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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11705 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11705-h.htm or 11705-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h/11705-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, No. 560]   SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832.  [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better idea of
+the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous Illustrations.
+It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious accommodation afforded by
+the Society for their animals; while it enables us to watch the habits
+of the stupendous tenants in a state of nature, or at least, free from
+unnecessary restriction or confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto
+but rarely enjoyed in this country; the Elephants exhibited in our
+menageries being caged up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside
+the bars. The Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect,
+possessed an Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the
+range of a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence,
+and affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few
+visiters. In the _Jardin du Roi_, at Paris, the Elephant has long
+enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the scale of
+creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young specimen in
+the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and a spacious bath
+has since been added to the accommodations. This example has been
+rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens.
+
+The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden in the
+Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built in a style of
+unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a small enclosure,
+which the Elephant may measure in two or three turns. Opposite is an
+enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be almost worthy of the name
+of a little park or paddock. The fence is of iron, and light but
+substantial. Within the area are a few lime-trees, the lower branches of
+which are thinned by the Elephant repeatedly twisting off their foliage
+with his trunk, as adroitly as a gardener would gather fruit. His main
+luxury is, however, in his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water,
+of depth nearly equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his
+ablutions here with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of
+satisfaction and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the
+noble creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an
+imperfect idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His
+evolutions are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His
+keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the pond,
+but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits himself in
+a point of view in which we have not hitherto been accustomed to view an
+Elephant in this country. The fondness of Elephants for bathing is very
+remarkable. When in the water they often produce a singular noise with
+their trunks. Bishop Heber describes this habit as he witnessed it near
+Dacca:--"A sound struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we
+were riding, the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long,
+loud, deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and
+the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys which
+are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which the winds
+make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah, 'there are
+Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I looked immediately,
+and saw about twenty of these fine animals, with their heads and trunks
+just appearing above the water. Their bellowing it was which I had
+heard, and which the water conveyed to us with a finer effect than if we
+had been on shore." The Elephant can also eject from his trunk water and
+dust, and his own saliva, over every part of his body, to cool its
+heated surface; and he is said to grub up dust, and blow it over his
+back and sides, to keep off the flies.
+
+There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of the
+Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society about
+fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old, and is
+still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods has been
+commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the Society by Sir
+Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been stated to be a dwarf
+variety, and that its age is not far short of that of the larger
+individual; but this assertion is questionable. It is much more
+consistent with our knowledge of the species to regard it, in the
+absence of all previous knowledge of the history of the individual, as a
+young one not exceeding four years old. This specimen will be seen in
+the distance of the Engraving.[1]
+
+    [1] The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between
+    fifteen and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be
+    adult. In India it is thought that they live three centuries.
+
+The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A few
+points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with the
+individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian Elephant
+appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than the African, the
+females commonly measuring from seven to eight, and the males from eight
+to ten, feet in height; though we find in old accounts the height of the
+Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen or sixteen feet. The head of the
+Indian is more oblong than that of the African Elephant; and the
+forehead of the former has a deep concavity, while the head of the
+African is round and convex in all its parts. The teeth of the Indian
+species consist of narrow transverse bands of equal size, while those of
+the African are larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge
+shaped. The ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his
+neck, while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The
+former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his hind
+feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size, beauty, and
+hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a native of Ceylon,
+it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the variety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE.
+
+
+  Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls,
+  What memories of old, the sad vision recalls,
+    For change o'er thee lightly has past;
+  Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are fled,
+  And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead,
+    Since in childhood I gazed on thee last!
+
+  Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath,
+  And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe,
+    Like rare friends by adversity's side;
+  Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold
+  That marks in derision, the spot, where of old
+    The standard once floated in pride.
+
+  But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown,
+  And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone
+    With chivalry's gorgeous array;
+  And where music, and laughter so often have rung,
+  In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung
+    A mantle to hide their decay.
+
+  Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again,
+  Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain,
+    As if charmed into magic repose;
+  The pass subterraneous,--the fathomless well,
+  The mound whence the violet peeps--and the cell
+    Where the fox-glove in solitude grows.
+
+  In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam,
+  Yet I linger with thee--as to muse o'er a dream,
+    That mournful truths soon will dispel;
+  My pathway winds onward--life's cares to renew,
+  And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view,
+  'Tis for over--I bid thee farewell!
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HUNTSMAN.
+
+_A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor._
+
+
+  "The merciful man is merciful to his beast."
+  "The worm we tread upon will turn again."
+
+Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a very
+handsome young man, the _beau ideal_ of the lover, as pictured by the
+glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau _real_ of a dozen villages
+in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle. Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but
+rather calculated to inspire terror and distrust, than affection and
+confidence: in fact, a bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the
+fierce, haughty character of his countenance, the fire which flashes
+from his eyes, and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create
+fear, instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles.
+One, however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of
+his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep and
+pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to answer
+his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a godless young man,
+we shall hereafter discover.
+
+Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided about a
+mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of Lord Mortimer,
+had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself with the rural
+produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a ready market,) but also
+to send Annette. Thus then commenced that innocent girl's acquaintance
+with the Baron's chief huntsman, not long after Elliott's induction into
+that office, by the resignation of his superannuated predecessor.
+
+Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles; none of
+which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or assuredly the
+deprivation of his office would have followed. But Lord Mortimer was a
+young man, paying his addresses to a lady who lived at some distance
+from the Castle, and consequently much absent from it. And, what said
+pretty Annette to the rumours which failed not to meet _her_ ear, of her
+lover's misconduct? "I don't believe a word of them! Charles may be
+fonder of pleasure than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he
+will see and feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of
+his situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be
+solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge," would she
+undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to the dogs under
+his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may be passionate, I
+don't say he is not, but he is generous and humane. _I_ have never seen
+him scourge the hounds, as you tell me he does, until blood drops from
+their mangled hides; _I_ have never heard the cries which, you say,
+resound from their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger."
+
+"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning tale-bearer, "any
+of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled coats, proclaimed how
+savagely they had been treated?"
+
+"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by the wild
+boars with which the Castle forests abound."
+
+"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight of my
+lord's hounds?"
+
+"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good training:
+when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of finding game,
+and the inclination of bringing it down."
+
+"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but they ought
+to be _fed_." Upon this, Annette would vehemently maintain that fed they
+were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut up their meat; whilst the
+friendly newsmonger would charitably hint, that her intended knew as
+well as most men how to turn an _honest_ penny, by cheating the dogs of
+their food, and selling it elsewhere.
+
+Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly to malice
+and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as those who are
+obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an idolatry of affection
+which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as its object is contemned and
+despised by the world. Annette had also some idea, that these, and other
+reports to the prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful
+rival, though poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and
+good-humoured as he was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to
+the disparagement of Elliott.
+
+Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for a week
+or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was reported to
+him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated himself, and so
+contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the young baron again left
+home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in his confidence and favour.
+
+It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make holiday,
+(at least they did so then, but times have strangely altered of late in
+once _merry_ England,) the woods put on their brightest green, and the
+people their finest clothes, for there were wakes, fairs, and rustic
+meetings innumerable in the vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman
+might, as usual, be seen at these _fêtes_ for nothing, but after his
+late victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and
+looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent defiance.
+
+The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a cavalier,
+passing through one of the great forests which surrounded Mortimer
+Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female form slowly
+sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding, and uttering
+heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for something
+supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly recovering
+himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object of his idle
+fears:--"I have been waiting here for hours," replied the young woman,
+for such indeed she was, "and my friend is not yet come; I am sadly
+afraid, sir, some accident may have happened to him."
+
+"_Him!_" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if you be waiting
+for a _gentleman_, no wonder you're disappointed. He has played you
+false, rely upon it, and won't come to night,--so you'd better go home."
+
+"O sir! O my Lord!--I cannot--I dare not! What would father and mother
+say? and what could I say?"
+
+"Ay--Annette,--Annette Martin,--what _could_ you say?"
+
+"Only the _truth_, your lordship;" replied the poor girl sobbing, and
+curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for they do so hate
+Charles,--Charles Elliott, your honour,--that they've as good as sworn,
+as they'll never consent to my marrying him, and so--and so--I was just
+a waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and
+take me away to the far off town, and"--
+
+"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and mother's
+consent:--eh, Annette?"
+
+"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with another rustic
+dip.
+
+"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite please me;
+and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen circumstance
+should have detained him, shall know what _I_ think of his present
+conduct to you. But come,--mount behind me,--I am unexpectedly returning
+to the Castle, Dame Trueby shall there make you comfortable for
+to-night, your parents and friends shall never know but that your
+absence from home was occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your
+marriage in two or three days, with _my_ sanction, Annette, will, I
+think, completely settle matters."
+
+The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his noble
+steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to listen to all
+the consolation, or banterings, with which he endeavoured to cheer her
+on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing rather to believe that some
+dreadful accident had befallen her lover, than that carelessness, or
+perfidy, caused his absence. Dame Trueby's account was little calculated
+to soothe Annette's anxiety, or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting
+Elliott's proceedings.
+
+"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning, when I
+heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor creatures! and time
+enough that he did, I think, considering that he left them without a
+morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he was capering away at
+Woodcroft Feast; and then,--the beast!--what does he, but comes back so
+dead drunk that we were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the
+hungry brutes, poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been
+fit to raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and
+yowling!"
+
+"A sad account is this, Margery."
+
+"A very _true_ one, please your lordship," replied the old housekeeper,
+testily.
+
+"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this time of
+night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his intended
+wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed I have ample
+need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let Elliott call me in
+the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile make this young woman as
+comfortable as you can, and _recollect_, Mrs. Trueby, _that she is come
+to the Castle upon a visit to you_."
+
+Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with apparent
+submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts, it was easy
+to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions relative to the honour
+of her noble master, and of the forlorn damsel thus thrust upon her
+peculiar hospitality. "And," continued Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are
+sure, fed the dogs this morning?"
+
+"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper, doggedly,
+"I suppose he did, and belike beat 'em too; I only know they've been
+quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they wouldn't have been
+without _wittals_; but Master Elliott, I've not seen since."
+
+"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can he be?"
+
+"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild lad, and
+these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain."
+
+Little further passed that night between the young lord and his
+housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and poor
+Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect Mistress Margery,
+repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating the singularly dreadful
+disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles, in fact, not having
+returned, one of the inferior serving-men,--who durst not, now that his
+master was at home, stand upon the punctilio of "_not my business_,"
+undertook soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when
+upon opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he
+there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, _the mangled
+remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman_: these consisted of his
+clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with fragments sufficient
+of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact, that the ravenous brutes,
+had, after their last long fast, sprung upon their tormentor, (awful
+retribution!) even at the very moment when he appeared amongst them with
+their long delayed meal, torn him in pieces, and devoured him!
+
+Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his canine
+favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a signal
+instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt himself obliged
+to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious banquet on human flesh;
+and with tears in his eyes, he forced himself to witness their
+execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging kindness of any of his
+retainers, should induce them to mitigate the culprits' doom. The horrid
+story spread far and wide, and one of its earliest results was the
+appearance at Castle Mortimer of a poor woman and three young children,
+who stated in an agony of grief, that _she_ was the lawful _wife_ of the
+deceased Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto
+whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without leave,
+were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being suddenly bereaved
+by his awful demise of their sole hope and support, now humbly threw
+themselves upon the benevolence of Lord Mortimer for employment and
+subsistence!
+
+The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this discovery of
+black villany meditated against her by the unprincipled huntsman, and
+upon its miraculous and awful frustration, may be imagined: yet had it
+also its beneficial influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end
+of the wretch who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection
+was converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking
+God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of the
+deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty persuaded to
+become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected, but really worthy
+and amiable admirer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+(_Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal Illustrated."_)
+
+
+_Spaniards and Portuguese._--"Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and
+you make a good Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. I have
+heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you
+have the Portuguese character." These nations blaspheme God by calling
+each other natural enemies. Their feelings are mutually hostile; but the
+Spaniards despise the Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the
+Spaniards.--_Southey._
+
+_Portugal._--Situated by the side of a country just five times its size,
+Portugal, but for the advantageous position of its coast, the good faith
+of England, and the weakness of its hostile neighbour, impassable roads,
+and numerous strong places, would long since have returned to the
+primitive condition of an Iberian province; but its separate existence
+as a nation has been preserved to it by the strength of the British
+alliance being brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own
+internal means of defence.--_Kinsey._
+
+_Column of Disgrace._--About the middle of the last century, the Duke of
+Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the Jesuits in Portugal, and
+accordingly executed. His house, at Belem, was levelled to the ground at
+the time of the Duke's decapitation, and on the site was erected _a
+column of disgrace_, which still remains, though some shops have been
+erected beside it to hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct
+of the nation on this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to
+conceal.
+
+Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large clock placed
+rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time with his scythe,
+and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a lyre.
+
+_A Lisbon Dandy._--A small, squat, puffy figure incased within a large
+pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean, high-boned, straw-fed,
+cream-coloured nag, with an enormously flowing tail, whose length and
+breadth would appear to be each night guarded from discolouration by
+careful involution above the hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and
+long pointed boots, up his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, _à la
+Cossaque_, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he is
+seated in _cool_ repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing seals as
+large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a little higher
+to the figured waistcoat of early British manufacture, and the
+sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim sugar-loaf hat on his
+head,--where can be found his equal? Nor does he want a nose as big as
+the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two flanks of impenetrable, deep, black
+brushwood, extending under either ear, and almost concealing the
+countenance, to complete the singular contour of his features.
+
+_A Lisbon Water-carrier_ earns about sixpence per day, the moiety of
+which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha from a cook's
+stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on holidays,--water being his
+general beverage, nay, one might almost say, his element. A mat in a
+large upper room, shared with several others, serves him in winter as a
+place of repose for the night; but during the summer he frequently
+sleeps out in the open air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow.
+
+_Vanity._--A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman complain of the
+intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis, retorted that, for his
+part, when he was in London, it was the absence of that filth, and the
+want of the smells complained of, that had rendered his residence in our
+metropolis so disagreeable and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as
+Southey says, "makes a man a liar so easily as vanity."
+
+_Dogs._--In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the violence of the
+heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets, though the
+thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and scarcely an instance of
+canine madness is ever known to occur. When the French decreed the
+extinction of the tribe of curs that infest the streets, no native
+executioner could be found to put the exterminating law in force; nay,
+the very measure excited popular indignation.
+
+_Golden Sands._--Perhaps originally it was the fabled gold of the Tagus
+which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers, and the general
+persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this royal river did
+actually once produce sufficient gold to make a magnificent crown and
+sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot sovereign, the good king
+Denis.
+
+_A Dinner._--A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the worst supposable
+specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a platter of compact, black,
+greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if so much, of poor half-fed meat;
+a certain proportion of hard-boiled beef, that has never seen the
+salting pan, having already yielded its nutritious qualities to a
+swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and now requiring the accompaniment of
+a satellite tongue, or friendly slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull
+relish to it; potatoes of leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine
+contexture, that Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve;
+with offensive vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be
+imported from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding
+rock of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small
+quantity of _very small_ wine; abundance of water; and an awful army of
+red ants, probably imported from the Brazils--the wood of which the
+chairs and tables are made, hurrying across the cloth with
+characteristic industry;--such are the principal features of the quiet
+family dinner-table of the Portuguese.
+
+_The Dockyard_ of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many of the largest
+of our private ship-builders on the banks of the Thames and the Avon.
+
+_Funerals._--In Portugal the corpse is placed in an open coffin, and the
+head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled with holy water is placed
+at the foot of the bier, which the priests and relatives of the deceased
+sprinkle on the body. The service being concluded, the corpse is
+followed by the relatives down into the vaults below the church, where
+vinegar and quick lime having been poured upon the body, the falling lid
+of the coffin is closed and _locked_, and the key delivered to the chief
+mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party of
+friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the house of the
+defunct, where the key being left with the nearest relative, and the
+complimentary visit being paid, the rite is considered as terminated. No
+fire is lighted in the house of a deceased person upon the day of his
+funeral, and the relatives, who live in separate houses, are in the
+habit of supplying a ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that
+the inmates are too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any
+orders for the preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing
+week, the chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at
+tea. The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though
+not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum on
+the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies without
+leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his funeral, the
+dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public street, with a box
+upon the breast, into which passers-by drop copper or silver coin, until
+sufficient has thus been obtained to defray the expense of interment;
+and that a soldier stands at the head of the body to see that no money
+is abstracted; for, in Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is
+intended would not secure it without his protection.
+
+There is no pardoning _soi-disant liberaux_, who prove, by their acts,
+the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.
+
+
+_Decollatio_, or beheading, was a military punishment among the Romans.
+In early times it was performed with an axe, and afterwards with a
+sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all countries where beheading and
+hanging are used as capital punishments, the former is always considered
+less ignominious. Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of
+nobles, when commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high
+treason is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged
+before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits that
+part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could not be
+hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this punishment,
+he was degraded before the execution. At present, hanging is not used in
+that country, and since so many instances have occurred of extreme
+suffering, on the part of the criminal, caused by the unskilfulness of
+the executioner in beheading with the sword, this mode of execution has
+been abolished. Beheading in Prussia is now always performed with a
+heavy axe, the sufferer being previously tied to a block. In France,
+during the revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine,
+the guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the
+exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who has
+murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut off the
+moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it was, in some
+states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to perform the executions
+with the sword. In China, it is well known that beheading is practised,
+sometimes accompanied with the most studied torments. In the United
+States of America, beheading is unknown, the halter being the only
+instrument of capital punishment. In many European countries, beheading
+with the sword still prevails.
+
+P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRICE OF BLOOD.--WERE AND WERELADE.
+
+
+Were, or _Wera_, in our old law books, signifies what was anciently paid
+for _killing a man_. When such crimes were punished with pecuniary
+mulets, not death, the price was set on every man's head, according to
+his condition and quality.
+
+_Werelade_, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide on oath, in
+order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called _were_. If the party
+denied the fact, he was to purge himself, by the oaths of several
+persons, according to his degree and quality. If the guilt amounted to
+four pounds, he was to have eighteen jurors on his father's side, and
+four on his mother's: if to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty
+jurors, and this was called _werelade_.
+
+_Weregild_, or _Weregeld_, was the price of a man's head; which was paid
+partly to the king for the loss of his subject, partly to the lord whose
+vassal he was, and partly to the next of kin.
+
+"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law, in case
+of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the murderer and the
+friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by causing the malefactor
+to give unto them, or to the child or wife of him that was slain, a
+recompense, which they called _eriach_. And thus we find in our Saxon
+laws, particularly those of King Athelstan, the several _weregilds_ for
+homicide, established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl
+or peasant, up to that of the king himself."
+
+The _weregild_ of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000 thrismas;
+that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or governor,
+4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king, 30,000; half to
+be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the public. The weregild
+of a ceorl was 266 thrismas.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or
+Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in authority, power, and
+precedence. They are appointed by the King's delivery of the Great Seal
+to them, and by taking the oath of office. They differ only in this
+point, that the Lord Chancellor hath also letters patent, whereas the
+Lord Keeper hath none.
+
+He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or grants,
+are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto.
+
+Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to
+judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the
+law of the land so defective as that the subject would be injured
+thereby.
+
+He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His Majesty's
+gift, rated under 20_l_. a year in the King's books.
+
+In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by an
+ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is Maurice, in
+1067, who was afterward Bishop of London.
+
+Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage, until the
+year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal to Sir Thomas
+Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of Ellesmere,[2] and
+constituted him Lord High Chancellor of England. But until of late
+years, the custom never prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of
+England should he made an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all
+matters which appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he
+maybe said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great
+assembly.--_Manual of Rank and Nobility._
+
+    [2] From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that
+    surname.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC.
+
+
+(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the season, and
+independently of its place as a volume of the _Family Library_, it has
+substantive claims which we trust will not he overlooked. It is from the
+graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who possesses, in a high degree, the
+peculiar talent of investing scientific inquiries with the charm of
+popular delight; in short, of making science easy, and often conveying
+in a single chapter what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in
+truth, teaches us the sweet uses of science.
+
+The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter Scott, to
+whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint idea of the
+extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from the magic of the
+ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns; yet the purpose of the
+work is mainly to trace the connexion of those prodigies of the material
+world which are termed Natural Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in
+the introductory letter, the writer observes on the resources of ancient
+magic:--)
+
+The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and of
+remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from reaching
+the present times; but though we are very ill informed respecting the
+progress of the ancients in various departments of the physical
+sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost every branch of
+knowledge had contributed its wonders to the magician's budget, and we
+may even obtain some insight into the scientific acquirements of former
+ages, by a diligent study of their fables and their miracles.
+
+(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following beautiful
+passage on the Eye:--)
+
+This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which guards the
+pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and through which all
+their communications are interchanged. The optic nerve is the channel by
+which the mind peruses the hand-writing of Nature on the retina, and
+through which it transfers to that material tablet its decisions and its
+creations. The eye is consequently the principal seat of the
+supernatural. When the indications of the marvellous are addressed to us
+through the ear, the mind may be startled without being deceived, and
+reason may succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by
+which we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it
+the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their outline;
+when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to its view;
+when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any intelligible
+cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or imaginary, for whose
+presence no cause can be assigned, the conviction of supernatural agency
+becomes under ordinary circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only
+an amusing but an useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those
+causes which are capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it
+arises from the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from
+the dexterity and science of others.
+
+(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant, as they
+include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions, and natural
+phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of Sound are next
+in interest; among them we find explained the wonder of singers breaking
+glasses with their great power of voice; the automaton flute-player,
+talking engines, echoes, &c. The Mechanical causes are less numerous:
+among them we are glad to see _noticed_ the feat of lifting heavy
+persons, which we ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David
+Brewster does not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many
+readers, we quote the two relating pages.)
+
+One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative to the
+strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen and admired,
+is that in which a heavy man is raised with the greatest facility, when
+he is lifted up the instant that his own lungs and those of the persons
+who raise him are inflated with air. This experiment was, I believe,
+first shown in England a few years ago by Major H., who saw it performed
+in a large party at Venice under the direction of an officer of the
+American Navy. As Major H. performed it more than once in my presence, I
+shall describe as nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The
+heaviest person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being
+supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one at
+each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and they find
+his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty they experience in
+supporting him. When he is replaced in the chair, each of the four
+persons takes hold of the body as before, and the person to be lifted
+gives two signals by clapping his hands. At the first signal he himself
+and the four lifters begin to draw a long and full breath, and when the
+inhalation is completed, or the lungs filled, the second signal is
+given, for raising the person from the chair. To his own surprise and
+that of his bearers, he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were
+no heavier than a feather. On several occasions I have observed that
+when one of the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation
+out of time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it
+were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have
+performed the part both of the load and of the bearer, you can testify
+how remarkable the effects appear to all parties, and how complete is
+the conviction, either that the load has been lightened, or the bearer
+strengthened by the prescribed process. At Venice the experiment was
+performed in a much more imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party
+was raised and sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six
+persons. Major H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the
+person lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the
+individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that the
+bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised. I have
+not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to these
+curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion, or the
+result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a careful
+investigation.
+
+(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the beautiful
+contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and the head of the
+sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has supplied fewer wonders
+than we expected: they occupy but fifty pages.
+
+The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the
+majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is
+unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the Invisible
+Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable, since they are
+generally accompanied by illustrations.
+
+By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early volumes
+of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of the FF.R.S.
+whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early years of the
+Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some of the early
+papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns observed in
+France--Worms that eat Stones and Mortar--which are almost as marvellous
+as one of Sir David Brewster's lines--a coach and four filled with
+skeletons. The Royal Society has now existed a century and
+three-quarters: in their early Transactions are inquiries relative to
+the tides--observations on the darting threads of spiders--"experiments
+about respiration"--"of red snow seen at Genoa," &c.; yet scores of
+philosophers, at the present moment, are controverting these very
+subjects.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA.
+
+
+(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead the
+reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage through
+untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from India to
+England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Russia, and
+Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word "untrodden," and
+it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the author, or his first
+volume, but is not appropriate to the second, which owes its main
+interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the illustrious Pole. Neither
+is the term pilgrimage characteristic of the journey, which has the
+sketchiness and levity of a flying tour rather than the observant
+gravity of a patient pilgrimage. Nevertheless, the work is altogether
+full of vivacity and interest, and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must
+be as pleasant on his travels, as his book will be in our hands.
+
+Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days. Here,
+with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness the Imaum,
+whose court is a curiosity.)
+
+The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the town,
+and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or veranda open
+to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood several well dressed
+Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and half a dozen dirty
+looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the sepoys in our Indian army,
+and equipped much after the same fashion. These latter, as I understood,
+were paraded in honour of my visit; and indeed generally form the _garde
+du corps_ on occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the _Court of
+Muscat_. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with chairs,
+and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet, addressed
+himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object and direction;
+and then touched on the politics of Europe.
+
+Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his horses,
+his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which afforded excellent
+accommodation, and which were generally occupied by English visiters.
+
+The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes
+considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the finest
+horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the governors of the
+Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his own service. Horses
+likewise form an article of trade between Muscat and India, and yield,
+as I have been told, a considerable profit.
+
+(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small school
+founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the British
+residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr. Stocqueler says:)
+
+The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than thirteen
+pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the Persian and
+Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old Armenian.
+
+(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike and so
+much resembling each other in feature, and in the total loss of the left
+eye, that it was difficult to discover my friend the supercargo, who had
+accompanied us from Bombay."
+
+Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The houses
+are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk of the date
+tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to be seen but a vast
+sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles. Within the walls, it is
+equally sterile, it literally yields _nothing_; here, "all _is_ barren,"
+and the water is far from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh
+keeps up no standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the _Shut-ul-Arab_,
+[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than those
+of the Thames at Richmond.
+
+At Bussorah--a _bain à la Turque_.)
+
+Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment resembling
+a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and glazed
+sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered with cloths and
+coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and there was a fireplace
+where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and cloths dried. Having been
+required to strip, and a cloth tied round my waist, I was led into a
+second apartment filled with steam, and of so high a temperature, that
+in one instant I lost my breath, and in the next was streaming from
+every pore. I anticipated a speedy dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but
+on reaching a third apartment, (all vaulted and lighted, or rather
+darkened alike,) I had become somewhat relieved. In this apartment were
+four cisterns nearly level with the floor, into which the hot water was
+drawn by cocks placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that
+the water was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the
+cisterns, and then the operation commenced.
+
+_Act_ 1.--Deluged with hot water from the hands of a stout Persian.
+_Act_ 2.--Conducted by said Persian to a stone ottoman in the centre of
+the room, and caused to sit down. _Act_ 3.--My whole body kneaded by the
+fists of the aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed,
+limbs rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. _Act_ 4.--Enveloped in warm
+towels, and served with a pipe. _Act_ 5.--Wiped dry; led into the outer
+apartment dressed and--_Exit_.
+
+(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as
+follows.)
+
+As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and tide had
+set against us. The _mallahs_, or trackers, immediately stripped,
+placing their clothes on their heads, and sprang on shore. A rope was
+passed from the mast-head to a girdle round their respective bodies, and
+off they set along the banks; sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating
+channels, or unequal projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading
+or swimming with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water
+required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and Euphrates
+is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The business of
+tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing and dangerous: in
+fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the muscular powers and
+courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah tribes require that each
+Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad, as a tracker, before he can be
+qualified for the married state and the care of a family.
+
+(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his way he
+escapes a storm on the Euphrates.)
+
+The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of June, now
+rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent storm, and in a
+few hours inundated the whole Irâk. Numberless villages of matted huts
+were swept away; men, women, and children, were in a moment rendered
+houseless; numerous cattle and sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by
+the roots, and boats swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the
+river, which had governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and
+it was with the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed
+and escape getting aground.
+
+(At Bussorah.)
+
+Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread consternation
+throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its inhabitants into
+retreat. The shops were closed--trade at a stand--the streets
+deserted--houses tenantless--the oft busy creek had scarcely a boat
+moving on its surface--the mosques were filled with the dismayed
+Moslems, whom poverty or self-interest had kept in the town--the
+Christian churches held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had
+driven to pray with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir
+Arabs, meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the
+losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves of
+his usury.
+
+Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency. He had
+sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into the humble
+office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he esteemed the most
+distressing event of the three) to encounter face to face those who had
+just left the "city of the plague." I had told him of the circumstances
+under which I had met the resident, (coming from Bagdad,) and that there
+were three cases of plague on board. The Armenian, whose only notions
+regarding _cases_ were acquired in the course of his mercantile
+transactions, and who believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne
+case to be much about the same article, ejaculated, "Three _cases_ of
+plague! Merciful heavens!--if the major wanted to preserve such
+abominable virus, could he not have brought a smaller quantity? Three
+cases! If it _should_ run out, how it might spread about the town!"
+
+(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record. He was
+pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with a box of
+ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy for the
+_impaired vision_ of his left eye. He had been stone blind from his
+childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told so."
+
+The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.)
+
+He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out on the
+palace court, above which it was raised for about three feet. Three or
+four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh, and he was patting a
+couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the court, stood a
+considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person were a number of
+subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank merely bowed and took
+their places, others advanced and kissed the sheikh's hand while the
+humblest officers knelt on one knee to perform the same ceremony. I
+observed, however, that great respect was always paid to age in this
+little court, for when the head of a village, far advanced in years,
+limped up to the _nummud_, the sheikh rose and embraced him, though he
+held but a trifling post, and was a man of little personal merit. My own
+reception was most flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good,
+good, admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian--"you are now
+yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do not
+forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with me about
+my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and gave me some
+instructions for going through the Chab territory. Talking of hunting,
+and more especially of falconry, he told me that his deserts abounded
+with game, and that if I would stay with him, I should see herds of
+antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He was curious about our field
+sports, but showed very little interest in more important matters;
+because, said he, "I am already well informed in all that concerns
+Europeans and their empires."
+
+The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who fly to
+Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own _materiel_ of war. In this
+way he can command the services of six or seven thousand cavalry, and
+above fifteen thousand infantry, independently of the wandering
+Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of Chab.
+
+(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.)
+
+The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of coffee,
+but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It is with them
+a kind of _bon-bon_ eaten in a powdered and roasted state, without
+having had any connexion with hot water. When Meer Goolam Hussein called
+on me, he was always accompanied by his coffee-bearer, who carried about
+the fragrant berry in a _snuff-box_, and handed it frequently to the
+company present. The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its
+colour and quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular
+repository, I took a _pinch_ of the coffee and applied it to my nose,
+amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all the party.
+
+(A _vestry dinner_ in Persia must be one of our _selections_.)
