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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 560, August 4, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 560, August 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11705]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11705-h.htm or 11705-h.zip:
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+      or
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+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, No. 560]   SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1832.  [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ELEPHANTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT, IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+The annexed Engraving will probably afford the reader a better idea of
+the Zoological Gardens, than did either of our previous Illustrations.
+It is indeed a fair specimen of the luxurious accommodation afforded by
+the Society for their animals; while it enables us to watch the habits
+of the stupendous tenants in a state of nature, or at least, free from
+unnecessary restriction or confinement. It is an opportunity hitherto
+but rarely enjoyed in this country; the Elephants exhibited in our
+menageries being caged up, and only allowed to protrude the head outside
+the bars. The Duke of Devonshire, as our readers may recollect,
+possessed an Elephant which died in the year 1829: she was allowed the
+range of a spacious paddock at Chiswick, but her docility, intelligence,
+and affection, which were extraordinary, were only witnessed by a few
+visiters. In the _Jardin du Roi_, at Paris, the Elephant has long
+enjoyed advantages proportionate to his importance in the scale of
+creation. Six years since we remember seeing a fine young specimen in
+the enjoyment of an ample enclosure of greensward, and a spacious bath
+has since been added to the accommodations. This example has been
+rightly followed in our Zoologicai Gardens.
+
+The Elephant Stable is at the extremity of the northern garden in the
+Regent's Park. It is of capacious dimensions, but is built in a style of
+unappropriate rusticity. Adjoining the stable is a small enclosure,
+which the Elephant may measure in two or three turns. Opposite is an
+enclosure of much greater extent, so as to be almost worthy of the name
+of a little park or paddock. The fence is of iron, and light but
+substantial. Within the area are a few lime-trees, the lower branches of
+which are thinned by the Elephant repeatedly twisting off their foliage
+with his trunk, as adroitly as a gardener would gather fruit. His main
+luxury is, however, in his bath, which is a large pool or tank of water,
+of depth nearly equal to his height. In hot weather he enjoys his
+ablutions here with great gusto, exhibiting the liveliest tokens of
+satisfaction and delight. Our artist has endeavoured to represent the
+noble creature in his bath, though the pencil can afford but an
+imperfect idea of the extasy of the animal on this occasion. His
+evolutions are extraordinary for a creature of such stupendous size. His
+keeper had at first some difficulty in inducing him to enter the pond,
+but he now willingly takes to the water, and thereby exhibits himself in
+a point of view in which we have not hitherto been accustomed to view an
+Elephant in this country. The fondness of Elephants for bathing is very
+remarkable. When in the water they often produce a singular noise with
+their trunks. Bishop Heber describes this habit as he witnessed it near
+Dacca:--"A sound struck my ear, as if from the water itself on which we
+were riding, the most solemn and singular I can conceive. It was long,
+loud, deep, and tremulous, somewhat between the bellowing of a bull and
+the blowing of a whale, or perhaps most like those roaring buoys which
+are placed at the mouths of some English harbours, in which the winds
+make a noise to warn ships off them. 'Oh,' said Abdallah, 'there are
+Elephants bathing: Dacca much place for Elephant.' I looked immediately,
+and saw about twenty of these fine animals, with their heads and trunks
+just appearing above the water. Their bellowing it was which I had
+heard, and which the water conveyed to us with a finer effect than if we
+had been on shore." The Elephant can also eject from his trunk water and
+dust, and his own saliva, over every part of his body, to cool its
+heated surface; and he is said to grub up dust, and blow it over his
+back and sides, to keep off the flies.
+
+There are two Elephants in the Zoological Gardens. Both are of the
+Asiatic species. The larger animal was purchased by the Society about
+fifteen months since. It is probably about eleven years old, and is
+still growing; and a register of its bulk at various periods has been
+commenced. The smaller Elephant was presented to the Society by Sir
+Edward Barnes, late governor of Ceylon. It has been stated to be a dwarf
+variety, and that its age is not far short of that of the larger
+individual; but this assertion is questionable. It is much more
+consistent with our knowledge of the species to regard it, in the
+absence of all previous knowledge of the history of the individual, as a
+young one not exceeding four years old. This specimen will be seen in
+the distance of the Engraving.[1]
+
+    [1] The new-born Elephant is about three feet long. Between
+    fifteen and twenty years of age, Elephants may be said to be
+    adult. In India it is thought that they live three centuries.
+
+The natural history of the Elephant would occupy many pages. A few
+points, however, are peculiarly interesting in connexion with the
+individuals from India, in the Zoological Gardens. The Indian Elephant
+appears, when fully grown, to attain a larger size than the African, the
+females commonly measuring from seven to eight, and the males from eight
+to ten, feet in height; though we find in old accounts the height of the
+Asiatic Elephant stated at fifteen or sixteen feet. The head of the
+Indian is more oblong than that of the African Elephant; and the
+forehead of the former has a deep concavity, while the head of the
+African is round and convex in all its parts. The teeth of the Indian
+species consist of narrow transverse bands of equal size, while those of
+the African are larger in the middle than at the ends, and are lozenge
+shaped. The ears of the Asiatic are smaller, and descend only to his
+neck, while in the African species the ears cover the shoulders. The
+former has four distinct toes, and the latter but three, on his hind
+feet. The Elephants of Ceylon are much prized for size, beauty, and
+hardihood. If the small Elephant in the Gardens be a native of Ceylon,
+it is by no means a beautiful specimen of the variety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS ON REVISITING LUDLOW CASTLE.
+
+
+  Pale ruin! once more as I gaze on thy walls,
+  What memories of old, the sad vision recalls,
+    For change o'er thee lightly has past;
+  Yet what hearts are estrang'd and what bright hopes are fled,
+  And friends I erst dwelt with now sleep with the dead,
+    Since in childhood I gazed on thee last!
+
+  Thine image still rests on the clear stream beneath,
+  And flow'rs as of yore, thy old battlement wreathe,
+    Like rare friends by adversity's side;
+  Still clinging aloft, the wild tree I behold
+  That marks in derision, the spot, where of old
+    The standard once floated in pride.
+
+  But the conqueror, Time, hath thy banner o'erthrown,
+  And crumbled to ruin the courtyards that shone
+    With chivalry's gorgeous array;
+  And where music, and laughter so often have rung,
+  In thy tapestried halls, now the ivy hath flung
+    A mantle to hide their decay.
+
+  Through the hush of thy lone haunts I wander again,
+  Where these time-hallow'd relics, familiar remain,
+    As if charmed into magic repose;
+  The pass subterraneous,--the fathomless well,
+  The mound whence the violet peeps--and the cell
+    Where the fox-glove in solitude grows.
+
+  In the last rays of sunset thy grey turrets gleam,
+  Yet I linger with thee--as to muse o'er a dream,
+    That mournful truths soon will dispel;
+  My pathway winds onward--life's cares to renew,
+  And I feel, as thy towers now fade from my view,
+  'Tis for over--I bid thee farewell!
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HUNTSMAN.
+
+_A Traditionary Tale: by Miss M.L. Beevor._
+
+
+  "The merciful man is merciful to his beast."
+  "The worm we tread upon will turn again."
+
+Charles, the chief huntsman of Baron Mortimer, was undeniably a very
+handsome young man, the _beau ideal_ of the lover, as pictured by the
+glowing imagination of maidens, and the beau _real_ of a dozen villages
+in the vicinity of Mortimer Castle. Yet, was his beauty not amiable, but
+rather calculated to inspire terror and distrust, than affection and
+confidence: in fact, a bandit may be uncommonly handsome; but, by the
+fierce, haughty character of his countenance, the fire which flashes
+from his eyes, and the contempt which curls his mustachoed lip, create
+fear, instead of winning regard, and this was the case with Charles.
+One, however, of those maidens, unto whom it was the folly and vanity of
+his youth to pay general court, conceived for him a passion deep and
+pure, which in semblance, at least, he returned; but how far to answer
+his own nefarious purposes, for Charles Elliott was a godless young man,
+we shall hereafter discover.
+
+Annette Martin was the daughter of a small farmer who resided about a
+mile and a half from the Castle; but, being the tenant of Lord Mortimer,
+had not only frequent occasion to go thither himself with the rural
+produce of his farm, (for which the Castle was a ready market,) but also
+to send Annette. Thus then commenced that innocent girl's acquaintance
+with the Baron's chief huntsman, not long after Elliott's induction into
+that office, by the resignation of his superannuated predecessor.
+
+Strange rumours were afloat respecting the conduct of Charles; none of
+which, it is to be presumed, met the Baron's ears, or assuredly the
+deprivation of his office would have followed. But Lord Mortimer was a
+young man, paying his addresses to a lady who lived at some distance
+from the Castle, and consequently much absent from it. And, what said
+pretty Annette to the rumours which failed not to meet _her_ ear, of her
+lover's misconduct? "I don't believe a word of them! Charles may be
+fonder of pleasure than of business, but he is a young man; by and by he
+will see and feel the necessity of steady application to the duties of
+his situation, and become less wild and more manly." "NEVER!" would be
+solemnly enunciated by Annette's auditors. "As to the charge," would she
+undauntedly continue, "brought against him of cruelty to the dogs under
+his care, it is an abominable falsehood; Elliott may be passionate, I
+don't say he is not, but he is generous and humane. _I_ have never seen
+him scourge the hounds, as you tell me he does, until blood drops from
+their mangled hides; _I_ have never heard the cries which, you say,
+resound from their kennels day and night; cries of pain and hunger."
