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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Jew and American Ideals
+
+Author: John Spargo
+
+Release Date: June 15, 2007 [EBook #21835]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeannie Howse, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS BY
+JOHN SPARGO
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+"THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY"
+RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM
+THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM
+BOLSHEVISM
+AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
+SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED
+
+
+
+HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK
+[ESTABLISHED 1817]
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW
+
+AND
+
+AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+
+BY
+
+JOHN SPARGO
+
+_Author of_
+
+"Bolshevism" "The Psychology of Bolshevism"
+"Russia as an American Problem" "The
+Greatest Failure in All History" "Social
+Democracy Explained" Etc.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+Copyright, 1921, by Harper & Brothers
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                        PAGE
+
+      FOREWORD                                                vii
+
+   I. A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE                             1
+
+  II. THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY"                    10
+
+ III. THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS                             18
+
+  IV. IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY?                        47
+
+   V. THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM                     59
+
+  VI. BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS                                  83
+
+ VII. THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM                        99
+
+VIII. WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS                     110
+
+  IX. WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW           121
+
+   X. A FINAL WORD                                            136
+
+      POSTSCRIPT                                              140
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+This little book was written without the knowledge of any Jew. It is
+not a defense of the Jew. It is not a pro-Jewish argument. It is a
+defense of American ideals and institutions against anti-Semitism; a
+plea for Christian civilization.
+
+                                                JOHN SPARGO.
+
+  "NESTLEDOWN,"
+   OLD BENNINGTON, VERMONT.
+   _January, 1921._
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+
+I
+
+A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE
+
+
+About five years ago I was honored by an invitation to join with a
+well-known American capitalist and certain other men and women in an
+attempt to bring about the termination of the great World War. The
+manufacturer in question believed that it was possible to "get the
+boys out of the trenches by Christmas," and to that end organized an
+expedition which is now remembered chiefly for the bellicosity and
+belligerency of many of the "pacifists" who journeyed to Europe upon
+the "Peace Ship."
+
+In declining the invitation to associate myself with this expedition,
+I felt that it was incumbent upon me to explain that, while I doubted
+the wisdom of the undertaking and felt that it might do harm instead
+of good, I honored the noble and unselfish motives by which Mr. Ford
+was inspired. His hatred of war and blood-shed, and his desire to
+promote peace and good will among all peoples and races, seemed to me
+to be both profound and sincere and evoked my heartfelt admiration and
+sympathy. The more I doubted his political judgment--believing that he
+was being used as a dupe and tool in a very dangerous intrigue--the
+more willing I was to acknowledge those qualities of mind and heart
+which distinguished the famous manufacturer, and which the authors of
+the intrigue sought to exploit and use for sinister ends. On many
+occasions I have given public expression to my belief in Mr. Ford's
+sincere and unselfish idealism.
+
+If any justification is required for my now associating the name of
+Henry Ford with a matter of grave international political importance,
+I venture to suggest that it can be found in the pre-eminent position
+which he occupies in one of the great branches of modern industry and
+in the fact that as recently as two years ago he aspired to a seat in
+the United States Senate, being nominated for that position by the
+Democratic party in the great state of Michigan. Upon both counts
+views expressed by Mr. Ford upon international questions which may
+involve great and serious national or racial conflicts become the
+subject of legitimate public interest, and when in furtherance of such
+views he associates himself with an active policy which deals with one
+of the most difficult and dangerous problems confronting civilized
+mankind, his views and his acts assume public importance and invite
+and compel attention and discussion. Therefore, believing as I do that
+Mr. Ford is primarily responsible for a propaganda which is subversive
+of the best traditions and institutions of this Republic, and which
+has everywhere and at all times resulted in shameful crimes against
+humanity, and in resistance to every progressive and humane movement,
+I feel that it is my right and duty to utter my solemn remonstrance
+and protest.
+
+I have just returned from a tour through several of the European
+countries most seriously involved in the late war. On the one hand, I
+was deeply and gratefully impressed while in Europe with the manner in
+which some of the intensest hatreds engendered by the war appear to be
+dying out. On the other hand, I was deeply and painfully impressed by
+the fact that, in country after country, racial hatreds older than any
+nation in the world were being deliberately and systematically revived
+and intensified, threatening brutal and ugly crimes against humanity
+exceeding in horror the worst and most inhuman violence of the Great
+War which so nearly achieved the ruin of civilization. In Germany, for
+example, I found no hatred of America, notwithstanding the fact that
+alone among the nations lately fighting against her we were still
+technically at war with her. On the contrary, there was manifest an
+almost universal desire for the restoration of friendship between the
+two countries. In Belgium I saw hundreds of little German children
+being fed by Belgian agencies, proving that hate was being dissolved
+by compassion. Even in France the fierce hatred of Germany was
+obviously dying.
+
+So much for the bright side of the European situation as I saw it.
+Unfortunately, to complete the picture, it is necessary to acknowledge
+the numerous evidences of a widespread revival of one of the most
+despicable, brutal, and dangerous forms of racial hatred and
+antagonism known to mankind--anti-Semitism. Even in England, long
+hitherto so free from Jew-baiting, the land in which the Jew Disraeli
+became Prime Minister, I found an extensive, active, and skillfully
+organized campaign directed against Jews, as Jews. It was and is a
+campaign differing hardly at all from similar campaigns against the
+Jews in Russia under tsarism, in Rumania, in Poland, and, to a less
+extent, in Germany under the Hohenzollern. Unless this propaganda is
+checked, unless the intelligence and the conscience of England can be
+marshaled against it, England will take the place of the Russia of the
+Romanovs as the land of pogroms, and infamies like the horrible
+pogroms of Kishinev may occur in British cities.
+
+I found in England great nation-wide organizations, obviously
+financed, devoted to the sinister purpose of creating anti-Jewish
+feeling and sentiment. I found special articles in influential
+newspapers devoted to the same evil purpose. I found at least one
+journal, obviously well financed again, exclusively devoted to the
+fostering of suspicion, fear, and hatred against the Jew. Nothing that
+the Black Hundreds of Russia under the tsars said of the Jews, in
+order to inflame the ignorant masses and inspire them to savage
+attacks upon the Jewish population, could have been worse than much of
+this propaganda. It appealed to every passion, charged the Jews as a
+race with every crime calculated to rouse the frenzied anger of the
+non-Jewish population. And in the bookstores I discovered a whole
+library of books devoted to the same end. One of the greatest living
+statesmen of England, who is not a Jew, told me that in his judgment
+this systematically propagated anti-Semitism is likely to bring
+greater difficulty and shame to England than the Irish question, even.
+
+And now, returning to the United States, I find America confronted by
+the same peril and shame. Here, too, I find anti-Jewish meetings being
+held. To my great astonishment and regret, I find that the personal
+influence and the vast fortune of the erstwhile pacifist-philanthropist
+are apparently enlisted in the same cruel and vicious propaganda. The
+_Dearborn Independent_, which is the personal organ of Mr. Henry Ford,
+maintained for the promulgation of his personal political and
+sociological views, has been devoting a large amount of its space to
+the creation of anti-Jewish feeling and sentiment. One of the first
+pieces of accumulated mail to claim my attention on my return was a
+pamphlet, sent to me by some unknown correspondent, obviously a Jew
+hater in view of the coarse and brutal comments written upon the
+margins. This pamphlet contains a reprint of nine articles which
+originally appeared in the _Dearborn Independent._ It is, therefore,
+apparently impossible for Mr. Ford to disclaim personal and direct
+responsibility for the contents of the pamphlet. If I am wrong in any
+of these particulars I shall be very glad to be corrected and to
+apologize for the error. To find any American engaged in such a
+propaganda seems to me such a pity and such an outrage against our
+national ideals that I should welcome proof that my information and
+inferences are all wrong and unfounded so far as Mr. Ford is
+concerned.
+
+In this discussion of the anti-Semitic propaganda, and of the share of
+the _Dearborn Independent_ in that propaganda, I have not the
+slightest intention of attacking Mr. Ford personally. While I find
+myself deeply interested in the psychology of the transformation of an
+extremely idealistic pacifist into an aggressive propagandist of race
+hatred, with that I am not here and now concerned.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY"
+
+
+Just as in the case of the British anti-Semitic press, the Jew-baiting
+campaign in the _Dearborn Independent_ and other newspapers makes much
+of the so-called "protocols" of the Wise Men of Zion, first published
+in Russia in 1905, but lately translated into English and published in
+England and the United States. In a sense it is not my business to
+expose the dubious origin and history of these documents. That is a
+Jewish task, to which various Jewish scholars have devoted their
+attention. In the London _Spectator_ Mr. Lucien Wolff has performed it
+with distinction. I am not a Jew, racially or otherwise, and can lay
+no claim to any special ability or knowledge which would impose such a
+task upon me. There are, however, some things which must be said
+concerning the above-mentioned protocols, things which do not require
+specialized scholarship, and which even the non-Jew can say with
+confidence.
+
+These protocols are offered as evidence of the existence of a
+world-wide conspiracy far more serious and extensive than anything
+else of the kind recorded in history. By comparison, the greatest
+conspiracy hitherto revealed seems like a kindergarten game. It is
+charged, and these documents are submitted as evidence in support of
+the charge, that there, exists, and has existed for centuries, a
+Jewish imperialistic program; that Jews in all lands have been and are
+united in a highly organized and subtly directed secret movement to
+bring about the overthrow of all non-Jewish governments, to substitute
+therefor a Jewish world government, to obliterate all national
+boundaries, and to destroy all religions other than Judaism. This, it
+is alleged, is the concrete form in which the Jews visualize their
+destiny as the Chosen People. In order to attain this grandiose ideal,
+every means to weaken the non-Jewish elements and institutions in
+civilization is encouraged by the invisible Jewish government, the
+leaders of this vast conspiracy.
+
+If we are to place credence in these documents, the principal agency
+through which the Jewish conspirators have worked is Freemasonry. The
+Masonic orders throughout the world have been the blind dupes and
+tools of this superimperialism of the Jews, if the statements made in
+these protocols are true. Indeed, there can hardly be any question at
+all that if the truth of these documents can be established, there is,
+to say the least, quite as much reason for suppressing Masonic lodges,
+and making them illegal, as there is for suppressing Bolshevist or
+other conspiratory organizations. I should just as little expect to
+find sympathy for Bolshevism in a Masonic lodge as in the College of
+Cardinals, or in the Union League Club, let us say. When we enter into
+the mysteries of this "Jewish conspiracy" we encounter many
+surprises.
+
+According to the statements made in these protocols, practically all
+the revolutionary movements of modern times have been instigated and
+directed by Jews. They have caused the assassination of rulers and
+heads of states, so that behind the murderous fanaticism of
+individuals there has generally been the cold calculation of the most
+cunning and unscrupulous intellects of the human race. According to
+the same evidence, the wars which have drenched the world with blood
+and rent it with passion, including racial wars in Asia and Africa,
+the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Russo-Japanese War, and the
+recent World War, were all brought about deliberately by Jewish
+cunning, for the purpose of weakening the fabric of non-Jewish states
+and providing the Jews with new sources of strength and power to be
+used to establish their universal dominion.
+
+All this is terrible enough. But there is even worse to follow. We
+must remember that these documents were first published in Russia in
+1905, and they purport to be the _procès-verbaux_ of a conference held
+eight or nine years prior to that time. It is rather startling,
+therefore, to find outlined therein a program of revolutionary action,
+to be initiated in Russia and developed throughout the civilized
+world, remarkably like the Bolshevist program, not merely in the
+precise measures contained in the program, but also, and especially,
+in the general conception of policy underlying it. We find in this
+alleged Jewish program the same negation of all the accepted
+principles of law and honor and morality that the Bolshevist policy
+has so conspicuously manifested. It is brazenly stated that bribery,
+deceit, and treachery are to be used (Protocol I). A vast army of
+spies and secret agents abundantly supplied with funds is to be relied
+on to promote revolt and dissension in all the principal countries
+(Protocol 2). "Ferments, discords, and hostility" are to be
+deliberately created and fostered throughout Europe and, through the
+international relations of the European countries, to the other
+continents also (Protocol 7). Efforts are to be made to compromise the
+honor and besmirch the reputations of the most influential statesmen
+and to use blackmail in order to make these statesmen serve the
+purposes of the conspirators (Protocol 10). Revolutionary movements,
+anarchistic, communistic, and socialistic, are to be fostered for the
+purpose of destroying non-Jewish civilization (Protocol 3). In the
+event of unfavorable action by any power or group of powers, it is to
+be met by resistance in the form of universal war (Protocol 7).
+Disorganization of the economic life of the world through the
+debasement and ruin of the credit and currency systems, of the
+principal nations, and the creation of "a universal economic crisis"
+are also to be used to the same end (Protocol 3).
+
+I have briefly summarized only a few of the more important items in
+this monstrous program. There is more of the same general type of
+fiendishness. Concerning the character of the program itself, there
+can be no difference of opinion between honest Americans. It is as
+diabolical as it is fantastic. What importance we ought to attach to
+it, however, must necessarily depend upon our judgment concerning its
+origin. If these protocols, and the program contained in them, are to
+be seriously accepted for what they pretend to be--namely, a
+deliberate statement of the purposes and aims of the leaders of the
+Jewish people throughout the world, with practically the entire Jewish
+race behind them--then the matter assumes enormous importance. If, on
+the other hand, there is no substantial evidence of this--and such
+evidence as is available indicates that the protocols are the product
+of a single diseased and depraved mind--the documents cease to possess
+any great significance and the terrible injustice and frightfully
+dangerous consequences of charging them against the Jewish people are
+obvious. We must, therefore, pay critical attention to the origin of
+the protocols and the circumstances surrounding their publication, as
+well as to any internal evidences of their genuineness or otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS
+
+
+First of all, then, what do we actually know about the origin of these
+protocols? In the year 1903 a book was published at Solotarevo in
+Russia, entitled _The Great in Little_. The reputed author of the book
+was one Prof. Sergei Nilus, concerning whom we have no absolutely
+reliable information. Author of a book which has made an enormous
+sensation in many lands and become the subject of furious controversy,
+he is quite unknown. No responsible person in or out of Russia has
+ever positively identified Nilus, so far as I have been able to
+discover. From what he says of himself it is practically certain that
+he was in the service of the infamous Secret Police Agency of the late
+Tsar Nicholas II. For reasons which will presently appear, I am
+disposed to believe that the very un-Russian name Nilus is really a
+pseudonym.
+
+In a second edition of his book, published in 1905, Nilus gives a
+brief autobiographical account of himself. He says that he was born in
+1862 of Russian parents who held liberal opinions, and that his family
+was well known in Moscow, its members being educated people who were
+firm in their allegiance to the Tsar and the Greek Church. This is
+hardly what a Russian of the period would describe as holding "liberal
+opinions," but let that pass. Nilus claims to have been graduated from
+Moscow University and to have held a number of civil-service posts,
+all of them, so far as his specifications go, connected with the
+police and judicial systems. He went to the government of Orel, where
+he became a landowner and a sort of petty noble. He entered the
+Troitsky-Sergevsky Monastery, near Moscow, or so he says. Although
+numerous efforts have been made in Russia to find this Sergei Nilus,
+none has succeeded.
+
+It is true that a number of persons have testified to the existence of
+Sergei Nilus, but in each case a different person has been referred
+to, though Nilus is not a Russian name or commonly found in Russia.
+The present writer learned of two men, father and son, each bearing
+this very unusual name. First information led to the belief that at
+last the mysterious author had been discovered. The father was of
+about the right age and was said to be a writer interested in
+religious subjects. Further inquiry elicited the information that this
+man had died in 1910, whereas the Nilus we are interested in was alive
+as late as 1917. Greatly enlarged editions of his work, with new
+personal matter added, appeared in 1911 and 1917. Obviously,
+therefore, the man who died in 1910 was not our author. The anonymous
+editor of an edition of the protocols issued in New York toward the
+end of 1920 says that "a returning traveler from Siberia in August,
+1919, was positive that Nilus was in Irkutsk in June of that year." No
+clew is given to the identity of the editor who makes this statement.
+And here let me remark in passing that it is a remarkable fact that
+_all_ the editors of the numerous editions of the protocols, both here
+and abroad, are very shy persons and hide under the mask of anonymity.
+Nor is any clew given to the identity of the traveler from Siberia.
+Another report, also by a traveler returned from Siberia, who may
+possibly be the same person, makes it appear that the Nilus who was at
+Irkutsk is the son of the man who died in 1910, and is himself too
+young to fit the autobiographical sketch of the man born in 1862. I
+can only add to the foregoing, which represents all that I have been
+able to find out about Nilus, that there was an edition of the
+protocols published in Kishinev in 1906, the name of the author of the
+book in which they appeared being given as Butmi de Katzman.
+
+Now with respect to the protocols. No reference to these documents
+appeared in the first edition of the book in 1903. If the reader will
+kindly bear this fact in mind it will help to an understanding of what
+follows. A second edition of the book, greatly enlarged, appeared at
+Tsarskoye-Selo, near Moscow, in 1905, the added matter being given the
+title, "Antichrist a Near Political Possibility." This additional
+matter consisted of (1) an introduction written by Nilus himself, (2)
+twenty-four documents purporting to be disconnected portions of the
+report of a secret conclave of an organization of Jews called the
+Elders of Zion, and (3) some commentaries thereon by Nilus. Now, it is
+very significant that Nilus himself has given different accounts of
+the history of these documents--accounts which differ so radically
+that they cannot be reconciled.
+
+Let us examine these various accounts very briefly. In the
+introduction to the edition of 1905 Nilus tells us that in 1901 he
+came into possession of the alleged protocols. He says that at the
+close of a series of secret meetings of influential leaders of this
+conspiracy, held under Masonic auspices, a woman stole from "one of
+the most influential and most highly initiated leaders of Freemasonry"
+certain documents which turned out to be disconnected portions of the
+_procès-verbaux_ of lectures or reports made at the aforesaid meetings
+of the Elders of Zion. He says that the protocols were "signed by
+representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third Degree," but he does not
+give the names of such signatories. This is of itself a suspicious
+circumstance, but a close reading of the text reveals that it is only
+one of several equally suspicious facts. Nilus does not claim to have
+seen the actual stolen documents, the original protocols. On the
+contrary, he tells us that what he received in 1901 was a document
+which he was assured was an accurate translation of the stolen
+documents. His own words are: "This document came into my possession
+some four years ago (1901) with the positive assurance that it is a
+true copy in translation of original documents stolen by a woman from
+one of the most influential and the most highly initiated leaders of
+Freemasonry." Nilus has not seen the original manuscript, nor has any
+other known person. We have only the word of Professor Nilus that
+somebody gave him assurance that certain manuscripts were true and
+accurate translations of stolen documents of great international
+importance. So far as Nilus himself knew, or cared, apparently, the
+manuscript given, to him might well have been a forgery.
+
+We do not even know the date of the alleged secret meetings of the
+Elders of Zion at which the lectures or reports, or whatever they
+were, recorded in these protocols were made and, presumably,
+considered. We do not know the name of the "most influential and most
+highly initiated" leader of Freemasonry from whom the documents were
+said to have been stolen. Neither do we know the name of the thief.
+We do not know the name of the author of the alleged protocols, though
+obviously it would make all the difference in the world whether these
+are summaries of statements made by a responsible leader of the Jewish
+people or the wild vaporings of such a crank as infests practically
+every conference and convention. We do not know who translated the
+alleged protocols, nor in what language they were written. Moreover,
+not one word of assurance does Professor Nilus give on his own account
+that he knows any of these things. He does not appear to have made any
+investigation of any kind. In view of the rest of his work we may be
+quite sure that had he done so he would have told us. He does not even
+tell us, in this edition of 1905, that the person from whom he
+acquired the "translation" was known to him as a reliable and
+trustworthy person. He does not profess to know anything more than I
+have already quoted from him. No one knows Nilus himself. So much for
+the explanation of 1905.
+
+Before I pass on to consider a later and different explanation made by
+the mysterious Nilus, a few brief observations upon the story now
+before us may not be out of place, especially since the _Dearborn
+Independent_ has accepted it and made it the basis of its propaganda.
+How is it possible for any person possessing anything approaching a
+trained mind, and especially for one accustomed to historical study,
+to accept as authentic, and without adequate corroboration, documents
+whose origin and history are so clouded with secrecy, mystery, and
+ignorance? And how can men and women who are to all appearances
+rational and high-minded bring themselves to indict and condemn a
+whole race, invoking thereby the perils of world-wide racial conflict,
+upon the basis of such flimsy, clouded, and tainted testimony? No
+decent and self-respecting judge or jury anywhere in the United States
+would, I dare believe, convict the humblest individual of even petty
+crime upon the basis of such testimony. Serious charges made by a
+complainant who does not appear in court and is not known to the
+court, an alleged translation of an alleged original, not produced in
+court, alleged to have been stolen by an anonymous thief not produced
+in court, from an alleged conspirator not named nor produced in court,
+and not a scintilla of corroborative evidence, direct or
+circumstantial--was ever a chain of evidence so flimsy? By comparison,
+the discovery of the _Book of Mormon_ is a well-attested event.
+
+Now let us consider another very different story told by Nilus. In
+January, 1917--the date is important--another edition of the book, so
+greatly enlarged and rewritten as to be almost a new book, appeared in
+Russia bearing the name of the mysterious and unknown Nilus. The title
+of this book is _It Is Near, at the Door_. It was published at
+Sergeiev, near Moscow, at the Monastery of Sergeiev. I have said that
+the date of the appearance of this volume is important, and here is
+the reason: The overthrow of tsarism occurred in March, 1917. Toward
+the end of 1916 the revolutionary ferment was already apparent. What
+else could be expected than that the provocative agents of the Tsar's
+Secret Police and the Black Hundreds should strive to divert the
+attention of the people to some other issue? And what more natural
+than that they should conclude that a widespread movement against the
+Jews, great pogroms over a wide area, would best suit their purpose?
+The first publication of the alleged protocols took place in 1905,
+also at the beginning of a popular revolution, and it did have the
+effect of creating a considerable anti-Jewish agitation which weakened
+the revolutionary movement. The trail of the Secret Police and the
+Black Hundreds is plain. And now for the new version of the history of
+the protocols. On page 96 of this new book, which is a violent
+diatribe against the Jews, Nilus says:
+
+    In 1901 I came into possession of a manuscript, and this
+    comparatively small book was destined to cause such a deep
+    change in my entire viewpoint as can only be caused in the heart
+    of man by Divine Power. It was comparable with the miracle of
+    making the blind see. "May Divine acts show on him."
+
+    This manuscript was called, "The Protocols of the Zionist Men of
+    Wisdom," and it was given to me by the now deceased leader of
+    the Tshernigov nobility, who later became Vice-Governor of
+    Stavropol, Alexis Nicholaievich Sukhotin. I had already begun to
+    work with my pen for the glory of the Lord, and I was friendly
+    with Sukhotin because he was a man of my opinion--_i.e._,
+    extremely conservative, as they are now termed.
+
+    Sukhotin told me that he in turn had obtained the manuscript
+    from a lady who always lived abroad. This lady was a noblewoman
+    from Tshernigov. He mentioned her by name, but I have forgotten
+    it. He said that she obtained it in some mysterious way, by
+    theft, I believe. Sukhotin also said that one copy of the
+    manuscript was given by this lady to Sipiagin, then Minister of
+    the Interior, upon her return from abroad, and that Sipiagin was
+    subsequently killed. He said other things of the same mysterious
+    character. But when I first became acquainted with the contents
+    of the manuscript I was convinced that its terrible, cruel, and
+    straight-forward truth is witness of its true origin from the
+    "Zionist Men of Wisdom," and that _no other evidence of its
+    origin would be needed_.
+
+Is it necessary, I wonder, to waste words in exposing this pious
+fraud? His own statement comes pretty close to convicting him of
+being, as I have suggested above, a hireling of the Secret Police, an
+_agent provocateur_. Sukhotin, from whom he now claims to have
+received the manuscript, was a notorious anti-Semite and a despot of
+the worst type. Sipiagin, to whom, it is alleged, the manuscript had
+been previously given, was also a bitter anti-Semite and one of the
+most infamous of Russian bureaucrats. He was notoriously corrupt and
+unspeakably cruel while he was Minister of the Interior. He was
+assassinated by Stephen Balmashev, in March, 1902. Even if we credit
+this revised version of the way in which he came into possession of
+the manuscript, Nilus is closely identified with the secret agencies
+of the old regime. Let us take note, however, of other peculiarities
+of the canting hypocrite, Nilus. He names Sukhotin and Sipiagin only
+after they are dead and denial by them is impossible; he has
+"forgotten" the name of the "noblewoman from Tshernigov," the person
+alleged to have stolen the original documents; he suggests that the
+documents need no other evidence than their own contents. Truly, a
+very typical criminal is the mysterious, elusive, unknown "Prof.
+Sergei Nilus"!
+
+Now let me call attention to two other very interesting facts in
+connection with this story of 1917. The first is that Nilus omits the
+very important statement made in the edition of 1905 that the alleged
+protocols were "signed by representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third
+Degree," without offering the slightest explanation of that most
+important omission. The second fact is even more conclusive as
+evidence of the man's absolute untrustworthiness. Having told us in
+the edition of 1905 that the friend who gave him the protocols assured
+him that they had been "stolen by a woman," and in 1917 that it was
+Nicholaievich Sukhotin from whom he received the documents, who not
+only told him that they had been stolen by a woman, but told him also
+the name of the thief (which he has forgotten, unfortunately), he
+proceeds, in the Epilogue of the 1917 edition, to tell a very
+different story. He says in this Epilogue that the protocols "were
+stealthily removed from a large book of notes on lectures. _My friend_
+found them in the safe of the headquarters offices of the Society of
+Zion, which is situated at present in Paris."
+
+Was ever perjurer more confused? First we have an unknown woman
+stealing the documents from "one of the most highly initiated leaders
+of Freemasonry"; next, we have a "noblewoman of Tshernigov" as the
+thief and Sukhotin as the intermediary through whose hands they
+reached his friend Nilus. Now, finally, Nilus says that his
+friend--_i.e._, _Sukhotin_--was the thief, and not a woman at all!
+Instead of being stolen from the person of "one of the most highly
+initiated leaders of Freemasonry," they are "found" in a safe in
+Paris! The woman has disappeared; the highly initiated Freemason has
+disappeared. Now it is Sukhotin who is identified as the thief, and he
+is pointed out as having robbed a safe in Paris. So much for the
+perjury of Nilus. I may add that I am assured--though I cannot vouch
+for the statement--that Sukhotin was not outside of Russia between
+1890 and 1905.
+
+But it may be argued, as it has been argued in the _Dearborn
+Independent_ following the suggestion of Nilus--that the authenticity
+of the protocols, and the reality and seriousness of the Jewish
+conspiracy, are sufficiently demonstrated by internal evidence. I
+confess that I do not find in the documents any reason for reaching
+such a conclusion, though I have studied them with all the patience
+and care I could command, and have read the principal arguments made
+in their defense. I find not a scrap of evidence to show that there
+exists, or ever has existed, such a body of men as "The Elders of
+Zion," or "The Men of Wisdom of Zion," or any similar secret body of
+Jews. _That such a secret conspiratory body exists has been charged
+from time to time during more than a century, yet not a particle of
+evidence to sustain the charge has ever been produced._ I am quite
+well aware of the capacity of the human mind to believe whatever
+accords with preconceived prejudices, suspicions, or impressions, even
+in the face of evidence to the contrary, and, correspondingly, to
+reject the most conclusive evidence when it runs counter to such
+prejudices, suspicions, or impressions. Laying upon my own mind the
+warning implied by this knowledge, and guarding myself against the
+danger of rejecting, or ignoring, or undervaluing unpleasant and
+unwelcome facts, I am bound to say that those who find in these
+alleged protocols a sufficient basis for bringing the Jewish race
+under indictment seem to me to have brought preconceived suspicion and
+fear of the Jew to their study of the documents themselves.
+Personally, I can find nothing in them which suggests any highly
+organized intelligence, such as the leaders of the Jewish race
+represent and command in abundance; rather, they seem to me to clearly
+indicate the disordered mind and distorted vision of a very common
+type of monomaniac, the genus "crank."
+
+I believe that historical study is not one of Mr. Ford's strong
+points, but, even so, he must be aware of the fact that it is one of
+the commonest things in history to encounter charges of conspiracy
+directed against religious and political sects, supported by more or
+less plausible arguments and believed by considerable numbers of
+people. Were it necessary to my purpose, and did time permit, I could
+quite easily fill a considerable volume with illustrations of this
+fact. For example, there exists a great literature devoted to the
+object of proving that the Vatican is the headquarters of such a
+conspiracy to bring about or to attain world domination. Thousands of
+books and pamphlets have been written to convict the Jesuits of such a
+conspiracy, many of them far more convincing than these protocols.
+Pamphlets aiming to convince the American people that the Knights of
+Columbus is an organization aiming at the overthrow of the American
+Republic and the establishment of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope
+over the United States have been circulated by the million. It is a
+matter of court record that this charge has been supported by the
+publication of what purported to be exact copies of oaths pledging the
+members of that organization to the end stated. Let me say at once
+that I do not credit these sensational stories and charges. I have
+confined myself to charges made against one of the two great sections
+of Christianity for reasons which seem to me peculiarly cogent. The
+charges made against the Jews have produced the most terrible results
+in the countries where the Roman Catholic Church is strongest, and no
+leader of the Christian religion has such strong reason for denouncing
+such appeals to prejudice and hatred as the head of that Church.
+
+Belief in widespread conspiracies directed against individuals or the
+state is probably the commonest form assumed by the human mind when it
+loses its balance and its sense of proportion. I venture to hazard the
+opinion that of all the cranks who have pestered Mr. Ford since he has
+attained a conspicuous position, those who imagined themselves to be
+the victims of conspiracies have outnumbered all the others. These
+protocols are either preposterous forgeries deliberately wrought for
+the purpose of fostering anti-Semitism in Russia, or they are the
+pitiable ravings of a familiar type of monomaniac.
+
+Concerning the authorship of the protocols, there has been much
+conjecture, especially on the part of those who have seriously
+regarded them as an authentic expression of Jewish opinion. It has
+been whispered in those places where the so-called Jewish question is
+discussed, that they are the work of the well-known Zionist leader,
+Dr. Theodor Herzl. This is the theory which Nilus himself advances in
+the introduction to the edition of 1917. He says:
+
+    ... my book has already reached the fourth edition, but it is
+    only definitely known to me now and in a manner worthy of
+    belief, and that through Jewish sources, that these protocols
+    are nothing other than the strategic plans for the conquest of
+    the world under the heel of Israel, and worked out by the
+    leaders of the Jewish people ... and read to the Councils of
+    Elders by the "Prince of Exile," Theodor Herzl, during the first
+    Zionist Congress, summoned by him in August, 1897, in Basle.