+
+At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres have
+ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I dined once
+with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that vestry honours
+and vestry appetites are not exclusively English characteristics. The
+dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a large white cloth, around
+which the guests assembled. Placed opposite each guest was a plate,
+knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a piece of cheese, two or three feet of
+bread, and a hard boiled egg. The feast commenced by each person
+drinking a dram of aniseed; then came in quick succession mutton chops,
+boiled fowls, boiled kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and
+grapes, sweetmeats, and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen
+did equal justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOYHOOD OF CRANMER--SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This may seem
+singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at Cambridge
+amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such shifts were not
+unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries indeed had schools
+attached to them in many instances. In Elizabeth's time a complaint is
+made by the Speaker of the Commons, that the number of such places of
+education had been reduced by a hundred, in consequence of the
+suppression of the religious houses. Still it must often have happened
+(thickly scattered as the monasteries were) that the child lived at an
+inconvenient distance from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have
+liked to trust less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity;
+and probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus
+makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is
+remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the
+popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the
+Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst
+schools, on the other hand, began to multiply in their stead; a fact
+which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion with regard to the
+monasteries as places of education--for education began now to be the
+desire of the day. Schools, therefore, in the present acceptation of the
+term, in Cranmer's boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the
+crying want of them in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that
+of St. Paul's, which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first
+master, not only became so distinguished in itself, but set the example,
+and prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others
+which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of a
+boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years, was aware
+of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his model--but he
+was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who were for ever uttering
+the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and, besides, his days were soon
+numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps remembered the obstacles in his own way,
+and who certainly foresaw the great calamity of an ignorant clergy,
+pressed for the establishment of a school in connexion with every
+cathedral--a school, as it were, of the prophets--where boys intended
+for holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they were
+about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons duly
+qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was overruled, and a
+measure, which might have helped to catch up the church before it fell
+into that abyss of ignorance which seems to have immediately succeeded
+the Reformation, (the natural consequence of a season of convulsion and
+violence,) was unhappily lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth
+that the evil was at all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the
+deficiency of well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was
+at that time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the
+reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many
+tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost
+exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their later
+years to the country-town which had given them birth, and gratefully
+provided for the better education of their neighbours, by furnishing it
+with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman, a person who then
+appears to have appreciated learning, and often to have brought up his
+boy to the church, united in the same praiseworthy object. In such cases
+application was usually made to the Queen for a charter, which was
+granted with or without pecuniary assistance on her own part; and
+whoever will examine the dates of our foundation schools, will find a
+great proportion of them erected in that glorious reign.
+
+Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was sent to
+college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being at that time
+the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded them, and being
+considered the two great national receptacles for all the boys in the
+country. There they were subjected to corporal punishment. The statutes
+were framed with a reference to the habits of mere boys; it is
+forbidden, for instance, in one of the Cambridge statutes, to play
+marbles on the senate-house steps; and the number of the students was so
+enormous (still for the same reason), that Latimer, in one of his
+sermons, speaks of a decrease in those of his own time, to the amount of
+no less than ten thousand.--_Quarterly Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST.
+
+
+M. ----, a Perote, one who knew "the difference between alum and
+barley-sugar,"[3] if ever man did, a good catholic, a conscientious
+person, a dragoman, and as such necessarily attached to truth, and never
+telling a lie, save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the
+witness rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from
+the European palace of ----, at Pera, on business in Constantinople. He
+was in a great hurry, but as he reached the Meytiskellesi, or wharf of
+the dead, and was about stepping into his cäik to be rowed across the
+harbour of the Golden Horn, either a nail in one of the rough planks of
+the wooden quay caught his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget
+which--but the dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a
+tall and very notorious African magician, who had long been practising
+at the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the
+place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world with
+one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the dragoman
+naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's edge only to
+cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely invited him to
+take a passage in his cäik. The tall African made no verbal reply, but
+smiled, and waved his hand to decline the high honour.
+
+    [3] A Turkish saying, much in use.
+
+The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross over
+himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the opposite side
+of the Golden Horn, stepped into his cäik, which instantly glided from
+the quay and shot across the port. The boats at Constantinople are all
+very light and sharp, and go with astonishing speed, even when propelled
+with one pairs of oars; but people of high consideration, like
+dragomans, generally have two pairs to their cäiks, and at this time M.
+---- being in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as
+they could.
+
+When about half way on his short aquatic journey, M. ---- turned his
+head and looked back, and then he saw at the end of the quay, just where
+he had left him, the tall African standing starch and motionless, like a
+granite statue before an Egyptian temple.
+
+The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the
+opposite shore--no cäik had passed him on his way--when lo! as his own
+came in concussion with the wooden piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi,
+and he rose from his seat to step on shore, he saw the identical African
+wizard standing there before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite
+quay where he had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could
+have proceeded by mortal agency!
+
+The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was the
+Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden Horn, and
+fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left behind there
+gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. ---- felt a sort of
+flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the wizard's power; he
+remained for better than a minute in the position he was, when the tall
+African first struck his eye, spell-bound as it were, with one foot on
+the edge of the boat, and the other on the edge of the quay; but
+recovering himself, he drew up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself
+like a good catholic, and _salaaming_ his acquaintance, like a polite
+Turk, he stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed
+him, and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of
+vision. Mr. ---- thinking more about this wonderful occurrence than the
+business of the ---- nation he was going upon went his way, and having
+discharged his duty, hurried back to Pera, where he told this story,
+where it was universally believed from the veracity and character and
+dignity of the narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living.
+Very possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the
+wizard, for he tells it to every stranger--_Metropolitan_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES.
+
+(_From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People--Mineralogy and Geology_.)
+
+
+_Why was crystal so named?_
+
+Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as occurring in
+a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be water permanently
+congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency, called it
+_Krustallos_, signifying ice; but in time the word became used without
+attention being paid to its original meaning, and was applied to all the
+regular figures observed in minerals.
+
+_Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for glass in
+spectacles?_
+
+Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily become
+scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles.
+
+_Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?_
+
+Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn Gorm, in
+Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of quartz, and is
+much admired for seal stones, &c.; it is sometimes improperly termed
+topaz.
+
+_Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?_
+
+Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to produce
+these varieties. Thus, _amethyst_, or purple quartz, is tinged with a
+little iron and manganese. _Rose quartz_, or false ruby, derives its
+colour from manganese. _Avanturine_ is a beautiful variety of quartz, of
+a rich brown colour, which, from a peculiarity of texture, appears
+filled with bright spangles. Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron,
+are found in Spain, and have been termed _hyacinths of Compostella_.
+Flint, chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or
+heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally
+composed of quartz, with various tinging materials.
+
+_Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the mineral world?_
+
+Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge of the
+substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the solar rays. It
+is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The finest specimens
+come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety of opal called
+_Hydrophane_, which is white and opaque till immersed in water; it then
+resembles the former.
+
+_Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?_
+
+Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. It forms
+also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the topaz. The
+blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It is infusible
+before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing, and retains its
+electricity for several hours; but does not become electrical by
+heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity of rocks belonging
+to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and imbedded in gneiss. It is
+found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony;
+Expailly in France; and particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains,
+twelve days from Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most
+valuable of gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat
+become snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre,
+that they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties
+are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the
+jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or oriental
+topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful variety, in
+which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with an opalescent
+lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight is considered to be worth fifty
+guineas.--_Jameson_.
+
+The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent introduction. The
+white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in lustre, and in Brazil
+is called _mina nova_.[4]
+
+    [4] The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of
+    intense colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small
+    crucible, covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a
+    low degree of heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a
+    beautiful pink. It contains fluoric acid, which may be the means
+    of this change.--_Mawe_.
+
+_Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?_
+
+Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the garnet,
+are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at the same time,
+rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure carmine, or blood-red of
+considerable intensity, forming, when well polished, a blaze of the most
+exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is, however, more or less pale, and
+mixed with blue in various proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and
+reddish white, crimson, peach-blossom red, and lilac blue--the latter
+variety being named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and
+transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of the
+weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that gem. The
+king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize the rarest
+rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of the first of
+these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and its worth when
+compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the Deccan, also, is in
+possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full inch in diameter. The
+princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a first rate magnitude. Mr.
+Mawe, from whose interesting work we abridge these particulars,
+considers the oriental sapphire to rank next in value to the ruby. Among
+the British crown jewels is an inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest
+and deepest azure, more than two inches long, and one inch broad. The
+finest ruby among these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than
+intrinsic value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the
+Black Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the
+sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state occasions.
+
+_Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?_
+
+Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a small
+proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without injuring
+their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all gems depends
+less on the quality of their component principles, than on their
+complete solution and intimate combination. The alkalized earths, as
+lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash, seem to intervene as
+solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved, acquires, as we have shown
+from Klaproth, a crystallization, of which, by itself, it is not
+susceptible.
+
+The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but the
+chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best are
+often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is blood or
+cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints of crimson,
+purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth brown. The Sirian
+garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare specimens, makes it
+compete with the amethyst, from which it is to be discriminated by the
+disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and acquiring an orange tint by
+candlelight. Distinct from all other garnets, it preserves its colour
+unmixed with the common black tinge, unassisted by foil, even when
+thick. _Course garnets_ are used as emery for polishing metals, and by
+lapidaries. They are found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other
+countries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA.
+
+(_From the preceding work_.)
+
+
+_Why are certain formations called marine?_
+
+Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand, as may
+be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this manner, at
+Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has erected a series of
+natural embankments against itself. The present extent of land thrown up
+by the sea, and out of the reach of the highest tides, is nearly three
+miles long, projecting from the base of the original cliff to the
+distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The respective lines of growth are
+indicated by a series of small embankments, perfectly defined. Several
+of these ridges have been formed within the memory of men now living. A
+rampart of heavy materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the
+north-cast. Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the
+shingle, and the process is completed by marine plants taking root and
+extending their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In
+process of time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and
+ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.[5]
+
+    [5] From a Communication to the _Philosophical Magazine_, by Mr.
+    R. Taylor.
+
+_Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?_
+
+Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials
+composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the
+broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive
+others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical suspension
+by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the greatest height
+of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land beyond the reach of
+the retiring waves: and this great accumulation of land upon beach being
+effected at high water, it is clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the
+land of what it has gained. Smaller lines are formed in moderate
+weather, to be swept away by heavy gales: hence it would appear, that
+the sea was diminishing the beach; but attention will show that the
+shingles of the lines so apparently swept away, are but accumulated
+elsewhere. How often has our observation of these changes realized the
+homely simile of Shakspeare:--
+
+  Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore,
+    So do our minutes hasten to their end;
+  Each changing place with that which goes before,
+    In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
+
+_Why is this progressive march of beaches far from rapid?_
+
+Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater power or
+duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles become comminuted
+in their passage, and thus, the harder can only travel to considerable
+distances. Works are sometimes constructed to arrest beaches, either to
+protect land behind, or to prevent their passage round pier-heads into
+artificial harbours, and thus engineers are practically aware of their
+travelling power in direction of certain winds.
+
+_Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than shingle?_
+
+Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon the land
+as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than the latter,
+sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents whose velocity would
+be insufficient to move shingles. On the other hand, however, smaller
+bodies and forces of water can throw sand on the shore. The _spray_ that
+could not transport a pebble can carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far
+beyond situations where the reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be
+witnessed on some parts of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough
+weather too, the spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand,
+which it deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the
+return of moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid
+terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on their
+plaster fronts is very evident.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INNKEEPERS.
+
+
+The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of less
+humble station than now--he shared his calling with the monastery and
+with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as they still have in
+Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory of the monk, the
+parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine host--payment for the
+night's lodging, where he was in a condition to pay, being expected of
+him, in one shape or other, at all. The keeper of the Tabard in the
+Canterbury Tales appears to be upon a level with his guests, both in
+rank and information, and to play the part of one who felt that he was
+receiving his equals, and no more, under his roof; yet his company was
+not of the lowest; and in those times it seems to have been usual for
+the landlord to preside at the common board, and act in every respect as
+the hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as
+indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day. When
+the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it was by no
+means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be also the
+tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be confessed, may
+be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of the church, which
+drove the clergy to such expedients for a living, rather than the
+respectability of the calling to which they thus betook
+themselves.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA.
+
+
+We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the chief
+growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London. It is
+stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose names are
+appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of 1,010
+labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only was
+indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is that fruit
+and vegetables are not favourable to the production of that disease; but
+it does not appear to us that the premises warrant the conclusion. Is it
+the fact that those labourers eat a larger portion of fruit and
+vegetables than others? It is notorious, with regard to pastrycooks,
+confectioners, and such persons, that they do not consume more--if so
+much--of their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated
+as the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than others
+to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question. It is not
+against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of the earth," that
+we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases of cholera have been
+produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables (as cucumbers,) taken even
+in moderate quantity; and that great caution is necessary in this
+respect, notwithstanding the declaration of the growers.--_Medical
+Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Olive Oil._--The amount of duties paid on olive oil imported into the
+United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5, 1832, was £76,962. The
+quantity of this oil imported in that period was 2,286,629
+gallons--_Med. and Surg. Journal._
+
+_Coffee._--The duty on raw coffee is now 6_d_. per lb. on colonial, and
+9_d_. on foreign; the retail price is 2_s_. to 4_s_.
+
+_The Irish Bar._--Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man, who loved his
+bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish, invited the baronet to
+a grand dinner in London, where the wine circulated freely, and wit kept
+pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules,
+said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it true that we Scotch formerly
+_transported_ all our criminals and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say,"
+replied Sir Hercules; "but did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your
+countrymen _returning to Scotland_ from transportation."
+
+_Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey._--"Madame de Stael was forcibly
+struck by the factitious tone of the best society in London, and wished
+very much to have an opportunity of judging of that of the second class.
+She, however, had not this opportunity, which I regret, as I think it
+would have justified her expectations. In England, the raw material is
+generally good; it is the over-dressing that injures it; and as the
+class she wished to study are well educated, and have all the refinement
+of civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a
+favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the personification
+of her _beau ideal_ of perfection, as I must say they are of mine,"
+continued Byron, "and might serve as the finest specimens of the pure
+English patrician breed, of which so few remain." _His_ uncompromising
+and uncompromised dignity, founded on self-respect, and accompanied by
+that certain proof of superiority--simplicity of manner and freedom from
+affectation, with _her_ mild and matron graces, her whole life offering
+a model to wives and mothers--really they are people to be proud of, and
+a few such would reconcile one to one's species.--_From Lady
+Blessington's Conversations--New Monthly Magazine._
+
+_Cats Horticulturists._--Cat Mint is a species of _Nepeta_. It is
+covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like down, and has a strong,
+pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal or valerian, that is
+peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its specific and English names.
+These animals are so fond of it, that it is almost impossible to keep
+them from it, _after being transplanted_. Ray and Miller, both assert,
+however, that cats will never meddle with such plants as are raised from
+seed. Hence the old saying,
+
+  "If you set it,
+  The cats will eat it;
+  If you sow it
+  The cats don't know it."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Beef-eaters_, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the sideboard at
+great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the French
+_buffetiers_, from _buffet_, sideboard.
+
+_A Lion Killer._--Lions abound in the west of India. A gentleman assured
+Captain Skinner that he had, in one season, killed forty-five in the
+province of Hissar, alone. None of them were large, but he mentioned
+having met with one of uncommon beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny
+colour, but its mane a rich glossy black, as was also the tuft on the
+tail.
+
+_Vultures._--On passing the carcass of a bullock (says Captain Skinner,)
+we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's scent. An hour before
+not one was seen; nor was the place, being so wild and far removed from
+all habitations, likely to be haunted by them: yet now they thronged
+every tree in the neighbourhood. There could not have been less than
+four or five hundred.
+
+_Jackalls._--In some parts of India the howling of innumerable jackalls
+is never out of your ear, from the minute night falls to the first dawn
+of day. Captain Skinner says, until he became familiar to the screaming
+sound, he used to start from his sleep, and fancy some appalling
+calamity had driven the inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth
+in fear and madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might
+attend an earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very
+doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object,
+frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when "baying
+the moon."
+
+_Narrow Streets._--In grand Cairo, if you unfortunately meet a string of
+masked beauties upon donkies, you must make a rapid retreat, and resign
+yourself to be squeezed to a mummy against the wall for daring to stand
+in their course, if your curiosity should tempt you to do so.
+
+_Mussulman and Hindoo Religion._--"Where the same village is inhabited
+by people of both religions, they occupy opposite portions of it: and
+the circumstance may always be known by there being a well at each end
+of it; for the Hindoos would not draw water from the same fountain as
+the Mahomedans, for all the wealth of this world."
+
+_The only Favour._--At the battle of Spires, a regiment had orders not
+to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy, wounded and disarmed, begged
+hard for his life from one of its officers, who touched with his
+situation, replied, "I pity your misfortune, and--ask anything else but
+that, and upon my honour I will grant your request."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11705 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11705 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>[pg
+65]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 560.]</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>[pg
+66]</span>
+<h2>THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href=
+"images/560-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/560-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S
+PARK.</div>
+<p>The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better
+idea of the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous
+Illustrations. It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious
+accommodation afforded by the Society for their animals; while it
+enables us to watch the habits of the stupendous tenants in a state
+of nature, or at least, free from unnecessary restriction or
+confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto but rarely enjoyed in
+this country; the Elephants exhibited in our menageries being caged
+up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside the bars. The
+Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect, possessed an
+Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the range of
+a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence, and
+affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few
+visiters. In the <i>Jardin du Roi</i>, at Paris, the Elephant has
+long enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the
+scale of creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young
+specimen in the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and
+a spacious bath has since been added to the accommodations. This
+example has been rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens.</p>
+<p>The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden
+in the Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built
+in a style of unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a
+small enclosure, which the Elephant may measure in two or three
+turns. Opposite is an enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be
+almost worthy of the name of a little park or paddock. The fence is
+of iron, and light but substantial. Within the area are a few
+lime-trees, the lower branches of which are thinned by the Elephant
+repeatedly twisting off their foliage with his trunk, as adroitly
+as a gardener would gather fruit. His main luxury is, however, in
+his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water, of depth nearly
+equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his ablutions here
+with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of satisfaction
+and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the noble
+creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an imperfect
+idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His evolutions
+are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His
+keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the
+pond, but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits
+himself in a point of view in which we have not hitherto been
+accustomed to view an Elephant in this country. The fondness of
+Elephants for bathing is very remarkable. When in the water they
+often produce a singular noise with their trunks. Bishop Heber
+describes this habit as he witnessed it near Dacca:&mdash;"A sound
+struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we were riding,
+the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long, loud,
+deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and
+the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys
+which are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which
+the winds make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah,
+'there are Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I
+looked immediately, and saw about twenty of these fine animals,
+with their heads and trunks just appearing above the water. Their
+bellowing it was which I had heard, and which the water conveyed to
+us with a finer effect than if we had been on shore." The Elephant
+can also eject from his trunk water and dust, and his own saliva,
+over every part of his body, to cool its heated surface; and he is
+said to grub up dust, and blow it over his back and sides, to keep
+off the flies.</p>
+<p>There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of
+the Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society
+about fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old,
+and is still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods
+has been commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the
+Society by Sir Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been
+stated to be a dwarf variety, and that its age is not far short of
+that of the larger individual; but this assertion is questionable.
+It is much more consistent with our knowledge of the species to
+regard it, in the absence of all previous knowledge of the history
+of the individual, as a young one not exceeding four years old.
+This specimen will be seen in the distance of the Engraving.<a id=
+"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>[pg
+67]</span>
+<h3>STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE.</h3>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls,</p>
+<p>What memories of old, the sad vision recalls,</p>
+<p class="i2">For change o'er thee lightly has past;</p>
+<p>Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are
+fled,</p>
+<p>And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead,</p>
+<p class="i2">Since in childhood I gazed on thee last!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath,</p>
+<p>And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe,</p>
+<p class="i2">Like rare friends by adversity's side;</p>
+<p>Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold</p>
+<p>That marks in derision, the spot, where of old</p>
+<p class="i2">The standard once floated in pride.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown,</p>
+<p>And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone</p>
+<p class="i2">With chivalry's gorgeous array;</p>
+<p>And where music, and laughter so often have rung,</p>
+<p>In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung</p>
+<p class="i2">A mantle to hide their decay.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again,</p>
+<p>Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain,</p>
+<p class="i2">As if charmed into magic repose;</p>
+<p>The pass subterraneous,&mdash;the fathomless well,</p>
+<p>The mound whence the violet peeps&mdash;and the cell</p>
+<p class="i2">Where the fox-glove in solitude grows.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam,</p>
+<p>Yet I linger with thee&mdash;as to muse o'er a dream,</p>
+<p class="i2">That mournful truths soon will dispel;</p>
+<p>My pathway winds onward&mdash;life's cares to renew,</p>
+<p>And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view,</p>
+<p>'Tis for over&mdash;I bid thee farewell!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">E.L.J.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NOVELIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE HUNTSMAN.</h3>
+<h4><i>A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor.</i></h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"The merciful man is merciful to his beast."</p>
+<p>"The worm we tread upon will turn again."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a
+very handsome young man, the <i>beau ideal</i> of the lover, as
+pictured by the glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau
+<i>real</i> of a dozen villages in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle.
+Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but rather calculated to inspire
+terror and distrust, than affection and confidence: in fact, a
+bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the fierce, haughty
+character of his countenance, the fire which flashes from his eyes,
+and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create fear,
+instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles. One,
+however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of
+his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep
+and pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to
+answer his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a
+godless young man, we shall hereafter discover.</p>
+<p>Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided
+about a mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of
+Lord Mortimer, had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself
+with the rural produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a
+ready market,) but also to send Annette. Thus then commenced that
+innocent girl's acquaintance with the Baron's chief huntsman, not
+long after Elliott's induction into that office, by the resignation
+of his superannuated predecessor.</p>
+<p>Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles;
+none of which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or
+assuredly the deprivation of his office would have followed. But
+Lord Mortimer was a young man, paying his addresses to a lady who
+lived at some distance from the Castle, and consequently much
+absent from it. And, what said pretty Annette to the rumours which
+failed not to meet <i>her</i> ear, of her lover's misconduct? "I
+don't believe a word of them! Charles may be fonder of pleasure
+than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he will see and
+feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of his
+situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be
+solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge,"
+would she undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to
+the dogs under his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may
+be passionate, I don't say he is not, but he is generous and
+humane. <i>I</i> have never seen him scourge the hounds, as you
+tell me he does, until blood drops from their mangled hides;
+<i>I</i> have never heard the cries which, you say, resound from
+their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger."</p>
+<p>"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning
+tale-bearer, "any of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled
+coats, proclaimed how savagely they had been treated?"</p>
+<p>"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by
+the wild boars with which the Castle forests abound."</p>
+<p>"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight
+of my lord's hounds?"</p>
+<p>"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good
+training: when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of
+finding game, and the inclination of bringing it down."</p>
+<p>"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but
+they ought to be <i>fed</i>." Upon this, Annette would vehemently
+maintain that fed they were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut
+up their meat; whilst the friendly newsmonger would charitably
+hint, that her intended knew as well as most men how to turn an
+<i>honest</i> penny, by cheating the dogs of their food, and
+selling it elsewhere.</p>
+<p>Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly
+to malice and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as
+those who are obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an
+idolatry of affection which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as
+its object is contemned and despised by the world. Annette had also
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" name="page68"></a>[pg
+68]</span> some idea, that these, and other reports to the
+prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful rival, though
+poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and good-humoured as he
+was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to the
+disparagement of Elliott.</p>
+<p>Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for
+a week or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was
+reported to him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated
+himself, and so contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the
+young baron again left home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in
+his confidence and favour.</p>
+<p>It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make
+holiday, (at least they did so then, but times have strangely
+altered of late in once <i>merry</i> England,) the woods put on
+their brightest green, and the people their finest clothes, for
+there were wakes, fairs, and rustic meetings innumerable in the
+vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman might, as usual, be
+seen at these <i>f&ecirc;tes</i> for nothing, but after his late
+victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and
+looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent
+defiance.</p>
+<p>The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a
+cavalier, passing through one of the great forests which surrounded
+Mortimer Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female
+form slowly sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding,
+and uttering heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for
+something supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly
+recovering himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object
+of his idle fears:&mdash;"I have been waiting here for hours,"
+replied the young woman, for such indeed she was, "and my friend is
+not yet come; I am sadly afraid, sir, some accident may have
+happened to him."</p>
+<p>"<i>Him!</i>" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if
+you be waiting for a <i>gentleman</i>, no wonder you're
+disappointed. He has played you false, rely upon it, and won't come
+to night,&mdash;so you'd better go home."</p>
+<p>"O sir! O my Lord!&mdash;I cannot&mdash;I dare not! What would
+father and mother say? and what could I say?"</p>
+<p>"Ay&mdash;Annette,&mdash;Annette Martin,&mdash;what <i>could</i>
+you say?"</p>
+<p>"Only the <i>truth</i>, your lordship;" replied the poor girl
+sobbing, and curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for
+they do so hate Charles,&mdash;Charles Elliott, your
+honour,&mdash;that they've as good as sworn, as they'll never
+consent to my marrying him, and so&mdash;and so&mdash;I was just a
+waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and
+take me away to the far off town, and"&mdash;</p>
+<p>"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and
+mother's consent:&mdash;eh, Annette?"</p>
+<p>"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with
+another rustic dip.</p>
+<p>"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite
+please me; and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen
+circumstance should have detained him, shall know what <i>I</i>
+think of his present conduct to you. But come,&mdash;mount behind
+me,&mdash;I am unexpectedly returning to the Castle, Dame Trueby
+shall there make you comfortable for to-night, your parents and
+friends shall never know but that your absence from home was
+occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your marriage in two or
+three days, with <i>my</i> sanction, Annette, will, I think,
+completely settle matters."</p>
+<p>The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his
+noble steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to
+listen to all the consolation, or banterings, with which he
+endeavoured to cheer her on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing
+rather to believe that some dreadful accident had befallen her
+lover, than that carelessness, or perfidy, caused his absence. Dame
+Trueby's account was little calculated to soothe Annette's anxiety,
+or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting Elliott's proceedings.</p>
+<p>"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning,
+when I heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor
+creatures! and time enough that he did, I think, considering that
+he left them without a morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he
+was capering away at Woodcroft Feast; and then,&mdash;the
+beast!&mdash;what does he, but comes back so dead drunk that we
+were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the hungry brutes,
+poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been fit to
+raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and
+yowling!"</p>
+<p>"A sad account is this, Margery."</p>
+<p>"A very <i>true</i> one, please your lordship," replied the old
+housekeeper, testily.</p>
+<p>"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this
+time of night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his
+intended wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed
+I have ample need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let
+Elliott call me in the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile
+make this young woman as comfortable as you can, and
+<i>recollect</i>, Mrs. Trueby, <i>that she is come to the Castle
+upon a visit to you</i>."</p>
+<p>Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with
+apparent submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts,
+it was easy to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions
+relative to the honour of her noble master, and of the forlorn
+damsel thus thrust upon her peculiar hospitality. "And," continued
+Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are sure, fed the dogs this
+morning?"</p>
+<p>"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper,
+doggedly, "I suppose he <span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name=
+"page69"></a>[pg 69]</span> did, and belike beat 'em too; I only
+know they've been quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they
+wouldn't have been without <i>wittals</i>; but Master Elliott, I've
+not seen since."</p>
+<p>"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can
+he be?"</p>
+<p>"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild
+lad, and these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain."</p>
+<p>Little further passed that night between the young lord and his
+housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and
+poor Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect
+Mistress Margery, repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating
+the singularly dreadful disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles,
+in fact, not having returned, one of the inferior
+serving-men,&mdash;who durst not, now that his master was at home,
+stand upon the punctilio of "<i>not my business</i>," undertook
+soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when upon
+opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he
+there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, <i>the
+mangled remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman</i>: these
+consisted of his clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with
+fragments sufficient of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact,
+that the ravenous brutes, had, after their last long fast, sprung
+upon their tormentor, (awful retribution!) even at the very moment
+when he appeared amongst them with their long delayed meal, torn
+him in pieces, and devoured him!</p>
+<p>Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his
+canine favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a
+signal instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt
+himself obliged to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious
+banquet on human flesh; and with tears in his eyes, he forced
+himself to witness their execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging
+kindness of any of his retainers, should induce them to mitigate
+the culprits' doom. The horrid story spread far and wide, and one
+of its earliest results was the appearance at Castle Mortimer of a
+poor woman and three young children, who stated in an agony of
+grief, that <i>she</i> was the lawful <i>wife</i> of the deceased
+Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto
+whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without
+leave, were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being
+suddenly bereaved by his awful demise of their sole hope and
+support, now humbly threw themselves upon the benevolence of Lord
+Mortimer for employment and subsistence!</p>
+<p>The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this
+discovery of black villany meditated against her by the
+unprincipled huntsman, and upon its miraculous and awful
+frustration, may be imagined: yet had it also its beneficial
+influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end of the wretch
+who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection was
+converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking
+God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of
+the deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty
+persuaded to become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected,
+but really worthy and amiable admirer.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>PORTUGAL.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal
+Illustrated."</i>)</h4>
+<p><i>Spaniards and Portuguese.</i>&mdash;"Strip a Spaniard of all
+his virtues, and you make a good Portuguese of him," says the
+Spanish proverb. I have heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to
+a Spaniard's vices, and you have the Portuguese character." These
+nations blaspheme God by calling each other natural enemies. Their
+feelings are mutually hostile; but the Spaniards despise the
+Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the
+Spaniards.&mdash;<i>Southey.</i></p>
+<p><i>Portugal.</i>&mdash;Situated by the side of a country just
+five times its size, Portugal, but for the advantageous position of
+its coast, the good faith of England, and the weakness of its
+hostile neighbour, impassable roads, and numerous strong places,
+would long since have returned to the primitive condition of an
+Iberian province; but its separate existence as a nation has been
+preserved to it by the strength of the British alliance being
+brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own internal
+means of defence.&mdash;<i>Kinsey.</i></p>
+<p><i>Column of Disgrace.</i>&mdash;About the middle of the last
+century, the Duke of Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the
+Jesuits in Portugal, and accordingly executed. His house, at Belem,
+was levelled to the ground at the time of the Duke's decapitation,
+and on the site was erected <i>a column of disgrace</i>, which
+still remains, though some shops have been erected beside it to
+hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct of the nation on
+this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to
+conceal.</p>
+<p>Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large
+clock placed rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time
+with his scythe, and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a
+lyre.</p>
+<p><i>A Lisbon Dandy.</i>&mdash;A small, squat, puffy figure
+incased within a large pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean,
+high-boned, straw-fed, cream-coloured nag, with an enormously
+flowing tail, whose length and breadth would appear to be each
+night guarded from discolouration by careful involution above the
+hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and long pointed boots, up
+his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page70" name="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> <i>&agrave; la
+Cossaque</i>, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he
+is seated in <i>cool</i> repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing
+seals as large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a
+little higher to the figured waistcoat of early British
+manufacture, and the sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim
+sugar-loaf hat on his head,&mdash;where can be found his equal? Nor
+does he want a nose as big as the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two
+flanks of impenetrable, deep, black brushwood, extending under
+either ear, and almost concealing the countenance, to complete the
+singular contour of his features.</p>
+<p><i>A Lisbon Water-carrier</i> earns about sixpence per day, the
+moiety of which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha
+from a cook's stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on
+holidays,&mdash;water being his general beverage, nay, one might
+almost say, his element. A mat in a large upper room, shared with
+several others, serves him in winter as a place of repose for the
+night; but during the summer he frequently sleeps out in the open
+air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow.</p>
+<p><i>Vanity.</i>&mdash;A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman
+complain of the intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis,
+retorted that, for his part, when he was in London, it was the
+absence of that filth, and the want of the smells complained of,
+that had rendered his residence in our metropolis so disagreeable
+and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as Southey says, "makes a
+man a liar so easily as vanity."</p>
+<p><i>Dogs.</i>&mdash;In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the
+violence of the heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets,
+though the thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and
+scarcely an instance of canine madness is ever known to occur. When
+the French decreed the extinction of the tribe of curs that infest
+the streets, no native executioner could be found to put the
+exterminating law in force; nay, the very measure excited popular
+indignation.</p>
+<p><i>Golden Sands.</i>&mdash;Perhaps originally it was the fabled
+gold of the Tagus which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers,
+and the general persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this
+royal river did actually once produce sufficient gold to make a
+magnificent crown and sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot
+sovereign, the good king Denis.</p>
+<p><i>A Dinner.</i>&mdash;A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the
+worst supposable specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a
+platter of compact, black, greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if
+so much, of poor half-fed meat; a certain proportion of hard-boiled
+beef, that has never seen the salting pan, having already yielded
+its nutritious qualities to a swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and
+now requiring the accompaniment of a satellite tongue, or friendly
+slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull relish to it; potatoes of
+leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine contexture, that
+Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve; with offensive
+vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be imported
+from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding rock
+of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small
+quantity of <i>very small</i> wine; abundance of water; and an
+awful army of red ants, probably imported from the
+Brazils&mdash;the wood of which the chairs and tables are made,
+hurrying across the cloth with characteristic industry;&mdash;such
+are the principal features of the quiet family dinner-table of the
+Portuguese.</p>
+<p><i>The Dockyard</i> of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many
+of the largest of our private ship-builders on the banks of the
+Thames and the Avon.</p>
+<p><i>Funerals.</i>&mdash;In Portugal the corpse is placed in an
+open coffin, and the head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled
+with holy water is placed at the foot of the bier, which the
+priests and relatives of the deceased sprinkle on the body. The
+service being concluded, the corpse is followed by the relatives
+down into the vaults below the church, where vinegar and quick lime
+having been poured upon the body, the falling lid of the coffin is
+closed and <i>locked</i>, and the key delivered to the chief
+mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party
+of friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the
+house of the defunct, where the key being left with the nearest
+relative, and the complimentary visit being paid, the rite is
+considered as terminated. No fire is lighted in the house of a
+deceased person upon the day of his funeral, and the relatives, who
+live in separate houses, are in the habit of supplying a
+ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that the inmates are
+too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any orders for the
+preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing week, the
+chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at tea.