+
+"And have you never seen," would ask some well-meaning tale-bearer, "any
+of those poor brutes, whose wealed and mangled coats, proclaimed how
+savagely they had been treated?"
+
+"I have indeed seen," would answer Annette, "dogs lacerated by the wild
+boars with which the Castle forests abound."
+
+"And have you never observed the miserable skin-and-bone plight of my
+lord's hounds?"
+
+"They are not thinner, Charles says, than most hounds in good training:
+when dogs get fat, they become lazy, lose the faculty of finding game,
+and the inclination of bringing it down."
+
+"Dogs it is true, ought not to be pampered and surfeited, but they ought
+to be _fed_." Upon this, Annette would vehemently maintain that fed they
+were, and amply, as she had seen Elliott cut up their meat; whilst the
+friendly newsmonger would charitably hint, that her intended knew as
+well as most men how to turn an _honest_ penny, by cheating the dogs of
+their food, and selling it elsewhere.
+
+Annette cared little for inuendos which she attributed chiefly to malice
+and ill-nature. None are so difficult to convince as those who are
+obstinately deaf to conviction, and there is an idolatry of affection
+which sometimes burns fonder and deeper, as its object is contemned and
+despised by the world. Annette had also some idea, that these, and other
+reports to the prejudice of Charles, originated with an unsuccessful
+rival, though poor William Curry, amiable, single-minded, and
+good-humoured as he was, never breathed in her presence, a syllable to
+the disparagement of Elliott.
+
+Time sped, and upon an occasion when Lord Mortimer returned for a week
+or two to his Castle, the conduct of his chief huntsman was reported to
+him; but Charles with consummate art, so vindicated himself, and so
+contrived to disgrace his accusers, that when the young baron again left
+home, he stood higher perhaps than ever, in his confidence and favour.
+
+It was the bright summer-time, the period when rural folks make holiday,
+(at least they did so then, but times have strangely altered of late in
+once _merry_ England,) the woods put on their brightest green, and the
+people their finest clothes, for there were wakes, fairs, and rustic
+meetings innumerable in the vicinity of the Castle. Charles the huntsman
+might, as usual, be seen at these _fetes_ for nothing, but after his
+late victory, he carried his head higher, assumed a swaggering gait, and
+looked his neighbours out of countenance with impudent defiance.
+
+The village feasts were not yet over, when late one night, a cavalier,
+passing through one of the great forests which surrounded Mortimer
+Castle, beheld, (for it was a moon-light night,) a female form slowly
+sauntering about the bridle-way in which he was riding, and uttering
+heavy moans and sobs. At first, taking this figure for something
+supernatural, the traveller was startled, but quickly recovering
+himself, he rode boldly up to, and addressed, the object of his idle
+fears:--"I have been waiting here for hours," replied the young woman,
+for such indeed she was, "and my friend is not yet come; I am sadly
+afraid, sir, some accident may have happened to him."
+
+"_Him!_" quoth the stranger laughing, "O my good girl, if you be waiting
+for a _gentleman_, no wonder you're disappointed. He has played you
+false, rely upon it, and won't come to night,--so you'd better go home."
+
+"O sir! O my Lord!--I cannot--I dare not! What would father and mother
+say? and what could I say?"
+
+"Ay--Annette,--Annette Martin,--what _could_ you say?"
+
+"Only the _truth_, your lordship;" replied the poor girl sobbing, and
+curtseying, "and then they'd turn me out of doors, for they do so hate
+Charles,--Charles Elliott, your honour,--that they've as good as sworn,
+as they'll never consent to my marrying him, and so--and so--I was just
+a waiting here to-night for him to come as he promised he would, and
+take me away to the far off town, and"--
+
+"And there marry you, I suppose, without your father and mother's
+consent:--eh, Annette?"
+
+"Yes, my lord, an please you," replied the poor girl with another rustic
+dip.
+
+"No, Annette," replied the young baron, "it does not quite please me;
+and Charles, at any rate, unless some very unforeseen circumstance
+should have detained him, shall know what _I_ think of his present
+conduct to you. But come,--mount behind me,--I am unexpectedly returning
+to the Castle, Dame Trueby shall there make you comfortable for
+to-night, your parents and friends shall never know but that your
+absence from home was occasioned by a regular visit to her, and your
+marriage in two or three days, with _my_ sanction, Annette, will, I
+think, completely settle matters."
+
+The urbane young baron alighting, assisted Annette to mount his noble
+steed, who, though overwhelmed by his kindness, refused to listen to all
+the consolation, or banterings, with which he endeavoured to cheer her
+on her way to Castle Mortimer, choosing rather to believe that some
+dreadful accident had befallen her lover, than that carelessness, or
+perfidy, caused his absence. Dame Trueby's account was little calculated
+to soothe Annette's anxiety, or to satisfy Lord Mortimer respecting
+Elliott's proceedings.
+
+"I have not seen Charles," said she, "since early this morning, when I
+heard him say he was going to feed the hounds, poor creatures! and time
+enough that he did, I think, considering that he left them without a
+morsel for a whole day and night, whilst he was capering away at
+Woodcroft Feast; and then,--the beast!--what does he, but comes back so
+dead drunk that we were forced to carry him up to bed; meanwhile, the
+hungry brutes, poor dumb souls, just ready to eat one another, have been
+fit to raise the very dead with their barking, and ramping, and
+yowling!"
+
+"A sad account is this, Margery."
+
+"A very _true_ one, please your lordship," replied the old housekeeper,
+testily.
+
+"I don't doubt it," returned Lord Mortimer, "but cannot at this time of
+night, dame, with Charles absent, and this young woman, his intended
+wife, wanting some refreshment and a bed (for which indeed I have ample
+need myself), make any inquiry into the affair. Let Elliott call me in
+the morning instead of More, do you meanwhile make this young woman as
+comfortable as you can, and _recollect_, Mrs. Trueby, _that she is come
+to the Castle upon a visit to you_."
+
+Margery curtseyed, and "yessed," and "very welled," with apparent
+submission, but though she dared not express her thoughts, it was easy
+to read in her ample countenance, sad suspicions relative to the honour
+of her noble master, and of the forlorn damsel thus thrust upon her
+peculiar hospitality. "And," continued Lord Mortimer, "Charles, you are
+sure, fed the dogs this morning?"
+
+"Don't know, my lord, I'm sure," replied the old housekeeper, doggedly,
+"I suppose he did, and belike beat 'em too; I only know they've been
+quiet all day, which, it stands to reason, they wouldn't have been
+without _wittals_; but Master Elliott, I've not seen since."
+
+"Not since early this morning, and 'tis now midnight! Where can he be?"
+
+"The Lord knows, sir! after no good I doubt, for he's a wild lad, and
+these fairs and dances, fairly turn his brain."
+
+Little further passed that night between the young lord and his
+housekeeper; after taking some refreshment he retired to rest, and poor
+Annette also sought, under the auspices of circumspect Mistress Margery,
+repose in Castle Mortimer, little anticipating the singularly dreadful
+disclosure of the ensuing morning. Charles, in fact, not having
+returned, one of the inferior serving-men,--who durst not, now that his
+master was at home, stand upon the punctilio of "_not my business_,"
+undertook soon after dawn to "see to the hounds," in his stead; when
+upon opening the door of the large enclosure in which they were kept, he
+there beheld, to his unutterable consternation and horror, _the mangled
+remnants of the careless and cruel Huntsman_: these consisted of his
+clothes, torn into strips, and dyed in blood, with fragments sufficient
+of flesh and bone to attest the hideous fact, that the ravenous brutes,
+had, after their last long fast, sprung upon their tormentor, (awful
+retribution!) even at the very moment when he appeared amongst them with
+their long delayed meal, torn him in pieces, and devoured him!
+
+Lord Mortimer, though, he could not in conscience blame his canine
+favourites, nor forbear regarding his huntsman's fate as a signal
+instance of the retributive justice of Providence, felt himself obliged
+to destroy the whole pack, after their ferocious banquet on human flesh;
+and with tears in his eyes, he forced himself to witness their
+execution, lest the cupidity or misjudging kindness of any of his
+retainers, should induce them to mitigate the culprits' doom. The horrid
+story spread far and wide, and one of its earliest results was the
+appearance at Castle Mortimer of a poor woman and three young children,
+who stated in an agony of grief, that _she_ was the lawful _wife_ of the
+deceased Charles Elliott, whom he had maintained in a distant town, unto
+whom his visits, when off duty at the Castle, and absent without leave,
+were sometimes paid, and who, with her children, being suddenly bereaved
+by his awful demise of their sole hope and support, now humbly threw
+themselves upon the benevolence of Lord Mortimer for employment and
+subsistence!