+
+This is the first time Nilus has so much as hinted at the date of the
+alleged secret conclave of the Elders of Zion, at the close of which,
+according to the story of 1905 so elaborately contradicted in 1917,
+the protocols were stolen by a woman. It is perhaps as well to remark
+in passing that the first Zionist Congress was held in the open and
+its proceedings freely reported in the press. Now, Herzl stands among
+the foremost of the intellectual Jews of modern times. All his known
+work is characterized by clear, clean-cut reasoning and direct and
+forceful statement. All his known writings are characterized by these
+qualities. Whatever we may think about Zionism, it must be admitted
+that the great Austrian journalist and critic never lacked the courage
+of his convictions, as may be seen by anybody who will take the
+trouble to read his writings or the evidence delivered by him before
+the British Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, in 1902. If Herzl
+wrote these documents he adopted the disguise of the style and method
+of a much inferior mentality.
+
+Unless we are to believe that he deliberately adopted a style of
+writing and method of reasoning entirely unfamiliar and unlike his
+publicly acknowledged work, for the express purpose of hiding his
+authorship of the protocols--which, if we credit the story that they
+were presented to a secret conference of the leaders of the alleged
+conspiracy, is an impossible hypothesis--we are warranted in saying
+that, whoever wrote them, it was not Theodor Herzl. It would be as
+reasonable to ascribe a Walt Whitman chant to Emerson, or a Bernard
+Shaw satire to Jonathan Edwards, as to ascribe these crude, meandering
+pages to the crystalline intellect of Theodor Herzl. I do not find in
+them any suggestion of the trained mind of a scholar and writer of
+Herzl's attainments; rather, they seem to me to belong in about the
+same intellectual category as the ordinary propaganda literature of
+the numerous sects, ancient and modern, based upon peculiar
+interpretations of Biblical prophecies. Since the outbreak of the
+World War in 1914, and throughout the whole chapter of revolutionary
+events following thereupon, there has been a steady flood of such
+literature. Even the much-discussed forecast of Bolshevism does not in
+any material respect differ from many similar "prophecies" that have
+appeared in recent years.
+
+It cannot be denied that Bolshevism actually conforms in a notable
+degree to the specifications contained in the protocols, which I have
+already summarized in the preceding chapter. Shall we, then, conclude
+that the charge is proven and declare the case closed, or is it
+necessary to examine the evidence further and more critically? I think
+that a very brief period of honest reflection will convince any
+fair-minded and intelligent person of the injustice of the rendering
+of a verdict holding the Jews responsible for Bolshevism upon the
+basis of such evidence. Let me direct the attention of my readers to a
+coincidence of dates which once more directs suspicion against Prof.
+Sergei Nilus and against the alleged stolen protocols. I have already
+pointed out that in 1903, in the first edition of his book, Nilus did
+not use the alleged protocols, though he claims that they had been in
+his possession for two years prior to that time. That this is a
+suspicious circumstance will, I think, be readily conceded by the
+open-minded. In 1903 the Russian Social Democratic party was split
+into two factions, and the word "Bolshevism" came into use as the
+designation of the policy of one of these factions. In 1905 the first
+Russian revolution took place. In the period between the split in the
+Social Democratic party in 1903 and the outbreak of the revolution in
+1905 the leaders of the Bolsheviki had been active in formulating and
+propagating their theoretical and political views. During the
+revolution a sharp conflict occurred between the Bolsheviki and other
+factions of the Russian Socialist movement, and the Socialist press
+gave much space to the controversy.
+
+It will be seen from this brief historical sketch that when Nilus
+published a second edition of his book, late in 1905, he could find in
+the Russian Socialist press all the materials for such a general
+description of Bolshevism as that contained in the protocols. Of
+course, if we believe that the documents are genuine, that they are
+authentic translations of documents actually stolen in 1896, delivered
+to Nilus in 1901, and by him first made public in 1905, we have simply
+a coincidence of dates. I submit, however, that there is not a shred
+of credible evidence that the documents were so obtained by Nilus, or
+that they existed in 1896, 1901, 1903, or at any date earlier than
+1905, the year of their first publication. I submit, furthermore, that
+it is highly probable that the passages in the alleged protocols which
+are now hailed as conclusive evidence that the Bolshevist policy had
+been formulated as early as 1896, were in reality written after 1903
+and in the light of already published accounts of Bolshevist theories
+and tactics. There is not a thing that we know about these documents
+and their history which does not point directly to the conclusion that
+they are forgeries.
+
+When I was in London in October, 1920, an English journalist of
+distinction, well known and influential on both sides of the Atlantic,
+with great earnestness and evident conviction sought to impress me
+with the serious importance of these alleged _Protocols of the Elders
+of Zion_. He was quite convinced that the documents were genuine, and
+that they proved beyond reasonable doubt the existence of a world-wide
+Jewish conspiracy. With great solemnity and manifest sincerity he
+sought to enlist my co-operation in defense of what he called
+"Anglo-Saxon civilization," which he seemed to regard as synonymous
+with Christian civilization. He was quite astonished when I directed
+his attention to the fact that a well-known French writer, Louis
+Martin, had published, as far back as 1895, a book in which he
+attempted to prove the existence of such a world-wide Jewish
+conspiracy. My friend honestly believed that the existence of this
+conspiracy had never been known or suspected prior to the publication
+of the work of the mysterious Sergei Nilus. He was still more
+surprised when I told him that in his book, _L'Anglais Est-Il un
+Juif?_, Martin had attempted to prove that the English people are part
+of the Jewish race, and that the British government is the principal
+directing power of the conspiracy; so that the world-wide Jewish
+conspiracy must, according to Martin, be understood as a secret
+compact between the British government, as a Jewish organization, and
+the leaders of Jewry in all other lands. Thus is the theory of a
+world-wide Jewish conspiracy reduced to absurdity. I confess that at
+that time I was not aware that in the original Russian of the 1905
+edition of the work of Nilus this absurd theory of Martin had been
+reproduced, but carefully omitted from every English translation
+published in this country and in England. The reason for the omission
+is obvious; had the passage been given it would have made a
+laughing-stock of the protocols. I submit, however, that the omission
+of such an important passage from the text of Nilus without any
+reference to or explanation of the liberty taken with the text, places
+those responsible for the several translations in a very unfavorable
+light.
+
+In closing this chapter it is perhaps well that some record should be
+made of the sinister use which was made of these alleged protocols
+during the World War. Not long after the United States had begun
+active participation in the war against Germany, it came to my
+attention that typewritten manuscripts purporting to prove that the
+war was part of a great conspiracy of international Jews were being
+circulated. On at least three different occasions, early in 1918, I
+was asked about this charge. I was told then that the British and
+American governments were in a special sense the agents of this Jewish
+conspiracy. In July, 1918, in Paris, a fuller account of the documents
+was given to me by a loyal Socialist, to whom they had been shown.
+There was not then, as there is not now, the slightest doubt in my
+mind that the pro-German propagandists resorted to this trick in order
+to weaken the morale of the principal Allied nations.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY?
+
+
+Upon the strength of statements made in this collection of documents
+of mysterious and suspicious origin, a number of papers, including the
+_Dearborn Independent_ and the _London Morning Post_, have attempted
+to account for and explain the international Socialist movement as
+part of this Jewish imperialistic conspiracy. Neither in the protocols
+themselves nor in the newspapers making this particular charge has any
+shred of authentic evidence been adduced in its support. True, a great
+deal has been made of the undeniable fact that Karl Marx, Ferdinand
+Lassalle, Wilhelm Liebnecht, and other noted Socialists belonged to
+the Jewish race. Against this fact might very well be set the equally
+undeniable fact that the foremost opponents of these men, and of
+Socialism, were also of the Jewish race. Apparently, therefore, we are
+to believe that the leaders of this Jewish conspiracy set up the
+Socialist movement and fostered it, while at the same time they
+enlisted their ablest minds to defeat it. Surely for the normal mind
+that is not obsessed this is a theory too absurd for belief.
+
+Only those who are entirely ignorant of the history of Socialism and
+Socialist theories can possibly hold this view of its Jewish origin.
+Long before Karl Marx appeared upon the scene of action Socialism had
+already made an impress upon European thought. Marx was a boy of
+fifteen when the word Socialism first appeared in print as designating
+the doctrines preached by Robert Owen, the Welshman, for almost twenty
+years before that time. Was Owen the tool of Jewish conspirators? I
+have read most of the literature relating to Owen's life and teaching,
+including his own voluminous writings, and the innumerable
+controversies in which he was engaged throughout his life. I have not
+discovered in all this mass of material a single trace of Jewish
+influence. He had no Jewish friends or associates during the formative
+years, the period in which the Socialist ideas and ideals shaped
+themselves. His Socialism was the direct outcome of his experience as
+a successful manufacturer. He was not in any sense a man of books.
+From time to time he required large sums of money for his enterprises.
+Surely, if those enterprises, and his life's work as a whole, formed
+part of a great Jewish conspiracy which had behind it the vast
+financial resources of Jewry, it would not have been difficult for him
+to secure the financial support he needed. It is a fact of cardinal
+importance, therefore, that Owen never did receive Jewish financial
+support. Those who would have us believe that Socialism originated as
+a part of the great world-wide conspiracy of Jewish imperialism must
+first of all explain Robert Owen.
+
+Nor does Owen stand alone in the history of Socialism among the
+Anglo-Saxon peoples. It is a well-known fact, one to which he himself
+has called attention, that the most important of the economic and
+sociological theories of Marx were held and promulgated before his
+time by a number of British writers. As Professor Foxwell and others
+have shown, the roots of what is called Marxian Socialist theory lie
+deep in the soil of British political economy. Karl Marx devoted his
+typically Jewish genius to the exposition of Socialist theories, but
+the theories themselves were not of Hebraic origin. William Godwin,
+Charles Hall, William Thompson, John Gray, and John Francis Bray all
+preceded Marx, and not one of them was a Jew, nor can we find in their
+writings any trace of Jewish influence. It is the same with Bronterre
+O'Brien, the first to call himself a Social Democrat. If any or all of
+these men were the agents of such a conspiracy, it is remarkable that
+there should be an entire absence of evidence of that fact. It is
+quite unbelievable that there was any sort of conspiracy which
+affected them. For the most part they were poor and their books were
+published in pitifully small editions at great sacrifice to
+themselves. Incidentally, it is worthy of note, Karl Marx, the Jew,
+suffered terrible poverty. Certainly, all this does not suggest an
+international conspiracy backed by the Jewish leaders of the financial
+world.
+
+Because of the prominence of a few individual Jews in the American
+Socialist movement in recent years, the writer of the anti-Semitic
+articles in the _Dearborn Independent_ regards as proven the theory
+that American Socialism originated in Jewish conspiracy. It is another
+evidence of his entire ignorance of the subject concerning which he
+writes. If there is anything which can be said about Socialism with
+certainty, it is that its fundamental theories are mainly of
+Anglo-Saxon origin. Karl Marx was a boy of nine years when Robert Owen
+reprinted in England an American Socialist pamphlet, written by an
+American workingman and published in America a year or two earlier. At
+about the same time Thomas Cooper, of Columbia, South Carolina,
+published his book in which the fundamental economic theories of
+modern Socialism were clearly expounded. When Marx was no more than
+ten years old we find O.A. Brownson, editor of the Boston _Quarterly
+Review_, vigorously preaching here in America the theory of the class
+war, the abolition of the wage system, and the necessity for a triumph
+of the proletariat. We find such men as Thomas Skidmore, R.L.
+Jennings, and L. Byllesby preaching thoroughgoing Socialism. In 1829
+these men and others were exercising a notable and considerable
+influence upon American thought. In vain shall we search their
+writings and the meager accounts of their lives for any trace or
+suggestion of Jewish influence or control.
+
+I skip a decade and turn to the Fourierist period of American
+Socialism. The profound influence of Charles Fourier upon Karl Marx
+is well known and has been the subject of much learned writing. But if
+the Frenchman inspired the German Jew, so likewise did he inspire many
+American non-Jews, the very flower of our race. It was Albert Brisbane
+who began the Fourierist agitation here, and soon he had associated
+with him Horace Greeley, Parke Godwin, George Ripley, Charles A. Dana,
+John S. Dwight, William Henry Channing, Margaret Fuller, John Orvis,
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Edmund Clarence Stedman, and many others.
+Other distinguished Americans who were brought into more or less
+sympathetic association with the movement included Nathaniel
+Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Russell Lowell, and Theodore
+Parker, among others. Certainly it would be difficult to name a body
+of men and women more truly representative of the highest and best of
+American life and genius. To suggest that these were all the agents of
+a Jewish conspiracy, either consciously or unconsciously, is to invite
+and deserve ridicule. In truth, Socialism is as Anglo-Saxon as Magna
+Charta and as American as the Declaration of Independence, and we
+might as well attribute either or both of these to Jewish intrigue as
+Socialism. It is true that the organized Socialist movement in America
+has long spoken with a foreign accent and borne the imprint of an
+alien psychology, but that psychology, as I have elsewhere pointed
+out, is German and not Hebraic.
+
+It would take us too far afield to discuss the origin of French
+Socialism, even in this sketchy fashion, but I can state with the
+assurance that is born of intimate knowledge that French Socialism
+shows as little sign of having been inspired by alien influences,
+Jewish or other, as British and American Socialism. I stress this
+point not because I would defend the Jews against the charge that they
+have manifested unusual sympathy for Socialism (which, indeed, if
+true, I should hold to be a virtuous distinction), nor to apologize
+for or to deny the splendid contributions of individual Jews to the
+Socialist movement. My concern is to enter protest against the charge
+that the Socialist movement of the world originated in the ambitions
+of Jewish imperialists and is neither more nor less than part and
+parcel of a great international Jewish conspiracy. That is a stupid
+travesty of history, and a dangerous one.
+
+I have spent the greater part of my life in the Socialist movement, in
+close and intimate comradeship with both Jews and Gentiles belonging
+to nearly every civilized nation. I am as proud of the comradeship of
+my Jewish comrades as I am of that of any others. My readers will
+perhaps understand that I deeply resent the implication that through
+all the years of struggle and sacrifice I have been either the
+unconscious dupe or the willing agent of any kind of selfish
+conspiracy, Jewish or other. It is, of course, difficult to disprove
+such an accusation brought against a great movement, and, therefore,
+by implication against the individuals belonging to that movement. If
+I should charge that Mr. Henry Ford is engaged in this anti-Semitic
+propaganda for purely selfish and mercenary reasons, that he has
+become the spokesman and agent of great unscrupulous capitalist
+interests who seek to destroy their Jewish competitors and to profit
+thereby, he would find it difficult to establish the contrary by
+definite and concrete proof. As a matter of justice, nothing of the
+sort should be expected. The burden of proof rests upon the person
+making the accusation. In like fashion, when the _Dearborn
+Independent_ charges that the international Socialist movement is one
+of the agents of a vicious Jewish conspiracy against Christian
+civilization, it is in honor bound to submit proofs. This it has not
+done, nor has any other paper making the charge. I _know_ that the
+charge is a cruel and cowardly falsehood, a libel upon millions of
+honest and honorable men and women, to utter which is an infamy and
+degradation.
+
+The charge is one that has been leveled against practically every
+movement of protest that has been developed in modern times. It was
+leveled against the Protestant Reformation; against the French
+Revolution; against Mazzini and his followers in Italy; against the
+German Revolutionists of 1848; against British Trade-Unionists. I have
+no doubt that a little research would reveal the fact that the same
+charge was directed against the Abolitionists in this country. Vicious
+interests are never very scrupulous in their choice of weapons. In
+those Protestant countries in which the number of Catholics is much
+larger than the number of Jews it is a common practice to charge that
+movements of protest and revolt are instigated and led by the Catholic
+hierarchy. Where the number of Jews is very great the appeal is made
+to racial hatred. In Catholic countries, in the same way, accusation
+is directed against Protestantism or Judaism, according to
+circumstance.
+
+Wherever and by whosoever made, appeals to racial and religious
+prejudices and hatreds in defense of vested interests merit the
+condemnation of all honest and righteous men. When made in a country
+which, like the United States, possesses millions of peoples of many
+diverse lands and races not yet welded into national homogeneity, who
+must live and work together, such accusations become the most
+dangerous form of treason. Whoever propagates in this country
+antagonism to any race or creed represented in our citizenship,
+whether it be against Jews, Poles, Germans, Irish, English, or
+negroes; or against Judaism, Catholicism, or Protestantism, assails
+the very foundation of our most cherished and characteristic American
+institutions.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM
+
+
+The anti-Semitic press of both hemispheres charges that Bolshevism in
+Russia and elsewhere is a movement instigated and led by Jews, as part
+of a great conspiracy to bring about the Jewish domination of the
+world. The reasons for making this charge are only too obvious.
+Bolshevism is repugnant to the great mass of civilized mankind, by
+whom it is rightly regarded as a sort of moral leprosy. Whatever may
+be thought of the possibility of Sovietism in industry and government,
+Bolshevism, the spiritual dynamic as distinguished from the mechanical
+agent, is the negation of every virtuous principle which mankind holds
+in reverence. It frankly bases government upon brute force wielded by
+the few, and denies the ideal toward which all nations are striving,
+the ideal of government based upon the sanction of the governed. It
+unites in a terrible synthesis all the worst agencies and methods of
+tsarism and of militarism. To persuade the people of this or any other
+civilized country that Bolshevism is essentially a Jewish movement,
+part of a conspiracy to reduce civilization to chaos, and so prepare
+the way for a Jewish supergovernment of the world, would mean the
+rapid organization of the rest of the population against the Jews in
+every phase of life--politics, commerce, industry, education, social
+intercourse, and so on.
+
+In support of this most serious charge not a single shred of credible
+evidence has ever been adduced by any anti-Semitic writer or organ.
+For the universally known fact that there are Jews among the leaders
+of Bolshevism, in Russia and elsewhere, is not evidence that
+Bolshevism is _essentially_ or _primarily_ a Jewish movement; neither
+is it evidence that Bolshevism is a part of a Jewish conspiracy to
+obtain world domination. All that it proves is that which needs no
+proof--that there are Jews among the Bolsheviki. I repeat that in
+support of the charge not a shred of credible evidence has ever been
+adduced. In that shameful book, _The Cause of World Unrest_,
+consisting of articles reprinted from the _London Morning Post_, the
+anonymous author gives a list of fifty names of "persons who either
+are the actual governing powers in Soviet Russia now or were
+responsible for the establishment of the present regime there." There
+is both guile and cowardice in the latter part of this charge. It is
+easy to argue, with a certain plausibility, that every person who
+helped in the revolution of March, 1917, must be held "responsible for
+the establishment of the present regime." I have heard many Russians
+make the charge that Kerensky, the anti-Bolshevist, was "responsible"
+for the establishment of the Bolshevist regime. I have heard others
+charge the same thing against such men as Rodzianko, Prince Lvov, and
+Professor Miliukov. What these Russians meant was that the failure of
+these men and others to deal properly with the situation existing at
+the time of the March revolution made the triumph of Bolshevism
+possible. In that sense, we might as well go back a stage farther and
+present the names of Tsar Nicholas II and all his responsible
+Ministers as "persons who ... were responsible for the establishment
+of the present regime." This, however, is not what the _Morning Post_
+desires to convey to the mind of the reader. It insinuates, in a most
+cowardly fashion, that the fifty persons named by it are Bolsheviki
+and falsely alleges that of the fifty no less than forty-two are Jews.
+
+Concerning this list of names a few observations are necessary. The
+compiler of the list was not honest; he did not intend to place the
+reader in possession of the truth. This is evidenced by several facts.
+In the first place, many influential leaders of the Bolsheviki whose
+names are familiar to all who have given even ordinary attention to
+the subject are conspicuously absent. The reason for the omission is
+that these men are non-Jews. _Their inclusion in the list would have
+destroyed the author's charge._ He has suppressed important facts in
+the interest of his wretched case. I searched the list in vain for the
+names of such prominent leaders of the Bolshevist movement as
+Bucharin, Rakovsky, Miliutin, Raskolnikov, Shliapnikov, Latzis, Rykov,
+Stalin, Krestinsky, Bonch-Brouyevich, Dybenko, Dzerzhinsky, Krylenko,
+Gorky, Andreyeva, Nogin, Platakov, Kalinin, Boky, and many others less
+well known. Anyone who is at all familiar with the subject will
+recognize in the names I have here given some of the most active and
+influential leaders of the Bolsheviki. Not one of them is a Jew, and I
+submit that to omit them from a list of names which pretends to be
+representative is as dishonest as it is cowardly.
+
+The list is thoroughly dishonest, moreover, in that it sets down as
+Jews men who are well known to be Gentiles. For example, Manouilsky,
+number forty-six on the list, is described as a Jew, whereas it is
+well known that he is a Gentile, a Ukrainian. Bogdanov, number ten on
+the list, is likewise wrongfully described. His real name is not
+Silberstein, as alleged, but Malinovsky. Neither is he a Jew, as
+alleged, but a Gentile, a Russian. These two illustrations will serve
+to show how little reliance can be placed upon the list. Whether there
+are other misrepresentations of the same kind I am unable to say, for
+the reason that the list contains many names of persons who do not
+hold and have not held any important position in Russia, either under
+the Bolsheviki or the earlier Provisional Government headed by
+Kerensky. These persons are absolutely unknown to me, even by name,
+and they are equally unknown to every Russian revolutionary leader to
+whom I have submitted them. It is quite probable, therefore, that
+these names of alleged Jews hide the identity of men who are not Jews
+at all.
+
+Not only does this precious list studiously omit many of the principal
+leaders of the Bolshevist regime simply because they are not Jews, and
+misrepresent well-known Gentiles as Jews; quite as bad is the fact
+that it includes many names of men who are not only not supporters of
+the Bolshevist regime, but actually leaders of the most determined
+opposition to it. Here is a list which is submitted in proof of the
+charge that "nearly all the Bolshevist leaders are Jews," and in that
+list I find the names of ten men who are known to me to be among the
+most active leaders of the struggle against the Bolsheviki, men who
+have made heroic sacrifices and risked their lives in that fight. I
+say that the list includes the names of ten men known to me to be
+bitter opponents of Bolshevism; there may be others concerning whom I
+am not informed.
+
+Included in the list I find the name of Izgoev (forty-three), for
+instance. His real name is alleged to be Goldman, when in fact it is
+Landau. Not only is he not a Bolshevik, but, as everybody familiar
+with the Russian movement knows, one of the active publicists of the
+Russian Constitutional Democratic party. Orthodoks, number thirty-five
+on the list, is not a Bolshevik, but one of the most active members of
+the group of so-called Socialist Patriots, the "Unity" group organized
+by the late George Plechanov to support the Allied war aims, an
+organization that did much to strengthen Russian morale in the early
+stages of the war and which has vigorously and bitterly opposed
+Bolshevism and all its ways. Bounakov, number forty-five on the list,
+is also a leader of the anti-Bolshevist forces. When I was in Paris
+recently he was there actively engaged with other Socialists in
+carrying on anti-Bolshevist propaganda. Kamkov, number fifteen on the
+list, was one of the leaders of the Socialists-Revolutionists party, a
+determined opponent of the Bolsheviki. According to the best
+information at my command, he was one of the men responsible for the
+assassination of the German ambassador, Count von Mirbach, which was
+a protest against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was put to death by
+the Bolsheviki. Gorev, number eleven on the list, has consistently
+opposed Bolshevism with the rest of his colleagues of the Mensheviki.
+The same thing is true of Abramovich (twenty-four), of Dan
+(seventeen), of Martinov (twenty-one), of Martov (four), and of
+Meshkovsky (eighteen).
+
+The anonymous author of _The Cause of World Unrest_ says of this list
+that it is "the result of much labor and the work of several hands." I
+do not need to characterize it, in the light of the foregoing
+analysis. The facts to which I have called attention can be very
+readily verified. I submit that most abject apology is due to the
+reader from everybody concerned in the preparation and circulation of
+this book--from the anonymous author, the compiler of the list, the
+London _Morning Post_, and the publishers. There is nothing more
+contemptible than such poisoning of the wells of public information.
+
+For the present I have finished with the _Morning Post_. Let us turn
+now to Mr. Ford's _Dearborn Independent_. In its issue of May 29,
+1920, this organ of American anti-Semitism desperately tries to
+bolster up the charge that nearly all the leaders of the Bolsheviki
+are Jews by a clumsy invention of its own. It says:
+
+    Every commisar in Russia to-day is a Jew. Publicists are
+    accustomed to speak of Russia as if it were in disorder, but the
+    Jewish government of Russia is not. From a mass of underlings,
+    the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx, a flying wedge
+    through the superinduced disorder, as if every man's place had
+    been previously prepared for him.
+
+For these statements there is no justification in fact. They are
+absolutely and unqualifiedly untrue, as every person familiar with the
+facts must know. It is not true that "every commissar in Russia to-day
+is a Jew." Not even a majority of the members of the Council of
+People's Commissars are Jews. Lenin, who is at the head of the
+government, is not a Jew. Tchitcherin, who is in charge of foreign
+affairs, is not a Jew. Krassin, who is in charge of the trade
+negotiations with the British government, is not a Jew. These three
+men wield greater power and influence in Soviet Russia than all the
+Jewish officials combined. Dzerzhinsky, head of the infamous
+Extraordinary Commissions, is not a Jew. Lunarcharsky, who has charge
+of public education, is not a Jew. Rykov, chairman of the Economic
+Council, is not a Jew. Bonch-Brouyevich, secretary of the Council of
+People's Commissars, is not a Jew. Kolontai is not a Jewess. There are
+many other Gentile Commissars. How completely the London _Morning
+Post_ and the _Dearborn Independent_ misrepresent the essential facts
+I have already shown by my analysis of the pretentious list of fifty
+names published by the former. I have before me the official list of
+the members of the _Sovnarkom_--that is, the Council of the People's
+Commissars of the Soviet government. As is well known, the elaborate
+and intricate governmental system of Soviet Russia centers ultimate
+authority in this Council of People's Commissars, which consists of
+seventeen members. A most striking refutation of the statement made by
+the _Dearborn Independent_ is found in the fact that of the seventeen
+members of this supreme Bolshevist authority only one, Trotzky, is a
+Jew. The official list speaks for itself.
+
+_Official Name_             _Real Name_          _Department_
+
+1. N. Lenin[1]              Oulianov             President
+2. G. Tchitcherin[1]        G. Tchitcherin       Foreign Affairs
+3. L. Trotsky[2]            Bronstein            War
+4. E. Raskolnikov[1]        E. Raskolnikov       Navy
+5. G. Petrovsky[1]          G. Petrovsky         Interior
+6. N. Krestinsky[1]         N. Krestinsky        Finance
+7. L. Krassin[1]            L. Krassin           Industry and Commerce
+                                                   and Ways of
+                                                   Communication
+8. S. Sereda[1]             S. Sereda            Agriculture
+9. N. Bruchanov[1]          N. Bruchanov         Supply
+10. A. Lunarcharsky[1]      A. Lunarcharsky      Public Instruction
+11. V. Stuchka[1]           V. Stuchka           Justice
+12. A. Kolontai[1]          A. Kolontai          Public Welfare
+13. V. Smidt[1]             V. Smidt             Labor
+14. A. Rykov[1]             A. Rykov             Chairman, Economic
+                                                   Council
+15. K. Stalin[3]            Djugashvili          National Affairs
+16. Dr. N. Semashko[1]      Dr. N. Semashko      Public Health
+17. V. Bonch-Brouyevich[1]  V. Bonch-Brouyevich  Executive secretary
+                                                   of the Council of
+                                                   People's Commissars
+[1] Russian     [2] Jew     [3] Georgian
+
+Of course there are many Jews holding minor positions in the
+Bolshevist regime. It would be quite impossible to name any part of
+the Russian population to which that statement would not equally
+apply. For millions of people, Christians and Jews alike, the only
+possible alternative to starvation and death is to accept service
+under the Bolsheviki. Even loyal generals of the Tsar's army have
+accepted such service in order to avoid the starvation of themselves
+and their loved ones, despite their hatred of Bolshevism and the
+Bolsheviki. It is a fact, however, that there are very few Jews
+holding responsible posts in the Bolshevist government of Russia,
+while there are many Jews prominently identified with the
+anti-Bolshevist movement. I have followed very closely the accounts of
+the proceedings of the Bolshevist movement and of the Communist party,
+as reported in the official press, and have paid special attention to
+the activity of the Jews. Up to the present my list of Jews holding
+prominent positions in either the Soviet government or the Communist
+party contains less than twenty names, yet I believe it is fairly
+complete. It includes the names of Trotzky, Steklov, Zinoviev,
+Kamenev, Uritsky, Volodarsky, Sverdlov, Ganetsky, Helfandt (Parvus),
+Riazanov, Radek, Litvinov, Joffe, and Larin. It will be rather
+difficult, I think, to name any important omissions. As against this
+meager list of Jews, a very hastily compiled list of non-Jews who are
+prominent in the government or in the Communist party contains
+seventy-five names. In this list I do not include any of the many
+former generals of the Tsar's army now holding important positions in
+the Red Army and various departments of the Soviet government. With
+entire confidence I submit these incontestable facts to my readers in
+reply to the _Dearborn Independent_.
+
+It is absurdly untrue to say, as the _Dearborn Independent_ does, that
+"the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx" after the overthrow
+of tsarism. Throughout the revolutionary period the Jews in Russia
+have presented about the same political divisions as the Russian
+population in general. Like the overwhelming mass of the Russian
+people, they are anti-Bolshevist. Even if we confine our attention to
+the Jewish Socialists, overlooking for the moment the large number of
+Jews belonging to the Constitutional Democrats and other non-Socialist
+parties, we shall find absolutely no evidence of anything approaching
+a united Jewish Socialist support of the Bolsheviki. On the contrary,
+the most implacable and determined opponents of the Bolsheviki have
+been, and still are, Jewish Socialists. Such Jews as Martov, Dan,
+Lieber, Abramovich, and others have distinguished themselves by their
+relentless and unremitting opposition to the Bolsheviki.
+
+In reply to Mr. William Hard, who called attention to the fact that
+Jews like Vinaver, Martov, and others have been as active on the
+anti-Bolshevist side as Trotzky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, and others have
+been on the Bolshevist side, the anonymous writer employed by the
+_Dearborn Independent_ resorts to a more cowardly and despicable
+controversial trick than I have hitherto encountered, even in
+anti-Semitic literature. Having charged that the Jews were united "in
+a perfect phalanx" in support of Bolshevism, when confronted by Mr.
+Hard with the evidence that there are Jews at the head of the
+anti-Bolshevist forces, he coolly abandons his charge and insinuates
+another. He says: "Look how the Jews control every phase of political
+opinion in Russia! Doesn't there seem to be some ground for the
+feeling that they are desirous of ruling everywhere?"
