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diff --git a/old/11705.txt b/old/11705.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ebc352 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11705.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2000 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, +Issue 560, August 4, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 24, 2004 [eBook #11705] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustration. + See 11705-h.htm or 11705-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h/11705-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11705/11705-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 20, No. 560] SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK. + + +[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.] + +The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better idea of +the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous Illustrations. +It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious accommodation afforded by +the Society for their animals; while it enables us to watch the habits +of the stupendous tenants in a state of nature, or at least, free from +unnecessary restriction or confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto +but rarely enjoyed in this country; the Elephants exhibited in our +menageries being caged up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside +the bars. The Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect, +possessed an Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the +range of a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence, +and affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few +visiters. In the _Jardin du Roi_, at Paris, the Elephant has long +enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the scale of +creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young specimen in +the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and a spacious bath +has since been added to the accommodations. This example has been +rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens. + +The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden in the +Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built in a style of +unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a small enclosure, +which the Elephant may measure in two or three turns. Opposite is an +enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be almost worthy of the name +of a little park or paddock. The fence is of iron, and light but +substantial. Within the area are a few lime-trees, the lower branches of +which are thinned by the Elephant repeatedly twisting off their foliage +with his trunk, as adroitly as a gardener would gather fruit. His main +luxury is, however, in his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water, +of depth nearly equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his +ablutions here with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of +satisfaction and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the +noble creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an +imperfect idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His +evolutions are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His +keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the pond, +but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits himself in +a point of view in which we have not hitherto been accustomed to view an +Elephant in this country. The fondness of Elephants for bathing is very +remarkable. When in the water they often produce a singular noise with +their trunks. Bishop Heber describes this habit as he witnessed it near +Dacca:--"A sound struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we +were riding, the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long, +loud, deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and +the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys which +are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which the winds +make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah, 'there are +Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I looked immediately, +and saw about twenty of these fine animals, with their heads and trunks +just appearing above the water. Their bellowing it was which I had +heard, and which the water conveyed to us with a finer effect than if we +had been on shore." The Elephant can also eject from his trunk water and +dust, and his own saliva, over every part of his body, to cool its +heated surface; and he is said to grub up dust, and blow it over his +back and sides, to keep off the flies. + +There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of the +Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society about +fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old, and is +still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods has been +commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the Society by Sir +Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been stated to be a dwarf +variety, and that its age is not far short of that of the larger +individual; but this assertion is questionable. It is much more +consistent with our knowledge of the species to regard it, in the +absence of all previous knowledge of the history of the individual, as a +young one not exceeding four years old. This specimen will be seen in +the distance of the Engraving.[1] + + [1] The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between + fifteen and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be + adult. In India it is thought that they live three centuries. + +The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A few +points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with the +individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian Elephant +appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than the African, the +females commonly measuring from seven to eight, and the males from eight +to ten, feet in height; though we find in old accounts the height of the +Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen or sixteen feet. The head of the +Indian is more oblong than that of the African Elephant; and the +forehead of the former has a deep concavity, while the head of the +African is round and convex in all its parts. The teeth of the Indian +species consist of narrow transverse bands of equal size, while those of +the African are larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge +shaped. The ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his +neck, while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The +former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his hind +feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size, beauty, and +hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a native of Ceylon, +it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the variety. + + * * * * * + + +STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE. + + + Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls, + What memories of old, the sad vision recalls, + For change o'er thee lightly has past; + Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are fled, + And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead, + Since in childhood I gazed on thee last! + + Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath, + And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe, + Like rare friends by adversity's side; + Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold + That marks in derision, the spot, where of old + The standard once floated in pride. + + But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown, + And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone + With chivalry's gorgeous array; + And where music, and laughter so often have rung, + In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung + A mantle to hide their decay. + + Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again, + Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain, + As if charmed into magic repose; + The pass subterraneous,--the fathomless well, + The mound whence the violet peeps--and the cell + Where the fox-glove in solitude grows. + + In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam, + Yet I linger with thee--as to muse o'er a dream, + That mournful truths soon will dispel; + My pathway winds onward--life's cares to renew, + And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view, + 'Tis for over--I bid thee farewell! + +E.L.J. + + * * * * * + + + +THE NOVELIST. + + + * * * * * + + +THE HUNTSMAN. + +_A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor._ + + + "The merciful man is merciful to his beast." + "The worm we tread upon will turn again." + +Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a very +handsome young man, the _beau ideal_ of the lover, as pictured by the +glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau _real_ of a dozen villages +in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle. Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but +rather calculated to inspire terror and distrust, than affection and +confidence: in fact, a bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the +fierce, haughty character of his countenance, the fire which flashes +from his eyes, and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create +fear, instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles. +One, however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of +his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep and +pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to answer +his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a godless young man, +we shall hereafter discover. + +Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided about a +mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of Lord Mortimer, +had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself with the rural +produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a ready market,) but also +to send Annette. Thus then commenced that innocent girl's acquaintance +with the Baron's chief huntsman, not long after Elliott's induction into +that office, by the resignation of his superannuated predecessor. + +Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles; none of +which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or assuredly the +deprivation of his office would have followed. But Lord Mortimer was a +young man, paying his addresses to a lady who lived at some distance +from the Castle, and consequently much absent from it. And, what said +pretty Annette to the rumours which failed not to meet _her_ ear, of her +lover's misconduct? "I don't believe a word of them! Charles may be +fonder of pleasure than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he +will see and feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of +his situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be +solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge," would she +undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to the dogs under +his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may be passionate, I +don't say he is not, but he is generous and humane. _I_ have never seen +him scourge the hounds, as you tell me he does, until blood drops from +their mangled hides; _I_ have never heard the cries which, you say, +resound from their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger." + +"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning tale-bearer, "any +of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled coats, proclaimed how +savagely they had been treated?" + +"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by the wild +boars with which the Castle forests abound." + +"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight of my +lord's hounds?" + +"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good training: +when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of finding game, +and the inclination of bringing it down." + +"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but they ought +to be _fed_." Upon this, Annette would vehemently maintain that fed they +were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut up their meat; whilst the +friendly newsmonger would charitably hint, that her intended knew as +well as most men how to turn an _honest_ penny, by cheating the dogs of +their food, and selling it elsewhere. + +Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly to malice +and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as those who are +obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an idolatry of affection +which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as its object is contemned and +despised by the world. Annette had also some idea, that these, and other +reports to the prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful +rival, though poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and +good-humoured as he was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to +the disparagement of Elliott. + +Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for a week +or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was reported to +him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated himself, and so +contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the young baron again left +home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in his confidence and favour. + +It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make holiday, +(at least they did so then, but times have strangely altered of late in +once _merry_ England,) the woods put on their brightest green, and the +people their finest clothes, for there were wakes, fairs, and rustic +meetings innumerable in the vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman +might, as usual, be seen at these _fetes_ for nothing, but after his +late victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and +looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent defiance. + +The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a cavalier, +passing through one of the great forests which surrounded Mortimer +Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female form slowly +sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding, and uttering +heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for something +supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly recovering +himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object of his idle +fears:--"I have been waiting here for hours," replied the young woman, +for such indeed she was, "and my friend is not yet come; I am sadly +afraid, sir, some accident may have happened to him." + +"_Him!_" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if you be waiting +for a _gentleman_, no wonder you're disappointed. He has played you +false, rely upon it, and won't come to night,--so you'd better go home." + +"O sir! O my Lord!--I cannot--I dare not! What would father and mother +say? and what could I say?" + +"Ay--Annette,--Annette Martin,--what _could_ you say?" + +"Only the _truth_, your lordship;" replied the poor girl sobbing, and +curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for they do so hate +Charles,--Charles Elliott, your honour,--that they've as good as sworn, +as they'll never consent to my marrying him, and so--and so--I was just +a waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and +take me away to the far off town, and"-- + +"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and mother's +consent:--eh, Annette?" + +"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with another rustic +dip. + +"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite please me; +and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen circumstance +should have detained him, shall know what _I_ think of his present +conduct to you. But come,--mount behind me,--I am unexpectedly returning +to the Castle, Dame Trueby shall there make you comfortable for +to-night, your parents and friends shall never know but that your +absence from home was occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your +marriage in two or three days, with _my_ sanction, Annette, will, I +think, completely settle matters." + +The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his noble +steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to listen to all +the consolation, or banterings, with which he endeavoured to cheer her +on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing rather to believe that some +dreadful accident had befallen her lover, than that carelessness, or +perfidy, caused his absence. Dame Trueby's account was little calculated +to soothe Annette's anxiety, or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting +Elliott's proceedings. + +"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning, when I +heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor creatures! and time +enough that he did, I think, considering that he left them without a +morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he was capering away at +Woodcroft Feast; and then,--the beast!--what does he, but comes back so +dead drunk that we were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the +hungry brutes, poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been +fit to raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and +yowling!" + +"A sad account is this, Margery." + +"A very _true_ one, please your lordship," replied the old housekeeper, +testily. + +"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this time of +night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his intended +wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed I have ample +need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let Elliott call me in +the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile make this young woman as +comfortable as you can, and _recollect_, Mrs. Trueby, _that she is come +to the Castle upon a visit to you_." + +Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with apparent +submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts, it was easy +to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions relative to the honour +of her noble master, and of the forlorn damsel thus thrust upon her +peculiar hospitality. "And," continued Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are +sure, fed the dogs this morning?" + +"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper, doggedly, +"I suppose he did, and belike beat 'em too; I only know they've been +quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they wouldn't have been +without _wittals_; but Master Elliott, I've not seen since." + +"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can he be?" + +"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild lad, and +these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain." + +Little further passed that night between the young lord and his +housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and poor +Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect Mistress Margery, +repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating the singularly dreadful +disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles, in fact, not having +returned, one of the inferior serving-men,--who durst not, now that his +master was at home, stand upon the punctilio of "_not my business_," +undertook soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when +upon opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he +there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, _the mangled +remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman_: these consisted of his +clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with fragments sufficient +of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact, that the ravenous brutes, +had, after their last long fast, sprung upon their tormentor, (awful +retribution!) even at the very moment when he appeared amongst them with +their long delayed meal, torn him in pieces, and devoured him! + +Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his canine +favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a signal +instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt himself obliged +to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious banquet on human flesh; +and with tears in his eyes, he forced himself to witness their +execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging kindness of any of his +retainers, should induce them to mitigate the culprits' doom. The horrid +story spread far and wide, and one of its earliest results was the +appearance at Castle Mortimer of a poor woman and three young children, +who stated in an agony of grief, that _she_ was the lawful _wife_ of the +deceased Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto +whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without leave, +were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being suddenly bereaved +by his awful demise of their sole hope and support, now humbly threw +themselves upon the benevolence of Lord Mortimer for employment and +subsistence! + +The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this discovery of +black villany meditated against her by the unprincipled huntsman, and +upon its miraculous and awful frustration, may be imagined: yet had it +also its beneficial influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end +of the wretch who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection +was converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking +God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of the +deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty persuaded to +become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected, but really worthy +and amiable admirer. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. + + + * * * * * + + +PORTUGAL. + +(_Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal Illustrated."_) + + +_Spaniards and Portuguese._--"Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and +you make a good Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. I have +heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you +have the Portuguese character." These nations blaspheme God by calling +each other natural enemies. Their feelings are mutually hostile; but the +Spaniards despise the Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the +Spaniards.--_Southey._ + +_Portugal._--Situated by the side of a country just five times its size, +Portugal, but for the advantageous position of its coast, the good faith +of England, and the weakness of its hostile neighbour, impassable roads, +and numerous strong places, would long since have returned to the +primitive condition of an Iberian province; but its separate existence +as a nation has been preserved to it by the strength of the British +alliance being brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own +internal means of defence.--_Kinsey._ + +_Column of Disgrace._--About the middle of the last century, the Duke of +Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the Jesuits in Portugal, and +accordingly executed. His house, at Belem, was levelled to the ground at +the time of the Duke's decapitation, and on the site was erected _a +column of disgrace_, which still remains, though some shops have been +erected beside it to hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct +of the nation on this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to +conceal. + +Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large clock placed +rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time with his scythe, +and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a lyre. + +_A Lisbon Dandy._--A small, squat, puffy figure incased within a large +pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean, high-boned, straw-fed, +cream-coloured nag, with an enormously flowing tail, whose length and +breadth would appear to be each night guarded from discolouration by +careful involution above the hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and +long pointed boots, up his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, _a la +Cossaque_, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he is +seated in _cool_ repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing seals as +large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a little higher +to the figured waistcoat of early British manufacture, and the +sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim sugar-loaf hat on his +head,--where can be found his equal? Nor does he want a nose as big as +the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two flanks of impenetrable, deep, black +brushwood, extending under either ear, and almost concealing the +countenance, to complete the singular contour of his features. + +_A Lisbon Water-carrier_ earns about sixpence per day, the moiety of +which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha from a cook's +stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on holidays,--water being his +general beverage, nay, one might almost say, his element. A mat in a +large upper room, shared with several others, serves him in winter as a +place of repose for the night; but during the summer he frequently +sleeps out in the open air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow. + +_Vanity._--A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman complain of the +intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis, retorted that, for his +part, when he was in London, it was the absence of that filth, and the +want of the smells complained of, that had rendered his residence in our +metropolis so disagreeable and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as +Southey says, "makes a man a liar so easily as vanity." + +_Dogs._--In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the violence of the +heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets, though the +thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and scarcely an instance of +canine madness is ever known to occur. When the French decreed the +extinction of the tribe of curs that infest the streets, no native +executioner could be found to put the exterminating law in force; nay, +the very measure excited popular indignation. + +_Golden Sands._--Perhaps originally it was the fabled gold of the Tagus +which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers, and the general +persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this royal river did +actually once produce sufficient gold to make a magnificent crown and +sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot sovereign, the good king +Denis. + +_A Dinner._--A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the worst supposable +specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a platter of compact, black, +greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if so much, of poor half-fed meat; +a certain proportion of hard-boiled beef, that has never seen the +salting pan, having already yielded its nutritious qualities to a +swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and now requiring the accompaniment of +a satellite tongue, or friendly slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull +relish to it; potatoes of leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine +contexture, that Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve; +with offensive vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be +imported from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding +rock of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small +quantity of _very small_ wine; abundance of water; and an awful army of +red ants, probably imported from the Brazils--the wood of which the +chairs and tables are made, hurrying across the cloth with +characteristic industry;--such are the principal features of the quiet +family dinner-table of the Portuguese. + +_The Dockyard_ of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many of the largest +of our private ship-builders on the banks of the Thames and the Avon. + +_Funerals._--In Portugal the corpse is placed in an open coffin, and the +head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled with holy water is placed +at the foot of the bier, which the priests and relatives of the deceased +sprinkle on the body. The service being concluded, the corpse is +followed by the relatives down into the vaults below the church, where +vinegar and quick lime having been poured upon the body, the falling lid +of the coffin is closed and _locked_, and the key delivered to the chief +mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party of +friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the house of the +defunct, where the key being left with the nearest relative, and the +complimentary visit being paid, the rite is considered as terminated. No +fire is lighted in the house of a deceased person upon the day of his +funeral, and the relatives, who live in separate houses, are in the +habit of supplying a ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that +the inmates are too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any +orders for the preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing +week, the chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at +tea. The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though +not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum on +the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies without +leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his funeral, the +dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public street, with a box +upon the breast, into which passers-by drop copper or silver coin, until +sufficient has thus been obtained to defray the expense of interment; +and that a soldier stands at the head of the body to see that no money +is abstracted; for, in Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is +intended would not secure it without his protection. + +There is no pardoning _soi-disant liberaux_, who prove, by their acts, +the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of liberty. + + * * * * * + + +PUNISHMENT OF DEATH. + + +_Decollatio_, or beheading, was a military punishment among the Romans. +In early times it was performed with an axe, and afterwards with a +sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all countries where beheading and +hanging are used as capital punishments, the former is always considered +less ignominious. Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of +nobles, when commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high +treason is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged +before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits that +part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could not be +hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this punishment, +he was degraded before the execution. At present, hanging is not used in +that country, and since so many instances have occurred of extreme +suffering, on the part of the criminal, caused by the unskilfulness of +the executioner in beheading with the sword, this mode of execution has +been abolished. Beheading in Prussia is now always performed with a +heavy axe, the sufferer being previously tied to a block. In France, +during the revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine, +the guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the +exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who has +murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut off the +moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it was, in some +states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to perform the executions +with the sword. In China, it is well known that beheading is practised, +sometimes accompanied with the most studied torments. In the United +States of America, beheading is unknown, the halter being the only +instrument of capital punishment. In many European countries, beheading +with the sword still prevails. + +P. + + * * * * * + + +PRICE OF BLOOD.