+
+The grief and confusion of poor Annette Martin, upon this discovery of
+black villany meditated against her by the unprincipled huntsman, and
+upon its miraculous and awful frustration, may be imagined: yet had it
+also its beneficial influence; for, whilst shuddering at the fearful end
+of the wretch who had plotted her destruction, her once fond affection
+was converted into bitter hatred; and, ere long, blessing and thanking
+God for her miraculous preservation, and casting the very memory of the
+deceiver from her heart, she was without much difficulty persuaded to
+become the wife of William Curry, her once rejected, but really worthy
+and amiable admirer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+(_Abridged chiefly from the Rev. Mr. Kinsey's "Portugal Illustrated."_)
+
+
+_Spaniards and Portuguese._--"Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and
+you make a good Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. I have
+heard it said more truly, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you
+have the Portuguese character." These nations blaspheme God by calling
+each other natural enemies. Their feelings are mutually hostile; but the
+Spaniards despise the Portuguese, and the Portuguese hate the
+Spaniards.--_Southey._
+
+_Portugal._--Situated by the side of a country just five times its size,
+Portugal, but for the advantageous position of its coast, the good faith
+of England, and the weakness of its hostile neighbour, impassable roads,
+and numerous strong places, would long since have returned to the
+primitive condition of an Iberian province; but its separate existence
+as a nation has been preserved to it by the strength of the British
+alliance being brought into a glorious co-operation with all its own
+internal means of defence.--_Kinsey._
+
+_Column of Disgrace._--About the middle of the last century, the Duke of
+Aviero was detected in a conspiracy with the Jesuits in Portugal, and
+accordingly executed. His house, at Belem, was levelled to the ground at
+the time of the Duke's decapitation, and on the site was erected _a
+column of disgrace_, which still remains, though some shops have been
+erected beside it to hide the inscription; a just symbol of the conduct
+of the nation on this subject, for what they cannot alter they strive to
+conceal.
+
+Over the proscenium of the opera-house at Lisbon is a large clock placed
+rather in advance, whose dexter supporter is old Time with his scythe,
+and the sinister, one of the Muses playing on a lyre.
+
+_A Lisbon Dandy._--A small, squat, puffy figure incased within a large
+pack-saddle, upon the back of a lean, high-boned, straw-fed,
+cream-coloured nag, with an enormously flowing tail, whose length and
+breadth would appear to be each night guarded from discolouration by
+careful involution above the hocks. Taken, from his gridiron spurs and
+long pointed boots, up his broad, blue-striped pantaloons, _a la
+Cossaque_, to the thrice-folded piece of white linen on which he is
+seated in _cool_ repose; thence by his cable chain, bearing seals as
+large as a warming-pan, and a key like an anchor; then a little higher
+to the figured waistcoat of early British manufacture, and the
+sack-shapened coat, up to the narrow brim sugar-loaf hat on his
+head,--where can be found his equal? Nor does he want a nose as big as
+the gnomon of a dial-plate; and two flanks of impenetrable, deep, black
+brushwood, extending under either ear, and almost concealing the
+countenance, to complete the singular contour of his features.
+
+_A Lisbon Water-carrier_ earns about sixpence per day, the moiety of
+which serves to procure him his bread, his fried sardinha from a cook's
+stall, and a little light wine perhaps, on holidays,--water being his
+general beverage, nay, one might almost say, his element. A mat in a
+large upper room, shared with several others, serves him in winter as a
+place of repose for the night; but during the summer he frequently
+sleeps out in the open air, making his filled water-barrel his pillow.
+
+_Vanity._--A young Lisbon dandy hearing an Englishman complain of the
+intolerable filth and stench of his metropolis, retorted that, for his
+part, when he was in London, it was the absence of that filth, and the
+want of the smells complained of, that had rendered his residence in our
+metropolis so disagreeable and uncomfortable to him. "No passion," as
+Southey says, "makes a man a liar so easily as vanity."
+
+_Dogs._--In Lisbon dogs seem to luxuriate under the violence of the
+heat, and to avoid the shady sides of the streets, though the
+thermometer of Fahrenheit be at 110 degrees; and scarcely an instance of
+canine madness is ever known to occur. When the French decreed the
+extinction of the tribe of curs that infest the streets, no native
+executioner could be found to put the exterminating law in force; nay,
+the very measure excited popular indignation.
+
+_Golden Sands._--Perhaps originally it was the fabled gold of the Tagus
+which attracted Jews to Lisbon in such numbers, and the general
+persuasion indeed is, that the yellow sands of this royal river did
+actually once produce sufficient gold to make a magnificent crown and
+sceptre for the amiable hands of that patriot sovereign, the good king
+Denis.
+
+_A Dinner._--A dish of yellow-looking bacalhao, the worst supposable
+specimen of our saltings in Newfoundland; a platter of compact, black,
+greasy, dirty-looking rice; a pound, if so much, of poor half-fed meat;
+a certain proportion of hard-boiled beef, that has never seen the
+salting pan, having already yielded its nutritious qualities to a
+swinging tureen of Spartan soup, and now requiring the accompaniment of
+a satellite tongue, or friendly slice of Lamego bacon, to impait a dull
+relish to it; potatoes of leaden continuity; dumplings of adamantine
+contexture, that Carthaginian vinegar itself might fail to dissolve;
+with offensive vegetables, and something in a round shape, said to be
+imported from Holland, and called cheese, but more like the unyielding
+rock of flint in the tenacity of its impenetrable substance; a small
+quantity of _very small_ wine; abundance of water; and an awful army of
+red ants, probably imported from the Brazils--the wood of which the
+chairs and tables are made, hurrying across the cloth with
+characteristic industry;--such are the principal features of the quiet
+family dinner-table of the Portuguese.
+
+_The Dockyard_ of Lisbon is scarcely as extensive as many of the largest
+of our private ship-builders on the banks of the Thames and the Avon.
+
+_Funerals._--In Portugal the corpse is placed in an open coffin, and the
+head and feet are left bare. A vessel filled with holy water is placed
+at the foot of the bier, which the priests and relatives of the deceased
+sprinkle on the body. The service being concluded, the corpse is
+followed by the relatives down into the vaults below the church, where
+vinegar and quick lime having been poured upon the body, the falling lid
+of the coffin is closed and _locked_, and the key delivered to the chief
+mourner, who proceeds immediately from the funeral, with his party of
+friends who have witnessed the interment take place, to the house of the
+defunct, where the key being left with the nearest relative, and the
+complimentary visit being paid, the rite is considered as terminated. No
+fire is lighted in the house of a deceased person upon the day of his
+funeral, and the relatives, who live in separate houses, are in the
+habit of supplying a ready-dressed dinner, under the supposition that
+the inmates are too much absorbed in grief to be equal to giving any
+orders for the preparation of food. During the course of the ensuing
+week, the chief mourners receive their several relatives and friends at
+tea. The assembly is sorrowful and dull. It has been asserted, though
+not corroborated, that such is the poverty and disregard of decorum on
+the part of the Portuguese government, that when a person dies without
+leaving behind sufficient to defray the expenses of his funeral, the
+dead body is laid on the pavement of the most public street, with a box
+upon the breast, into which passers-by drop copper or silver coin, until
+sufficient has thus been obtained to defray the expense of interment;
+and that a soldier stands at the head of the body to see that no money
+is abstracted; for, in Portugal, even the sacred purpose for which it is
+intended would not secure it without his protection.
+
+There is no pardoning _soi-disant liberaux_, who prove, by their acts,
+the greatest enemies of the sacred dignity of liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.
+
+
+_Decollatio_, or beheading, was a military punishment among the Romans.
+In early times it was performed with an axe, and afterwards with a
+sword. It is worthy of remark, that in all countries where beheading and
+hanging are used as capital punishments, the former is always considered
+less ignominious. Thus, in England, beheading is the punishment of
+nobles, when commoners for the same crime are hanged. The crime of high
+treason is here punished with beheading. Commoners, however, are hanged
+before the head is cut off, and nobles also, unless the king remits that
+part of the punishment. In Prussia, formerly a nobleman could not be
+hanged; and if his crime was such that the law required this punishment,
+he was degraded before the execution. At present, hanging is not used in
+that country, and since so many instances have occurred of extreme
+suffering, on the part of the criminal, caused by the unskilfulness of
+the executioner in beheading with the sword, this mode of execution has
+been abolished. Beheading in Prussia is now always performed with a
+heavy axe, the sufferer being previously tied to a block. In France,
+during the revolutionary government, beheading by means of a machine,
+the guillotine, came into use, and still prevails there, to the
+exclusion of all other modes of capital punishment. A person who has
+murdered his father or mother, however, has his right arm cut off the
+moment before he is guillotined. In the middle ages, it was, in some
+states, the duty of the youngest magistrates to perform the executions
+with the sword. In China, it is well known that beheading is practised,
+sometimes accompanied with the most studied torments. In the United
+States of America, beheading is unknown, the halter being the only
+instrument of capital punishment. In many European countries, beheading
+with the sword still prevails.