+
+Not often, I venture to say, has any American journalist descended to
+this low level. I am justified in asking Mr. Ford, who is primarily
+responsible for the _Dearborn Independent_ and for its policy, whether
+he considers it to be compatible with sound American citizenship and
+with the traditions of our race to spread broadcast through the land
+such cruelly unjust appeals to prejudice. Surely it is not difficult
+to see this matter from the viewpoint of the Jew, which in this
+instance is also the viewpoint of every fair-minded non-Jew. For the
+Jew it is a case of being damned either way. When it is noted that
+there are a few Jews holding prominent positions in the Bolshevist
+regime, the whole race is stigmatized and charged with being engaged
+in a conspiracy to destroy civilization; but when attention is called
+to the fact that other Jews, far more numerous, are engaged in
+fighting Bolshevism and attempting to save civilization, no credit for
+that fact is given to the race; it is not admitted as a fact modifying
+the previously formed sweeping judgment, but, on the contrary, is held
+to be additional evidence of guilt. Nothing that Bolshevist
+propagandists have attempted to do in this country involves anything
+like the peril to our institutions that is involved in this deliberate
+attempt to silence the anti-Bolshevist Jews by making even their
+propaganda against Bolshevism appear as part of a conspiracy against
+those institutions.
+
+I am not here and now concerned to defend the Jews. Even were my gifts
+much greater, I should not presume to arrogate to myself that honor.
+The defense of the Jewish people against the aspersions cast upon them
+by this cruel propaganda belongs in the first place to Jewish scholars
+and publicists and can be left to them. My concern is the defense of
+Christian civilization, of American ideals and institutions, of the
+noblest Anglo-Saxon traditions. These things are our greatest wealth;
+they are the heritage of our children. When, therefore, this hateful
+propaganda imperils these things, it is both my duty and my privilege
+to defend them. Anti-Semitism has no place in Christian civilization;
+its spirit and its language are both alien and hostile to our Republic
+and to the genius of the race of Milton and Lincoln.
+
+It can be demonstrated to the full satisfaction of any open-minded
+person of normal intelligence that Bolshevism is the negation of the
+faith and morals which constitute the strongest bond of the Jewish
+people. Trotzky has many times declared that he is no Jew, but a
+"general proletarian," and Bela Kun, in a formal statement, declared
+himself to be opposed to all religions and national cultures, the
+Jewish included, and that he stood only for the economic interests of
+the proletariat. I could quote many similar statements by prominent
+Jewish Bolsheviki, were it necessary. The position taken by these men
+is, of course, entirely logical. Not only is Bolshevism fundamentally
+opposed to the Jewish religion; it is equally antagonistic to the
+principle of nationality itself. How, then, can it be possible to
+regard Bolshevism as typically and essentially Jewish, or as part of
+an all-Jewish conspiracy? Is it possible to believe that a great
+conspiratory scheme to direct the whole weight and influence of the
+Jewish people to a single political end, conceived and led by the
+ablest leaders of that great people so remarkable for their
+intellectual power, would or could rest upon principles diametrically
+and irreconcilably opposed to the greatest psychological force
+motivating the conduct of the masses of that people?
+
+These questions by themselves shatter the charge we are discussing.
+There is, however, an immense mass of direct and positive evidence
+available to all who desire to know the truth, but which is carefully
+and studiously ignored by the preachers of anti-Semitism. If such men
+as Mr. Ford are ignorant of the existence of this evidence, as we must
+suppose them to be, their offense against America and American ideals
+is not thereby appreciably lessened; their reckless and irresponsible
+use of the wealth and other influential agents at their command adds
+to the sum of their shame and wrongdoing. The greatest and strongest
+Jewish Socialist organization in Russia and Poland, the "Bund," has
+stood in solid opposition to Bolshevism and the Bolshevist regime
+from the very beginning until now. Not only have leaders of the right
+wing, or moderate section of the "Bund," such as Lieber, fought
+Bolshevism with their full might, but leaders of the radical left
+wing, such as Kossovsky and Medem, have been equally courageous and
+uncompromising on the same side[1]. A tiny and negligible minority
+split off from the "Bund" because of its anti-Bolshevist character and
+formed a new organization, the "Communist Bund." Similarly, the
+overwhelming mass of the Zionist party has consistently opposed
+Bolshevism and all its works, and such men as Doctor Pasmanick, the
+well-known Zionist leader of Odessa, have given their full support to
+every anti-Bolshevist movement, political and military.
+
+I have already referred to the activity of the well-known Jewish
+leader, Vinaver, in the fight against Bolshevism. Mr. Vinaver is not a
+Socialist; on the contrary, during many years he has been a
+consistent opponent of Socialism and one of the foremost leaders of
+the Constitutional Democratic party, of whose Central Committee he
+was, and I believe still is, the chairman. Immediately after the March
+revolution of 1917, Mr. Vinaver was appointed Senator by the First
+Provisional Government. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly
+from Petrograd, and later on, after his escape from Petrograd, served
+as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of the Crimea. This
+prominent Jewish anti-Socialist testifies that "not a single Jewish
+Socialist faction has joined the Bolsheviki." From a report on this
+subject cabled to this country by Vinaver in July, 1919, I quote the
+following paragraphs, which speak for themselves.
+
+    The entire Russian Jewry struggles against Bolshevism. This is
+    true not only with regard to the bourgeoisie, but to the
+    democratic classes of the Russian Jewry as well. It is
+    sufficient to say that not a single Jewish Socialist faction has
+    joined the Bolsheviki. All political factions of the Russian
+    Jewry are struggling against Bolshevism.
+
+    The great majority of the Jewish population, including many of
+    the poor, are being classed by the Bolsheviki with the so-called
+    bourgeoisie, and every place where the Bolsheviki rule, the
+    Jewish population, not to speak of very insignificant
+    exceptions, is suffering and starving.
+
+    The Bolshevist regime has destroyed the industries and the
+    trade, and the Jewish population, which made its living mostly
+    through participation in the industrial and commercial life, is
+    suffering probably more than other nationalities. At the same
+    time, the Bolsheviki are persecuting all religions, and the
+    Jewish religious institutions have suffered from their despotic
+    rule not less than the institutions of the Christian religion.
+
+    The anti-Semites are making very wide use of the fact that
+    Trotzky is a Jew, but the participation of several Jews among
+    the Bolshevist leaders does not nullify the fact that the
+    Russian Jewry, in its overwhelming majority, struggles actively
+    against Bolshevism. _It is significant that Bolshevism spread
+    mostly in central and eastern Russia where the Jews constitute
+    an insignificant minority._
+
+It is a significant fact that the only Socialist elected to the United
+States Congress in the recent election, Meyer London, a Russian-born
+Jew, is a vigorous opponent of Bolshevism. In view of such evidence as
+the foregoing, it is surely not less than ridiculous to attempt to
+make Bolshevism appear as a phase of Jewish Socialism, and a part of a
+world-wide Jewish conspiracy, instead of what it is--namely, the wild
+anarchical outburst of despairing and desperate masses of men. I
+venture to say that when the history of this tragic episode in the
+life of Russia is authoritatively written, it will be found that Jews
+have not been responsible for the most objectionable features of
+Bolshevism. Not even Trotzky need be excluded from this
+generalization, for, while it is true that his genius made Bolshevism
+the formidable military power it became, the brutal excesses of the
+Red Terror must be charged against such men as Peters, the Lett, and
+Dzerzhinsky, the Pole.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] see the articles published in the New York pro-Bolshevist weekly,
+_Die Neue Welt_, June 27, July 4 and 11, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS
+
+
+No one who knows how the Jews of Russia, in common with the rest of
+the population, have suffered from Bolshevist misrule will be likely
+to give credence to the theory that Bolshevism is part of a Jewish
+conspiracy. As everybody knows, Jews made up a very considerable part
+of the commercial class in Russia. The indemnities levied upon this
+class by the Bolshevist commissions in the cities have applied equally
+to Jew and Gentile. It is a fact that ordinary Jewish shopkeepers have
+been compelled to pay their full share of the indemnities so levied.
+Scores of thousands of Jews have had their property confiscated and
+been reduced to abject poverty. Many thousands more have had to flee,
+leaving everything behind them, thankful only that they could save
+their lives. The _Chresvy-chaikas_ have drawn no distinction between
+Jew and Gentile, and the available records, meager as they are, prove
+that the Jews have contributed their full quota to the long list of
+the victims of these infamous terrorist organizations. Pogroms and
+other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been too common in
+Bolshevist Russia to permit any suspicion that Bolshevism is a
+pro-Jewish movement. The evidence upon this point is overwhelming.
+
+I am quite well aware that the statement that pogroms have been common
+in Bolshevist Russia will be challenged and indignantly denied by many
+of our American defenders of the Bolsheviki, Jews and Gentiles alike.
+It is none the less a well-attested fact. I have in my possession a
+mass of evidence which amply proves the truth of the statement. At the
+same time, I do not mean to charge that the Soviet government has
+deliberately instigated or authorized pogroms. Indeed, I am quite
+ready to believe that the Soviet government has honestly desired and
+attempted to prevent such pogroms. Lenin accepted the presidency of an
+organization formed to combat anti-Semitism. The truth seems to be
+that just as pogroms have admittedly taken place in the new republic
+of Poland, despite the efforts of the Polish government to prevent
+them, and just as pogroms were carried out by Denikin's Volunteer Army
+despite General Denikin's attempts to prevent them, and the severe
+punishments inflicted by him upon the culprits, so regular Bolshevist
+troops in southern Russia have plundered and murdered Jews and raped
+and mutilated Jewish women and girls. Just as these lines are being
+written word comes, from sources of unquestionable authority, of
+pogroms against the Jews in the Ukraine, in which Bolshevist troops
+participated.
+
+The Pogrom Victims' Relief Committee of the Russian Red Cross Society
+published a report of its investigations of the Jewish pogroms in
+southern Russia during the period when General Denikin's forces were
+fighting the Bolsheviki. The report, based upon evidence of
+unquestionable reliability, showed that Jews had been plundered and
+murdered not only by disorderly troops of Denikin's Volunteer Army,
+and by the troops of Petlura and by the robber bands led by "atamans,"
+like Makhno, _but also by regular Bolshevist troops_. The report
+attributes to the latter the destruction of at least thirteen Jewish
+communities in southern Russia and the murder of five hundred Jews.
+And this is only one report of many. Before me as I write is the
+account given by an eyewitness of the pogrom which opened at
+Novo-Poltavka on September 1, 1919, and lasted through the whole of
+the week following. _More than one hundred Jews were murdered,
+numerous women and girls were raped, and the entire colony was
+plundered._ This pogrom was carried on by the guerrilla bands led by
+"atamans" Makhno and Grigoriev, together with regular Bolshevist
+troops.[2] Do you ask me to believe that these pogroms were
+deliberately brought about as part of a "Jewish" conspiracy?
+
+Under the rule of the Bolsheviki the local organs of Jewish autonomy
+in the Ukraine were entirely destroyed.[3] The chairman of the Jewish
+Community in Kiev, Mr. D. Levenstein, has testified to the brutal
+treatment of the Jews in that city during the Bolshevist occupation.
+Vladimir Kossovsky, one of the foremost leaders of the "Bund," well
+known in Socialist international circles, in an article published in
+the Jewish Socialist monthly, _Die Zukunft_, of New York, says:
+
+    Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist Russia have occurred with
+    particular intensity during the first half of 1918. I shall
+    point, as an example, to the pogroms in Gulkhov, in the
+    government of Chernigov, where they assumed a particularly
+    brutal form, and in a number of places in the Poliesiye. _All
+    of these pogroms were the work of Bolshevist troops._
+
+    The Glukhov pogrom, which has attained such sad notoriety,
+    started on February 28, 1918, after a Bolshevist detachment had
+    entered the city. The Red Army men, transformed into savage
+    beasts, murdered the arrested Jews who were being taken under
+    guard to the building of the Soviet, _and the street which
+    housed the Soviet was literally sodden with Jewish blood. All
+    Jewish stores and residences were sacked._ Peasants from the
+    near-by villages soon joined the plunderers of the Red Guard in
+    their work of looting and pillaging. According to newspaper
+    reports, four hundred and fifty Jews were murdered, among these
+    some Jewish soldiers who had been rewarded with "St. George"
+    medals for bravery. Long lists of victims--such as could be
+    identified--were at that time published in the newspapers. _The
+    pogrom was directed exclusively against the Jews, and the
+    Christian population of the city did not suffer in the least._
+
+Concerning the pogroms in Poliesiye, Kossovsky quotes from the
+official organ of the Menshevist party, the _Novaia Zaria_, of Moscow,
+June 10, 1918, the following:
+
+    The large Jewish population of this region (Poliesiye) finds
+    itself in a particularly tragic situation. The "activity" of the
+    Red Army in Novogorod-Sieversk, Seredina-Buda, and Glukhov,
+    where the Soviet detachments massacred the Jewish populations,
+    has found an echo in other cities, and the sword of Damocles
+    hangs at present over the unfortunate Jewish people. In the city
+    of Potchep the Jews saved themselves from a pogrom by collecting
+    in time fifteen thousand rubles, which they handed over to the
+    pogrom-mad Red Army detachment upon its entrance into the city,
+    in addition to giving it a splendid reception and a sumptuous
+    feast. As reward for this reception the bashi-bazouks of the
+    Soviet decided to spare the city.
+
+Pogroms and other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been so common
+in Bolshevist Russia as to make the "Jewish question" one of extreme
+difficulty and importance. In numerous Soviets, notably Yaroslavl,
+Vitebsk, and Smolensk, Jewish members were openly insulted by the
+Bolsheviki; such epithets as "_szhid!_" ("sheeny!") were hurled at the
+Jewish members. Once more I quote from the article by Kossovsky:
+
+    In the provinces the pogrom mania invaded even the Soviets, not
+    mentioning the Red Army which became more and more infected with
+    it. According to the Kiev _Naiye Zait_, in the Vitebsk Soviet
+    shouts were heard, "Chase the Jews out of the Soviets and its
+    institutions!" In the Yaroslavl Soviet, according to information
+    printed in the Moscow Social-Democratic newspaper, _Vperiod_,
+    there were often heard insulting and shameful cries directed
+    against the Jews. In Smolensk, according to _Svobodnaya Rossia_,
+    members of the Red Army would come to the Soviet and demand that
+    Jews be barred from holding posts as war commissaries and
+    commanders. A lively anti-Semitic propaganda was carried on in
+    Moscow and Petrograd, too, though it never reached the stage of
+    a pogrom. In Petrograd anti-Jewish posters, signed by a "Kamorra
+    of the People's Revenge," were spread broadcast. As a result of
+    the apprehensiveness aroused, detachments for self-defense were
+    organized by the Jews of Moscow. In Petrograd the Bolshevist
+    authorities did not permit the organization of self-defense
+    bodies, fearing lest the weapons of the self-defense detachments
+    be turned against the Soviet.
+
+    Upon the initiative of the Petrograd Jewish Community the day of
+    May 23, 1918, was designated as a Jewish National Day of
+    Mourning throughout Russia as a protest against the latter-day
+    Jewish pogroms in Russia. On that day the Jews were to close all
+    their business establishments, not to issue newspapers, etc.,
+    etc. The May 23d issue of the Petrograd Jewish daily, _Unser
+    Tagblat_, appeared in a black border and was full of articles
+    relating to anti-Jewish attacks and pogroms, entitled: "Protest
+    by Mourning," "Let Jewish Blood Boil," "The Day of Sorrow," "The
+    Bloody Roll (Statistics Concerning Jewish Pogroms)." To convey
+    to the reader the substance of these articles I will quote the
+    closing words of the article, "The Bloody Roll": "The old
+    tsarist, bloody Russia, fell, and a new Russia, a
+    radical-Socialist, a communist, Russia came in its place. And
+    still, as before, we stand facing a roster of Jewish pogroms, a
+    roster which is, as yet, far from ended, as each day adds new
+    names, new victims, and new massacres."
+
+Mr. Louis Marshall, who is universally recognized as one of the
+foremost leaders of the American Jewry and who headed the
+American-Jewish delegation to the Peace Conference, in an interview
+published in the New York Jewish daily newspaper, _The Day_, July 27,
+1919, categorically denied the assertion that there have been no
+Jewish pogroms under the rule of the Bolsheviki. He declared that such
+pogroms took place in the districts of the Ukraine controlled by the
+Bolsheviki as well as in those controlled by the robber bands. "We
+know of such pogroms having occurred," he said, "and very often the
+Bolsheviki care just as little about the Jews as others who make
+pogroms. It is possible that some of their pogroms are at times
+different, but in substance there were Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist
+territory as well." Mr. Marshall added the following observation:
+"_All Jewish representatives that I have met in Paris who came from
+Russia are strong opponents of Bolshevism. Even to this day the Jewish
+Socialist parties are no less sharp in their condemnation of the
+Bolsheviki than are the bourgeois parties._"
+
+So far as I have been able to discover, there is not a large Jewish
+Community in Russia which has not repudiated Bolshevism. Not in a
+single instance has the support of the leaders of such a Community
+been given to the Lenin-Trotzky regime. For example, I have before me
+the report of the annual general meeting of the Jewish Community of
+Archangel, which took place on May 11, 1919. Therein is contained a
+Memorandum by the Council of the Community on the relation of the Jews
+to Bolshevism. The Memorandum points out that, while it is true that
+there are Jews among the leaders of the Bolsheviki, it is also true
+that there are many Jews among the leaders of the anti-Bolshevist
+forces. It names such men as MM. Vinaver, Gotz, Minor, Bliumkin (who
+assassinated Count Mirbach), Kannengisser (who shot Uritzki), and Dora
+Kaplan (who attempted to assassinate Lenin and forfeited her own
+life).
+
+The Memorandum asks the non-Jewish world to remember that all of the
+Jews connected with the Bolshevist movement in any prominent capacity
+are apostates, that not one of them ever took the slightest part in
+the affairs of Russian Jewry, and that the Jewish people only learned
+of their existence at about the same time and in the same way as the
+Russian people in general became aware of the existence of such
+non-Jewish Bolshevist leaders as Lenin, Lunarcharsky, Tchitcherin,
+Krylenko, Dybenko, and many others. Attention is called to the fact
+that prominent Jewish national workers in Russia have been subjected
+to the same persecution and maltreatment by the Bolsheviki as the
+public-spirited men and women of other nationalities. The Memorandum
+cites the imprisonment of Doctor Maze, Rabbi of the Moscow Community,
+and the confiscation of the buildings belonging to the Petrograd
+Jewish Community, where the cultural and religious institutions of the
+Jews of that city were centered. I commend to the attention of all
+fair-minded men and women the following paragraph from this document:
+
+    Aside from this group of Jewish Bolshevist leaders there is the
+    Jewish people, the many millions of the Jewish population of
+    Russia. The unassuming representatives of that Jewish Community
+    of Archangel take the liberty to affirm that neither the Jewish
+    people as a whole, nor any of its socially organized groups, are
+    responsible for the savagery, violence, acts of blasphemy, and
+    mockery of human rights which characterize the Bolshevist
+    regime.
+
+    The Jewish people are fully familiar with acts of brutality,
+    with the Red Terror, familiar from long-past experience and from
+    present experience in Bolshevist Russia, together with all the
+    other nations inhabiting that unhappy territory. But the hands
+    of the Jewish masses, of all the classes of the Jewish people,
+    are not stained with this blood. We have not heard, and we
+    believe that we shall never hear, of any act of terror
+    committed by any masses of Jews led either by Jews or by
+    non-Jews.
+
+    Let the Jewish Bolsheviki stand accused and condemned of their
+    guilt like their compatriots of other nationalities, but there
+    must be no room for generalization and wholesale accusation when
+    the people as a whole are guiltless and where millions,
+    permeated by a powerful cohesive force of an ancient culture
+    organically foreign to the spirit of violence and vandalism,
+    stand apart from a few individual persons.
+
+Quite similar to the foregoing is a Memorandum addressed by the
+Council of the Vladivostok Jewish Community to the Russian people. The
+concluding paragraphs of this address seem to me to be a complete and
+crushing refutation of the monstrous calumny that is being so
+assiduously spread among our people:
+
+    In the present historic movement the Council of the Jewish
+    Community of Vladivostok deems it its sacred civil duty to come
+    forward with the following protest. The Council declares that:
+    (1) The many millions of the Russian Jewry reject every
+    responsibility for the crimes committed against Russia by a
+    small group of Jewish renegades who have nothing in common with
+    the Jews and have long since broken off all connections with
+    them, such as Bronstein-Trotzky, Nakhamkes-Steklov,
+    Apfelbaum-Zinoviev, Joffe, Kamenev, and others connected with
+    Bolshevism, just as the Russian, Lettish, Polish, Georgian,
+    Armenian, and other nationalities cannot be held to answer for
+    the deeds and misdeeds of Bolshevist leaders who were born in
+    their midst. (2) The Russian Jewry, as a whole, is warmly and
+    sincerely devoted to the interests of Russia, its motherland,
+    and has struggled and is still struggling for the regeneration
+    of the Russian state, and is heartily interested, together with
+    all the other peoples inhabiting Russia, in the speediest
+    overthrowing of Bolshevism and the reconstruction of orderly
+    life in Russia. The Russian Jews have lost over one hundred
+    thousand of their brothers and sons in killed and wounded in the
+    war with Germany. Thousands of Jews are found at present in the
+    ranks of the armies of Admiral Kolchak and of General Denikin.
+    (3) Bolshevism has ruined hundreds of thousands of Jewish
+    merchants, business men, artisans, and men in various
+    enterprises, and has completely destroyed the entire population
+    of the Northwestern Territories. _Thousands of Jewish families
+    have been deported from Soviet Russia_ and are now dragging out
+    a miserable existence as refugees in Siberia, in the Ural
+    region, and in the border cities.
+
+    _The Soviet government has shot and is still shooting Jewish
+    public men, lawyers, engineers, physicians, and workmen who have
+    participated in the struggle against the Soviet rule._ In the
+    near future there will be published documents and irrefutable
+    facts revealing the number of Jewish lives and the billions of
+    Jewish wealth that have perished during the past two years in
+    the struggle with Bolshevism.
+
+    The Vladivostok Jewish Community protests to the Russian public
+    opinion and to the honest and independent Russian press against
+    the falsehoods, insinuations, and calumnies directed against the
+    Jewish people in such profusion by the enemies of humanity and
+    the state.
+
+In view of such facts as these, is it reasonable to suppose that
+Bolshevism is a pro-Jewish conspiracy? Is it less than ridiculous to
+suggest that the system which has reduced hundreds of thousands of
+Jews to abject poverty, broken up thousands of Jewish homes and
+families, confiscated billions of Jewish wealth, imprisoned thousands
+of prominent Jews, and murdered numerous others, is part of a Jewish
+conspiracy? Surely, every intelligent person must see that any such
+conspiracy must necessarily require, as the first condition of its
+success, a degree of racial solidarity never yet attained by any
+people at any time in the history of the world. That solidarity could
+only be obtained by assuring to the Jews their complete exemption
+from the suffering and oppression imposed upon the non-Jewish
+population. Had there been any thought of securing the solidarity of
+the Jewish people of Russia against the non-Jewish population, it
+would have been effectively thwarted by the imposition of such burdens
+of poverty and suffering upon the Jews, and their resulting
+resentment. Not the smallest particle of evidence has ever yet been
+adduced to show that the Jews in Russia have been exempted from any of
+the oppressive features of Bolshevism. As Mr. Wells reminds us, the
+Bolsheviki have suppressed the Hebrew language, the historic language
+of Judaism, to preserve which Jews in all lands and during many
+centuries have made such vast sacrifices. Do we need any further
+evidence?
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] The full account of this eyewitness appeared in the _Odesskiya
+Novosti_, September 27, 1919.
+
+[3] Statement by Dr. M. Zitron, _Dos Yiddishe Volk_, of Warsaw, July
+11, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM
+
+
+Precisely such propaganda as that which the _Dearborn Independent_ has
+been carrying on is responsible for many of the blackest and most
+shameful pages in history. Wherever and whenever there has been an
+organized propaganda of anti-Semitism it has invariably been closely
+intertwined with every other contemporary reactionary oppressive and
+contemptible force. To those who know the history of anti-Semitism in
+Russia, in Poland, and in Rumania, even in quite recent years, this
+statement will seem so trite as not to require any demonstration. This
+close association with other forms of reaction and brutal oppression
+is not peculiar to anti-Semitism, but is a common characteristic of
+every form of race prejudice and hatred. Among the Turks organized
+prejudice and hatred of Armenians has invariably been found to be
+closely associated with all the other evil forces in the Turkish
+Empire. In our own country, discrimination against and injustice to
+the negro goes hand in hand with almost every other form of reaction
+and oppression.
+
+It is quite useless to pretend that such articles as those published
+in the _Dearborn Independent_ and the London _Morning Post_ are not
+really anti-Semitic propaganda, but merely a legitimate discussion of
+a great and serious problem. Such specious pleading will not deceive
+any intelligent, honest person. The only possible object of the
+articles is to convince the people who read them that civilized
+society is threatened by a great world-wide secret conspiracy of the
+Jews; that this virile and highly intelligent people, scattered
+throughout the civilized world, and numbering, it is estimated, about
+sixteen millions, is secretly organized and led by an "invisible
+government" composed of some of the ablest and keenest minds in the
+world, to the end of bringing all the governments of the earth,
+together with all industry and commerce, under the absolute rule and
+dominion of a dynasty to be set up by an aristocratic Jewish
+Sanhedrin.
+
+Even if we ignore, for the purpose of this discussion, the fact that
+to sustain this charge a structure of cruel falsehood has been erected
+with great cunning, it is surely plain enough that the effect of such
+a charge upon the minds of such non-Jews as believe it can only be the
+development of a spirit of antagonism toward Jews, as Jews. In so far
+as the _Dearborn Independent_ succeeds in its efforts, it must
+inevitably make our Gentile population regard their Jewish neighbors
+with fear and suspicion. And from such fear and suspicion emanate
+intolerance and hatred and their brutal progeny. There is no essential
+difference between the articles which have been appearing in Mr.
+Ford's paper, either in spirit or in text, and those which, in a past
+so recent that its horror haunts the memory of men and women of our
+generation, let loose upon tens of thousands of helpless and
+inoffensive people the most bestial and fiendish cruelty and hatred
+ever attained by beings called human.
+
+I can quite well remember the intense horror with which the Christian
+world read of the wave of pogroms against the Jews which swept over
+Russia in 1891, following the inhuman enforcement of the "May Laws."
+Jewish women in travail, forced to flee for their lives, hid in
+cemeteries, and in those "cities of the dead" brought forth their
+babes. Jewish fathers took their daughters to brothels for safe
+hiding. Jewish women and girls were raped. Jewish homes were looted,
+and whole villages inhabited by Jews were burned down. Even women and
+children were brutally murdered, simply because they were Jews and
+because a newspaper propaganda in all respects like that now being
+carried on in this country and in England had made the Jewish people
+the object of suspicion and fear and, therefore, of hatred. It was
+then that a Russian statesman declared that the "Jewish question"
+would be solved only when one third of the Jews had perished, another
+third emigrated, and the remaining third been converted to the
+orthodox Church!
+
+The frightful massacre of Jews at Kishinev in 1903 likewise resulted
+from a newspaper propaganda very similar to that which is now being
+carried on by the _Dearborn Independent_ and the London _Morning
+Post._ On that occasion an unexampled and unprecedented outburst of
+horror thrilled the whole civilized world. John Hay, our then
+Secretary of State, said: "No person of ordinary humanity can have
+heard without deep emotion the story of the cruel outrages inflicted
+upon the Jews of Kishinev. These lamentable events have caused the
+profoundest impression throughout the world." President Roosevelt
+said, "I have never in my experience in this country known of a more
+immediate or a deeper expression of the sympathy for the victims and
+of horror over the appalling calamity that has occurred."
+
+The Kishinev outrages were the direct and logical outcome of the
+campaign of calumny and hatred against the Jews waged by the local
+newspaper, the _Bessarabetz_, owned and edited by a Moldavian named
+Kroushevan. Except for the specific charge of "ritual murder," with
+which I shall presently deal, the campaign of Jew-baiting pursued by
+this journal, which produced such disastrous and monstrous results,
+was the counterpart of that now being carried on by the _Dearborn
+Independent_. Kroushevan charged that the Jews were conspiring to
+secure world dominion; he charged that the economic power of the
+Jewish race in Russia was a peril to the nation; he charged that Jews
+were responsible for Socialism and social unrest. The anti-Semitic
+articles appearing in this country and in England during the past few
+weeks are quite like those which used to appear in the _Bessarabetz_.
+
+Of course, the crowning infamy of the campaign of hate waged by the
+Kishinev paper was the charge of "ritual murder." A Christian boy,
+named Ribalenko, belonging to the village of Doubossar, midway between
+Kishinev and Odessa, was murdered, his body being found in an orchard.
+The _Bessarabetz_ at once declared that the boy had been killed by the
+Jews for sacrificial purposes, thus reviving one of the most terrible
+and most infamous libels ever directed against any race or sect--a
+calumny that has been exposed and refuted again and again.
+Subsequently, after the mischief had been done, _it was proved that
+the boy was murdered by his uncle and the care-taker of the orchard in
+which the body was found--both of them Russians and Gentiles._ The
+murderers confessed their guilt, the motive for the crime being gain.
+
+The horrors of 1891 were repeated and even excelled at Kishinev in
+1903 as a result of this propaganda. It is not necessary to go into
+the gruesome details of the numerous nameless sex mutilations, the
+awful outrages committed upon young girls and their gray-haired
+grandmothers, the shockingly brutal and bestial murders, the
+well-authenticated cases of nails driven through the eyes of a woman
+and the cutting out of the tongue of a two-year-old child; let these
+brief references suffice. It is all too evident from the most reliable
+accounts of the massacre that hatred born of resentment and fear had
+made the Gentile mobs as savage as wild beasts. They were no longer
+human.
+
+Thus far neither the _Dearborn Independent_ nor the London _Morning
+Post_ has reproduced the "ritual murder" lie. Perhaps neither will do
+it. Probably not. At the same time _both papers have done their utmost
+to create in the minds of their readers a readiness to believe that or
+any other infamy when attributed to the Jews_. There is not, and there
+cannot be, any assurance that in the soil thus prepared by these
+papers, others more ignorant or less scrupulous will not successfully
+plant belief in the ancient legend of sacrificial murders committed
+by Jews. And even if this never happens at all, the fact remains that
+in charging that the horrors of Bolshevism were deliberately
+instigated by Jews, British and American anti-Semites have appealed to
+the same unreasoning, instinctive, primal passion. For Bolshevism,
+primarily a political and economic program though it be, impinges upon
+religious faith and religious authority. Thus do the anti-Semites play
+with fire in close proximity to the high explosives of human nature.
+
+It was not the ancient, insensate hatred inspired by belief that the
+Jews kill Christian children in their Paschal rites which made the
+Kishinev pogrom possible. That added the element of savage fanaticism
+to the antagonism and resentment already developed by the economic
+position of the Jews. The extortions practiced by Jewish money-lenders
+the superior business capacity, perseverance, and resourcefulness of
+the Jewish traders and shopkeepers as compared with their Gentile
+rivals; the intense competition of Jewish artisans, superior to the
+average Russian workman in intelligence, industry, thrift, sobriety,
+and ambition--all these things resulted in bitter antagonism. Upon
+that economic fear and resentment religious fanaticism fastened and
+flourished.