--WERE AND WERELADE. + + +Were, or _Wera_, in our old law books, signifies what was anciently paid +for _killing a man_. When such crimes were punished with pecuniary +mulets, not death, the price was set on every man's head, according to +his condition and quality. + +_Werelade_, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide on oath, in +order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called _were_. If the party +denied the fact, he was to purge himself, by the oaths of several +persons, according to his degree and quality. If the guilt amounted to +four pounds, he was to have eighteen jurors on his father's side, and +four on his mother's: if to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty +jurors, and this was called _werelade_. + +_Weregild_, or _Weregeld_, was the price of a man's head; which was paid +partly to the king for the loss of his subject, partly to the lord whose +vassal he was, and partly to the next of kin. + +"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law, in case +of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the murderer and the +friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by causing the malefactor +to give unto them, or to the child or wife of him that was slain, a +recompense, which they called _eriach_. And thus we find in our Saxon +laws, particularly those of King Athelstan, the several _weregilds_ for +homicide, established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl +or peasant, up to that of the king himself." + +The _weregild_ of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000 thrismas; +that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or governor, +4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king, 30,000; half to +be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the public. The weregild +of a ceorl was 266 thrismas. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND. + + +The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or +Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in authority, power, and +precedence. They are appointed by the King's delivery of the Great Seal +to them, and by taking the oath of office. They differ only in this +point, that the Lord Chancellor hath also letters patent, whereas the +Lord Keeper hath none. + +He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or grants, +are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto. + +Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to +judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the +law of the land so defective as that the subject would be injured +thereby. + +He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His Majesty's +gift, rated under 20_l_. a year in the King's books. + +In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by an +ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is Maurice, in +1067, who was afterward Bishop of London. + +Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage, until the +year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal to Sir Thomas +Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of Ellesmere,[2] and +constituted him Lord High Chancellor of England. But until of late +years, the custom never prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of +England should he made an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all +matters which appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he +maybe said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great +assembly.--_Manual of Rank and Nobility._ + + [2] From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that + surname. + + * * * * * + + + +NEW BOOKS. + + + * * * * * + + +LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC. + + +(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the season, and +independently of its place as a volume of the _Family Library_, it has +substantive claims which we trust will not he overlooked. It is from the +graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who possesses, in a high degree, the +peculiar talent of investing scientific inquiries with the charm of +popular delight; in short, of making science easy, and often conveying +in a single chapter what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in +truth, teaches us the sweet uses of science. + +The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter Scott, to +whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint idea of the +extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from the magic of the +ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns; yet the purpose of the +work is mainly to trace the connexion of those prodigies of the material +world which are termed Natural Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in +the introductory letter, the writer observes on the resources of ancient +magic:--) + +The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and of +remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from reaching +the present times; but though we are very ill informed respecting the +progress of the ancients in various departments of the physical +sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost every branch of +knowledge had contributed its wonders to the magician's budget, and we +may even obtain some insight into the scientific acquirements of former +ages, by a diligent study of their fables and their miracles. + +(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following beautiful +passage on the Eye:--) + +This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which guards the +pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and through which all +their communications are interchanged. The optic nerve is the channel by +which the mind peruses the hand-writing of Nature on the retina, and +through which it transfers to that material tablet its decisions and its +creations. The eye is consequently the principal seat of the +supernatural. When the indications of the marvellous are addressed to us +through the ear, the mind may be startled without being deceived, and +reason may succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by +which we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it +the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their outline; +when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to its view; +when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any intelligible +cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or imaginary, for whose +presence no cause can be assigned, the conviction of supernatural agency +becomes under ordinary circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only +an amusing but an useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those +causes which are capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it +arises from the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from +the dexterity and science of others. + +(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant, as they +include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions, and natural +phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of Sound are next +in interest; among them we find explained the wonder of singers breaking +glasses with their great power of voice; the automaton flute-player, +talking engines, echoes, &c. The Mechanical causes are less numerous: +among them we are glad to see _noticed_ the feat of lifting heavy +persons, which we ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David +Brewster does not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many +readers, we quote the two relating pages.) + +One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative to the +strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen and admired, +is that in which a heavy man is raised with the greatest facility, when +he is lifted up the instant that his own lungs and those of the persons +who raise him are inflated with air. This experiment was, I believe, +first shown in England a few years ago by Major H., who saw it performed +in a large party at Venice under the direction of an officer of the +American Navy. As Major H. performed it more than once in my presence, I +shall describe as nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The +heaviest person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being +supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one at +each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and they find +his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty they experience in +supporting him. When he is replaced in the chair, each of the four +persons takes hold of the body as before, and the person to be lifted +gives two signals by clapping his hands. At the first signal he himself +and the four lifters begin to draw a long and full breath, and when the +inhalation is completed, or the lungs filled, the second signal is +given, for raising the person from the chair. To his own surprise and +that of his bearers, he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were +no heavier than a feather. On several occasions I have observed that +when one of the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation +out of time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it +were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have +performed the part both of the load and of the bearer, you can testify +how remarkable the effects appear to all parties, and how complete is +the conviction, either that the load has been lightened, or the bearer +strengthened by the prescribed process. At Venice the experiment was +performed in a much more imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party +was raised and sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six +persons. Major H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the +person lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the +individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that the +bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised. I have +not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to these +curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion, or the +result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a careful +investigation. + +(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the beautiful +contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and the head of the +sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has supplied fewer wonders +than we expected: they occupy but fifty pages. + +The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the +majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is +unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the Invisible +Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable, since they are +generally accompanied by illustrations. + +By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early volumes +of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of the FF.R.S. +whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early years of the +Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some of the early +papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns observed in +France--Worms that eat Stones and Mortar--which are almost as marvellous +as one of Sir David Brewster's lines--a coach and four filled with +skeletons. The Royal Society has now existed a century and +three-quarters: in their early Transactions are inquiries relative to +the tides--observations on the darting threads of spiders--"experiments +about respiration"--"of red snow seen at Genoa," &c.; yet scores of +philosophers, at the present moment, are controverting these very +subjects.) + + * * * * * + + +PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA. + + +(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead the +reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage through +untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from India to +England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Russia, and +Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word "untrodden," and +it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the author, or his first +volume, but is not appropriate to the second, which owes its main +interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the illustrious Pole. Neither +is the term pilgrimage characteristic of the journey, which has the +sketchiness and levity of a flying tour rather than the observant +gravity of a patient pilgrimage. Nevertheless, the work is altogether +full of vivacity and interest, and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must +be as pleasant on his travels, as his book will be in our hands. + +Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days. Here, +with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness the Imaum, +whose court is a curiosity.) + +The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the town, +and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or veranda open +to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood several well dressed +Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and half a dozen dirty +looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the sepoys in our Indian army, +and equipped much after the same fashion. These latter, as I understood, +were paraded in honour of my visit; and indeed generally form the _garde +du corps_ on occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the _Court of +Muscat_. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with chairs, +and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet, addressed +himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object and direction; +and then touched on the politics of Europe. + +Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his horses, +his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which afforded excellent +accommodation, and which were generally occupied by English visiters. + +The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes +considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the finest +horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the governors of the +Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his own service. Horses +likewise form an article of trade between Muscat and India, and yield, +as I have been told, a considerable profit. + +(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small school +founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the British +residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr. Stocqueler says:) + +The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than thirteen +pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the Persian and +Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old Armenian. + +(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike and so +much resembling each other in feature, and in the total loss of the left +eye, that it was difficult to discover my friend the supercargo, who had +accompanied us from Bombay." + +Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The houses +are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk of the date +tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to be seen but a vast +sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles. Within the walls, it is +equally sterile, it literally yields _nothing_; here, "all _is_ barren," +and the water is far from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh +keeps up no standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the _Shut-ul-Arab_, +[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than those +of the Thames at Richmond. + +At Bussorah--a _bain a la Turque_.) + +Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment resembling +a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and glazed +sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered with cloths and +coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and there was a fireplace +where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and cloths dried. Having been +required to strip, and a cloth tied round my waist, I was led into a +second apartment filled with steam, and of so high a temperature, that +in one instant I lost my breath, and in the next was streaming from +every pore. I anticipated a speedy dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but +on reaching a third apartment, (all vaulted and lighted, or rather +darkened alike,) I had become somewhat relieved. In this apartment were +four cisterns nearly level with the floor, into which the hot water was +drawn by cocks placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that +the water was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the +cisterns, and then the operation commenced. + +_Act_ 1.--Deluged with hot water from the hands of a stout Persian. +_Act_ 2.--Conducted by said Persian to a stone ottoman in the centre of +the room, and caused to sit down. _Act_ 3.--My whole body kneaded by the +fists of the aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed, +limbs rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. _Act_ 4.--Enveloped in warm +towels, and served with a pipe. _Act_ 5.--Wiped dry; led into the outer +apartment dressed and--_Exit_. + +(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as +follows.) + +As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and tide had +set against us. The _mallahs_, or trackers, immediately stripped, +placing their clothes on their heads, and sprang on shore. A rope was +passed from the mast-head to a girdle round their respective bodies, and +off they set along the banks; sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating +channels, or unequal projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading +or swimming with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water +required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and Euphrates +is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The business of +tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing and dangerous: in +fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the muscular powers and +courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah tribes require that each +Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad, as a tracker, before he can be +qualified for the married state and the care of a family. + +(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his way he +escapes a storm on the Euphrates.) + +The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of June, now +rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent storm, and in a +few hours inundated the whole Irak. Numberless villages of matted huts +were swept away; men, women, and children, were in a moment rendered +houseless; numerous cattle and sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by +the roots, and boats swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the +river, which had governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and +it was with the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed +and escape getting aground. + +(At Bussorah.) + +Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread consternation +throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its inhabitants into +retreat. The shops were closed--trade at a stand--the streets +deserted--houses tenantless--the oft busy creek had scarcely a boat +moving on its surface--the mosques were filled with the dismayed +Moslems, whom poverty or self-interest had kept in the town--the +Christian churches held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had +driven to pray with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir +Arabs, meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the +losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves of +his usury. + +Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency. He had +sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into the humble +office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he esteemed the most +distressing event of the three) to encounter face to face those who had +just left the "city of the plague." I had told him of the circumstances +under which I had met the resident, (coming from Bagdad,) and that there +were three cases of plague on board. The Armenian, whose only notions +regarding _cases_ were acquired in the course of his mercantile +transactions, and who believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne +case to be much about the same article, ejaculated, "Three _cases_ of +plague! Merciful heavens!