+
+P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRICE OF BLOOD.--WERE AND WERELADE.
+
+
+Were, or _Wera_, in our old law books, signifies what was anciently paid
+for _killing a man_. When such crimes were punished with pecuniary
+mulets, not death, the price was set on every man's head, according to
+his condition and quality.
+
+_Werelade_, among the Saxons, was the denying of a homicide on oath, in
+order to be quit of the fine, or forfeiture, called _were_. If the party
+denied the fact, he was to purge himself, by the oaths of several
+persons, according to his degree and quality. If the guilt amounted to
+four pounds, he was to have eighteen jurors on his father's side, and
+four on his mother's: if to twenty-four pounds, he was to have sixty
+jurors, and this was called _werelade_.
+
+_Weregild_, or _Weregeld_, was the price of a man's head; which was paid
+partly to the king for the loss of his subject, partly to the lord whose
+vassal he was, and partly to the next of kin.
+
+"In the same manner (says Blackstone,) by the Irish brehon law, in case
+of murder, the brehon or judge, compounded between the murderer and the
+friends of the deceased, who prosecuted him, by causing the malefactor
+to give unto them, or to the child or wife of him that was slain, a
+recompense, which they called _eriach_. And thus we find in our Saxon
+laws, particularly those of King Athelstan, the several _weregilds_ for
+homicide, established in progressive order, from the death of the ceorl
+or peasant, up to that of the king himself."
+
+The _weregild_ of an archbishop, and of an earl, was 15,000 thrismas;
+that of a bishop or alderman, 8,000; that of a general or governor,
+4,000; that of a priest or thane, 2,000; that of a king, 30,000; half to
+be paid to his kindred, and the other half to the public. The weregild
+of a ceorl was 266 thrismas.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+The second great officer of the crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or
+Keeper of the Great Seal, which are the same in authority, power, and
+precedence. They are appointed by the King's delivery of the Great Seal
+to them, and by taking the oath of office. They differ only in this
+point, that the Lord Chancellor hath also letters patent, whereas the
+Lord Keeper hath none.
+
+He is an officer of very great power; as no patents, writs, or grants,
+are valid, until he affixes the Great Seal thereto.
+
+Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to
+judge, according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the
+law of the land so defective as that the subject would be injured
+thereby.
+
+He has power to collate to all ecclesiastical benefices in His Majesty's
+gift, rated under 20_l_. a year in the King's books.
+
+In ancient times, this great office was most usually filled by an
+ecclesiastic. The first upon record after the Conquest, is Maurice, in
+1067, who was afterward Bishop of London.
+
+Nor do we find an elevation of any Chancellor to the Peerage, until the
+year 1603, when King James I. delivered a new Great Seal to Sir Thomas
+Egerton, and soon after created him Baron of Ellesmere,[2] and
+constituted him Lord High Chancellor of England. But until of late
+years, the custom never prevailed, that the Lord High Chancellor of
+England should he made an hereditary Peer of the realm. He performs all
+matters which appertain to the Speaker of the House of Lords, whereby he
+maybe said to be the eye, ear, and tongue of that great
+assembly.--_Manual of Rank and Nobility._
+
+    [2] From him descended the late Dukes of Bridgewater of that
+    surname.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LETTERS ON NATURAL MAGIC.
+
+
+(This is certainly one of the most ingenious books of the season, and
+independently of its place as a volume of the _Family Library_, it has
+substantive claims which we trust will not he overlooked. It is from the
+graceful pen of Sir David Brewster, who possesses, in a high degree, the
+peculiar talent of investing scientific inquiries with the charm of
+popular delight; in short, of making science easy, and often conveying
+in a single chapter what others labour to effect in a volume. He, in
+truth, teaches us the sweet uses of science.
+
+The present work appears to be the suggestion of Sir Walter Scott, to
+whom it is addressed in letters. We can give but a faint idea of the
+extent and interest of its subject, which ranges from the magic of the
+ancients to the intoxicating gas of the moderns; yet the purpose of the
+work is mainly to trace the connexion of those prodigies of the material
+world which are termed Natural Magic, with scientific causes. Thus, in
+the introductory letter, the writer observes on the resources of ancient
+magic:--)
+
+The secret use which was thus made of scientific discoveries and of
+remarkable inventions, has no doubt prevented many of them from reaching
+the present times; but though we are very ill informed respecting the
+progress of the ancients in various departments of the physical
+sciences, yet we have sufficient evidence that almost every branch of
+knowledge had contributed its wonders to the magician's budget, and we
+may even obtain some insight into the scientific acquirements of former
+ages, by a diligent study of their fables and their miracles.
+
+(In the second letter, upon Ocular Illusions, is the following beautiful
+passage on the Eye:--)
+
+This wonderful organ may be considered as the sentinel which guards the
+pass between the worlds of matter and of spirit, and through which all
+their communications are interchanged. The optic nerve is the channel by
+which the mind peruses the hand-writing of Nature on the retina, and
+through which it transfers to that material tablet its decisions and its
+creations. The eye is consequently the principal seat of the
+supernatural. When the indications of the marvellous are addressed to us
+through the ear, the mind may be startled without being deceived, and
+reason may succeed in suggesting some probable source of the illusion by
+which we have been alarmed. But when the eye in solitude sees before it
+the forms of life, fresh in their colours and vivid in their outline;
+when distant or departed friends are suddenly presented to its view;
+when visible bodies disappear and reappear without any intelligible
+cause; and when it beholds objects, whether real or imaginary, for whose
+presence no cause can be assigned, the conviction of supernatural agency
+becomes under ordinary circumstances unavoidable. Hence it is not only
+an amusing but an useful occupation to acquire a knowledge of those
+causes which are capable of producing so strange a belief, whether it
+arises from the delusions which the mind practises upon itself, or from
+the dexterity and science of others.
+
+(The Optical phenomena, as might be expected, are most abundant, as they
+include the subject of spectral illusions and apparitions, and natural
+phenomena marked with the marvellous. The properties of Sound are next
+in interest; among them we find explained the wonder of singers breaking
+glasses with their great power of voice; the automaton flute-player,
+talking engines, echoes, &c. The Mechanical causes are less numerous:
+among them we are glad to see _noticed_ the feat of lifting heavy
+persons, which we ourselves have often seen accomplished; but Sir David
+Brewster does not supply the cause. As the matter may be new to many
+readers, we quote the two relating pages.)
+
+One of the most remarkable and inexplicable experiments relative to the
+strength of the human frame, which you have yourself seen and admired,
+is that in which a heavy man is raised with the greatest facility, when
+he is lifted up the instant that his own lungs and those of the persons
+who raise him are inflated with air. This experiment was, I believe,
+first shown in England a few years ago by Major H., who saw it performed
+in a large party at Venice under the direction of an officer of the
+American Navy. As Major H. performed it more than once in my presence, I
+shall describe as nearly as possible the method which he prescribed. The
+heaviest person in the party lies down upon two chairs, his legs being
+supported by the one and his back by the other. Four persons, one at
+each leg, and one at each shoulder, then try to raise him, and they find
+his dead weight to be very great, from the difficulty they experience in
+supporting him. When he is replaced in the chair, each of the four
+persons takes hold of the body as before, and the person to be lifted
+gives two signals by clapping his hands. At the first signal he himself
+and the four lifters begin to draw a long and full breath, and when the
+inhalation is completed, or the lungs filled, the second signal is
+given, for raising the person from the chair. To his own surprise and
+that of his bearers, he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were
+no heavier than a feather. On several occasions I have observed that
+when one of the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation
+out of time, the part of the body which he tries to raise is left as it
+were behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have
+performed the part both of the load and of the bearer, you can testify
+how remarkable the effects appear to all parties, and how complete is
+the conviction, either that the load has been lightened, or the bearer
+strengthened by the prescribed process. At Venice the experiment was
+performed in a much more imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party
+was raised and sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six
+persons. Major H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the
+person lifted were placed upon a board, and the strength of the
+individuals applied to the board. He conceived it necessary that the
+bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised. I have
+not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to these
+curious facts; but whether the general effect is an illusion, or the
+result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a careful
+investigation.
+
+(In connexion with walking along the ceiling is noticed the beautiful
+contrivance of the foot of the house-fly and gecko, and the head of the
+sucking-fish. To the next portion, Chemistry has supplied fewer wonders
+than we expected: they occupy but fifty pages.
+
+The examples in this book are the most quotable portion, but the
+majority of them would be new to few readers: who, for instance, is
+unacquainted with the feats of Topham, the strong man, or the Invisible
+Girl. The explanations are not so easily transferable, since they are
+generally accompanied by illustrations.
+
+By the way, how many of these wonders are recorded in the early volumes
+of the Philosophical Transactions, with all the gravity of the FF.R.S.
+whose zeal, industry, and emulation rendered the early years of the
+Society peculiarly brilliant. The very titles of some of the early
+papers would make a "wonderful museum;" as Four Suns observed in
+France--Worms that eat Stones and Mortar--which are almost as marvellous
+as one of Sir David Brewster's lines--a coach and four filled with
+skeletons. The Royal Society has now existed a century and
+three-quarters: in their early Transactions are inquiries relative to
+the tides--observations on the darting threads of spiders--"experiments
+about respiration"--"of red snow seen at Genoa," &c.; yet scores of
+philosophers, at the present moment, are controverting these very
+subjects.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PILGRIMAGE THROUGH KHUZISTAN AND PERSIA.