+
+Herein lies the danger of the anti-Semitic propaganda in this country
+and in England. It is invoking economic fear and resentment. The
+non-Jew is adjured to contemplate the spectacle of the Jews ousting
+the Gentiles from one industry after another, gradually assuming
+leadership and control of our industry and commerce, thanks in part to
+superior intelligence, skill, and diligence, but in part also to a
+lack of moral scrupulousness. So the Jew is presented as a dangerous
+economic rival to be feared and guarded against. The Gentile is thus
+taught to look upon Jewish prosperity as a sort of parasitism, and as
+a menace to the well-being of all non-Jews, even where the withdrawal
+of Jewish enterprise and activity would mean ruin for Jew and Gentile
+alike--a condition long recognized in the principal Russian cities.
+Now, I do not deny that some of the worst aspects of capitalism have
+been developed to a special and notable extent by some Jews. Neither
+do I forget that others have developed the very noblest social
+idealism. The point I am now making is that hatred of the Jew, even
+when it is motivated by economic fear and resentment, will inevitably
+nurture every other form of anti-Jewish prejudice. If the campaign of
+the anti-Semites succeeds in cultivating that fear and hatred in the
+minds and hearts of our people, there can be no assurance against the
+occurrence of pogroms here.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS
+
+
+In an article published in the _Dearborn Independent_, June 19, 1920,
+it is argued that, transplanted in American soil, anti-Semitism will
+change its character and that it will not, in this country, take the
+form of mass violence. Not a single fact or historical example is
+cited in support of this optimistic theory. There are fine phrases
+about "the genius of Americanism" and the "innate justice of the
+American mind," but that is all. And these fine phrases can be easily
+and adequately disposed of by the simple observation that
+anti-Semitism, like all other forms of race hatred, is incompatible
+with "the genius of Americanism" and with "innate justice."
+
+These seem to me to be self-evident truths. Nevertheless, we have had
+many bitter manifestations of race hatred in this country, not a few
+of which have been attended by mass violence. When I reflect upon the
+savage race riots which have occurred in this country, and the
+numerous lynchings of negroes by infuriated mobs, I cannot bring
+myself to accept the easy optimism of the anonymous Jew-baiter. Even
+as I am writing these lines the morning newspaper comes to hand with
+the account of the lynching of three negroes, one of them a woman, in
+Georgia. The story is quite familiar in its shocking details. The
+three negroes, who were charged with murder, were in the custody of
+the sheriff of the county, when they were seized by a mob and brutally
+murdered. That this was due to the fact that they were negroes, a
+manifestation of race hatred, is beyond question.
+
+My faith that we shall be spared the shame and ignominy of pogroms
+rests upon other and, I believe, more solid foundations. I have
+confidence that the anti-Semitic propaganda will be met by the stout
+resistance of the great mass of our citizens of Gentile birth and
+heritage who will fight and crush anti-Semitism in defense of
+Christian civilization and of American ideals, traditions, and
+institutions. That seems to me to be a rational faith; it affords firm
+anchorage. On the other hand, it is a stupendous and dangerous folly
+to believe that you can cultivate, as part of our national psychology,
+anti-Jewish fear and prejudice without reaping in due course a harvest
+of hatred and violence toward the Jewish people. Racial hatred is
+everywhere the same.
+
+There is no reason for believing that here in the United States we
+possess a special immunity from the worst forms of anti-Semitism. It
+would probably be safer to say that our conditions afford exceptional
+opportunities for their development. We have drawn heavily upon the
+Old World for our population, which reflects the divisions and the
+antipathies, the hereditary jealousies and suspicions, which for
+hundreds and, in some instances, thousands of years have troubled
+mankind. We have not yet welded these diverse elements into anything
+approaching homogeneity; our national consciousness is still
+undeveloped and, as a consequence of that fact, we have as yet not
+developed fully those self-imposed disciplines and restraints which
+are attendant upon highly developed national solidarity. Our national
+life, with its alien masses only partially assimilated, is as
+susceptible to inflaming passion as the wind-blown dry autumn leaves
+are susceptible to the flame of the torch.
+
+Michael Davitt called attention to the fact that in the Kishinev
+pogrom it was not the rich Jews who were the victims, but Jewish
+workingmen and their families. That, I believe, is the universal
+experience. The rich Jews can buy immunity or protection. If as a
+result of vicious propaganda serious anti-Jewish riots take place in
+this country the victims will not be the rich Jewish financiers and
+brokers, against whom the _Dearborn Independent_ fulminates, but
+innocent and inoffensive, hard-working men and women and their
+children. And if ever that time comes such men as Henry Ford must bear
+the major responsibility and guilt.
+
+Let us suppose, for the argument's sake, that anti-Semitism in this
+country develops, as predicted in Mr. Ford's paper, along less brutal
+lines; that there will be no such orgies of murder and lust and
+spoliation as some other nations have had to their shame and dishonor.
+In that case, how will the organized hostility to the Jews be
+manifested? Specifically, what is the program of the group of
+anti-Semites in this country with which the _Dearborn Independent_ is
+identified? Are they prepared to announce that program, and to have it
+measured by the standard of the American ideal? Or is it possible that
+the only "secret conspiracy" is on their side; that the real object of
+this anti-Semitic agitation is to prepare the way for a political and
+economic program which its authors dare not publicly avow?
+
+When I was in England recently,[4] I gained a fairly clear and
+reliable idea of the political and economic program of those bitter
+Jew-haters who are responsible for the organized campaign of
+anti-Semitism in that country. In view of the fact that our
+anti-Semites, including the _Dearborn Independent_, have so slavishly
+copied the propaganda of the British anti-Semites, it is justifiable
+to assume that they are in general agreement with that program, and
+that they would adopt it in this country, subject to whatever
+modifications may be made necessary by the differences between the
+institutions of the two countries. At all events, unless and until the
+actual program of the anti-Semites of this country is set forth with
+candor and precision, they have no cause for complaint if it is
+assumed that their aims are practically identical with those of the
+British anti-Jewish propagandists whose arguments they repeat in
+detail, including every grotesque stupidity and every clumsy
+distortion of the truth.
+
+The program of the British anti-Semites, adapted to American
+conditions, would involved, as a minimum, the following measures:
+
+1. Disfranchisement of all Jews whose parents and grandparents were
+not all native-born American citizens.
+
+2. Denial of the right to hold legislative or administrative office,
+either elective or appointive, to all Jews other than those whose
+parents and grandparents were all born in the United States.
+
+3. Denial of the right of naturalization to Jews on the ground that
+they are not assimilable.
+
+4. Prohibition or very strict limitation of further Jewish
+immigration.
+
+5. Exclusion from the legal, medical, and teaching professions of all
+Jews except those entitled to full citizenship. (See 1 and 2.)
+
+6. Exclusion of all Jews, except those entitled to full citizenship,
+from certain economic rights and privileges, including the right to
+acquire and own land, the right to engage in the sale of stocks,
+bonds, securities, or real estate, or in banking, money-lending, or
+insurance.
+
+7. The right of admission to colleges and universities to be so
+limited as to admit only a small percentage of Jewish students.
+
+That this outline of a program will seem to many to be simply a
+fantastic jest I am quite well aware. The fact remains, however, that
+it is simply a bald presentation of the program believed in by a great
+many anti-Semites. I have only taken the measures that are seriously
+urged for adoption in England and changed their wording to correspond
+to American conditions. There is not one item in the program which I
+did not hear advocated with evident seriousness when I was in England.
+I learned of one society organized upon a national scale, all of whose
+members must "prove that their parents and grandparents were of
+British blood." This society is very actively engaged in the spread of
+anti-Semitic propaganda. Its prospectus states that it was "Founded to
+secure the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement, 1700, 1701, which
+secured the government of Britain to Britons and the land of Britain
+to the ownership of Britons."
+
+The point of the demand for the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement
+lies in the fact that one of the clauses in that historic instrument
+provides that, "no person born out of the kingdoms of England,
+Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions thereunto belonging (_although
+he be naturalized_ or made a denizen), except such as were born of
+English parents, _shall be capable to be of the Privy Council, or a
+member of either House of Parliament, or enjoy any office or place of
+trust, either civil or military_." It is also stipulated that no such
+person shall be capable "to have any grant of lands, tenements, or
+hereditaments from the Crown to himself, or to any other or others in
+trust for him." In the light of the constitution of this British
+society with its large dues-paying membership, and its demand for the
+re-enactment of the above-quoted provisions of the Act of Settlement,
+the most drastic parts of the suggested program do not seem so
+fantastic, after all.
+
+Here, then, is a program of anti-Semitism which fairly expresses the
+political and economic aspirations of large groups with whom our
+American anti-Semites, led by the _Dearborn Independent_, appear to be
+working in close co-operation and harmony. Whether the program fully
+meets with their approval or not, it can hardly be questioned that, if
+their anti-Jewish agitation is to have the result of bringing about
+political and economic remedies for the conditions they assail, and
+not pogroms, it will be necessary to discriminate between Jews and
+Gentiles in citizenship, in education, in property rights, and in
+economic opportunity. Precisely how these discriminations are to be
+made may be open to doubt, but that they must be made is--once the
+anti-Semitic position is taken--beyond all doubt.
+
+Against that reactionary aim I set the American ideal, or what
+President Roosevelt called "the historic American position of treating
+each man on his merits as a man, without the least reference to his
+creed, his race, or his birthplace." Anti-Semitism would divide our
+citizenship by racial and religious barriers; the Americanism of
+Washington and Lincoln and Lee and Roosevelt would weld all into a
+united whole, regardless of race or religion. The way of the
+anti-Semite is the way of Russia under the tsars, the way of the
+unspeakable despots who for centuries made the word "Turk" a synonym
+for oppression and brutal reaction. I prefer the American way. I am
+opposed to anti-Semitism, not alone for humanitarian reasons, but as a
+matter of loyalty to America. Anti-Semitism is treason to the American
+ideal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] September and October, 1920.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW
+
+
+The greatest nations of the world are just emerging from the strain
+and agony of the most terrible and disastrous war in the history of
+mankind. From a tiny spark of hatred a great conflagration of passion
+spread over the world, well-nigh destroying the entire fabric of
+civilization. How near we have come to that catastrophe, as a result
+of the war and its evil progeny, they best know who have recently
+visited the countries principally involved and most vitally affected.
+Even now civilization is not out of danger, but is weak and unsteady
+like a man beginning to recover from a terrible fever. Infinite care
+and patience and wisdom must be exercised by statesmen and peoples
+and by the molders of public opinion in every nation in order to make
+recovery possible.
+
+Never was there a moment when racial or religious antagonism was as
+dangerous and so much to be feared as in this crisis. Never were the
+citizens of all lands so solemnly warned to avoid the poison of
+hatred. The passionate hatreds engendered by the war must be crushed
+down and they who were foes, seeking to destroy one another, must now
+work together for the preservation of the civilization that is their
+common heritage. With the carnage and wrack and ruin of the war still
+oppressing us, and our hearts still lacerated and bruised, a common
+peril is compelling us to unite and to seek safety in fellowship and
+co-operation. Yesterday we relied upon the destructive arts of the
+warrior; to-day we must rely upon the conserving arts of the healer.
+Yesterday we hailed Mars; to-day we hail the Christ in whose touch is
+life and healing.
+
+What perverse and malevolent genius it must be that chooses this
+moment to open the flood gates and set free the pent passions of
+anti-Semitism! How monstrous a thing it is that from a great historic
+pulpit of the Christian Church which Beecher glorified by his
+courageous idealism, the brutal and un-Christian appeals of
+anti-Semitism should be made now when the world needs, above all
+things, to be purged of the poison of hatred and strengthened by
+fellowship! How great a tragedy it is that men like Mr. Ford and his
+associates can find nothing to inspire them in the vast work of
+restoration and reconstruction; that their energies and resources are
+directed to the ignoble and dangerous end of inciting in the minds of
+millions of our people fear and hatred of the Jew, as Jew!
+
+I am not insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to
+the presence in this country of more than three million Jews. Neither
+am I insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to our
+vast negro population, or to the presence of Europeans and their slow
+and imperfect assimilation. Recognizing these problems clearly and
+fully, I am quite certain that racial hatred and antagonism is no
+solvent for any one of them. The complete success of the appeals that
+are being made against the Jews would not benefit the Gentiles in this
+country in any particular. There never has been an organized
+propaganda of race antagonism and hatred, anywhere in the world, which
+benefited either race. In Russia and in Rumania--to cite only two
+examples--anti-Semitism has injured the Christians fully as much as it
+has injured the Jews. Turkish hatred and persecution of Armenians has
+invariably injured the Turks quite as much as it has injured their
+victims. In opposing the propaganda of anti-Semitism I am defending
+equally the interest of Jew and non-Jew. I hold no brief for the
+Jewish "race," so-called, or for Judaism. The only brief I hold is for
+the democratic and humanitarian ideals of America. That brief I hold
+by reason of my citizenship, voluntarily assumed, and the freeman's
+oath with which that citizenship was consecrated.
+
+The solution of the problems arising out of the massing of so many
+Jewish people in our large cities requires the unity and co-operation
+of all men and women of good will, both Jews and Gentiles, in
+precisely the same way, and for precisely the same reasons, as the
+solution of all our other problems does. There is nothing in our
+history which justifies the fear that our citizens of Jewish birth
+will be less ready than their Christian neighbors to give their
+whole-hearted service to that end. There never has been a call for
+service to this nation which found the Jewish citizens less patriotic,
+less willing to serve the nation, and even to sacrifice for it, than
+other sections of our citizenry. From Valley Forge to Château-Thierry
+that record is written. I remember well that memorable day in July,
+1918, when I heard from the lips of M. Clemenceau the news, just
+received by him, that our American soldiers were victorious at
+Château-Thierry. Later, on the way to Château-Thierry, I passed the
+long lines of ambulances bearing away the wounded men, many of whom
+were beyond all hope of recovery. Then, still later, in the great,
+wonderful hospital at Neuilly, I talked with many of those who fell
+wounded in that terrible fight. There were Jews as well as Gentiles
+among those men, but there was no difference in the quality of their
+Americanism, in their patriotism, their fortitude, or their courage.
+
+President Roosevelt, who was too decent as a man and too loyal as an
+American citizen to have any tolerance for anti-Semitism, more than
+once called attention to the fact that citizens of Jewish ancestry and
+faith have, in every crisis in the history of the nation which has
+shown justice to them, repaid the nation with loyal service. In an
+address to the B'nai B'raith, June 15, 1905, delivered at the White
+House, President Roosevelt said:
+
+    "One of the most touching poems of our own great poet,
+    Longfellow, is that on the Jewish cemetery in Newport, and
+    anyone who goes through any of the old cemeteries of the cities
+    which preserve the records of Colonial times will see the name
+    of many an American of the Jewish race who, in war or in peace,
+    did his full share in the founding of this nation. From that day
+    to this, from the day when the Jews of Charleston, of
+    Philadelphia, of New York, supported the patriot cause and
+    helped in every way, not only by money, but by arms, Washington
+    and his colleagues, who were founding this Republic--from that
+    day to the present we have had no struggle, military or civil,
+    in which there have not been citizens of Jewish faith who played
+    an eminent part for the honor and credit of the nation."
+
+There is no movement for the advancement of humanitarian ideals in
+this country to which American citizens of Jewish ancestry and faith
+have not contributed their full share. It is impossible for any
+fair-minded man who knows the facts to read without indignation the
+article published in the _Dearborn Independent_, June 5, 1920. In
+addition to charging that "Jewish business methods" are responsible
+for the high prices which have obtained for so long, the article
+accuses Jewish employers of being responsible for conditions of
+employment not known to the Gentile world. Lest I be accused of
+misrepresenting the writer of this libel, I will quote his exact
+words:
+
+    When the susceptible people of the nation commiserated the poor
+    Jews of the New York sweatshops they, for the most part, did not
+    know that the inventors and operators of the "sweatshop" method
+    were themselves Jews. Indeed, while it is the boast of our
+    country that no race or color or creed is persecuted here, but
+    liberty is insured to all, still it is a fact that the only
+    heartless treatment ever accorded the Jew in the United States
+    came from his own people, his overseers and masters....
+
+    ... The record of the great Jews in charity is very noble;
+    _their record in industrial reforms is nil_. With commendable
+    sympathy toward their own people they will donate a part of
+    their profits to rectify some of the human need resulting from
+    the method by which they made their profits, but as for
+    reforming the method by which they get their profits in order
+    that the resulting need might be diminished or prevented,
+    apparently it has never occurred to them. _At least, while there
+    are many charitable names among the wealthier Jews, there are no
+    names that stand for an actual, practical humanising of
+    industry, its methods and its returns._
+
+I respectfully suggest that these statements are intended to convey to
+the mind of the reader two impressions, neither of which corresponds
+to reality. The first impression is that Jewish employers have been
+and are more brutal and merciless than Gentile employers. Now, it is a
+fact that the "sweatshop," using that term in its strictest, technical
+sense, developed, in this country, after 1885--that is to say,
+following the great influx of Polish and Russian Jews and the equally
+great increase in the manufacture of ready-made clothing. But, while
+this is technically true of sweating, we had in this country long
+before the Jews came children's and women's labor under terrible
+conditions. In 1884 young girls and women worked in the factories of
+New Hampshire from five in the morning until seven at night, with only
+forty-five minutes' intermission, and their wages ranged from a dollar
+and a quarter to two dollars per week. Until quite recently, in our
+Southern cotton mills, owned and operated by Gentiles, we maintained
+conditions as bad as ever existed in the sweatshops of our large
+cities. It does not require any great amount of research to prove that
+Gentile employers have in the past been just as indifferent to the
+well-being of their employees, just as reactionary, and just as
+opposed to reform, as Jewish employers. I would remind the reader, in
+this connection, that we have never had in this country, not even in
+the sweatshops owned and controlled by Jews, anything approaching the
+terrible conditions which obtained in English factories in the early
+days of the factory system, when, in factories owned by Christians,
+little children, mere babies in fact, were made to work under
+conditions of revolting cruelty, whipped by brutal overseers, and not
+infrequently driven literally to death from exhaustion. Thus did
+Christian employers treat Christian children.
+
+But, while it is true that in our great cities sweatshops principally
+developed under Jewish auspices, it is equally true that in the fight
+to abolish sweating Jews have taken an active and honorable part. This
+I know of a certainty, and the insinuations to the contrary contained
+in the article under discussion are as cruelly unfair and unjust as
+they are untrue. So, too, in the fight against child labor in the
+cities and factories of the North. It was my privilege to take part in
+that fight, and I know that in the very forefront of the long struggle
+for remedial legislation, helping with money and with personal
+service, side by side with Christians, were many men and women of
+Jewish ancestry and faith. I know, too, that fighting on the other
+side were both Christians and Jews. It is preposterous that any
+attempt should be made to so misrepresent the struggle for "the
+practical humanizing of industry" as to make it appear that the Jewish
+people in particular were either hostile or indifferent to it.
+
+The second impression which the article is intended to convey is that
+in those industries which are controlled by Jews no such attempts have
+been made to better the lot of the workers employed in them as have
+been made in those industries which are controlled by non-Jews. This
+charge, likewise, is wholly baseless, as anybody who desires to know
+the truth can readily ascertain. It was my good fortune and privilege,
+as one of the representatives of the public appointed by President
+Wilson, to serve as a member of the First Industrial Conference
+convoked by the President in October, 1919. Among the members of that
+Conference chosen to represent the public were both Christians and
+Jews, and I venture to say that there was not one of the former who
+for a single moment doubted the sincerity, the patriotism, or the
+humanitarianism of the Jewish members. Moreover, in the course of our
+work there was brought to our attention an astonishing amount of
+information concerning efforts being made by progressive and
+high-minded employers in all parts of the country to introduce into
+their industries reforms looking to the betterment of the lot of their
+employees, including profit-sharing and participation in shop
+management and control by the workers. It is neither more nor less
+than the literal truth that these reports were quite as favorable to
+the Jewish employers as to their Christian competitors. As a matter of
+fact, in the ready-made-clothing industry, which is very largely in
+the hands of Jews, many of the most interesting experiments in
+industrial democracy and many of the sincerest efforts to humanize
+industry are being made. These things are known to every student of
+the problem--and they suffice to brand the statements made against the
+Jews in the article under discussion as both untrue and studiously
+unjust.
+
+Not only is it true that in the ever-increasing effort to bring about
+"the practical humanizing of industry" no distinction can honestly and
+justly be drawn between Gentile and Jewish employers, just as no such
+distinction can honestly and justly be drawn with respect to the
+selfishness and ignorance which result in conditions that are inhuman
+and oppressive; it is equally true, as a study of the records of
+Congress and the legislative bodies of the individual states will show
+beyond question, that no such distinction between Jew and Gentile can
+be honestly and justly drawn with respect to the mass of social
+legislation enacted in recent years. Socially minded men and women
+have supported such legislation, regardless of differences of race and
+creed, while men and women who lacked social consciousness, who were
+selfish and indifferent to the claims of their fellow human beings,
+have opposed such legislation, making common cause regardless of
+differences of race and creed.
+
+All this is exactly as it should be, of course, and precisely what
+might be expected to result from our ideals, our institutions, and our
+laws. It would be tragic and disastrous, indeed, if our experience
+were otherwise. The charges made against our Jewish citizens by the
+_Dearborn Independent_ amount in reality to a terrible verdict of
+failure against America and the democratic ideal which America
+represents. The only hope we can have of solving the great problems
+which confront this nation rests, and can only rest, upon the
+assurance that an enlightened citizenry, united by love of country and
+of mankind, and undivided by race or creed, will strive with
+ever-increasing strength, vision, and courage toward the goal of
+equality of opportunity for all. Thus only shall this nation which we
+love fulfill the high hopes of its greatest spiritual leaders and
+statesmen. To destroy the faith of our sons and daughters in American
+democratic ideals--which is precisely what anti-Semitism is aiming to
+do--is a monstrous thing.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+A FINAL WORD
+
+
+I have finished with the _Dearborn Independent_ and the flimsy fabric
+of its ridiculous charges. My self-imposed task is finished, and I am
+content to leave the grotesque legend of the protocols, together with
+the monstrous and cruel charge based upon them, to the judgment of my
+fellow citizens of Gentile birth. Into the motives of Mr. Henry Ford I
+do not care to enter. I suspect that they are pathological in their
+origin. Be that how it may, my pity for the man is as profound as my
+contempt for the propaganda with which he has chosen to associate
+himself. To be capable of deliberately inciting and fostering race
+hatred at any time is to cease to be capable of enjoying the
+fellowship of decent and just men and women; to incite such hatred
+now, in the midst of such unprecedented suffering and the universal
+need of fellowship and healing, is a pitiful self-degradation.
+
+This organized propaganda of anti-Semitism has had one wholesome
+result which its organizers neither foresaw nor intended. It has
+called forth a notable protest by men and women of Gentile birth and
+Christian faith which may well stand as the answer of American
+civilization and democracy to this ancient and hateful evil. All honor
+to President Wilson for departing from official traditions and placing
+his name to that protest. Throughout the civilized world that
+declaration has gone--America's answer to anti-Semitism.
+
+I suppose that so long as the imperfections of human nature endure, so
+long as there are men and women who are weak, selfish, cruel,
+vengeful, or ignorant, there will be racial and religious hatreds to
+be guarded against and opposed. I suppose, too, that until wars have
+ceased to be possible, in war's aftermath such hatreds will flourish.
+Against every form of racial and religious hatred, against sectarian
+bigotry and intolerance, every loyal American citizen should be
+prepared to take an uncompromising stand. That obligation, I take it,
+is implicit in our citizenship. It is for the integrity of that
+citizenship that I am concerned to plead. Anti-Semitism commands our
+special attention to-day because it is being spread by an elaborately
+organized propaganda. But the duty of the Christian to defend the Jew
+against persecution is neither greater nor less than the duty of the
+Protestant to defend the right of the Catholic or of all white
+citizens--Christians and Jews, Catholics and Protestants--to stand
+solidly against injustice to the negro and in defense of his rights
+when these are assailed. My plea, is not for pro-Semitism in
+opposition to anti-Semitism, but for loyalty to American ideals in
+opposition to any and all attempts to divide our citizenship on racial
+or religious lines.
+
+Because of a reasoned faith in those principles and ideals of
+democracy which brought this nation into being, and toward the
+realization of which we have steadily progressed through sunshine and
+storm, through peace and war, I am opposed to anti-Semitism and every
+manifestation of it. Anti-Semitism and the American ideal can never be
+reconciled. Far sooner shall men reconcile fire and water, or mix oil
+and water inseparably, than blend the cruel and hateful passions of
+anti-Semitism with the generous spirit of America. For America's
+safety and honor, therefore, I plead for unity against this sinister
+foe lurking within the gates, as against all other foes, no matter
+under what flag they may be marshaled.
+
+
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT
+
+
+After the foregoing was written I received from the head of a great
+American corporation a letter calling my attention to an anti-Semitic
+pamphlet published in New York City, entitled "Who Rules Russia?" and
+asking me for information concerning certain statements made therein.
+The pamphlet is printed in two languages, English and Russian, and
+bears the imprint of an organization called "Association Unity of
+Russia." Letters to the address given in the pamphlet, ordering copies
+of it, brought no response of any kind and it was necessary for me to
+resort to other methods of obtaining a copy. Incidentally, I caused
+certain inquiries to be made concerning the Association Unity of
+Russia. Now that I have made a careful examination of the pamphlet, I
+do not wonder that my request that copies be sent me was ignored.
+Certainly the publishers did not intend that it should be circulated
+among persons familiar with the subject and competent to expose its
+misrepresentations.
+
+So far as I can learn, the Association Unity of Russia is the name of
+a group of Russian _emigrés_ residing in New York. They are
+monarchists and reactionaries, their hope being the restoration of
+tsarism. Like most of their kind, they are bitter Jew-baiters. Their
+pamphlet is entirely typical of Russian anti-Semitism, particularly in
+its reckless disregard of truth. I find here reproduced the charge
+that "the Soviet bureaucracy is almost entirely controlled by Jews and
+Jewesses." Not only so, but it is charged that the non-Bolshevist
+Socialist parties are mainly composed of Jews. The pamphlet ends with
+the statement, "the Russian state is actually dominated by the Jewish
+nation." There is no argument in the pamphlet, which consists of
+alleged lists of officials classified according to nationality and
+race.
+
+That some of these lists are deliberate inventions of the anonymous
+compiler or compilers is quite certain, for the most complete files of
+Bolshevist publications in this country do not contain either the
+lists or the data from which it might be possible to compile them.
+Other lists represent the most reckless lying. For example, on page 5
+I find what purports to be a list of the members of the Council of the
+People's Commissars. The actual list, copied from Bolshevist official
+sources, I have reproduced on an earlier page. This fraudulent list
+contains twenty-two names, of which number seventeen are alleged to be
+Jews, three Russians, and two Armenians. Looking over the list, I find
+that it omits well-known and important commissars such as the
+following: Raskolnikov (Navy), Petrovsky (Interior), Krestinsky
+(Finance), Krassin (Industry and Commerce and Transportation), Sereda
+(Agriculture), Kolontai (Public Welfare), Rykov (Supreme Economic
+Council), Bruchanov (Supply), Smidt (Labor), Semashko (Public Health),
+and Bonch-Brouyevich (Secretary). All these are Russians; there is not
+a Jew among them. The list contains, on the other hand, the names of a
+number of Bolsheviki who are not, and who never have been, members of
+the Council of the People's Commissars. Some of them may hold
+positions of minor importance in the Soviet regime or in the Communist
+party. The inclusion of their names in this list as members of the
+central government is an impudent imposture.
+
+The fact that the pamphlet is printed in Russian and English is
+calculated to impress and deceive the reader. No one who knows the
+situation will believe that the use of Russian had any other purpose
+or that it was intended for propaganda among Russians. Such a
+document, partly printed in Russian and purporting to be issued by
+Russians, is relied upon to convince Americans that the compiler or
+compilers--who prefer to remain anonymous--know what they are talking
+about. Not many will take the pains to scrutinize the various lists
+closely. Consequently, even where one page contradicts another, the
+fact goes undetected. A few examples will show how stupid these
+Jew-baiters are. On page 9 Latsis, of the Extraordinary Commission, is
+accurately described as a Lett, but on page 23 he becomes a Jew.
+Fritchie is a Lett on page 10 and a Jew on page 22--and neither
+description is correct.
+
+On page 25 Kerensky is described as a Jew, and it is said that his
+real name is Kirbis. This legend has been published before and
+thoroughly exposed. The fact is that Kerensky is not a Jew and never
+was known by the name of Kirbis or any other name than Kerensky. He
+never participated in the "underground" work of the revolutionary
+movement and therefore had no need of an alias. Alexander Fedorovich
+Kerensky comes from an old Russian family thoroughly orthodox and
+respectable. His history has been completely explored. No. The
+anonymous Jew-baiters have simply reproduced a silly legend that
+appeared in the reactionary anti-Semitic sheet, _Novoye Vremia_, of
+Petrograd, shortly before the revolution of March, 1917, and was
+immediately exposed and ridiculed.
+
+In an examination of the various lists of names given I find at least
+twenty-five instances of non-Jews, principally Russians, being
+described as Jews. I find, also, many Jewish names purporting to be
+the names of Bolshevist officials of some importance, though it is
+safe to say that they were never heard of by any student of
+contemporary Russian affairs. I do not say that no such persons exist,
+but I do assert that if they exist they do not hold the positions
+attributed to them, and that even their names are not to be found in
+the Bolshevist journals from which this pamphlet is said to have been
+compiled. Perhaps some of the members of the pathetic little group of
+Russian monarchist _emigrés_ who meet weekly in the basement of a
+certain church to pray for the restoration of tsarism will condescend
+to tell us how the names were chosen.
+
+How stupid these pious humbugs are in their forgeries! Here is a list
+of names alleged to be a complete list of members of the Central
+Committee of the Social Democratic Party Mensheviki. Of course all are
+Jews. I look over the list and see at once that three of those named
+are not even members of that party, let alone of its supreme
+authority. Ratner, Rappoport, and Gotz do not belong to that party,
+but are prominent as leaders in the Socialists-Revolutionists party.
+Perhaps there are other mistakes in this list--but what is the use of
+wasting time in checking it further? Here is another list, even more
+defective, which is offered as a list of the members of the Central
+Committee of the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right. It
+contains fifteen names, of which fourteen are Jews and only one, that
+of Tchaykovsky, is a Russian. But Tchaykovsky is not a member of this
+party at all and, therefore, not of its Central Committee. He belongs
+to the party of People's Socialists. In the list I find the names of
+Lvovitch and Berlinrout, who likewise do not belong to this party and
+are not members of the committee in question. They are well-known
+leaders of the Zionists-Socialists. Abramovitch and Khintchouk are
+included in this utterly worthless list, though they do not belong to
+the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, but to the Social
+Democratic party.
