem + Pellit, et e pratis uda pruina fugit; 730 +Reddita, quisquis is est, Summano templa feruntur, + Tum, quum Romanis, Pyrrhe, timendus eras. + +Hanc quoque quuin patriis Galatea receperit undis, + Plenaque securae terra quietis erit; +Surgit humo juvenis, telis afflatus avitis; 735 + Et gemino nexas porrigit angue manus. +Notus amor Phaedrae, nota est injuria Thesei: + Devovit natum credulus ille suum. +Non impune plus juvenis Troezena petebat: + Dividit obstantes pectore taurus aquas. 740 +Solliciti terrentur equi, frustraque retenti + Per scopulos dominum duraque saxa trahunt. +Exciderat curru, lorisque morantibus artus + Hippolytus lacero corpore raptus erat: +Reddideratque animam, multum indignante Diana. 745 + Nulla, Coronides, causa doloris, ait, +Namque pio juveni vitam sine vulnere reddam; + Et cedent arti tristia fata meae. +Gramina continuo loculis depromit eburnis: + Profuerant Glauci Manibus illa prius: 750 +Tunc, quum observatas augur descendit in herbas, + Usus et auxilio est anguis ab angue dato. +Pectora ter tetigit, ter verba salubria dixit: + Depositum terra sustulit ille caput. +Lucus eum, nemorisque sui Dictynna recessu 755 + Celat: Aricino Virbius ille lacu. +At Clymenus Clothoque dolent, haec, fila reneri, + Hic, fieri regni jura minora sui. +Jupiter exemplum veritus direxit in ilium + Fulmina, qui nimiae moverat artis opem. 760 +Phoebe, querebaris. Deus est; placare parenti; + Propter te, fieri quod vetat, ipse facit. + +Non ego te, quamvis properabis vincere Caesar, + Si vetet auspicium, signa movere velim. +Sint tibi Flaminius Thrasimenaque litora testes, 765 + Per volucres aequos multa monere deos. +Tempora si veteris quaeris temeraria damni, + Quartus ab extremo mense bis ille dies. + +Postera lux melior. Superat Masinissa Syphacem; + Et cecidit telis Hasdrubal ipse suis. 770 + +Tempora labuntur, tacitisque senescimus annis, + Et fugiunt, freno non remorante, dies. +Quam cito venerunt Fortunae Fortis honores! + Post septem luces Junius actus erit. +Ite, deam laeti Fortem celebrate. Quirites: 775 + In Tiberis ripa munera regis habet. + +Pars pede, pars etiam celeri decurrite cymba; + Nec pudeat potos inde redire domum. +Ferte coronatae juvenum convivia lintres, + Multaque per medias vina bibantur aquas. 780 +Plebs colit hanc, quia, qui posuit, de plebe fuisse + Fertur, et ex humili sceptra tulisse loco. +Convenit et servis, serva quia Tullius ortus + Constituit dubiae templa propinqua deae. + +Ecce suburbana rediens male sobrius aede 785 + Ad stellas aliquis talia verba jacit: +Zona latet tua nunc, et eras fortasse latebit. + Dehinc erit, Orion, adspicienda mihi. +At si non esset potus, dixisset eadem + Venturum tempus solstitiale die. 790 +Lucifero subeunte Lares delubra tulerunt, + Hic, ubi fit docta multa corona manu. +Tempus idem Stator aedis habet, quara Romulus olim + Ante Palatini condidit ora jugi. + +Tot restant de mense dies, quot nomina Parcis, 795 + Quum data sunt trabeae templa, Quirine, tuae. + +Tempus Iuleis cras est natale Kalendis: + Pierides, coeptis addite summa meis. +Dicite, Pierides, quis vos adjunxerit isti, + Cui dedit invitas victa noverca manus. 800 +Sic ego. Sic Clio, Clari monumenta Philippi + Adspicis, unde trahit Marcia casta genus; +Marcia, sacrifico deductum nomen ab Anco, + In qua par facies nobilitate sua. +Par animo quoque forma suo respondet in illa; 805 + Et genus, et facies ingeniumque simul. +Nec, quod laudamus formam, tam turpe putaris; + Laudamus magnas hac quoque parte deas. +Nupta fuit quondam matertera Caesaris illi. + O decus, o sacra femina digna domo! 810 +Sic cecinit Clio: doctae assensere sorores. + Annuit Alcides, increpuitque lyram. + + +NOTES: + +1-100. The poet, as he had done in the preceding months, commences June, +by a discussion of its name. The gods, as usual, appear on the scene, +and, as there were three etymons of the name of the month, three deities +are introduced. + +2. _Quae placeant_, etc. You shall chuse for yourself. + +3, 4. Alluding, perhaps, to the Epicurean spirit of the age. + +5. _Est Deus_, etc. He expresses the same sentiment elsewhere. See A. A. +III. 549. Pont. Ill, 4, 93. [Greek: Kouphon chraema poiaetaes esti kai +ptaenon kai ieron, kai ou proteron oios te poiein prin an entheos te +genaetai, kai ekphron kai ho nous maeketi en auto enae]. Plato Ion. _Ego +non puto poetam grave plenumque carmen sine coelesti aliquo mentis +instinctu fundere_. Cicero, Tusc. I. 26. _Poeta quasi divino quodam +spiritu inflatur_. Id. Arch. 8.--What is rare is the subject of +admiration, and nothing is rarer than poetic genius in a high degree; +hence the ancients looked on it as something divine, or, as proceeding +from the favour, and even the immediate inspiration of the gods. Nothing +is more true than _poeta nascitur non fit_, but it is equally true of +other things, the musician and the painter, nay, I might add, the +carpenter and the tailor, are born, not made. But of some species, the +supply is much larger than of others. + +6. _Impetus hic_, the _furor poeticus 13. _Praeceptor arandi_. Hesiod, the +author of the oldest agricultural poem, his Works and Days. He lived at +Ascra, a village of Boeotia, at the foot of Mt. Helicon. In v. 22, of his +Theogony, it is said of the Muses, [Greek: ai nu pot' Haesiodon kalaen +edidaxan aoidaen Arnas poimainonth' Elikonos upo zatheoio]. See A. A. I. +27. Propert II. 10. 25, 34. 79. Virg. Ec. II. 70. G. II. 176. + +15. The well-known fatal Judgment of Paris--_Aquosae, [Greek: polypidax], +Homer. + +17. See v. 27. Virg. aen. I. 46. + +18. See v. 34. + +22. _Exlg. mod_. The pentameter measure. See II. 3, 4. + +26. _Junius, aut ex parte populi nominatus, aut, ut Cincius arbitratur, +quod Junonius apud Latinos olim vocitatus, diuque apud Aricinos, +Praenestinosque hoc appellatione in fastos relatus sit; adeo ut, sicut +Nisus in commentariis fastorum dicit, apud majores quoque nostros haec +appellatio mensis diu manserit, sed post, detritis quibusdam litteris, ex +Junonio Junius dictus sit; nam et aedes Junoni Monetae Cal. Jun. dedicata +est_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. This leaves, I think, little doubt respecting +the true origin of the name. + +29. See Hom. II. iv. 59. According to Hesiod, Th. 454, and the Homeridian +hymn to Venus, v. 22, Hestia (Vesta) was the first-born of Kronus and +Rhea. Ovid evidently followed Homer, without perfectly understanding him. + +31. _Hunc_ (Capitolinum) _antea_ montem Saturnium appellatum prodiderunt, +et ab eo late Saturniam terram. Antiquum oppidum in hoc fuisse Saturniam +scribitur. Ejus vestigia etiam nunc manent tria; quod Saturni fanum in +faucibus: quod Saturnia, porta quam nunc vacant Pandanam: quod post aedem +Saturni in aedificiorum legibus parietes postici muri sunt scripti_. +Varro, L. L. IV. + +32. See I. 233. _A Caesare proximus Caesar_. Ep. ex Pont. II. 8, 37. +_Proximus a domina--sedeto_, A. A. I. 139. _Tu nunc eris alter ab illo_. +Virg. Ec. v. 49. + +34. In the Capitoline temple, Juno and Minerva had chapels on each side +of that of Jupiter. The left-hand one was Juno's. The custom of uniting +these three deities was derived from the Etruscans. See Mythology, p. +453. + +35. _Pellex_, the Pleias Maia, see V. 85. Compare Virg. aen. i. 39. + +37. _Regina_. The Juno Regina of the Romans, was the Queen Kupra of the +Etruscans, whose statue was brought to Rome by Camillus, when Veii was +taken A.U.C. 359. Liv. v. 21. + +39. For the origin of the name Lucina, see on II. 449. For _faciant +mensem luces_, one of the best MSS. reads _faciam pueris lucem_, alluding +to another cause of the name. + +40. This is aukwardly expressed, for she wants to shew that the month was +named from her, and not she from the month. Taubner supposes a hypallage. +It is possible that _nomina_ may be used here in the sense of _fame, +renown_. See III. 66. + +41. _Tum me poeniteat_, then shall I repent. + +42. See IV. 31. Virg. aen i. 26. + +43. See Hom. Il. xx. 232. + +45. See Virg. aen. i. 15. + +47. See Hom. Il. iv. 51. + +49. [Greek: En apasais tais kourias Haera trapezas etheto] (Tatius) +[Greek: Kouritia legomenae, ai kai eis tode chronou keintai]. Dion. Hal. +II. 50.--_Junon. Fal_. See IV. 73. + +55. _Centum_, numerous,--a definite for an indefinite. Compare Virg. aen. +I. 415. iv. 199. + +55. _Quovis_, scil. _altero honore_.--_Honor mensis_ IV. 85. like _honor +coeli, honor templorum_. + +58. _Suburbani_. See on III. 688. Places which were not very remote from +Rome, were called _suburban_. A triumph over the Volscians is (v. 723) +named a suburban triumph. All the following towns were in Latium. + +59. _Nemoral. Aric_. See III. 263. Met. xv. 488. Aricia lay at the foot +of the Alban Mount, on the Appian Way, 13 miles from Rome. + +60. _Pop. Laurens_. Laurentum, near the Tiber, between Rome and the sea, +was said to have been the residence of king Latinus.--_Lanuvium meum_. +This was another town of the Latins, in which there was a grove and +temple of Juno Sospita, common to them and the Romans. Liv. viii. 14. For +_Lanuvium_, most MSS. read _Lavinium_, but this offends the metre. + +61. _Tibur Argeo positum colono_. Hor. Car. II. 6, 5. See on IV. 71. +Tibur, now _Tivoli_, was on the Anien. + +62. _Praenest. deae_, scil. _Fortunae. Fortunae apud Praenesten aedem +pulcherrimam ferunt fuisse_. Schol. Juven. xiv. 90. + +65. Hebe, called by the Romans _Juventas_, advances as the advocate of a +second opinion. _Fulvius Nobilior in Fastis Romulum dicit, postquam +populum in majores minoresque divisit, ut altera armit rempublicam +tueretur, in honorem utriusque partis hunc Maium, sequentem Junium +vocasse_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. For the marriage of Hebe, the daughter of +Jupiter and Juno, with Hercules, see Homer, Od. xi. 604. Hes. Th. 950. + +75. _Origine mensis_. There is the same kind of ambiguity here, and in v. +77, as above, v. 40. It is plainly (see v. 88,) the intention of the poet +to shew that the month derived its name from the _juvenes_, and not from +the goddess Juventas. + +77. _Titulum_, the honour. See IV. 115. + +79. _Nomine_, on account of. + +80. See I. 543, _et seq_. + +83. _Ab annis_, i. e. _ab aetate_. + +90. _Dissimulata_, concealed, hidden, it would have been no longer +visible. + +91, 92. Concordia, the advocate of a third opinion, from _jungo_, is here +introduced in a very timely and appropriate manner. For the reparation of +the temple of Concord by Tiberius, see I. 637.--_Apol. lauro_. See III. +139, The laurel is mentioned on account of the victories of Tiberius.-- +_Placidi_, etc. Concordia, he means, was the inspiring deity of the +peace-loving prince, and concord was his work. + +99. _Ite pares_. As I give not the preference to any, having the fate of +Paris before my eyes. + +101-182. On the Kalends of June was the festival of an ancient Roman +deity, named by our poet and Macrobius, Carna or Carnea; by Tertullian, +Cyprian, and Augustine, Carda or Cardea. _Non-nulli putaverunt, Junium +mensem a Junio Bruto, qui primus Romae consul factus est, nominatum, quod +hoc mense id est Kal. Jun. pulso Tarquinio sacrum Carnae deae in Coelio +monte voti reus fecerit. Hanc deam vitalibus humanis praeesse credunt, ab +ea denique petitur ut jecinora et corda, quaeque sunt intrinsecus viscera +conservet. Et quia, cordis beneficio, cujus dissimulatione Brutus +habebatur, idoneus emendationi publici status exstitit, hanc deam, quae +vitalibus praeest, templo sacravit. Cui pulte fabacia, et larido +sacrificatur, quod his maxime rebus vires corporis roborentur; nam et +Calendae Juniae fabariae vulgo vocantur, quod hoc mense adultae fabae +divinis rebus adhibentur_. Macrob. Sat. I. 12. The name is here evidently +derived _a carne_. The Fathers of the Church, on the other hand, as they +join their Cardea or Carda with deities, named Forculus and Limininus, +(from _fores_ and _limen_) deduced her name from _Cardo_, to which origin +Ovid also plainly alludes. + +103, 104. This confirms what I have said above on V. 229, respecting the +Roman origin, and the late date of several legends. Though the personages +in this are Italian, the manners are Grecian.