--if the major wanted to preserve such +abominable virus, could he not have brought a smaller quantity? Three +cases! If it _should_ run out, how it might spread about the town!" + +(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record. He was +pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with a box of +ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy for the +_impaired vision_ of his left eye. He had been stone blind from his +childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told so." + +The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.) + +He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out on the +palace court, above which it was raised for about three feet. Three or +four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh, and he was patting a +couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the court, stood a +considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person were a number of +subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank merely bowed and took +their places, others advanced and kissed the sheikh's hand while the +humblest officers knelt on one knee to perform the same ceremony. I +observed, however, that great respect was always paid to age in this +little court, for when the head of a village, far advanced in years, +limped up to the _nummud_, the sheikh rose and embraced him, though he +held but a trifling post, and was a man of little personal merit. My own +reception was most flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good, +good, admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian--"you are now +yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do not +forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with me about +my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and gave me some +instructions for going through the Chab territory. Talking of hunting, +and more especially of falconry, he told me that his deserts abounded +with game, and that if I would stay with him, I should see herds of +antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He was curious about our field +sports, but showed very little interest in more important matters; +because, said he, "I am already well informed in all that concerns +Europeans and their empires." + +The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who fly to +Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own _materiel_ of war. In this +way he can command the services of six or seven thousand cavalry, and +above fifteen thousand infantry, independently of the wandering +Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of Chab. + +(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.) + +The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of coffee, +but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It is with them +a kind of _bon-bon_ eaten in a powdered and roasted state, without +having had any connexion with hot water. When Meer Goolam Hussein called +on me, he was always accompanied by his coffee-bearer, who carried about +the fragrant berry in a _snuff-box_, and handed it frequently to the +company present. The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its +colour and quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular +repository, I took a _pinch_ of the coffee and applied it to my nose, +amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all the party. + +(A _vestry dinner_ in Persia must be one of our _selections_.) + +At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres have +ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I dined once +with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that vestry honours +and vestry appetites are not exclusively English characteristics. The +dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a large white cloth, around +which the guests assembled. Placed opposite each guest was a plate, +knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a piece of cheese, two or three feet of +bread, and a hard boiled egg. The feast commenced by each person +drinking a dram of aniseed; then came in quick succession mutton chops, +boiled fowls, boiled kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and +grapes, sweetmeats, and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen +did equal justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus. + + * * * * * + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + + * * * * * + + +BOYHOOD OF CRANMER--SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION. + + +Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This may seem +singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at Cambridge +amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such shifts were not +unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries indeed had schools +attached to them in many instances. In Elizabeth's time a complaint is +made by the Speaker of the Commons, that the number of such places of +education had been reduced by a hundred, in consequence of the +suppression of the religious houses. Still it must often have happened +(thickly scattered as the monasteries were) that the child lived at an +inconvenient distance from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have +liked to trust less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity; +and probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus +makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is +remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the +popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the +Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst +schools, on the other hand, began to multiply in their stead; a fact +which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion with regard to the +monasteries as places of education--for education began now to be the +desire of the day. Schools, therefore, in the present acceptation of the +term, in Cranmer's boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the +crying want of them in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that +of St. Paul's, which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first +master, not only became so distinguished in itself, but set the example, +and prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others +which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of a +boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years, was aware +of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his model--but he +was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who were for ever uttering +the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and, besides, his days were soon +numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps remembered the obstacles in his own way, +and who certainly foresaw the great calamity of an ignorant clergy, +pressed for the establishment of a school in connexion with every +cathedral--a school, as it were, of the prophets--where boys intended +for holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they were +about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons duly +qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was overruled, and a +measure, which might have helped to catch up the church before it fell +into that abyss of ignorance which seems to have immediately succeeded +the Reformation, (the natural consequence of a season of convulsion and +violence,) was unhappily lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth +that the evil was at all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the +deficiency of well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was +at that time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the +reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many +tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost +exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their later +years to the country-town which had given them birth, and gratefully +provided for the better education of their neighbours, by furnishing it +with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman, a person who then +appears to have appreciated learning, and often to have brought up his +boy to the church, united in the same praiseworthy object. In such cases +application was usually made to the Queen for a charter, which was +granted with or without pecuniary assistance on her own part; and +whoever will examine the dates of our foundation schools, will find a +great proportion of them erected in that glorious reign. + +Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was sent to +college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being at that time +the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded them, and being +considered the two great national receptacles for all the boys in the +country. There they were subjected to corporal punishment. The statutes +were framed with a reference to the habits of mere boys; it is +forbidden, for instance, in one of the Cambridge statutes, to play +marbles on the senate-house steps; and the number of the students was so +enormous (still for the same reason), that Latimer, in one of his +sermons, speaks of a decrease in those of his own time, to the amount of +no less than ten thousand.--_Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST. + + +M. ----, a Perote, one who knew "the difference between alum and +barley-sugar,"[3] if ever man did, a good catholic, a conscientious +person, a dragoman, and as such necessarily attached to truth, and never +telling a lie, save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the +witness rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from +the European palace of ----, at Pera, on business in Constantinople. He +was in a great hurry, but as he reached the Meytiskellesi, or wharf of +the dead, and was about stepping into his caeik to be rowed across the +harbour of the Golden Horn, either a nail in one of the rough planks of +the wooden quay caught his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget +which--but the dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a +tall and very notorious African magician, who had long been practising +at the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the +place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world with +one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the dragoman +naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's edge only to +cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely invited him to +take a passage in his caeik. The tall African made no verbal reply, but +smiled, and waved his hand to decline the high honour. + + [3] A Turkish saying, much in use. + +The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross over +himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the opposite side +of the Golden Horn, stepped into his caeik, which instantly glided from +the quay and shot across the port. The boats at Constantinople are all +very light and sharp, and go with astonishing speed, even when propelled +with one pairs of oars; but people of high consideration, like +dragomans, generally have two pairs to their caeiks, and at this time M. +---- being in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as +they could. + +When about half way on his short aquatic journey, M. ---- turned his +head and looked back, and then he saw at the end of the quay, just where +he had left him, the tall African standing starch and motionless, like a +granite statue before an Egyptian temple. + +The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the +opposite shore--no caeik had passed him on his way--when lo! as his own +came in concussion with the wooden piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi, +and he rose from his seat to step on shore, he saw the identical African +wizard standing there before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite +quay where he had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could +have proceeded by mortal agency! + +The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was the +Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden Horn, and +fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left behind there +gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. ---- felt a sort of +flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the wizard's power; he +remained for better than a minute in the position he was, when the tall +African first struck his eye, spell-bound as it were, with one foot on +the edge of the boat, and the other on the edge of the quay; but +recovering himself, he drew up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself +like a good catholic, and _salaaming_ his acquaintance, like a polite +Turk, he stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed +him, and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of +vision. Mr. ---- thinking more about this wonderful occurrence than the +business of the ---- nation he was going upon went his way, and having +discharged his duty, hurried back to Pera, where he told this story, +where it was universally believed from the veracity and character and +dignity of the narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living. +Very possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the +wizard, for he tells it to every stranger--_Metropolitan_. + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + + + * * * * * + + +PRECIOUS STONES. + +(_From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People--Mineralogy and Geology_.) + + +_Why was crystal so named?