+
+I do not suppose that many of my readers will care very much about the
+party affiliations of these men or about the factional divisions of
+Russian Socialism. The fact that this latest addition to the pamphlet
+literature of anti-Semitism emanates from Russian sources and is
+printed partly in Russian gives it an appearance of authority that is
+wholly unjustified by its content. It has seemed to me worth while,
+therefore, to call attention to its clumsy misrepresentations, its
+self-contradictions, its stupid blunders, and its stupendous
+effrontery. This precious example of Russian monarchistic anti-Semitic
+literature is just about fit to be placed alongside the _Dearborn
+Independent_.
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+JOHN SPARGO'S BOOKS
+
+"_THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY_"
+
+  From the Soviet's own documents and from the speeches of its
+  leaders, Mr. Spargo shows how Sovietism in its original form has
+  failed to cope with unavoidable human inequalities, and under
+  economic pressure has developed into a high-handed autocracy
+  which is worse than Tsardom and which completely subverts the
+  chief aims of Bolshevism.
+
+  Crown, 8vo, Cloth. 486 pages
+
+_RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM_
+
+  "Even those who may not accept Mr. Spargo's conclusions, or
+  respect his fears, will welcome his book because of the vast
+  amount of information and figures he has brought together
+  relating to the timely subject of trade with Russia."--N.Y.
+  _Globe_.
+
+  Crown 8vo. 444 pages
+
+_BOLSHEVISM_
+
+  A record of the facts, leaders, and policies of Bolshevism,
+  being both an interpretation of its theories and principles and
+  a history of rise to power. The book contains also the best
+  brief history of the whole tragic Russian revolutionary
+  movement.
+
+  Post 8vo, Cloth. 389 pages
+
+_THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM_
+
+  "Mr. Spargo has not used pen or typewriter in this book, but an
+  X-ray."--N.Y. _Globe_.
+
+  Post 8vo, Cloth. 152 pages
+
+_SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED_
+
+  States in simple, popular, and untechnical language the
+  essentials of the Socialism of the Marxian school--not only of
+  the philosophical and economic theories of Socialism, but of the
+  principles underlying the policies of the Socialist movement.
+
+  Post 8vo. Cloth. 338 pages
+
+_AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY_
+
+  Written early in 1918, shows that the essentials of a sane,
+  constructive Socialist program have been developed in America;
+  that however alien to our national life and thought certain
+  Socialist theoretical formulations may be, the fundamental
+  essentials are thoroughly American.
+
+  Post 8 vo. Cloth. 326 pages
+
+    If not at your booksellers, write to
+    HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Jew and American Ideals
+
+Author: John Spargo
+
+Release Date: June 15, 2007 [EBook #21835]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeannie Howse, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class="sc">Books by</span><br />
+JOHN SPARGO</h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<div style="margin-left: 30%;">
+<p class="noin">THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS<br />
+"THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY"<br />
+RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM<br />
+THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM<br />
+BOLSHEVISM<br />
+AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY<br />
+SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>HARPER &amp; BROTHERS, NEW YORK<br />
+[<span class="sc">Established</span> 1817]</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+<h1>THE JEW</h1>
+<h3>AND</h3>
+<h1>AMERICAN IDEALS</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>JOHN SPARGO</h2>
+
+<h4 style="margin-bottom: -1px;"><i>Author of</i></h4>
+
+<h4 style="margin-top: -1px;">"Bolshevism" "The Psychology of Bolshevism"<br />
+"Russia as an American Problem" "The<br />
+Greatest Failure in All History" "Social<br />
+Democracy Explained" Etc.</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>HARPER &amp; BROTHERS PUBLISHERS<br />
+NEW YORK AND LONDON</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5><span class="sc">The Jew and American Ideals</span><br />
+Copyright, 1921, by Harper &amp; Brothers<br />
+<br />
+Printed in the United States of America</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="85%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr" width="10%"><span style="font-size: 80%;">CHAP.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="70%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%"><span style="font-size: 80%;">PAGE</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#FOREWORD">Foreword</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">vii</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">I.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">A Pacifist Turned Anti-Semite</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">II.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">The Alleged "Great Jewish Conspiracy"</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">10</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">III.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">The Mystery of the Protocols</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">18</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Is Socialism a Jewish Conspiracy?</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">47</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">V.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Jewish Socialists and Bolshevism</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">59</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Bolshevism and the Jews</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">83</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">The Vicious Role of Anti-Semitism</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">99</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">What Anti-Semitism in America Means</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">110</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">IX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">We Need the Co-operation of Christian and Jew</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">121</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">X.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">A Final Word</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">136</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#POSTSCRIPT">Postscript</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">140</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>FOREWORD</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>This little book was written without the knowledge of any Jew. It is
+not a defense of the Jew. It is not a pro-Jewish argument. It is a
+defense of American ideals and institutions against anti-Semitism; a
+plea for Christian civilization.</p>
+
+<p class="right sc">John Spargo.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">"<span class="sc">Nestledown</span>,"<br />
+  <span class="sc">Old Bennington, Vermont.</span><br />
+  <i>January, 1921.</i></p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS</h2>
+
+<h3>I</h3>
+
+<h4>A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>About five years ago I was honored by an invitation to join with a
+well-known American capitalist and certain other men and women in an
+attempt to bring about the termination of the great World War. The
+manufacturer in question believed that it was possible to "get the
+boys out of the trenches by Christmas," and to that end organized an
+expedition which is now remembered chiefly for the bellicosity and
+belligerency of many of the "pacifists" who journeyed to Europe upon
+the "Peace Ship."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>In declining the invitation to associate myself with this expedition,
+I felt that it was incumbent upon me to explain that, while I doubted
+the wisdom of the undertaking and felt that it might do harm instead
+of good, I honored the noble and unselfish motives by which Mr. Ford
+was inspired. His hatred of war and blood-shed, and his desire to
+promote peace and good will among all peoples and races, seemed to me
+to be both profound and sincere and evoked my heartfelt admiration and
+sympathy. The more I doubted his political judgment&mdash;believing that he
+was being used as a dupe and tool in a very dangerous intrigue&mdash;the
+more willing I was to acknowledge those qualities of mind and heart
+which distinguished the famous manufacturer, and which the authors of
+the intrigue sought to exploit and use for sinister ends. On many
+occasions I have given public expression to my belief in Mr. Ford's
+sincere and unselfish idealism.</p>
+
+<p>If any justification is required for my <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>now associating the name of
+Henry Ford with a matter of grave international political importance,
+I venture to suggest that it can be found in the pre-eminent position
+which he occupies in one of the great branches of modern industry and
+in the fact that as recently as two years ago he aspired to a seat in
+the United States Senate, being nominated for that position by the
+Democratic party in the great state of Michigan. Upon both counts
+views expressed by Mr. Ford upon international questions which may
+involve great and serious national or racial conflicts become the
+subject of legitimate public interest, and when in furtherance of such
+views he associates himself with an active policy which deals with one
+of the most difficult and dangerous problems confronting civilized
+mankind, his views and his acts assume public importance and invite
+and compel attention and discussion. Therefore, believing as I do that
+Mr. Ford is primarily responsible for a propaganda which is subversive
+of the best <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>traditions and institutions of this Republic, and which
+has everywhere and at all times resulted in shameful crimes against
+humanity, and in resistance to every progressive and humane movement,
+I feel that it is my right and duty to utter my solemn remonstrance
+and protest.</p>
+
+<p>I have just returned from a tour through several of the European
+countries most seriously involved in the late war. On the one hand, I
+was deeply and gratefully impressed while in Europe with the manner in
+which some of the intensest hatreds engendered by the war appear to be
+dying out. On the other hand, I was deeply and painfully impressed by
+the fact that, in country after country, racial hatreds older than any
+nation in the world were being deliberately and systematically revived
+and intensified, threatening brutal and ugly crimes against humanity
+exceeding in horror the worst and most inhuman violence of the Great
+War which so nearly achieved the ruin of civilization. In Germany, for
+example, I <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>found no hatred of America, notwithstanding the fact that
+alone among the nations lately fighting against her we were still
+technically at war with her. On the contrary, there was manifest an
+almost universal desire for the restoration of friendship between the
+two countries. In Belgium I saw hundreds of little German children
+being fed by Belgian agencies, proving that hate was being dissolved
+by compassion. Even in France the fierce hatred of Germany was
+obviously dying.</p>
+
+<p>So much for the bright side of the European situation as I saw it.
+Unfortunately, to complete the picture, it is necessary to acknowledge
+the numerous evidences of a widespread revival of one of the most
+despicable, brutal, and dangerous forms of racial hatred and
+antagonism known to mankind&mdash;anti-Semitism. Even in England, long
+hitherto so free from Jew-baiting, the land in which the Jew Disraeli
+became Prime Minister, I found an extensive, active, and skillfully
+organized <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>campaign directed against Jews, as Jews. It was and is a
+campaign differing hardly at all from similar campaigns against the
+Jews in Russia under tsarism, in Rumania, in Poland, and, to a less
+extent, in Germany under the Hohenzollern. Unless this propaganda is
+checked, unless the intelligence and the conscience of England can be
+marshaled against it, England will take the place of the Russia of the
+Romanovs as the land of pogroms, and infamies like the horrible
+pogroms of Kishinev may occur in British cities.</p>
+
+<p>I found in England great nation-wide organizations, obviously
+financed, devoted to the sinister purpose of creating anti-Jewish
+feeling and sentiment. I found special articles in influential
+newspapers devoted to the same evil purpose. I found at least one
+journal, obviously well financed again, exclusively devoted to the
+fostering of suspicion, fear, and hatred against the Jew. Nothing that
+the Black Hundreds of Russia under the tsars said of the Jews, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>in
+order to inflame the ignorant masses and inspire them to savage
+attacks upon the Jewish population, could have been worse than much of
+this propaganda. It appealed to every passion, charged the Jews as a
+race with every crime calculated to rouse the frenzied anger of the
+non-Jewish population. And in the bookstores I discovered a whole
+library of books devoted to the same end. One of the greatest living
+statesmen of England, who is not a Jew, told me that in his judgment
+this systematically propagated anti-Semitism is likely to bring
+greater difficulty and shame to England than the Irish question, even.</p>
+
+<p>And now, returning to the United States, I find America confronted by
+the same peril and shame. Here, too, I find anti-Jewish meetings being
+held. To my great astonishment and regret, I find that the personal
+influence and the vast fortune of the erstwhile pacifist-philanthropist
+are apparently enlisted in the same cruel and vicious propaganda. The
+<i>Dearborn Independent</i>, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>which is the personal organ of Mr. Henry Ford,
+maintained for the promulgation of his personal political and
+sociological views, has been devoting a large amount of its space to
+the creation of anti-Jewish feeling and sentiment. One of the first
+pieces of accumulated mail to claim my attention on my return was a
+pamphlet, sent to me by some unknown correspondent, obviously a Jew
+hater in view of the coarse and brutal comments written upon the
+margins. This pamphlet contains a reprint of nine articles which
+originally appeared in the <i>Dearborn Independent.</i> It is, therefore,
+apparently impossible for Mr. Ford to disclaim personal and direct
+responsibility for the contents of the pamphlet. If I am wrong in any
+of these particulars I shall be very glad to be corrected and to
+apologize for the error. To find any American engaged in such a
+propaganda seems to me such a pity and such an outrage against our
+national ideals that I should welcome proof that my information and
+inferences are all wrong <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>and unfounded so far as Mr. Ford is
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>In this discussion of the anti-Semitic propaganda, and of the share of
+the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> in that propaganda, I have not the
+slightest intention of attacking Mr. Ford personally. While I find
+myself deeply interested in the psychology of the transformation of an
+extremely idealistic pacifist into an aggressive propagandist of race
+hatred, with that I am not here and now concerned.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>II<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY"</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>Just as in the case of the British anti-Semitic press, the Jew-baiting
+campaign in the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> and other newspapers makes much
+of the so-called "protocols" of the Wise Men of Zion, first published
+in Russia in 1905, but lately translated into English and published in
+England and the United States. In a sense it is not my business to
+expose the dubious origin and history of these documents. That is a
+Jewish task, to which various Jewish scholars have devoted their
+attention. In the London <i>Spectator</i> Mr. Lucien Wolff has performed it
+with distinction. I am not a Jew, racially or otherwise, and can lay
+no claim to any special ability or knowledge which would impose such a
+task upon me. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>There are, however, some things which must be said
+concerning the above-mentioned protocols, things which do not require
+specialized scholarship, and which even the non-Jew can say with
+confidence.</p>
+
+<p>These protocols are offered as evidence of the existence of a
+world-wide conspiracy far more serious and extensive than anything
+else of the kind recorded in history. By comparison, the greatest
+conspiracy hitherto revealed seems like a kindergarten game. It is
+charged, and these documents are submitted as evidence in support of
+the charge, that there, exists, and has existed for centuries, a
+Jewish imperialistic program; that Jews in all lands have been and are
+united in a highly organized and subtly directed secret movement to
+bring about the overthrow of all non-Jewish governments, to substitute
+therefor a Jewish world government, to obliterate all national
+boundaries, and to destroy all religions other than Judaism. This, it
+is alleged, is the concrete form in which the Jews <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>visualize their
+destiny as the Chosen People. In order to attain this grandiose ideal,
+every means to weaken the non-Jewish elements and institutions in
+civilization is encouraged by the invisible Jewish government, the
+leaders of this vast conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>If we are to place credence in these documents, the principal agency
+through which the Jewish conspirators have worked is Freemasonry. The
+Masonic orders throughout the world have been the blind dupes and
+tools of this superimperialism of the Jews, if the statements made in
+these protocols are true. Indeed, there can hardly be any question at
+all that if the truth of these documents can be established, there is,
+to say the least, quite as much reason for suppressing Masonic lodges,
+and making them illegal, as there is for suppressing Bolshevist or
+other conspiratory organizations. I should just as little expect to
+find sympathy for Bolshevism in a Masonic lodge as in the College of
+Cardinals, or in the Union League Club, let us say. When we enter into
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>mysteries of this "Jewish conspiracy" we encounter many
+surprises.</p>
+
+<p>According to the statements made in these protocols, practically all
+the revolutionary movements of modern times have been instigated and
+directed by Jews. They have caused the assassination of rulers and
+heads of states, so that behind the murderous fanaticism of
+individuals there has generally been the cold calculation of the most
+cunning and unscrupulous intellects of the human race. According to
+the same evidence, the wars which have drenched the world with blood
+and rent it with passion, including racial wars in Asia and Africa,
+the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Russo-Japanese War, and the
+recent World War, were all brought about deliberately by Jewish
+cunning, for the purpose of weakening the fabric of non-Jewish states
+and providing the Jews with new sources of strength and power to be
+used to establish their universal dominion.</p>
+
+<p>All this is terrible enough. But there is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>even worse to follow. We
+must remember that these documents were first published in Russia in
+1905, and they purport to be the <i>proc&egrave;s-verbaux</i> of a conference held
+eight or nine years prior to that time. It is rather startling,
+therefore, to find outlined therein a program of revolutionary action,
+to be initiated in Russia and developed throughout the civilized
+world, remarkably like the Bolshevist program, not merely in the
+precise measures contained in the program, but also, and especially,
+in the general conception of policy underlying it. We find in this
+alleged Jewish program the same negation of all the accepted
+principles of law and honor and morality that the Bolshevist policy
+has so conspicuously manifested. It is brazenly stated that bribery,
+deceit, and treachery are to be used (Protocol I). A vast army of
+spies and secret agents abundantly supplied with funds is to be relied
+on to promote revolt and dissension in all the principal countries
+(Protocol 2). "Ferments, discords, and hostility" are to be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>deliberately created and fostered throughout Europe and, through the
+international relations of the European countries, to the other
+continents also (Protocol 7). Efforts are to be made to compromise the
+honor and besmirch the reputations of the most influential statesmen
+and to use blackmail in order to make these statesmen serve the
+purposes of the conspirators (Protocol 10). Revolutionary movements,
+anarchistic, communistic, and socialistic, are to be fostered for the
+purpose of destroying non-Jewish civilization (Protocol 3). In the
+event of unfavorable action by any power or group of powers, it is to
+be met by resistance in the form of universal war (Protocol 7).
+Disorganization of the economic life of the world through the
+debasement and ruin of the credit and currency systems, of the
+principal nations, and the creation of "a universal economic crisis"
+are also to be used to the same end (Protocol 3).</p>
+
+<p>I have briefly summarized only a few of the more important items in
+this monstrous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>program. There is more of the same general type of
+fiendishness. Concerning the character of the program itself, there
+can be no difference of opinion between honest Americans. It is as
+diabolical as it is fantastic. What importance we ought to attach to
+it, however, must necessarily depend upon our judgment concerning its
+origin. If these protocols, and the program contained in them, are to
+be seriously accepted for what they pretend to be&mdash;namely, a
+deliberate statement of the purposes and aims of the leaders of the
+Jewish people throughout the world, with practically the entire Jewish
+race behind them&mdash;then the matter assumes enormous importance. If, on
+the other hand, there is no substantial evidence of this&mdash;and such
+evidence as is available indicates that the protocols are the product
+of a single diseased and depraved mind&mdash;the documents cease to possess
+any great significance and the terrible injustice and frightfully
+dangerous consequences of charging them against the Jewish people are
+obvious. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>We must, therefore, pay critical attention to the origin of
+the protocols and the circumstances surrounding their publication, as
+well as to any internal evidences of their genuineness or otherwise.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>III<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>First of all, then, what do we actually know about the origin of these
+protocols? In the year 1903 a book was published at Solotarevo in
+Russia, entitled <i>The Great in Little</i>. The reputed author of the book
+was one Prof. Sergei Nilus, concerning whom we have no absolutely
+reliable information. Author of a book which has made an enormous
+sensation in many lands and become the subject of furious controversy,
+he is quite unknown. No responsible person in or out of Russia has
+ever positively identified Nilus, so far as I have been able to
+discover. From what he says of himself it is practically certain that
+he was in the service of the infamous Secret Police Agency of the late
+Tsar Nicholas II. For reasons <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>which will presently appear, I am
+disposed to believe that the very un-Russian name Nilus is really a
+pseudonym.</p>
+
+<p>In a second edition of his book, published in 1905, Nilus gives a
+brief autobiographical account of himself. He says that he was born in
+1862 of Russian parents who held liberal opinions, and that his family
+was well known in Moscow, its members being educated people who were
+firm in their allegiance to the Tsar and the Greek Church. This is
+hardly what a Russian of the period would describe as holding "liberal
+opinions," but let that pass. Nilus claims to have been graduated from
+Moscow University and to have held a number of civil-service posts,
+all of them, so far as his specifications go, connected with the
+police and judicial systems. He went to the government of Orel, where
+he became a landowner and a sort of petty noble. He entered the
+Troitsky-Sergevsky Monastery, near Moscow, or so he says. Although
+numerous efforts have been made <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>in Russia to find this Sergei Nilus,
+none has succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that a number of persons have testified to the existence of
+Sergei Nilus, but in each case a different person has been referred
+to, though Nilus is not a Russian name or commonly found in Russia.
+The present writer learned of two men, father and son, each bearing
+this very unusual name. First information led to the belief that at
+last the mysterious author had been discovered. The father was of
+about the right age and was said to be a writer interested in
+religious subjects. Further inquiry elicited the information that this
+man had died in 1910, whereas the Nilus we are interested in was alive
+as late as 1917. Greatly enlarged editions of his work, with new
+personal matter added, appeared in 1911 and 1917. Obviously,
+therefore, the man who died in 1910 was not our author. The anonymous
+editor of an edition of the protocols issued in New York toward the
+end of 1920 says that "a returning traveler <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>from Siberia in August,
+1919, was positive that Nilus was in Irkutsk in June of that year." No
+clew is given to the identity of the editor who makes this statement.
+And here let me remark in passing that it is a remarkable fact that
+<i>all</i> the editors of the numerous editions of the protocols, both here
+and abroad, are very shy persons and hide under the mask of anonymity.
+Nor is any clew given to the identity of the traveler from Siberia.
+Another report, also by a traveler returned from Siberia, who may
+possibly be the same person, makes it appear that the Nilus who was at
+Irkutsk is the son of the man who died in 1910, and is himself too
+young to fit the autobiographical sketch of the man born in 1862. I
+can only add to the foregoing, which represents all that I have been
+able to find out about Nilus, that there was an edition of the
+protocols published in Kishinev in 1906, the name of the author of the
+book in which they appeared being given as Butmi de Katzman.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Now with respect to the protocols. No reference to these documents
+appeared in the first edition of the book in 1903. If the reader will
+kindly bear this fact in mind it will help to an understanding of what
+follows. A second edition of the book, greatly enlarged, appeared at
+Tsarskoye-Selo, near Moscow, in 1905, the added matter being given the
+title, "Antichrist a Near Political Possibility." This additional
+matter consisted of (1) an introduction written by Nilus himself, (2)
+twenty-four documents purporting to be disconnected portions of the
+report of a secret conclave of an organization of Jews called the
+Elders of Zion, and (3) some commentaries thereon by Nilus. Now, it is
+very significant that Nilus himself has given different accounts of
+the history of these documents&mdash;accounts which differ so radically
+that they cannot be reconciled.</p>
+
+<p>Let us examine these various accounts very briefly. In the
+introduction to the edition of 1905 Nilus tells us that in 1901 <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>he
+came into possession of the alleged protocols. He says that at the
+close of a series of secret meetings of influential leaders of this
+conspiracy, held under Masonic auspices, a woman stole from "one of
+the most influential and most highly initiated leaders of Freemasonry"
+certain documents which turned out to be disconnected portions of the
+<i>proc&egrave;s-verbaux</i> of lectures or reports made at the aforesaid meetings
+of the Elders of Zion. He says that the protocols were "signed by
+representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third Degree," but he does not
+give the names of such signatories. This is of itself a suspicious
+circumstance, but a close reading of the text reveals that it is only
+one of several equally suspicious facts. Nilus does not claim to have
+seen the actual stolen documents, the original protocols. On the
+contrary, he tells us that what he received in 1901 was a document
+which he was assured was an accurate translation of the stolen
+documents. His own words are: "This document came into my possession
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>some four years ago (1901) with the positive assurance that it is a
+true copy in translation of original documents stolen by a woman from
+one of the most influential and the most highly initiated leaders of
+Freemasonry." Nilus has not seen the original manuscript, nor has any
+other known person. We have only the word of Professor Nilus that
+somebody gave him assurance that certain manuscripts were true and
+accurate translations of stolen documents of great international
+importance. So far as Nilus himself knew, or cared, apparently, the
+manuscript given, to him might well have been a forgery.</p>
+
+<p>We do not even know the date of the alleged secret meetings of the
+Elders of Zion at which the lectures or reports, or whatever they
+were, recorded in these protocols were made and, presumably,
+considered. We do not know the name of the "most influential and most
+highly initiated" leader of Freemasonry from whom the documents were
+said to have been stolen. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>Neither do we know the name of the thief.
+We do not know the name of the author of the alleged protocols, though
+obviously it would make all the difference in the world whether these
+are summaries of statements made by a responsible leader of the Jewish
+people or the wild vaporings of such a crank as infests practically
+every conference and convention. We do not know who translated the
+alleged protocols, nor in what language they were written. Moreover,
+not one word of assurance does Professor Nilus give on his own account
+that he knows any of these things. He does not appear to have made any
+investigation of any kind. In view of the rest of his work we may be
+quite sure that had he done so he would have told us. He does not even
+tell us, in this edition of 1905, that the person from whom he
+acquired the "translation" was known to him as a reliable and
+trustworthy person. He does not profess to know anything more than I
+have already quoted from him. No one knows Nilus <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>himself. So much for
+the explanation of 1905.</p>
+
+<p>Before I pass on to consider a later and different explanation made by
+the mysterious Nilus, a few brief observations upon the story now
+before us may not be out of place, especially since the <i>Dearborn
+Independent</i> has accepted it and made it the basis of its propaganda.
+How is it possible for any person possessing anything approaching a
+trained mind, and especially for one accustomed to historical study,
+to accept as authentic, and without adequate corroboration, documents
+whose origin and history are so clouded with secrecy, mystery, and
+ignorance? And how can men and women who are to all appearances
+rational and high-minded bring themselves to indict and condemn a
+whole race, invoking thereby the perils of world-wide racial conflict,
+upon the basis of such flimsy, clouded, and tainted testimony? No
+decent and self-respecting judge or jury anywhere in the United States
+would, I dare believe, convict the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>humblest individual of even petty
+crime upon the basis of such testimony. Serious charges made by a
+complainant who does not appear in court and is not known to the
+court, an alleged translation of an alleged original, not produced in
+court, alleged to have been stolen by an anonymous thief not produced
+in court, from an alleged conspirator not named nor produced in court,
+and not a scintilla of corroborative evidence, direct or
+circumstantial&mdash;was ever a chain of evidence so flimsy? By comparison,
+the discovery of the <i>Book of Mormon</i> is a well-attested event.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us consider another very different story told by Nilus. In
+January, 1917&mdash;the date is important&mdash;another edition of the book, so
+greatly enlarged and rewritten as to be almost a new book, appeared in
+Russia bearing the name of the mysterious and unknown Nilus. The title
+of this book is <i>It Is Near, at the Door</i>. It was published at
+Sergeiev, near Moscow, at the Monastery of Sergeiev. I have said that
+the date of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>appearance of this volume is important, and here is
+the reason: The overthrow of tsarism occurred in March, 1917. Toward
+the end of 1916 the revolutionary ferment was already apparent. What
+else could be expected than that the provocative agents of the Tsar's
+Secret Police and the Black Hundreds should strive to divert the
+attention of the people to some other issue? And what more natural
+than that they should conclude that a widespread movement against the
+Jews, great pogroms over a wide area, would best suit their purpose?
+The first publication of the alleged protocols took place in 1905,
+also at the beginning of a popular revolution, and it did have the
+effect of creating a considerable anti-Jewish agitation which weakened
+the revolutionary movement. The trail of the Secret Police and the
+Black Hundreds is plain. And now for the new version of the history of
+the protocols. On page 96 of this new book, which is a violent
+diatribe against the Jews, Nilus says:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>In 1901 I came into possession of a manuscript, and this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+comparatively small book was destined to cause such a deep
+change in my entire viewpoint as can only be caused in the heart
+of man by Divine Power. It was comparable with the miracle of
+making the blind see. "May Divine acts show on him."</p>
+
+<p>This manuscript was called, "The Protocols of the Zionist Men of
+Wisdom," and it was given to me by the now deceased leader of
+the Tshernigov nobility, who later became Vice-Governor of
+Stavropol, Alexis Nicholaievich Sukhotin. I had already begun to
+work with my pen for the glory of the Lord, and I was friendly
+with Sukhotin because he was a man of my opinion&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>,
+extremely conservative, as they are now termed.</p>
+
+<p>Sukhotin told me that he in turn had obtained the manuscript
+from a lady who always lived abroad. This lady was a noblewoman
+from Tshernigov. He mentioned her by name, but I have forgotten
+it. He said that she obtained it in some mysterious way, by
+theft, I believe. Sukhotin also said that one copy of the
+manuscript was given by this lady to Sipiagin, then Minister of
+the Interior, upon her return from abroad, and that Sipiagin was
+subsequently killed. He said other things of the same mysterious
+character. But when I first became acquainted with the contents
+of the manuscript I was convinced that its terrible, cruel, and
+straight-forward truth is witness of its true origin from the
+"Zionist Men of Wisdom," and that <i>no other evidence of its
+origin would be needed</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>Is it necessary, I wonder, to waste words in exposing this pious
+fraud? His own statement comes pretty close to convicting him of
+being, as I have suggested above, a hireling of the Secret Police, an
+<i>agent provocateur</i>. Sukhotin, from whom he now claims to have
+received the manuscript, was a notorious anti-Semite and a despot of
+the worst type. Sipiagin, to whom, it is alleged, the manuscript had
+been previously given, was also a bitter anti-Semite and one of the
+most infamous of Russian bureaucrats. He was notoriously corrupt and
+unspeakably cruel while he was Minister of the Interior. He was
+assassinated by Stephen Balmashev, in March, 1902. Even if we credit
+this revised version of the way in which he came into possession of
+the manuscript, Nilus is closely identified with the secret agencies
+of the old regime. Let us take note, however, of other peculiarities
+of the canting hypocrite, Nilus. He names Sukhotin and Sipiagin only
+after they are dead and denial by them is impossible; he has
+"forgotten" the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>name of the "noblewoman from Tshernigov," the person
+alleged to have stolen the original documents; he suggests that the
+documents need no other evidence than their own contents. Truly, a
+very typical criminal is the mysterious, elusive, unknown "Prof.
+Sergei Nilus"!</p>
+
+<p>Now let me call attention to two other very interesting facts in
+connection with this story of 1917. The first is that Nilus omits the
+very important statement made in the edition of 1905 that the alleged
+protocols were "signed by representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third
+Degree," without offering the slightest explanation of that most
+important omission. The second fact is even more conclusive as
+evidence of the man's absolute untrustworthiness. Having told us in
+the edition of 1905 that the friend who gave him the protocols assured
+him that they had been "stolen by a woman," and in 1917 that it was
+Nicholaievich Sukhotin from whom he received the documents, who not
+only told him that they had been stolen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>by a woman, but told him also
+the name of the thief (which he has forgotten, unfortunately), he
+proceeds, in the Epilogue of the 1917 edition, to tell a very
+different story. He says in this Epilogue that the protocols "were
+stealthily removed from a large book of notes on lectures. <i>My friend</i>
+found them in the safe of the headquarters offices of the Society of
+Zion, which is situated at present in Paris."</p>
+
+<p>Was ever perjurer more confused? First we have an unknown woman
+stealing the documents from "one of the most highly initiated leaders
+of Freemasonry"; next, we have a "noblewoman of Tshernigov" as the
+thief and Sukhotin as the intermediary through whose hands they
+reached his friend Nilus. Now, finally, Nilus says that his
+friend&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, <i>Sukhotin</i>&mdash;was the thief, and not a woman at all!