+
+
+(This is not just so good a work as its full title-page may lead the
+reader to expect. It runs thus "Fifteen Months' Pilgrimage through
+untrodden tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, in a journey from India to
+England, through parts of Turkish Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Russia, and
+Germany." Now, there is attractive promise in the word "untrodden," and
+it may be said to apply to the Asiatic tour of the author, or his first
+volume, but is not appropriate to the second, which owes its main
+interest to his interview with Skryznecki, the illustrious Pole. Neither
+is the term pilgrimage characteristic of the journey, which has the
+sketchiness and levity of a flying tour rather than the observant
+gravity of a patient pilgrimage. Nevertheless, the work is altogether
+full of vivacity and interest, and the author, Mr. J.H. Stocqueler, must
+be as pleasant on his travels, as his book will be in our hands.
+
+Crossing from Bombay, the author reached Muscat in eleven days. Here,
+with his host, Reuben, he paid his respects to his highness the Imaum,
+whose court is a curiosity.)
+
+The Imaum's palace was close to the water's edge in front of the town,
+and his highness received Reuben and myself in an arbour or veranda open
+to the sea. At the entrance to the veranda stood several well dressed
+Arabs armed with sword, spear, and dagger, and half a dozen dirty
+looking Abyssinians clothed somewhat like the sepoys in our Indian army,
+and equipped much after the same fashion. These latter, as I understood,
+were paraded in honour of my visit; and indeed generally form the _garde
+du corps_ on occasions of an Englishman's presentation at the _Court of
+Muscat_. The Imaum rose on our entrance and accommodated us with chairs,
+and after we had been served with some insipid sherbet, addressed
+himself to me on the subject of my journey, its object and direction;
+and then touched on the politics of Europe.
+
+Our interview closed by his highness offering me the use of his horses,
+his houses, and his ships of war, the cabins of which afforded excellent
+accommodation, and which were generally occupied by English visiters.
+
+The Imaum of Muscat is passionately fond of horses, and devotes
+considerable time and attention to their breeding. Of some of the finest
+horses in his stud, the Imaum makes presents to the governors of the
+Indian presidencies, and deserving officers in his own service. Horses
+likewise form an article of trade between Muscat and India, and yield,
+as I have been told, a considerable profit.
+
+(Intellect is not on the march at Bushire. It contains a small school
+founded by the famous Joseph Wolff, and supported by the British
+residents in Persia. Mr. Wolff projected much; but Mr. Stocqueler says:)
+
+The school possessed, while I was at Bushire, no more than thirteen
+pupils, who were struggling through the rudiments of the Persian and
+Armenian languages, under the guidance of a sleepy old Armenian.
+
+(At Koete, our author visited three brothers, "all dressed alike and so
+much resembling each other in feature, and in the total loss of the left
+eye, that it was difficult to discover my friend the supercargo, who had
+accompanied us from Bombay."
+
+Koete is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The houses
+are built of mud and stone, and flat roofed with the trunk of the date
+tree. Around it is a wall, beyond which nothing is to be seen but a vast
+sandy plain, extending more than sixty miles. Within the walls, it is
+equally sterile, it literally yields _nothing_; here, "all _is_ barren,"
+and the water is far from sweet, yet 4,000 souls live, though the sheikh
+keeps up no standing army. Mr. S. sails thence into the _Shut-ul-Arab_,
+[River of the Arabs,] the banks of which are more delightful than those
+of the Thames at Richmond.
+
+At Bussorah--a _bain a la Turque_.)
+
+Entering the hummaum, I found myself suddenly in an apartment resembling
+a vaulted cellar, dimly lighted by small apertures, and glazed
+sky-lights in the dome. Stone and brick benches, covered with cloths and
+coarse carpets, were ranged along the walls, and there was a fireplace
+where coffee and chibouks were prepared, and cloths dried. Having been
+required to strip, and a cloth tied round my waist, I was led into a
+second apartment filled with steam, and of so high a temperature, that
+in one instant I lost my breath, and in the next was streaming from
+every pore. I anticipated a speedy dissolution of my "solid flesh;" but
+on reaching a third apartment, (all vaulted and lighted, or rather
+darkened alike,) I had become somewhat relieved. In this apartment were
+four cisterns nearly level with the floor, into which the hot water was
+drawn by cocks placed in the wall above. As soon as I had decided that
+the water was hot enough, I was placed by the side of one of the
+cisterns, and then the operation commenced.
+
+_Act_ 1.--Deluged with hot water from the hands of a stout Persian.
+_Act_ 2.--Conducted by said Persian to a stone ottoman in the centre of
+the room, and caused to sit down. _Act_ 3.--My whole body kneaded by the
+fists of the aforesaid; joints cracked, ears pulled, mustachoes dyed,
+limbs rubbed with a hair-cloth glove. _Act_ 4.--Enveloped in warm
+towels, and served with a pipe. _Act_ 5.--Wiped dry; led into the outer
+apartment dressed and--_Exit_.
+
+(Starting from Bussorah, the author is towed up the Euphrates as
+follows.)
+
+As soon as we had got out of the creek, we found both wind and tide had
+set against us. The _mallahs_, or trackers, immediately stripped,
+placing their clothes on their heads, and sprang on shore. A rope was
+passed from the mast-head to a girdle round their respective bodies, and
+off they set along the banks; sometimes, on reaching creeks, irrigating
+channels, or unequal projections, plunging up to their necks, and wading
+or swimming with their burthen, as the depth or shallowness of the water
+required. In this way all the communication up the Tigris and Euphrates
+is carried on when the wind blows down those rivers. The business of
+tracking as may be conceived, is extremely fatiguing and dangerous: in
+fact, so excellent a test does it furnish of the muscular powers and
+courage of man, that the heads of the Mallah tribes require that each
+Mallah should make three trips to Bagdad, as a tracker, before he can be
+qualified for the married state and the care of a family.
+
+(The plague rages at Bagdad, and he returns to Bussorah. On his way he
+escapes a storm on the Euphrates.)
+
+The river, which does not ordinarily rise until the month of June, now
+rose with inconceivable rapidity, preceded by a violent storm, and in a
+few hours inundated the whole Irak. Numberless villages of matted huts
+were swept away; men, women, and children, were in a moment rendered
+houseless; numerous cattle and sheep were drowned; date trees torn up by
+the roots, and boats swamped or stranded. The artificial banks of the
+river, which had governed our progress upwards, were now overflowed, and
+it was with the greatest difficulty we could discover the river's bed
+and escape getting aground.
+
+(At Bussorah.)
+
+Intelligence of the approach of the plague had spread consternation
+throughout the city, and had sent thousands of its inhabitants into
+retreat. The shops were closed--trade at a stand--the streets
+deserted--houses tenantless--the oft busy creek had scarcely a boat
+moving on its surface--the mosques were filled with the dismayed
+Moslems, whom poverty or self-interest had kept in the town--the
+Christian churches held the few Armenians and Chaldeans whom fear had
+driven to pray with sincerity. Here might be seen a cluster of Zobeir
+Arabs, meditating rapine: and there a straggling Jew, ruminating on the
+losses he had sustained by the flight of the panic-stricken slaves of
+his usury.
+
+Aga Pharseigh had lost all his confidence and self-sufficiency. He had
+sent off his family to Bushire; he was himself to sink into the humble
+office of clerk to the resident; and he was (which he esteemed the most
+distressing event of the three) to encounter face to face those who had
+just left the "city of the plague." I had told him of the circumstances
+under which I had met the resident, (coming from Bagdad,) and that there
+were three cases of plague on board. The Armenian, whose only notions
+regarding _cases_ were acquired in the course of his mercantile
+transactions, and who believed a plague case and a six dozen champagne
+case to be much about the same article, ejaculated, "Three _cases_ of
+plague! Merciful heavens!--if the major wanted to preserve such
+abominable virus, could he not have brought a smaller quantity? Three
+cases! If it _should_ run out, how it might spread about the town!"
+
+(The "divinity" of the sheikh of the Chabeans is worth record. He was
+pleased with Mr. Stocqueler's medical zeal, and more so with a box of
+ointment which he laid "at his feet as a certain remedy for the
+_impaired vision_ of his left eye. He had been stone blind from his
+childhood, but he held it disrespectful to be told so."
+
+The levee of the sheikh of Fellahi is amusing.)