--_Vires_, her power. + +105. _Antiques_. Three of the best MSS. read _antiqui_. They are followed +by Heinsius and Gierig. I think it the better reading. Compare Hom. II. +xi. 166. Virg. aen. xi. 851.--_Tiberino_. See IV. 291. One MS. reads +_Tiberini_, three _Tiberinae Hilernae.--Helerni, Hilerni and Hylerni_, +are various readings. Who or what Helernus was is totally unknown. +Heinsius thinks that the _lucus Helerni_ might have been the same with +the _lucus Asyli_, (II. 67,) but this last was on the Capitoline hill, +and Ovid evidently assigns some place a little way from Rome as the +situation of the former. + +106. _Sacra ferunt_. Both the offerer (Virg. aen. III, 19,) and the priest +(Id. G. III, 446,) are said _sacra ferre_. For _ferunt_, one MS. reads +_canunt_. + +107. _Cranen_. Two MSS. read _Granen_, which has been received into the +text by Heinsius and Gierig. Two have _Gramen_, one _Grangen_.-- +_Priores_, the ancients. See I. 329, IV. 329. + +113. _Dixisset. Si_. is understood. The copyists stumbled at this +ellipse, for four MSS. read _Huic si quis_, one _si dixit_, another _quum +dixit_. There are, however, examples of it. _Dedisses huic animo par +corpus_. Plin. Ep. I. 2, 8. _Dares hanc vim M. Crasso; in foro, crede +mihi, saltaret_, Cic. Off. III. 19. Compare Hor. Sat. I. 3, 15. + +117. _Resistit_, stops. II. 86. + +126. _Occupat amplexu_, embraces, seizes in his arms. See on I. 575. _De +Jano non mihi facile quidquam occurrit, quod ad probrum pertinent; et +forte talis fuit ut innocentius vixerit et a facinoribus et flagitiis +remotius_. Augustinus de Civ. Dei. vii. This tale must have escaped the +knowledge or the memory of the zealous Father. But does not what he here +says of this ancient Italian deity offer a strong confirmation of what +has been already observed respecting the purity of the old Italian +religion? + +129. _Virgam_. Heinsius, without having the authority of any MS. reads +_spinam_. + +130. _Alba_, scil. _spina_. See v. 165. The same power is ascribed to the +[Greek: ramnos], which is the same as the Alba Spina (_whitethorn_), by +Dioscorydes, I. 119. [Greek: Legetai de kai klonas autaes thurais +prostethentas apokrouein tas ton pharmakon kakourgias]. The same is said +of the _aquifolium_ by Pliny. + +131. _Quae_, etc. the Harpies. See Apoll. Rh. Arg. II. 187. Virg. aen. +III. 212. Mythology, pp. 225, 422. + +139. _Est illis_, etc. [Greek: Strix a strizein] _stridere_, the +night-owl, _Strix aluco_ of Linnaeus. _Fabulosum arbitror de strigibus, +ubera eas infantium labris immulgere. Esse in maledictis jam antiquis +strigem convenit; sed quae sit avium constare non arbitror_. Plin. H. N. +xi. 39, 95. A very different account of this bird is given by Isidore, +(Orig. xii. 7.) _Strix nocturna avis, habens nomen de sono vocis; quando +enim elumat stridet. Vulgo Amma dicitur ub amando parvulos, unde et lac +praebere dicitur nascentibus. + +141, 142. Ovid says elsewhere, (Am. I. 8. 13.) _Hanc ego nocturnas vivam +volitare per umbras Suspicor et pluma corpus anile tegi_. And Festus +says, _Striges maleficis mulieribus nomen inditum est, quas volaticas +etiam vacant_, alluding to the same opinion. The belief of the power of +witches to transform themselves into animals, is not yet totally extinct +among the vulgar in our own country. For the power of magic-verses, +_carmina_, see Virg. Ec. viii. 69.--_Nenia_, i. e. _carmen magicum_. Hor. +Epod. 17, 28. The Marsians were famous for their magic skill. The +construction here is _Nen. Mars. fig. anus_. + +143. _Proca_. See IV. 52. + +155. We do not read anywhere else of the Arbutus being used for this +purpose. Perhaps, it was on account of its being ever green like the +laurel. Diogenes Laertius (iv. 7, 10,) tells us, that when Bion was sick, +[Greek: grai doken eumaros trachaelon eis epodaen, ramnon te kai kladon +daphnaes uper thuraen ethaeken]. + +167. Garlic was also thought to be efficacious for this purpose; it was +also good to fasten to each arm of the child an eye taken out of a live +hyaena. Ignorant people always love cruel and barbarous remedies; we have +instances enough among ourselves. + +169. See above on v. 101. + +173. Compare Hor. Epod. 2. 48. Sat. II. 2. 49. + +175. Scil, the Attagen. + +176. The Crane. See Hom. Il. III. 5. + +181 _Sextis Kalendis_, scil. _Junii_, the sixth month. + +183. See I. 638. Liv. vii. 28. + +185. See Liv. v. 47. + +187-190. Compare Juv. Sat. x. 276, _et seq_. Read carefully the admirable +account of this transaction in Niebuhr's Roman History, II. 602. _et +seq_. + +191. See Liv. vii. 23. x. 23. + +192. _Tectae viae_. The commentators confess their inability to explain +this. Donatus conjectures, that it may have been arched over, or have had +porticos along it. Some MSS. read _rectae_, one _dextrae_. The Appian +road began at the Capene gate, and it is uncertain, whether this temple +of Mars was on it, or had a separate road leading to it. + +193. This temple was built A.U.C. 495, by L. Scipio the son of Barbatus, +who conquered Corsica. It was outside of the Capene gate, where a stone +was dug up, bearing the inscription, which may be seen in Reines. Inscr. +vi. 34. p. 410, or in Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. I. 254. + +196. Aquila rises in the evening. + +197. On the IV. Non. the Hyades rise heliacally, accompanied by rain. + +199. The temple of Bellona vowed by Appius Claudius, in the midst of a +battle, in the Etruscan war, A.U.C. 458, (Liv. x. 19.) was dedicated on +the III. Non. Jun. Pliny, (H. N. xxxv. 2. 3.) says, _App. Claudius posuit +in Bellonae aede majores suos placuitque in excelso spectari et titulos +honorum legi_. Just what one might expect from one of the proud Claudii! + +201. _Duello_ the same as _bello_. _Duellum_ is a word of frequent +occurrence in Livy. + +203. _Pyrrho_, etc. This was A.U.C. 474. Val. Max. viii. 12. _Ad App. +Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset; tamen is quum +sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem et foedus faciendum cum Pyrrho non +dubitavit dicere illa, quae versibus persecutus est Ennius_: Quo vobis +mentes recte quae stare solebant Antehac, dementes sese flexere viai? + +204. "_Captus_ qui uti aliqua re non potest, Liv. ii. 36: _omnibus +membris captus_. xxii. 2: _captus oculis_, ubi vid. Duker," Gierig. +Upwards of Twenty MSS. read _caecus_, two _cassus_, compare Virg. aen. II. +85. + +205. Before the temple of Bellona was a small _area_, or open place, +which reached to the upper part of the Circus Flaminius. In the _area_ +before the temple, stood the celebrated pillar. It was in the temple of +Bellona that the senate gave audience to such foreign ambassadors as they +would not admit into the city, here also they received the generals who +were returned from war. See Livy, _passim. Bellona dicitur dea bellorum; +ante cujus templum erat columella, quae bellica vocabatur, supra quam +hastam jaciebant quum bellum indicebatur_. Festus. _Circus Flaminius_.-- +_Aedes Bellonae versus portam Carmentalem. Ante hanc aedem columna index +belli inferendi_. P. Victor de region, urb. Reg. ix. Livy (I. 32.) +describes the ceremony of throwing the spear. Originally, when the Roman +territory was small, and the hostile states were close at hand, the +Fetial used to cast the spear into the enemy's country; afterwards the +practice of merely casting it over the pillar of Bellona was introduced. +--_Templo_ is the reading of two MSS. of high character, all the rest +read _tergo_. + +209. At the other end of the Circus Flaminius was the temple of Hercules +Custos. Neapolis thinks there were two temples of Hercules in this +Circus, one built by order of the Senate in compliance with the +directions of the Sibyllian verses; the other erected by Fulvius +Nobilior, and repaired by Philippus. See v. 802.--_Eub. car_. See IV. +257.--_Titulos_, scil. the inscription.--_Probavit_. "Censorum proprie +est probare_." Heinsius. [Greek: Apothuon de taes ousias apasaes ho +Sullas to Haeraklei dekataen]. Plut. Sulla, 35. + +213--218. On the Nones was the anniversary of the dedication of the +temple of the ancient Sabine deity, named Sancus, Dius (_Deus_) Fidius +and Semo. Of these names, we may observe, that Sancus is also written +Sangus and Sanctus, which last is manifestly a corruption; that from the +second was formed an ordinary oath of the Romans, _Medius fidius_, +equivalent to _Mehercle_ (The Greeks who rendered _Fidius_ by [Greek: +pistios], made him the same with Hercules); that Semo, which is, perhaps, +a contraction of _Semihomo_, is equivalent to _Indiges_, and, therefore, +corresponds pretty exactly with the [Greek: haeros] of the Greeks, in its +later sense. (Mythology, p. 273). For _Pater Semo_, see on III. 775. Most +MSS. read _Semi_-_pater_, some _Semicaper_, but inscriptions prove the +correctness of the present reading.--_Aelius Gallus Dius Fidius dicebat +Diovis_ (Jovis) _filius, ut Graeci [Greek: Dioskouron] Castorem, et +putabat hunc esse Sanctum ab Sabina lingua, et Herculem ab Graeca_. +Varro, L. L. IV. Saint Augustine, (De Civ. Dei. xviii.) in accordance +with the system which represented the gods of ancient Greece and Italy, +as having been nothing but deified mortals, says, _Sabini regem suum +primum Sancum, seu, ut alii, Sanctum, retulerunt in Deos_. Cato, in his +Origines, says, _Nomen_ (scil. Sabinorum) _esse impositum ex Sabo Divi +Sanci Gentilis filio_. And Silius Italicus (viii. 422,) says, _Ibant et +laeti; pars Sanctum voce canebant Auctorem gentis; pars laudes ore +ferebant, Sabe, tuas; qui de patrio cognomine primus Dixisti populos +magna ditione Sabinos_. The _pater Sabinus_ of Virgil (aen. vii. 178,) +would appear to be the same with Sabus. Before I quit this deity, I must +notice the curious mistake into which Justin Martyr and Tertullian fell, +in consequence of the resemblance between _Semoni_ and _Simoni_. They +gravely assert, that, seduced by his magic arts, the Romans erected a +statue to Simon Magus, and adored him as a god! + +217. I think Ovid intimates very plainly here his belief that the +Sabines, when they settled at Rome, raised a temple on the Quirinal to +their ancient god, Sancus. History, however, makes no mention of it, and +Sancus is not among the deities to whom, according to Varro, L. L. IV. +Tatius erected temples. Dionysius, (iv. 58,) speaking of the treaty made +by Tarquinius Superbus, with the Gabines, says, [Greek: touton esti ton +orkion mnaemeion en Pomae keimenon en hiero Dios Pistiou on Romaioi +Sankton kalousin]; which temple, he tells us (ix. 60,) stood on the +Quirinal ([Greek: epi tou Henualiou lophou,]) was begun by Tarquinius, +and dedicated by the consul, Spurius Postumius, on the Nones of June, +A.U.C. 288. + +219. _Est mihi_, etc. Ovid speaks of his daughter also in his Tristia +(iv. 10, 75,) _Filia me mea bis prima fecunda juventa, Sed non ex uno +conjuge fecit avum_. Her name is not known, but it would appear that she +was married to a senator, for Seneca (de Con. Sap. 17,) says, _In senatu +flentem vidimus Fidum Cornelium, Nasonis generum_. + +225. _Hujus_, scil, _mensis_. It was not lucky to marry in June before +the Ides; all the rest of the month was favourable to matrimony. See II. +557, III. 393. + +227. _Stercus ex aede Vestae XVII. Kal. Jul. defertur in angiportum +medium fere clivi Capitolini, qui locus clauditur porta stercoraria. +Tantae sanctitatis majores nostri esse judicaverunt_. Festus. _Dies qui +vocatur, Quando stercus delatum, fas: ab eo appellatus, quod eo die ex +aede Vestae stercus everritur et per Capitolinum clivum in locum defertur +certum. Varro L. L. V. Ovid, we may observe differs from these writers. +Their testimony is, I think, to be preferred. + +228. _Flav. aq_. Compare Virg, aen. vii. 30. Hor. Car. I. 2. 