+Instead of being stolen from the person of "one of the most highly
+initiated leaders of Freemasonry," they are "found" in a safe in
+Paris! The woman has disappeared; the highly initiated <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Freemason has
+disappeared. Now it is Sukhotin who is identified as the thief, and he
+is pointed out as having robbed a safe in Paris. So much for the
+perjury of Nilus. I may add that I am assured&mdash;though I cannot vouch
+for the statement&mdash;that Sukhotin was not outside of Russia between
+1890 and 1905.</p>
+
+<p>But it may be argued, as it has been argued in the <i>Dearborn
+Independent</i> following the suggestion of Nilus&mdash;that the authenticity
+of the protocols, and the reality and seriousness of the Jewish
+conspiracy, are sufficiently demonstrated by internal evidence. I
+confess that I do not find in the documents any reason for reaching
+such a conclusion, though I have studied them with all the patience
+and care I could command, and have read the principal arguments made
+in their defense. I find not a scrap of evidence to show that there
+exists, or ever has existed, such a body of men as "The Elders of
+Zion," or "The Men of Wisdom of Zion," or any similar secret body <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>of
+Jews. <i>That such a secret conspiratory body exists has been charged
+from time to time during more than a century, yet not a particle of
+evidence to sustain the charge has ever been produced.</i> I am quite
+well aware of the capacity of the human mind to believe whatever
+accords with preconceived prejudices, suspicions, or impressions, even
+in the face of evidence to the contrary, and, correspondingly, to
+reject the most conclusive evidence when it runs counter to such
+prejudices, suspicions, or impressions. Laying upon my own mind the
+warning implied by this knowledge, and guarding myself against the
+danger of rejecting, or ignoring, or undervaluing unpleasant and
+unwelcome facts, I am bound to say that those who find in these
+alleged protocols a sufficient basis for bringing the Jewish race
+under indictment seem to me to have brought preconceived suspicion and
+fear of the Jew to their study of the documents themselves.
+Personally, I can find nothing in them which suggests any highly
+organized intelligence, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>such as the leaders of the Jewish race
+represent and command in abundance; rather, they seem to me to clearly
+indicate the disordered mind and distorted vision of a very common
+type of monomaniac, the genus "crank."</p>
+
+<p>I believe that historical study is not one of Mr. Ford's strong
+points, but, even so, he must be aware of the fact that it is one of
+the commonest things in history to encounter charges of conspiracy
+directed against religious and political sects, supported by more or
+less plausible arguments and believed by considerable numbers of
+people. Were it necessary to my purpose, and did time permit, I could
+quite easily fill a considerable volume with illustrations of this
+fact. For example, there exists a great literature devoted to the
+object of proving that the Vatican is the headquarters of such a
+conspiracy to bring about or to attain world domination. Thousands of
+books and pamphlets have been written to convict the Jesuits of such a
+conspiracy, many of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>them far more convincing than these protocols.
+Pamphlets aiming to convince the American people that the Knights of
+Columbus is an organization aiming at the overthrow of the American
+Republic and the establishment of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope
+over the United States have been circulated by the million. It is a
+matter of court record that this charge has been supported by the
+publication of what purported to be exact copies of oaths pledging the
+members of that organization to the end stated. Let me say at once
+that I do not credit these sensational stories and charges. I have
+confined myself to charges made against one of the two great sections
+of Christianity for reasons which seem to me peculiarly cogent. The
+charges made against the Jews have produced the most terrible results
+in the countries where the Roman Catholic Church is strongest, and no
+leader of the Christian religion has such strong reason for denouncing
+such appeals to prejudice and hatred as the head of that Church.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>Belief in widespread conspiracies directed against individuals or the
+state is probably the commonest form assumed by the human mind when it
+loses its balance and its sense of proportion. I venture to hazard the
+opinion that of all the cranks who have pestered Mr. Ford since he has
+attained a conspicuous position, those who imagined themselves to be
+the victims of conspiracies have outnumbered all the others. These
+protocols are either preposterous forgeries deliberately wrought for
+the purpose of fostering anti-Semitism in Russia, or they are the
+pitiable ravings of a familiar type of monomaniac.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the authorship of the protocols, there has been much
+conjecture, especially on the part of those who have seriously
+regarded them as an authentic expression of Jewish opinion. It has
+been whispered in those places where the so-called Jewish question is
+discussed, that they are the work of the well-known Zionist leader,
+Dr. Theodor Herzl. This is the theory which Nilus <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>himself advances in
+the introduction to the edition of 1917. He says:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>... my book has already reached the fourth edition, but it is
+only definitely known to me now and in a manner worthy of
+belief, and that through Jewish sources, that these protocols
+are nothing other than the strategic plans for the conquest of
+the world under the heel of Israel, and worked out by the
+leaders of the Jewish people ... and read to the Councils of
+Elders by the "Prince of Exile," Theodor Herzl, during the first
+Zionist Congress, summoned by him in August, 1897, in Basle.</p></div>
+
+<p>This is the first time Nilus has so much as hinted at the date of the
+alleged secret conclave of the Elders of Zion, at the close of which,
+according to the story of 1905 so elaborately contradicted in 1917,
+the protocols were stolen by a woman. It is perhaps as well to remark
+in passing that the first Zionist Congress was held in the open and
+its proceedings freely reported in the press. Now, Herzl stands among
+the foremost of the intellectual Jews of modern times. All his known
+work is characterized by clear, clean-cut reasoning and direct and
+forceful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>statement. All his known writings are characterized by these
+qualities. Whatever we may think about Zionism, it must be admitted
+that the great Austrian journalist and critic never lacked the courage
+of his convictions, as may be seen by anybody who will take the
+trouble to read his writings or the evidence delivered by him before
+the British Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, in 1902. If Herzl
+wrote these documents he adopted the disguise of the style and method
+of a much inferior mentality.</p>
+
+<p>Unless we are to believe that he deliberately adopted a style of
+writing and method of reasoning entirely unfamiliar and unlike his
+publicly acknowledged work, for the express purpose of hiding his
+authorship of the protocols&mdash;which, if we credit the story that they
+were presented to a secret conference of the leaders of the alleged
+conspiracy, is an impossible hypothesis&mdash;we are warranted in saying
+that, whoever wrote them, it was not Theodor Herzl. It would be as
+reasonable to ascribe a Walt Whitman <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>chant to Emerson, or a Bernard
+Shaw satire to Jonathan Edwards, as to ascribe these crude, meandering
+pages to the crystalline intellect of Theodor Herzl. I do not find in
+them any suggestion of the trained mind of a scholar and writer of
+Herzl's attainments; rather, they seem to me to belong in about the
+same intellectual category as the ordinary propaganda literature of
+the numerous sects, ancient and modern, based upon peculiar
+interpretations of Biblical prophecies. Since the outbreak of the
+World War in 1914, and throughout the whole chapter of revolutionary
+events following thereupon, there has been a steady flood of such
+literature. Even the much-discussed forecast of Bolshevism does not in
+any material respect differ from many similar "prophecies" that have
+appeared in recent years.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be denied that Bolshevism actually conforms in a notable
+degree to the specifications contained in the protocols, which I have
+already summarized in the preceding chapter. Shall we, then, conclude
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>that the charge is proven and declare the case closed, or is it
+necessary to examine the evidence further and more critically? I think
+that a very brief period of honest reflection will convince any
+fair-minded and intelligent person of the injustice of the rendering
+of a verdict holding the Jews responsible for Bolshevism upon the
+basis of such evidence. Let me direct the attention of my readers to a
+coincidence of dates which once more directs suspicion against Prof.
+Sergei Nilus and against the alleged stolen protocols. I have already
+pointed out that in 1903, in the first edition of his book, Nilus did
+not use the alleged protocols, though he claims that they had been in
+his possession for two years prior to that time. That this is a
+suspicious circumstance will, I think, be readily conceded by the
+open-minded. In 1903 the Russian Social Democratic party was split
+into two factions, and the word "Bolshevism" came into use as the
+designation of the policy of one of these factions. In 1905 the first
+Russian revolution took <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>place. In the period between the split in the
+Social Democratic party in 1903 and the outbreak of the revolution in
+1905 the leaders of the Bolsheviki had been active in formulating and
+propagating their theoretical and political views. During the
+revolution a sharp conflict occurred between the Bolsheviki and other
+factions of the Russian Socialist movement, and the Socialist press
+gave much space to the controversy.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen from this brief historical sketch that when Nilus
+published a second edition of his book, late in 1905, he could find in
+the Russian Socialist press all the materials for such a general
+description of Bolshevism as that contained in the protocols. Of
+course, if we believe that the documents are genuine, that they are
+authentic translations of documents actually stolen in 1896, delivered
+to Nilus in 1901, and by him first made public in 1905, we have simply
+a coincidence of dates. I submit, however, that there is not a shred
+of credible evidence that the documents were so obtained by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>Nilus, or
+that they existed in 1896, 1901, 1903, or at any date earlier than
+1905, the year of their first publication. I submit, furthermore, that
+it is highly probable that the passages in the alleged protocols which
+are now hailed as conclusive evidence that the Bolshevist policy had
+been formulated as early as 1896, were in reality written after 1903
+and in the light of already published accounts of Bolshevist theories
+and tactics. There is not a thing that we know about these documents
+and their history which does not point directly to the conclusion that
+they are forgeries.</p>
+
+<p>When I was in London in October, 1920, an English journalist of
+distinction, well known and influential on both sides of the Atlantic,
+with great earnestness and evident conviction sought to impress me
+with the serious importance of these alleged <i>Protocols of the Elders
+of Zion</i>. He was quite convinced that the documents were genuine, and
+that they proved beyond reasonable doubt the existence of a world-wide
+Jewish conspiracy. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>With great solemnity and manifest sincerity he
+sought to enlist my co-operation in defense of what he called
+"Anglo-Saxon civilization," which he seemed to regard as synonymous
+with Christian civilization. He was quite astonished when I directed
+his attention to the fact that a well-known French writer, Louis
+Martin, had published, as far back as 1895, a book in which he
+attempted to prove the existence of such a world-wide Jewish
+conspiracy. My friend honestly believed that the existence of this
+conspiracy had never been known or suspected prior to the publication
+of the work of the mysterious Sergei Nilus. He was still more
+surprised when I told him that in his book, <i>L'Anglais Est-Il un
+Juif?</i>, Martin had attempted to prove that the English people are part
+of the Jewish race, and that the British government is the principal
+directing power of the conspiracy; so that the world-wide Jewish
+conspiracy must, according to Martin, be understood as a secret
+compact between the British <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>government, as a Jewish organization, and
+the leaders of Jewry in all other lands. Thus is the theory of a
+world-wide Jewish conspiracy reduced to absurdity. I confess that at
+that time I was not aware that in the original Russian of the 1905
+edition of the work of Nilus this absurd theory of Martin had been
+reproduced, but carefully omitted from every English translation
+published in this country and in England. The reason for the omission
+is obvious; had the passage been given it would have made a
+laughing-stock of the protocols. I submit, however, that the omission
+of such an important passage from the text of Nilus without any
+reference to or explanation of the liberty taken with the text, places
+those responsible for the several translations in a very unfavorable
+light.</p>
+
+<p>In closing this chapter it is perhaps well that some record should be
+made of the sinister use which was made of these alleged protocols
+during the World War. Not long after the United States had begun
+active <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>participation in the war against Germany, it came to my
+attention that typewritten manuscripts purporting to prove that the
+war was part of a great conspiracy of international Jews were being
+circulated. On at least three different occasions, early in 1918, I
+was asked about this charge. I was told then that the British and
+American governments were in a special sense the agents of this Jewish
+conspiracy. In July, 1918, in Paris, a fuller account of the documents
+was given to me by a loyal Socialist, to whom they had been shown.
+There was not then, as there is not now, the slightest doubt in my
+mind that the pro-German propagandists resorted to this trick in order
+to weaken the morale of the principal Allied nations.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>IV<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY?</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>Upon the strength of statements made in this collection of documents
+of mysterious and suspicious origin, a number of papers, including the
+<i>Dearborn Independent</i> and the <i>London Morning Post</i>, have attempted
+to account for and explain the international Socialist movement as
+part of this Jewish imperialistic conspiracy. Neither in the protocols
+themselves nor in the newspapers making this particular charge has any
+shred of authentic evidence been adduced in its support. True, a great
+deal has been made of the undeniable fact that Karl Marx, Ferdinand
+Lassalle, Wilhelm Liebnecht, and other noted Socialists belonged to
+the Jewish race. Against this fact might very well be set the equally
+undeniable fact <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>that the foremost opponents of these men, and of
+Socialism, were also of the Jewish race. Apparently, therefore, we are
+to believe that the leaders of this Jewish conspiracy set up the
+Socialist movement and fostered it, while at the same time they
+enlisted their ablest minds to defeat it. Surely for the normal mind
+that is not obsessed this is a theory too absurd for belief.</p>
+
+<p>Only those who are entirely ignorant of the history of Socialism and
+Socialist theories can possibly hold this view of its Jewish origin.
+Long before Karl Marx appeared upon the scene of action Socialism had
+already made an impress upon European thought. Marx was a boy of
+fifteen when the word Socialism first appeared in print as designating
+the doctrines preached by Robert Owen, the Welshman, for almost twenty
+years before that time. Was Owen the tool of Jewish conspirators? I
+have read most of the literature relating to Owen's life and teaching,
+including his own voluminous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>writings, and the innumerable
+controversies in which he was engaged throughout his life. I have not
+discovered in all this mass of material a single trace of Jewish
+influence. He had no Jewish friends or associates during the formative
+years, the period in which the Socialist ideas and ideals shaped
+themselves. His Socialism was the direct outcome of his experience as
+a successful manufacturer. He was not in any sense a man of books.
+From time to time he required large sums of money for his enterprises.
+Surely, if those enterprises, and his life's work as a whole, formed
+part of a great Jewish conspiracy which had behind it the vast
+financial resources of Jewry, it would not have been difficult for him
+to secure the financial support he needed. It is a fact of cardinal
+importance, therefore, that Owen never did receive Jewish financial
+support. Those who would have us believe that Socialism originated as
+a part of the great world-wide conspiracy of Jewish imperialism must
+first of all explain Robert Owen.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>Nor does Owen stand alone in the history of Socialism among the
+Anglo-Saxon peoples. It is a well-known fact, one to which he himself
+has called attention, that the most important of the economic and
+sociological theories of Marx were held and promulgated before his
+time by a number of British writers. As Professor Foxwell and others
+have shown, the roots of what is called Marxian Socialist theory lie
+deep in the soil of British political economy. Karl Marx devoted his
+typically Jewish genius to the exposition of Socialist theories, but
+the theories themselves were not of Hebraic origin. William Godwin,
+Charles Hall, William Thompson, John Gray, and John Francis Bray all
+preceded Marx, and not one of them was a Jew, nor can we find in their
+writings any trace of Jewish influence. It is the same with Bronterre
+O'Brien, the first to call himself a Social Democrat. If any or all of
+these men were the agents of such a conspiracy, it is remarkable that
+there should be an entire absence of evidence of that fact. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>It is
+quite unbelievable that there was any sort of conspiracy which
+affected them. For the most part they were poor and their books were
+published in pitifully small editions at great sacrifice to
+themselves. Incidentally, it is worthy of note, Karl Marx, the Jew,
+suffered terrible poverty. Certainly, all this does not suggest an
+international conspiracy backed by the Jewish leaders of the financial
+world.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the prominence of a few individual Jews in the American
+Socialist movement in recent years, the writer of the anti-Semitic
+articles in the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> regards as proven the theory
+that American Socialism originated in Jewish conspiracy. It is another
+evidence of his entire ignorance of the subject concerning which he
+writes. If there is anything which can be said about Socialism with
+certainty, it is that its fundamental theories are mainly of
+Anglo-Saxon origin. Karl Marx was a boy of nine years when Robert Owen
+reprinted in England an American Socialist pamphlet, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>written by an
+American workingman and published in America a year or two earlier. At
+about the same time Thomas Cooper, of Columbia, South Carolina,
+published his book in which the fundamental economic theories of
+modern Socialism were clearly expounded. When Marx was no more than
+ten years old we find O.A. Brownson, editor of the Boston <i>Quarterly
+Review</i>, vigorously preaching here in America the theory of the class
+war, the abolition of the wage system, and the necessity for a triumph
+of the proletariat. We find such men as Thomas Skidmore, R.L.
+Jennings, and L. Byllesby preaching thoroughgoing Socialism. In 1829
+these men and others were exercising a notable and considerable
+influence upon American thought. In vain shall we search their
+writings and the meager accounts of their lives for any trace or
+suggestion of Jewish influence or control.</p>
+
+<p>I skip a decade and turn to the Fourierist period of American
+Socialism. The profound influence of Charles Fourier upon Karl <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>Marx
+is well known and has been the subject of much learned writing. But if
+the Frenchman inspired the German Jew, so likewise did he inspire many
+American non-Jews, the very flower of our race. It was Albert Brisbane
+who began the Fourierist agitation here, and soon he had associated
+with him Horace Greeley, Parke Godwin, George Ripley, Charles A. Dana,
+John S. Dwight, William Henry Channing, Margaret Fuller, John Orvis,
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Edmund Clarence Stedman, and many others.
+Other distinguished Americans who were brought into more or less
+sympathetic association with the movement included Nathaniel
+Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Russell Lowell, and Theodore
+Parker, among others. Certainly it would be difficult to name a body
+of men and women more truly representative of the highest and best of
+American life and genius. To suggest that these were all the agents of
+a Jewish conspiracy, either consciously or unconsciously, is to invite
+and deserve <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>ridicule. In truth, Socialism is as Anglo-Saxon as Magna
+Charta and as American as the Declaration of Independence, and we
+might as well attribute either or both of these to Jewish intrigue as
+Socialism. It is true that the organized Socialist movement in America
+has long spoken with a foreign accent and borne the imprint of an
+alien psychology, but that psychology, as I have elsewhere pointed
+out, is German and not Hebraic.</p>
+
+<p>It would take us too far afield to discuss the origin of French
+Socialism, even in this sketchy fashion, but I can state with the
+assurance that is born of intimate knowledge that French Socialism
+shows as little sign of having been inspired by alien influences,
+Jewish or other, as British and American Socialism. I stress this
+point not because I would defend the Jews against the charge that they
+have manifested unusual sympathy for Socialism (which, indeed, if
+true, I should hold to be a virtuous distinction), nor to apologize
+for or to deny the splendid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>contributions of individual Jews to the
+Socialist movement. My concern is to enter protest against the charge
+that the Socialist movement of the world originated in the ambitions
+of Jewish imperialists and is neither more nor less than part and
+parcel of a great international Jewish conspiracy. That is a stupid
+travesty of history, and a dangerous one.</p>
+
+<p>I have spent the greater part of my life in the Socialist movement, in
+close and intimate comradeship with both Jews and Gentiles belonging
+to nearly every civilized nation. I am as proud of the comradeship of
+my Jewish comrades as I am of that of any others. My readers will
+perhaps understand that I deeply resent the implication that through
+all the years of struggle and sacrifice I have been either the
+unconscious dupe or the willing agent of any kind of selfish
+conspiracy, Jewish or other. It is, of course, difficult to disprove
+such an accusation brought against a great movement, and, therefore,
+by implication against <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>the individuals belonging to that movement. If
+I should charge that Mr. Henry Ford is engaged in this anti-Semitic
+propaganda for purely selfish and mercenary reasons, that he has
+become the spokesman and agent of great unscrupulous capitalist
+interests who seek to destroy their Jewish competitors and to profit
+thereby, he would find it difficult to establish the contrary by
+definite and concrete proof. As a matter of justice, nothing of the
+sort should be expected. The burden of proof rests upon the person
+making the accusation. In like fashion, when the <i>Dearborn
+Independent</i> charges that the international Socialist movement is one
+of the agents of a vicious Jewish conspiracy against Christian
+civilization, it is in honor bound to submit proofs. This it has not
+done, nor has any other paper making the charge. I <i>know</i> that the
+charge is a cruel and cowardly falsehood, a libel upon millions of
+honest and honorable men and women, to utter which is an infamy and
+degradation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>The charge is one that has been leveled against practically every
+movement of protest that has been developed in modern times. It was
+leveled against the Protestant Reformation; against the French
+Revolution; against Mazzini and his followers in Italy; against the
+German Revolutionists of 1848; against British Trade-Unionists. I have
+no doubt that a little research would reveal the fact that the same
+charge was directed against the Abolitionists in this country. Vicious
+interests are never very scrupulous in their choice of weapons. In
+those Protestant countries in which the number of Catholics is much
+larger than the number of Jews it is a common practice to charge that
+movements of protest and revolt are instigated and led by the Catholic
+hierarchy. Where the number of Jews is very great the appeal is made
+to racial hatred. In Catholic countries, in the same way, accusation
+is directed against Protestantism or Judaism, according to
+circumstance.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>Wherever and by whosoever made, appeals to racial and religious
+prejudices and hatreds in defense of vested interests merit the
+condemnation of all honest and righteous men. When made in a country
+which, like the United States, possesses millions of peoples of many
+diverse lands and races not yet welded into national homogeneity, who
+must live and work together, such accusations become the most
+dangerous form of treason. Whoever propagates in this country
+antagonism to any race or creed represented in our citizenship,
+whether it be against Jews, Poles, Germans, Irish, English, or
+negroes; or against Judaism, Catholicism, or Protestantism, assails
+the very foundation of our most cherished and characteristic American
+institutions.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>V<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>The anti-Semitic press of both hemispheres charges that Bolshevism in
+Russia and elsewhere is a movement instigated and led by Jews, as part
+of a great conspiracy to bring about the Jewish domination of the
+world. The reasons for making this charge are only too obvious.
+Bolshevism is repugnant to the great mass of civilized mankind, by
+whom it is rightly regarded as a sort of moral leprosy. Whatever may
+be thought of the possibility of Sovietism in industry and government,
+Bolshevism, the spiritual dynamic as distinguished from the mechanical
+agent, is the negation of every virtuous principle which mankind holds
+in reverence. It frankly bases government upon brute force wielded <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>by
+the few, and denies the ideal toward which all nations are striving,
+the ideal of government based upon the sanction of the governed. It
+unites in a terrible synthesis all the worst agencies and methods of
+tsarism and of militarism. To persuade the people of this or any other
+civilized country that Bolshevism is essentially a Jewish movement,
+part of a conspiracy to reduce civilization to chaos, and so prepare
+the way for a Jewish supergovernment of the world, would mean the
+rapid organization of the rest of the population against the Jews in
+every phase of life&mdash;politics, commerce, industry, education, social
+intercourse, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>In support of this most serious charge not a single shred of credible
+evidence has ever been adduced by any anti-Semitic writer or organ.
+For the universally known fact that there are Jews among the leaders
+of Bolshevism, in Russia and elsewhere, is not evidence that
+Bolshevism is <i>essentially</i> or <i>primarily</i> a Jewish movement; neither
+is it evidence that Bolshevism is a part of a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>Jewish conspiracy to
+obtain world domination. All that it proves is that which needs no
+proof&mdash;that there are Jews among the Bolsheviki. I repeat that in
+support of the charge not a shred of credible evidence has ever been
+adduced. In that shameful book, <i>The Cause of World Unrest</i>,
+consisting of articles reprinted from the <i>London Morning Post</i>, the
+anonymous author gives a list of fifty names of "persons who either
+are the actual governing powers in Soviet Russia now or were
+responsible for the establishment of the present regime there." There
+is both guile and cowardice in the latter part of this charge. It is
+easy to argue, with a certain plausibility, that every person who
+helped in the revolution of March, 1917, must be held "responsible for
+the establishment of the present regime." I have heard many Russians
+make the charge that Kerensky, the anti-Bolshevist, was "responsible"
+for the establishment of the Bolshevist regime. I have heard others
+charge the same thing against such men as Rodzianko, Prince <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>Lvov, and
+Professor Miliukov. What these Russians meant was that the failure of
+these men and others to deal properly with the situation existing at
+the time of the March revolution made the triumph of Bolshevism
+possible. In that sense, we might as well go back a stage farther and
+present the names of Tsar Nicholas II and all his responsible
+Ministers as "persons who ... were responsible for the establishment
+of the present regime." This, however, is not what the <i>Morning Post</i>
+desires to convey to the mind of the reader. It insinuates, in a most
+cowardly fashion, that the fifty persons named by it are Bolsheviki
+and falsely alleges that of the fifty no less than forty-two are Jews.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning this list of names a few observations are necessary. The
+compiler of the list was not honest; he did not intend to place the
+reader in possession of the truth. This is evidenced by several facts.
+In the first place, many influential leaders of the Bolsheviki whose
+names are familiar to all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>who have given even ordinary attention to
+the subject are conspicuously absent. The reason for the omission is
+that these men are non-Jews. <i>Their inclusion in the list would have
+destroyed the author's charge.</i> He has suppressed important facts in
+the interest of his wretched case. I searched the list in vain for the
+names of such prominent leaders of the Bolshevist movement as
+Bucharin, Rakovsky, Miliutin, Raskolnikov, Shliapnikov, Latzis, Rykov,
+Stalin, Krestinsky, Bonch-Brouyevich, Dybenko, Dzerzhinsky, Krylenko,
+Gorky, Andreyeva, Nogin, Platakov, Kalinin, Boky, and many others less
+well known. Anyone who is at all familiar with the subject will
+recognize in the names I have here given some of the most active and
+influential leaders of the Bolsheviki. Not one of them is a Jew, and I
+submit that to omit them from a list of names which pretends to be
+representative is as dishonest as it is cowardly.</p>
+
+<p>The list is thoroughly dishonest, moreover, in that it sets down as
+Jews men who <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>are well known to be Gentiles. For example, Manouilsky,
+number forty-six on the list, is described as a Jew, whereas it is
+well known that he is a Gentile, a Ukrainian. Bogdanov, number ten on
+the list, is likewise wrongfully described. His real name is not
+Silberstein, as alleged, but Malinovsky. Neither is he a Jew, as
+alleged, but a Gentile, a Russian. These two illustrations will serve
+to show how little reliance can be placed upon the list. Whether there
+are other misrepresentations of the same kind I am unable to say, for
+the reason that the list contains many names of persons who do not
+hold and have not held any important position in Russia, either under
+the Bolsheviki or the earlier Provisional Government headed by
+Kerensky. These persons are absolutely unknown to me, even by name,
+and they are equally unknown to every Russian revolutionary leader to
+whom I have submitted them. It is quite probable, therefore, that
+these names of alleged Jews hide the identity of men who are not Jews
+at all.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>Not only does this precious list studiously omit many of the principal
+leaders of the Bolshevist regime simply because they are not Jews, and
+misrepresent well-known Gentiles as Jews; quite as bad is the fact
+that it includes many names of men who are not only not supporters of
+the Bolshevist regime, but actually leaders of the most determined
+opposition to it. Here is a list which is submitted in proof of the
+charge that "nearly all the Bolshevist leaders are Jews," and in that
+list I find the names of ten men who are known to me to be among the
+most active leaders of the struggle against the Bolsheviki, men who
+have made heroic sacrifices and risked their lives in that fight. I
+say that the list includes the names of ten men known to me to be
+bitter opponents of Bolshevism; there may be others concerning whom I
+am not informed.</p>
+
+<p>Included in the list I find the name of Izgoev (forty-three), for
+instance. His real name is alleged to be Goldman, when in fact it is
+Landau. Not only is he not a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>Bolshevik, but, as everybody familiar
+with the Russian movement knows, one of the active publicists of the
+Russian Constitutional Democratic party. Orthodoks, number thirty-five
+on the list, is not a Bolshevik, but one of the most active members of
+the group of so-called Socialist Patriots, the "Unity" group organized
+by the late George Plechanov to support the Allied war aims, an
+organization that did much to strengthen Russian morale in the early
+stages of the war and which has vigorously and bitterly opposed
+Bolshevism and all its ways. Bounakov, number forty-five on the list,
+is also a leader of the anti-Bolshevist forces. When I was in Paris
+recently he was there actively engaged with other Socialists in
+carrying on anti-Bolshevist propaganda. Kamkov, number fifteen on the
+list, was one of the leaders of the Socialists-Revolutionists party, a
+determined opponent of the Bolsheviki. According to the best
+information at my command, he was one of the men responsible for the
+assassination of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>German ambassador, Count von Mirbach, which was
+a protest against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was put to death by
+the Bolsheviki. Gorev, number eleven on the list, has consistently
+opposed Bolshevism with the rest of his colleagues of the Mensheviki.