+The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though
+not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum
+on the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies
+without leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his
+funeral, the dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public
+street, with a box upon the breast, into which passers-by drop
+copper or silver coin, until sufficient has thus been obtained to
+defray the expense of interment; and that a soldier stands at the
+head of the body to see that no money is abstracted; for, in
+Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is intended would
+not secure it without his protection.</p>
+<p>There is no pardoning <i>soi-disant liberaux</i>, who prove, by
+their acts, the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of
+liberty.</p>
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>[pg
+71]</span>
+<h3>PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.</h3>
+<p><i>Decollatio</i>, or beheading, was a military punishment among
+the Romans. In early times it was performed with an axe, and
+afterwards with a sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all
+countries where beheading and hanging are used as capital
+punishments, the former is always considered less ignominious.
+Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of nobles, when
+commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high treason
+is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged
+before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits
+that part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could
+not be hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this
+punishment, he was degraded before the execution. At present,
+hanging is not used in that country, and since so many instances
+have occurred of extreme suffering, on the part of the criminal,
+caused by the unskilfulness of the executioner in beheading with
+the sword, this mode of execution has been abolished. Beheading in
+Prussia is now always performed with a heavy axe, the sufferer
+being previously tied to a block. In France, during the
+revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine, the
+guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the
+exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who
+has murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut
+off the moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it
+was, in some states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to
+perform the executions with the sword. In China, it is well known
+that beheading is practised, sometimes accompanied with the most
+studied torments. In the United States of America, beheading is
+unknown, the halter being the only instrument of capital
+punishment. In many European countries, beheading with the sword
+still prevails.</p>
+<p>P.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>PRICE OF BLOOD.&mdash;WERE AND WERELADE.</h3>
+<p>Were, or <i>Wera</i>, in our old law books, signifies what was
+anciently paid for <i>killing a man</i>. When such crimes were
+punished with pecuniary mulets, not death, the price was set on
+every man's head, according to his condition and quality.</p>
+<p><i>Werelade</i>, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide
+on oath, in order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called
+<i>were</i>. If the party denied the fact, he was to purge himself,
+by the oaths of several persons, according to his degree and
+quality. If the guilt amounted to four pounds, he was to have
+eighteen jurors on his father's side, and four on his mother's: if
+to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty jurors, and this was
+called <i>werelade</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Weregild</i>, or <i>Weregeld</i>, was the price of a man's
+head; which was paid partly to the king for the loss of his
+subject, partly to the lord whose vassal he was, and partly to the
+next of kin.</p>
+<p>"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law,
+in case of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the
+murderer and the friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by
+causing the malefactor to give unto them, or to the child or wife
+of him that was slain, a recompense, which they called
+<i>eriach</i>. And thus we find in our Saxon laws, particularly
+those of King Athelstan, the several <i>weregilds</i> for homicide,
+established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl or
+peasant, up to that of the king himself."</p>
+<p>The <i>weregild</i> of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000
+thrismas; that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or
+governor, 4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king,
+30,000; half to be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the
+public. The weregild of a ceorl was 266 thrismas.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.</h3>
+<p>The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High
+Chancellor, or Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in
+authority, power, and precedence. They are appointed by the King's
+delivery of the Great Seal to them, and by taking the oath of
+office. They differ only in this point, that the Lord Chancellor
+hath also letters patent, whereas the Lord Keeper hath none.</p>
+<p>He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or
+grants, are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto.</p>
+<p>Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power
+to judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he
+finds the law of the land so defective as that the subject would be
+injured thereby.</p>
+<p>He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His
+Majesty's gift, rated under 20<i>l</i>. a year in the King's
+books.</p>
+<p>In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by
+an ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is
+Maurice, in 1067, who was afterward Bishop of London.</p>
+<p>Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage,
+until the year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal
+to Sir Thomas Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of
+Ellesmere,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+"#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> and constituted him Lord High
+Chancellor of England. But until of late years, the custom never
+prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of England should he made
+an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all matters which
+appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he maybe
+said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great
+assembly.&mdash;<i>Manual of Rank and Nobility.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>[pg
+72]</span>
+<h2>NEW BOOKS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC.</h3>
+<p>(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the
+season, and independently of its place as a volume of the <i>Family
+Library</i>, it has substantive claims which we trust will not he
+overlooked. It is from the graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who
+possesses, in a high degree, the peculiar talent of investing
+scientific inquiries with the charm of popular delight; in short,
+of making science easy, and often conveying in a single chapter
+what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in truth, teaches us
+the sweet uses of science.</p>
+<p>The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter
+Scott, to whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint
+idea of the extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from
+the magic of the ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns;
+yet the purpose of the work is mainly to trace the connexion of
+those prodigies of the material world which are termed Natural
+Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in the introductory letter,
+the writer observes on the resources of ancient magic:&mdash;)</p>
+<p>The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and
+of remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from
+reaching the present times; but though we are very ill informed
+respecting the progress of the ancients in various departments of
+the physical sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost
+every branch of knowledge had contributed its wonders to the
+magician's budget, and we may even obtain some insight into the
+scientific acquirements of former ages, by a diligent study of
+their fables and their miracles.</p>
+<p>(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following
+beautiful passage on the Eye:&mdash;)</p>
+<p>This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which
+guards the pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and
+through which all their communications are interchanged. The optic
+nerve is the channel by which the mind peruses the hand-writing of
+Nature on the retina, and through which it transfers to that
+material tablet its decisions and its creations. The eye is
+consequently the principal seat of the supernatural. When the
+indications of the marvellous are addressed to us through the ear,
+the mind may be startled without being deceived, and reason may
+succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by which
+we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it
+the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their
+outline; when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to
+its view; when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any
+intelligible cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or
+imaginary, for whose presence no cause can be assigned, the
+conviction of supernatural agency becomes under ordinary
+circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only an amusing but an
+useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those causes which are
+capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it arises from
+the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from the
+dexterity and science of others.</p>
+<p>(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant,
+as they include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions,
+and natural phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of
+Sound are next in interest; among them we find explained the wonder
+of singers breaking glasses with their great power of voice; the
+automaton flute-player, talking engines, echoes, &amp;c. The
+Mechanical causes are less numerous: among them we are glad to see
+<i>noticed</i> the feat of lifting heavy persons, which we
+ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David Brewster does
+not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many readers, we
+quote the two relating pages.)</p>
+<p>One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative
+to the strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen
+and admired, is that in which a heavy man is raised with the
+greatest facility, when he is lifted up the instant that his own
+lungs and those of the persons who raise him are inflated with air.
+This experiment was, I believe, first shown in England a few years
+ago by Major H., who saw it performed in a large party at Venice
+under the direction of an officer of the American Navy. As Major H.
+performed it more than once in my presence, I shall describe as
+nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The heaviest
+person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being
+supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one
+at each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and
+they find his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty
+they experience in supporting him. When he is replaced in the
+chair, each of the four persons takes hold of the body as before,
+and the person to be lifted gives two signals by clapping his
+hands. At the first signal he himself and the four lifters begin to
+draw a long and full breath, and when the inhalation is completed,
+or the lungs filled, the second signal is given, for raising the
+person from the chair. To his own surprise and that of his bearers,
+he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were no heavier than
+a feather. On several occasions I have observed that when one of
+the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation out of
+time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it
+were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have
+performed the part both of the load and of <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page73" name="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span> the
+bearer, you can testify how remarkable the effects appear to all
+parties, and how complete is the conviction, either that the load
+has been lightened, or the bearer strengthened by the prescribed
+process. At Venice the experiment was performed in a much more
+imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party was raised and
+sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six persons. Major
+H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the person
+lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the
+individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that
+the bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised.
+I have not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to
+these curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion,
+or the result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a
+careful investigation.</p>
+<p>(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the
+beautiful contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and
+the head of the sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has
+supplied fewer wonders than we expected: they occupy but fifty
+pages.</p>
+<p>The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the
+majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is
+unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the
+Invisible Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable,
+since they are generally accompanied by illustrations.</p>
+<p>By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early
+volumes of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of
+the FF.R.S. whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early
+years of the Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some
+of the early papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns
+observed in France&mdash;Worms that eat Stones and
+Mortar&mdash;which are almost as marvellous as one of Sir David
+Brewster's lines&mdash;a coach and four filled with skeletons. The
+Royal Society has now existed a century and three-quarters: in
+their early Transactions are inquiries relative to the
+tides&mdash;observations on the darting threads of
+spiders&mdash;"experiments about respiration"&mdash;"of red snow
+seen at Genoa," &amp;c.; yet scores of philosophers, at the present
+moment, are controverting these very subjects.)</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA.</h3>
+<p>(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead
+the reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage
+through untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from
+India to England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia,
+Russia, and Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word
+"untrodden," and it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the
+author, or his first volume, but is not appropriate to the second,
+which owes its main interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the
+illustrious Pole. Neither is the term pilgrimage characteristic of
+the journey, which has the sketchiness and levity of a flying tour
+rather than the observant gravity of a patient pilgrimage.
+Nevertheless, the work is altogether full of vivacity and interest,
+and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must be as pleasant on his
+travels, as his book will be in our hands.</p>
+<p>Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days.
+Here, with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness
+the Imaum, whose court is a curiosity.)</p>
+<p>The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the
+town, and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or
+veranda open to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood
+several well dressed Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and
+half a dozen dirty looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the
+sepoys in our Indian army, and equipped much after the same
+fashion. These latter, as I understood, were paraded in honour of
+my visit; and indeed generally form the <i>garde du corps</i> on
+occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the <i>Court of
+Muscat</i>. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with
+chairs, and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet,
+addressed himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object
+and direction; and then touched on the politics of Europe.</p>
+<p>Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his
+horses, his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which
+afforded excellent accommodation, and which were generally occupied
+by English visiters.</p>
+<p>The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes
+considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the
+finest horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the
+governors of the Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his
+own service. Horses likewise form an article of trade between
+Muscat and India, and yield, as I have been told, a considerable
+profit.</p>
+<p>(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small
+school founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the
+British residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr.
+Stocqueler says:)</p>
+<p>The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than
+thirteen pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the
+Persian and Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old
+Armenian.</p>
+<p>(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike
+and so much resembling each other in feature, and in the total
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name="page74"></a>[pg
+74]</span> loss of the left eye, that it was difficult to discover
+my friend the supercargo, who had accompanied us from Bombay."</p>
+<p>Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The
+houses are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk
+of the date tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to
+be seen but a vast sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles.
+Within the walls, it is equally sterile, it literally yields
+<i>nothing</i>; here, "all <i>is</i> barren," and the water is far
+from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh keeps up no
+standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the <i>Shut-ul-Arab</i>,
+[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than
+those of the Thames at Richmond.</p>
+<p>At Bussorah&mdash;a <i>bain &agrave; la Turque</i>.)</p>
+<p>Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment
+resembling a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and
+glazed sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered
+with cloths and coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and
+there was a fireplace where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and
+cloths dried. Having been required to strip, and a cloth tied round
+my waist, I was led into a second apartment filled with steam, and
+of so high a temperature, that in one instant I lost my breath, and
+in the next was streaming from every pore. I anticipated a speedy
+dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but on reaching a third apartment,
+(all vaulted and lighted, or rather darkened alike,) I had become
+somewhat relieved. In this apartment were four cisterns nearly
+level with the floor, into which the hot water was drawn by cocks
+placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that the water
+was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the cisterns,
+and then the operation commenced.</p>
+<p><i>Act</i> 1.&mdash;Deluged with hot water from the hands of a
+stout Persian. <i>Act</i> 2.&mdash;Conducted by said Persian to a
+stone ottoman in the centre of the room, and caused to sit down.
+<i>Act</i> 3.&mdash;My whole body kneaded by the fists of the
+aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed, limbs
+rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. <i>Act</i> 4.&mdash;Enveloped in
+warm towels, and served with a pipe. <i>Act</i> 5.&mdash;Wiped dry;
+led into the outer apartment dressed and&mdash;<i>Exit</i>.</p>
+<p>(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as
+follows.)</p>
+<p>As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and
+tide had set against us. The <i>mallahs</i>, or trackers,
+immediately stripped, placing their clothes on their heads, and
+sprang on shore. A rope was passed from the mast-head to a girdle
+round their respective bodies, and off they set along the banks;
+sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating channels, or unequal
+projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading or swimming
+with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water
+required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and
+Euphrates is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The
+business of tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing
+and dangerous: in fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the
+muscular powers and courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah
+tribes require that each Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad,
+as a tracker, before he can be qualified for the married state and
+the care of a family.</p>
+<p>(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his
+way he escapes a storm on the Euphrates.)</p>
+<p>The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of
+June, now rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent
+storm, and in a few hours inundated the whole Ir&acirc;k.
+Numberless villages of matted huts were swept away; men, women, and
+children, were in a moment rendered houseless; numerous cattle and
+sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by the roots, and boats
+swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the river, which had
+governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and it was with
+the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed and
+escape getting aground.</p>
+<p>(At Bussorah.)</p>
+<p>Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread
+consternation throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its
+inhabitants into retreat. The shops were closed&mdash;trade at a
+stand&mdash;the streets deserted&mdash;houses tenantless&mdash;the
+oft busy creek had scarcely a boat moving on its surface&mdash;the
+mosques were filled with the dismayed Moslems, whom poverty or
+self-interest had kept in the town&mdash;the Christian churches
+held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had driven to pray
+with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir Arabs,
+meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the
+losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves
+of his usury.</p>
+<p>Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency.
+He had sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into
+the humble office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he
+esteemed the most distressing event of the three) to encounter face
+to face those who had just left the "city of the plague." I had
+told him of the circumstances under which I had met the resident,
+(coming from Bagdad,) and that there were three cases of plague on
+board. The Armenian, whose only notions regarding <i>cases</i> were
+acquired in the course of his mercantile transactions, and who
+believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne case to be much
+about the same article, ejaculated, "Three <i>cases</i> of plague!
+Merciful heavens!&mdash;if the major wanted to preserve such
+abominable <span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name=
+"page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> virus, could he not have brought a
+smaller quantity? Three cases! If it <i>should</i> run out, how it
+might spread about the town!"</p>
+<p>(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record.
+He was pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with
+a box of ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy
+for the <i>impaired vision</i> of his left eye. He had been stone
+blind from his childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told
+so."</p>
+<p>The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.)</p>
+<p>He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out
+on the palace court, above which it was raised for about three
+feet. Three or four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh,
+and he was patting a couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the
+court, stood a considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person
+were a number of subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank
+merely bowed and took their places, others advanced and kissed the
+sheikh's hand while the humblest officers knelt on one knee to
+perform the same ceremony. I observed, however, that great respect
+was always paid to age in this little court, for when the head of a
+village, far advanced in years, limped up to the <i>nummud</i>, the
+sheikh rose and embraced him, though he held but a trifling post,
+and was a man of little personal merit. My own reception was most
+flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good, good,
+admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian&mdash;"you are now
+yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do
+not forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with
+me about my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and
+gave me some instructions for going through the Chab territory.
+Talking of hunting, and more especially of falconry, he told me
+that his deserts abounded with game, and that if I would stay with
+him, I should see herds of antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He
+was curious about our field sports, but showed very little interest
+in more important matters; because, said he, "I am already well
+informed in all that concerns Europeans and their empires."</p>
+<p>The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who
+fly to Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own <i>materiel</i>
+of war. In this way he can command the services of six or seven
+thousand cavalry, and above fifteen thousand infantry,
+independently of the wandering Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of
+Chab.</p>
+<p>(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.)</p>
+<p>The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of
+coffee, but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It
+is with them a kind of <i>bon-bon</i> eaten in a powdered and
+roasted state, without having had any connexion with hot water.
+When Meer Goolam Hussein called on me, he was always accompanied by
+his coffee-bearer, who carried about the fragrant berry in a
+<i>snuff-box</i>, and handed it frequently to the company present.
+The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its colour and
+quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular
+repository, I took a <i>pinch</i> of the coffee and applied it to
+my nose, amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all
+the party.</p>
+<p>(A <i>vestry dinner</i> in Persia must be one of our
+<i>selections</i>.)</p>
+<p>At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres
+have ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I
+dined once with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that
+vestry honours and vestry appetites are not exclusively English
+characteristics. The dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a
+large white cloth, around which the guests assembled. Placed
+opposite each guest was a plate, knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a
+piece of cheese, two or three feet of bread, and a hard boiled egg.
+The feast commenced by each person drinking a dram of aniseed; then
+came in quick succession mutton chops, boiled fowls, boiled
+kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and grapes, sweetmeats,
+and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen did equal
+justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>BOYHOOD OF CRANMER&mdash;SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.</h3>
+<p>Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This
+may seem singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at
+Cambridge amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such
+shifts were not unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries
+indeed had schools attached to them in many instances. In
+Elizabeth's time a complaint is made by the Speaker of the Commons,
+that the number of such places of education had been reduced by a
+hundred, in consequence of the suppression of the religious houses.
+Still it must often have happened (thickly scattered as the
+monasteries were) that the child lived at an inconvenient distance
+from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have liked to trust
+less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity; and
+probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus
+makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is
+remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the
+popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the
+Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst
+schools, on the other hand, began <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page76" name="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span> to multiply in their
+stead; a fact which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion
+with regard to the monasteries as places of education&mdash;for
+education began now to be the desire of the day. Schools,
+therefore, in the present acceptation of the term, in Cranmer's
+boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the crying want of them
+in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that of St. Paul's,
+which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first master, not only
+became so distinguished in itself, but set the example, and
+prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others
+which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of
+a boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years,
+was aware of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his
+model&mdash;but he was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who
+were for ever uttering the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and,
+besides, his days were soon numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps
+remembered the obstacles in his own way, and who certainly foresaw
+the great calamity of an ignorant clergy, pressed for the
+establishment of a school in connexion with every cathedral&mdash;a
+school, as it were, of the prophets&mdash;where boys intended for
+holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they
+were about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons
+duly qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was
+overruled, and a measure, which might have helped to catch up the
+church before it fell into that abyss of ignorance which seems to
+have immediately succeeded the Reformation, (the natural
+consequence of a season of convulsion and violence,) was unhappily
+lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth that the evil was at
+all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the deficiency of
+well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was at that
+time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the
+reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many
+tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost
+exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their
+later years to the country-town which had given them birth, and
+gratefully provided for the better education of their neighbours,
+by furnishing it with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman,
+a person who then appears to have appreciated learning, and often
+to have brought up his boy to the church, united in the same
+praiseworthy object. In such cases application was usually made to
+the Queen for a charter, which was granted with or without
+pecuniary assistance on her own part; and whoever will examine the
+dates of our foundation schools, will find a great proportion of
+them erected in that glorious reign.</p>
+<p>Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was
+sent to college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being
+at that time the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded
+them, and being considered the two great national receptacles for
+all the boys in the country. There they were subjected to corporal
+punishment. The statutes were framed with a reference to the habits
+of mere boys; it is forbidden, for instance, in one of the
+Cambridge statutes, to play marbles on the senate-house steps; and
+the number of the students was so enormous (still for the same
+reason), that Latimer, in one of his sermons, speaks of a decrease
+in those of his own time, to the amount of no less than ten
+thousand.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Review</i>.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST.</h3>
+<p>M. &mdash;&mdash;, a Perote, one who knew "the difference
+between alum and barley-sugar,"<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> if ever
+man did, a good catholic, a conscientious person, a dragoman, and
+as such necessarily attached to truth, and never telling a lie,
+save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the witness
+rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from the
+European palace of &mdash;&mdash;, at Pera, on business in
+Constantinople. He was in a great hurry, but as he reached the
+Meytiskellesi, or wharf of the dead, and was about stepping into
+his c&auml;ik to be rowed across the harbour of the Golden Horn,
+either a nail in one of the rough planks of the wooden quay caught
+his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget which&mdash;but the
+dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a tall and
+very notorious African magician, who had long been practising at
+the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the
+place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world
+with one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the
+dragoman naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's
+edge only to cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely
+invited him to take a passage in his c&auml;ik. The tall African
+made no verbal reply, but smiled, and waved his hand to decline the
+high honour.</p>
+<p>The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross
+over himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the
+opposite side of the Golden Horn, stepped into his c&auml;ik, which
+instantly glided from the quay and shot across the port. The boats
+at Constantinople are all very light and sharp, and go with
+astonishing speed, even when propelled with one pairs of oars; but
+people of high consideration, like dragomans, generally have two
+pairs to their c&auml;iks, and at this time M. &mdash;&mdash; being
+in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as they
+could.</p>
+<p>When about half way on his short aquatic journey, <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page77" name="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> M.
+&mdash;&mdash; turned his head and looked back, and then he saw at
+the end of the quay, just where he had left him, the tall African
+standing starch and motionless, like a granite statue before an
+Egyptian temple.</p>
+<p>The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the
+opposite shore&mdash;no c&auml;ik had passed him on his
+way&mdash;when lo! as his own came in concussion with the wooden
+piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi, and he rose from his seat to
+step on shore, he saw the identical African wizard standing there
+before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite quay where he
+had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could have
+proceeded by mortal agency!</p>
+<p>The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was
+the Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden
+Horn, and fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left
+behind there gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. &mdash;&mdash;
+felt a sort of flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the
+wizard's power; he remained for better than a minute in the
+position he was, when the tall African first struck his eye,
+spell-bound as it were, with one foot on the edge of the boat, and
+the other on the edge of the quay; but recovering himself, he drew
+up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself like a good catholic,
+and <i>salaaming</i> his acquaintance, like a polite Turk, he
+stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed him,
+and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of
+vision. Mr. &mdash;&mdash; thinking more about this wonderful
+occurrence than the business of the &mdash;&mdash; nation he was
+going upon went his way, and having discharged his duty, hurried
+back to Pera, where he told this story, where it was universally
+believed from the veracity and character and dignity of the
+narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living. Very
+possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the
+wizard, for he tells it to every
+stranger&mdash;<i>Metropolitan</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>PRECIOUS STONES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People&mdash;Mineralogy
+and Geology</i>.)</h4>
+<p><i>Why was crystal so named?</i></p>
+<p>Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as
+occurring in a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be
+water permanently congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency,
+called it <i>Krustallos</i>, signifying ice; but in time the word
+became used without attention being paid to its original meaning,
+and was applied to all the regular figures observed in
+minerals.</p>
+<p><i>Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for
+glass in spectacles?</i></p>
+<p>Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily
+become scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles.</p>
+<p><i>Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?</i></p>
+<p>Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn
+Gorm, in Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of
+quartz, and is much admired for seal stones, &amp;c.; it is
+sometimes improperly termed topaz.</p>
+<p><i>Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?</i></p>
+<p>Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to
+produce these varieties. Thus, <i>amethyst</i>, or purple quartz,
+is tinged with a little iron and manganese. <i>Rose quartz</i>, or
+false ruby, derives its colour from manganese. <i>Avanturine</i> is
+a beautiful variety of quartz, of a rich brown colour, which, from
+a peculiarity of texture, appears filled with bright spangles.
+Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron, are found in Spain, and
+have been termed <i>hyacinths of Compostella</i>. Flint,
+chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or
+heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally
+composed of quartz, with various tinging materials.</p>
+<p><i>Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the
+mineral world?</i></p>
+<p>Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge
+of the substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the
+solar rays. It is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The
+finest specimens come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety
+of opal called <i>Hydrophane</i>, which is white and opaque till
+immersed in water; it then resembles the former.</p>
+<p><i>Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?</i></p>
+<p>Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature.
+It forms also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the
+topaz. The blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It
+is infusible before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing,
+and retains its electricity for several hours; but does not become
+electrical by heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity
+of rocks belonging to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and
+imbedded in gneiss. It is found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in
+Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony; Expailly in France; and
+particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains, twelve days from
+Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most valuable of
+gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat become
+snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre, that
+they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties
+are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the
+jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or
+oriental topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful
+variety, in which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with
+an opalescent <span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name=
+"page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight
+is considered to be worth fifty guineas.&mdash;<i>Jameson</i>.</p>
+<p>The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent
+introduction. The white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in
+lustre, and in Brazil is called <i>mina nova</i>.<a id=
+"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href=
+"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+<p><i>Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?</i></p>
+<p>Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the
+garnet, are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at
+the same time, rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure
+carmine, or blood-red of considerable intensity, forming, when well
+polished, a blaze of the most exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is,
+however, more or less pale, and mixed with blue in various
+proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and reddish white, crimson,
+peach-blossom red, and lilac blue&mdash;the latter variety being
+named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and
+transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of
+the weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that
+gem. The king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize
+the rarest rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of
+the first of these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and
+its worth when compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the
+Deccan, also, is in possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full
+inch in diameter. The princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a
+first rate magnitude. Mr. Mawe, from whose interesting work we
+abridge these particulars, considers the oriental sapphire to rank
+next in value to the ruby. Among the British crown jewels is an
+inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest and deepest azure, more
+than two inches long, and one inch broad. The finest ruby among
+these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than intrinsic
+value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the Black
+Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the
+sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state
+occasions.</p>
+<p><i>Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?</i></p>
+<p>Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a
+small proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without
+injuring their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all
+gems depends less on the quality of their component principles,
+than on their complete solution and intimate combination. The
+alkalized earths, as lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash,
+seem to intervene as solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved,
+acquires, as we have shown from Klaproth, a crystallization, of
+which, by itself, it is not susceptible.</p>
+<p>The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but
+the chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best
+are often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is
+blood or cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints
+of crimson, purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth
+brown. The Sirian garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare
+specimens, makes it compete with the amethyst, from which it is to
+be discriminated by the disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and
+acquiring an orange tint by candlelight. Distinct from all other
+garnets, it preserves its colour unmixed with the common black
+tinge, unassisted by foil, even when thick. <i>Course garnets</i>
+are used as emery for polishing metals, and by lapidaries. They are
+found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other countries.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From the preceding work</i>.)</h4>
+<p><i>Why are certain formations called marine?</i></p>
+<p>Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand,
+as may be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this
+manner, at Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has
+erected a series of natural embankments against itself. The present
+extent of land thrown up by the sea, and out of the reach of the
+highest tides, is nearly three miles long, projecting from the base
+of the original cliff to the distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The
+respective lines of growth are indicated by a series of small
+embankments, perfectly defined. Several of these ridges have been
+formed within the memory of men now living. A rampart of heavy
+materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the north-cast.
+Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the shingle, and
+the process is completed by marine plants taking root and extending
+their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In process of
+time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and
+ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.<a id=
+"footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href=
+"#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
+<p><i>Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?</i></p>
+<p>Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials
+composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the
+broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive
+others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical
+suspension by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the
+greatest height of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>[pg
+79]</span> beyond the reach of the retiring waves: and this great
+accumulation of land upon beach being effected at high water, it is
+clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the land of what it has gained.
+Smaller lines are formed in moderate weather, to be swept away by
+heavy gales: hence it would appear, that the sea was diminishing
+the beach; but attention will show that the shingles of the lines
+so apparently swept away, are but accumulated elsewhere. How often
+has our observation of these changes realized the homely simile of
+Shakspeare:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore,</p>
+<p class="i2">So do our minutes hasten to their end;</p>
+<p>Each changing place with that which goes before,</p>
+<p class="i2">In sequent toil all forwards do contend.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Why is this progressive march of beaches far from
+rapid?</i></p>
+<p>Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater
+power or duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles
+become comminuted in their passage, and thus, the harder can only
+travel to considerable distances. Works are sometimes constructed
+to arrest beaches, either to protect land behind, or to prevent
+their passage round pier-heads into artificial harbours, and thus
+engineers are practically aware of their travelling power in
+direction of certain winds.</p>
+<p><i>Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than
+shingle?</i></p>
+<p>Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon
+the land as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than
+the latter, sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents
+whose velocity would be insufficient to move shingles. On the other
+hand, however, smaller bodies and forces of water can throw sand on
+the shore. The <i>spray</i> that could not transport a pebble can
+carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far beyond situations where the
+reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be witnessed on some parts
+of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough weather too, the
+spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand, which it
+deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the return of
+moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid
+terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on
+their plaster fronts is very evident.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>INNKEEPERS.</h3>
+<p>The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of
+less humble station than now&mdash;he shared his calling with the
+monastery and with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as
+they still have in Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory
+of the monk, the parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine
+host&mdash;payment for the night's lodging, where he was in a
+condition to pay, being expected of him, in one shape or other, at
+all. The keeper of the Tabard in the Canterbury Tales appears to be
+upon a level with his guests, both in rank and information, and to
+play the part of one who felt that he was receiving his equals, and
+no more, under his roof; yet his company was not of the lowest; and
+in those times it seems to have been usual for the landlord to
+preside at the common board, and act in every respect as the
+hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as
+indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day.