13. + +229--231. See III. 398.--_Detonsos_. The readings of the MSS. differ +greatly, some have _detonso_, two _detenso_, three _detonsum_, one +_detonsa_, another _dentoso_, two give the present reading. _Detonsi +crines_ does not signify hair that is cut close, but what is merely clipt +at the ends, which we are to suppose was the case with that of the +Flaminia.--_Buxo_. The Roman combs, like some of our own, were made of +box-wood.--_Depectere_. See III. 465. + +232. _Matrimonium Flaminis nisi morte dirimi non jus_. Gellius, N. A. x. +15. _Certe Flaminica non nisi univira est, quae et Flaminis lex est_. +Tertull. Ex. ad Cast. 13. + +234. _Ignea Vesta_, "templum Vestae in quo ignis alitur perpetuus," +Gierig. _Veste nitebit humus_ is the reading of all the MSS. but two, +which have _humo_. The present reading, of the correctness of which no +one can doubt, was formed by Scaliger. + +235. On the VII. Id. Arctophylax or Boötes, sets in the morning.-- +_Lycaona_, Areas, the grandson of Lycaon, II. 153. _et seq_. If this is +not an oversight of the poet, Lycaon is put for Lycaonides, just as it is +supposed, that even Homer uses Hyperion for Hyperionides. See above I. +385. "Ita [Greek: Amphitryon] pro [Greek: Amphitryonidaes], Pindar Nem. +IV. 32. ubi vid. Schol. et Olymp. x. 42. [Greek: Moliones] pro [Greek: +Molionidai] ubi vid. Schmid." Burmann.--_Phoebe_. One would rather have +expected _Phoebus_. He probably meant an allusion to Diana, who had +transformed Callisto. Phoebe seems to be put for _night_. + +237. _Gram. Campi_. Compare Hor. Car III. 7. 26. iv. 1. 39. A. P. 162. + +239. _Piscatorii ludi vocantur, qui quotannis mense Junio trans Tiberim +fieri solent a Praetore urbano pro piscatoribus Tiberinis: quorum quaestus +non in macellum pervenit sed fere in aream Volcani; quod id genus +pisciculorwm vivorum datur ei deo pro animis humanis_. Festus. + +241-248. After the defeat of the Roman army by Hannibal at the Trasimene +lake, in which the consul C. Flaminius was slain, A.U.C. 537, the +Sibylline books were consulted, according to custom, and by their +direction, _Ludi magni_ were vowed to Jupiter, and temples to Venus +Erycina, and to Mars. Liv. xxii. 9. Does not this tend to confirm what I +have observed above (see on IV. 874.) respecting the Phoenician origin of +Venus Erycina? Every one knows the Roman custom of endeavouring to gain +over the deities of their enemies. + +247. _Adspicit_, etc. "Inter illam diem, qua vota soluta sunt, et Idus +interjacent sex luces. Falso Neap. putabat Ovidiam hoc disticho, VI. Id. +exprimere voluisse." Gierig. I think however Neapolis is right, for the +setting of Arctophylax was on the VII. Id. unless we suppose that the +temple of Mens was dedicated on that day, and in that case, where was the +necessity for vv. 247, 248? + +249-460. On the V. Id. were the Vestalia. The poet goes at great length +into this subject. See I. 528. III. 417, _et seq_. 697. _et seq_. IV. +949. + +253. _Non vidi_. Perhaps he means to intimate, that Vesta as the +principle of fire, had no visible anthropomorphic form, like the other +deities. Compare v. 298.--_Valeant_, etc. away with, adieu to. Compare +Hor. Ep. II. 1. 80. Ter. Andr. iv. 2. 13. The Greeks used their [Greek: +chairo], in the same sense.-_Mendacia_, fictions. See Hor. A. P. 151. + +257. _Dena quater_, etc. The temple of Vesta was built by Numa, [Greek: +Autos protos hieron idrusamenos Romaiois Hestias, kai parthenous +apodeixas autae Ouaepolous]. Dionys. II. 65. See also Plut. Num. 9 and +11. Liv. I. 20.--_Palilia_. See on IV. 721. + +258. _Flammae custos_, scil. Vesta, Vell. Paterc. II. 131. The deities +were called the guardians (_custodes_) of the objects over which they +presided. Compare II. 277. + +259. _Meluentius_, etc. Compare Met. I. 322. + +261. _Quae nunc_, etc. Compare I. 199, _et seq_. III. 183, A. A. III. 118. + +263. _Hic locus_, etc. [Greek: Edeimato plaesion tou taes Hestias hierou +taen kaloumenaen Rhaegian oion te basileion oikaema]. Plut. Num. 14. +_Habitabat propter aedem Vestae_. Solin. 2. As Lipsius justly observed, +Ovid confounds the _Regia_ and the _Atrium Vestae_. The Vestals dwelt in +the Atrium. _Virgines quum vi morbi Atrio Vestae coguntur excedere, +matronarum curae custodiaeque mandantur_. Plin. Ep. vii. 19, 2. Correct by +this the note on II. 69. + +264. _Intonsi_. See on II. 30.--_Magna_, scil, for those times. + +265. The temple of Vesta was round, [Greek: hieron enkuklion-- +apomimoumenos to schaema tou sympantos kosmou] Plut. Num. 14. _Rotundam +aedem Vestae Numa consecravit, quod eandem esse terram credebat, eamque +pilae forma esse, ut sui simili templo dea coleretur_. Festus. "Neque +Noster sibi constat; namque hic et vs. 460, Vestam facit _terram_, vs. +291, _vivam flammam_." Gierig. + +267. [Greek: Kai Gaia maeter Hestian de s' oi sophoi Broton kalousin, +haemenaen en aitheri]. Eurip. Frag. 178.--_Et Terra_. Three MSS. read +_quae Terra_. + +268. _Focus_, ignis. + +269. 270. Compare Met. I. 12. + +271-276. These six verses are wanting in all the MSS. but seven, only one +of which is of the first order. In one they come after v. 280. "Videntur +mihi spurii esse, namque l. quo referes vs. 273, _locata?_ Ad terram, vs. +269? At alia subjecta interposita sunt, _volubilitas_ et _angulus_. Non +ita negligenter Ovidius scribit. 2. Sententia inest inepta; cum in medio +mundo sit, non esset in medio, nisi convexa foret. 3. Eadem sententia sed +melius expressa legitur, vs. 279, _et seq_." Gierig. I think he is right, +and that these lines should be rejected.--_Ipsa volubilitas_, etc. The +_orbis rotundus_ is evidently the world, (_mundus_) and not the earth. +_Mundi volubilitas, quae nisi in globosa forma esse non potest_. Cic. N. +D. II. 19. Yet, from the connexion, it is of the volubility of the earth +that the poet speaks, and he would thus appear to inculcate the +Pythagorean or Copernican system, which he surely did not hold.--_Qui_, +etc. it (scil. the earth) has no saliant angles to press the matter +(_partes_) external to it, i. e. the air. + +277. The celebrated sphere of Archimedes, which represented the motions +of the sun, moon, and five planets around the earth. It was enclosed in a +glass-case, hence he says, _aëre clauso_, and it appears from this +passage of Ovid, and from Cicero, Rep. I. 14, and Athen. v. 11, that it +was preserved at Syracuse in their time. See Cic. Tusc. I. 25, Claudian. +Epigr. 68.--_Arce_, is the reading of three MSS. all the rest have +_arte.--Syracosio_. All the MSS. read _Syracusio_, which is repugnant to +the metre. Heinsius corrected it. The Greeks used [Greek: Syrakosios], as +well as [Greek: Syrakousios]. Compare Virg. Ec. vi. 1. + +282. _Tholus_, a dome, round roof. "Tholi forma est [Greek: +ouranoeides]." Neapolis. + +285. [Greek: Reia--Krono teke phaidima tekna, Istiaen, Daemaetra kai +Haeraen chrosopedilon]. Hes. Th. 453. Observe how all the names are +changed into Latin ones! + +288. _Impatiens viri_, unmarried. Compare Met. I. 478. See Mythology, p. +72. Ovid assigns two reasons for her having virgin-priestesses. 1. +Because she was a virgin herself. 2. Because she was the principle of +fire, which produces nothing. Cicero (Leg. II. 12.) gives two more. +_Vestae colendae virgines praesunt, ut advigiletur facilius ad custodiam +ignis, et sentiant mulieres in natura feminarum omnem castitatem pati_. + +299, 300. Vesta a _vi stando_! Well might Gierig say, "mira est haec +etymologia." The Greeks derived [Greek: Hestia] from [Greek: histaemi]. +_Terram nonnulli Vestam esse pronuntiant, quod in mundo stet sola, +caeteris ejus partibus mobilitate perpetua constitutis_. Arnob. adv. Gen. +III. p. 119. [Greek: Menei Hestia en theon oiko monae]. Plat. Phaedrus. + +301. _Quod fovet. Focus a fovendo id est calefaciendo_. Festus--another +equally sound piece of etymology! + +302. _Prim. aed_. the porch or entrance of the house. + +303. _Vestibulum_. "De etymo hujus voculae aliud sentit Nonius, aliud +Varro, hoc Ovidianum nemo. Servius: _Vestibulum ut Varro docet, +etymologiae non habet proprietatem, sed fit pro captu ingenii_." +Neapolis. + +304. _Affamur_, etc. We say O Vesta! who etc. _Vestae nomen a Graecis +est; ea est enim quae ab illis [Greek: Hestia] dicitur. Vis autem ejus ad +aras et focos pertinet. Itaque in ea dea, quae est verum custos +intimarum, omnis et praecatio et sacrificatio extrema, est_. Cic. N. D. +II. 27. [Greek: Tais thusiais oi Hellaenes apo taes protaes te autaes +(Hestias) haerchonto kai es eschataen autaen katepauon]. Cornut. N. D. +28. See the Homeridian hymn to Hestia, or Mythology, p. 73. The reading +of this line is very different in the MSS. some have _Quae famur Vesta_, +others _Quae famur vestra est_, or _Quae f. Vestam_; one _Quaeramus +Vestam_, another _Quaeramur_, another _Dicimus O Vesta_, which Ciofanus +and Neapolis preferred; the present reading is that of three MSS. and +was adopted by Heinsius. + +305. _Ante focos_. before the altars. Compare Virg. aen. vii. 175. + +306. _Mensae credere_, etc. See Hom. Od. vii. 201. + +307, 308. _Nunc quoque_, etc. These verses are parenthetic. He shews, by +instancing one case of its use at the present day, the antiquity of the +custom of sitting at the sacrifical feast.--_Vacunae_. See Hor. Ep. I. +10. 49. _Vacuna ap. Sabinos plurimum colitur. Quidam Dianam, nonnulli +Cererem esse dixerunt, alii Venerem, alii Victoriam, deam vacationis, +quod faciat vacare a curis. Sed Varro primo rer. divin. Minervam dicit, +quod ea maxime hi gaudent qui sapientiae vacant_. Schol. Cruq. _in loc_. + +309. _More vetusto_, scil, of offering to Vesta at the sacrifices to the +other gods. Gierig, I think is wrong, in understanding it of the custom +of sitting before the altars. + +310. _Missos cibos_. Some portion of the sacred food was sent on a clean +plate to the temple of Vesta. Was it from the sacrifices in general, or +only from those to Vacuna? + +311. _Ecce_, etc. It was usual on festivals and holidays, to put garlands +on such animals as had a share in them, or were in any way sacred to the +deity, in whose honour they were held. See I. 663. V. 52. Tibull II. 1. +8. Wernsdorf. Exc. VII. to Grat. Cyneg. in the Poetae Minores, Tom. I. p. +261. At the Vestalia, the mills stopped working, the mill-stones were +wreathed with garlands, and the asses were likewise crowned, and had +bread hung about their necks. See on v. 347. _Vesta coronatis pauper +gaudebat asellis_, says Propertius (iv. l. 21.) speaking of ancient +times. + +313. See II. 525. + +315-316. _Panem primo cinis calidus et fervens testa percoxit; deinde +furni paullatim reperti sunt et alia genera_. Seneca Ep. 90. _Panem +testicium sic facito_.--_Ubi bene subegeris defingito coquitoque sub +testa_. Cato R. R. 74. _Testuatium, quod in testu caldo coquebatur_. +Varro L. L. IV. The poet's description agrees rather with that of Seneca, +and is nearly the common mode of baking cakes at the present day. + +317. This is the true reason, why the millers and bakers kept the +Vestalia. There was no reason, but his inability to resist the +temptation, for telling the following story. + +320. Compare I. 391 _et seq_. + +320. _Quamvis_, etc. "Silenus creditus musca dialium eonviviorum." +Neapolis. + +325. _Nec licet_. "Respicit Tantali fabulam, qui epulis admotus, cum ibi +acta narrasset, poenam sensit." Burmann. + +327. _Vallibus_. Most MSS. read _collibus_. + +329. _Brachia nectit_, scil. in the dance. Compare Hor. Car. II. 12. 