+
+He was in a spacious veranda in front of his harem, looking out on the
+palace court, above which it was raised for about three feet. Three or
+four beautiful hawks were perched near the sheikh, and he was patting a
+couple of favourite greyhounds. Below, in the court, stood a
+considerable guard, and about the sheikh's person were a number of
+subordinate sheikhs. Those of the highest rank merely bowed and took
+their places, others advanced and kissed the sheikh's hand while the
+humblest officers knelt on one knee to perform the same ceremony. I
+observed, however, that great respect was always paid to age in this
+little court, for when the head of a village, far advanced in years,
+limped up to the _nummud_, the sheikh rose and embraced him, though he
+held but a trifling post, and was a man of little personal merit. My own
+reception was most flattering. "Ah, ha! khoob! khoob! shahbas!" (good,
+good, admirable!) exclaimed Mobader Khan, in Persian--"you are now
+yourself. It is long since I looked upon an Englishman, but I do not
+forget that they are a great nation." He then discoursed with me about
+my plans for the future prosecution of my journey, and gave me some
+instructions for going through the Chab territory. Talking of hunting,
+and more especially of falconry, he told me that his deserts abounded
+with game, and that if I would stay with him, I should see herds of
+antelopes fall to his noble hawks. He was curious about our field
+sports, but showed very little interest in more important matters;
+because, said he, "I am already well informed in all that concerns
+Europeans and their empires."
+
+The sheikh is held in great veneration by all the tribes, who fly to
+Fellahi at his summons, bringing their own _materiel_ of war. In this
+way he can command the services of six or seven thousand cavalry, and
+above fifteen thousand infantry, independently of the wandering
+Illyauts, who inhabit the deserts of Chab.
+
+(At Bebuhan are some interesting notes.)
+
+The Khans and Meerzas of Bebuhan are considerable consumers of coffee,
+but not after the fashion of Turks, Arabs, or Europeans. It is with them
+a kind of _bon-bon_ eaten in a powdered and roasted state, without
+having had any connexion with hot water. When Meer Goolam Hussein called
+on me, he was always accompanied by his coffee-bearer, who carried about
+the fragrant berry in a _snuff-box_, and handed it frequently to the
+company present. The first time it was brought to me, deceived by its
+colour and quality, and strengthened in the delusion by its singular
+repository, I took a _pinch_ of the coffee and applied it to my nose,
+amidst the roars of laughter and looks of surprise of all the party.
+
+(A _vestry dinner_ in Persia must be one of our _selections_.)
+
+At the convent of Julfa the governing bishop and his confreres have
+ample room, plenty of society, and a well furnished table. I dined once
+with his lordship and the churchwardens, and found that vestry honours
+and vestry appetites are not exclusively English characteristics. The
+dinner was spread as usual on the ground, on a large white cloth, around
+which the guests assembled. Placed opposite each guest was a plate,
+knife, fork, spoon, and glass, a piece of cheese, two or three feet of
+bread, and a hard boiled egg. The feast commenced by each person
+drinking a dram of aniseed; then came in quick succession mutton chops,
+boiled fowls, boiled kidneys, sour curds, tea, apricots, apples, and
+grapes, sweetmeats, and salt fish; to each of which laymen and churchmen
+did equal justice, finishing the feast with a sacrifice to Bacchus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOYHOOD OF CRANMER--SCHOOLS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+Cranmer received his early education from a parish-clerk. This may seem
+singular, for he was of gentle blood, and was entered at Cambridge
+amongst "the better sort of students." But probably such shifts were not
+unusual before the Reformation. The monasteries indeed had schools
+attached to them in many instances. In Elizabeth's time a complaint is
+made by the Speaker of the Commons, that the number of such places of
+education had been reduced by a hundred, in consequence of the
+suppression of the religious houses. Still it must often have happened
+(thickly scattered as the monasteries were) that the child lived at an
+inconvenient distance from any one of them; mothers, too, might not have
+liked to trust less robust children to the clumsy care of a fraternity;
+and probably little was learned in these academies after all. Erasmus
+makes himself merry with the studies pursued in them; and it is
+remarkable that no sooner did the love of learning revive, than the
+popularity of the monasteries declined. For thirty years before the
+Reformation, there were few or no new religious foundations, whilst
+schools, on the other hand, began to multiply in their stead; a fact
+which sufficiently marks the state of public opinion with regard to the
+monasteries as places of education--for education began now to be the
+desire of the day. Schools, therefore, in the present acceptation of the
+term, in Cranmer's boyhood there were scarcely any; and it was the
+crying want of them in London that induced Dean Colet to establish that
+of St. Paul's, which, under the fostering care of Lily, the first
+master, not only became so distinguished in itself, but set the example,
+and prepared the way, by its rules and its grammar, for so many others
+which followed in its wake. Edward VI.; with the natural feeling of a
+boy fond of knowledge, and himself a proficient for his years, was aware
+of the evil, and projected the remedy. Colet might be his model--but he
+was embarrassed in his means by courtiers, who were for ever uttering
+the cry of the horse-leech's daughters; and, besides, his days were soon
+numbered. Cranmer, who perhaps remembered the obstacles in his own way,
+and who certainly foresaw the great calamity of an ignorant clergy,
+pressed for the establishment of a school in connexion with every
+cathedral--a school, as it were, of the prophets--where boys intended
+for holy orders might be brought up suitably to the profession they were
+about to adopt, and where the bishops might ever find persons duly
+qualified to serve God in the church. But Cranmer was overruled, and a
+measure, which might have helped to catch up the church before it fell
+into that abyss of ignorance which seems to have immediately succeeded
+the Reformation, (the natural consequence of a season of convulsion and
+violence,) was unhappily lost. It was not till the reign of Elizabeth
+that the evil was at all adequately met, nor fully indeed then, as the
+deficiency of well-endowed schools at this day testifies. Still much was
+at that time done. The dignitaries and more wealthy ecclesiastics of the
+reformed Church bestirred themselves and founded some schools. Many
+tradesmen, who had accumulated fortunes in London, (then the almost
+exclusive province of commercial enterprise,) retired in their later
+years to the country-town which had given them birth, and gratefully
+provided for the better education of their neighbours, by furnishing it
+with a grammar-school. And even the honest yeoman, a person who then
+appears to have appreciated learning, and often to have brought up his
+boy to the church, united in the same praiseworthy object. In such cases
+application was usually made to the Queen for a charter, which was
+granted with or without pecuniary assistance on her own part; and
+whoever will examine the dates of our foundation schools, will find a
+great proportion of them erected in that glorious reign.
+
+Thus it came to pass (to revert to our text), that Cranmer was sent to
+college in his fourteenth year, Oxford and Cambridge being at that time
+the substitutes for the schools which have succeeded them, and being
+considered the two great national receptacles for all the boys in the
+country. There they were subjected to corporal punishment. The statutes
+were framed with a reference to the habits of mere boys; it is
+forbidden, for instance, in one of the Cambridge statutes, to play
+marbles on the senate-house steps; and the number of the students was so
+enormous (still for the same reason), that Latimer, in one of his
+sermons, speaks of a decrease in those of his own time, to the amount of
+no less than ten thousand.--_Quarterly Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A TRUE STORY OF MAGIC IN THE EAST.
+
+
+M. ----, a Perote, one who knew "the difference between alum and
+barley-sugar,"[3] if ever man did, a good catholic, a conscientious
+person, a dragoman, and as such necessarily attached to truth, and never
+telling a lie, save in the way of business, was himself the hero, or the
+witness rather of the story he narrated. He was sent one morning from
+the European palace of ----, at Pera, on business in Constantinople. He
+was in a great hurry, but as he reached the Meytiskellesi, or wharf of
+the dead, and was about stepping into his caeik to be rowed across the
+harbour of the Golden Horn, either a nail in one of the rough planks of
+the wooden quay caught his slipper, or a post on it his robe, I forget
+which--but the dragoman turned round, and saw standing close by him, a
+tall and very notorious African magician, who had long been practising
+at the capital, and was known to every body as one of the lions of the
+place. To do a civil thing, and perhaps to keep well in this world with
+one who had intercourse with the spirits of the next, the dragoman
+naturally supposing he was waiting there on the water's edge only to
+cross over from the suburb to the city, very politely invited him to
+take a passage in his caeik. The tall African made no verbal reply, but
+smiled, and waved his hand to decline the high honour.
+
+    [3] A Turkish saying, much in use.
+
+The dragoman then concluding, that instead of waiting to cross over
+himself, he was expecting the arrival of some one from the opposite side
+of the Golden Horn, stepped into his caeik, which instantly glided from
+the quay and shot across the port. The boats at Constantinople are all
+very light and sharp, and go with astonishing speed, even when propelled
+with one pairs of oars; but people of high consideration, like
+dragomans, generally have two pairs to their caeiks, and at this time M.
+---- being in a very great hurry, told his two rowers to pull as fast as
+they could.
+
+When about half way on his short aquatic journey, M. ---- turned his
+head and looked back, and then he saw at the end of the quay, just where
+he had left him, the tall African standing starch and motionless, like a
+granite statue before an Egyptian temple.
+
+The dragoman's boat continued to cleave the waves; it neared the
+opposite shore--no caeik had passed him on his way--when lo! as his own
+came in concussion with the wooden piles of the Divan-kapi-iskellesi,
+and he rose from his seat to step on shore, he saw the identical African
+wizard standing there before him, and gazing calmly over to the opposite
+quay where he had just left him, and whence it was impossible he could
+have proceeded by mortal agency!