+When the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it
+was by no means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be
+also the tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be
+confessed, may be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of
+the church, which drove the clergy to such expedients for a living,
+rather than the respectability of the calling to which they thus
+betook themselves.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA.</h3>
+<p>We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the
+chief growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London.
+It is stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose
+names are appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of
+1,010 labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only
+was indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is
+that fruit and vegetables are not favourable to the production of
+that disease; but it does not appear to us that the premises
+warrant the conclusion. Is it the fact that those labourers eat a
+larger portion of fruit and vegetables than others? It is
+notorious, with regard to pastrycooks, confectioners, and such
+persons, that they do not consume more&mdash;if so much&mdash;of
+their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated as
+the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than
+others to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question.
+It is not against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of
+the earth," that we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases
+of cholera have been produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables
+(as cucumbers,) taken even in moderate quantity; and that great
+caution is necessary in this respect, notwithstanding the
+declaration of the growers.&mdash;<i>Medical Gazette</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Olive Oil.</i>&mdash;The amount of duties paid on olive oil
+imported into the United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5,
+1832, was &pound;76,962. The quantity of this oil imported in that
+period was 2,286,629 gallons&mdash;<i>Med. and Surg.
+Journal.</i></p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page80" name="page80"></a>[pg
+80]</span>
+<p><i>Coffee.</i>&mdash;The duty on raw coffee is now 6<i>d</i>.
+per lb. on colonial, and 9<i>d</i>. on foreign; the retail price is
+2<i>s</i>. to 4<i>s</i>.</p>
+<p><i>The Irish Bar.</i>&mdash;Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man,
+who loved his bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish,
+invited the baronet to a grand dinner in London, where the wine
+circulated freely, and wit kept pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing
+to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules, said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it
+true that we Scotch formerly <i>transported</i> all our criminals
+and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say," replied Sir Hercules; "but
+did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your countrymen
+<i>returning to Scotland</i> from transportation."</p>
+<p><i>Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey.</i>&mdash;"Madame de Stael
+was forcibly struck by the factitious tone of the best society in
+London, and wished very much to have an opportunity of judging of
+that of the second class. She, however, had not this opportunity,
+which I regret, as I think it would have justified her
+expectations. In England, the raw material is generally good; it is
+the over-dressing that injures it; and as the class she wished to
+study are well educated, and have all the refinement of
+civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a
+favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the
+personification of her <i>beau ideal</i> of perfection, as I must
+say they are of mine," continued Byron, "and might serve as the
+finest specimens of the pure English patrician breed, of which so
+few remain." <i>His</i> uncompromising and uncompromised dignity,
+founded on self-respect, and accompanied by that certain proof of
+superiority&mdash;simplicity of manner and freedom from
+affectation, with <i>her</i> mild and matron graces, her whole life
+offering a model to wives and mothers&mdash;really they are people
+to be proud of, and a few such would reconcile one to one's
+species.&mdash;<i>From Lady Blessington's Conversations&mdash;New
+Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+<p><i>Cats Horticulturists.</i>&mdash;Cat Mint is a species of
+<i>Nepeta</i>. It is covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like
+down, and has a strong, pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal
+or valerian, that is peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its
+specific and English names. These animals are so fond of it, that
+it is almost impossible to keep them from it, <i>after being
+transplanted</i>. Ray and Miller, both assert, however, that cats
+will never meddle with such plants as are raised from seed. Hence
+the old saying,</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"If you set it,</p>
+<p>The cats will eat it;</p>
+<p>If you sow it</p>
+<p>The cats don't know it."</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">P.T.W.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Beef-eaters</i>, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the
+sideboard at great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the
+French <i>buffetiers</i>, from <i>buffet</i>, sideboard.</p>
+<p><i>A Lion Killer.</i>&mdash;Lions abound in the west of India. A
+gentleman assured Captain Skinner that he had, in one season,
+killed forty-five in the province of Hissar, alone. None of them
+were large, but he mentioned having met with one of uncommon
+beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny colour, but its mane a rich
+glossy black, as was also the tuft on the tail.</p>
+<p><i>Vultures.</i>&mdash;On passing the carcass of a bullock (says
+Captain Skinner,) we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's
+scent. An hour before not one was seen; nor was the place, being so
+wild and far removed from all habitations, likely to be haunted by
+them: yet now they thronged every tree in the neighbourhood. There
+could not have been less than four or five hundred.</p>
+<p><i>Jackalls.</i>&mdash;In some parts of India the howling of
+innumerable jackalls is never out of your ear, from the minute
+night falls to the first dawn of day. Captain Skinner says, until
+he became familiar to the screaming sound, he used to start from
+his sleep, and fancy some appalling calamity had driven the
+inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth in fear and
+madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might attend an
+earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very
+doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object,
+frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when
+"baying the moon."</p>
+<p><i>Narrow Streets.</i>&mdash;In grand Cairo, if you
+unfortunately meet a string of masked beauties upon donkies, you
+must make a rapid retreat, and resign yourself to be squeezed to a
+mummy against the wall for daring to stand in their course, if your
+curiosity should tempt you to do so.</p>
+<p><i>Mussulman and Hindoo Religion.</i>&mdash;"Where the same
+village is inhabited by people of both religions, they occupy
+opposite portions of it: and the circumstance may always be known
+by there being a well at each end of it; for the Hindoos would not
+draw water from the same fountain as the Mahomedans, for all the
+wealth of this world."</p>
+<p><i>The only Favour.</i>&mdash;At the battle of Spires, a
+regiment had orders not to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy,
+wounded and disarmed, begged hard for his life from one of its
+officers, who touched with his situation, replied, "I pity your
+misfortune, and&mdash;ask anything else but that, and upon my
+honour I will grant your request."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between fifteen
+and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be adult. In
+India it is thought that they live three centuries.</p>
+<p>The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A
+few points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with
+the individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian
+Elephant appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than
+the African, the females commonly measuring from seven to eight,
+and the males from eight to ten, feet in height; though we find in
+old accounts the height of the Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen
+or sixteen feet. The head of the Indian is more oblong than that of
+the African Elephant; and the forehead of the former has a deep
+concavity, while the head of the African is round and convex in all
+its parts. The teeth of the Indian species consist of narrow
+transverse bands of equal size, while those of the African are
+larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge shaped. The
+ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his neck,
+while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The
+former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his
+hind feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size,
+beauty, and hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a
+native of Ceylon, it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the
+variety.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that
+surname.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>A Turkish saying, much in use.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of intense
+colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small crucible,
+covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a low degree of
+heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a beautiful pink. It
+contains fluoric acid, which may be the means of this
+change.&mdash;<i>Mawe</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name=
+"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>From a Communication to the <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, by
+Mr. R. Taylor.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers.</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11705 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11705 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11705)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 560, August 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11705]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11705-h.htm or 11705-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h/11705-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, No. 560]   SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832.  [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better idea of
+the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous Illustrations.
+It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious accommodation afforded by
+the Society for their animals; while it enables us to watch the habits
+of the stupendous tenants in a state of nature, or at least, free from
+unnecessary restriction or confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto
+but rarely enjoyed in this country; the Elephants exhibited in our
+menageries being caged up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside
+the bars. The Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect,
+possessed an Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the
+range of a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence,
+and affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few
+visiters. In the _Jardin du Roi_, at Paris, the Elephant has long
+enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the scale of
+creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young specimen in
+the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and a spacious bath
+has since been added to the accommodations. This example has been
+rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens.
+
+The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden in the
+Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built in a style of
+unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a small enclosure,
+which the Elephant may measure in two or three turns. Opposite is an
+enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be almost worthy of the name
+of a little park or paddock. The fence is of iron, and light but
+substantial. Within the area are a few lime-trees, the lower branches of
+which are thinned by the Elephant repeatedly twisting off their foliage
+with his trunk, as adroitly as a gardener would gather fruit. His main
+luxury is, however, in his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water,
+of depth nearly equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his
+ablutions here with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of
+satisfaction and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the
+noble creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an
+imperfect idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His
+evolutions are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His
+keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the pond,
+but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits himself in
+a point of view in which we have not hitherto been accustomed to view an
+Elephant in this country. The fondness of Elephants for bathing is very
+remarkable. When in the water they often produce a singular noise with
+their trunks. Bishop Heber describes this habit as he witnessed it near
+Dacca:--"A sound struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we
+were riding, the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long,
+loud, deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and
+the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys which
+are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which the winds
+make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah, 'there are
+Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I looked immediately,
+and saw about twenty of these fine animals, with their heads and trunks
+just appearing above the water. Their bellowing it was which I had
+heard, and which the water conveyed to us with a finer effect than if we
+had been on shore." The Elephant can also eject from his trunk water and
+dust, and his own saliva, over every part of his body, to cool its
+heated surface; and he is said to grub up dust, and blow it over his
+back and sides, to keep off the flies.
+
+There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of the
+Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society about
+fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old, and is
+still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods has been
+commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the Society by Sir
+Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been stated to be a dwarf
+variety, and that its age is not far short of that of the larger
+individual; but this assertion is questionable. It is much more
+consistent with our knowledge of the species to regard it, in the
+absence of all previous knowledge of the history of the individual, as a
+young one not exceeding four years old. This specimen will be seen in
+the distance of the Engraving.[1]
+
+    [1] The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between
+    fifteen and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be
+    adult. In India it is thought that they live three centuries.
+
+The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A few
+points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with the
+individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian Elephant
+appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than the African, the
+females commonly measuring from seven to eight, and the males from eight
+to ten, feet in height; though we find in old accounts the height of the
+Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen or sixteen feet. The head of the
+Indian is more oblong than that of the African Elephant; and the
+forehead of the former has a deep concavity, while the head of the
+African is round and convex in all its parts. The teeth of the Indian
+species consist of narrow transverse bands of equal size, while those of
+the African are larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge
+shaped. The ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his
+neck, while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The
+former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his hind
+feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size, beauty, and
+hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a native of Ceylon,
+it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the variety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE.
+
+
+  Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls,
+  What memories of old, the sad vision recalls,
+    For change o'er thee lightly has past;
+  Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are fled,
+  And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead,
+    Since in childhood I gazed on thee last!
+
+  Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath,
+  And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe,
+    Like rare friends by adversity's side;
+  Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold
+  That marks in derision, the spot, where of old
+    The standard once floated in pride.
+
+  But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown,
+  And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone
+    With chivalry's gorgeous array;
+  And where music, and laughter so often have rung,
+  In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung
+    A mantle to hide their decay.
+
+  Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again,
+  Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain,
+    As if charmed into magic repose;
+  The pass subterraneous,--the fathomless well,
+  The mound whence the violet peeps--and the cell
+    Where the fox-glove in solitude grows.
+
+  In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam,
+  Yet I linger with thee--as to muse o'er a dream,
+    That mournful truths soon will dispel;
+  My pathway winds onward--life's cares to renew,
+  And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view,
+  'Tis for over--I bid thee farewell!
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HUNTSMAN.
+
+_A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor._
+
+
+  "The merciful man is merciful to his beast."
+  "The worm we tread upon will turn again."
+
+Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a very
+handsome young man, the _beau ideal_ of the lover, as pictured by the
+glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau _real_ of a dozen villages
+in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle. Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but
+rather calculated to inspire terror and distrust, than affection and
+confidence: in fact, a bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the
+fierce, haughty character of his countenance, the fire which flashes
+from his eyes, and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create
+fear, instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles.
+One, however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of
+his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep and
+pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to answer
+his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a godless young man,
+we shall hereafter discover.
+
+Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided about a
+mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of Lord Mortimer,
+had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself with the rural
+produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a ready market,) but also
+to send Annette. Thus then commenced that innocent girl's acquaintance
+with the Baron's chief huntsman, not long after Elliott's induction into
+that office, by the resignation of his superannuated predecessor.
+
+Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles; none of
+which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or assuredly the
+deprivation of his office would have followed. But Lord Mortimer was a
+young man, paying his addresses to a lady who lived at some distance
+from the Castle, and consequently much absent from it. And, what said
+pretty Annette to the rumours which failed not to meet _her_ ear, of her
+lover's misconduct? "I don't believe a word of them! Charles may be
+fonder of pleasure than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he
+will see and feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of
+his situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be
+solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge," would she
+undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to the dogs under
+his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may be passionate, I
+don't say he is not, but he is generous and humane. _I_ have never seen
+him scourge the hounds, as you tell me he does, until blood drops from
+their mangled hides; _I_ have never heard the cries which, you say,
+resound from their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger."
+
+"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning tale-bearer, "any
+of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled coats, proclaimed how
+savagely they had been treated?"
+
+"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by the wild
+boars with which the Castle forests abound."
+
+"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight of my
+lord's hounds?"
+
+"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good training:
+when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of finding game,
+and the inclination of bringing it down."
+
+"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but they ought
+to be _fed_." Upon this, Annette would vehemently maintain that fed they
+were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut up their meat; whilst the
+friendly newsmonger would charitably hint, that her intended knew as
+well as most men how to turn an _honest_ penny, by cheating the dogs of
+their food, and selling it elsewhere.
+
+Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly to malice
+and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as those who are
+obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an idolatry of affection
+which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as its object is contemned and
+despised by the world. Annette had also some idea, that these, and other
+reports to the prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful
+rival, though poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and
+good-humoured as he was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to
+the disparagement of Elliott.
+
+Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for a week
+or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was reported to
+him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated himself, and so
+contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the young baron again left
+home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in his confidence and favour.
+
+It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make holiday,
+(at least they did so then, but times have strangely altered of late in
+once _merry_ England,) the woods put on their brightest green, and the
+people their finest clothes, for there were wakes, fairs, and rustic
+meetings innumerable in the vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman
+might, as usual, be seen at these _fêtes_ for nothing, but after his
+late victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and
+looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent defiance.
+
+The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a cavalier,
+passing through one of the great forests which surrounded Mortimer
+Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female form slowly
+sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding, and uttering
+heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for something
+supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly recovering
+himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object of his idle
+fears:--"I have been waiting here for hours," replied the young woman,
+for such indeed she was, "and my friend is not yet come; I am sadly
+afraid, sir, some accident may have happened to him."
+
+"_Him!_" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if you be waiting
+for a _gentleman_, no wonder you're disappointed. He has played you
+false, rely upon it, and won't come to night,--so you'd better go home."
+
+"O sir! O my Lord!--I cannot--I dare not! What would father and mother
+say? and what could I say?"
+
+"Ay--Annette,--Annette Martin,--what _could_ you say?"
+
+"Only the _truth_, your lordship;" replied the poor girl sobbing, and
+curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for they do so hate
+Charles,--Charles Elliott, your honour,--that they've as good as sworn,
+as they'll never consent to my marrying him, and so--and so--I was just
+a waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and
+take me away to the far off town, and"--
+
+"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and mother's
+consent:--eh, Annette?"
+
+"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with another rustic
+dip.
+
+"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite please me;
+and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen circumstance
+should have detained him, shall know what _I_ think of his present
+conduct to you. But come,--mount behind me,--I am unexpectedly returning
+to the Castle, Dame Trueby shall there make you comfortable for
+to-night, your parents and friends shall never know but that your
+absence from home was occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your
+marriage in two or three days, with _my_ sanction, Annette, will, I
+think, completely settle matters."
+
+The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his noble
+steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to listen to all
+the consolation, or banterings, with which he endeavoured to cheer her
+on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing rather to believe that some
+dreadful accident had befallen her lover, than that carelessness, or
+perfidy, caused his absence. Dame Trueby's account was little calculated
+to soothe Annette's anxiety, or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting
+Elliott's proceedings.
+
+"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning, when I
+heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor creatures! and time
+enough that he did, I think, considering that he left them without a
+morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he was capering away at
+Woodcroft Feast; and then,--the beast!--what does he, but comes back so
+dead drunk that we were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the
+hungry brutes, poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been
+fit to raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and
+yowling!"
+
+"A sad account is this, Margery."
+
+"A very _true_ one, please your lordship," replied the old housekeeper,
+testily.
+
+"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this time of
+night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his intended
+wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed I have ample
+need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let Elliott call me in
+the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile make this young woman as
+comfortable as you can, and _recollect_, Mrs. Trueby, _that she is come
+to the Castle upon a visit to you_."
+
+Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with apparent
+submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts, it was easy
+to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions relative to the honour
+of her noble master, and of the forlorn damsel thus thrust upon her
+peculiar hospitality. "And," continued Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are
+sure, fed the dogs this morning?"
+
+"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper, doggedly,
+"I suppose he did, and belike beat 'em too; I only know they've been
+quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they wouldn't have been
+without _wittals_; but Master Elliott, I've not seen since."
+
+"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can he be?"
+
+"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild lad, and
+these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain."
+
+Little further passed that night between the young lord and his
+housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and poor
+Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect Mistress Margery,
+repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating the singularly dreadful
+disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles, in fact, not having
+returned, one of the inferior serving-men,--who durst not, now that his
+master was at home, stand upon the punctilio of "_not my business_,"
+undertook soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when
+upon opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he
+there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, _the mangled
+remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman_: these consisted of his
+clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with fragments sufficient
+of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact, that the ravenous brutes,
+had, after their last long fast, sprung upon their tormentor, (awful
+retribution!) even at the very moment when he appeared amongst them with
+their long delayed meal, torn him in pieces, and devoured him!
+
+Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his canine
+favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a signal
+instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt himself obliged
+to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious banquet on human flesh;
+and with tears in his eyes, he forced himself to witness their
+execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging kindness of any of his
+retainers, should induce them to mitigate the culprits' doom. The horrid
+story spread far and wide, and one of its earliest results was the
+appearance at Castle Mortimer of a poor woman and three young children,
+who stated in an agony of grief, that _she_ was the lawful _wife_ of the
+deceased Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto
+whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without leave,
+were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being suddenly bereaved
+by his awful demise of their sole hope and support, now humbly threw
+themselves upon the benevolence of Lord Mortimer for employment and
+subsistence!
+
+The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this discovery of
+black villany meditated against her by the unprincipled huntsman, and
+upon its miraculous and awful frustration, may be imagined: yet had it
+also its beneficial influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end
+of the wretch who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection
+was converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking
+God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of the
+deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty persuaded to
+become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected, but really worthy
+and amiable admirer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+(_Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal Illustrated."_)
+
+
+_Spaniards and Portuguese._--"Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and
+you make a good Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. I have
+heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you
+have the Portuguese character." These nations blaspheme God by calling
+each other natural enemies. Their feelings are mutually hostile; but the
+Spaniards despise the Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the
+Spaniards.--_Southey._
+
+_Portugal._--Situated by the side of a country just five times its size,
+Portugal, but for the advantageous position of its coast, the good faith
+of England, and the weakness of its hostile neighbour, impassable roads,
+and numerous strong places, would long since have returned to the
+primitive condition of an Iberian province; but its separate existence
+as a nation has been preserved to it by the strength of the British
+alliance being brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own
+internal means of defence.--_Kinsey._
+
+_Column of Disgrace._--About the middle of the last century, the Duke of
+Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the Jesuits in Portugal, and
+accordingly executed. His house, at Belem, was levelled to the ground at
+the time of the Duke's decapitation, and on the site was erected _a
+column of disgrace_, which still remains, though some shops have been
+erected beside it to hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct
+of the nation on this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to
+conceal.
+
+Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large clock placed
+rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time with his scythe,
+and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a lyre.
+
+_A Lisbon Dandy._--A small, squat, puffy figure incased within a large
+pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean, high-boned, straw-fed,
+cream-coloured nag, with an enormously flowing tail, whose length and
+breadth would appear to be each night guarded from discolouration by
+careful involution above the hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and
+long pointed boots, up his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, _à la
+Cossaque_, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he is
+seated in _cool_ repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing seals as
+large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a little higher
+to the figured waistcoat of early British manufacture, and the
+sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim sugar-loaf hat on his
+head,--where can be found his equal? Nor does he want a nose as big as
+the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two flanks of impenetrable, deep, black
+brushwood, extending under either ear, and almost concealing the
+countenance, to complete the singular contour of his features.
+
+_A Lisbon Water-carrier_ earns about sixpence per day, the moiety of
+which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha from a cook's
+stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on holidays,--water being his
+general beverage, nay, one might almost say, his element. A mat in a
+large upper room, shared with several others, serves him in winter as a
+place of repose for the night; but during the summer he frequently
+sleeps out in the open air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow.
+
+_Vanity._--A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman complain of the
+intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis, retorted that, for his
+part, when he was in London, it was the absence of that filth, and the
+want of the smells complained of, that had rendered his residence in our
+metropolis so disagreeable and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as
+Southey says, "makes a man a liar so easily as vanity."
+
+_Dogs._--In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the violence of the
+heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets, though the
+thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and scarcely an instance of
+canine madness is ever known to occur. When the French decreed the
+extinction of the tribe of curs that infest the streets, no native
+executioner could be found to put the exterminating law in force; nay,
+the very measure excited popular indignation.
+
+_Golden Sands._--Perhaps originally it was the fabled gold of the Tagus
+which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers, and the general
+persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this royal river did
+actually once produce sufficient gold to make a magnificent crown and
+sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot sovereign, the good king
+Denis.
+
+_A Dinner._--A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the worst supposable
+specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a platter of compact, black,
+greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if so much, of poor half-fed meat;
+a certain proportion of hard-boiled beef, that has never seen the
+salting pan, having already yielded its nutritious qualities to a
+swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and now requiring the accompaniment of
+a satellite tongue, or friendly slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull
+relish to it; potatoes of leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine
+contexture, that Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve;
+with offensive vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be
+imported from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding
+rock of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small
+quantity of _very small_ wine; abundance of water; and an awful army of
+red ants, probably imported from the Brazils--the wood of which the
+chairs and tables are made, hurrying across the cloth with
+characteristic industry;--such are the principal features of the quiet
+family dinner-table of the Portuguese.
+
+_The Dockyard_ of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many of the largest
+of our private ship-builders on the banks of the Thames and the Avon.
+
+_Funerals._--In Portugal the corpse is placed in an open coffin, and the
+head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled with holy water is placed
+at the foot of the bier, which the priests and relatives of the deceased
+sprinkle on the body. The service being concluded, the corpse is
+followed by the relatives down into the vaults below the church, where
+vinegar and quick lime having been poured upon the body, the falling lid
+of the coffin is closed and _locked_, and the key delivered to the chief
+mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party of
+friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the house of the
+defunct, where the key being left with the nearest relative, and the
+complimentary visit being paid, the rite is considered as terminated. No
+fire is lighted in the house of a deceased person upon the day of his
+funeral, and the relatives, who live in separate houses, are in the
+habit of supplying a ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that
+the inmates are too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any
+orders for the preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing
+week, the chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at
+tea. The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though
+not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum on
+the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies without
+leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his funeral, the
+dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public street, with a box
+upon the breast, into which passers-by drop copper or silver coin, until
+sufficient has thus been obtained to defray the expense of interment;
+and that a soldier stands at the head of the body to see that no money
+is abstracted; for, in Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is
+intended would not secure it without his protection.
+
+There is no pardoning _soi-disant liberaux_, who prove, by their acts,
+the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.
+
+
+_Decollatio_, or beheading, was a military punishment among the Romans.
+In early times it was performed with an axe, and afterwards with a
+sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all countries where beheading and
+hanging are used as capital punishments, the former is always considered
+less ignominious. Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of
+nobles, when commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high
+treason is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged
+before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits that
+part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could not be
+hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this punishment,
+he was degraded before the execution. At present, hanging is not used in
+that country, and since so many instances have occurred of extreme
+suffering, on the part of the criminal, caused by the unskilfulness of
+the executioner in beheading with the sword, this mode of execution has
+been abolished. Beheading in Prussia is now always performed with a
+heavy axe, the sufferer being previously tied to a block. In France,
+during the revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine,
+the guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the
+exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who has
+murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut off the
+moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it was, in some
+states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to perform the executions
+with the sword. In China, it is well known that beheading is practised,
+sometimes accompanied with the most studied torments. In the United
+States of America, beheading is unknown, the halter being the only
+instrument of capital punishment. In many European countries, beheading
+with the sword still prevails.
+
+P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRICE OF BLOOD.--WERE AND WERELADE.
+
+
+Were, or _Wera_, in our old law books, signifies what was anciently paid
+for _killing a man_. When such crimes were punished with pecuniary
+mulets, not death, the price was set on every man's head, according to
+his condition and quality.
+
+_Werelade_, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide on oath, in
+order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called _were_. If the party
+denied the fact, he was to purge himself, by the oaths of several
+persons, according to his degree and quality. If the guilt amounted to
+four pounds, he was to have eighteen jurors on his father's side, and
+four on his mother's: if to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty
+jurors, and this was called _werelade_.
+
+_Weregild_, or _Weregeld_, was the price of a man's head; which was paid
+partly to the king for the loss of his subject, partly to the lord whose
+vassal he was, and partly to the next of kin.
+
+"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law, in case
+of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the murderer and the
+friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by causing the malefactor
+to give unto them, or to the child or wife of him that was slain, a
+recompense, which they called _eriach_. And thus we find in our Saxon
+laws, particularly those of King Athelstan, the several _weregilds_ for
+homicide, established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl
+or peasant, up to that of the king himself."
+
+The _weregild_ of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000 thrismas;
+that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or governor,
+4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king, 30,000; half to
+be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the public. The weregild
+of a ceorl was 266 thrismas.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or
+Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in authority, power, and
+precedence. They are appointed by the King's delivery of the Great Seal
+to them, and by taking the oath of office. They differ only in this
+point, that the Lord Chancellor hath also letters patent, whereas the
+Lord Keeper hath none.
+
+He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or grants,
+are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto.
+
+Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to
+judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the
+law of the land so defective as that the subject would be injured
+thereby.
+
+He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His Majesty's
+gift, rated under 20_l_. a year in the King's books.
+
+In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by an
+ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is Maurice, in
+1067, who was afterward Bishop of London.
+
+Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage, until the
+year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal to Sir Thomas
+Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of Ellesmere,[2] and
+constituted him Lord High Chancellor of England. But until of late
+years, the custom never prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of
+England should he made an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all
+matters which appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he
+maybe said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great
+assembly.--_Manual of Rank and Nobility._
+
+    [2] From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that
+    surname.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC.
+
+
+(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the season, and
+independently of its place as a volume of the _Family Library_, it has
+substantive claims which we trust will not he overlooked. It is from the
+graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who possesses, in a high degree, the
+peculiar talent of investing scientific inquiries with the charm of
+popular delight; in short, of making science easy, and often conveying
+in a single chapter what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in
+truth, teaches us the sweet uses of science.
+
+The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter Scott, to
+whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint idea of the
+extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from the magic of the
+ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns; yet the purpose of the
+work is mainly to trace the connexion of those prodigies of the material
+world which are termed Natural Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in
+the introductory letter, the writer observes on the resources of ancient
+magic:--)
+
+The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and of
+remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from reaching
+the present times; but though we are very ill informed respecting the
+progress of the ancients in various departments of the physical
+sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost every branch of
+knowledge had contributed its wonders to the magician's budget, and we
+may even obtain some insight into the scientific acquirements of former
+ages, by a diligent study of their fables and their miracles.
+
+(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following beautiful
+passage on the Eye:--)
+
+This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which guards the
+pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and through which all
+their communications are interchanged. The optic nerve is the channel by
+which the mind peruses the hand-writing of Nature on the retina, and
+through which it transfers to that material tablet its decisions and its
+creations. The eye is consequently the principal seat of the
+supernatural. When the indications of the marvellous are addressed to us
+through the ear, the mind may be startled without being deceived, and
+reason may succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by
+which we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it
+the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their outline;
+when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to its view;
+when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any intelligible
+cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or imaginary, for whose
+presence no cause can be assigned, the conviction of supernatural agency
+becomes under ordinary circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only
+an amusing but an useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those
+causes which are capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it
+arises from the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from
+the dexterity and science of others.
+
+(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant, as they
+include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions, and natural
+phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of Sound are next
+in interest; among them we find explained the wonder of singers breaking
+glasses with their great power of voice; the automaton flute-player,
+talking engines, echoes, &c. The Mechanical causes are less numerous:
+among them we are glad to see _noticed_ the feat of lifting heavy
+persons, which we ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David
+Brewster does not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many
+readers, we quote the two relating pages.)
+
+One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative to the
+strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen and admired,
+is that in which a heavy man is raised with the greatest facility, when
+he is lifted up the instant that his own lungs and those of the persons
+who raise him are inflated with air. This experiment was, I believe,
+first shown in England a few years ago by Major H., who saw it performed
+in a large party at Venice under the direction of an officer of the
+American Navy. As Major H. performed it more than once in my presence, I
+shall describe as nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The
+heaviest person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being
+supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one at
+each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and they find
+his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty they experience in
+supporting him. When he is replaced in the chair, each of the four
+persons takes hold of the body as before, and the person to be lifted
+gives two signals by clapping his hands. At the first signal he himself
+and the four lifters begin to draw a long and full breath, and when the
+inhalation is completed, or the lungs filled, the second signal is
+given, for raising the person from the chair. To his own surprise and
+that of his bearers, he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were
+no heavier than a feather. On several occasions I have observed that
+when one of the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation
+out of time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it
+were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have
+performed the part both of the load and of the bearer, you can testify
+how remarkable the effects appear to all parties, and how complete is
+the conviction, either that the load has been lightened, or the bearer
+strengthened by the prescribed process. At Venice the experiment was
+performed in a much more imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party
+was raised and sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six
+persons. Major H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the
+person lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the
+individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that the
+bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised. I have
+not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to these
+curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion, or the
+result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a careful
+investigation.
+
+(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the beautiful
+contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and the head of the
+sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has supplied fewer wonders
+than we expected: they occupy but fifty pages.
+
+The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the
+majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is
+unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the Invisible
+Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable, since they are
+generally accompanied by illustrations.
+
+By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early volumes
+of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of the FF.R.S.
+whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early years of the
+Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some of the early
+papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns observed in
+France--Worms that eat Stones and Mortar--which are almost as marvellous
+as one of Sir David Brewster's lines--a coach and four filled with
+skeletons. The Royal Society has now existed a century and
+three-quarters: in their early Transactions are inquiries relative to
+the tides--observations on the darting threads of spiders--"experiments
+about respiration"--"of red snow seen at Genoa," &c.; yet scores of
+philosophers, at the present moment, are controverting these very
+subjects.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA.