_ + +Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as occurring in +a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be water permanently +congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency, called it +_Krustallos_, signifying ice; but in time the word became used without +attention being paid to its original meaning, and was applied to all the +regular figures observed in minerals. + +_Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for glass in +spectacles?_ + +Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily become +scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles. + +_Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?_ + +Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn Gorm, in +Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of quartz, and is +much admired for seal stones, &c.; it is sometimes improperly termed +topaz. + +_Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?_ + +Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to produce +these varieties. Thus, _amethyst_, or purple quartz, is tinged with a +little iron and manganese. _Rose quartz_, or false ruby, derives its +colour from manganese. _Avanturine_ is a beautiful variety of quartz, of +a rich brown colour, which, from a peculiarity of texture, appears +filled with bright spangles. Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron, +are found in Spain, and have been termed _hyacinths of Compostella_. +Flint, chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or +heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally +composed of quartz, with various tinging materials. + +_Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the mineral world?_ + +Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge of the +substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the solar rays. It +is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The finest specimens +come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety of opal called +_Hydrophane_, which is white and opaque till immersed in water; it then +resembles the former. + +_Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?_ + +Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. It forms +also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the topaz. The +blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It is infusible +before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing, and retains its +electricity for several hours; but does not become electrical by +heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity of rocks belonging +to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and imbedded in gneiss. It is +found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony; +Expailly in France; and particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains, +twelve days from Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most +valuable of gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat +become snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre, +that they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties +are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the +jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or oriental +topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful variety, in +which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with an opalescent +lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight is considered to be worth fifty +guineas.--_Jameson_. + +The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent introduction. The +white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in lustre, and in Brazil +is called _mina nova_.[4] + + [4] The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of + intense colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small + crucible, covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a + low degree of heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a + beautiful pink. It contains fluoric acid, which may be the means + of this change.--_Mawe_. + +_Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?_ + +Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the garnet, +are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at the same time, +rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure carmine, or blood-red of +considerable intensity, forming, when well polished, a blaze of the most +exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is, however, more or less pale, and +mixed with blue in various proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and +reddish white, crimson, peach-blossom red, and lilac blue--the latter +variety being named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and +transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of the +weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that gem. The +king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize the rarest +rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of the first of +these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and its worth when +compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the Deccan, also, is in +possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full inch in diameter. The +princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a first rate magnitude. Mr. +Mawe, from whose interesting work we abridge these particulars, +considers the oriental sapphire to rank next in value to the ruby. Among +the British crown jewels is an inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest +and deepest azure, more than two inches long, and one inch broad. The +finest ruby among these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than +intrinsic value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the +Black Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the +sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state occasions. + +_Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?_ + +Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a small +proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without injuring +their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all gems depends +less on the quality of their component principles, than on their +complete solution and intimate combination. The alkalized earths, as +lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash, seem to intervene as +solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved, acquires, as we have shown +from Klaproth, a crystallization, of which, by itself, it is not +susceptible. + +The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but the +chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best are +often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is blood or +cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints of crimson, +purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth brown. The Sirian +garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare specimens, makes it +compete with the amethyst, from which it is to be discriminated by the +disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and acquiring an orange tint by +candlelight. Distinct from all other garnets, it preserves its colour +unmixed with the common black tinge, unassisted by foil, even when +thick. _Course garnets_ are used as emery for polishing metals, and by +lapidaries. They are found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other +countries. + + * * * * * + + +GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA. + +(_From the preceding work_.) + + +_Why are certain formations called marine?_ + +Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand, as may +be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this manner, at +Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has erected a series of +natural embankments against itself. The present extent of land thrown up +by the sea, and out of the reach of the highest tides, is nearly three +miles long, projecting from the base of the original cliff to the +distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The respective lines of growth are +indicated by a series of small embankments, perfectly defined. Several +of these ridges have been formed within the memory of men now living. A +rampart of heavy materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the +north-cast. Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the +shingle, and the process is completed by marine plants taking root and +extending their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In +process of time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and +ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.[5] + + [5] From a Communication to the _Philosophical Magazine_, by Mr. + R. Taylor. + +_Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?_ + +Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials +composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the +broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive +others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical suspension +by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the greatest height +of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land beyond the reach of +the retiring waves: and this great accumulation of land upon beach being +effected at high water, it is clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the +land of what it has gained. Smaller lines are formed in moderate +weather, to be swept away by heavy gales: hence it would appear, that +the sea was diminishing the beach; but attention will show that the +shingles of the lines so apparently swept away, are but accumulated +elsewhere. How often has our observation of these changes realized the +homely simile of Shakspeare:-- + + Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore, + So do our minutes hasten to their end; + Each changing place with that which goes before, + In sequent toil all forwards do contend. + +_Why is this progressive march of beaches far from rapid?