+
+The dragoman rubbed his eyes, as well he might; but there was the
+Maugrabee, with his large leaden eye gazing across the Golden Horn, and
+fixed on the wharf of the dead, just as he had been left behind there
+gazing at the Divan-kapi-iskellesi. M. ---- felt a sort of
+flesh-shivering at this undeniable proof of the wizard's power; he
+remained for better than a minute in the position he was, when the tall
+African first struck his eye, spell-bound as it were, with one foot on
+the edge of the boat, and the other on the edge of the quay; but
+recovering himself, he drew up his hinder leg, and then crossing himself
+like a good catholic, and _salaaming_ his acquaintance, like a polite
+Turk, he stepped along the quay, touching the necromancer as he passed
+him, and thus completely assuring himself, it was no deception of
+vision. Mr. ---- thinking more about this wonderful occurrence than the
+business of the ---- nation he was going upon went his way, and having
+discharged his duty, hurried back to Pera, where he told this story,
+where it was universally believed from the veracity and character and
+dignity of the narrator, and where the narrator himself is still living.
+Very possibly, while I am writing he is telling his rencounter with the
+wizard, for he tells it to every stranger--_Metropolitan_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRECIOUS STONES.
+
+(_From Part 15, of Knowledge for the People--Mineralogy and Geology_.)
+
+
+_Why was crystal so named?_
+
+Because it was probably the first substance ever noticed as occurring in
+a regular form, and the ancients believing it to be water permanently
+congealed by extreme cold, from its transparency, called it
+_Krustallos_, signifying ice; but in time the word became used without
+attention being paid to its original meaning, and was applied to all the
+regular figures observed in minerals.
+
+_Why are the fine crystals of quartz used as a substitute for glass in
+spectacles?_
+
+Because, from their superior hardness, they do not so readily become
+scratched as glass: they are then termed pebbles.
+
+_Why is the stone Cairn Gorm so called?_
+
+Because it is found in great beauty in the mountain of Cairn Gorm, in
+Scotland. It consists of brown and yellow crystals of quartz, and is
+much admired for seal stones, &c.; it is sometimes improperly termed
+topaz.
+
+_Why is quartz the constituent of so many gems?_
+
+Because the tinges it receives from metals are sufficient to produce
+these varieties. Thus, _amethyst_, or purple quartz, is tinged with a
+little iron and manganese. _Rose quartz_, or false ruby, derives its
+colour from manganese. _Avanturine_ is a beautiful variety of quartz, of
+a rich brown colour, which, from a peculiarity of texture, appears
+filled with bright spangles. Small crystals of quartz, tinged with iron,
+are found in Spain, and have been termed _hyacinths of Compostella_.
+Flint, chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, sardonyx, and bloodstone, or
+heliotrope, and the numerous varieties of agates, are principally
+composed of quartz, with various tinging materials.
+
+_Why is opal among the most beautiful productions of the mineral world?_
+
+Because the colours are not occasioned by any particular tinge of the
+substance, but by its peculiar property of refracting the solar rays. It
+is a compound of about 90 silica, and 10 water. The finest specimens
+come exclusively from Hungary. There is a variety of opal called
+_Hydrophane_, which is white and opaque till immersed in water; it then
+resembles the former.
+
+_Why is the sapphire genus so highly prized?_
+
+Because, after diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. It forms
+also the most valuable gems, as the oriental ruby and the topaz. The
+blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby. It is infusible
+before the blowpipe. It becomes electrical by rubbing, and retains its
+electricity for several hours; but does not become electrical by
+heating. It occurs in alluvial soil, in the vicinity of rocks belonging
+to the secondary or floetz-trap formation, and imbedded in gneiss. It is
+found at Rodsedlitz and Treblitz in Bohemia, and Hohenstein in Saxony;
+Expailly in France; and particularly beautiful in the Capelau mountains,
+twelve days from Sirian, a city of Pegu. Next to diamond it is the most
+valuable of gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat
+become snow-white; and when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre,
+that they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties
+are the crimson and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the
+jeweller; the next is sapphire; and the last is sapphire, or oriental
+topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful variety, in
+which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, with an opalescent
+lustre. A sapphire of ten carats weight is considered to be worth fifty
+guineas.--_Jameson_.
+
+The blue topaz, or Brazilian sapphire, is of recent introduction. The
+white topaz considerably exceeds rock crystal in lustre, and in Brazil
+is called _mina nova_.[4]
+
+    [4] The pink topaz is made from the yellow, which, when of
+    intense colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe, or small
+    crucible, covered with ashes or sand: on the application of a
+    low degree of heat, it changes its colour from a yellow to a
+    beautiful pink. It contains fluoric acid, which may be the means
+    of this change.--_Mawe_.
+
+_Why is ruby of such a brilliant colour?_
+
+Because a sixth of it is chromic acid, while other gems, as the garnet,
+are coloured by oxide of iron. The most esteemed, and at the same time,
+rarest colour, of the oriental ruby, is pure carmine, or blood-red of
+considerable intensity, forming, when well polished, a blaze of the most
+exquisite and unrivalled tint. It is, however, more or less pale, and
+mixed with blue in various proportions; hence it occurs rose-red and
+reddish white, crimson, peach-blossom red, and lilac blue--the latter
+variety being named oriental amethyst. A ruby perfect both in colour and
+transparency, is much less common than a good diamond, and when of the
+weight of three or four carats, is even more valuable than that gem. The
+king of Pegu, and the monarchs of Siam and Ava, monopolize the rarest
+rubies; the finest in the world is in the possession of the first of
+these kings: its purity has passed into a proverb, and its worth when
+compared with gold, is inestimable. The Subah of the Deccan, also, is in
+possession of a prodigiously fine one, a full inch in diameter. The
+princes of Europe cannot boast of any of a first rate magnitude. Mr.
+Mawe, from whose interesting work we abridge these particulars,
+considers the oriental sapphire to rank next in value to the ruby. Among
+the British crown jewels is an inestimable sapphire; it is of the purest
+and deepest azure, more than two inches long, and one inch broad. The
+finest ruby among these gems is more treasured for its antiquity than
+intrinsic value, it being the one worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the
+Black Prince and Henry V.: this is worn on the back cross, and the
+sapphire on the front, of the imperial crown upon state occasions.
+
+_Why are garnets often found of a reddish brown tinge?_
+
+Because of the excess of oxide of iron which they contain; a small
+proportion being sufficient to colour them entirely, without injuring
+their play and splendour. In fact, the perfection of all gems depends
+less on the quality of their component principles, than on their
+complete solution and intimate combination. The alkalized earths, as
+lime, magnesia, and still better, pot-ash, seem to intervene as
+solvents, for alumina, completely dissolved, acquires, as we have shown
+from Klaproth, a crystallization, of which, by itself, it is not
+susceptible.
+
+The garnet is found in Bohemia, Ceylon, and other countries; but the
+chief mart formerly being Sirian, the capital of Pegu, the best are
+often denominated Sirian garnets. The colour most esteemed is blood or
+cherry red, mixed often, however, with blue, forming tints of crimson,
+purple, and reddish violet; or orange red and hyacinth brown. The Sirian
+garnet is of a violet colour, which, in some rare specimens, makes it
+compete with the amethyst, from which it is to be discriminated by the
+disadvantage of losing its brilliancy, and acquiring an orange tint by
+candlelight. Distinct from all other garnets, it preserves its colour
+unmixed with the common black tinge, unassisted by foil, even when
+thick. _Course garnets_ are used as emery for polishing metals, and by
+lapidaries. They are found in Ireland, in Norway, and many other
+countries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEOLOGICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE SEA.
+
+(_From the preceding work_.)
+
+
+_Why are certain formations called marine?_
+
+Because they result from continual deposits of shingle and sand, as may
+be seen on the flat coast of our eastern counties. In this manner, at
+Lowestoffe-Ness, as well as at Yarmouth, the sea has erected a series of
+natural embankments against itself. The present extent of land thrown up
+by the sea, and out of the reach of the highest tides, is nearly three
+miles long, projecting from the base of the original cliff to the
+distance of 660 yards at the Ness. The respective lines of growth are
+indicated by a series of small embankments, perfectly defined. Several
+of these ridges have been formed within the memory of men now living. A
+rampart of heavy materials is first thrown up by a violent gale from the
+north-cast. Sand is subsequently blown over, and consolidates the
+shingle, and the process is completed by marine plants taking root and
+extending their fibres in a kind of net-work through the mass. In
+process of time the surface becomes covered with vegetable mould, and
+ultimately, in many cases, is productive of good herbage.[5]
+
+    [5] From a Communication to the _Philosophical Magazine_, by Mr.
+    R. Taylor.