17. +In both these places _brachia_ is, I should think, equivalent to manus. +They did not waltz in those days. + +330. Compare Hor. Car. I. 37, 1, III. 18. iv. 1, 27. + +338. See I. 433. + +345, 346. Heinsius, and, after him, Krebs, regarded this distich as an +interpolation. But, if we take away these two verses, the relative to +_quem_ (v. 347,) is _ille_, (v. 344) which, though Krebs asks, "Asinus an +Priapus?" is, beyond question, the latter; unless, with Neapolis, we read +_illa_, and then the antecedent would be the _ille_ of v. 342. I can see +no objection to v. 345; there is a difficulty, and, I should suspect, a +corruption, in the following verse. It would seem from it that, as +Neapolis observes, "hujus (_asini_) exta quotannis oblata arae Vestali," +a practice, of the existence of which we have no other proof, and which +would be at variance with the whole of the poet's narrative, the object +of which is, to give a reason for Vesta's favour to the ass. "An unquam a +Romanis asinus Priapo mactatus sit, dubito; nec umquam Vestae asini exta +oblata sunt." Krebs. The whole difficulty might be removed if we were to +read _jacit_, or some such word, governed of Lampsacos, for _damus_. It +is evident that these verses were in the copy of Ovid's Fasti, used by +Lactantius, for he manifestly (Inst. I. 21,) takes the story from him. +_Lampsaceni asellum Priapo quasi in ultionem mactare consueverunt; cum +enim hic deus Vestae dormienti vim inferre conaretur, asinus intempestivo +clamore eam excitavit. Hinc libido insidiatoris detecta. Apud Romanos +eundem asellum Vestalibus sacris in honorem pudicitiae corservatae +panibus coronant_. + +347. _Diva memor_. See end of preceding note. The zealous Father adds, +_Quid turpius? quid flagitiosius quam si Vesta beneficio asini virgo +est?--De pan. monil_. "Quod attinet ad formam panis--in modum coronas +fuisse existimo. Hae coronae sunt quae Valentinianus et Valens in Lege De +annonis civicis et pane gradili vocant _buccellas_. Soli Siculi hanc +vocem hodie retinent qui materna lingua hujusmodi panes dicunt +_buccellatos_; Castellani vocant _rosquillas_." Neapolis. I imagine these +are nothing more than those cakes or loaves made in the shape of a ring, +which are so commonly to be met with even in France. It is probable that +a number of these were strung together, and hung about the necks of the +mill-asses. Perhaps, as Neapolis observes, this will be illustrated by +the following passage in the Plutus of Aristophanes, [Greek: Kago g' +anadaesai boulomai Euangelia s' en kribanoton ormatho Toiaut +apangeilanta]. + +349. He makes a digression here, as he is on the subject of bread, to +relate the origin of the altar on the Capitol to Jupiter Pistor.--_Nom. +quam pret. celeb_. The altar was small, and of little account. "Jovem +Pistorem nemo novit praeter Nostrum et Lactantium Inst. I. 20, qui sua ex +Ovidio omnia deprompsit." Krebs. + +350. _Dicam Pistoris_. Some MSS. read _Discant_, or _Dicant Pistores_. + +351. For the account of the capture of Rome by the Gauls, A.U.C. 364, see +Liv. v. 32, _et seq_. Plutarch, Camillas, and study Niebuhr's masterly +examination of the whole story. Hom. Hist. II. 528, _et seq_. + +359. Compare Virg. aen. I. 257. + +361. _Suburbanos_. See on III. 668. + +363, 364. So the matter is related by Livy and Florus; according to +Plutarch, they were slain in the Forum.--_aerata atria. "In quibus statuae +aeneae; dispositae." Gierig. I do not recollect to have read anywhere that +the statues of their ancestors in the Atria of the Roman nobles, in the +olden time, were of bronze. In our poets' days, there were even golden +figures in them, but of a different kind. See Lucret. II. 24. _aerata_, +like _aurata_, which is the reading of two MSS. may mean simply adorned +with brass. Lipsius proposed _cerata_; Heinsius _reserata_, which agrees +with the _patentia atria_ of Livy, the _patentes domos_ of Florus, and +the _apertas januas of Val. Max. III. ll7.--_Picta Veste_. The triumphal +robe of purple and gold. + +365. The Eternal Fire, and other sacred things, were conveyed from Rome +to Caere. + +366. _Putant_, etc. It is plain they believe the gods to have some power. +In the editions, prior to that of Gierig, there was a note of +interrogation after _deos_, which gave a wrong sense. + +367. _Qua vos_, etc. The Capitol. _Jupiter, Junoque Regina ac Minerva, +ceterique Dii Deaeque qui Capitolium arcemque incolitis_. Liv. VI. 16. + +375. _Lituo_. The _lituus_ was the staff with a curved top, used by the +augurs, its form has been retained in the bishops' crosier. Compare Virg. +aen. vii. 187. + +377. _Publica cura_. It is a public matter, it concerns us all. He +transfers to the gods the phraseology of the Roman republic. Liv. II, 41. +III. 48. + +381. _Cereris_. Ceres is frequently used for bread. Compare Virg. aen. I. +177. + +383. _Sat. virgo_. Vesta. See on v. 285. + +391. _Ceres_. See on v. 381. + +395. The poet was, or feigns he was, once during the Vestalia, coming +along the street, named the Via Nova, which led into the Forum, when he +saw a lady (_matrona_) coming down it barefoot. An old woman of the +neighbourhood observing his surprise, gave him, as he says, the following +explanation. As Vesta had a temple near the Via Nova, (Liv. v. 32.) it +was probably thither that the lady was going to worship. + +401. Before the Cloacae were constructed, the valleys between the hills of +Rome were little better than marshes, in consequence of the frequent +inundations of the Tiber. _Locus palustris tum fuit_ Lacus Curtius, _in +foro, antequam cloacae sunt factae_. Varro, L. L. IV. + +403. _Curtius Lacus_. For the supposed origin of this name, see Liv. I. +13. vii. 6. It retained its name, like so many places in London, and +other cities, after its nature had been totally changed.--_Siccas aras_, +as the place was now drained. _Forum Romanum. Ara Saturni in lacu +Curtio_. P. Victor, Reg. VIII. Ovid may have meant this altar alone, or +it and others which were in that place. + +405-408. _At qua Velabri regio patet ire solebat Exiguus pulsa per vada +linter aqua_. Tibull. II. 6, 33. _Qua Velabra suo stagnabant flumine, +quaque Nauta per urbanas velificabat aquas_. Propert. iv. 9, 5. +_Aventinum montem maxime puto dictum ab advectu; nam olim paludibus mons +erat ab reliquis disclusus. Itaque eo ex urbe qui advehebantur ratibus +quadrantem solvebant; cujus vestigia, quod ea, qua tum itur, Velabrum, et +unde adscendebant ad Rumam, Nova Via: lucus et sacellum Larum. Velabrum +dicitur a vehendo; velaturam facere etiam nunc dicuntur, qui id mercede +faciunt_. Varro, L. L. IV.--_Pampas_, scil. _Circenses_.--_Cantat_, etc. +In this place, the present tense must be used for the past, as she is +speaking of the state of the Velabrum in former times. + +409, 410. The Tuscan street, in which there stood a statue of Vertumnus, +was here. _In vico Tusco Vortumnus stat deus Etruriae_. Varro, L. L. IV. +_Tuscus ego_ (Vertumnus) _et Tuscis orior_.--_Romanum satis est posse +videre forum. Hac quondam Tiberinus iter faciebat, et aiunt Remorum +auditos per vada pulsa sonos. At postquam ille suis tantum concessit +alumnis, Vertumnus verso dicor ab amne deus_. Propert, iv. 2. For +Vertumnus, see Mythology, p. 474. + +411. _Hic_, in this place i. e. the Via Nova.--_Lucus_, a sacred grove, +as the word scarcely ever occurs in any other sense. It may have been +undergrown with reeds and rushes. + +412. _Pede velato_, with a shod foot--an unusual employment of _velo_. + +415. _Causam_. "Causam positi calcei censet ex antiqua necessitate in eos +annos perdurasse, non ex numinis reverentia: ad quem respexit etiam apud +antiquos nudipedis incessus." Neapolis. The rejected cause is however +much more likely to be the true one. _Etiam_ in this note contains an +allusion to the barefoot processions in Catholic countries. + +417. _Cetera_, etc. All that remains to be told about Vesta, he had heard +when a boy, perhaps been taught at school, and he supposes the case may +have been the same with others. + +419. For this account of the Palladium, see, Apollodorus, III. 12. or +Mythology, p. 437. + +423. _Cura_, etc. From Trist. I. 2. 77. and Ep. ex Pont. II. 10. 21. it +appears that Ovid had at one time travelled for pleasure and information +through Greece, Asia Minor, and Sicily. + +427. _Aetheriam deam_, the [Greek: Diopetes], the heaven-fallen +Palladium. + +432. See v. 15. + +433. _Genus Adrasti_, Diomedes the son of Tydeus by Deipyle, the daughter +of Adrastus, king of Argos. + +434. _Datur_. This is the reading of only one MS. all the rest have +_ferunt_. + +436. The reason why the Palladium was kept in the temple of Vesta. + +437. This conflagration took place in the time of the second Punic war. +L. Caecilius Metellus, a consular, was Pontifex Maximus. See Dion. Hal. +II. 66. Liv. Epit. 19. Val. Max. I. 4, Plin. H. N. vii. 43. + +454. Metellus lost his eyes in the flames. To compensate him, in some +measure, the senate made a decree, allowing him to come to the +senate-house in a chariot, an honour never before bestowed on any one. + +457-460. See on III. 30. + +461. On the day of the Vestalia, A.U.C. 619. D. Junius Brutus acquired +the title of Callaïcus, by a victory over the Callaeci or Gallaeci, the +people of that part of Spain still called Gallicia. + +465. On the same day Crassus was defeated and slain. See V. 580, _et +seq_. + +469-472. On the IV. Id. the Dolphin rises in the evening.--_Viola_, the +garlands of flowers, v. 311, with which the mill-asses were decorated. + +473-562. On the III. Id, as tradition related, the temple of Mater Matuta +was dedicated, and the festival of the Matralia instituted in her honour, +by Servius Tullius. For an account of this goddess, see below on v. 550. + +474. _Equis_. This is the reading of sixteen MSS. three of which are of +the best quality, all the rest read _aquis_, which is the reading of +Heinsius and Gierig, and which, though less picturesque, is more probably +the right one. In favour of _equis_, may be quoted Met. xv. 189, _quumque +albo Lucifer exit Clarus equo_; for _aquis_: _Qualis ab Eois Lucifer +ortus_ (or _exit) aquis_. Ep. ex Pont. II. 5, 50. + +476. _Theb. deae_. Mater Matuta was identified with Ino, the daughter of +Cadmus, made a goddess under the name of Leucothea. Hom. Od. v. 333.-- +_Liba_. See v. 537. + +478. _Area_, etc. The Forum Boarium, in which stood a brazen image of a +bull, which had been brought from Greece. Tacit. An. xii. 24. Plin. H. N. +xxxiv. 2. Livy also (xxxiii. 27.) mentions the temple of Matuta in this +forum. + +480. This temple was repaired by Camillus after the capture of Veii, +A.U.C. 359. Liv. v. 19, Plut. Camill. 5. + +481. See on v. 551. + +484. _Vatis opus_. Two of the best MSS. read _navis iter_, which Heinsius +and Gierig have received; one has _vatis iter_. Ovid, no doubt, +frequently employs this metaphor, (see on IV. 729,) but it does not +please me in this place. + +485. Sec III. 715, 769. Met. III. 313. + +490. See Met. iv. 516. + +491. Compare V. 451. _Animamgue sepulcro Condimus_. Virg. aen. III. 67; on +which Servius says, _Insepultorum animae vagae sunt; rite reddita +legitima sepultura, redit anima ad quietem_. See also Hor. Car. I. 28, +23. + +495. The Isthmus of Corinth. + +498. _In alta_, scil. _maria_. + +499. _Panope_, etc. the Nereïdes. + +501. _Nond, Leuc_. etc. See v. 545. + +502. The Nereïdes conveyed them to the mouth of the Tiber. + +503. _Semelae Stimulae_. The latter, or something like it, was, I have no +doubt, the original name, and its resemblance to Semele, gave occasion to +the change. _Saera Bacchanalia condemnata sunt, quum probatum esset +Senatui, honestissimas feminas ad Stimulae lucum faede adulterari_. +Schol. Juven. II. 3. Augustine also mentions a goddess, Stimula. In Liv. +xxxix. 12, it is _lucus Similae_. Neapolis and Heinsius think that it is +the grove of Fauna Fatua, or the Bona Dea, which Ovid means, as Macrobius +(I. 12,) when speaking of Maia, or the Bona Dea, says, _Boeoti Semelam +credunt, nec non eandem Fauni filiam dicunt. + +507. _Dissim. deam_, by assuming the form of some particular woman.-- +_Saturnia_, Juno. + +508. _Instimulat_, alluding, perhaps, to the _Stimula_ of v. 503. + +509. _Captae_. See on v. 204. + +511. The ancients were very solicitous to keep the knowledge of their +sacred rites from strangers, fearing that their gods might be induced to +withdraw their protection from them. See Mythology, p. 142. + +512. _Pignus_, scil. her child. + +518. _Oetaeus_, proleptically. Hercules burned himself on Mt. Oeta. + +524. _Numen_. Juno. + +526. _Continet_, restrains, prevents her from telling.