_ + +Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater power or +duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles become comminuted +in their passage, and thus, the harder can only travel to considerable +distances. Works are sometimes constructed to arrest beaches, either to +protect land behind, or to prevent their passage round pier-heads into +artificial harbours, and thus engineers are practically aware of their +travelling power in direction of certain winds. + +_Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than shingle?_ + +Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon the land +as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than the latter, +sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents whose velocity would +be insufficient to move shingles. On the other hand, however, smaller +bodies and forces of water can throw sand on the shore. The _spray_ that +could not transport a pebble can carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far +beyond situations where the reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be +witnessed on some parts of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough +weather too, the spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand, +which it deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the +return of moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid +terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on their +plaster fronts is very evident. + + * * * * * + + +INNKEEPERS. + + +The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of less +humble station than now--he shared his calling with the monastery and +with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as they still have in +Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory of the monk, the +parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine host--payment for the +night's lodging, where he was in a condition to pay, being expected of +him, in one shape or other, at all. The keeper of the Tabard in the +Canterbury Tales appears to be upon a level with his guests, both in +rank and information, and to play the part of one who felt that he was +receiving his equals, and no more, under his roof; yet his company was +not of the lowest; and in those times it seems to have been usual for +the landlord to preside at the common board, and act in every respect as +the hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as +indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day. When +the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it was by no +means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be also the +tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be confessed, may +be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of the church, which +drove the clergy to such expedients for a living, rather than the +respectability of the calling to which they thus betook +themselves.--_Quarterly Review._ + + * * * * * + + +EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA. + + +We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the chief +growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London. It is +stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose names are +appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of 1,010 +labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only was +indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is that fruit +and vegetables are not favourable to the production of that disease; but +it does not appear to us that the premises warrant the conclusion. Is it +the fact that those labourers eat a larger portion of fruit and +vegetables than others? It is notorious, with regard to pastrycooks, +confectioners, and such persons, that they do not consume more--if so +much--of their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated +as the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than others +to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question. It is not +against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of the earth," that +we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases of cholera have been +produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables (as cucumbers,) taken even +in moderate quantity; and that great caution is necessary in this +respect, notwithstanding the declaration of the growers.--_Medical +Gazette._ + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + * * * * * + +_Olive Oil._--The amount of duties paid on olive oil imported into the +United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5, 1832, was L76,962. The +quantity of this oil imported in that period was 2,286,629 +gallons--_Med. and Surg. Journal._ + +_Coffee._--The duty on raw coffee is now 6_d_. per lb. on colonial, and +9_d_. on foreign; the retail price is 2_s_. to 4_s_. + +_The Irish Bar._--Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man, who loved his +bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish, invited the baronet to +a grand dinner in London, where the wine circulated freely, and wit kept +pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules, +said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it true that we Scotch formerly +_transported_ all our criminals and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say," +replied Sir Hercules; "but did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your +countrymen _returning to Scotland_ from transportation." + +_Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey._--"Madame de Stael was forcibly +struck by the factitious tone of the best society in London, and wished +very much to have an opportunity of judging of that of the second class. +She, however, had not this opportunity, which I regret, as I think it +would have justified her expectations. In England, the raw material is +generally good; it is the over-dressing that injures it; and as the +class she wished to study are well educated, and have all the refinement +of civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a +favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the personification +of her _beau ideal_ of perfection, as I must say they are of mine," +continued Byron, "and might serve as the finest specimens of the pure +English patrician breed, of which so few remain." _His_ uncompromising +and uncompromised dignity, founded on self-respect, and accompanied by +that certain proof of superiority--simplicity of manner and freedom from +affectation, with _her_ mild and matron graces, her whole life offering +a model to wives and mothers--really they are people to be proud of, and +a few such would reconcile one to one's species.--_From Lady +Blessington's Conversations--New Monthly Magazine._ + +_Cats Horticulturists._--Cat Mint is a species of _Nepeta_. It is +covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like down, and has a strong, +pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal or valerian, that is +peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its specific and English names. +These animals are so fond of it, that it is almost impossible to keep +them from it, _after being transplanted_. Ray and Miller, both assert, +however, that cats will never meddle with such plants as are raised from +seed. Hence the old saying, + + "If you set it, + The cats will eat it; + If you sow it + The cats don't know it." + +P.T.W. + +_Beef-eaters_, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the sideboard at +great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the French +_buffetiers_, from _buffet_, sideboard. + +_A Lion Killer._--Lions abound in the west of India. A gentleman assured +Captain Skinner that he had, in one season, killed forty-five in the +province of Hissar, alone. None of them were large, but he mentioned +having met with one of uncommon beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny +colour, but its mane a rich glossy black, as was also the tuft on the +tail. + +_Vultures._--On passing the carcass of a bullock (says Captain Skinner,) +we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's scent. An hour before +not one was seen; nor was the place, being so wild and far removed from +all habitations, likely to be haunted by them: yet now they thronged +every tree in the neighbourhood. There could not have been less than +four or five hundred. + +_Jackalls._--In some parts of India the howling of innumerable jackalls +is never out of your ear, from the minute night falls to the first dawn +of day. Captain Skinner says, until he became familiar to the screaming +sound, he used to start from his sleep, and fancy some appalling +calamity had driven the inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth +in fear and madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might +attend an earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very +doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object, +frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when "baying +the moon." + +_Narrow Streets._--In grand Cairo, if you unfortunately meet a string of +masked beauties upon donkies, you must make a rapid retreat, and resign +yourself to be squeezed to a mummy against the wall for daring to stand +in their course, if your curiosity should tempt you to do so. + +_Mussulman and Hindoo Religion._--"Where the same village is inhabited +by people of both religions, they occupy opposite portions of it: and +the circumstance may always be known by there being a well at each end +of it; for the Hindoos would not draw water from the same fountain as +the Mahomedans, for all the wealth of this world." + +_The only Favour._--At the battle of Spires, a regiment had orders not +to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy, wounded and disarmed, begged +hard for his life from one of its officers, who touched with his +situation, replied, "I pity your misfortune, and--ask anything else but +that, and upon my honour I will grant your request." + + * * * * * + +Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, +55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832*** + + +******* This file should be named 11705.txt or 11705.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/7/0/11705 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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