+
+
+(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead the
+reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage through
+untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from India to
+England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Russia, and
+Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word "untrodden," and
+it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the author, or his first
+volume, but is not appropriate to the second, which owes its main
+interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the illustrious Pole. Neither
+is the term pilgrimage characteristic of the journey, which has the
+sketchiness and levity of a flying tour rather than the observant
+gravity of a patient pilgrimage. Nevertheless, the work is altogether
+full of vivacity and interest, and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must
+be as pleasant on his travels, as his book will be in our hands.
+
+Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days. Here,
+with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness the Imaum,
+whose court is a curiosity.)
+
+The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the town,
+and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or veranda open
+to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood several well dressed
+Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and half a dozen dirty
+looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the sepoys in our Indian army,
+and equipped much after the same fashion. These latter, as I understood,
+were paraded in honour of my visit; and indeed generally form the _garde
+du corps_ on occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the _Court of
+Muscat_. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with chairs,
+and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet, addressed
+himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object and direction;
+and then touched on the politics of Europe.
+
+Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his horses,
+his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which afforded excellent
+accommodation, and which were generally occupied by English visiters.
+
+The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes
+considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the finest
+horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the governors of the
+Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his own service. Horses
+likewise form an article of trade between Muscat and India, and yield,
+as I have been told, a considerable profit.
+
+(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small school
+founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the British
+residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr. Stocqueler says:)
+
+The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than thirteen
+pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the Persian and
+Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old Armenian.
+
+(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike and so
+much resembling each other in feature, and in the total loss of the left
+eye, that it was difficult to discover my friend the supercargo, who had
+accompanied us from Bombay."
+
+Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The houses
+are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk of the date
+tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to be seen but a vast
+sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles. Within the walls, it is
+equally sterile, it literally yields _nothing_; here, "all _is_ barren,"
+and the water is far from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh
+keeps up no standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the _Shut-ul-Arab_,
+[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than those
+of the Thames at Richmond.
+
+At Bussorah--a _bain à la Turque_.)
+
+Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment resembling
+a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and glazed
+sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered with cloths and
+coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and there was a fireplace
+where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and cloths dried. Having been
+required to strip, and a cloth tied round my waist, I was led into a
+second apartment filled with steam, and of so high a temperature, that
+in one instant I lost my breath, and in the next was streaming from
+every pore. I anticipated a speedy dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but
+on reaching a third apartment, (all vaulted and lighted, or rather
+darkened alike,) I had become somewhat relieved. In this apartment were
+four cisterns nearly level with the floor, into which the hot water was
+drawn by cocks placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that
+the water was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the
+cisterns, and then the operation commenced.
+
+_Act_ 1.--Deluged with hot water from the hands of a stout Persian.
+_Act_ 2.--Conducted by said Persian to a stone ottoman in the centre of
+the room, and caused to sit down. _Act_ 3.--My whole body kneaded by the
+fists of the aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed,
+limbs rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. _Act_ 4.--Enveloped in warm
+towels, and served with a pipe. _Act_ 5.--Wiped dry; led into the outer
+apartment dressed and--_Exit_.
+
+(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as
+follows.)
+
+As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and tide had
+set against us. The _mallahs_, or trackers, immediately stripped,
+placing their clothes on their heads, and sprang on shore. A rope was
+passed from the mast-head to a girdle round their respective bodies, and
+off they set along the banks; sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating
+channels, or unequal projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading
+or swimming with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water
+required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and Euphrates
+is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The business of
+tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing and dangerous: in
+fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the muscular powers and
+courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah tribes require that each
+Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad, as a tracker, before he can be
+qualified for the married state and the care of a family.
+
+(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his way he
+escapes a storm on the Euphrates.)
+
+The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of June, now
+rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent storm, and in a
+few hours inundated the whole Irâk. Numberless villages of matted huts
+were swept away; men, women, and children, were in a moment rendered
+houseless; numerous cattle and sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by
+the roots, and boats swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the
+river, which had governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and
+it was with the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed
+and escape getting aground.
+
+(At Bussorah.)
+
+Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread consternation
+throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its inhabitants into
+retreat. The shops were closed--trade at a stand--the streets
+deserted--houses tenantless--the oft busy creek had scarcely a boat
+moving on its surface--the mosques were filled with the dismayed
+Moslems, whom poverty or self-interest had kept in the town--the
+Christian churches held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had
+driven to pray with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir
+Arabs, meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the
+losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves of
+his usury.
+
+Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency. He had
+sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into the humble
+office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he esteemed the most
+distressing event of the three) to encounter face to face those who had
+just left the "city of the plague." I had told him of the circumstances
+under which I had met the resident, (coming from Bagdad,) and that there
+were three cases of plague on board. The Armenian, whose only notions
+regarding _cases_ were acquired in the course of his mercantile
+transactions, and who believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne
+case to be much about the same article, ejaculated, "Three _cases_ of
+plague! Merciful heavens!--if the major wanted to preserve such
+abominable virus, could he not have brought a smaller quantity? Three
+cases! If it _should_ run out, how it might spread about the town!"
+
+(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record. He was
+pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with a box of
+ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy for the
+_impaired vision_ of his left eye. He had been stone blind from his
+childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told so."
+
+The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.)
+
+He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out on the
+palace court, above which it was raised for about three feet. Three or
+four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh, and he was patting a
+couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the court, stood a
+considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person were a number of
+subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank merely bowed and took
+their places, others advanced and kissed the sheikh's hand while the
+humblest officers knelt on one knee to perform the same ceremony. I
+observed, however, that great respect was always paid to age in this
+little court, for when the head of a village, far advanced in years,
+limped up to the _nummud_, the sheikh rose and embraced him, though he
+held but a trifling post, and was a man of little personal merit. My own
+reception was most flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good,
+good, admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian--"you are now
+yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do not
+forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with me about
+my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and gave me some
+instructions for going through the Chab territory. Talking of hunting,
+and more especially of falconry, he told me that his deserts abounded
+with game, and that if I would stay with him, I should see herds of
+antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He was curious about our field
+sports, but showed very little interest in more important matters;
+because, said he, "I am already well informed in all that concerns
+Europeans and their empires."
+
+The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who fly to
+Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own _materiel_ of war. In this
+way he can command the services of six or seven thousand cavalry, and
+above fifteen thousand infantry, independently of the wandering
+Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of Chab.
+
+(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.)
+
+The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of coffee,
+but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It is with them
+a kind of _bon-bon_ eaten in a powdered and roasted state, without
+having had any connexion with hot water. When Meer Goolam Hussein called
+on me, he was always accompanied by his coffee-bearer, who carried about
+the fragrant berry in a _snuff-box_, and handed it frequently to the
+company present. The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its
+colour and quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular
+repository, I took a _pinch_ of the coffee and applied it to my nose,
+amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all the party.
+
+(A _vestry dinner_ in Persia must be one of our _selections_.)
+
+At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres have
+ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I dined once
+with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that vestry honours
+and vestry appetites are not exclusively English characteristics. The
+dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a large white cloth, around
+which the guests assembled. Placed opposite each guest was a plate,
+knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a piece of cheese, two or three feet of
+bread, and a hard boiled egg. The feast commenced by each person
+drinking a dram of aniseed; then came in quick succession mutton chops,
+boiled fowls, boiled kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and
+grapes, sweetmeats, and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen
+did equal justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOYHOOD OF CRANMER--SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This may seem
+singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at Cambridge
+amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such shifts were not
+unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries indeed had schools
+attached to them in many instances. In Elizabeth's time a complaint is
+made by the Speaker of the Commons, that the number of such places of
+education had been reduced by a hundred, in consequence of the
+suppression of the religious houses. Still it must often have happened
+(thickly scattered as the monasteries were) that the child lived at an
+inconvenient distance from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have
+liked to trust less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity;
+and probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus
+makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is
+remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the
+popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the
+Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst
+schools, on the other hand, began to multiply in their stead; a fact
+which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion with regard to the
+monasteries as places of education--for education began now to be the
+desire of the day. Schools, therefore, in the present acceptation of the
+term, in Cranmer's boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the
+crying want of them in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that
+of St. Paul's, which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first
+master, not only became so distinguished in itself, but set the example,
+and prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others
+which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of a
+boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years, was aware
+of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his model--but he
+was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who were for ever uttering
+the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and, besides, his days were soon
+numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps remembered the obstacles in his own way,
+and who certainly foresaw the great calamity of an ignorant clergy,
+pressed for the establishment of a school in connexion with every
+cathedral--a school, as it were, of the prophets--where boys intended
+for holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they were
+about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons duly
+qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was overruled, and a
+measure, which might have helped to catch up the church before it fell
+into that abyss of ignorance which seems to have immediately succeeded
+the Reformation, (the natural consequence of a season of convulsion and
+violence,) was unhappily lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth
+that the evil was at all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the
+deficiency of well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was
+at that time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the
+reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many
+tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost
+exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their later
+years to the country-town which had given them birth, and gratefully
+provided for the better education of their neighbours, by furnishing it
+with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman, a person who then
+appears to have appreciated learning, and often to have brought up his
+boy to the church, united in the same praiseworthy object. In such cases
+application was usually made to the Queen for a charter, which was
+granted with or without pecuniary assistance on her own part; and
+whoever will examine the dates of our foundation schools, will find a
+great proportion of them erected in that glorious reign.
+
+Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was sent to
+college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being at that time
+the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded them, and being
+considered the two great national receptacles for all the boys in the
+country. There they were subjected to corporal punishment. The statutes
+were framed with a reference to the habits of mere boys; it is
+forbidden, for instance, in one of the Cambridge statutes, to play
+marbles on the senate-house steps; and the number of the students was so
+enormous (still for the same reason), that Latimer, in one of his
+sermons, speaks of a decrease in those of his own time, to the amount of
+no less than ten thousand.--_Quarterly Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST.
+
+
+M. ----, a Perote, one who knew "the difference between alum and
+barley-sugar,"[3] if ever man did, a good catholic, a conscientious
+person, a dragoman, and as such necessarily attached to truth, and never
+telling a lie, save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the
+witness rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from
+the European palace of ----, at Pera, on business in Constantinople. He
+was in a great hurry, but as he reached the Meytiskellesi, or wharf of
+the dead, and was about stepping into his cäik to be rowed across the
+harbour of the Golden Horn, either a nail in one of the rough planks of
+the wooden quay caught his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget
+which--but the dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a
+tall and very notorious African magician, who had long been practising
+at the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the
+place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world with
+one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the dragoman
+naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's edge only to
+cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely invited him to
+take a passage in his cäik. The tall African made no verbal reply, but
+smiled, and waved his hand to decline the high honour.
+
+    [3] A Turkish saying, much in use.
+
+The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross over
+himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the opposite side
+of the Golden Horn, stepped into his cäik, which instantly glided from
+the quay and shot across the port. The boats at Constantinople are all
+very light and sharp, and go with astonishing speed, even when propelled
+with one pairs of oars; but people of high consideration, like
+dragomans, generally have two pairs to their cäiks, and at this time M.
+---- being in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as
+they could.
+
+When about half way on his short aquatic journey, M. ---- turned his
+head and looked back, and then he saw at the end of the quay, just where
+he had left him, the tall African standing starch and motionless, like a
+granite statue before an Egyptian temple.
+
+The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the
+opposite shore--no cäik had passed him on his way--when lo! as his own
+came in concussion with the wooden piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi,
+and he rose from his seat to step on shore, he saw the identical African
+wizard standing there before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite
+quay where he had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could
+have proceeded by mortal agency!
+
+The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was the
+Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden Horn, and
+fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left behind there
+gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. ---- felt a sort of
+flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the wizard's power; he
+remained for better than a minute in the position he was, when the tall
+African first struck his eye, spell-bound as it were, with one foot on
+the edge of the boat, and the other on the edge of the quay; but
+recovering himself, he drew up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself
+like a good catholic, and _salaaming_ his acquaintance, like a polite
+Turk, he stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed
+him, and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of
+vision. Mr. ---- thinking more about this wonderful occurrence than the
+business of the ---- nation he was going upon went his way, and having
+discharged his duty, hurried back to Pera, where he told this story,
+where it was universally believed from the veracity and character and
+dignity of the narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living.
+Very possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the
+wizard, for he tells it to every stranger--_Metropolitan_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES.
+
+(_From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People--Mineralogy and Geology_.)
+
+
+_Why was crystal so named?_
+
+Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as occurring in
+a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be water permanently
+congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency, called it
+_Krustallos_, signifying ice; but in time the word became used without
+attention being paid to its original meaning, and was applied to all the
+regular figures observed in minerals.
+
+_Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for glass in
+spectacles?_
+
+Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily become
+scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles.
+
+_Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?_
+
+Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn Gorm, in
+Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of quartz, and is
+much admired for seal stones, &c.; it is sometimes improperly termed
+topaz.
+
+_Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?_
+
+Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to produce
+these varieties. Thus, _amethyst_, or purple quartz, is tinged with a
+little iron and manganese. _Rose quartz_, or false ruby, derives its
+colour from manganese. _Avanturine_ is a beautiful variety of quartz, of
+a rich brown colour, which, from a peculiarity of texture, appears
+filled with bright spangles. Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron,
+are found in Spain, and have been termed _hyacinths of Compostella_.
+Flint, chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or
+heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally
+composed of quartz, with various tinging materials.
+
+_Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the mineral world?_
+
+Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge of the
+substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the solar rays. It
+is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The finest specimens
+come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety of opal called
+_Hydrophane_, which is white and opaque till immersed in water; it then
+resembles the former.
+
+_Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?_
+
+Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. It forms
+also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the topaz. The
+blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It is infusible
+before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing, and retains its
+electricity for several hours; but does not become electrical by
+heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity of rocks belonging
+to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and imbedded in gneiss. It is
+found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony;
+Expailly in France; and particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains,
+twelve days from Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most
+valuable of gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat
+become snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre,
+that they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties
+are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the
+jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or oriental
+topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful variety, in
+which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with an opalescent
+lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight is considered to be worth fifty
+guineas.--_Jameson_.
+
+The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent introduction. The
+white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in lustre, and in Brazil
+is called _mina nova_.[4]
+
+    [4] The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of
+    intense colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small
+    crucible, covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a
+    low degree of heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a
+    beautiful pink. It contains fluoric acid, which may be the means
+    of this change.--_Mawe_.
+
+_Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?_
+
+Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the garnet,
+are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at the same time,
+rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure carmine, or blood-red of
+considerable intensity, forming, when well polished, a blaze of the most
+exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is, however, more or less pale, and
+mixed with blue in various proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and
+reddish white, crimson, peach-blossom red, and lilac blue--the latter
+variety being named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and
+transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of the
+weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that gem. The
+king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize the rarest
+rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of the first of
+these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and its worth when
+compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the Deccan, also, is in
+possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full inch in diameter. The
+princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a first rate magnitude. Mr.
+Mawe, from whose interesting work we abridge these particulars,
+considers the oriental sapphire to rank next in value to the ruby. Among
+the British crown jewels is an inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest
+and deepest azure, more than two inches long, and one inch broad. The
+finest ruby among these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than
+intrinsic value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the
+Black Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the
+sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state occasions.
+
+_Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?_
+
+Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a small
+proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without injuring
+their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all gems depends
+less on the quality of their component principles, than on their
+complete solution and intimate combination. The alkalized earths, as
+lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash, seem to intervene as
+solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved, acquires, as we have shown
+from Klaproth, a crystallization, of which, by itself, it is not
+susceptible.
+
+The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but the
+chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best are
+often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is blood or
+cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints of crimson,
+purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth brown. The Sirian
+garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare specimens, makes it
+compete with the amethyst, from which it is to be discriminated by the
+disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and acquiring an orange tint by
+candlelight. Distinct from all other garnets, it preserves its colour
+unmixed with the common black tinge, unassisted by foil, even when
+thick. _Course garnets_ are used as emery for polishing metals, and by
+lapidaries. They are found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other
+countries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA.
+
+(_From the preceding work_.)
+
+
+_Why are certain formations called marine?_
+
+Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand, as may
+be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this manner, at
+Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has erected a series of
+natural embankments against itself. The present extent of land thrown up
+by the sea, and out of the reach of the highest tides, is nearly three
+miles long, projecting from the base of the original cliff to the
+distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The respective lines of growth are
+indicated by a series of small embankments, perfectly defined. Several
+of these ridges have been formed within the memory of men now living. A
+rampart of heavy materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the
+north-cast. Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the
+shingle, and the process is completed by marine plants taking root and
+extending their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In
+process of time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and
+ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.[5]
+
+    [5] From a Communication to the _Philosophical Magazine_, by Mr.
+    R. Taylor.
+
+_Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?_
+
+Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials
+composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the
+broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive
+others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical suspension
+by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the greatest height
+of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land beyond the reach of
+the retiring waves: and this great accumulation of land upon beach being
+effected at high water, it is clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the
+land of what it has gained. Smaller lines are formed in moderate
+weather, to be swept away by heavy gales: hence it would appear, that
+the sea was diminishing the beach; but attention will show that the
+shingles of the lines so apparently swept away, are but accumulated
+elsewhere. How often has our observation of these changes realized the
+homely simile of Shakspeare:--
+
+  Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore,
+    So do our minutes hasten to their end;
+  Each changing place with that which goes before,
+    In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
+
+_Why is this progressive march of beaches far from rapid?_
+
+Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater power or
+duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles become comminuted
+in their passage, and thus, the harder can only travel to considerable
+distances. Works are sometimes constructed to arrest beaches, either to
+protect land behind, or to prevent their passage round pier-heads into
+artificial harbours, and thus engineers are practically aware of their
+travelling power in direction of certain winds.
+
+_Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than shingle?_
+
+Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon the land
+as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than the latter,
+sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents whose velocity would
+be insufficient to move shingles. On the other hand, however, smaller
+bodies and forces of water can throw sand on the shore. The _spray_ that
+could not transport a pebble can carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far
+beyond situations where the reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be
+witnessed on some parts of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough
+weather too, the spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand,
+which it deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the
+return of moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid
+terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on their
+plaster fronts is very evident.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INNKEEPERS.
+
+
+The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of less
+humble station than now--he shared his calling with the monastery and
+with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as they still have in
+Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory of the monk, the
+parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine host--payment for the
+night's lodging, where he was in a condition to pay, being expected of
+him, in one shape or other, at all. The keeper of the Tabard in the
+Canterbury Tales appears to be upon a level with his guests, both in
+rank and information, and to play the part of one who felt that he was
+receiving his equals, and no more, under his roof; yet his company was
+not of the lowest; and in those times it seems to have been usual for
+the landlord to preside at the common board, and act in every respect as
+the hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as
+indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day. When
+the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it was by no
+means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be also the
+tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be confessed, may
+be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of the church, which
+drove the clergy to such expedients for a living, rather than the
+respectability of the calling to which they thus betook
+themselves.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA.
+
+
+We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the chief
+growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London. It is
+stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose names are
+appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of 1,010
+labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only was
+indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is that fruit
+and vegetables are not favourable to the production of that disease; but
+it does not appear to us that the premises warrant the conclusion. Is it
+the fact that those labourers eat a larger portion of fruit and
+vegetables than others? It is notorious, with regard to pastrycooks,
+confectioners, and such persons, that they do not consume more--if so
+much--of their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated
+as the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than others
+to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question. It is not
+against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of the earth," that
+we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases of cholera have been
+produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables (as cucumbers,) taken even
+in moderate quantity; and that great caution is necessary in this
+respect, notwithstanding the declaration of the growers.--_Medical
+Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Olive Oil._--The amount of duties paid on olive oil imported into the
+United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5, 1832, was £76,962. The
+quantity of this oil imported in that period was 2,286,629
+gallons--_Med. and Surg. Journal._
+
+_Coffee._--The duty on raw coffee is now 6_d_. per lb. on colonial, and
+9_d_. on foreign; the retail price is 2_s_. to 4_s_.
+
+_The Irish Bar._--Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man, who loved his
+bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish, invited the baronet to
+a grand dinner in London, where the wine circulated freely, and wit kept
+pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules,
+said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it true that we Scotch formerly
+_transported_ all our criminals and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say,"
+replied Sir Hercules; "but did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your
+countrymen _returning to Scotland_ from transportation."
+
+_Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey._--"Madame de Stael was forcibly
+struck by the factitious tone of the best society in London, and wished
+very much to have an opportunity of judging of that of the second class.
+She, however, had not this opportunity, which I regret, as I think it
+would have justified her expectations. In England, the raw material is
+generally good; it is the over-dressing that injures it; and as the
+class she wished to study are well educated, and have all the refinement
+of civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a
+favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the personification
+of her _beau ideal_ of perfection, as I must say they are of mine,"
+continued Byron, "and might serve as the finest specimens of the pure
+English patrician breed, of which so few remain." _His_ uncompromising
+and uncompromised dignity, founded on self-respect, and accompanied by
+that certain proof of superiority--simplicity of manner and freedom from
+affectation, with _her_ mild and matron graces, her whole life offering
+a model to wives and mothers--really they are people to be proud of, and
+a few such would reconcile one to one's species.--_From Lady
+Blessington's Conversations--New Monthly Magazine._
+
+_Cats Horticulturists._--Cat Mint is a species of _Nepeta_. It is
+covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like down, and has a strong,
+pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal or valerian, that is
+peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its specific and English names.
+These animals are so fond of it, that it is almost impossible to keep
+them from it, _after being transplanted_. Ray and Miller, both assert,
+however, that cats will never meddle with such plants as are raised from
+seed. Hence the old saying,
+
+  "If you set it,
+  The cats will eat it;
+  If you sow it
+  The cats don't know it."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Beef-eaters_, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the sideboard at
+great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the French
+_buffetiers_, from _buffet_, sideboard.
+
+_A Lion Killer._--Lions abound in the west of India. A gentleman assured
+Captain Skinner that he had, in one season, killed forty-five in the
+province of Hissar, alone. None of them were large, but he mentioned
+having met with one of uncommon beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny
+colour, but its mane a rich glossy black, as was also the tuft on the
+tail.
+
+_Vultures._--On passing the carcass of a bullock (says Captain Skinner,)
+we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's scent. An hour before
+not one was seen; nor was the place, being so wild and far removed from
+all habitations, likely to be haunted by them: yet now they thronged
+every tree in the neighbourhood. There could not have been less than
+four or five hundred.
+
+_Jackalls._--In some parts of India the howling of innumerable jackalls
+is never out of your ear, from the minute night falls to the first dawn
+of day. Captain Skinner says, until he became familiar to the screaming
+sound, he used to start from his sleep, and fancy some appalling
+calamity had driven the inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth
+in fear and madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might
+attend an earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very
+doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object,
+frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when "baying
+the moon."
+
+_Narrow Streets._--In grand Cairo, if you unfortunately meet a string of
+masked beauties upon donkies, you must make a rapid retreat, and resign
+yourself to be squeezed to a mummy against the wall for daring to stand
+in their course, if your curiosity should tempt you to do so.
+
+_Mussulman and Hindoo Religion._--"Where the same village is inhabited
+by people of both religions, they occupy opposite portions of it: and
+the circumstance may always be known by there being a well at each end
+of it; for the Hindoos would not draw water from the same fountain as
+the Mahomedans, for all the wealth of this world."
+
+_The only Favour._--At the battle of Spires, a regiment had orders not
+to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy, wounded and disarmed, begged
+hard for his life from one of its officers, who touched with his
+situation, replied, "I pity your misfortune, and--ask anything else but
+that, and upon my honour I will grant your request."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11705-8.txt or 11705-8.zip *******
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various</title>
+<style type="text/css">
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11705]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>[pg
+65]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 560.]</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>[pg
+66]</span>
+<h2>THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href=
+"images/560-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/560-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S
+PARK.</div>
+<p>The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better
+idea of the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous
+Illustrations. It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious
+accommodation afforded by the Society for their animals; while it
+enables us to watch the habits of the stupendous tenants in a state
+of nature, or at least, free from unnecessary restriction or
+confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto but rarely enjoyed in
+this country; the Elephants exhibited in our menageries being caged
+up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside the bars. The
+Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect, possessed an
+Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the range of
+a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence, and
+affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few
+visiters. In the <i>Jardin du Roi</i>, at Paris, the Elephant has
+long enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the
+scale of creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young
+specimen in the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and
+a spacious bath has since been added to the accommodations. This
+example has been rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens.</p>
+<p>The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden
+in the Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built
+in a style of unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a
+small enclosure, which the Elephant may measure in two or three
+turns. Opposite is an enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be
+almost worthy of the name of a little park or paddock. The fence is
+of iron, and light but substantial. Within the area are a few
+lime-trees, the lower branches of which are thinned by the Elephant
+repeatedly twisting off their foliage with his trunk, as adroitly
+as a gardener would gather fruit. His main luxury is, however, in
+his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water, of depth nearly
+equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his ablutions here
+with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of satisfaction
+and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the noble
+creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an imperfect
+idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His evolutions
+are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His
+keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the
+pond, but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits
+himself in a point of view in which we have not hitherto been
+accustomed to view an Elephant in this country. The fondness of
+Elephants for bathing is very remarkable. When in the water they
+often produce a singular noise with their trunks. Bishop Heber
+describes this habit as he witnessed it near Dacca:&mdash;"A sound
+struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we were riding,
+the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long, loud,
+deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and
+the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys
+which are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which
+the winds make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah,
+'there are Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I
+looked immediately, and saw about twenty of these fine animals,
+with their heads and trunks just appearing above the water. Their
+bellowing it was which I had heard, and which the water conveyed to
+us with a finer effect than if we had been on shore." The Elephant
+can also eject from his trunk water and dust, and his own saliva,
+over every part of his body, to cool its heated surface; and he is
+said to grub up dust, and blow it over his back and sides, to keep
+off the flies.</p>
+<p>There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of
+the Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society
+about fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old,
+and is still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods
+has been commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the
+Society by Sir Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been
+stated to be a dwarf variety, and that its age is not far short of
+that of the larger individual; but this assertion is questionable.
+It is much more consistent with our knowledge of the species to
+regard it, in the absence of all previous knowledge of the history
+of the individual, as a young one not exceeding four years old.
+This specimen will be seen in the distance of the Engraving.<a id=
+"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>[pg
+67]</span>
+<h3>STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE.</h3>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls,</p>
+<p>What memories of old, the sad vision recalls,</p>
+<p class="i2">For change o'er thee lightly has past;</p>
+<p>Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are
+fled,</p>
+<p>And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead,</p>
+<p class="i2">Since in childhood I gazed on thee last!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath,</p>
+<p>And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe,</p>
+<p class="i2">Like rare friends by adversity's side;</p>
+<p>Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold</p>
+<p>That marks in derision, the spot, where of old</p>
+<p class="i2">The standard once floated in pride.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown,</p>
+<p>And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone</p>
+<p class="i2">With chivalry's gorgeous array;</p>
+<p>And where music, and laughter so often have rung,</p>
+<p>In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung</p>
+<p class="i2">A mantle to hide their decay.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again,</p>
+<p>Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain,</p>
+<p class="i2">As if charmed into magic repose;</p>
+<p>The pass subterraneous,&mdash;the fathomless well,</p>
+<p>The mound whence the violet peeps&mdash;and the cell</p>
+<p class="i2">Where the fox-glove in solitude grows.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam,</p>
+<p>Yet I linger with thee&mdash;as to muse o'er a dream,</p>
+<p class="i2">That mournful truths soon will dispel;</p>
+<p>My pathway winds onward&mdash;life's cares to renew,</p>
+<p>And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view,</p>
+<p>'Tis for over&mdash;I bid thee farewell!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">E.L.J.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NOVELIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE HUNTSMAN.</h3>
+<h4><i>A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor.</i></h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"The merciful man is merciful to his beast."</p>
+<p>"The worm we tread upon will turn again."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a
+very handsome young man, the <i>beau ideal</i> of the lover, as
+pictured by the glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau
+<i>real</i> of a dozen villages in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle.
+Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but rather calculated to inspire
+terror and distrust, than affection and confidence: in fact, a
+bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the fierce, haughty
+character of his countenance, the fire which flashes from his eyes,
+and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create fear,
+instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles. One,
+however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of
+his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep
+and pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to
+answer his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a
+godless young man, we shall hereafter discover.</p>
+<p>Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided
+about a mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of
+Lord Mortimer, had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself
+with the rural produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a
+ready market,) but also to send Annette. Thus then commenced that
+innocent girl's acquaintance with the Baron's chief huntsman, not
+long after Elliott's induction into that office, by the resignation
+of his superannuated predecessor.</p>
+<p>Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles;
+none of which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or
+assuredly the deprivation of his office would have followed. But
+Lord Mortimer was a young man, paying his addresses to a lady who
+lived at some distance from the Castle, and consequently much
+absent from it. And, what said pretty Annette to the rumours which
+failed not to meet <i>her</i> ear, of her lover's misconduct? "I
+don't believe a word of them! Charles may be fonder of pleasure
+than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he will see and
+feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of his
+situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be
+solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge,"
+would she undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to
+the dogs under his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may
+be passionate, I don't say he is not, but he is generous and
+humane. <i>I</i> have never seen him scourge the hounds, as you
+tell me he does, until blood drops from their mangled hides;
+<i>I</i> have never heard the cries which, you say, resound from
+their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger."</p>
+<p>"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning
+tale-bearer, "any of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled
+coats, proclaimed how savagely they had been treated?"</p>
+<p>"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by
+the wild boars with which the Castle forests abound."</p>
+<p>"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight
+of my lord's hounds?"</p>
+<p>"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good
+training: when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of
+finding game, and the inclination of bringing it down."</p>
+<p>"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but
+they ought to be <i>fed</i>." Upon this, Annette would vehemently
+maintain that fed they were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut
+up their meat; whilst the friendly newsmonger would charitably
+hint, that her intended knew as well as most men how to turn an
+<i>honest</i> penny, by cheating the dogs of their food, and
+selling it elsewhere.</p>
+<p>Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly
+to malice and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as
+those who are obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an
+idolatry of affection which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as
+its object is contemned and despised by the world. Annette had also
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" name="page68"></a>[pg
+68]</span> some idea, that these, and other reports to the
+prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful rival, though
+poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and good-humoured as he
+was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to the
+disparagement of Elliott.</p>
+<p>Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for
+a week or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was
+reported to him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated
+himself, and so contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the
+young baron again left home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in
+his confidence and favour.</p>
+<p>It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make
+holiday, (at least they did so then, but times have strangely
+altered of late in once <i>merry</i> England,) the woods put on
+their brightest green, and the people their finest clothes, for
+there were wakes, fairs, and rustic meetings innumerable in the
+vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman might, as usual, be
+seen at these <i>f&ecirc;tes</i> for nothing, but after his late
+victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and
+looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent
+defiance.</p>
+<p>The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a
+cavalier, passing through one of the great forests which surrounded
+Mortimer Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female
+form slowly sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding,
+and uttering heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for
+something supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly
+recovering himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object
+of his idle fears:&mdash;"I have been waiting here for hours,"
+replied the young woman, for such indeed she was, "and my friend is
+not yet come; I am sadly afraid, sir, some accident may have
+happened to him."</p>
+<p>"<i>Him!</i>" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if
+you be waiting for a <i>gentleman</i>, no wonder you're
+disappointed. He has played you false, rely upon it, and won't come
+to night,&mdash;so you'd better go home."</p>
+<p>"O sir! O my Lord!&mdash;I cannot&mdash;I dare not! What would
+father and mother say? and what could I say?"</p>
+<p>"Ay&mdash;Annette,&mdash;Annette Martin,&mdash;what <i>could</i>
+you say?"</p>
+<p>"Only the <i>truth</i>, your lordship;" replied the poor girl
+sobbing, and curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for
+they do so hate Charles,&mdash;Charles Elliott, your
+honour,&mdash;that they've as good as sworn, as they'll never
+consent to my marrying him, and so&mdash;and so&mdash;I was just a
+waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and
+take me away to the far off town, and"&mdash;</p>
+<p>"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and
+mother's consent:&mdash;eh, Annette?"</p>
+<p>"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with
+another rustic dip.</p>
+<p>"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite
+please me; and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen
+circumstance should have detained him, shall know what <i>I</i>
+think of his present conduct to you. But come,&mdash;mount behind
+me,&mdash;I am unexpectedly returning to the Castle, Dame Trueby
+shall there make you comfortable for to-night, your parents and
+friends shall never know but that your absence from home was
+occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your marriage in two or
+three days, with <i>my</i> sanction, Annette, will, I think,
+completely settle matters."</p>
+<p>The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his
+noble steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to
+listen to all the consolation, or banterings, with which he
+endeavoured to cheer her on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing
+rather to believe that some dreadful accident had befallen her
+lover, than that carelessness, or perfidy, caused his absence. Dame
+Trueby's account was little calculated to soothe Annette's anxiety,
+or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting Elliott's proceedings.</p>
+<p>"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning,
+when I heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor
+creatures! and time enough that he did, I think, considering that
+he left them without a morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he
+was capering away at Woodcroft Feast; and then,&mdash;the
+beast!&mdash;what does he, but comes back so dead drunk that we
+were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the hungry brutes,
+poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been fit to
+raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and
+yowling!"</p>
+<p>"A sad account is this, Margery."</p>
+<p>"A very <i>true</i> one, please your lordship," replied the old
+housekeeper, testily.</p>
+<p>"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this
+time of night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his
+intended wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed
+I have ample need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let
+Elliott call me in the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile
+make this young woman as comfortable as you can, and
+<i>recollect</i>, Mrs. Trueby, <i>that she is come to the Castle
+upon a visit to you</i>."</p>
+<p>Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with
+apparent submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts,
+it was easy to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions
+relative to the honour of her noble master, and of the forlorn
+damsel thus thrust upon her peculiar hospitality. "And," continued
+Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are sure, fed the dogs this
+morning?"</p>
+<p>"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper,
+doggedly, "I suppose he <span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name=
+"page69"></a>[pg 69]</span> did, and belike beat 'em too; I only
+know they've been quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they
+wouldn't have been without <i>wittals</i>; but Master Elliott, I've
+not seen since."</p>
+<p>"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can
+he be?"</p>
+<p>"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild
+lad, and these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain."</p>
+<p>Little further passed that night between the young lord and his
+housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and
+poor Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect
+Mistress Margery, repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating
+the singularly dreadful disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles,
+in fact, not having returned, one of the inferior
+serving-men,&mdash;who durst not, now that his master was at home,
+stand upon the punctilio of "<i>not my business</i>," undertook
+soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when upon
+opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he
+there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, <i>the
+mangled remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman</i>: these
+consisted of his clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with
+fragments sufficient of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact,
+that the ravenous brutes, had, after their last long fast, sprung
+upon their tormentor, (awful retribution!) even at the very moment
+when he appeared amongst them with their long delayed meal, torn
+him in pieces, and devoured him!</p>
+<p>Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his
+canine favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a
+signal instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt
+himself obliged to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious
+banquet on human flesh; and with tears in his eyes, he forced
+himself to witness their execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging
+kindness of any of his retainers, should induce them to mitigate
+the culprits' doom. The horrid story spread far and wide, and one
+of its earliest results was the appearance at Castle Mortimer of a
+poor woman and three young children, who stated in an agony of
+grief, that <i>she</i> was the lawful <i>wife</i> of the deceased
+Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto
+whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without
+leave, were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being
+suddenly bereaved by his awful demise of their sole hope and
+support, now humbly threw themselves upon the benevolence of Lord
+Mortimer for employment and subsistence!</p>
+<p>The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this
+discovery of black villany meditated against her by the
+unprincipled huntsman, and upon its miraculous and awful
+frustration, may be imagined: yet had it also its beneficial
+influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end of the wretch
+who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection was
+converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking
+God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of
+the deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty
+persuaded to become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected,
+but really worthy and amiable admirer.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>PORTUGAL.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal
+Illustrated."</i>)</h4>
+<p><i>Spaniards and Portuguese.</i>&mdash;"Strip a Spaniard of all
+his virtues, and you make a good Portuguese of him," says the
+Spanish proverb. I have heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to
+a Spaniard's vices, and you have the Portuguese character." These
+nations blaspheme God by calling each other natural enemies. Their
+feelings are mutually hostile; but the Spaniards despise the
+Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the
+Spaniards.&mdash;<i>Southey.</i></p>
+<p><i>Portugal.</i>&mdash;Situated by the side of a country just
+five times its size, Portugal, but for the advantageous position of
+its coast, the good faith of England, and the weakness of its
+hostile neighbour, impassable roads, and numerous strong places,
+would long since have returned to the primitive condition of an
+Iberian province; but its separate existence as a nation has been
+preserved to it by the strength of the British alliance being
+brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own internal
+means of defence.&mdash;<i>Kinsey.</i></p>
+<p><i>Column of Disgrace.</i>&mdash;About the middle of the last
+century, the Duke of Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the
+Jesuits in Portugal, and accordingly executed. His house, at Belem,
+was levelled to the ground at the time of the Duke's decapitation,
+and on the site was erected <i>a column of disgrace</i>, which
+still remains, though some shops have been erected beside it to
+hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct of the nation on
+this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to
+conceal.</p>
+<p>Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large
+clock placed rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time
+with his scythe, and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a
+lyre.</p>
+<p><i>A Lisbon Dandy.</i>&mdash;A small, squat, puffy figure
+incased within a large pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean,
+high-boned, straw-fed, cream-coloured nag, with an enormously
+flowing tail, whose length and breadth would appear to be each
+night guarded from discolouration by careful involution above the
+hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and long pointed boots, up
+his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page70" name="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> <i>&agrave; la
+Cossaque</i>, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he
+is seated in <i>cool</i> repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing
+seals as large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a
+little higher to the figured waistcoat of early British
+manufacture, and the sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim
+sugar-loaf hat on his head,&mdash;where can be found his equal? Nor
+does he want a nose as big as the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two
+flanks of impenetrable, deep, black brushwood, extending under
+either ear, and almost concealing the countenance, to complete the
+singular contour of his features.</p>
+<p><i>A Lisbon Water-carrier</i> earns about sixpence per day, the
+moiety of which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha
+from a cook's stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on
+holidays,&mdash;water being his general beverage, nay, one might
+almost say, his element. A mat in a large upper room, shared with
+several others, serves him in winter as a place of repose for the
+night; but during the summer he frequently sleeps out in the open
+air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow.</p>
+<p><i>Vanity.</i>&mdash;A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman
+complain of the intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis,
+retorted that, for his part, when he was in London, it was the
+absence of that filth, and the want of the smells complained of,
+that had rendered his residence in our metropolis so disagreeable
+and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as Southey says, "makes a
+man a liar so easily as vanity."</p>
+<p><i>Dogs.</i>&mdash;In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the
+violence of the heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets,
+though the thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and
+scarcely an instance of canine madness is ever known to occur. When
+the French decreed the extinction of the tribe of curs that infest
+the streets, no native executioner could be found to put the
+exterminating law in force; nay, the very measure excited popular
+indignation.</p>
+<p><i>Golden Sands.</i>&mdash;Perhaps originally it was the fabled
+gold of the Tagus which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers,
+and the general persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this
+royal river did actually once produce sufficient gold to make a
+magnificent crown and sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot
+sovereign, the good king Denis.</p>
+<p><i>A Dinner.</i>&mdash;A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the
+worst supposable specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a
+platter of compact, black, greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if
+so much, of poor half-fed meat; a certain proportion of hard-boiled
+beef, that has never seen the salting pan, having already yielded
+its nutritious qualities to a swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and
+now requiring the accompaniment of a satellite tongue, or friendly
+slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull relish to it; potatoes of
+leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine contexture, that
+Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve; with offensive
+vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be imported
+from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding rock
+of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small
+quantity of <i>very small</i> wine; abundance of water; and an
+awful army of red ants, probably imported from the
+Brazils&mdash;the wood of which the chairs and tables are made,
+hurrying across the cloth with characteristic industry;&mdash;such
+are the principal features of the quiet family dinner-table of the
+Portuguese.</p>
+<p><i>The Dockyard</i> of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many
+of the largest of our private ship-builders on the banks of the
+Thames and the Avon.</p>
+<p><i>Funerals.</i>&mdash;In Portugal the corpse is placed in an
+open coffin, and the head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled
+with holy water is placed at the foot of the bier, which the
+priests and relatives of the deceased sprinkle on the body. The
+service being concluded, the corpse is followed by the relatives
+down into the vaults below the church, where vinegar and quick lime
+having been poured upon the body, the falling lid of the coffin is
+closed and <i>locked</i>, and the key delivered to the chief
+mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party
+of friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the
+house of the defunct, where the key being left with the nearest
+relative, and the complimentary visit being paid, the rite is
+considered as terminated. No fire is lighted in the house of a
+deceased person upon the day of his funeral, and the relatives, who
+live in separate houses, are in the habit of supplying a
+ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that the inmates are
+too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any orders for the
+preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing week, the
+chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at tea.
+The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though
+not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum
+on the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies
+without leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his
+funeral, the dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public
+street, with a box upon the breast, into which passers-by drop
+copper or silver coin, until sufficient has thus been obtained to
+defray the expense of interment; and that a soldier stands at the
+head of the body to see that no money is abstracted; for, in
+Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is intended would
+not secure it without his protection.</p>
+<p>There is no pardoning <i>soi-disant liberaux</i>, who prove, by
+their acts, the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of
+liberty.</p>
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>[pg
+71]</span>
+<h3>PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.</h3>
+<p><i>Decollatio</i>, or beheading, was a military punishment among
+the Romans. In early times it was performed with an axe, and
+afterwards with a sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all
+countries where beheading and hanging are used as capital
+punishments, the former is always considered less ignominious.
+Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of nobles, when
+commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high treason
+is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged
+before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits
+that part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could
+not be hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this
+punishment, he was degraded before the execution. At present,
+hanging is not used in that country, and since so many instances
+have occurred of extreme suffering, on the part of the criminal,
+caused by the unskilfulness of the executioner in beheading with
+the sword, this mode of execution has been abolished. Beheading in
+Prussia is now always performed with a heavy axe, the sufferer
+being previously tied to a block. In France, during the
+revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine, the
+guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the
+exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who
+has murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut
+off the moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it
+was, in some states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to
+perform the executions with the sword. In China, it is well known
+that beheading is practised, sometimes accompanied with the most
+studied torments. In the United States of America, beheading is
+unknown, the halter being the only instrument of capital
+punishment. In many European countries, beheading with the sword
+still prevails.</p>
+<p>P.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>PRICE OF BLOOD.&mdash;WERE AND WERELADE.</h3>
+<p>Were, or <i>Wera</i>, in our old law books, signifies what was
+anciently paid for <i>killing a man</i>. When such crimes were
+punished with pecuniary mulets, not death, the price was set on
+every man's head, according to his condition and quality.</p>
+<p><i>Werelade</i>, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide
+on oath, in order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called
+<i>were</i>. If the party denied the fact, he was to purge himself,
+by the oaths of several persons, according to his degree and
+quality. If the guilt amounted to four pounds, he was to have
+eighteen jurors on his father's side, and four on his mother's: if
+to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty jurors, and this was
+called <i>werelade</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Weregild</i>, or <i>Weregeld</i>, was the price of a man's
+head; which was paid partly to the king for the loss of his
+subject, partly to the lord whose vassal he was, and partly to the
+next of kin.</p>
+<p>"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law,
+in case of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the
+murderer and the friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by
+causing the malefactor to give unto them, or to the child or wife
+of him that was slain, a recompense, which they called
+<i>eriach</i>. And thus we find in our Saxon laws, particularly
+those of King Athelstan, the several <i>weregilds</i> for homicide,
+established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl or
+peasant, up to that of the king himself."</p>
+<p>The <i>weregild</i> of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000
+thrismas; that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or
+governor, 4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king,
+30,000; half to be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the
+public. The weregild of a ceorl was 266 thrismas.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.</h3>
+<p>The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High
+Chancellor, or Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in
+authority, power, and precedence. They are appointed by the King's
+delivery of the Great Seal to them, and by taking the oath of
+office. They differ only in this point, that the Lord Chancellor
+hath also letters patent, whereas the Lord Keeper hath none.</p>
+<p>He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or
+grants, are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto.</p>
+<p>Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power
+to judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he
+finds the law of the land so defective as that the subject would be
+injured thereby.</p>
+<p>He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His
+Majesty's gift, rated under 20<i>l</i>. a year in the King's
+books.</p>
+<p>In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by
+an ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is
+Maurice, in 1067, who was afterward Bishop of London.</p>
+<p>Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage,
+until the year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal
+to Sir Thomas Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of
+Ellesmere,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+"#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> and constituted him Lord High
+Chancellor of England. But until of late years, the custom never
+prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of England should he made
+an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all matters which
+appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he maybe
+said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great
+assembly.&mdash;<i>Manual of Rank and Nobility.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>[pg
+72]</span>
+<h2>NEW BOOKS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC.</h3>
+<p>(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the
+season, and independently of its place as a volume of the <i>Family
+Library</i>, it has substantive claims which we trust will not he
+overlooked. It is from the graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who
+possesses, in a high degree, the peculiar talent of investing
+scientific inquiries with the charm of popular delight; in short,
+of making science easy, and often conveying in a single chapter
+what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in truth, teaches us
+the sweet uses of science.</p>
+<p>The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter
+Scott, to whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint
+idea of the extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from
+the magic of the ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns;
+yet the purpose of the work is mainly to trace the connexion of
+those prodigies of the material world which are termed Natural
+Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in the introductory letter,
+the writer observes on the resources of ancient magic:&mdash;)</p>
+<p>The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and
+of remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from
+reaching the present times; but though we are very ill informed
+respecting the progress of the ancients in various departments of
+the physical sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost
+every branch of knowledge had contributed its wonders to the
+magician's budget, and we may even obtain some insight into the
+scientific acquirements of former ages, by a diligent study of
+their fables and their miracles.</p>
+<p>(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following
+beautiful passage on the Eye:&mdash;)</p>
+<p>This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which
+guards the pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and
+through which all their communications are interchanged. The optic
+nerve is the channel by which the mind peruses the hand-writing of
+Nature on the retina, and through which it transfers to that
+material tablet its decisions and its creations. The eye is
+consequently the principal seat of the supernatural. When the
+indications of the marvellous are addressed to us through the ear,
+the mind may be startled without being deceived, and reason may
+succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by which
+we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it
+the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their
+outline; when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to
+its view; when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any
+intelligible cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or
+imaginary, for whose presence no cause can be assigned, the
+conviction of supernatural agency becomes under ordinary
+circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only an amusing but an
+useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those causes which are
+capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it arises from
+the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from the
+dexterity and science of others.</p>
+<p>(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant,
+as they include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions,
+and natural phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of
+Sound are next in interest; among them we find explained the wonder
+of singers breaking glasses with their great power of voice; the
+automaton flute-player, talking engines, echoes, &amp;c. The
+Mechanical causes are less numerous: among them we are glad to see
+<i>noticed</i> the feat of lifting heavy persons, which we
+ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David Brewster does
+not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many readers, we
+quote the two relating pages.)</p>
+<p>One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative
+to the strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen
+and admired, is that in which a heavy man is raised with the
+greatest facility, when he is lifted up the instant that his own
+lungs and those of the persons who raise him are inflated with air.
+This experiment was, I believe, first shown in England a few years
+ago by Major H., who saw it performed in a large party at Venice
+under the direction of an officer of the American Navy. As Major H.
+performed it more than once in my presence, I shall describe as
+nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The heaviest
+person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being
+supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one
+at each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and
+they find his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty
+they experience in supporting him. When he is replaced in the
+chair, each of the four persons takes hold of the body as before,
+and the person to be lifted gives two signals by clapping his
+hands. At the first signal he himself and the four lifters begin to
+draw a long and full breath, and when the inhalation is completed,
+or the lungs filled, the second signal is given, for raising the
+person from the chair. To his own surprise and that of his bearers,
+he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were no heavier than
+a feather. On several occasions I have observed that when one of
+the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation out of
+time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it
+were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have
+performed the part both of the load and of <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page73" name="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span> the
+bearer, you can testify how remarkable the effects appear to all
+parties, and how complete is the conviction, either that the load
+has been lightened, or the bearer strengthened by the prescribed
+process. At Venice the experiment was performed in a much more
+imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party was raised and
+sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six persons. Major
+H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the person
+lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the
+individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that
+the bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised.
+I have not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to
+these curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion,
+or the result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a
+careful investigation.</p>
+<p>(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the
+beautiful contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and
+the head of the sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has
+supplied fewer wonders than we expected: they occupy but fifty
+pages.</p>
+<p>The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the
+majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is
+unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the
+Invisible Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable,
+since they are generally accompanied by illustrations.</p>
+<p>By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early
+volumes of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of
+the FF.R.S. whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early
+years of the Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some
+of the early papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns
+observed in France&mdash;Worms that eat Stones and
+Mortar&mdash;which are almost as marvellous as one of Sir David
+Brewster's lines&mdash;a coach and four filled with skeletons. The
+Royal Society has now existed a century and three-quarters: in
+their early Transactions are inquiries relative to the
+tides&mdash;observations on the darting threads of
+spiders&mdash;"experiments about respiration"&mdash;"of red snow
+seen at Genoa," &amp;c.; yet scores of philosophers, at the present
+moment, are controverting these very subjects.)</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA.</h3>
+<p>(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead
+the reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage
+through untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from
+India to England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia,
+Russia, and Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word
+"untrodden," and it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the
+author, or his first volume, but is not appropriate to the second,
+which owes its main interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the
+illustrious Pole. Neither is the term pilgrimage characteristic of
+the journey, which has the sketchiness and levity of a flying tour
+rather than the observant gravity of a patient pilgrimage.
+Nevertheless, the work is altogether full of vivacity and interest,
+and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must be as pleasant on his
+travels, as his book will be in our hands.</p>
+<p>Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days.
+Here, with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness
+the Imaum, whose court is a curiosity.)</p>
+<p>The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the
+town, and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or
+veranda open to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood
+several well dressed Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and
+half a dozen dirty looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the
+sepoys in our Indian army, and equipped much after the same
+fashion. These latter, as I understood, were paraded in honour of
+my visit; and indeed generally form the <i>garde du corps</i> on
+occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the <i>Court of
+Muscat</i>. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with
+chairs, and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet,
+addressed himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object
+and direction; and then touched on the politics of Europe.</p>
+<p>Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his
+horses, his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which
+afforded excellent accommodation, and which were generally occupied
+by English visiters.</p>
+<p>The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes
+considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the
+finest horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the
+governors of the Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his
+own service. Horses likewise form an article of trade between
+Muscat and India, and yield, as I have been told, a considerable
+profit.</p>
+<p>(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small
+school founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the
+British residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr.
+Stocqueler says:)</p>
+<p>The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than
+thirteen pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the
+Persian and Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old
+Armenian.</p>
+<p>(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike
+and so much resembling each other in feature, and in the total
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name="page74"></a>[pg
+74]</span> loss of the left eye, that it was difficult to discover
+my friend the supercargo, who had accompanied us from Bombay."</p>
+<p>Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The
+houses are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk
+of the date tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to
+be seen but a vast sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles.
+Within the walls, it is equally sterile, it literally yields
+<i>nothing</i>; here, "all <i>is</i> barren," and the water is far
+from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh keeps up no
+standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the <i>Shut-ul-Arab</i>,
+[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than
+those of the Thames at Richmond.</p>
+<p>At Bussorah&mdash;a <i>bain &agrave; la Turque</i>.)</p>
+<p>Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment
+resembling a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and
+glazed sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered
+with cloths and coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and
+there was a fireplace where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and
+cloths dried. Having been required to strip, and a cloth tied round
+my waist, I was led into a second apartment filled with steam, and
+of so high a temperature, that in one instant I lost my breath, and
+in the next was streaming from every pore. I anticipated a speedy
+dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but on reaching a third apartment,
+(all vaulted and lighted, or rather darkened alike,) I had become
+somewhat relieved. In this apartment were four cisterns nearly
+level with the floor, into which the hot water was drawn by cocks
+placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that the water
+was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the cisterns,
+and then the operation commenced.</p>
+<p><i>Act</i> 1.&mdash;Deluged with hot water from the hands of a
+stout Persian. <i>Act</i> 2.&mdash;Conducted by said Persian to a
+stone ottoman in the centre of the room, and caused to sit down.
+<i>Act</i> 3.&mdash;My whole body kneaded by the fists of the
+aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed, limbs
+rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. <i>Act</i> 4.&mdash;Enveloped in
+warm towels, and served with a pipe. <i>Act</i> 5.&mdash;Wiped dry;
+led into the outer apartment dressed and&mdash;<i>Exit</i>.</p>
+<p>(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as
+follows.)</p>
+<p>As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and
+tide had set against us. The <i>mallahs</i>, or trackers,
+immediately stripped, placing their clothes on their heads, and
+sprang on shore. A rope was passed from the mast-head to a girdle
+round their respective bodies, and off they set along the banks;
+sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating channels, or unequal
+projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading or swimming
+with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water
+required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and
+Euphrates is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The
+business of tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing
+and dangerous: in fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the
+muscular powers and courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah
+tribes require that each Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad,
+as a tracker, before he can be qualified for the married state and
+the care of a family.</p>
+<p>(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his
+way he escapes a storm on the Euphrates.)</p>
+<p>The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of
+June, now rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent
+storm, and in a few hours inundated the whole Ir&acirc;k.
+Numberless villages of matted huts were swept away; men, women, and
+children, were in a moment rendered houseless; numerous cattle and
+sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by the roots, and boats
+swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the river, which had
+governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and it was with
+the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed and
+escape getting aground.</p>
+<p>(At Bussorah.)</p>
+<p>Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread
+consternation throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its
+inhabitants into retreat. The shops were closed&mdash;trade at a
+stand&mdash;the streets deserted&mdash;houses tenantless&mdash;the
+oft busy creek had scarcely a boat moving on its surface&mdash;the
+mosques were filled with the dismayed Moslems, whom poverty or
+self-interest had kept in the town&mdash;the Christian churches
+held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had driven to pray
+with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir Arabs,
+meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the
+losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves
+of his usury.</p>
+<p>Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency.
+He had sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into
+the humble office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he
+esteemed the most distressing event of the three) to encounter face
+to face those who had just left the "city of the plague." I had
+told him of the circumstances under which I had met the resident,
+(coming from Bagdad,) and that there were three cases of plague on
+board. The Armenian, whose only notions regarding <i>cases</i> were
+acquired in the course of his mercantile transactions, and who
+believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne case to be much
+about the same article, ejaculated, "Three <i>cases</i> of plague!
+Merciful heavens!&mdash;if the major wanted to preserve such
+abominable <span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name=
+"page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> virus, could he not have brought a
+smaller quantity? Three cases! If it <i>should</i> run out, how it
+might spread about the town!"</p>
+<p>(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record.
+He was pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with
+a box of ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy
+for the <i>impaired vision</i> of his left eye. He had been stone
+blind from his childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told
+so."</p>
+<p>The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.)</p>
+<p>He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out
+on the palace court, above which it was raised for about three
+feet. Three or four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh,
+and he was patting a couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the
+court, stood a considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person
+were a number of subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank
+merely bowed and took their places, others advanced and kissed the
+sheikh's hand while the humblest officers knelt on one knee to
+perform the same ceremony. I observed, however, that great respect
+was always paid to age in this little court, for when the head of a
+village, far advanced in years, limped up to the <i>nummud</i>, the
+sheikh rose and embraced him, though he held but a trifling post,
+and was a man of little personal merit. My own reception was most
+flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good, good,
+admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian&mdash;"you are now
+yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do
+not forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with
+me about my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and
+gave me some instructions for going through the Chab territory.
+Talking of hunting, and more especially of falconry, he told me
+that his deserts abounded with game, and that if I would stay with
+him, I should see herds of antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He
+was curious about our field sports, but showed very little interest
+in more important matters; because, said he, "I am already well
+informed in all that concerns Europeans and their empires."</p>
+<p>The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who
+fly to Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own <i>materiel</i>
+of war. In this way he can command the services of six or seven
+thousand cavalry, and above fifteen thousand infantry,
+independently of the wandering Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of
+Chab.</p>
+<p>(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.)</p>
+<p>The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of
+coffee, but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It
+is with them a kind of <i>bon-bon</i> eaten in a powdered and
+roasted state, without having had any connexion with hot water.
+When Meer Goolam Hussein called on me, he was always accompanied by
+his coffee-bearer, who carried about the fragrant berry in a
+<i>snuff-box</i>, and handed it frequently to the company present.
+The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its colour and
+quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular
+repository, I took a <i>pinch</i> of the coffee and applied it to
+my nose, amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all
+the party.</p>
+<p>(A <i>vestry dinner</i> in Persia must be one of our
+<i>selections</i>.)</p>
+<p>At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres
+have ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I
+dined once with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that
+vestry honours and vestry appetites are not exclusively English
+characteristics. The dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a
+large white cloth, around which the guests assembled. Placed
+opposite each guest was a plate, knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a
+piece of cheese, two or three feet of bread, and a hard boiled egg.
+The feast commenced by each person drinking a dram of aniseed; then
+came in quick succession mutton chops, boiled fowls, boiled
+kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and grapes, sweetmeats,
+and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen did equal
+justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>BOYHOOD OF CRANMER&mdash;SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.</h3>
+<p>Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This
+may seem singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at
+Cambridge amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such
+shifts were not unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries
+indeed had schools attached to them in many instances. In
+Elizabeth's time a complaint is made by the Speaker of the Commons,
+that the number of such places of education had been reduced by a
+hundred, in consequence of the suppression of the religious houses.
+Still it must often have happened (thickly scattered as the
+monasteries were) that the child lived at an inconvenient distance
+from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have liked to trust
+less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity; and
+probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus
+makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is
+remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the
+popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the
+Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst
+schools, on the other hand, began <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page76" name="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span> to multiply in their
+stead; a fact which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion
+with regard to the monasteries as places of education&mdash;for
+education began now to be the desire of the day. Schools,
+therefore, in the present acceptation of the term, in Cranmer's
+boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the crying want of them
+in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that of St. Paul's,
+which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first master, not only
+became so distinguished in itself, but set the example, and
+prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others
+which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of
+a boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years,
+was aware of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his
+model&mdash;but he was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who
+were for ever uttering the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and,
+besides, his days were soon numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps
+remembered the obstacles in his own way, and who certainly foresaw
+the great calamity of an ignorant clergy, pressed for the
+establishment of a school in connexion with every cathedral&mdash;a
+school, as it were, of the prophets&mdash;where boys intended for
+holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they
+were about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons
+duly qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was
+overruled, and a measure, which might have helped to catch up the
+church before it fell into that abyss of ignorance which seems to
+have immediately succeeded the Reformation, (the natural
+consequence of a season of convulsion and violence,) was unhappily
+lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth that the evil was at
+all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the deficiency of
+well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was at that
+time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the
+reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many
+tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost
+exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their
+later years to the country-town which had given them birth, and
+gratefully provided for the better education of their neighbours,
+by furnishing it with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman,
+a person who then appears to have appreciated learning, and often
+to have brought up his boy to the church, united in the same
+praiseworthy object. In such cases application was usually made to
+the Queen for a charter, which was granted with or without
+pecuniary assistance on her own part; and whoever will examine the
+dates of our foundation schools, will find a great proportion of
+them erected in that glorious reign.</p>
+<p>Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was
+sent to college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being
+at that time the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded
+them, and being considered the two great national receptacles for
+all the boys in the country. There they were subjected to corporal
+punishment. The statutes were framed with a reference to the habits
+of mere boys; it is forbidden, for instance, in one of the
+Cambridge statutes, to play marbles on the senate-house steps; and
+the number of the students was so enormous (still for the same
+reason), that Latimer, in one of his sermons, speaks of a decrease
+in those of his own time, to the amount of no less than ten
+thousand.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Review</i>.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST.</h3>
+<p>M. &mdash;&mdash;, a Perote, one who knew "the difference
+between alum and barley-sugar,"<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> if ever
+man did, a good catholic, a conscientious person, a dragoman, and
+as such necessarily attached to truth, and never telling a lie,
+save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the witness
+rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from the
+European palace of &mdash;&mdash;, at Pera, on business in
+Constantinople. He was in a great hurry, but as he reached the
+Meytiskellesi, or wharf of the dead, and was about stepping into
+his c&auml;ik to be rowed across the harbour of the Golden Horn,
+either a nail in one of the rough planks of the wooden quay caught
+his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget which&mdash;but the
+dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a tall and
+very notorious African magician, who had long been practising at
+the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the
+place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world
+with one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the
+dragoman naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's
+edge only to cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely
+invited him to take a passage in his c&auml;ik. The tall African
+made no verbal reply, but smiled, and waved his hand to decline the
+high honour.</p>
+<p>The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross
+over himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the
+opposite side of the Golden Horn, stepped into his c&auml;ik, which
+instantly glided from the quay and shot across the port. The boats
+at Constantinople are all very light and sharp, and go with
+astonishing speed, even when propelled with one pairs of oars; but
+people of high consideration, like dragomans, generally have two
+pairs to their c&auml;iks, and at this time M. &mdash;&mdash; being
+in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as they
+could.</p>
+<p>When about half way on his short aquatic journey, <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page77" name="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> M.