--_In scelus_, by +attempting to destroy herself and her child. See v. 497. + +528. Compare Virg. aen. iv. 174. + +532-534. The cause of cakes being offered at the Matralia. _Libum, quod +libaretur, ut erat, priusquam esset coctum. Testuatium quod in testu +caldo coquelatur, ut etiam nunc Matralibus id faciunt matronae_. Varro, +L. L. IV. + +537-540. Compare Virg. aen. vi. 47. + +547. _Ut Portunus a portu, sic Neptunus a nando_, Cic. N. D. II. 26. + +549. _Annuerant_. They granted her request.--_Promissa_, i. e. _promissa +est_.--_Fides_, Faithful performance. + +550. _Hic deus, etc. We may now enquire who Mater Matuta and Portunus +were, and how they came to be identified with the Leucothea and Palaemon +of the Greeks. Mater Matuta was worshiped, as we see, at Rome by the +matrons: she was also adored at Satricum, a town of the Volscians (Liv. +vi. 33. vii. 27. xxviii. 2.) perhaps the goddess, whose rich temple near +Caere was, according to Diodorus (xv. 14.), plundered by Dionysius of +Syracuse, was Mater Matuta. From all that we can learn of her, there +appears no reason whatever for regarding her as a marine deity. On the +other hand, Lucretius, (v. 655.) says, _Tempore item certo roseam Matuta +per oras Aetheris Auroram defert et lumina pandit_; and I think those +critics are right who take _Aurora_ in this place, like _aura_, Virg. aen. +vi. 204, for a common substantive, the dawning light, and Matuta for the +goddess who brings it forth, and spreads it over heaven. Matuta would +then exactly correspond with the [Greek: Haeos] of the Greeks. Her name, +also, leads to this conclusion. _Manum dixere clarum, unde etiam mane +post tenebras diei prima pars; inde Matuta quae Graecis Leucothea_. +Nonius. _Matuta significat Auroram. Matutinum tempus inde dici vix +monendum est_. Priscian, II. p. 591. IF Matuta is thus the _Clara Dea_, +how easy was the identification of her with the Leucothea (_White +Goddess_) of the Greeks, at a time when the Romans had lost the true +sense of their ancient religion, and wished to derive all their manners +and institutions from Greece! The worship by the Roman matrons of Mater +Matuta, the dispenser of light, was as natural as that of Juno Lucina; +and it is probable, (see on v. 559,) that originally they prayed to her +for the preservation of their children. A slight resemblance of name, and +a similarity of office, may also have produced the identification of +Palaemon and Portunus or Portumnus. I need hardly repeat that the old +Italian religion did not recognise the marriages and births of deities, +or the deification of mortals. Before I quit this subject, I will attempt +to elucidate a passage of Milton's Paradise Lost. In B. xi. v. 133, we +read, "Meanwhile, To resalute the world with sacred light Leucothea +wakes." As Eos is never called by this name, I was long of opinion that +this was a slip of the poet's memory; but I now think that he may have +derived it from the passage of Nonius quoted above, or have deduced it +from those verses of Lucretius. + +551. He here gives a trifling explanation of the custom of not admitting +female slaves into the temple of Matuta. Plutarch however tells us, (Q. +R. 16.) that one was always brought in and well cuffed by the matrons. As +according to the same writer, the same kind of exclusion was practised at +the temple of Leucothea in Chaeronea, the custom may have come from +Greece to Rome. + +559. Plutarch (Q. R. 17.) asks [Greek: Dia ti pura tae theo tautae tois +men idiois teknois houk euchontai t' agatha, tois de ton adelphon]; He +gives the same reason with Ovid. I rather think they _did_ originally +pray for their own children, but a change was made when Matuta became +Leucothea. + +563. On the day of the Matralia, A.U.C. 664, in the Marsian or Social +war, the consul P. Rutilius Lupus fell in battle. Tradition, it would +seem, related that the voice of the goddess Matuta had predicted to him +his fate. + +565. _Flumen Toleni_, like _amnis Eridani, amnis Cocyti_. The Tolenus, +now the _Turano_, flows from the Marsian into the Sabine country, and +enters the Velinus near Reate. + +566. _Purpureum_. This is the reading of all the MSS. but one, which has +_purpureo_, the reading of all the editions since that of Heinsius, who +introduced it into the text. Krebs, has, I think, shewn his taste, by +bringing back _purpureum_, and joining it with the verb, and not with +_flumen_. The verse thus strikingly reminds one of these lines of Milton: +"While smooth Adonis from his native rock _Ran purple_ to the sea, +supposed with blood Of Thammuz yearly wounded." + +567. According to Appian, T. Didius was one of the Praetors in the +Marsian war, but we have no account of his death. We learn from the +epitome of Livy 75, and from Velleius, that Porcius was slain the +following year, and the Fasti inform us, that he was consul for that +year. Burmann would therefore read _Porcius_, but there is no necessity +for a change. Ovid had access to authorities which are lost to us, and +none that we have contradict him.--_Pallantide_. Pallantis, like +Pallantias is a name of Aurora, See IV. 373. + +569-636. On the same day with the temple of Mater Matuta; by the same +person (Servius Tullius); in the same place (the Forum Boarium) the +temple of Fortune was dedicated. Servius raised two temples to this +goddess, viz. that of which Ovid now speaks, and another on the banks of +the Tiber. The former, as it would appear to Bona or Virgo Fortuna, the +latter to Fors Fortuna, or Fortuna Virilis. Dionys. IV. 27. See below on +v, 776. + +570. _Auctor est M. Varro factam a Tanaquile togam regiam undulatam in +aede Fortunae, qua, Servius Tullius fuerat usus.--Servii praetextae, +quibus signum Fortunae ab eo dicatae coopertum erat, duravere ad Sejani +exitum_. Plin. H. N. viii. 48. 74. Varro himself, (de Vit. Pop. Rom. +_apud_ Nonium) says, evidently speaking of this statue, _Et a quibusdam +dicitur esse Virginis Fortunae, ab eo quod duabus undulatis togis est +opertum, proinde ut tum reges nostri undulatas et praetextatas togas +soliti sunt habere_. Varro, therefore, regarded the covered statue as +that of the goddess. Ovid asserts that it was Servius. This statue was of +gilt wood. + +575. This amour of Fortuna with Servius Tullius, is also noticed by +Plutarch de Fort. Rom. 10. Qu. Rom. 26. It is one of the many adaptations +of Grecian ideas to Roman story. + +577, 578. Plutarch (de Fort. Rom. 10) says, [Greek: oste kai suneinai +dokein auto taen Tychaen dia tinos thuridos katabainousa eis to domation, +ho nun phenestellan pulaen kalousi]. I have not met with any thing more +respecting the Porta Fenestellae. Onuph. Panvinius (De Rep. Rom. p. 60.) +thinks it was a gate of the Palatium not of the city. Some MSS. read +_Fenestratae_, others _Fenestrile_, _Fenestrale_, _Fenestralis_, etc. + +581. A second reason for the statue being covered. + +585. A third cause. See Liv. I. 46, 47. For the history of Servius +Tullius, and a critical examination of it, see Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. 358-- +365, 373--377. + +590. _Pia vita_, scil. _erga Servium_. + +593. _Caput_, scil, _parentis_. How much superior here, as in the +Regifugium, is the historian to the poet! + +609. _Sceleratus_. [Greek: Ootos o stenopos, Olbios kaloumenos proteron, +ex ekeinou tou deinou kai musarou pathous Asebaes hypo Romaion kaleitai]. +Dionys. iv. 39. In Livy, it is called the _Virbius Clivus_; by Solinus, +the _Clivus Olbius_; and Festus mentions the _Vicus Orbius_. Were it not +for these Latin testimonies, one might almost suspect that Dionysius +meant to intimate that it was at first called the _Vicus Felix_. + +612. _Sub. imag. Tul_. which represented Tullius. + +619. _Ore_, etc. "_Pudor_ intel, quo tenebantur Romani propter Servium +impie et nefarie interfectum, qui retinebat eos, ne os ejus revelarent. +Si revelassent, patuisset pudorem illum ab iis esse positum." Gierig. The +address to the _matronae_, in the following line, would lead me rather to +think that the meaning is: Female modesty (with an allusion to Tullia,) +will begin to be departed from at Rome, the day that the face of Tullius +is uncovered. + +624. _Rex septimus_. That is reckoning Titus Tatius. Several MSS. read +_sextus in_. + +625. This is also related by Dionysius, (iv. 40,) and by Valerius Maximus +(I. 8. 11). + +627. Dionysius (iv. 2.) relates this legend also, and says, that he had +found it in several of the Roman histories. See Liv. I. 39. + +629. _Peractis_. Two MSS. of the first order read _paratis_, which +Heinsius and Gierig have received, Of the common reading, Heinsius says, +"Quomodo peracta sacra si vinum foco post affunderetur?" and Gierig, +"Vulgo _peractis_ quod ferri non potest." In its defence, Krebs says, +"Hostia mactata in epulis sacris iterum libabatur." + +630. _Ornatum focum_. The sacred hearth or altar was adorned and dressed, +preparatory to a sacrifice. + +633. _Loco fovet_. The old reading was _foco sedet_. Burmann gave the +present one from six MSS. "Locus pars illa dici solet, quae feminae sexum +indicat." Gierig. + +636. _Contigit_, he (Vulcan) touched. See Liv. I, 39, Compare Virg. aen. +II. 682. + +637. See I. 639.--_Dedicat_. "_Dedicantur_ non modo templa, sed Dii +quoque, qui inter deos recipiuntur, positis in eorum honore templis, aut, +quibus jam receptis nova tantum appellatione nova aedes instituitur. V. +Mitscherl ad Hor. I. Od. 31. I." Gierig. + +640. Vedius Pollio, a man of great luxury, left, by will, to Augustus, +his house, which covered a great extent of ground. Augustus, under +pretext of its being too large, threw it down, and built the Porticus +Liviae on its site. + +641, Compare Sall. Cat. I2. + +643. _Sub crim. reg_. Alluding perhaps to the case of Valerius Poplicola, +(Liv. II. 7.) or of Sp. Cassius, or M. Manlius. + +650. On the Ides of June a temple had been dedicated to Jupiter, and the +Lesser Quinquatrus were celebrated.--_Invicto_. As no temple of Jupiter +Invictus is spoken of by any ancient writer, Neapolis properly considered +_invicto_ here to be an _epithet_, and not a _cognomen_. He therefore, +following an ancient MS. printed it as a common adjective. Heinsius and +Burmann did the same. Gierig and Krebs print it as an epithet. + +651. For the Quinquatrus Majores see III. 809. Of these Varro, L. L. V. +says, _Quinquatrus minusculae dictae Juniae Eidus ab similititdine +majorum, quod tibicines tum feriati per urbem vagantur et conveniunt ad +aedem Minervae_. The notice in Festus is to the same effect. See also +below on v. 657. + +653-692. This story is told also in the same way by Plutarch, Quaest. +Rom. 55. and somewhat differently by Livy ix. 30. and by Valer. Max. II. +5. + +654. _Stola_, This is the reading of six MSS. all the rest have _toga_, +but it is manifest from Plutarch, that the present is the right reading, +for he says of the musicians, [Greek: en esthaesin anthinais kai +gynaikeiais ontes]. + +656. _Possem utinam_. One MS. reads _pace velim_, which is the reading +given by Heinsius and Gierig. + +657. _Musica nisi grata esset diis, profecto ludi scenici placandor. +deor. causa instituti non essent, nec tibicen omnibus supplicationibus in +sacris aedibus adhiberetur, nec cum tibicine triumphus ageretur; non +Apolline cithara, non Musis tibiae ceteraque id genus essent attributa; +non tibicinibus, per quos numina placantur esset permissum aut ludos +publice facere, aut vesci in Capitolio, aut Quinquat. minusc. id est +Eidibus Juniis urbem vestitu, quo velint, personatis temulentisque +pervagari_. Censorinus de Die Natali, 12. + +661, 662. The labour was sweetened by the reward, i.e. the honour of +eating in the temple of Jupiter, but (so _que_ must be understood,) a +time came which broke the work of Grecian art, i. e. pipe-music, as the +invention of the pipe was ascribed (see v. 697) to the Grecian goddess +Pallas Athena.