+The same thing is true of Abramovich (twenty-four), of Dan
+(seventeen), of Martinov (twenty-one), of Martov (four), and of
+Meshkovsky (eighteen).</p>
+
+<p>The anonymous author of <i>The Cause of World Unrest</i> says of this list
+that it is "the result of much labor and the work of several hands." I
+do not need to characterize it, in the light of the foregoing
+analysis. The facts to which I have called attention can be very
+readily verified. I submit that most abject apology is due to the
+reader from everybody concerned in the preparation and circulation of
+this book&mdash;from the anonymous author, the compiler of the list, the
+London <i>Morning Post</i>, and the publishers. There is nothing more
+contemptible than such poisoning of the wells of public information.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>For the present I have finished with the <i>Morning Post</i>. Let us turn
+now to Mr. Ford's <i>Dearborn Independent</i>. In its issue of May 29,
+1920, this organ of American anti-Semitism desperately tries to
+bolster up the charge that nearly all the leaders of the Bolsheviki
+are Jews by a clumsy invention of its own. It says:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>Every commisar in Russia to-day is a Jew. Publicists are
+accustomed to speak of Russia as if it were in disorder, but the
+Jewish government of Russia is not. From a mass of underlings,
+the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx, a flying wedge
+through the superinduced disorder, as if every man's place had
+been previously prepared for him.</p></div>
+
+<p>For these statements there is no justification in fact. They are
+absolutely and unqualifiedly untrue, as every person familiar with the
+facts must know. It is not true that "every commissar in Russia to-day
+is a Jew." Not even a majority of the members of the Council of
+People's Commissars are Jews. Lenin, who is at the head of the
+government, is not a Jew. Tchitcherin, who <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>is in charge of foreign
+affairs, is not a Jew. Krassin, who is in charge of the trade
+negotiations with the British government, is not a Jew. These three
+men wield greater power and influence in Soviet Russia than all the
+Jewish officials combined. Dzerzhinsky, head of the infamous
+Extraordinary Commissions, is not a Jew. Lunarcharsky, who has charge
+of public education, is not a Jew. Rykov, chairman of the Economic
+Council, is not a Jew. Bonch-Brouyevich, secretary of the Council of
+People's Commissars, is not a Jew. Kolontai is not a Jewess. There are
+many other Gentile Commissars. How completely the London <i>Morning
+Post</i> and the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> misrepresent the essential facts
+I have already shown by my analysis of the pretentious list of fifty
+names published by the former. I have before me the official list of
+the members of the <i>Sovnarkom</i>&mdash;that is, the Council of the People's
+Commissars of the Soviet government. As is well known, the elaborate
+and intricate governmental system of Soviet Russia <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>centers ultimate
+authority in this Council of People's Commissars, which consists of
+seventeen members. A most striking refutation of the statement made by
+the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> is found in the fact that of the seventeen
+members of this supreme Bolshevist authority only one, Trotzky, is a
+Jew. The official list speaks for itself.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="95%" summary="Official List">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="30%" style="padding-bottom: .5em;"><i>Official Name</i></td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="30%" style="padding-bottom: .5em;"><i>Real Name</i></td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%" style="padding-bottom: .5em;"><i>Department</i></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;1. N. Lenin&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Oulianov</td>
+  <td class="tdl">President</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;2. G. Tchitcherin&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">G. Tchitcherin</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Foreign Affairs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;3. L. Trotsky&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[2]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bronstein</td>
+  <td class="tdl">War</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;4. E. Raskolnikov&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">E. Raskolnikov</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Navy</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;5. G. Petrovsky&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">G. Petrovsky</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Interior</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;6. N. Krestinsky&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">N. Krestinsky</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Finance</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;7. L. Krassin&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl"> L. Krassin</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Industry and Commerce and Ways of Communication</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;8. S. Sereda&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">S. Sereda</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Agriculture</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;9. N. Bruchanov&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">N. Bruchanov</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Supply</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">10. A. Lunarcharsky&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">A. Lunarcharsky</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Public Instruction</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">11. V. Stuchka&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">V. Stuchka</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Justice</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">12. A. Kolontai&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">A. Kolontai</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Public Welfare</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">13. V. Smidt&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">V. Smidt</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Labor</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">14. A. Rykov&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">A. Rykov</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Chairman, Economic Council</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">15. K. Stalin&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[3]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Djugashvili</td>
+  <td class="tdl">National Affairs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16. Dr. N. Semashko&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dr. N. Semashko</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Public Health</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">17. V. Bonch-Brouyevich&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">V. Bonch-Brouyevich</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Executive secretary of the Council of People's Commissars</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-top: .5em;">&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[1]</span> Russian</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-top: .5em;">&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[2]</span> Jew</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-top: .5em;">&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller;">[3]</span> Georgian</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Of course there are many Jews holding minor positions in the
+Bolshevist regime. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>It would be quite impossible to name any part of
+the Russian population to which that statement would not equally
+apply. For millions of people, Christians and Jews alike, the only
+possible alternative to starvation and death is to accept service
+under the Bolsheviki. Even loyal generals of the Tsar's army have
+accepted such service in order to avoid the starvation of themselves
+and their loved ones, despite their hatred of Bolshevism and the
+Bolsheviki. It is a fact, however, that there are very few Jews
+holding responsible posts in the Bolshevist government of Russia,
+while there are many Jews prominently identified with the
+anti-Bolshevist movement. I have followed very closely the accounts of
+the proceedings of the Bolshevist movement and of the Communist party,
+as reported in the official press, and have paid special attention to
+the activity of the Jews. Up to the present my list of Jews holding
+prominent positions in either the Soviet government or the Communist
+party contains less than twenty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>names, yet I believe it is fairly
+complete. It includes the names of Trotzky, Steklov, Zinoviev,
+Kamenev, Uritsky, Volodarsky, Sverdlov, Ganetsky, Helfandt (Parvus),
+Riazanov, Radek, Litvinov, Joffe, and Larin. It will be rather
+difficult, I think, to name any important omissions. As against this
+meager list of Jews, a very hastily compiled list of non-Jews who are
+prominent in the government or in the Communist party contains
+seventy-five names. In this list I do not include any of the many
+former generals of the Tsar's army now holding important positions in
+the Red Army and various departments of the Soviet government. With
+entire confidence I submit these incontestable facts to my readers in
+reply to the <i>Dearborn Independent</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is absurdly untrue to say, as the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> does, that
+"the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx" after the overthrow
+of tsarism. Throughout the revolutionary period the Jews in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>Russia
+have presented about the same political divisions as the Russian
+population in general. Like the overwhelming mass of the Russian
+people, they are anti-Bolshevist. Even if we confine our attention to
+the Jewish Socialists, overlooking for the moment the large number of
+Jews belonging to the Constitutional Democrats and other non-Socialist
+parties, we shall find absolutely no evidence of anything approaching
+a united Jewish Socialist support of the Bolsheviki. On the contrary,
+the most implacable and determined opponents of the Bolsheviki have
+been, and still are, Jewish Socialists. Such Jews as Martov, Dan,
+Lieber, Abramovich, and others have distinguished themselves by their
+relentless and unremitting opposition to the Bolsheviki.</p>
+
+<p>In reply to Mr. William Hard, who called attention to the fact that
+Jews like Vinaver, Martov, and others have been as active on the
+anti-Bolshevist side as Trotzky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, and others have
+been on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>the Bolshevist side, the anonymous writer employed by the
+<i>Dearborn Independent</i> resorts to a more cowardly and despicable
+controversial trick than I have hitherto encountered, even in
+anti-Semitic literature. Having charged that the Jews were united "in
+a perfect phalanx" in support of Bolshevism, when confronted by Mr.
+Hard with the evidence that there are Jews at the head of the
+anti-Bolshevist forces, he coolly abandons his charge and insinuates
+another. He says: "Look how the Jews control every phase of political
+opinion in Russia! Doesn't there seem to be some ground for the
+feeling that they are desirous of ruling everywhere?"</p>
+
+<p>Not often, I venture to say, has any American journalist descended to
+this low level. I am justified in asking Mr. Ford, who is primarily
+responsible for the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> and for its policy, whether
+he considers it to be compatible with sound American citizenship and
+with the traditions of our race to spread broadcast through <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>the land
+such cruelly unjust appeals to prejudice. Surely it is not difficult
+to see this matter from the viewpoint of the Jew, which in this
+instance is also the viewpoint of every fair-minded non-Jew. For the
+Jew it is a case of being damned either way. When it is noted that
+there are a few Jews holding prominent positions in the Bolshevist
+regime, the whole race is stigmatized and charged with being engaged
+in a conspiracy to destroy civilization; but when attention is called
+to the fact that other Jews, far more numerous, are engaged in
+fighting Bolshevism and attempting to save civilization, no credit for
+that fact is given to the race; it is not admitted as a fact modifying
+the previously formed sweeping judgment, but, on the contrary, is held
+to be additional evidence of guilt. Nothing that Bolshevist
+propagandists have attempted to do in this country involves anything
+like the peril to our institutions that is involved in this deliberate
+attempt to silence the anti-Bolshevist Jews by making even <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>their
+propaganda against Bolshevism appear as part of a conspiracy against
+those institutions.</p>
+
+<p>I am not here and now concerned to defend the Jews. Even were my gifts
+much greater, I should not presume to arrogate to myself that honor.
+The defense of the Jewish people against the aspersions cast upon them
+by this cruel propaganda belongs in the first place to Jewish scholars
+and publicists and can be left to them. My concern is the defense of
+Christian civilization, of American ideals and institutions, of the
+noblest Anglo-Saxon traditions. These things are our greatest wealth;
+they are the heritage of our children. When, therefore, this hateful
+propaganda imperils these things, it is both my duty and my privilege
+to defend them. Anti-Semitism has no place in Christian civilization;
+its spirit and its language are both alien and hostile to our Republic
+and to the genius of the race of Milton and Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>It can be demonstrated to the full <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>satisfaction of any open-minded
+person of normal intelligence that Bolshevism is the negation of the
+faith and morals which constitute the strongest bond of the Jewish
+people. Trotzky has many times declared that he is no Jew, but a
+"general proletarian," and Bela Kun, in a formal statement, declared
+himself to be opposed to all religions and national cultures, the
+Jewish included, and that he stood only for the economic interests of
+the proletariat. I could quote many similar statements by prominent
+Jewish Bolsheviki, were it necessary. The position taken by these men
+is, of course, entirely logical. Not only is Bolshevism fundamentally
+opposed to the Jewish religion; it is equally antagonistic to the
+principle of nationality itself. How, then, can it be possible to
+regard Bolshevism as typically and essentially Jewish, or as part of
+an all-Jewish conspiracy? Is it possible to believe that a great
+conspiratory scheme to direct the whole weight and influence of the
+Jewish people to a single political end, conceived <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>and led by the
+ablest leaders of that great people so remarkable for their
+intellectual power, would or could rest upon principles diametrically
+and irreconcilably opposed to the greatest psychological force
+motivating the conduct of the masses of that people?</p>
+
+<p>These questions by themselves shatter the charge we are discussing.
+There is, however, an immense mass of direct and positive evidence
+available to all who desire to know the truth, but which is carefully
+and studiously ignored by the preachers of anti-Semitism. If such men
+as Mr. Ford are ignorant of the existence of this evidence, as we must
+suppose them to be, their offense against America and American ideals
+is not thereby appreciably lessened; their reckless and irresponsible
+use of the wealth and other influential agents at their command adds
+to the sum of their shame and wrongdoing. The greatest and strongest
+Jewish Socialist organization in Russia and Poland, the "Bund," has
+stood in solid opposition to Bolshevism and the Bolshevist regime
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>from the very beginning until now. Not only have leaders of the right
+wing, or moderate section of the "Bund," such as Lieber, fought
+Bolshevism with their full might, but leaders of the radical left
+wing, such as Kossovsky and Medem, have been equally courageous and
+uncompromising on the same side<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>. A tiny and negligible minority
+split off from the "Bund" because of its anti-Bolshevist character and
+formed a new organization, the "Communist Bund." Similarly, the
+overwhelming mass of the Zionist party has consistently opposed
+Bolshevism and all its works, and such men as Doctor Pasmanick, the
+well-known Zionist leader of Odessa, have given their full support to
+every anti-Bolshevist movement, political and military.</p>
+
+<p>I have already referred to the activity of the well-known Jewish
+leader, Vinaver, in the fight against Bolshevism. Mr. Vinaver is not a
+Socialist; on the contrary, during <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>many years he has been a
+consistent opponent of Socialism and one of the foremost leaders of
+the Constitutional Democratic party, of whose Central Committee he
+was, and I believe still is, the chairman. Immediately after the March
+revolution of 1917, Mr. Vinaver was appointed Senator by the First
+Provisional Government. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly
+from Petrograd, and later on, after his escape from Petrograd, served
+as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of the Crimea. This
+prominent Jewish anti-Socialist testifies that "not a single Jewish
+Socialist faction has joined the Bolsheviki." From a report on this
+subject cabled to this country by Vinaver in July, 1919, I quote the
+following paragraphs, which speak for themselves.</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>The entire Russian Jewry struggles against Bolshevism. This is
+true not only with regard to the bourgeoisie, but to the
+democratic classes of the Russian Jewry as well. It is
+sufficient to say that not a single Jewish Socialist faction has
+joined the Bolsheviki. All political factions of the Russian
+Jewry are struggling against Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>The great majority of the Jewish population, including many of
+the poor, are being classed by the Bolsheviki with the so-called
+bourgeoisie, and every place where the Bolsheviki rule, the
+Jewish population, not to speak of very insignificant
+exceptions, is suffering and starving.</p>
+
+<p>The Bolshevist regime has destroyed the industries and the
+trade, and the Jewish population, which made its living mostly
+through participation in the industrial and commercial life, is
+suffering probably more than other nationalities. At the same
+time, the Bolsheviki are persecuting all religions, and the
+Jewish religious institutions have suffered from their despotic
+rule not less than the institutions of the Christian religion.</p>
+
+<p>The anti-Semites are making very wide use of the fact that
+Trotzky is a Jew, but the participation of several Jews among
+the Bolshevist leaders does not nullify the fact that the
+Russian Jewry, in its overwhelming majority, struggles actively
+against Bolshevism. <i>It is significant that Bolshevism spread
+mostly in central and eastern Russia where the Jews constitute
+an insignificant minority.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>It is a significant fact that the only Socialist elected to the United
+States Congress in the recent election, Meyer London, a Russian-born
+Jew, is a vigorous opponent of Bolshevism. In view of such evidence as
+the foregoing, it is surely not less than <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>ridiculous to attempt to
+make Bolshevism appear as a phase of Jewish Socialism, and a part of a
+world-wide Jewish conspiracy, instead of what it is&mdash;namely, the wild
+anarchical outburst of despairing and desperate masses of men. I
+venture to say that when the history of this tragic episode in the
+life of Russia is authoritatively written, it will be found that Jews
+have not been responsible for the most objectionable features of
+Bolshevism. Not even Trotzky need be excluded from this
+generalization, for, while it is true that his genius made Bolshevism
+the formidable military power it became, the brutal excesses of the
+Red Terror must be charged against such men as Peters, the Lett, and
+Dzerzhinsky, the Pole.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr  style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> see the articles published in the New York pro-Bolshevist
+weekly, <i>Die Neue Welt</i>, June 27, July 4 and 11, 1919.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>VI<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>No one who knows how the Jews of Russia, in common with the rest of
+the population, have suffered from Bolshevist misrule will be likely
+to give credence to the theory that Bolshevism is part of a Jewish
+conspiracy. As everybody knows, Jews made up a very considerable part
+of the commercial class in Russia. The indemnities levied upon this
+class by the Bolshevist commissions in the cities have applied equally
+to Jew and Gentile. It is a fact that ordinary Jewish shopkeepers have
+been compelled to pay their full share of the indemnities so levied.
+Scores of thousands of Jews have had their property confiscated and
+been reduced to abject poverty. Many thousands more have had to flee,
+leaving <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>everything behind them, thankful only that they could save
+their lives. The <i>Chresvy-chaikas</i> have drawn no distinction between
+Jew and Gentile, and the available records, meager as they are, prove
+that the Jews have contributed their full quota to the long list of
+the victims of these infamous terrorist organizations. Pogroms and
+other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been too common in
+Bolshevist Russia to permit any suspicion that Bolshevism is a
+pro-Jewish movement. The evidence upon this point is overwhelming.</p>
+
+<p>I am quite well aware that the statement that pogroms have been common
+in Bolshevist Russia will be challenged and indignantly denied by many
+of our American defenders of the Bolsheviki, Jews and Gentiles alike.
+It is none the less a well-attested fact. I have in my possession a
+mass of evidence which amply proves the truth of the statement. At the
+same time, I do not mean to charge that the Soviet government has
+deliberately instigated or authorized <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>pogroms. Indeed, I am quite
+ready to believe that the Soviet government has honestly desired and
+attempted to prevent such pogroms. Lenin accepted the presidency of an
+organization formed to combat anti-Semitism. The truth seems to be
+that just as pogroms have admittedly taken place in the new republic
+of Poland, despite the efforts of the Polish government to prevent
+them, and just as pogroms were carried out by Denikin's Volunteer Army
+despite General Denikin's attempts to prevent them, and the severe
+punishments inflicted by him upon the culprits, so regular Bolshevist
+troops in southern Russia have plundered and murdered Jews and raped
+and mutilated Jewish women and girls. Just as these lines are being
+written word comes, from sources of unquestionable authority, of
+pogroms against the Jews in the Ukraine, in which Bolshevist troops
+participated.</p>
+
+<p>The Pogrom Victims' Relief Committee of the Russian Red Cross Society
+published a report of its investigations of the Jewish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>pogroms in
+southern Russia during the period when General Denikin's forces were
+fighting the Bolsheviki. The report, based upon evidence of
+unquestionable reliability, showed that Jews had been plundered and
+murdered not only by disorderly troops of Denikin's Volunteer Army,
+and by the troops of Petlura and by the robber bands led by "atamans,"
+like Makhno, <i>but also by regular Bolshevist troops</i>. The report
+attributes to the latter the destruction of at least thirteen Jewish
+communities in southern Russia and the murder of five hundred Jews.
+And this is only one report of many. Before me as I write is the
+account given by an eyewitness of the pogrom which opened at
+Novo-Poltavka on September 1, 1919, and lasted through the whole of
+the week following. <i>More than one hundred Jews were murdered,
+numerous women and girls were raped, and the entire colony was
+plundered.</i> This pogrom was carried on by the guerrilla bands led by
+"atamans" Makhno and Grigoriev, together with regular <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>Bolshevist
+troops.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Do you ask me to believe that these pogroms were
+deliberately brought about as part of a "Jewish" conspiracy?</p>
+
+<p>Under the rule of the Bolsheviki the local organs of Jewish autonomy
+in the Ukraine were entirely destroyed.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> The chairman of the Jewish
+Community in Kiev, Mr. D. Levenstein, has testified to the brutal
+treatment of the Jews in that city during the Bolshevist occupation.
+Vladimir Kossovsky, one of the foremost leaders of the "Bund," well
+known in Socialist international circles, in an article published in
+the Jewish Socialist monthly, <i>Die Zukunft</i>, of New York, says:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist Russia have occurred with
+particular intensity during the first half of 1918. I shall
+point, as an example, to the pogroms in Gulkhov, in the
+government of Chernigov, where they assumed a particularly
+brutal form, and in a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>number of places in the Poliesiye. <i>All
+of these pogroms were the work of Bolshevist troops.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Glukhov pogrom, which has attained such sad notoriety,
+started on February 28, 1918, after a Bolshevist detachment had
+entered the city. The Red Army men, transformed into savage
+beasts, murdered the arrested Jews who were being taken under
+guard to the building of the Soviet, <i>and the street which
+housed the Soviet was literally sodden with Jewish blood. All
+Jewish stores and residences were sacked.</i> Peasants from the
+near-by villages soon joined the plunderers of the Red Guard in
+their work of looting and pillaging. According to newspaper
+reports, four hundred and fifty Jews were murdered, among these
+some Jewish soldiers who had been rewarded with "St. George"
+medals for bravery. Long lists of victims&mdash;such as could be
+identified&mdash;were at that time published in the newspapers. <i>The
+pogrom was directed exclusively against the Jews, and the
+Christian population of the city did not suffer in the least.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Concerning the pogroms in Poliesiye, Kossovsky quotes from the
+official organ of the Menshevist party, the <i>Novaia Zaria</i>, of Moscow,
+June 10, 1918, the following:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>The large Jewish population of this region (Poliesiye) finds
+itself in a particularly tragic situation. The "activity" of the
+Red Army in Novogorod-Sieversk, Seredina-Buda, and Glukhov,
+where <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>the Soviet detachments massacred the Jewish populations,
+has found an echo in other cities, and the sword of Damocles
+hangs at present over the unfortunate Jewish people. In the city
+of Potchep the Jews saved themselves from a pogrom by collecting
+in time fifteen thousand rubles, which they handed over to the
+pogrom-mad Red Army detachment upon its entrance into the city,
+in addition to giving it a splendid reception and a sumptuous
+feast. As reward for this reception the bashi-bazouks of the
+Soviet decided to spare the city.</p></div>
+
+<p>Pogroms and other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been so common
+in Bolshevist Russia as to make the "Jewish question" one of extreme
+difficulty and importance. In numerous Soviets, notably Yaroslavl,
+Vitebsk, and Smolensk, Jewish members were openly insulted by the
+Bolsheviki; such epithets as "<i>szhid!</i>" ("sheeny!") were hurled at the
+Jewish members. Once more I quote from the article by Kossovsky:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>In the provinces the pogrom mania invaded even the Soviets, not
+mentioning the Red Army which became more and more infected with
+it. According to the Kiev <i>Naiye Zait</i>, in the Vitebsk Soviet
+shouts were heard, "Chase the Jews out of the Soviets <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>and its
+institutions!" In the Yaroslavl Soviet, according to information
+printed in the Moscow Social-Democratic newspaper, <i>Vperiod</i>,
+there were often heard insulting and shameful cries directed
+against the Jews. In Smolensk, according to <i>Svobodnaya Rossia</i>,
+members of the Red Army would come to the Soviet and demand that
+Jews be barred from holding posts as war commissaries and
+commanders. A lively anti-Semitic propaganda was carried on in
+Moscow and Petrograd, too, though it never reached the stage of
+a pogrom. In Petrograd anti-Jewish posters, signed by a "Kamorra
+of the People's Revenge," were spread broadcast. As a result of
+the apprehensiveness aroused, detachments for self-defense were
+organized by the Jews of Moscow. In Petrograd the Bolshevist
+authorities did not permit the organization of self-defense
+bodies, fearing lest the weapons of the self-defense detachments
+be turned against the Soviet.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the initiative of the Petrograd Jewish Community the day of
+May 23, 1918, was designated as a Jewish National Day of
+Mourning throughout Russia as a protest against the latter-day
+Jewish pogroms in Russia. On that day the Jews were to close all
+their business establishments, not to issue newspapers, etc.,
+etc. The May 23d issue of the Petrograd Jewish daily, <i>Unser
+Tagblat</i>, appeared in a black border and was full of articles
+relating to anti-Jewish attacks and pogroms, entitled: "Protest
+by Mourning," "Let Jewish Blood Boil," "The Day of Sorrow," "The
+Bloody Roll (Statistics Concerning Jewish Pogroms)." To convey
+to the reader the substance of these articles I will quote <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>the
+closing words of the article, "The Bloody Roll": "The old
+tsarist, bloody Russia, fell, and a new Russia, a
+radical-Socialist, a communist, Russia came in its place. And
+still, as before, we stand facing a roster of Jewish pogroms, a
+roster which is, as yet, far from ended, as each day adds new
+names, new victims, and new massacres."</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Louis Marshall, who is universally recognized as one of the
+foremost leaders of the American Jewry and who headed the
+American-Jewish delegation to the Peace Conference, in an interview
+published in the New York Jewish daily newspaper, <i>The Day</i>, July 27,
+1919, categorically denied the assertion that there have been no
+Jewish pogroms under the rule of the Bolsheviki. He declared that such
+pogroms took place in the districts of the Ukraine controlled by the
+Bolsheviki as well as in those controlled by the robber bands. "We
+know of such pogroms having occurred," he said, "and very often the
+Bolsheviki care just as little about the Jews as others who make
+pogroms. It is possible that some of their pogroms are at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>times
+different, but in substance there were Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist
+territory as well." Mr. Marshall added the following observation:
+"<i>All Jewish representatives that I have met in Paris who came from
+Russia are strong opponents of Bolshevism. Even to this day the Jewish
+Socialist parties are no less sharp in their condemnation of the
+Bolsheviki than are the bourgeois parties.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>So far as I have been able to discover, there is not a large Jewish
+Community in Russia which has not repudiated Bolshevism. Not in a
+single instance has the support of the leaders of such a Community
+been given to the Lenin-Trotzky regime. For example, I have before me
+the report of the annual general meeting of the Jewish Community of
+Archangel, which took place on May 11, 1919. Therein is contained a
+Memorandum by the Council of the Community on the relation of the Jews
+to Bolshevism. The Memorandum points out that, while it is true that
+there are Jews <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>among the leaders of the Bolsheviki, it is also true
+that there are many Jews among the leaders of the anti-Bolshevist
+forces. It names such men as MM. Vinaver, Gotz, Minor, Bliumkin (who
+assassinated Count Mirbach), Kannengisser (who shot Uritzki), and Dora
+Kaplan (who attempted to assassinate Lenin and forfeited her own
+life).</p>
+
+<p>The Memorandum asks the non-Jewish world to remember that all of the
+Jews connected with the Bolshevist movement in any prominent capacity
+are apostates, that not one of them ever took the slightest part in
+the affairs of Russian Jewry, and that the Jewish people only learned
+of their existence at about the same time and in the same way as the
+Russian people in general became aware of the existence of such
+non-Jewish Bolshevist leaders as Lenin, Lunarcharsky, Tchitcherin,
+Krylenko, Dybenko, and many others. Attention is called to the fact
+that prominent Jewish national workers in Russia have been subjected
+to the same persecution and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>maltreatment by the Bolsheviki as the
+public-spirited men and women of other nationalities. The Memorandum
+cites the imprisonment of Doctor Maze, Rabbi of the Moscow Community,
+and the confiscation of the buildings belonging to the Petrograd
+Jewish Community, where the cultural and religious institutions of the
+Jews of that city were centered. I commend to the attention of all
+fair-minded men and women the following paragraph from this document:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>Aside from this group of Jewish Bolshevist leaders there is the
+Jewish people, the many millions of the Jewish population of
+Russia. The unassuming representatives of that Jewish Community
+of Archangel take the liberty to affirm that neither the Jewish
+people as a whole, nor any of its socially organized groups, are
+responsible for the savagery, violence, acts of blasphemy, and
+mockery of human rights which characterize the Bolshevist
+regime.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish people are fully familiar with acts of brutality,
+with the Red Terror, familiar from long-past experience and from
+present experience in Bolshevist Russia, together with all the
+other nations inhabiting that unhappy territory. But the hands
+of the Jewish masses, of all the classes of the Jewish people,
+are not stained with this blood. We have not heard, and we
+believe that we shall <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>never hear, of any act of terror
+committed by any masses of Jews led either by Jews or by
+non-Jews.</p>
+
+<p>Let the Jewish Bolsheviki stand accused and condemned of their
+guilt like their compatriots of other nationalities, but there
+must be no room for generalization and wholesale accusation when
+the people as a whole are guiltless and where millions,
+permeated by a powerful cohesive force of an ancient culture
+organically foreign to the spirit of violence and vandalism,
+stand apart from a few individual persons.</p></div>
+
+<p>Quite similar to the foregoing is a Memorandum addressed by the
+Council of the Vladivostok Jewish Community to the Russian people. The
+concluding paragraphs of this address seem to me to be a complete and
+crushing refutation of the monstrous calumny that is being so
+assiduously spread among our people:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>In the present historic movement the Council of the Jewish
+Community of Vladivostok deems it its sacred civil duty to come
+forward with the following protest. The Council declares that:
+(1) The many millions of the Russian Jewry reject every
+responsibility for the crimes committed against Russia by a
+small group of Jewish renegades who have nothing in common with
+the Jews and have long since broken off all connections with
+them, such <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>as Bronstein-Trotzky, Nakhamkes-Steklov,
+Apfelbaum-Zinoviev, Joffe, Kamenev, and others connected with
+Bolshevism, just as the Russian, Lettish, Polish, Georgian,
+Armenian, and other nationalities cannot be held to answer for
+the deeds and misdeeds of Bolshevist leaders who were born in
+their midst. (2) The Russian Jewry, as a whole, is warmly and
+sincerely devoted to the interests of Russia, its motherland,
+and has struggled and is still struggling for the regeneration
+of the Russian state, and is heartily interested, together with
+all the other peoples inhabiting Russia, in the speediest
+overthrowing of Bolshevism and the reconstruction of orderly
+life in Russia. The Russian Jews have lost over one hundred
+thousand of their brothers and sons in killed and wounded in the
+war with Germany. Thousands of Jews are found at present in the
+ranks of the armies of Admiral Kolchak and of General Denikin.
+(3) Bolshevism has ruined hundreds of thousands of Jewish
+merchants, business men, artisans, and men in various
+enterprises, and has completely destroyed the entire population
+of the Northwestern Territories. <i>Thousands of Jewish families
+have been deported from Soviet Russia</i> and are now dragging out
+a miserable existence as refugees in Siberia, in the Ural
+region, and in the border cities.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Soviet government has shot and is still shooting Jewish
+public men, lawyers, engineers, physicians, and workmen who have
+participated in the struggle against the Soviet rule.</i> In the
+near future there will be published documents and irrefutable
+facts revealing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>the number of Jewish lives and the billions of
+Jewish wealth that have perished during the past two years in
+the struggle with Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p>The Vladivostok Jewish Community protests to the Russian public
+opinion and to the honest and independent Russian press against
+the falsehoods, insinuations, and calumnies directed against the
+Jewish people in such profusion by the enemies of humanity and
+the state.</p></div>
+
+<p>In view of such facts as these, is it reasonable to suppose that
+Bolshevism is a pro-Jewish conspiracy? Is it less than ridiculous to
+suggest that the system which has reduced hundreds of thousands of
+Jews to abject poverty, broken up thousands of Jewish homes and
+families, confiscated billions of Jewish wealth, imprisoned thousands
+of prominent Jews, and murdered numerous others, is part of a Jewish
+conspiracy? Surely, every intelligent person must see that any such
+conspiracy must necessarily require, as the first condition of its
+success, a degree of racial solidarity never yet attained by any
+people at any time in the history of the world. That solidarity could
+only be obtained by assuring to the Jews <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>their complete exemption
+from the suffering and oppression imposed upon the non-Jewish
+population. Had there been any thought of securing the solidarity of
+the Jewish people of Russia against the non-Jewish population, it
+would have been effectively thwarted by the imposition of such burdens
+of poverty and suffering upon the Jews, and their resulting
+resentment. Not the smallest particle of evidence has ever yet been
+adduced to show that the Jews in Russia have been exempted from any of
+the oppressive features of Bolshevism. As Mr. Wells reminds us, the
+Bolsheviki have suppressed the Hebrew language, the historic language
+of Judaism, to preserve which Jews in all lands and during many
+centuries have made such vast sacrifices. Do we need any further
+evidence?</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr  style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The full account of this eyewitness appeared in the
+<i>Odesskiya Novosti</i>, September 27, 1919.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Statement by Dr. M. Zitron, <i>Dos Yiddishe Volk</i>, of
+Warsaw, July 11, 1919.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>VII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>Precisely such propaganda as that which the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> has
+been carrying on is responsible for many of the blackest and most
+shameful pages in history. Wherever and whenever there has been an
+organized propaganda of anti-Semitism it has invariably been closely
+intertwined with every other contemporary reactionary oppressive and
+contemptible force. To those who know the history of anti-Semitism in
+Russia, in Poland, and in Rumania, even in quite recent years, this
+statement will seem so trite as not to require any demonstration. This
+close association with other forms of reaction and brutal oppression
+is not peculiar to anti-Semitism, but is a common characteristic of
+every form of race prejudice and hatred. Among the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>Turks organized
+prejudice and hatred of Armenians has invariably been found to be
+closely associated with all the other evil forces in the Turkish
+Empire. In our own country, discrimination against and injustice to
+the negro goes hand in hand with almost every other form of reaction
+and oppression.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite useless to pretend that such articles as those published
+in the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> and the London <i>Morning Post</i> are not
+really anti-Semitic propaganda, but merely a legitimate discussion of
+a great and serious problem. Such specious pleading will not deceive
+any intelligent, honest person. The only possible object of the
+articles is to convince the people who read them that civilized
+society is threatened by a great world-wide secret conspiracy of the
+Jews; that this virile and highly intelligent people, scattered
+throughout the civilized world, and numbering, it is estimated, about
+sixteen millions, is secretly organized and led by an "invisible
+government" composed of some of the ablest and keenest minds in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>world, to the end of bringing all the governments of the earth,
+together with all industry and commerce, under the absolute rule and
+dominion of a dynasty to be set up by an aristocratic Jewish
+Sanhedrin.</p>
+
+<p>Even if we ignore, for the purpose of this discussion, the fact that
+to sustain this charge a structure of cruel falsehood has been erected
+with great cunning, it is surely plain enough that the effect of such
+a charge upon the minds of such non-Jews as believe it can only be the
+development of a spirit of antagonism toward Jews, as Jews. In so far
+as the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> succeeds in its efforts, it must
+inevitably make our Gentile population regard their Jewish neighbors
+with fear and suspicion. And from such fear and suspicion emanate
+intolerance and hatred and their brutal progeny. There is no essential
+difference between the articles which have been appearing in Mr.