+&mdash;&mdash; turned his head and looked back, and then he saw at
+the end of the quay, just where he had left him, the tall African
+standing starch and motionless, like a granite statue before an
+Egyptian temple.</p>
+<p>The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the
+opposite shore&mdash;no c&auml;ik had passed him on his
+way&mdash;when lo! as his own came in concussion with the wooden
+piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi, and he rose from his seat to
+step on shore, he saw the identical African wizard standing there
+before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite quay where he
+had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could have
+proceeded by mortal agency!</p>
+<p>The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was
+the Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden
+Horn, and fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left
+behind there gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. &mdash;&mdash;
+felt a sort of flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the
+wizard's power; he remained for better than a minute in the
+position he was, when the tall African first struck his eye,
+spell-bound as it were, with one foot on the edge of the boat, and
+the other on the edge of the quay; but recovering himself, he drew
+up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself like a good catholic,
+and <i>salaaming</i> his acquaintance, like a polite Turk, he
+stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed him,
+and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of
+vision. Mr. &mdash;&mdash; thinking more about this wonderful
+occurrence than the business of the &mdash;&mdash; nation he was
+going upon went his way, and having discharged his duty, hurried
+back to Pera, where he told this story, where it was universally
+believed from the veracity and character and dignity of the
+narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living. Very
+possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the
+wizard, for he tells it to every
+stranger&mdash;<i>Metropolitan</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>PRECIOUS STONES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People&mdash;Mineralogy
+and Geology</i>.)</h4>
+<p><i>Why was crystal so named?</i></p>
+<p>Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as
+occurring in a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be
+water permanently congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency,
+called it <i>Krustallos</i>, signifying ice; but in time the word
+became used without attention being paid to its original meaning,
+and was applied to all the regular figures observed in
+minerals.</p>
+<p><i>Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for
+glass in spectacles?</i></p>
+<p>Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily
+become scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles.</p>
+<p><i>Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?</i></p>
+<p>Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn
+Gorm, in Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of
+quartz, and is much admired for seal stones, &amp;c.; it is
+sometimes improperly termed topaz.</p>
+<p><i>Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?</i></p>
+<p>Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to
+produce these varieties. Thus, <i>amethyst</i>, or purple quartz,
+is tinged with a little iron and manganese. <i>Rose quartz</i>, or
+false ruby, derives its colour from manganese. <i>Avanturine</i> is
+a beautiful variety of quartz, of a rich brown colour, which, from
+a peculiarity of texture, appears filled with bright spangles.
+Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron, are found in Spain, and
+have been termed <i>hyacinths of Compostella</i>. Flint,
+chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or
+heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally
+composed of quartz, with various tinging materials.</p>
+<p><i>Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the
+mineral world?</i></p>
+<p>Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge
+of the substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the
+solar rays. It is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The
+finest specimens come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety
+of opal called <i>Hydrophane</i>, which is white and opaque till
+immersed in water; it then resembles the former.</p>
+<p><i>Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?</i></p>
+<p>Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature.
+It forms also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the
+topaz. The blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It
+is infusible before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing,
+and retains its electricity for several hours; but does not become
+electrical by heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity
+of rocks belonging to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and
+imbedded in gneiss. It is found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in
+Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony; Expailly in France; and
+particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains, twelve days from
+Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most valuable of
+gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat become
+snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre, that
+they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties
+are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the
+jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or
+oriental topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful
+variety, in which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with
+an opalescent <span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name=
+"page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight
+is considered to be worth fifty guineas.&mdash;<i>Jameson</i>.</p>
+<p>The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent
+introduction. The white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in
+lustre, and in Brazil is called <i>mina nova</i>.<a id=
+"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href=
+"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+<p><i>Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?</i></p>
+<p>Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the
+garnet, are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at
+the same time, rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure
+carmine, or blood-red of considerable intensity, forming, when well
+polished, a blaze of the most exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is,
+however, more or less pale, and mixed with blue in various
+proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and reddish white, crimson,
+peach-blossom red, and lilac blue&mdash;the latter variety being
+named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and
+transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of
+the weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that
+gem. The king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize
+the rarest rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of
+the first of these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and
+its worth when compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the
+Deccan, also, is in possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full
+inch in diameter. The princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a
+first rate magnitude. Mr. Mawe, from whose interesting work we
+abridge these particulars, considers the oriental sapphire to rank
+next in value to the ruby. Among the British crown jewels is an
+inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest and deepest azure, more
+than two inches long, and one inch broad. The finest ruby among
+these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than intrinsic
+value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the Black
+Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the
+sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state
+occasions.</p>
+<p><i>Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?</i></p>
+<p>Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a
+small proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without
+injuring their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all
+gems depends less on the quality of their component principles,
+than on their complete solution and intimate combination. The
+alkalized earths, as lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash,
+seem to intervene as solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved,
+acquires, as we have shown from Klaproth, a crystallization, of
+which, by itself, it is not susceptible.</p>
+<p>The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but
+the chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best
+are often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is
+blood or cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints
+of crimson, purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth
+brown. The Sirian garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare
+specimens, makes it compete with the amethyst, from which it is to
+be discriminated by the disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and
+acquiring an orange tint by candlelight. Distinct from all other
+garnets, it preserves its colour unmixed with the common black
+tinge, unassisted by foil, even when thick. <i>Course garnets</i>
+are used as emery for polishing metals, and by lapidaries. They are
+found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other countries.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From the preceding work</i>.)</h4>
+<p><i>Why are certain formations called marine?</i></p>
+<p>Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand,
+as may be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this
+manner, at Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has
+erected a series of natural embankments against itself. The present
+extent of land thrown up by the sea, and out of the reach of the
+highest tides, is nearly three miles long, projecting from the base
+of the original cliff to the distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The
+respective lines of growth are indicated by a series of small
+embankments, perfectly defined. Several of these ridges have been
+formed within the memory of men now living. A rampart of heavy
+materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the north-cast.
+Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the shingle, and
+the process is completed by marine plants taking root and extending
+their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In process of
+time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and
+ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.<a id=
+"footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href=
+"#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
+<p><i>Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?</i></p>
+<p>Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials
+composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the
+broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive
+others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical
+suspension by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the
+greatest height of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>[pg
+79]</span> beyond the reach of the retiring waves: and this great
+accumulation of land upon beach being effected at high water, it is
+clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the land of what it has gained.
+Smaller lines are formed in moderate weather, to be swept away by
+heavy gales: hence it would appear, that the sea was diminishing
+the beach; but attention will show that the shingles of the lines
+so apparently swept away, are but accumulated elsewhere. How often
+has our observation of these changes realized the homely simile of
+Shakspeare:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore,</p>
+<p class="i2">So do our minutes hasten to their end;</p>
+<p>Each changing place with that which goes before,</p>
+<p class="i2">In sequent toil all forwards do contend.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Why is this progressive march of beaches far from
+rapid?</i></p>
+<p>Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater
+power or duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles
+become comminuted in their passage, and thus, the harder can only
+travel to considerable distances. Works are sometimes constructed
+to arrest beaches, either to protect land behind, or to prevent
+their passage round pier-heads into artificial harbours, and thus
+engineers are practically aware of their travelling power in
+direction of certain winds.</p>
+<p><i>Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than
+shingle?</i></p>
+<p>Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon
+the land as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than
+the latter, sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents
+whose velocity would be insufficient to move shingles. On the other
+hand, however, smaller bodies and forces of water can throw sand on
+the shore. The <i>spray</i> that could not transport a pebble can
+carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far beyond situations where the
+reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be witnessed on some parts
+of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough weather too, the
+spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand, which it
+deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the return of
+moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid
+terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on
+their plaster fronts is very evident.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>INNKEEPERS.</h3>
+<p>The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of
+less humble station than now&mdash;he shared his calling with the
+monastery and with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as
+they still have in Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory
+of the monk, the parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine
+host&mdash;payment for the night's lodging, where he was in a
+condition to pay, being expected of him, in one shape or other, at
+all. The keeper of the Tabard in the Canterbury Tales appears to be
+upon a level with his guests, both in rank and information, and to
+play the part of one who felt that he was receiving his equals, and
+no more, under his roof; yet his company was not of the lowest; and
+in those times it seems to have been usual for the landlord to
+preside at the common board, and act in every respect as the
+hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as
+indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day.
+When the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it
+was by no means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be
+also the tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be
+confessed, may be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of
+the church, which drove the clergy to such expedients for a living,
+rather than the respectability of the calling to which they thus
+betook themselves.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA.</h3>
+<p>We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the
+chief growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London.
+It is stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose
+names are appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of
+1,010 labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only
+was indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is
+that fruit and vegetables are not favourable to the production of
+that disease; but it does not appear to us that the premises
+warrant the conclusion. Is it the fact that those labourers eat a
+larger portion of fruit and vegetables than others? It is
+notorious, with regard to pastrycooks, confectioners, and such
+persons, that they do not consume more&mdash;if so much&mdash;of
+their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated as
+the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than
+others to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question.
+It is not against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of
+the earth," that we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases
+of cholera have been produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables
+(as cucumbers,) taken even in moderate quantity; and that great
+caution is necessary in this respect, notwithstanding the
+declaration of the growers.&mdash;<i>Medical Gazette</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Olive Oil.</i>&mdash;The amount of duties paid on olive oil
+imported into the United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5,
+1832, was &pound;76,962. The quantity of this oil imported in that
+period was 2,286,629 gallons&mdash;<i>Med. and Surg.
+Journal.</i></p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page80" name="page80"></a>[pg
+80]</span>
+<p><i>Coffee.</i>&mdash;The duty on raw coffee is now 6<i>d</i>.
+per lb. on colonial, and 9<i>d</i>. on foreign; the retail price is
+2<i>s</i>. to 4<i>s</i>.</p>
+<p><i>The Irish Bar.</i>&mdash;Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man,
+who loved his bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish,
+invited the baronet to a grand dinner in London, where the wine
+circulated freely, and wit kept pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing
+to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules, said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it
+true that we Scotch formerly <i>transported</i> all our criminals
+and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say," replied Sir Hercules; "but
+did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your countrymen
+<i>returning to Scotland</i> from transportation."</p>
+<p><i>Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey.</i>&mdash;"Madame de Stael
+was forcibly struck by the factitious tone of the best society in
+London, and wished very much to have an opportunity of judging of
+that of the second class. She, however, had not this opportunity,
+which I regret, as I think it would have justified her
+expectations. In England, the raw material is generally good; it is
+the over-dressing that injures it; and as the class she wished to
+study are well educated, and have all the refinement of
+civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a
+favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the
+personification of her <i>beau ideal</i> of perfection, as I must
+say they are of mine," continued Byron, "and might serve as the
+finest specimens of the pure English patrician breed, of which so
+few remain." <i>His</i> uncompromising and uncompromised dignity,
+founded on self-respect, and accompanied by that certain proof of
+superiority&mdash;simplicity of manner and freedom from
+affectation, with <i>her</i> mild and matron graces, her whole life
+offering a model to wives and mothers&mdash;really they are people
+to be proud of, and a few such would reconcile one to one's
+species.&mdash;<i>From Lady Blessington's Conversations&mdash;New
+Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+<p><i>Cats Horticulturists.</i>&mdash;Cat Mint is a species of
+<i>Nepeta</i>. It is covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like
+down, and has a strong, pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal
+or valerian, that is peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its
+specific and English names. These animals are so fond of it, that
+it is almost impossible to keep them from it, <i>after being
+transplanted</i>. Ray and Miller, both assert, however, that cats
+will never meddle with such plants as are raised from seed. Hence
+the old saying,</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"If you set it,</p>
+<p>The cats will eat it;</p>
+<p>If you sow it</p>
+<p>The cats don't know it."</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">P.T.W.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Beef-eaters</i>, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the
+sideboard at great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the
+French <i>buffetiers</i>, from <i>buffet</i>, sideboard.</p>
+<p><i>A Lion Killer.</i>&mdash;Lions abound in the west of India. A
+gentleman assured Captain Skinner that he had, in one season,
+killed forty-five in the province of Hissar, alone. None of them
+were large, but he mentioned having met with one of uncommon
+beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny colour, but its mane a rich
+glossy black, as was also the tuft on the tail.</p>
+<p><i>Vultures.</i>&mdash;On passing the carcass of a bullock (says
+Captain Skinner,) we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's
+scent. An hour before not one was seen; nor was the place, being so
+wild and far removed from all habitations, likely to be haunted by
+them: yet now they thronged every tree in the neighbourhood. There
+could not have been less than four or five hundred.</p>
+<p><i>Jackalls.</i>&mdash;In some parts of India the howling of
+innumerable jackalls is never out of your ear, from the minute
+night falls to the first dawn of day. Captain Skinner says, until
+he became familiar to the screaming sound, he used to start from
+his sleep, and fancy some appalling calamity had driven the
+inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth in fear and
+madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might attend an
+earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very
+doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object,
+frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when
+"baying the moon."</p>
+<p><i>Narrow Streets.</i>&mdash;In grand Cairo, if you
+unfortunately meet a string of masked beauties upon donkies, you
+must make a rapid retreat, and resign yourself to be squeezed to a
+mummy against the wall for daring to stand in their course, if your
+curiosity should tempt you to do so.</p>
+<p><i>Mussulman and Hindoo Religion.</i>&mdash;"Where the same
+village is inhabited by people of both religions, they occupy
+opposite portions of it: and the circumstance may always be known
+by there being a well at each end of it; for the Hindoos would not
+draw water from the same fountain as the Mahomedans, for all the
+wealth of this world."</p>
+<p><i>The only Favour.</i>&mdash;At the battle of Spires, a
+regiment had orders not to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy,
+wounded and disarmed, begged hard for his life from one of its
+officers, who touched with his situation, replied, "I pity your
+misfortune, and&mdash;ask anything else but that, and upon my
+honour I will grant your request."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between fifteen
+and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be adult. In
+India it is thought that they live three centuries.</p>
+<p>The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A
+few points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with
+the individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian
+Elephant appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than
+the African, the females commonly measuring from seven to eight,
+and the males from eight to ten, feet in height; though we find in
+old accounts the height of the Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen
+or sixteen feet. The head of the Indian is more oblong than that of
+the African Elephant; and the forehead of the former has a deep
+concavity, while the head of the African is round and convex in all
+its parts. The teeth of the Indian species consist of narrow
+transverse bands of equal size, while those of the African are
+larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge shaped. The
+ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his neck,
+while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The
+former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his
+hind feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size,
+beauty, and hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a
+native of Ceylon, it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the
+variety.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that
+surname.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>A Turkish saying, much in use.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of intense
+colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small crucible,
+covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a low degree of
+heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a beautiful pink. It
+contains fluoric acid, which may be the means of this
+change.&mdash;<i>Mawe</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name=
+"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>From a Communication to the <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, by
+Mr. R. Taylor.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 560, August 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11705]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11705-h.htm or 11705-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h/11705-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, No. 560]   SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832.  [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better idea of
+the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous Illustrations.
+It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious accommodation afforded by
+the Society for their animals; while it enables us to watch the habits
+of the stupendous tenants in a state of nature, or at least, free from
+unnecessary restriction or confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto
+but rarely enjoyed in this country; the Elephants exhibited in our
+menageries being caged up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside
+the bars. The Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect,
+possessed an Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the
+range of a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence,
+and affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few
+visiters. In the _Jardin du Roi_, at Paris, the Elephant has long
+enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the scale of
+creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young specimen in
+the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and a spacious bath
+has since been added to the accommodations. This example has been
+rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens.
+
+The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden in the
+Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built in a style of
+unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a small enclosure,
+which the Elephant may measure in two or three turns. Opposite is an
+enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be almost worthy of the name
+of a little park or paddock. The fence is of iron, and light but
+substantial. Within the area are a few lime-trees, the lower branches of
+which are thinned by the Elephant repeatedly twisting off their foliage
+with his trunk, as adroitly as a gardener would gather fruit. His main
+luxury is, however, in his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water,
+of depth nearly equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his
+ablutions here with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of
+satisfaction and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the
+noble creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an
+imperfect idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His
+evolutions are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His
+keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the pond,
+but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits himself in
+a point of view in which we have not hitherto been accustomed to view an
+Elephant in this country. The fondness of Elephants for bathing is very
+remarkable. When in the water they often produce a singular noise with
+their trunks. Bishop Heber describes this habit as he witnessed it near
+Dacca:--"A sound struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we
+were riding, the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long,
+loud, deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and
+the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys which
+are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which the winds
+make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah, 'there are
+Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I looked immediately,
+and saw about twenty of these fine animals, with their heads and trunks
+just appearing above the water. Their bellowing it was which I had
+heard, and which the water conveyed to us with a finer effect than if we
+had been on shore." The Elephant can also eject from his trunk water and
+dust, and his own saliva, over every part of his body, to cool its
+heated surface; and he is said to grub up dust, and blow it over his
+back and sides, to keep off the flies.
+
+There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of the
+Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society about
+fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old, and is
+still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods has been
+commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the Society by Sir
+Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been stated to be a dwarf
+variety, and that its age is not far short of that of the larger
+individual; but this assertion is questionable. It is much more
+consistent with our knowledge of the species to regard it, in the
+absence of all previous knowledge of the history of the individual, as a
+young one not exceeding four years old. This specimen will be seen in
+the distance of the Engraving.[1]
+
+    [1] The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between
+    fifteen and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be
+    adult. In India it is thought that they live three centuries.
+
+The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A few
+points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with the
+individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian Elephant
+appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than the African, the
+females commonly measuring from seven to eight, and the males from eight
+to ten, feet in height; though we find in old accounts the height of the
+Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen or sixteen feet. The head of the
+Indian is more oblong than that of the African Elephant; and the
+forehead of the former has a deep concavity, while the head of the
+African is round and convex in all its parts. The teeth of the Indian
+species consist of narrow transverse bands of equal size, while those of
+the African are larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge
+shaped. The ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his
+neck, while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The
+former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his hind
+feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size, beauty, and
+hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a native of Ceylon,
+it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the variety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE.
+
+
+  Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls,
+  What memories of old, the sad vision recalls,
+    For change o'er thee lightly has past;
+  Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are fled,
+  And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead,
+    Since in childhood I gazed on thee last!
+
+  Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath,
+  And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe,
+    Like rare friends by adversity's side;
+  Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold
+  That marks in derision, the spot, where of old
+    The standard once floated in pride.
+
+  But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown,
+  And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone
+    With chivalry's gorgeous array;
+  And where music, and laughter so often have rung,
+  In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung
+    A mantle to hide their decay.
+
+  Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again,
+  Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain,
+    As if charmed into magic repose;
+  The pass subterraneous,--the fathomless well,
+  The mound whence the violet peeps--and the cell
+    Where the fox-glove in solitude grows.
+
+  In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam,
+  Yet I linger with thee--as to muse o'er a dream,
+    That mournful truths soon will dispel;
+  My pathway winds onward--life's cares to renew,
+  And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view,
+  'Tis for over--I bid thee farewell!
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HUNTSMAN.
+
+_A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor._
+
+
+  "The merciful man is merciful to his beast."
+  "The worm we tread upon will turn again."
+
+Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a very
+handsome young man, the _beau ideal_ of the lover, as pictured by the
+glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau _real_ of a dozen villages
+in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle. Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but
+rather calculated to inspire terror and distrust, than affection and
+confidence: in fact, a bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the
+fierce, haughty character of his countenance, the fire which flashes
+from his eyes, and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create
+fear, instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles.
+One, however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of
+his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep and
+pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to answer
+his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a godless young man,
+we shall hereafter discover.
+
+Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided about a
+mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of Lord Mortimer,
+had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself with the rural
+produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a ready market,) but also
+to send Annette. Thus then commenced that innocent girl's acquaintance
+with the Baron's chief huntsman, not long after Elliott's induction into
+that office, by the resignation of his superannuated predecessor.
+
+Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles; none of
+which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or assuredly the
+deprivation of his office would have followed. But Lord Mortimer was a
+young man, paying his addresses to a lady who lived at some distance
+from the Castle, and consequently much absent from it. And, what said
+pretty Annette to the rumours which failed not to meet _her_ ear, of her
+lover's misconduct? "I don't believe a word of them! Charles may be
+fonder of pleasure than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he
+will see and feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of
+his situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be
+solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge," would she
+undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to the dogs under
+his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may be passionate, I
+don't say he is not, but he is generous and humane. _I_ have never seen
+him scourge the hounds, as you tell me he does, until blood drops from
+their mangled hides; _I_ have never heard the cries which, you say,
+resound from their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger."
+
+"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning tale-bearer, "any
+of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled coats, proclaimed how
+savagely they had been treated?"
+
+"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by the wild
+boars with which the Castle forests abound."
+
+"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight of my
+lord's hounds?"
+
+"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good training:
+when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of finding game,
+and the inclination of bringing it down."
+
+"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but they ought
+to be _fed_." Upon this, Annette would vehemently maintain that fed they
+were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut up their meat; whilst the
+friendly newsmonger would charitably hint, that her intended knew as
+well as most men how to turn an _honest_ penny, by cheating the dogs of
+their food, and selling it elsewhere.
+
+Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly to malice
+and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as those who are
+obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an idolatry of affection
+which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as its object is contemned and
+despised by the world. Annette had also some idea, that these, and other
+reports to the prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful
+rival, though poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and
+good-humoured as he was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to
+the disparagement of Elliott.
+
+Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for a week
+or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was reported to
+him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated himself, and so
+contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the young baron again left
+home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in his confidence and favour.
+
+It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make holiday,
+(at least they did so then, but times have strangely altered of late in
+once _merry_ England,) the woods put on their brightest green, and the
+people their finest clothes, for there were wakes, fairs, and rustic
+meetings innumerable in the vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman
+might, as usual, be seen at these _fetes_ for nothing, but after his
+late victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and
+looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent defiance.
+
+The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a cavalier,
+passing through one of the great forests which surrounded Mortimer
+Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female form slowly
+sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding, and uttering
+heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for something
+supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly recovering
+himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object of his idle
+fears:--"I have been waiting here for hours," replied the young woman,
+for such indeed she was, "and my friend is not yet come; I am sadly
+afraid, sir, some accident may have happened to him."
+
+"_Him!_" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if you be waiting
+for a _gentleman_, no wonder you're disappointed. He has played you
+false, rely upon it, and won't come to night,--so you'd better go home."
+
+"O sir! O my Lord!--I cannot--I dare not! What would father and mother
+say? and what could I say?"
+
+"Ay--Annette,--Annette Martin,--what _could_ you say?"
+
+"Only the _truth_, your lordship;" replied the poor girl sobbing, and
+curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for they do so hate
+Charles,--Charles Elliott, your honour,--that they've as good as sworn,
+as they'll never consent to my marrying him, and so--and so--I was just
+a waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and
+take me away to the far off town, and"--
+
+"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and mother's
+consent:--eh, Annette?"
+
+"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with another rustic
+dip.
+
+"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite please me;
+and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen circumstance
+should have detained him, shall know what _I_ think of his present
+conduct to you. But come,--mount behind me,--I am unexpectedly returning
+to the Castle, Dame Trueby shall there make you comfortable for
+to-night, your parents and friends shall never know but that your
+absence from home was occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your
+marriage in two or three days, with _my_ sanction, Annette, will, I
+think, completely settle matters."
+
+The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his noble
+steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to listen to all
+the consolation, or banterings, with which he endeavoured to cheer her
+on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing rather to believe that some
+dreadful accident had befallen her lover, than that carelessness, or
+perfidy, caused his absence. Dame Trueby's account was little calculated
+to soothe Annette's anxiety, or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting
+Elliott's proceedings.
+
+"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning, when I
+heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor creatures! and time
+enough that he did, I think, considering that he left them without a
+morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he was capering away at
+Woodcroft Feast; and then,--the beast!--what does he, but comes back so
+dead drunk that we were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the
+hungry brutes, poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been
+fit to raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and
+yowling!"
+
+"A sad account is this, Margery."
+
+"A very _true_ one, please your lordship," replied the old housekeeper,
+testily.
+
+"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this time of
+night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his intended
+wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed I have ample
+need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let Elliott call me in
+the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile make this young woman as
+comfortable as you can, and _recollect_, Mrs. Trueby, _that she is come
+to the Castle upon a visit to you_."
+
+Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with apparent
+submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts, it was easy
+to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions relative to the honour
+of her noble master, and of the forlorn damsel thus thrust upon her
+peculiar hospitality. "And," continued Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are
+sure, fed the dogs this morning?"
+
+"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper, doggedly,
+"I suppose he did, and belike beat 'em too; I only know they've been
+quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they wouldn't have been
+without _wittals_; but Master Elliott, I've not seen since."
+
+"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can he be?"
+
+"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild lad, and
+these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain."
+
+Little further passed that night between the young lord and his
+housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and poor
+Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect Mistress Margery,
+repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating the singularly dreadful
+disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles, in fact, not having
+returned, one of the inferior serving-men,--who durst not, now that his
+master was at home, stand upon the punctilio of "_not my business_,"
+undertook soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when
+upon opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he
+there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, _the mangled
+remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman_: these consisted of his
+clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with fragments sufficient
+of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact, that the ravenous brutes,
+had, after their last long fast, sprung upon their tormentor, (awful
+retribution!) even at the very moment when he appeared amongst them with
+their long delayed meal, torn him in pieces, and devoured him!
+
+Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his canine
+favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a signal
+instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt himself obliged
+to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious banquet on human flesh;
+and with tears in his eyes, he forced himself to witness their
+execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging kindness of any of his
+retainers, should induce them to mitigate the culprits' doom. The horrid
+story spread far and wide, and one of its earliest results was the
+appearance at Castle Mortimer of a poor woman and three young children,
+who stated in an agony of grief, that _she_ was the lawful _wife_ of the
+deceased Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto
+whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without leave,
+were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being suddenly bereaved
+by his awful demise of their sole hope and support, now humbly threw
+themselves upon the benevolence of Lord Mortimer for employment and
+subsistence!
+
+The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this discovery of
+black villany meditated against her by the unprincipled huntsman, and
+upon its miraculous and awful frustration, may be imagined: yet had it
+also its beneficial influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end
+of the wretch who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection
+was converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking
+God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of the
+deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty persuaded to
+become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected, but really worthy
+and amiable admirer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+(_Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal Illustrated."_)
+
+
+_Spaniards and Portuguese._--"Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and
+you make a good Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. I have
+heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you
+have the Portuguese character." These nations blaspheme God by calling
+each other natural enemies. Their feelings are mutually hostile; but the
+Spaniards despise the Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the
+Spaniards.--_Southey._
+
+_Portugal._--Situated by the side of a country just five times its size,
+Portugal, but for the advantageous position of its coast, the good faith
+of England, and the weakness of its hostile neighbour, impassable roads,
+and numerous strong places, would long since have returned to the
+primitive condition of an Iberian province; but its separate existence
+as a nation has been preserved to it by the strength of the British
+alliance being brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own
+internal means of defence.--_Kinsey._
+
+_Column of Disgrace._--About the middle of the last century, the Duke of
+Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the Jesuits in Portugal, and
+accordingly executed. His house, at Belem, was levelled to the ground at
+the time of the Duke's decapitation, and on the site was erected _a
+column of disgrace_, which still remains, though some shops have been
+erected beside it to hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct
+of the nation on this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to
+conceal.
+
+Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large clock placed
+rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time with his scythe,
+and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a lyre.
+
+_A Lisbon Dandy._--A small, squat, puffy figure incased within a large
+pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean, high-boned, straw-fed,
+cream-coloured nag, with an enormously flowing tail, whose length and
+breadth would appear to be each night guarded from discolouration by
+careful involution above the hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and
+long pointed boots, up his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, _a la
+Cossaque_, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he is
+seated in _cool_ repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing seals as
+large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a little higher
+to the figured waistcoat of early British manufacture, and the
+sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim sugar-loaf hat on his
+head,--where can be found his equal? Nor does he want a nose as big as
+the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two flanks of impenetrable, deep, black
+brushwood, extending under either ear, and almost concealing the
+countenance, to complete the singular contour of his features.
+
+_A Lisbon Water-carrier_ earns about sixpence per day, the moiety of
+which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha from a cook's
+stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on holidays,--water being his
+general beverage, nay, one might almost say, his element. A mat in a
+large upper room, shared with several others, serves him in winter as a
+place of repose for the night; but during the summer he frequently
+sleeps out in the open air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow.
+
+_Vanity._--A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman complain of the
+intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis, retorted that, for his
+part, when he was in London, it was the absence of that filth, and the
+want of the smells complained of, that had rendered his residence in our
+metropolis so disagreeable and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as
+Southey says, "makes a man a liar so easily as vanity."
+
+_Dogs._--In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the violence of the
+heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets, though the
+thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and scarcely an instance of
+canine madness is ever known to occur. When the French decreed the
+extinction of the tribe of curs that infest the streets, no native
+executioner could be found to put the exterminating law in force; nay,
+the very measure excited popular indignation.
+
+_Golden Sands._--Perhaps originally it was the fabled gold of the Tagus
+which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers, and the general
+persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this royal river did
+actually once produce sufficient gold to make a magnificent crown and
+sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot sovereign, the good king
+Denis.
+
+_A Dinner._--A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the worst supposable
+specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a platter of compact, black,
+greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if so much, of poor half-fed meat;
+a certain proportion of hard-boiled beef, that has never seen the
+salting pan, having already yielded its nutritious qualities to a
+swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and now requiring the accompaniment of
+a satellite tongue, or friendly slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull
+relish to it; potatoes of leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine
+contexture, that Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve;
+with offensive vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be
+imported from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding
+rock of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small
+quantity of _very small_ wine; abundance of water; and an awful army of
+red ants, probably imported from the Brazils--the wood of which the
+chairs and tables are made, hurrying across the cloth with
+characteristic industry;--such are the principal features of the quiet
+family dinner-table of the Portuguese.
+
+_The Dockyard_ of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many of the largest
+of our private ship-builders on the banks of the Thames and the Avon.
+
+_Funerals._--In Portugal the corpse is placed in an open coffin, and the
+head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled with holy water is placed
+at the foot of the bier, which the priests and relatives of the deceased
+sprinkle on the body. The service being concluded, the corpse is
+followed by the relatives down into the vaults below the church, where
+vinegar and quick lime having been poured upon the body, the falling lid
+of the coffin is closed and _locked_, and the key delivered to the chief
+mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party of
+friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the house of the
+defunct, where the key being left with the nearest relative, and the
+complimentary visit being paid, the rite is considered as terminated. No
+fire is lighted in the house of a deceased person upon the day of his
+funeral, and the relatives, who live in separate houses, are in the
+habit of supplying a ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that
+the inmates are too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any
+orders for the preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing
+week, the chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at
+tea. The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though
+not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum on
+the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies without
+leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his funeral, the
+dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public street, with a box
+upon the breast, into which passers-by drop copper or silver coin, until
+sufficient has thus been obtained to defray the expense of interment;
+and that a soldier stands at the head of the body to see that no money
+is abstracted; for, in Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is
+intended would not secure it without his protection.