--_Graiae_. This is the reading of four of the best MSS. +and of some others. The rest have _gratae_, which I should prefer, if I +were sure that Ovid knew that the _cithara_ was the ancient and national +instrument of Greece, in opposition to the _tibia_ of Asia and Italy. The +_time_ of which the poet speaks here, was according to Livy, A.U.C. 442, +when they were prohibited by the censors Ap. Claudius and C. Plautius, +from eating in the Capitoline temple. + +663. _aedilis_. It is uncertain who this aedile was. Pighius conjectures +Ap. Claudius who he says was Curule aedile, A.U.C. 440. In the xii. Tables +(A.U.C. 305.) was the following law respecting funerals, _Tria si volet +ricinia et vincula purpurae at decem tibicines adhibito. Hoc plus ne +facito_. It would appear that this law which had fallen into neglect, was +put in force by the aedile, of whom the poet speaks. + +665. _Exilium_ was not _banishment_; it was, to use the words of Niebuhr, +"nothing but the act, whereby a man renounced the freedom of his own +city, by taking up his municipal franchise--in a city which had a sworn +treaty of isopolity with Rome." See on IV. 791. I am not however sure +that Ovid uses it here in its proper sense. See on v. 685. + +666. Compare Ep. ex Pont. I. 3. 81. + +669. _Servierat_, He was a freedman. According to Livy it was the +government of Tibur who had recourse to the following stratagem, when +envoys had been sent to them from Rome. + +671. _Dapes_, probably a sacrifice. See on IV. 745. + +671. _Auctor vindictae_, your patron or former master. The _vindicta_ +used here for _liberty_, was the rod which the lictor laid on the head of +the slave who was about to be manumitted. + +680. _Sirpea lata_. Several MSS. read _scirpea_ "Lego _sirpea lata fuit. +Sirpare_ veteribus pro colligare, Graecis [Greek: plekein]. Ergo +_sirpea_, colligatum, [Greek: to plegma]. Tegiticula igitur quaedam e +vimine contexta circa plaustrum erat, sudibus munita ut expanderetur ne +aliquid decideret." Neapolis. _Quae jumenta ducunt sirpea_ (Al. +_scirpea_), quae virgis sirpatur_ (scirpatur), _id est colligando +implicatur, in qua stercus aliudve quid evehitur_. Varro, L. L. IV. The +same writer makes the difference between a _plaustrum_ and a _scirpea, +tragula, vehiculum_ or _arcerra_, as it was variously called, to consist +in this, that the former was open, the latter closed. Plutarch, on this +occasion, calls them [Greek: amaxas derrhesi kuklo perikaluptomenas]. The +simple meaning is, they were sent in covered carts to Rome. + +685. _Plaudits_. This is the conjecture of Pighius; almost all the MSS. +read _Callidus_, two of the best give _Claudius_, as a various reading, +some have _cautius_. There must be a proper name, and, if we are to +follow Livy, it can be no other than Plautius. This is confirmed by a +medal of the Plautian family (Eckhel, Vol. v.) bearing on one side a +female mask, with the inscription _L. Plautius_: on the other, a winged +Aurora driving four horses, with _Plancus_ inscribed. This medal +evidently commemorates the act and the time of day. Ovid, perhaps, +followed a peculiar version of the story, and it would not in the least +surprise me, if in it the musicians had been ordered by the senate to +quit Rome, and go to Tibur, for, if this trick had been played by the +desire of the senate, why seek thus to deceive them? If the musicians had +not been ordered to leave Rome, what is the meaning of vv. 689, 690? In +this case, Ovid will have used _exilium_, v. 665, in its later sense of +banishment to a certain place, He was himself _relegated_ to Tomi, and, +in his Tristia, he frequently calls himself an _exul_. + +687. _Tibicina_, a sing. for a plural. + +696. _Haec turba_, the _tibicines_. For the following story of Marsyas, +see Met. vi. 383. Mythology, pp. 95, 123. + +711. On the XVII. Kal. Jul. the Hyades rise acronychally.--_Dodoni +Thyene_. Some MSS. read _Dodoni Dione_, and Dione was worshiped at Dodona +(Mythology, p. 105.); but Pherecydes says that the seven Hyades who +nursed Bacchus, were also called Dodonides, and Thyene is, in him, one of +them. See Hygin. Astr. Il. 21. + +712. _Agen. bov_. See on III. 658. IV. 717. + +713. _Purg. Vestae_. Sec v. 227. + +715. On the XVI. Kal. Favonius begins to blow. + +717. On the same day (XVI. Kal.) the upper part of Orion rises +acronychally. How Neapolis blunders here! "Eadem luce cum Sole Orion +simul emergit; nec est cur ambigas an agat de ortu cosmico." + +718. None of the commentators makes any remark on this line, which is not +devoid of difficulty. Is _stella serena_ the sun, which, when in the +horizon, is on the verge of the two hemispheres? Is it Orion, of which +Hyginus (Astr. III. 33.) says, _Orionem a zona et reliquo corpore +aequinoctialis circulus dividit_? Or, finally, is _stella_ for _stellae_, +as IV. 390? But what then is meant by _geminos polos_? After this line +most MSS. insert III. vv. 401, 402. + +719. _Prol. Hyr_. See V. 493, _et seq_. + +720. The following night (XV. Kal.) the Dolphin rises.--_Continua_. See +V. 734. + +721. A.U.C. 323, the dictator, A. Postumius Tubertus, triumphed after his +defeat of the Volscians and Aequians, on the Algidus. For the importance +of this victory, see Niebuhr, (II. 449--452.) who, referring to this +place of Ovid, says, that it was gained A. D. XIII. Kal. Quinctil. or +18th June, the day of Collin and Waterloo. + +723. _Suburb. triump_. As the Algidus was between Tusculum and the Alban +Mount. See on III. 667. + +725. On the XIII. Kal. Jul. the sun enters Cancer. Columella (R. R. xi. +2.49.) gives the same day. A temple was dedicated on this day to Minerva +on the Aventine. + +729. On the XII. Kal. Jul. in the time of Pyrrhus, a temple was dedicated +to a god named Summanus. Pyrrhus entered Italy A.U.C. 473.--_Nurus_. +Aurora, who was married to his son, Tithonus. + +731. _Summano_. The poet, we may observe, is not certain who this god is. +The following passages may help to remove the doubt: _Pluto qui etiam +Summanus dicitur, quasi Summus Manium_. Mart. Capella, II. p. 40. _Pluto +Summanus_, appears in Inscriptions. _Romani fulmina diurna attribuunt +Jovi, nocturna Summano_. Plin. H. N. II. 52. _Quum Summanus in fastigio +Jovis Opt. Max.--e coelo ictus esset_. Cic. Div. I. 10. P. Victor (Reg. +XI.) places in the Circus Maximus the _Aedes Ditis patris_, and a +fragment of an old Calendar has on this day _Summan. ad. Circ. Max_. +Varro, (L. L. IV.) joins Summanus with Vulcan, and says, that Tatius +built a temple to him. It is thus, I think, tolerably certain, that this +god was the same with Dis and Orcus, and with the Hades or Pluto of the +Greeks. See Mythology, p. 468. + +733-762. On the evening of the same day, Ophiuchus rises.--_Patriis_, +Galatea was one of the Nereïdes. + +733. _Juvenis_, Aesculapius.--_Avitis_, of his grandfather Jupiter. + +736. As being Ophiuchus, i.e. the Serpent-holder. + +737. See the Hippolytus of Euripides. Mythology, p. 356. + +746. _Coronides_. Aesculapius, the son of Coronis. + +750. See Hygin. Ast. II. 14. Mythology, pp. 385, 411. + +751, 752. Heinsius, I think justly, suspected these lines. + +755. Sec III. 203. Virg. aen. vii. 774. + +757. _Clymenus_, Pluto. Thus Lasus (_ap_. Athen. x.) [Greek Daemaetra +melpo, Korante Klumenoio alochon]. + +762. _Quod vetat_, seil, to raise the dead. + +763-768. On the IX. Kal. Jul. A.U.C. 537, the consul, C. Flaminius, in +opposition to the auspices, gave battle to Hannibal at the Trasimene +lake.--_Vincere_. To fight and to conquer were with Germanicus the same, +according to the poet. + +769. On the VIII. Kal. Jul. A.U.C. 551, Syphax was overcome by the Roman +and Masinissa. Liv. xxx. 3-13. + +770. _Hasdrubal_. It is uncertain what Hasdrubal is meant. Perhaps he +who was overcome and slain at the Metaurus, A.U.C. 547. Liv. xxvii. 49. + +771. _Tacitis annis_. Compare I. 65. + +773. _Honores_, the festival. + +776-784. The same day was the anniversary of the dedication of the temple +of Fors Fortuna. _Dies Fortis Fortunae appellatus ab Servio Tullio rege, +quod is fanum Fortis Fortunae secundum Tiberim extra urbem Romam +dedicavit Junio mense_. Varro, L. L. V. There was another temple of this +goddess in the same place, built A.U.C. 459. _Carvilius consul de reliquo +aere aedem Fortis Fortunae de manubiis faciendam locavit prope aedem ejus +dece ab rege Serv. Tullio dedicatam_. Liv. x. 46 Fors Fortuna is +evidently the same with the Fortuna Virilis of IV. 145, and this last +name appears to have originated in a mistake, for the true name of the +goddess is Fors, not Fortis, Fortuna. _Fors Fortuna, in quo incerti casus +significantur magis_. Cic. Leg. II. 11. 28. _Aliud Fortuna est, aliud +Fors Fortuna; nam Fors Fortuna est cujus diem festum colunt qui sine arte +aliqua vivunt: hujus aedes trans Tiberim est_. Donat. Ter. Phorm. v. 6. +1. Dionysius (iv. 27.) and Plutarch (De Fort. Rom.) render it in Greek, +[Greek: Tuchae andreia], or [Greek: ischura] or [Greek: aristeutikae]. +Ovid in this place agrees with them, but Cicero could hardly, I think, +have made a mistake. + +776. _In Tib. rip_. It is disputed on which side of the river the temple +was. Donatus (see preceding note,) places it on the further side. +"Templum sitiun in Transtiberina regione vel ex eo patet quod Naso +subdit, vel ponte vel navicula illud adeundum." Neapolis. But, with this +critic's leave, Ovid says no such thing, he merely says that they might +go by land or by water, and, if the temple was the other side of the +river, "transmisissent flumen non _decurrissent_," as Gierig justly +observes. + +781. Compare on v. 627. + +784. _Templa propinqua_. Did Ovid ascribe the foundation of the two +adjoining temples to Servius? + +785. _Suburb. aede_, i. e. of Fors Fortuna. + +787. As this was the VIII. Kal. the belt of Orion rose heliacally on the +VI. Kal. [Greek: Maeni to auto ke] (xxv.) [Greek: Orion eoos archetai +anatellein eisi de tropai therinai]. Aëtius. + +790. _Eadem die_, i. e. the VI. Kal. Pliny (xviii. 28.) says on the VIII. +Kal. Columella (R. R. xi. 2.) _VIII. et VII. et VI. Kal. Jul. Solstitium, +Favonius et calor_. Perhaps, as Neapolis says, he was here only giving +the various statements of the _Parapegmata_. + +791. On the V. Kal. the temple of the Lares in the Forum, (P. Victor, +Reg. VIII.) and that of Jupiter Stator, vowed by Romulus, (Liv. I. 12.) +were dedicated. + +792. _Hic_, etc. "In ejus vicinia taberna coronariae cujusdam doctae +fuisse videtur." Krebs. + +795. IV. Kal. Jul. was the dedication of the temple built to Romulus, +under the name of Quirinus, on the Quirinal hill. See II. 511. It was +repaired and dedicated anew by Augustus. + +796. _Trabeae_. Compare I. 37, II. 503. _Trab. Quir. tuae_. is equivalent +to _tibi trabeate Quirine_! It is a harsh mode of expression. + +797. _Tempus_, etc. is equivalent to: This is the last day of June. + +799. A.U.C. 575, M. Fulvius Nobilior built a temple to Hercules in the +Flaminian Circus, in which he placed the statues of the Muses which he +had brought from Ambracia. Plin. xxxv. 30. Eumenius, in Or. pro rest. +Sch. c. 7, says, that Fulvius had learned in Greece that Hercules was +Musagetes, or leader of the Muses. Heyne (Opusc. Acad. II. p. 305.) +doubts greatly of this, and I have met with nothing to confirm it. This +temple was repaired A.U.C. 767, by Marcius Philippus, the uncle by +marriage (v. 809.) of Augustus. Suet. Aug. 29. + +802. _Marcia casta_. She was married to Fabius Maximus, with whose family +Ovid (Ep. ex Pont. III. l. 75.) appears to have been connected by +marriage. + +803. _Sacrifico_. Ancus Marcius, _qui longe antiquissimum ratus sacra +publica, ut ab Numa instituta erant, facere_. Liv. 1. 