+
+_Why are shingle beaches formed by heavy gales?_
+
+Because every breaker is more or less charged with the materials
+composing the beach; the shingles are forced forward as far as the
+broken wave can reach, and, in their shock against the beach, drive
+others before them that were not held in momentary mechanical suspension
+by the breaker. By these means, and particularly at the greatest height
+of the tide, the shingles are projected on the land beyond the reach of
+the retiring waves: and this great accumulation of land upon beach being
+effected at high water, it is clear, the ebb tide cannot deprive the
+land of what it has gained. Smaller lines are formed in moderate
+weather, to be swept away by heavy gales: hence it would appear, that
+the sea was diminishing the beach; but attention will show that the
+shingles of the lines so apparently swept away, are but accumulated
+elsewhere. How often has our observation of these changes realized the
+homely simile of Shakspeare:--
+
+  Like as the waves make towards the pebble shore,
+    So do our minutes hasten to their end;
+  Each changing place with that which goes before,
+    In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
+
+_Why is this progressive march of beaches far from rapid?_
+
+Because it can only take place in proportion to the greater power or
+duration of one wind to another: moreover, the pebbles become comminuted
+in their passage, and thus, the harder can only travel to considerable
+distances. Works are sometimes constructed to arrest beaches, either to
+protect land behind, or to prevent their passage round pier-heads into
+artificial harbours, and thus engineers are practically aware of their
+travelling power in direction of certain winds.
+
+_Why are sandy-beaches formed more rapidly than shingle?_
+
+Because the breakers have the same tendency to force sand upon the land
+as in the case of shingles; but being so much lighter than the latter,
+sand can be transported by coast-tides or currents whose velocity would
+be insufficient to move shingles. On the other hand, however, smaller
+bodies and forces of water can throw sand on the shore. The _spray_ that
+could not transport a pebble can carry sand, and thus it is conveyed far
+beyond situations where the reflux of a wave can be felt. This may be
+witnessed on some parts of the Sussex coast, as at Worthing. In rough
+weather too, the spray of the sea, with heavy rain, carries much sand,
+which it deposits on the fronts of houses, as may be seen upon the
+return of moderate weather: this effect may be witnessed on the splendid
+terraces of the Brighton cliffs, and its destructive working on their
+plaster fronts is very evident.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INNKEEPERS.
+
+
+The inn-keeper of former times seems to have been a person of less
+humble station than now--he shared his calling with the monastery and
+with the village-pastor. Travellers had to choose (as they still have in
+Roman Catholic countries) between the refectory of the monk, the
+parsonage of the minister, and the tavern of mine host--payment for the
+night's lodging, where he was in a condition to pay, being expected of
+him, in one shape or other, at all. The keeper of the Tabard in the
+Canterbury Tales appears to be upon a level with his guests, both in
+rank and information, and to play the part of one who felt that he was
+receiving his equals, and no more, under his roof; yet his company was
+not of the lowest; and in those times it seems to have been usual for
+the landlord to preside at the common board, and act in every respect as
+the hospitable master of the house, save only in exacting the shot; as
+indeed is the custom in many parts of Germany at the present day. When
+the system of lay impropriations had begun to take effect, it was by no
+means an uncommon thing for the minister himself to be also the
+tavern-keeper, a circumstance, however, which, it must be confessed, may
+be thought to argue the extreme impoverishment of the church, which
+drove the clergy to such expedients for a living, rather than the
+respectability of the calling to which they thus betook
+themselves.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFECTS OF FRUIT AS REGARDS CHOLERA.
+
+
+We have seen rather a curious document, drawn up by some of the chief
+growers of fruit and vegetables in the villages round London. It is
+stated on the authority of twenty-one such persons, whose names are
+appended, that up to July the 24th (when it is dated,) of 1,010
+labourers of either sex employed in their gardens, one only was
+indisposed, and not one had had cholera. Their inference is that fruit
+and vegetables are not favourable to the production of that disease; but
+it does not appear to us that the premises warrant the conclusion. Is it
+the fact that those labourers eat a larger portion of fruit and
+vegetables than others? It is notorious, with regard to pastrycooks,
+confectioners, and such persons, that they do not consume more--if so
+much--of their commodities as others; and certainly persons so situated
+as the thousand and ten abovementioned are much less likely than others
+to commit any excess in regard to the articles in question. It is not
+against the use, but the abuse of "the kindly fruits of the earth," that
+we protest; and we are quite sure that many cases of cholera have been
+produced by unripe fruit and raw vegetables (as cucumbers,) taken even
+in moderate quantity; and that great caution is necessary in this
+respect, notwithstanding the declaration of the growers.--_Medical
+Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Olive Oil._--The amount of duties paid on olive oil imported into the
+United Kingdom, from January 5, 1831, to April 5, 1832, was L76,962. The
+quantity of this oil imported in that period was 2,286,629
+gallons--_Med. and Surg. Journal._
+
+_Coffee._--The duty on raw coffee is now 6_d_. per lb. on colonial, and
+9_d_. on foreign; the retail price is 2_s_. to 4_s_.
+
+_The Irish Bar._--Mr. Dundas, a keen, sarcastic man, who loved his
+bottle nearly as well as Sir Hercules Langreish, invited the baronet to
+a grand dinner in London, where the wine circulated freely, and wit kept
+pace with it. Mr. Dundas, wishing to procure a laugh at Sir Hercules,
+said, "Why, Sir Hercules, is it true that we Scotch formerly
+_transported_ all our criminals and felons to Ireland?" "I dare say,"
+replied Sir Hercules; "but did you ever hear, Mr. Dundas, of any of your
+countrymen _returning to Scotland_ from transportation."
+
+_Lord Byron's opinion of Earl Grey._--"Madame de Stael was forcibly
+struck by the factitious tone of the best society in London, and wished
+very much to have an opportunity of judging of that of the second class.
+She, however, had not this opportunity, which I regret, as I think it
+would have justified her expectations. In England, the raw material is
+generally good; it is the over-dressing that injures it; and as the
+class she wished to study are well educated, and have all the refinement
+of civilization without its corruption, she would have carried away a
+favourable impression. Lord Grey and his family were the personification
+of her _beau ideal_ of perfection, as I must say they are of mine,"
+continued Byron, "and might serve as the finest specimens of the pure
+English patrician breed, of which so few remain." _His_ uncompromising
+and uncompromised dignity, founded on self-respect, and accompanied by
+that certain proof of superiority--simplicity of manner and freedom from
+affectation, with _her_ mild and matron graces, her whole life offering
+a model to wives and mothers--really they are people to be proud of, and
+a few such would reconcile one to one's species.--_From Lady
+Blessington's Conversations--New Monthly Magazine._
+
+_Cats Horticulturists._--Cat Mint is a species of _Nepeta_. It is
+covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet-like down, and has a strong,
+pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal or valerian, that is
+peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its specific and English names.
+These animals are so fond of it, that it is almost impossible to keep
+them from it, _after being transplanted_. Ray and Miller, both assert,
+however, that cats will never meddle with such plants as are raised from
+seed. Hence the old saying,
+
+  "If you set it,
+  The cats will eat it;
+  If you sow it
+  The cats don't know it."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Beef-eaters_, or yeomen of the guard, are stationed by the sideboard at
+great royal dinners. The term is a corruption from the French
+_buffetiers_, from _buffet_, sideboard.
+
+_A Lion Killer._--Lions abound in the west of India. A gentleman assured
+Captain Skinner that he had, in one season, killed forty-five in the
+province of Hissar, alone. None of them were large, but he mentioned
+having met with one of uncommon beauty; its skin was of the usual tawny
+colour, but its mane a rich glossy black, as was also the tuft on the
+tail.
+
+_Vultures._--On passing the carcass of a bullock (says Captain Skinner,)
+we had a proof of the keenness of the vulture's scent. An hour before
+not one was seen; nor was the place, being so wild and far removed from
+all habitations, likely to be haunted by them: yet now they thronged
+every tree in the neighbourhood. There could not have been less than
+four or five hundred.
+
+_Jackalls._--In some parts of India the howling of innumerable jackalls
+is never out of your ear, from the minute night falls to the first dawn
+of day. Captain Skinner says, until he became familiar to the screaming
+sound, he used to start from his sleep, and fancy some appalling
+calamity had driven the inhabitants of a neighbouring town to rash forth
+in fear and madness from their homes. Such frightful clamour might
+attend an earthquake or a deluge. The animals come up close to your very
+doors in large packs, and roar away without any apparent object,
+frequently standing a longtime in one place, as a dog does when "baying
+the moon."
+
+_Narrow Streets._--In grand Cairo, if you unfortunately meet a string of
+masked beauties upon donkies, you must make a rapid retreat, and resign
+yourself to be squeezed to a mummy against the wall for daring to stand
+in their course, if your curiosity should tempt you to do so.
+
+_Mussulman and Hindoo Religion._--"Where the same village is inhabited
+by people of both religions, they occupy opposite portions of it: and
+the circumstance may always be known by there being a well at each end
+of it; for the Hindoos would not draw water from the same fountain as
+the Mahomedans, for all the wealth of this world."
+
+_The only Favour._--At the battle of Spires, a regiment had orders not
+to grant any quarter; an unhappy enemy, wounded and disarmed, begged
+hard for his life from one of its officers, who touched with his
+situation, replied, "I pity your misfortune, and--ask anything else but
+that, and upon my honour I will grant your request."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 560, AUGUST 4, 1832***
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