+
+There is no pardoning _soi-disant liberaux_, who prove, by their acts,
+the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.
+
+
+_Decollatio_, or beheading, was a military punishment among the Romans.
+In early times it was performed with an axe, and afterwards with a
+sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all countries where beheading and
+hanging are used as capital punishments, the former is always considered
+less ignominious. Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of
+nobles, when commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high
+treason is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged
+before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits that
+part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could not be
+hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this punishment,
+he was degraded before the execution. At present, hanging is not used in
+that country, and since so many instances have occurred of extreme
+suffering, on the part of the criminal, caused by the unskilfulness of
+the executioner in beheading with the sword, this mode of execution has
+been abolished. Beheading in Prussia is now always performed with a
+heavy axe, the sufferer being previously tied to a block. In France,
+during the revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine,
+the guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the
+exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who has
+murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut off the
+moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it was, in some
+states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to perform the executions
+with the sword. In China, it is well known that beheading is practised,
+sometimes accompanied with the most studied torments. In the United
+States of America, beheading is unknown, the halter being the only
+instrument of capital punishment. In many European countries, beheading
+with the sword still prevails.
+
+P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRICE OF BLOOD.--WERE AND WERELADE.
+
+
+Were, or _Wera_, in our old law books, signifies what was anciently paid
+for _killing a man_. When such crimes were punished with pecuniary
+mulets, not death, the price was set on every man's head, according to
+his condition and quality.
+
+_Werelade_, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide on oath, in
+order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called _were_. If the party
+denied the fact, he was to purge himself, by the oaths of several
+persons, according to his degree and quality. If the guilt amounted to
+four pounds, he was to have eighteen jurors on his father's side, and
+four on his mother's: if to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty
+jurors, and this was called _werelade_.
+
+_Weregild_, or _Weregeld_, was the price of a man's head; which was paid
+partly to the king for the loss of his subject, partly to the lord whose
+vassal he was, and partly to the next of kin.
+
+"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law, in case
+of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the murderer and the
+friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by causing the malefactor
+to give unto them, or to the child or wife of him that was slain, a
+recompense, which they called _eriach_. And thus we find in our Saxon
+laws, particularly those of King Athelstan, the several _weregilds_ for
+homicide, established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl
+or peasant, up to that of the king himself."
+
+The _weregild_ of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000 thrismas;
+that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or governor,
+4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king, 30,000; half to
+be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the public. The weregild
+of a ceorl was 266 thrismas.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or
+Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in authority, power, and
+precedence. They are appointed by the King's delivery of the Great Seal
+to them, and by taking the oath of office. They differ only in this
+point, that the Lord Chancellor hath also letters patent, whereas the
+Lord Keeper hath none.
+
+He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or grants,
+are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto.
+
+Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to
+judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the
+law of the land so defective as that the subject would be injured
+thereby.
+
+He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His Majesty's
+gift, rated under 20_l_. a year in the King's books.
+
+In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by an
+ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is Maurice, in
+1067, who was afterward Bishop of London.
+
+Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage, until the
+year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal to Sir Thomas
+Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of Ellesmere,[2] and
+constituted him Lord High Chancellor of England. But until of late
+years, the custom never prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of
+England should he made an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all
+matters which appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he
+maybe said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great
+assembly.--_Manual of Rank and Nobility._
+
+    [2] From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that
+    surname.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC.
+
+
+(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the season, and
+independently of its place as a volume of the _Family Library_, it has
+substantive claims which we trust will not he overlooked. It is from the
+graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who possesses, in a high degree, the
+peculiar talent of investing scientific inquiries with the charm of
+popular delight; in short, of making science easy, and often conveying
+in a single chapter what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in
+truth, teaches us the sweet uses of science.
+
+The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter Scott, to
+whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint idea of the
+extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from the magic of the
+ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns; yet the purpose of the
+work is mainly to trace the connexion of those prodigies of the material
+world which are termed Natural Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in
+the introductory letter, the writer observes on the resources of ancient
+magic:--)
+
+The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and of
+remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from reaching
+the present times; but though we are very ill informed respecting the
+progress of the ancients in various departments of the physical
+sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost every branch of
+knowledge had contributed its wonders to the magician's budget, and we
+may even obtain some insight into the scientific acquirements of former
+ages, by a diligent study of their fables and their miracles.
+
+(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following beautiful
+passage on the Eye:--)
+
+This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which guards the
+pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and through which all
+their communications are interchanged. The optic nerve is the channel by
+which the mind peruses the hand-writing of Nature on the retina, and
+through which it transfers to that material tablet its decisions and its
+creations. The eye is consequently the principal seat of the
+supernatural. When the indications of the marvellous are addressed to us
+through the ear, the mind may be startled without being deceived, and
+reason may succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by
+which we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it
+the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their outline;
+when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to its view;
+when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any intelligible
+cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or imaginary, for whose
+presence no cause can be assigned, the conviction of supernatural agency
+becomes under ordinary circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only
+an amusing but an useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those
+causes which are capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it
+arises from the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from
+the dexterity and science of others.
+
+(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant, as they
+include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions, and natural
+phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of Sound are next
+in interest; among them we find explained the wonder of singers breaking
+glasses with their great power of voice; the automaton flute-player,
+talking engines, echoes, &c. The Mechanical causes are less numerous:
+among them we are glad to see _noticed_ the feat of lifting heavy
+persons, which we ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David
+Brewster does not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many
+readers, we quote the two relating pages.)
+
+One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative to the
+strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen and admired,
+is that in which a heavy man is raised with the greatest facility, when
+he is lifted up the instant that his own lungs and those of the persons
+who raise him are inflated with air. This experiment was, I believe,
+first shown in England a few years ago by Major H., who saw it performed
+in a large party at Venice under the direction of an officer of the
+American Navy. As Major H. performed it more than once in my presence, I
+shall describe as nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The
+heaviest person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being
+supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one at
+each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and they find
+his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty they experience in
+supporting him. When he is replaced in the chair, each of the four
+persons takes hold of the body as before, and the person to be lifted
+gives two signals by clapping his hands. At the first signal he himself
+and the four lifters begin to draw a long and full breath, and when the
+inhalation is completed, or the lungs filled, the second signal is
+given, for raising the person from the chair. To his own surprise and
+that of his bearers, he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were
+no heavier than a feather. On several occasions I have observed that
+when one of the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation
+out of time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it
+were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have
+performed the part both of the load and of the bearer, you can testify
+how remarkable the effects appear to all parties, and how complete is
+the conviction, either that the load has been lightened, or the bearer
+strengthened by the prescribed process. At Venice the experiment was
+performed in a much more imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party
+was raised and sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six
+persons. Major H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the
+person lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the
+individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that the
+bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised. I have
+not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to these
+curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion, or the
+result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a careful
+investigation.
+
+(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the beautiful
+contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and the head of the
+sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has supplied fewer wonders
+than we expected: they occupy but fifty pages.
+
+The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the
+majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is
+unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the Invisible
+Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable, since they are
+generally accompanied by illustrations.
+
+By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early volumes
+of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of the FF.R.S.
+whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early years of the
+Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some of the early
+papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns observed in
+France--Worms that eat Stones and Mortar--which are almost as marvellous
+as one of Sir David Brewster's lines--a coach and four filled with
+skeletons. The Royal Society has now existed a century and
+three-quarters: in their early Transactions are inquiries relative to
+the tides--observations on the darting threads of spiders--"experiments
+about respiration"--"of red snow seen at Genoa," &c.; yet scores of
+philosophers, at the present moment, are controverting these very
+subjects.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA.
+
+
+(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead the
+reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage through
+untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from India to
+England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Russia, and
+Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word "untrodden," and
+it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the author, or his first
+volume, but is not appropriate to the second, which owes its main
+interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the illustrious Pole. Neither
+is the term pilgrimage characteristic of the journey, which has the
+sketchiness and levity of a flying tour rather than the observant
+gravity of a patient pilgrimage. Nevertheless, the work is altogether
+full of vivacity and interest, and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must
+be as pleasant on his travels, as his book will be in our hands.
+
+Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days. Here,
+with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness the Imaum,
+whose court is a curiosity.)
+
+The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the town,
+and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or veranda open
+to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood several well dressed
+Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and half a dozen dirty
+looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the sepoys in our Indian army,
+and equipped much after the same fashion. These latter, as I understood,
+were paraded in honour of my visit; and indeed generally form the _garde
+du corps_ on occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the _Court of
+Muscat_. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with chairs,
+and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet, addressed
+himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object and direction;
+and then touched on the politics of Europe.
+
+Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his horses,
+his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which afforded excellent
+accommodation, and which were generally occupied by English visiters.
+
+The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes
+considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the finest
+horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the governors of the
+Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his own service. Horses
+likewise form an article of trade between Muscat and India, and yield,
+as I have been told, a considerable profit.
+
+(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small school
+founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the British
+residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr. Stocqueler says:)
+
+The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than thirteen
+pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the Persian and
+Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old Armenian.
+
+(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike and so
+much resembling each other in feature, and in the total loss of the left
+eye, that it was difficult to discover my friend the supercargo, who had
+accompanied us from Bombay."
+
+Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The houses
+are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk of the date
+tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to be seen but a vast
+sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles. Within the walls, it is
+equally sterile, it literally yields _nothing_; here, "all _is_ barren,"
+and the water is far from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh
+keeps up no standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the _Shut-ul-Arab_,
+[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than those
+of the Thames at Richmond.
+
+At Bussorah--a _bain a la Turque_.)
+
+Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment resembling
+a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and glazed
+sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered with cloths and
+coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and there was a fireplace
+where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and cloths dried. Having been
+required to strip, and a cloth tied round my waist, I was led into a
+second apartment filled with steam, and of so high a temperature, that
+in one instant I lost my breath, and in the next was streaming from
+every pore. I anticipated a speedy dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but
+on reaching a third apartment, (all vaulted and lighted, or rather
+darkened alike,) I had become somewhat relieved. In this apartment were
+four cisterns nearly level with the floor, into which the hot water was
+drawn by cocks placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that
+the water was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the
+cisterns, and then the operation commenced.
+
+_Act_ 1.--Deluged with hot water from the hands of a stout Persian.
+_Act_ 2.--Conducted by said Persian to a stone ottoman in the centre of
+the room, and caused to sit down. _Act_ 3.--My whole body kneaded by the
+fists of the aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed,
+limbs rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. _Act_ 4.--Enveloped in warm
+towels, and served with a pipe. _Act_ 5.--Wiped dry; led into the outer
+apartment dressed and--_Exit_.
+
+(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as
+follows.)
+
+As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and tide had
+set against us. The _mallahs_, or trackers, immediately stripped,
+placing their clothes on their heads, and sprang on shore. A rope was
+passed from the mast-head to a girdle round their respective bodies, and
+off they set along the banks; sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating
+channels, or unequal projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading
+or swimming with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water
+required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and Euphrates
+is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The business of
+tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing and dangerous: in
+fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the muscular powers and
+courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah tribes require that each
+Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad, as a tracker, before he can be
+qualified for the married state and the care of a family.
+
+(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his way he
+escapes a storm on the Euphrates.)
+
+The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of June, now
+rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent storm, and in a
+few hours inundated the whole Irak. Numberless villages of matted huts
+were swept away; men, women, and children, were in a moment rendered
+houseless; numerous cattle and sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by
+the roots, and boats swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the
+river, which had governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and
+it was with the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed
+and escape getting aground.
+
+(At Bussorah.)
+
+Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread consternation
+throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its inhabitants into
+retreat. The shops were closed--trade at a stand--the streets
+deserted--houses tenantless--the oft busy creek had scarcely a boat
+moving on its surface--the mosques were filled with the dismayed
+Moslems, whom poverty or self-interest had kept in the town--the
+Christian churches held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had
+driven to pray with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir
+Arabs, meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the
+losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves of
+his usury.
+
+Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency. He had
+sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into the humble
+office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he esteemed the most
+distressing event of the three) to encounter face to face those who had
+just left the "city of the plague." I had told him of the circumstances
+under which I had met the resident, (coming from Bagdad,) and that there
+were three cases of plague on board. The Armenian, whose only notions
+regarding _cases_ were acquired in the course of his mercantile
+transactions, and who believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne
+case to be much about the same article, ejaculated, "Three _cases_ of
+plague! Merciful heavens!--if the major wanted to preserve such
+abominable virus, could he not have brought a smaller quantity? Three
+cases! If it _should_ run out, how it might spread about the town!"
+
+(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record. He was
+pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with a box of
+ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy for the
+_impaired vision_ of his left eye. He had been stone blind from his
+childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told so."
+
+The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.)
+
+He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out on the
+palace court, above which it was raised for about three feet. Three or
+four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh, and he was patting a
+couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the court, stood a
+considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person were a number of
+subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank merely bowed and took
+their places, others advanced and kissed the sheikh's hand while the
+humblest officers knelt on one knee to perform the same ceremony. I
+observed, however, that great respect was always paid to age in this
+little court, for when the head of a village, far advanced in years,
+limped up to the _nummud_, the sheikh rose and embraced him, though he
+held but a trifling post, and was a man of little personal merit. My own
+reception was most flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good,
+good, admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian--"you are now
+yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do not
+forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with me about
+my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and gave me some
+instructions for going through the Chab territory. Talking of hunting,
+and more especially of falconry, he told me that his deserts abounded
+with game, and that if I would stay with him, I should see herds of
+antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He was curious about our field
+sports, but showed very little interest in more important matters;
+because, said he, "I am already well informed in all that concerns
+Europeans and their empires."
+
+The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who fly to
+Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own _materiel_ of war. In this
+way he can command the services of six or seven thousand cavalry, and
+above fifteen thousand infantry, independently of the wandering
+Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of Chab.
+
+(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.)
+
+The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of coffee,
+but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It is with them
+a kind of _bon-bon_ eaten in a powdered and roasted state, without
+having had any connexion with hot water. When Meer Goolam Hussein called
+on me, he was always accompanied by his coffee-bearer, who carried about
+the fragrant berry in a _snuff-box_, and handed it frequently to the
+company present. The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its
+colour and quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular
+repository, I took a _pinch_ of the coffee and applied it to my nose,
+amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all the party.
+
+(A _vestry dinner_ in Persia must be one of our _selections_.)
+
+At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres have
+ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I dined once
+with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that vestry honours
+and vestry appetites are not exclusively English characteristics. The
+dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a large white cloth, around
+which the guests assembled. Placed opposite each guest was a plate,
+knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a piece of cheese, two or three feet of
+bread, and a hard boiled egg. The feast commenced by each person
+drinking a dram of aniseed; then came in quick succession mutton chops,
+boiled fowls, boiled kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and
+grapes, sweetmeats, and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen
+did equal justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOYHOOD OF CRANMER--SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This may seem
+singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at Cambridge
+amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such shifts were not
+unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries indeed had schools
+attached to them in many instances. In Elizabeth's time a complaint is
+made by the Speaker of the Commons, that the number of such places of
+education had been reduced by a hundred, in consequence of the
+suppression of the religious houses. Still it must often have happened
+(thickly scattered as the monasteries were) that the child lived at an
+inconvenient distance from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have
+liked to trust less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity;
+and probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus
+makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is
+remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the
+popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the
+Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst
+schools, on the other hand, began to multiply in their stead; a fact
+which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion with regard to the
+monasteries as places of education--for education began now to be the
+desire of the day. Schools, therefore, in the present acceptation of the
+term, in Cranmer's boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the
+crying want of them in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that
+of St. Paul's, which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first
+master, not only became so distinguished in itself, but set the example,
+and prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others
+which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of a
+boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years, was aware
+of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his model--but he
+was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who were for ever uttering
+the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and, besides, his days were soon
+numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps remembered the obstacles in his own way,
+and who certainly foresaw the great calamity of an ignorant clergy,
+pressed for the establishment of a school in connexion with every
+cathedral--a school, as it were, of the prophets--where boys intended
+for holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they were
+about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons duly
+qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was overruled, and a
+measure, which might have helped to catch up the church before it fell
+into that abyss of ignorance which seems to have immediately succeeded
+the Reformation, (the natural consequence of a season of convulsion and
+violence,) was unhappily lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth
+that the evil was at all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the
+deficiency of well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was
+at that time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the
+reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many
+tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost
+exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their later
+years to the country-town which had given them birth, and gratefully
+provided for the better education of their neighbours, by furnishing it
+with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman, a person who then
+appears to have appreciated learning, and often to have brought up his
+boy to the church, united in the same praiseworthy object. In such cases
+application was usually made to the Queen for a charter, which was
+granted with or without pecuniary assistance on her own part; and
+whoever will examine the dates of our foundation schools, will find a
+great proportion of them erected in that glorious reign.
+
+Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was sent to
+college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being at that time
+the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded them, and being
+considered the two great national receptacles for all the boys in the
+country. There they were subjected to corporal punishment. The statutes
+were framed with a reference to the habits of mere boys; it is
+forbidden, for instance, in one of the Cambridge statutes, to play
+marbles on the senate-house steps; and the number of the students was so
+enormous (still for the same reason), that Latimer, in one of his
+sermons, speaks of a decrease in those of his own time, to the amount of
+no less than ten thousand.--_Quarterly Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST.
+
+
+M. ----, a Perote, one who knew "the difference between alum and
+barley-sugar,"[3] if ever man did, a good catholic, a conscientious
+person, a dragoman, and as such necessarily attached to truth, and never
+telling a lie, save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the
+witness rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from
+the European palace of ----, at Pera, on business in Constantinople. He
+was in a great hurry, but as he reached the Meytiskellesi, or wharf of
+the dead, and was about stepping into his caeik to be rowed across the
+harbour of the Golden Horn, either a nail in one of the rough planks of
+the wooden quay caught his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget
+which--but the dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a
+tall and very notorious African magician, who had long been practising
+at the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the
+place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world with
+one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the dragoman
+naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's edge only to
+cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely invited him to
+take a passage in his caeik. The tall African made no verbal reply, but
+smiled, and waved his hand to decline the high honour.
+
+    [3] A Turkish saying, much in use.
+
+The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross over
+himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the opposite side
+of the Golden Horn, stepped into his caeik, which instantly glided from
+the quay and shot across the port. The boats at Constantinople are all
+very light and sharp, and go with astonishing speed, even when propelled
+with one pairs of oars; but people of high consideration, like
+dragomans, generally have two pairs to their caeiks, and at this time M.
+---- being in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as
+they could.
+
+When about half way on his short aquatic journey, M. ---- turned his
+head and looked back, and then he saw at the end of the quay, just where
+he had left him, the tall African standing starch and motionless, like a
+granite statue before an Egyptian temple.
+
+The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the
+opposite shore--no caeik had passed him on his way--when lo! as his own
+came in concussion with the wooden piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi,
+and he rose from his seat to step on shore, he saw the identical African
+wizard standing there before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite
+quay where he had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could
+have proceeded by mortal agency!
+
+The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was the
+Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden Horn, and
+fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left behind there
+gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. ---- felt a sort of
+flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the wizard's power; he
+remained for better than a minute in the position he was, when the tall
+African first struck his eye, spell-bound as it were, with one foot on
+the edge of the boat, and the other on the edge of the quay; but
+recovering himself, he drew up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself
+like a good catholic, and _salaaming_ his acquaintance, like a polite
+Turk, he stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed
+him, and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of
+vision. Mr. ---- thinking more about this wonderful occurrence than the
+business of the ---- nation he was going upon went his way, and having
+discharged his duty, hurried back to Pera, where he told this story,
+where it was universally believed from the veracity and character and
+dignity of the narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living.
+Very possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the
+wizard, for he tells it to every stranger--_Metropolitan_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES.
+
+(_From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People--Mineralogy and Geology_.)
+
+
+_Why was crystal so named?_
+
+Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as occurring in
+a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be water permanently
+congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency, called it
+_Krustallos_, signifying ice; but in time the word became used without
+attention being paid to its original meaning, and was applied to all the
+regular figures observed in minerals.
+
+_Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for glass in
+spectacles?_
+
+Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily become
+scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles.
+
+_Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?_
+
+Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn Gorm, in
+Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of quartz, and is
+much admired for seal stones, &c.; it is sometimes improperly termed
+topaz.
+
+_Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?_
+
+Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to produce
+these varieties. Thus, _amethyst_, or purple quartz, is tinged with a
+little iron and manganese. _Rose quartz_, or false ruby, derives its
+colour from manganese. _Avanturine_ is a beautiful variety of quartz, of
+a rich brown colour, which, from a peculiarity of texture, appears
+filled with bright spangles. Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron,
+are found in Spain, and have been termed _hyacinths of Compostella_.
+Flint, chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or
+heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally
+composed of quartz, with various tinging materials.
+
+_Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the mineral world?_
+
+Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge of the
+substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the solar rays. It
+is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The finest specimens
+come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety of opal called
+_Hydrophane_, which is white and opaque till immersed in water; it then
+resembles the former.
+
+_Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?_
+
+Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. It forms
+also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the topaz. The
+blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It is infusible
+before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing, and retains its
+electricity for several hours; but does not become electrical by
+heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity of rocks belonging
+to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and imbedded in gneiss. It is
+found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony;
+Expailly in France; and particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains,
+twelve days from Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most
+valuable of gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat
+become snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre,
+that they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties
+are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the
+jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or oriental
+topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful variety, in
+which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with an opalescent
+lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight is considered to be worth fifty
+guineas.--_Jameson_.
+
+The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent introduction. The
+white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in lustre, and in Brazil
+is called _mina nova_.[4]
+
+    [4] The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of
+    intense colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small
+    crucible, covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a
+    low degree of heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a
+    beautiful pink. It contains fluoric acid, which may be the means
+    of this change.--_Mawe_.
+
+_Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?_
+
+Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the garnet,
+are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at the same time,
+rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure carmine, or blood-red of
+considerable intensity, forming, when well polished, a blaze of the most
+exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is, however, more or less pale, and
+mixed with blue in various proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and
+reddish white, crimson, peach-blossom red, and lilac blue--the latter
+variety being named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and
+transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of the
+weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that gem. The
+king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize the rarest
+rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of the first of
+these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and its worth when
+compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the Deccan, also, is in
+possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full inch in diameter. The
+princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a first rate magnitude. Mr.
+Mawe, from whose interesting work we abridge these particulars,
+considers the oriental sapphire to rank next in value to the ruby. Among
+the British crown jewels is an inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest
+and deepest azure, more than two inches long, and one inch broad. The
+finest ruby among these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than
+intrinsic value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the
+Black Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the
+sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state occasions.
+
+_Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?_
+
+Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a small
+proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without injuring
+their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all gems depends
+less on the quality of their component principles, than on their
+complete solution and intimate combination. The alkalized earths, as
+lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash, seem to intervene as
+solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved, acquires, as we have shown
+from Klaproth, a crystallization, of which, by itself, it is not
+susceptible.
+
+The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but the
+chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best are
+often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is blood or
+cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints of crimson,
+purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth brown. The Sirian
+garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare specimens, makes it
+compete with the amethyst, from which it is to be discriminated by the
+disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and acquiring an orange tint by
+candlelight. Distinct from all other garnets, it preserves its colour
+unmixed with the common black tinge, unassisted by foil, even when
+thick. _Course garnets_ are used as emery for polishing metals, and by
+lapidaries. They are found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other
+countries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA.
+
+(_From the preceding work_.)
+
+
+_Why are certain formations called marine?_
+
+Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand, as may
+be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this manner, at
+Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has erected a series of
+natural embankments against itself. The present extent of land thrown up
+by the sea, and out of the reach of the highest tides, is nearly three
+miles long, projecting from the base of the original cliff to the
+distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The respective lines of growth are
+indicated by a series of small embankments, perfectly defined. Several
+of these ridges have been formed within the memory of men now living. A
+rampart of heavy materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the
+north-cast. Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the
+shingle, and the process is completed by marine plants taking root and
+extending their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In
+process of time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and
+ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.[5]
+
+    [5] From a Communication to the _Philosophical Magazine_, by Mr.
+    R. Taylor.
+
+_Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?_
+
+Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials
+composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the
+broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive
+others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical suspension
+by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the greatest height
+of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land beyond the reach of
+the retiring waves: and this great accumulation of land upon beach being
+effected at high water, it is clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the
+land of what it has gained. Smaller lines are formed in moderate
+weather, to be swept away by heavy gales: hence it would appear, that
+the sea was diminishing the beach; but attention will show that the
+shingles of the lines so apparently swept away, are but accumulated
+elsewhere. How often has our observation of these changes realized the
+homely simile of Shakspeare:--
+
+  Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore,
+    So do our minutes hasten to their end;
+  Each changing place with that which goes before,
+    In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
+
+_Why is this progressive march of beaches far from rapid?_
+
+Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater power or
+duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles become comminuted
+in their passage, and thus, the harder can only travel to considerable
+distances. Works are sometimes constructed to arrest beaches, either to
+protect land behind, or to prevent their passage round pier-heads into
+artificial harbours, and thus engineers are practically aware of their
+travelling power in direction of certain winds.
+
+_Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than shingle?_
+
+Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon the land
+as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than the latter,
+sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents whose velocity would
+be insufficient to move shingles. On the other hand, however, smaller
+bodies and forces of water can throw sand on the shore. The _spray_ that
+could not transport a pebble can carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far
+beyond situations where the reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be
+witnessed on some parts of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough
+weather too, the spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand,
+which it deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the
+return of moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid
+terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on their
+plaster fronts is very evident.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INNKEEPERS.
+
+
+The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of less
+humble station than now--he shared his calling with the monastery and
+with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as they still have in
+Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory of the monk, the
+parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine host--payment for the
+night's lodging, where he was in a condition to pay, being expected of
+him, in one shape or other, at all. The keeper of the Tabard in the
+Canterbury Tales appears to be upon a level with his guests, both in
+rank and information, and to play the part of one who felt that he was
+receiving his equals, and no more, under his roof; yet his company was
+not of the lowest; and in those times it seems to have been usual for
+the landlord to preside at the common board, and act in every respect as
+the hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as
+indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day. When
+the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it was by no
+means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be also the
+tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be confessed, may
+be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of the church, which
+drove the clergy to such expedients for a living, rather than the
+respectability of the calling to which they thus betook
+themselves.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA.
+
+
+We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the chief
+growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London. It is
+stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose names are
+appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of 1,010
+labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only was
+indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is that fruit
+and vegetables are not favourable to the production of that disease; but
+it does not appear to us that the premises warrant the conclusion. Is it
+the fact that those labourers eat a larger portion of fruit and
+vegetables than others? It is notorious, with regard to pastrycooks,
+confectioners, and such persons, that they do not consume more--if so
+much--of their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated
+as the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than others
+to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question. It is not
+against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of the earth," that
+we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases of cholera have been
+produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables (as cucumbers,) taken even
+in moderate quantity; and that great caution is necessary in this
+respect, notwithstanding the declaration of the growers.--_Medical
+Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Olive Oil._--The amount of duties paid on olive oil imported into the
+United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5, 1832, was L76,962. The
+quantity of this oil imported in that period was 2,286,629
+gallons--_Med. and Surg. Journal._
+
+_Coffee._--The duty on raw coffee is now 6_d_. per lb. on colonial, and
+9_d_. on foreign; the retail price is 2_s_. to 4_s_.
+
+_The Irish Bar._--Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man, who loved his
+bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish, invited the baronet to
+a grand dinner in London, where the wine circulated freely, and wit kept
+pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules,
+said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it true that we Scotch formerly
+_transported_ all our criminals and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say,"
+replied Sir Hercules; "but did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your
+countrymen _returning to Scotland_ from transportation."
+
+_Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey._--"Madame de Stael was forcibly
+struck by the factitious tone of the best society in London, and wished
+very much to have an opportunity of judging of that of the second class.
+She, however, had not this opportunity, which I regret, as I think it
+would have justified her expectations. In England, the raw material is
+generally good; it is the over-dressing that injures it; and as the
+class she wished to study are well educated, and have all the refinement
+of civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a
+favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the personification
+of her _beau ideal_ of perfection, as I must say they are of mine,"
+continued Byron, "and might serve as the finest specimens of the pure
+English patrician breed, of which so few remain." _His_ uncompromising
+and uncompromised dignity, founded on self-respect, and accompanied by
+that certain proof of superiority--simplicity of manner and freedom from
+affectation, with _her_ mild and matron graces, her whole life offering
+a model to wives and mothers--really they are people to be proud of, and
+a few such would reconcile one to one's species.--_From Lady
+Blessington's Conversations--New Monthly Magazine._
+
+_Cats Horticulturists._--Cat Mint is a species of _Nepeta_. It is
+covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like down, and has a strong,
+pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal or valerian, that is
+peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its specific and English names.
+These animals are so fond of it, that it is almost impossible to keep
+them from it, _after being transplanted_. Ray and Miller, both assert,
+however, that cats will never meddle with such plants as are raised from
+seed. Hence the old saying,
+
+  "If you set it,
+  The cats will eat it;
+  If you sow it
+  The cats don't know it."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Beef-eaters_, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the sideboard at
+great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the French
+_buffetiers_, from _buffet_, sideboard.
+
+_A Lion Killer._--Lions abound in the west of India. A gentleman assured
+Captain Skinner that he had, in one season, killed forty-five in the
+province of Hissar, alone. None of them were large, but he mentioned
+having met with one of uncommon beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny
+colour, but its mane a rich glossy black, as was also the tuft on the
+tail.
+
+_Vultures._--On passing the carcass of a bullock (says Captain Skinner,)
+we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's scent. An hour before
+not one was seen; nor was the place, being so wild and far removed from
+all habitations, likely to be haunted by them: yet now they thronged
+every tree in the neighbourhood. There could not have been less than
+four or five hundred.
+
+_Jackalls._--In some parts of India the howling of innumerable jackalls
+is never out of your ear, from the minute night falls to the first dawn
+of day. Captain Skinner says, until he became familiar to the screaming
+sound, he used to start from his sleep, and fancy some appalling
+calamity had driven the inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth
+in fear and madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might
+attend an earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very
+doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object,
+frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when "baying
+the moon."
+
+_Narrow Streets._--In grand Cairo, if you unfortunately meet a string of
+masked beauties upon donkies, you must make a rapid retreat, and resign
+yourself to be squeezed to a mummy against the wall for daring to stand
+in their course, if your curiosity should tempt you to do so.
+
+_Mussulman and Hindoo Religion._--"Where the same village is inhabited
+by people of both religions, they occupy opposite portions of it: and
+the circumstance may always be known by there being a well at each end
+of it; for the Hindoos would not draw water from the same fountain as
+the Mahomedans, for all the wealth of this world."
+
+_The only Favour._--At the battle of Spires, a regiment had orders not
+to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy, wounded and disarmed, begged
+hard for his life from one of its officers, who touched with his
+situation, replied, "I pity your misfortune, and--ask anything else but
+that, and upon my honour I will grant your request."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11705.txt or 11705.zip *******
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