32. + +808. _Laudamus_, etc. Witness the following epithets of their goddesses, +used by the Greek poets, [Greek: eukomos, leukolenos, kallisthuros, +kalae]. + +812. _Lyram_. This is the reading of five MSS. the rest have _lyra. +Increp. lyr_. is simply, struck the lyre. _Threïciam digitis increpuisse +lyram_. Her. III. 3. 18. See Hor. Car. iv. 15. 1, for the meaning of the +other form. + + ... In five of the best MSS. of this poem, the following four verses +are found. They look like the commencement of a seventh book. See +Introduction, §. 5. + + _Si novus a Jani sacris numerabitur annus, + Quintilis falso nomine dictus erit. + Si facis, ut fuerant, primus a Marte Kalendas, + Tempora constabunt ordine ducta suo_. + + + +INDEX RERUM ET VERBORUM NOTATU DIGNIORUM. + + +Acastus ii, 40. +Acca iv, 854. +Achates iii, 603. +Achelous ii, 43. v, 343. +Achilles v, 407. +Acis iv, 468. +Acragas iv, 475. +Actiacae frondes i, 711. +Actorides ii, 39. +addere manus in vincula iii, 306. +Adrastus vi, 433. +advena, Nilus v, 268. Tibris ii, 68. +adulterare faciem i, 373. +Aeacides v, 390. +Aediles Plebis v, 287. +Aegaeum iv. 565. +Aegeus ii, 41. +Aemoniae aquae ii, 40. puer v, 400. +Aeneadae i, 717. +Aeneas i, 527. ii, 543. iii, 545, 601. iv, 37, 879. +Aeolius career ii, 456. +Aequi vi, 721. +Aequicoli iii, 93. +aequinoctium in, 878. +Aethra v, 171. +Aetna iv, 491. +Africanus, i, 593. +Aganippe v, 7. +agatne i, 322. +Agenorius bos vi, 712. +Agnalia i, 325. +agonia i, 331. +Agrippa iv, 49. +Alba iv, 43. +Alba Longa ii, 499. +Albani iii, 89. +Albula ii, 389. +Alcides i, 575. +ales, cristatus i, 455. lucis praenuntius ii, 767. Palladis ii, 89. +Algida terra vi, 722. +Almo ii, 601. iv, 337. +Alpinus hostis vi, 358. +Amalthea v, 115. +Amata iv, 879. +Amenanus iv, 467. +Amores gemini iv, 1. +Ampelos iii, 409. +Amphiaraïdes ii, 43. +Amphitrite v, 731. +Amulius iii, 49, 67. iv, 53. +Anapus iv, 469. +Anchises iv, 35. +Ancile iii, 377. +Ancus vi, 803. +Anguis ii, 243. +Anna Perenna iii, 146, 523, 654. +annales i, 7. +annua jura i, 38. ii, 851. +anser i, 454. +Antenor iv, 75. +Aoniae, aquae iii, 456. humus i, 490. +Aphidna v, 708. +apicatus iii, 397. +Appius Caecus vi, 203. +Aprilis iv, 89. +aqua, calida i, 270. Mercurii v, 673. Palaestina ii, 464. + Virginea i, 464. Aemoniae ii, 40. Aoniae iii, 456. + Calabra v, 162. Corsae vi, 194. Deucalionis iv, 794. + Eoae vi. 474. Tuscae i, 500. Aquarius ii, 457. +Aquila v. 732. Romana v, 586. +ara, Jovis Pistoris vi, 350. Maxima i, 581. Pacis i, 709. + virginea iv, 731. +Arabes iv, 569. +arbiter, armorum iii. 73. pacis et armorum v, 665. +arbutca frons vi, 155. +Arcadia i, 469. +arcana aedes iii, 143. +Arctophylax ii, 190. +Arctos ii, 189, duae iii. 107. +Ardea ii. 721. +Arethusa iv, 423. +Argei iii, 791. +Argestes v, 161. +Argos v, 651. vi, 47. +Ariadnes corona iii, 459. +Aricina vallis iii, 263. +Aricini iii, 91. +Aries iii, 867. +Arion ii, 83. +Aristaeus i, 363. +arma, civica i, 22, coelestia iii, 259. professa ii, 198. +ars, Graia vi, 662. Jani i, 268. meri v, 338. Phoebea iii, 827. + Romana iii, 103. Syracosia vi. 277. +Ascraeae oves vi, 14. +asinus, coronatus vi, 311. Priapo mactatus i, 391. +Assaracus iv, 34, 943. +Asylum ii, 67. +Athamas vi, 489, 555. +Atlas ii, 490. v, 83. +Attalus iv, 266. +Attica iv, 502. +Attis iv, 223. v, 227. +Aventinus iv, 51. +aves iv, 814. mactatae i, 449. Palatinae v, 152. +avis fulva v, 732. Ionica vi, 175. Pygmaeo sanguine gaudens vi, 176. +augurium i, 180, 611. +Augusta i, 536. +augusta, quae sancta i, 609. +Augusti i, 531. +Aurora i, 461. +Ausonia iv, 290. +Ausonii iv, 266. +auspicium i, 168. +axis iii, 106. aligeriv,562 + +Bacchae Latiae vi, 507. +Bacchus i, 393. iii, 461, 481, 713, 736, 767. v, 345. +Battus iii, 570. +Bellona vi, 201. +benigna praeda, v, 174. +Berecynthia iv, 355. tibia iv, 181. +bonae aves i, 513. Dea v, 148 fama iv, 156. verba i, 72. +Bootes iii, 405. +Boreas v, 203. +boves, Erytheïdes i, 543. Iberae vi, 519. Ortygiae v, 692. +Bovillae iii, 667. +Briareus iii, 805. +Brutus ii, 717. vi, 461. + +Cacus i, 550. +Cadmeïs vi, 553. +Cadmus i, 490. +caducae preces i, 182. +Caducifer iv, 605. +Caenina ii, 135. +caerula caeli ii, 487. +Caesar, Augustus i, 590. iv, 670. Germanicus i, 3, 285, + Julius iii, 156, 702. iv, 379. +Calabrae aquae v, 162. +Callaïcus vi, 461. +Calliopea v, 80. +Callisto ii, 156. +Calpetus iv, 46. +Camere in, 582. +Camerina iv, 477. +Camillus vi, 184. +Camoena iv, 245. +Cancer i, 313. +canis, Erigoneïus v, 723. Icarius iv, 939. Niseï iv, 500. + Rubigini mactatus iv, 936. Triviae i, 389. +Capella Olenia v, 113. +capitale ingenium iii, 839. +Capitolium i, 453. ii, 667. vi, 73. +Caprea palus ii, 491. +Capta Minerva iii, 837. +Capys iv, 34, 45. +Carmenta i, 467. +Carna vi, 101. +carpenta i, 619. +Carseoli iv, 683. +Carthago vi, 45. +Carystus iv, 282. +Castor v, 709. +Cecropidae iii, 81. +Celaenae iv, 363. +Celaeno iv, 173. +Celer iv, 837. +Celeus iv, 508. +censura v, 70, vi, 647. +Centaurus v, 405. +cerae i, 591. +Cercalia iv, 619. dona i, 683, herbae iv, 911. +Ceres i, 704. iii, 666. iv, 401, 494, 619, 645. solida vi, 381. +cerva Dianae mactata i, 387. +cessata arva iv, 617. +Chalybeïa niassa iv, 405. +Chaos i, 103. +Charistia ii, 617. +Charites v, 219. +Charybdis iv, 499. +Chiron v, 379, 413. +Chloris v, 195. +Cinyras v, 277. +Circe iv, 70. +Circus Maximus ii, 392. +claudere iii, 384. +Claudia iv. 305. +Claudius iv, 874. +Claviger, Deus i, 228. Heros i, 544. +Clausus iv, 305, +Clio v, 54. +Clotho vi, 757. +Clusius i, 130. +Clymenus vi. 757. +coelum iii, 831. +coelum et numina sumere vi. 537. +Colchos iii, 870. +Collatinus ii, 733. +colics septem i, 515. +Concordia i, 639. ii, 631. iii, 881. vi, 91. +consilium iii, 276. +Consul ii, 853. +Census iii, 199. +conventus ii, 669. +Corinthns iv, 501. +Corona Gnossis iii, 459. querna i, 614. +Coronides vi, 746. +Coronis i, 291. +Corvinus i, 602. +Corvus ii, 243. +Corybantes iv, 210. +Cosyra iii, 567. +Crassi v, 583. +Crassus vi, 465. +Crater ii, 244. +Crathis iii, 581. +Cremera ii, 205. +Creta iii, 81. +Creticus i, 594. +Crocos v, 227. +Cumaea anus iv, 158. +cunctando Res restituta ii, 242. +Cures ii, 135. iii, 94, 201. +Curetes iv, 210. +curia ii, 530. iii, 140. iv, 635. v, 63. +Curio ii, 527. +Curius v, 131. +custos, armenti ii, 277. flammae vi, 258, hortorum i, 415. + ruris i, 391. Ursae ii, 153. +Cyane iv, 469. +Cybele iv, 191, 249. +Cyclades iv, 281. +Cyclopes iv, 288, 473. +Cyllene ii, 276, v, 87. +Cynosura iii, 107. +Cynthia ii, 91, 159. +Cynthius iii, 346. +Cythera iv, 286. +Cythereïus mensis iv. 195. +Cytheriaca myrtus iv, 15. + +Dardania, domus, vi, 42. dux ii, 680. pimis i, 519. +Dardanus iv, 31. +Daunus iv, 76. +Dea, aetheria vi, 427. Arcadia i, 462. bellica iii, 814. + Bona v, 148. docta vi, 656. dubia vi, 784. flava iv, 424. + florum iv, 945. fornacalis vi, 314. gemellipara, v, 542. + Maenalis i, 634. Magna iv, 194. muta ii, 583. Parrhasia i, 618. + Praenestina vi, 62. rustica iv, 744. taedifera iii, 786. + Thebana vi. 476. turrigera iv. 224. +Deae, cothurnatae v, 348. Palaestinae iv, 236. +December iii, 58. +Decemviri ii, 54, iv, 384. +Dei, cultores Lycaei i, 395. generis ii, 631. Iliaci i, 528. + Ledaei i, 706. ruris i, 382. Delia v, 537. +delibare artes i, 169. +Dolphin ii, 79. +Deorum Mater iv. 263. +detecti ii, 301. +detonsae frondes iii. 237. +Deus, aequoreus v, 512. bellicus ii, 478. caeruleus iii. 874. + celer i, 386. Clarius i, 20. claviger i, 228. Delphicus iii, 856. + falcifer i, 234. fatidicus ii, 262. fortis iii, 850. + Hellespontiacus i, 440. Maenalius iv, 650. nitidus iii, 44. + pecoris ii, 271. semicaper iv, 752. +Diana i, 387. ii. 155. iii, 81. vi, 745. +Diania turba v, 141. +Dictaei greges v, 118. +Dictynna vi, 755. +Didius vi, 568. +Dido iii, 545. +Didyme iv, 475. +dies ater i, 58. comitialis i, 53. fastus i, 48. + ferales ii, 34. intercisus i, 50. nefastus i, 47. + nundinalis i, 54. parentales ii, 548. sementiva i, 658. +Dindymus iv, 234. +Dione ii, 461. v, 309. +Dis iv, 449. +Dodonis vi, 711. +dominus ii, 142. +donaria iii, 335. +Doris iv, 678. +draconigena urbs, iii. 865. +Drusus i, 12, 597. +duo semina rerum iv, 788. +Dux, Neritius iv, 69. perpetuus iv, 408. sacratus ii, 60. + Tuscus iv. 884. + +ebur i, 882. +Eetion iv, 280. +Egeria iii, 154, 275. +Electra iv, 31. vi, 42. +elegi ii, 3, 125. +Eleusin iv, 507. +Elissa iii, 553. +emeriti cursus iii. 43. equi iv, 68. +Eos iii, 887. +Epeüs iii, 825. +equi, aetherei iv, 674. alati iii, 416. Aricino nemore ablegati + iii, 266. caerulei iv. 446. lunares v, 16. matutini v, 160. + nivei iv, 374. purpurei ii, 74. rosei iv, 714. ventosi iv, 392. +Equiria ii, 859. iii, 519. +equus, flavus v, 380. fuscus ii, 314. Gorgoneus iii, 450. + legitimus iii, 130. Medusaeus v, 8, Soli mactatus i, 385. +Erato iv, 195. +Erechthea domus v, 204. +Erichthonius iv, 33. +Eryx iv, 478, 874. +Esquiliae iii, 246. vi, 601. +Evander i, 471. +Euboicum carmen iv, 257. +expositus iii, 54, 600. iv, 563, 783. + +Fabii ii, 196, 375. +Falisci i, 84. iii, 89, 843. iv, 74. vi, 49. +fallere, furta iii, 22. nomen ii, 837. +falsus, adulter ii, 808. caedes ii, 497. +famen, deponere vi, 530. exsolvere iv, 534. +Fasces i, 81. +Fasti i, 11. +Faunus iii, 291. agrestis ii, 193. bicornis ii, 268. cornipes + ii, 361. Lycaeus ii, 424. piniger in, 84. semicaper v, 101. +Faustulus iii, 56. iv, 854. +februa ii, 19. iv, 726. +fecunda dextra, ii, 427. +fenum iii, 115. +felix campus v, 197. +Fenestella vi, 578. +Feralia ii, 569. +feriae, indictivae i, 659. stativae i, 660. +fibrae ii, 681. vi, 161. +fictile fulmen i, 202. +fila iii, 462. vi, 757. croc ii, 342. +Flamen ii, 21. Dialis ii, 282. Quirinalis iv, 910. +Flaminica ii, 27. vi, 226. +Flaminius vi, 765. +Flora v, 195. +flos vini v, 270. +focus vi, 301. +fora i, 264. iv, 188, duo i, 258. +forda bos iv. 630. +Fornax ii, 525. +Fortuna vi, 569. Fors vi, 773. publica iv, 376. virilis iv. 145. +fortunati iii, 540. v, 198. +forum i, 302. Augustum v. 552. Boarium i, 582. magnum iii. 704. +fulmineum os ii, 232. +Furius i, 641. + +Gabii ii, 690. +Galatea vi, 733. +Galli iv, 361. vi, 351. +Gallus iv, 364. +Ganges iii, 729. +Ganymedes vi, 43. +Gelas iv, 470. +Gemini v, 694. +Genii iii, 58. +Genius ii, 545. v, 145. +gens, Fabia ii, 240. Herculea ii, 237. +gentiles ii, 198. +Gigantes iii, 439. v, 35. +Glaucus vi, 750. +gloriafuco perfusa i, 303. +Gradivus ii, 861. iii, 169, 677. +Graecia Major iv, 64. +Grane vi, 107. +gravis iii, 23. +Gyges iv, 593. + +Hadriacum iv, 501. +Haemus i, 390. +Halcyone iv, 173, +Halesus iv, 73. +Hamadryades ii, 155. +Hasdrubal vi, 770. +hasta, belli praenuntia vi, 207, recurva ii, 560. +Hastati iii, 128. +Hebe vi, 65. +Hebrus iii, 737. +Hecate i, 141. +Hector v, 385. +Helernus vi, 105. +Heliades vi, 717. +Helice iii, 108. +Helicon iv, 193. +Helle iii, 857. +Hellespontus iv, 567. +Helorus iv, 477. +Henna iv, 422. +Hercules i, 543. Custos vi, 209. +Hernici iii, 90. +Heros, claviger i, 544. Cythereïus iii, 611. Nonacrius v, 97. + Pallantius v, 647. Tirynthius ii, 349. +herous pes ii, 126. +Hesperia i, 498. +Hetrusci i, 641. +Himera iv, 475. +Hippocrene v, 7. +Hippolytus iii, 265. v, 309. +hirundo, ignota i, 157. veris praenuntia ii, 853, +honeste procumbere ii, 833. +honoratus i, 52. +Honos v, 23, 66. +Horae v, 217. +hostia i, 336. +Hyades v, 164. +Hyas v, 170. +Hymenaeus ii, 561. +Hyperion i, 385. +Hyperionis v, 159. +Hypsipylaea tellus iii, 82 +Hyrieus v, 499. + +Janalis virga vi, 165. +Jani i, 257. +Janiculum i, 246. +Janus i, 64. 127. iii, 881. vi, 119. +Iarba iii, 552. +Iason i, 491. +Icarium iv, 283. +Icarus iv, 284. +Ida Cretaea v, 115. Phrygia iv, 79, 249. +Idaeus, judex vi, 44. Parens iv, 182. puer ii, 145. +Idas v, 701. +Idus i, 56. +jejunia ponere iv, 535. solvere iv, 607. +Ilia ii, 383. iii. 11. iv, 54. +Iliaci, foci iii, 142. ignes iii, 29. opes iv, 250. Vesta vi, 227. + urbs vi, 422. +Iliadae fratres iii, 62. +Iliades iv, 23. v. 565. +Inachia, bos iii, 658. littus v, 656. +Inachis i, 454. +inane ii, 41. vulgus 554. +Indi depoxi iii, 465. +indictae dapes iv, 354. +Indus iii, 720. +inermis iii, 716. +ingeniosus ager iv, 604. +inhonesta vulnera ii, 211. +Ino ii; 628. iii, 859. vi, 485. +intonsi avi ii, 30. +Ionium iv, 566. +Isauricus i, 593. +Ismarus iii, 410. +Itys iv, 482. +judex Trojanus iv, 121. +Iuleï, avi iv, 124. nobilitas v. 564. +Julia i, 536. +Julia domus iv, 40. +Iulus iv, 39. +Junius v, 78. vi, 26. 96. +Juno v, 231. Lucina iii, 255. Moneta vi, 183. Sospita ii, 56. +Junonale tempus vi, 63. +Junonius mensis, vi. 61. +Jupiter v, 231. Capitolinus vi, 186. Elicius iii, 328. + Pistor vi, 350. Stator vi, 793. Stygius v, 448. Tarpcius vi, 34. + Tonans ii, 69. Victor iv, 621. +Justitia i, 249. +Juturna ii, 585. +Juturnae lacus i, 708. ii. 603. + +Kalendae i, 55. + +lacrymatae cortice myrrhae i, 339. +lactens, ficus ii, 263. porca ii, 656. sata i, 351. viscera vi, 137. +lacus, Aricinus vi, 756. Curtius vi, 403. Juturnae i, 708. + Trasimenus vi, 765. +Ladon ii, 274. +Laenas v, 330. +Laestrygoues iv, 69. +Lampsacos vi, 345. +Lanuvium vi, 60. +Laomedon vi, 430. +Lara ii, 599. +Larda vi, 169. +Larentalia iii, 57. +Larentia iii, 55. +Lares ii, 616. incincti ii, 634. Praestites v, 129. +Latinus ii, 544. iv. 43. +Latium i, 238. iii, 85. +Latoria v, 543. +Lavinia iii, 629. +Lausus iv, 54. +Learchas vi, 490. +Lemures v, 483. +Lemuria v, 421. +Leo i, 655. +Leontini iv, 467. +Lernae Echidna v, 405. +Lesbos iv, 281. +Leucadius modus v. 630. +Leucippus v, 702. +Leucothee vi, 501. +liba iii, 734. +libamina iii, 733. +Liber iii, 465, 777. +Libera iii, 512. +libera toga iii, 771. +Libertas iv, 624. +Libra iv, 386. +Libyca fera v, 178. fretum iii, 568. +Libys iv, 570. +licia iii, 267. cantata ii, 575. +Lilybaeum iv, 479. +limus iii, 759. +litigiosus ii, 660. +Livia i, 649. +Livia porticus vi, 639. +locuples v, 281. +lolium i, 691. +Lotis i, 416. +lotos iv, 190. +Luceres iii, 132. +Lucina ii, 449. iii, 255. vi, 39. +Lucretia ii, 741. +lucus Asyli ii, 67. Helerni vi, 105. +Luna iii, 883. +Lupercal ii, 381. +Luperci ii, 31, 267. cinctuti v, 101. +lustrati ii, 38. +lustrum ii, 183. iii, 120, 165. +Lycaonis ii, 173. +Lycaeum i, 395. +Lycurgus iii, 722. +Lynceus v, 711. +Lyra i, 316. Lesbis ii, 82. + +Maena ii, 578. +Maenades, Threïciae iv, 458. Ausoniae vi, 504. +Maenalis, Diva i, 634. ora iii, 84. +Maeenalos v, 89. +Maeonides ii, 120. +Maeonis ii, 310. +Magnus Pompeius i, 603. +Maia iv, 174. +Majestas v, 25. +Mains v, 73. +Mamurius in, 383. +Manes ii, 535. 842. +maniplaris in, 118. +manipli in, 117. +Manlius vi, 185. +Marcia vi, 802. +mares oleae iv, 741. +Mars iii, 2, 171. v, 229. Ultor v, 577. bis ultus v, 595. +Marsa nenia vi, 142. +Martia, avis iii, 37. campus ii, 860. proles in, 59. +Masinissa vi, 769. +Mater Phrygia ii, 55. +Matralia vi, 475. +Matuta vi, 479. +Mauri vi, 244. +Maximus Fabius i, 606. ii, 241. +Medusa iii, 451. +Megalesia iv, 357. +Megarea iv, 741. +mel inventum iii, 744. +Melas iv, 476. +Melicerta vi, 494. +Melite iii, 567. +Memnonis iv, 714. +Mens vi, 241. +Mercurius v, 663. +Meroe iv, 570. +Merope iv, 175. +Metanira iv, 539. +Metellus iv, 348. vi, 444. +Motus v, 29. +Mezentius iv, 881. +militia ii, 9. iii, 244. +Miluus iii, 794. +Minerva iii, 5, 176, 681, 809. v, 231. vi, 652. Capta iii, 837. + invita iii, 823. +monstra Tyrrhena iii, 723. +mos sacrorum v, 728. +movere i, 19, 268. iii, 11, 113. iv, 212, 373, 386, 820, 939. +Mulciber i, 554. vi, 626. +murex, Gaetulus ii, 319. Tyrius ii, 107. +Mutinensia arma iv, 627. +Mycenae iii, 83. +Mystae iv, 536. + +Narcissus v, 225. +nascentia temporal, 167. +Nasica iv, 347. +Neritius dux iv, 69. +Nestor iii, 533. +Nilus v, 268. +Nisaeï canes iv, 500. +nobilitas, adoptiva iv, 22. Iulea v, 564. +nomen loco majus iii, 187. +Nomentum iv, 905. +Nonacris ii, 275. +Nonae i, 57. +Nox i, 455. +noxae deditus i, 359. +Numa Pompilius i, 43. 3. 152. +Numantinus i, 596. +numerus crescens iii, 125. +Numicius in, 647. +Numidicus i, 595. +Numitor iv, 53. +Nymphae, Cretides iii, 444. Nysiades iii, 769. Sagaritis iv, + 229. Tiberinides ii, 597. + +obsessum solum iv, 646. +Oceanus v, 21. 81. +Ocresia vi, 627. +Oebalidae v, 705. +Oebalides matres iii, 230. +Oebalius Tatius i, 260. +Oenides iv, 76. +Oetaeus vi, 519. +Olenia arva v. 251. Capella v, 113. +olivifera arva iii, 151. +olor ii, 110. +Olympus i, 307. +onus, dulce ii, 760. humanum iv, 554. novum ii, 114. Urbis + ii, 197. uteri ii, 452. +opes iii, 56. aritiquae ii, 302. ruris iv, 928. +Ophiuchus vi, 735. +Ops vi, 285. +opus i, 564. luteum i, 158. urbis vi, 641. +orbes iii, 127. +Orion iv, 388. v, 493. +Orionis Zona vi, 787. +Ortygiae boves v, 692. +Ortygie iv, 471. +Ossa i, 307. +Othryades ii, 665. + +pacales flammae i, 719. +Pachyrios iv, 479. +Padus iv, 571. +Paean iv, 263. +Pagasaei, colles v, 401. Iason i, 491. +Palaemon vi, 501. +Pales iv, 640, 776. +Palilia iv, 721. +Palilis flamma iv, 798. +Palladium vi, 421. +Pallantias iv, 373. +Pallantis vi, 567. +Pallas i, 521. +Pallas: _vide_ Minerva. +Pan ii, 271. +Panes i, 397. +Pangaea iii, 739. +Panope vi, 499, +Pantagie iv, 471. +Parcae iii, 802. +pares centum iii, 127. +Parrhasia i, 478. +Parrhasides stellae iv, 577. +Parthi v, 580. +partiti carcere equi iv, 680. +pastoralis juventus ii, 365, +pastoria sacra iv, 723. +pater, hominum ii, 132. orbis ii, 130. patriae ii, 127. +Patres v, 71. +Patulcius i, 129. +Paxi, 704, 712. +pecunia v, 281. +Pegasus iii, 450. +Pelasgi ii, 281. +Peleus ii, 39. v, 408. +Peligni iii, 95, 685. +Pelion v, 311. +Pelorus iv, 479. +Pentheus iii, 721. +peragere, humum iv, 693. preces v, 680. sonos iii, 26. +Pergama i, 525. vi, 100. +Persephone iv, 452. +Persis i, 385. +Phaedra vi, 737. +Pharia juvenca, v, 619. +Phasis li, 42. +Philippi iii, 707. +Philippus vi, 801. +Phillyrides v, 383. +Phineus vi, 131. +Phocus ii, 39. +Phoebe ii, 163. +Phoebe et soror v, 699. +Phoebus vi, 707. +Pholoe ii, 273. +Phrygia iv, 265. +Phryxea, ovis iii, 852. soror iv. 278. +Phryxus iii, 858. +piamina ii, 19. +Picus iii, 291. +Pierides vi, 798. +Pilani iii, 129. +pinea, taeda ii, 558. texta i, 506. +Piraeus iv, 563. +Pisces ii, 458. +pius, lente iii, 208. stulte iv, 555. +Plautius vi, 685. +Pleiades iv, 169. v, 84. +Pleïone v. 83. +Poenus iii, 148. +poll iii, 106. +Pollux v, 710. +Polyhymnia v, 9. +pontes vi, 477. +Pontificale caput iii, 706. honos iii, 420. sacrum i, 462. +porrigere i, 646. +Porrima i, 633. +porta, Capena iv, 345. Carmentis ii, 201. Collina iv, 871. +Portunus vi, 547. +Posthumius v, 330. +Posthumus iv, 41, Tubertus vi, 724. +Postverta i, 633. +praeceps tempus ii, 400. +praeceptor arandi vi, 13. +Praenestina Dea vi, 62. +pretium i, 217. +Priamides vi, 15. +Priamus vi, 431. +Priapus i, 415. +Principes iii, 129. +principia, i, 178. +probare vi, 212, +Proca iv., 52. vi, 143. +Proculus Julius ii, 499. +procurare iii, 343, +Progne et soror ii, 629. 855. +Propontis v, 257. +prosecta vi, 163. +Proteus i, 367. +publica facta iii. 248. +Publicii v, 288. +Publicium iter v, 294. +Pudor v, 29. +Punica poma iv. 608. +purus, ager iii, 582. arbor ii, 25. dies ii, 558. +purgamina ii, 35. +purpura i, 81. +Pygmalion iii, 574. +Pyrrhus vi, 203, 732. +Pythagoras Samius iii 353. + +quatuor notae v, 727. +Quinctilii ii, 378. +Quinquatria iii, 810 miriora vi, 651. +Quintilis iii, 149. +Quirinus ii, 475, iv, 46 Martigena i, 199 trabeatus i, 37. +Quirites ii, 479. iii 277. iv. 855. stra minei v, 631. + +Ramnes iii, 132. +Regis fuga ii, 685. v. 728. +Remulus iv, 49. +Remuria v, 479. +Remus ii, 372. iii, 70. iv. 56, 817, 841. v, 457. +repostor templorum ii 63. +Reverentia v, 23. +Rex, nemorensis iii, 271. sacrificulus i, 333. +Rhea iv, 201. +Rhenus i, 286, +Rhodanus iv, 571, +Rhodope iii, 739. +Rhoeteum iv, 279. +rhombus ii, 575. +rogi suburbani ii, 550. +Romulus i, 29. iii, 97, vi, 84. +Rubigo iv, 907. +Rumina ficus ii, 412. +Rutilius vi, 563. +Rutuli iv. 883. + +Sabini i, 273. vi, 213. +Sacer mons iv, 664. +Sagaritis iv, 229. +Salii iii, 387. +Salus Romana iii, 882. +Samos vi, 48. +Sancus Fidius Semo vi, 213. +Sapaei i, 389. +Sardona regna iv, 289. +Saturnia i, 237. +Saturnus i, 233. iv, 197. +Satyri i, 397. +scamna vi, 305. +Sceleratus vicus vi, 609. +scena testificata iv, 326. +scirpea simulacra v, 622. +Scorpios iii, 712. v, 541. +scortea i, 629. +Scythae iii, 719. iv, 82. +secessio, elementorum i, 107. plebis i, 643. iii, 664. +Semele iii, 715. vi, 503. +Senatus v, 64. +senex aequoreus i, 372. +septa i, 53. +Servius Tullius vi, 480, 571, 581, 620, 783. +Sibylla iii, 534. iv, 875. +sicca terra iv, 570. +Sidonii iii, 108. +Sidonis iii, 649. v, 610. +Sigeum iv, 279. +signa i, 2. iii, 44, 109. 650. iv, 7. v, 8, 130. +signum Minervae vi, 421. +Silenus i, 399. +Sisyphus iv, 175. +Sithones iii, 719. +Smintheus vi, 425. +Solymus iv, 79. +Somnus iv, 653. +Sparte iii, 83. +spatia iii, 126. +spica Cilissa i, 76. +spina alba vi, 129, 165. +Sterope iv, 172. +Stimula vi, 503. +stips i, 189. +strix vi, 139. +Stultorum festa ii, 513. +Stymphalus ii, 273. +Styx ii, 536. iii, 322, 802. +subitae ferae ii, 286. +suffragia ferre v, 633. +Sulla vi, 212. +Sulmo iv, 80. +Summanus vi, 731. +Sunion iv, 563. +Sylvia iii, 45. +Sylvius iv, 42. +Symaethus iv, 472. +Syphax vi, 769. +Syracuse iv, 873. +Syri ii, 474. +Syrtes iv, 499. + +Tacita ii, 572. +Taenaria vallis iv, 612. +Tanaquil vi, 629. +tangere v, 74. +Tantalidae fratres ii, 627. +Tantalides v, 307. +Tarpeia i, 261. +Tarpeiae arces i, 79. +Tarquinius, Sextus ii, 691. Superbus ii, 687. vi, 600. +Tartara iii, 620. iv, 605. +Tatius i, 262. +Tauromenos iv, 475. +Taurus v, 603. +Taygete iv, 174. +Tegeaea, domus i, 545. parens i, 627. sacerdos vi, 531. +Telegonus iii, 92. iv, 71. +Temesaea aera, v, 441. +Tempestas vi, l93. +Tenedos iv, 280. +Terenti vada i, 501. +Tereus ii, 296, 856. +Terminus ii, 50, 641. +Tethys ii, 191. v, 22, 81. +Thalia v, 54. +Thapsos iv, 477. +Themis iii, 658. +Therapnaeus sanguis v, 223. +Theseus iii, 473. vi, 737. +Thestiades v, 305. +Thrace v, 257. +thura i, 341. +Thyades vi, 514. +Thyene vi, 711. +Thyreatis terra ii, 663. +Thyrsus iii, 764. +Tiberini, ludi vi, 237. ostia iv, 329. +Tiberinus ii, 389. iv, 47, 291. +tibia vi, 659. +tibicen vi, 653. +Tibrisi, 242. +Tibur iv, 71. vi, 666. +tiro iii, 787. +Titan 5, 617. +Titanes iii, 797. +Titania iv, 943. +Tithonus i, 461. +Titienses iii, 131. +Titus i, 260. +Tmolus ii, 313. +Tolenum vi, 565. +Tonans ii, 69. +Torquatus i, 601. +trabea ii, 503. vi, 796. +Trasimena littora vi, 765. +tria, corpora i, 105. verba i, 47. +tribuni iii, 663. +Trieterica i, 394. +Trinacris iv, 420. +Triptolemus iv, 550. +triste saxum iv, 504. +Tritonia vi, 655. +Trivia i, 141, 389. +triumphalis vi, 364. +Troezen vi, 739. +Troja i, 523. iv, 251. v, 389. +Tros iv, 33. +Tubilustria v, 725. +Tullia vi, 587. +Turnus iv, 879. +Tuscus, amnis i, 233. duellum vi, 201. +Tychius iii, 824. +Tydeus i, 491. +Tyndaridae fratres v, 700. +Typhoeus i, 573. iv, 491. +Typhon ii, 461. +Tyrii iii, 555. +Tyrius, murex ii, 107. paratus iii, 627. puella v, 605. +Tyros iii, 631. + +Vacuna vi, 307. +Vacunales foci vi, 308. +vegrandia farra iii, 445. +Veientia arva ii, 195. +Vejovis templum iii, 430. +Velabra vi, 405. +Venus iv, 27, 36. 119, 875. +vesca iii, 446. +Vesta iii, 417, 426, 698, vi, 249, 267, 291, 299, 436. +Vestalis iii, Il. humo defossa vi, 458. +vestes intactae i, 79. +vestibulum vi, 304. +vetustas correcta i, 675. +via, Nova vi, 396. Tecta vi, 192. +victae artes iii, 101. nix ii, 220. +victima i, 335. +Vinalia iv, 863. +Vindemitor iii, 407. +vindicta vi, 676. +Virbius vi, 756. +vitta iii, 30, iv, 134. +vivax, cespes iv, 397, pater ii, 625. +vivus pumex ii, 315. +Ulixes vi, 433. +Volsci vi, 721. +volucres mellificae v, 271. +Uranie v, 55. +urbs draconigena iii, 865. +urere i, 689. iii, 503, 831. +Urion v, 535. +Vulcanus v, 725. vi, 627. +vulpes combustae iv, 681. + +Zancle iv, 499. +Zephyrus v, 201. + + + +FINIS. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, FASTI *** + +This file should be named 8fsti10.txt or 8fsti10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8fsti11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8fsti10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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