+Ford's paper, either in spirit or in text, and those which, in a past
+so recent that its horror haunts the memory of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>men and women of our
+generation, let loose upon tens of thousands of helpless and
+inoffensive people the most bestial and fiendish cruelty and hatred
+ever attained by beings called human.</p>
+
+<p>I can quite well remember the intense horror with which the Christian
+world read of the wave of pogroms against the Jews which swept over
+Russia in 1891, following the inhuman enforcement of the "May Laws."
+Jewish women in travail, forced to flee for their lives, hid in
+cemeteries, and in those "cities of the dead" brought forth their
+babes. Jewish fathers took their daughters to brothels for safe
+hiding. Jewish women and girls were raped. Jewish homes were looted,
+and whole villages inhabited by Jews were burned down. Even women and
+children were brutally murdered, simply because they were Jews and
+because a newspaper propaganda in all respects like that now being
+carried on in this country and in England had made the Jewish people
+the object of suspicion and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>fear and, therefore, of hatred. It was
+then that a Russian statesman declared that the "Jewish question"
+would be solved only when one third of the Jews had perished, another
+third emigrated, and the remaining third been converted to the
+orthodox Church!</p>
+
+<p>The frightful massacre of Jews at Kishinev in 1903 likewise resulted
+from a newspaper propaganda very similar to that which is now being
+carried on by the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> and the London <i>Morning
+Post.</i> On that occasion an unexampled and unprecedented outburst of
+horror thrilled the whole civilized world. John Hay, our then
+Secretary of State, said: "No person of ordinary humanity can have
+heard without deep emotion the story of the cruel outrages inflicted
+upon the Jews of Kishinev. These lamentable events have caused the
+profoundest impression throughout the world." President Roosevelt
+said, "I have never in my experience in this country known of a more
+immediate or a deeper <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>expression of the sympathy for the victims and
+of horror over the appalling calamity that has occurred."</p>
+
+<p>The Kishinev outrages were the direct and logical outcome of the
+campaign of calumny and hatred against the Jews waged by the local
+newspaper, the <i>Bessarabetz</i>, owned and edited by a Moldavian named
+Kroushevan. Except for the specific charge of "ritual murder," with
+which I shall presently deal, the campaign of Jew-baiting pursued by
+this journal, which produced such disastrous and monstrous results,
+was the counterpart of that now being carried on by the <i>Dearborn
+Independent</i>. Kroushevan charged that the Jews were conspiring to
+secure world dominion; he charged that the economic power of the
+Jewish race in Russia was a peril to the nation; he charged that Jews
+were responsible for Socialism and social unrest. The anti-Semitic
+articles appearing in this country and in England during the past few
+weeks are quite like those which used to appear in the <i>Bessarabetz</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>Of course, the crowning infamy of the campaign of hate waged by the
+Kishinev paper was the charge of "ritual murder." A Christian boy,
+named Ribalenko, belonging to the village of Doubossar, midway between
+Kishinev and Odessa, was murdered, his body being found in an orchard.
+The <i>Bessarabetz</i> at once declared that the boy had been killed by the
+Jews for sacrificial purposes, thus reviving one of the most terrible
+and most infamous libels ever directed against any race or sect&mdash;a
+calumny that has been exposed and refuted again and again.
+Subsequently, after the mischief had been done, <i>it was proved that
+the boy was murdered by his uncle and the care-taker of the orchard in
+which the body was found&mdash;both of them Russians and Gentiles.</i> The
+murderers confessed their guilt, the motive for the crime being gain.</p>
+
+<p>The horrors of 1891 were repeated and even excelled at Kishinev in
+1903 as a result of this propaganda. It is not necessary to go into
+the gruesome details of the numerous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>nameless sex mutilations, the
+awful outrages committed upon young girls and their gray-haired
+grandmothers, the shockingly brutal and bestial murders, the
+well-authenticated cases of nails driven through the eyes of a woman
+and the cutting out of the tongue of a two-year-old child; let these
+brief references suffice. It is all too evident from the most reliable
+accounts of the massacre that hatred born of resentment and fear had
+made the Gentile mobs as savage as wild beasts. They were no longer
+human.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far neither the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> nor the London <i>Morning
+Post</i> has reproduced the "ritual murder" lie. Perhaps neither will do
+it. Probably not. At the same time <i>both papers have done their utmost
+to create in the minds of their readers a readiness to believe that or
+any other infamy when attributed to the Jews</i>. There is not, and there
+cannot be, any assurance that in the soil thus prepared by these
+papers, others more ignorant or less scrupulous will not successfully
+plant belief in the ancient legend of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>sacrificial murders committed
+by Jews. And even if this never happens at all, the fact remains that
+in charging that the horrors of Bolshevism were deliberately
+instigated by Jews, British and American anti-Semites have appealed to
+the same unreasoning, instinctive, primal passion. For Bolshevism,
+primarily a political and economic program though it be, impinges upon
+religious faith and religious authority. Thus do the anti-Semites play
+with fire in close proximity to the high explosives of human nature.</p>
+
+<p>It was not the ancient, insensate hatred inspired by belief that the
+Jews kill Christian children in their Paschal rites which made the
+Kishinev pogrom possible. That added the element of savage fanaticism
+to the antagonism and resentment already developed by the economic
+position of the Jews. The extortions practiced by Jewish money-lenders
+the superior business capacity, perseverance, and resourcefulness of
+the Jewish traders and shopkeepers as compared with their Gentile
+rivals; the intense competition <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>of Jewish artisans, superior to the
+average Russian workman in intelligence, industry, thrift, sobriety,
+and ambition&mdash;all these things resulted in bitter antagonism. Upon
+that economic fear and resentment religious fanaticism fastened and
+flourished.</p>
+
+<p>Herein lies the danger of the anti-Semitic propaganda in this country
+and in England. It is invoking economic fear and resentment. The
+non-Jew is adjured to contemplate the spectacle of the Jews ousting
+the Gentiles from one industry after another, gradually assuming
+leadership and control of our industry and commerce, thanks in part to
+superior intelligence, skill, and diligence, but in part also to a
+lack of moral scrupulousness. So the Jew is presented as a dangerous
+economic rival to be feared and guarded against. The Gentile is thus
+taught to look upon Jewish prosperity as a sort of parasitism, and as
+a menace to the well-being of all non-Jews, even where the withdrawal
+of Jewish enterprise and activity would mean ruin for Jew and Gentile
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>alike&mdash;a condition long recognized in the principal Russian cities.
+Now, I do not deny that some of the worst aspects of capitalism have
+been developed to a special and notable extent by some Jews. Neither
+do I forget that others have developed the very noblest social
+idealism. The point I am now making is that hatred of the Jew, even
+when it is motivated by economic fear and resentment, will inevitably
+nurture every other form of anti-Jewish prejudice. If the campaign of
+the anti-Semites succeeds in cultivating that fear and hatred in the
+minds and hearts of our people, there can be no assurance against the
+occurrence of pogroms here.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>VIII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>In an article published in the <i>Dearborn Independent</i>, June 19, 1920,
+it is argued that, transplanted in American soil, anti-Semitism will
+change its character and that it will not, in this country, take the
+form of mass violence. Not a single fact or historical example is
+cited in support of this optimistic theory. There are fine phrases
+about "the genius of Americanism" and the "innate justice of the
+American mind," but that is all. And these fine phrases can be easily
+and adequately disposed of by the simple observation that
+anti-Semitism, like all other forms of race hatred, is incompatible
+with "the genius of Americanism" and with "innate justice."</p>
+
+<p>These seem to me to be self-evident <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>truths. Nevertheless, we have had
+many bitter manifestations of race hatred in this country, not a few
+of which have been attended by mass violence. When I reflect upon the
+savage race riots which have occurred in this country, and the
+numerous lynchings of negroes by infuriated mobs, I cannot bring
+myself to accept the easy optimism of the anonymous Jew-baiter. Even
+as I am writing these lines the morning newspaper comes to hand with
+the account of the lynching of three negroes, one of them a woman, in
+Georgia. The story is quite familiar in its shocking details. The
+three negroes, who were charged with murder, were in the custody of
+the sheriff of the county, when they were seized by a mob and brutally
+murdered. That this was due to the fact that they were negroes, a
+manifestation of race hatred, is beyond question.</p>
+
+<p>My faith that we shall be spared the shame and ignominy of pogroms
+rests upon other and, I believe, more solid foundations. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>I have
+confidence that the anti-Semitic propaganda will be met by the stout
+resistance of the great mass of our citizens of Gentile birth and
+heritage who will fight and crush anti-Semitism in defense of
+Christian civilization and of American ideals, traditions, and
+institutions. That seems to me to be a rational faith; it affords firm
+anchorage. On the other hand, it is a stupendous and dangerous folly
+to believe that you can cultivate, as part of our national psychology,
+anti-Jewish fear and prejudice without reaping in due course a harvest
+of hatred and violence toward the Jewish people. Racial hatred is
+everywhere the same.</p>
+
+<p>There is no reason for believing that here in the United States we
+possess a special immunity from the worst forms of anti-Semitism. It
+would probably be safer to say that our conditions afford exceptional
+opportunities for their development. We have drawn heavily upon the
+Old World for our population, which reflects the divisions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>and the
+antipathies, the hereditary jealousies and suspicions, which for
+hundreds and, in some instances, thousands of years have troubled
+mankind. We have not yet welded these diverse elements into anything
+approaching homogeneity; our national consciousness is still
+undeveloped and, as a consequence of that fact, we have as yet not
+developed fully those self-imposed disciplines and restraints which
+are attendant upon highly developed national solidarity. Our national
+life, with its alien masses only partially assimilated, is as
+susceptible to inflaming passion as the wind-blown dry autumn leaves
+are susceptible to the flame of the torch.</p>
+
+<p>Michael Davitt called attention to the fact that in the Kishinev
+pogrom it was not the rich Jews who were the victims, but Jewish
+workingmen and their families. That, I believe, is the universal
+experience. The rich Jews can buy immunity or protection. If as a
+result of vicious propaganda serious anti-Jewish riots take place in
+this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>country the victims will not be the rich Jewish financiers and
+brokers, against whom the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> fulminates, but
+innocent and inoffensive, hard-working men and women and their
+children. And if ever that time comes such men as Henry Ford must bear
+the major responsibility and guilt.</p>
+
+<p>Let us suppose, for the argument's sake, that anti-Semitism in this
+country develops, as predicted in Mr. Ford's paper, along less brutal
+lines; that there will be no such orgies of murder and lust and
+spoliation as some other nations have had to their shame and dishonor.
+In that case, how will the organized hostility to the Jews be
+manifested? Specifically, what is the program of the group of
+anti-Semites in this country with which the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> is
+identified? Are they prepared to announce that program, and to have it
+measured by the standard of the American ideal? Or is it possible that
+the only "secret conspiracy" is on their side; that the real object of
+this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>anti-Semitic agitation is to prepare the way for a political and
+economic program which its authors dare not publicly avow?</p>
+
+<p>When I was in England recently,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> I gained a fairly clear and
+reliable idea of the political and economic program of those bitter
+Jew-haters who are responsible for the organized campaign of
+anti-Semitism in that country. In view of the fact that our
+anti-Semites, including the <i>Dearborn Independent</i>, have so slavishly
+copied the propaganda of the British anti-Semites, it is justifiable
+to assume that they are in general agreement with that program, and
+that they would adopt it in this country, subject to whatever
+modifications may be made necessary by the differences between the
+institutions of the two countries. At all events, unless and until the
+actual program of the anti-Semites of this country is set forth with
+candor and precision, they have no cause for complaint if it is
+assumed that their aims are practically identical with those of the
+British <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>anti-Jewish propagandists whose arguments they repeat in
+detail, including every grotesque stupidity and every clumsy
+distortion of the truth.</p>
+
+<p>The program of the British anti-Semites, adapted to American
+conditions, would involved, as a minimum, the following measures:</p>
+
+<p>1. Disfranchisement of all Jews whose parents and grandparents were
+not all native-born American citizens.</p>
+
+<p>2. Denial of the right to hold legislative or administrative office,
+either elective or appointive, to all Jews other than those whose
+parents and grandparents were all born in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>3. Denial of the right of naturalization to Jews on the ground that
+they are not assimilable.</p>
+
+<p>4. Prohibition or very strict limitation of further Jewish
+immigration.</p>
+
+<p>5. Exclusion from the legal, medical, and teaching professions of all
+Jews except those entitled to full citizenship. (See 1 and 2.)</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>6. Exclusion of all Jews, except those entitled to full citizenship,
+from certain economic rights and privileges, including the right to
+acquire and own land, the right to engage in the sale of stocks,
+bonds, securities, or real estate, or in banking, money-lending, or
+insurance.</p>
+
+<p>7. The right of admission to colleges and universities to be so
+limited as to admit only a small percentage of Jewish students.</p>
+
+<p>That this outline of a program will seem to many to be simply a
+fantastic jest I am quite well aware. The fact remains, however, that
+it is simply a bald presentation of the program believed in by a great
+many anti-Semites. I have only taken the measures that are seriously
+urged for adoption in England and changed their wording to correspond
+to American conditions. There is not one item in the program which I
+did not hear advocated with evident seriousness when I was in England.
+I learned of one society organized upon a national scale, all of whose
+members must "prove that their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>parents and grandparents were of
+British blood." This society is very actively engaged in the spread of
+anti-Semitic propaganda. Its prospectus states that it was "Founded to
+secure the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement, 1700, 1701, which
+secured the government of Britain to Britons and the land of Britain
+to the ownership of Britons."</p>
+
+<p>The point of the demand for the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement
+lies in the fact that one of the clauses in that historic instrument
+provides that, "no person born out of the kingdoms of England,
+Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions thereunto belonging (<i>although
+he be naturalized</i> or made a denizen), except such as were born of
+English parents, <i>shall be capable to be of the Privy Council, or a
+member of either House of Parliament, or enjoy any office or place of
+trust, either civil or military</i>." It is also stipulated that no such
+person shall be capable "to have any grant of lands, tenements, or
+hereditaments from the Crown to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>himself, or to any other or others in
+trust for him." In the light of the constitution of this British
+society with its large dues-paying membership, and its demand for the
+re-enactment of the above-quoted provisions of the Act of Settlement,
+the most drastic parts of the suggested program do not seem so
+fantastic, after all.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, is a program of anti-Semitism which fairly expresses the
+political and economic aspirations of large groups with whom our
+American anti-Semites, led by the <i>Dearborn Independent</i>, appear to be
+working in close co-operation and harmony. Whether the program fully
+meets with their approval or not, it can hardly be questioned that, if
+their anti-Jewish agitation is to have the result of bringing about
+political and economic remedies for the conditions they assail, and
+not pogroms, it will be necessary to discriminate between Jews and
+Gentiles in citizenship, in education, in property rights, and in
+economic opportunity. Precisely how these discriminations are to be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>made may be open to doubt, but that they must be made is&mdash;once the
+anti-Semitic position is taken&mdash;beyond all doubt.</p>
+
+<p>Against that reactionary aim I set the American ideal, or what
+President Roosevelt called "the historic American position of treating
+each man on his merits as a man, without the least reference to his
+creed, his race, or his birthplace." Anti-Semitism would divide our
+citizenship by racial and religious barriers; the Americanism of
+Washington and Lincoln and Lee and Roosevelt would weld all into a
+united whole, regardless of race or religion. The way of the
+anti-Semite is the way of Russia under the tsars, the way of the
+unspeakable despots who for centuries made the word "Turk" a synonym
+for oppression and brutal reaction. I prefer the American way. I am
+opposed to anti-Semitism, not alone for humanitarian reasons, but as a
+matter of loyalty to America. Anti-Semitism is treason to the American
+ideal.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr  style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> September and October, 1920.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>IX<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>The greatest nations of the world are just emerging from the strain
+and agony of the most terrible and disastrous war in the history of
+mankind. From a tiny spark of hatred a great conflagration of passion
+spread over the world, well-nigh destroying the entire fabric of
+civilization. How near we have come to that catastrophe, as a result
+of the war and its evil progeny, they best know who have recently
+visited the countries principally involved and most vitally affected.
+Even now civilization is not out of danger, but is weak and unsteady
+like a man beginning to recover from a terrible fever. Infinite care
+and patience and wisdom must be exercised by statesmen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>and peoples
+and by the molders of public opinion in every nation in order to make
+recovery possible.</p>
+
+<p>Never was there a moment when racial or religious antagonism was as
+dangerous and so much to be feared as in this crisis. Never were the
+citizens of all lands so solemnly warned to avoid the poison of
+hatred. The passionate hatreds engendered by the war must be crushed
+down and they who were foes, seeking to destroy one another, must now
+work together for the preservation of the civilization that is their
+common heritage. With the carnage and wrack and ruin of the war still
+oppressing us, and our hearts still lacerated and bruised, a common
+peril is compelling us to unite and to seek safety in fellowship and
+co-operation. Yesterday we relied upon the destructive arts of the
+warrior; to-day we must rely upon the conserving arts of the healer.
+Yesterday we hailed Mars; to-day we hail the Christ in whose touch is
+life and healing.</p>
+
+<p>What perverse and malevolent genius it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>must be that chooses this
+moment to open the flood gates and set free the pent passions of
+anti-Semitism! How monstrous a thing it is that from a great historic
+pulpit of the Christian Church which Beecher glorified by his
+courageous idealism, the brutal and un-Christian appeals of
+anti-Semitism should be made now when the world needs, above all
+things, to be purged of the poison of hatred and strengthened by
+fellowship! How great a tragedy it is that men like Mr. Ford and his
+associates can find nothing to inspire them in the vast work of
+restoration and reconstruction; that their energies and resources are
+directed to the ignoble and dangerous end of inciting in the minds of
+millions of our people fear and hatred of the Jew, as Jew!</p>
+
+<p>I am not insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to
+the presence in this country of more than three million Jews. Neither
+am I insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to our
+vast negro population, or to the presence of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>Europeans and their slow
+and imperfect assimilation. Recognizing these problems clearly and
+fully, I am quite certain that racial hatred and antagonism is no
+solvent for any one of them. The complete success of the appeals that
+are being made against the Jews would not benefit the Gentiles in this
+country in any particular. There never has been an organized
+propaganda of race antagonism and hatred, anywhere in the world, which
+benefited either race. In Russia and in Rumania&mdash;to cite only two
+examples&mdash;anti-Semitism has injured the Christians fully as much as it
+has injured the Jews. Turkish hatred and persecution of Armenians has
+invariably injured the Turks quite as much as it has injured their
+victims. In opposing the propaganda of anti-Semitism I am defending
+equally the interest of Jew and non-Jew. I hold no brief for the
+Jewish "race," so-called, or for Judaism. The only brief I hold is for
+the democratic and humanitarian ideals of America. That brief I hold
+by reason of my citizenship, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>voluntarily assumed, and the freeman's
+oath with which that citizenship was consecrated.</p>
+
+<p>The solution of the problems arising out of the massing of so many
+Jewish people in our large cities requires the unity and co-operation
+of all men and women of good will, both Jews and Gentiles, in
+precisely the same way, and for precisely the same reasons, as the
+solution of all our other problems does. There is nothing in our
+history which justifies the fear that our citizens of Jewish birth
+will be less ready than their Christian neighbors to give their
+whole-hearted service to that end. There never has been a call for
+service to this nation which found the Jewish citizens less patriotic,
+less willing to serve the nation, and even to sacrifice for it, than
+other sections of our citizenry. From Valley Forge to Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry
+that record is written. I remember well that memorable day in July,
+1918, when I heard from the lips of M. Clemenceau the news, just
+received by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>him, that our American soldiers were victorious at
+Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry. Later, on the way to Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, I passed the
+long lines of ambulances bearing away the wounded men, many of whom
+were beyond all hope of recovery. Then, still later, in the great,
+wonderful hospital at Neuilly, I talked with many of those who fell
+wounded in that terrible fight. There were Jews as well as Gentiles
+among those men, but there was no difference in the quality of their
+Americanism, in their patriotism, their fortitude, or their courage.</p>
+
+<p>President Roosevelt, who was too decent as a man and too loyal as an
+American citizen to have any tolerance for anti-Semitism, more than
+once called attention to the fact that citizens of Jewish ancestry and
+faith have, in every crisis in the history of the nation which has
+shown justice to them, repaid the nation with loyal service. In an
+address to the B'nai B'raith, June 15, 1905, delivered at the White
+House, President Roosevelt said:</p>
+
+<div class="block2"><p>"One of the most touching poems of our own great poet,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+Longfellow, is that on the Jewish cemetery in Newport, and
+anyone who goes through any of the old cemeteries of the cities
+which preserve the records of Colonial times will see the name
+of many an American of the Jewish race who, in war or in peace,
+did his full share in the founding of this nation. From that day
+to this, from the day when the Jews of Charleston, of
+Philadelphia, of New York, supported the patriot cause and
+helped in every way, not only by money, but by arms, Washington
+and his colleagues, who were founding this Republic&mdash;from that
+day to the present we have had no struggle, military or civil,
+in which there have not been citizens of Jewish faith who played
+an eminent part for the honor and credit of the nation."</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no movement for the advancement of humanitarian ideals in
+this country to which American citizens of Jewish ancestry and faith
+have not contributed their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>full share. It is impossible for any
+fair-minded man who knows the facts to read without indignation the
+article published in the <i>Dearborn Independent</i>, June 5, 1920. In
+addition to charging that "Jewish business methods" are responsible
+for the high prices which have obtained for so long, the article
+accuses Jewish employers of being responsible for conditions of
+employment not known to the Gentile world. Lest I be accused of
+misrepresenting the writer of this libel, I will quote his exact
+words:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>When the susceptible people of the nation commiserated the poor
+Jews of the New York sweatshops they, for the most part, did not
+know that the inventors and operators of the "sweatshop" method
+were themselves Jews. Indeed, while it is the boast of our
+country that no race or color or creed is persecuted here, but
+liberty is insured to all, still it is a fact that the only
+heartless treatment ever accorded the Jew in the United States
+came from his own people, his overseers and masters....</p>
+
+<p>... The record of the great Jews in charity is very noble;
+<i>their record in industrial reforms is nil</i>. With commendable
+sympathy toward their own people they will donate a part of
+their profits to rectify some of the human need resulting from
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>method by which they made their profits, but as for
+reforming the method by which they get their profits in order
+that the resulting need might be diminished or prevented,
+apparently it has never occurred to them. <i>At least, while there
+are many charitable names among the wealthier Jews, there are no
+names that stand for an actual, practical humanising of
+industry, its methods and its returns.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>I respectfully suggest that these statements are intended to convey to
+the mind of the reader two impressions, neither of which corresponds
+to reality. The first impression is that Jewish employers have been
+and are more brutal and merciless than Gentile employers. Now, it is a
+fact that the "sweatshop," using that term in its strictest, technical
+sense, developed, in this country, after 1885&mdash;that is to say,
+following the great influx of Polish and Russian Jews and the equally
+great increase in the manufacture of ready-made clothing. But, while
+this is technically true of sweating, we had in this country long
+before the Jews came children's and women's labor under terrible
+conditions. In 1884 young girls and women <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>worked in the factories of
+New Hampshire from five in the morning until seven at night, with only
+forty-five minutes' intermission, and their wages ranged from a dollar
+and a quarter to two dollars per week. Until quite recently, in our
+Southern cotton mills, owned and operated by Gentiles, we maintained
+conditions as bad as ever existed in the sweatshops of our large
+cities. It does not require any great amount of research to prove that
+Gentile employers have in the past been just as indifferent to the
+well-being of their employees, just as reactionary, and just as
+opposed to reform, as Jewish employers. I would remind the reader, in
+this connection, that we have never had in this country, not even in
+the sweatshops owned and controlled by Jews, anything approaching the
+terrible conditions which obtained in English factories in the early
+days of the factory system, when, in factories owned by Christians,
+little children, mere babies in fact, were made to work under
+conditions of revolting cruelty, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>whipped by brutal overseers, and not
+infrequently driven literally to death from exhaustion. Thus did
+Christian employers treat Christian children.</p>
+
+<p>But, while it is true that in our great cities sweatshops principally
+developed under Jewish auspices, it is equally true that in the fight
+to abolish sweating Jews have taken an active and honorable part. This
+I know of a certainty, and the insinuations to the contrary contained
+in the article under discussion are as cruelly unfair and unjust as
+they are untrue. So, too, in the fight against child labor in the
+cities and factories of the North. It was my privilege to take part in
+that fight, and I know that in the very forefront of the long struggle
+for remedial legislation, helping with money and with personal
+service, side by side with Christians, were many men and women of
+Jewish ancestry and faith. I know, too, that fighting on the other
+side were both Christians and Jews. It is preposterous that any
+attempt should be made to so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>misrepresent the struggle for "the
+practical humanizing of industry" as to make it appear that the Jewish
+people in particular were either hostile or indifferent to it.</p>
+
+<p>The second impression which the article is intended to convey is that
+in those industries which are controlled by Jews no such attempts have
+been made to better the lot of the workers employed in them as have
+been made in those industries which are controlled by non-Jews. This
+charge, likewise, is wholly baseless, as anybody who desires to know
+the truth can readily ascertain. It was my good fortune and privilege,
+as one of the representatives of the public appointed by President
+Wilson, to serve as a member of the First Industrial Conference
+convoked by the President in October, 1919. Among the members of that
+Conference chosen to represent the public were both Christians and
+Jews, and I venture to say that there was not one of the former who
+for a single moment doubted the sincerity, the patriotism, or the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>humanitarianism of the Jewish members. Moreover, in the course of our
+work there was brought to our attention an astonishing amount of
+information concerning efforts being made by progressive and
+high-minded employers in all parts of the country to introduce into
+their industries reforms looking to the betterment of the lot of their
+employees, including profit-sharing and participation in shop
+management and control by the workers. It is neither more nor less
+than the literal truth that these reports were quite as favorable to
+the Jewish employers as to their Christian competitors. As a matter of
+fact, in the ready-made-clothing industry, which is very largely in
+the hands of Jews, many of the most interesting experiments in
+industrial democracy and many of the sincerest efforts to humanize
+industry are being made. These things are known to every student of
+the problem&mdash;and they suffice to brand the statements made against the
+Jews in the article under discussion as both untrue and studiously
+unjust.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>Not only is it true that in the ever-increasing effort to bring about
+"the practical humanizing of industry" no distinction can honestly and
+justly be drawn between Gentile and Jewish employers, just as no such
+distinction can honestly and justly be drawn with respect to the
+selfishness and ignorance which result in conditions that are inhuman
+and oppressive; it is equally true, as a study of the records of
+Congress and the legislative bodies of the individual states will show
+beyond question, that no such distinction between Jew and Gentile can
+be honestly and justly drawn with respect to the mass of social
+legislation enacted in recent years. Socially minded men and women
+have supported such legislation, regardless of differences of race and
+creed, while men and women who lacked social consciousness, who were
+selfish and indifferent to the claims of their fellow human beings,
+have opposed such legislation, making common cause regardless of
+differences of race and creed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>All this is exactly as it should be, of course, and precisely what
+might be expected to result from our ideals, our institutions, and our
+laws. It would be tragic and disastrous, indeed, if our experience
+were otherwise. The charges made against our Jewish citizens by the
+<i>Dearborn Independent</i> amount in reality to a terrible verdict of
+failure against America and the democratic ideal which America
+represents. The only hope we can have of solving the great problems
+which confront this nation rests, and can only rest, upon the
+assurance that an enlightened citizenry, united by love of country and
+of mankind, and undivided by race or creed, will strive with
+ever-increasing strength, vision, and courage toward the goal of
+equality of opportunity for all. Thus only shall this nation which we
+love fulfill the high hopes of its greatest spiritual leaders and
+statesmen. To destroy the faith of our sons and daughters in American
+democratic ideals&mdash;which is precisely what anti-Semitism is aiming to
+do&mdash;is a monstrous thing.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>X<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>A FINAL WORD</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>I have finished with the <i>Dearborn Independent</i> and the flimsy fabric
+of its ridiculous charges. My self-imposed task is finished, and I am
+content to leave the grotesque legend of the protocols, together with
+the monstrous and cruel charge based upon them, to the judgment of my
+fellow citizens of Gentile birth. Into the motives of Mr. Henry Ford I
+do not care to enter. I suspect that they are pathological in their
+origin. Be that how it may, my pity for the man is as profound as my
+contempt for the propaganda with which he has chosen to associate
+himself. To be capable of deliberately inciting and fostering race
+hatred at any time is to cease to be capable of enjoying the
+fellowship of decent and just <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>men and women; to incite such hatred
+now, in the midst of such unprecedented suffering and the universal
+need of fellowship and healing, is a pitiful self-degradation.</p>
+
+<p>This organized propaganda of anti-Semitism has had one wholesome
+result which its organizers neither foresaw nor intended. It has
+called forth a notable protest by men and women of Gentile birth and
+Christian faith which may well stand as the answer of American
+civilization and democracy to this ancient and hateful evil. All honor
+to President Wilson for departing from official traditions and placing
+his name to that protest. Throughout the civilized world that
+declaration has gone&mdash;America's answer to anti-Semitism.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose that so long as the imperfections of human nature endure, so
+long as there are men and women who are weak, selfish, cruel,
+vengeful, or ignorant, there will be racial and religious hatreds to
+be guarded against and opposed. I suppose, too, that until wars have
+ceased to be possible, in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>war's aftermath such hatreds will flourish.
+Against every form of racial and religious hatred, against sectarian
+bigotry and intolerance, every loyal American citizen should be
+prepared to take an uncompromising stand. That obligation, I take it,
+is implicit in our citizenship. It is for the integrity of that
+citizenship that I am concerned to plead. Anti-Semitism commands our
+special attention to-day because it is being spread by an elaborately
+organized propaganda. But the duty of the Christian to defend the Jew
+against persecution is neither greater nor less than the duty of the
+Protestant to defend the right of the Catholic or of all white
+citizens&mdash;Christians and Jews, Catholics and Protestants&mdash;to stand
+solidly against injustice to the negro and in defense of his rights
+when these are assailed. My plea, is not for pro-Semitism in
+opposition to anti-Semitism, but for loyalty to American ideals in
+opposition to any and all attempts to divide our citizenship on racial
+or religious lines.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>Because of a reasoned faith in those principles and ideals of
+democracy which brought this nation into being, and toward the
+realization of which we have steadily progressed through sunshine and
+storm, through peace and war, I am opposed to anti-Semitism and every
+manifestation of it. Anti-Semitism and the American ideal can never be
+reconciled. Far sooner shall men reconcile fire and water, or mix oil
+and water inseparably, than blend the cruel and hateful passions of
+anti-Semitism with the generous spirit of America. For America's
+safety and honor, therefore, I plead for unity against this sinister
+foe lurking within the gates, as against all other foes, no matter
+under what flag they may be marshaled.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="POSTSCRIPT" id="POSTSCRIPT"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>POSTSCRIPT<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>After the foregoing was written I received from the head of a great
+American corporation a letter calling my attention to an anti-Semitic
+pamphlet published in New York City, entitled "Who Rules Russia?" and
+asking me for information concerning certain statements made therein.
+The pamphlet is printed in two languages, English and Russian, and
+bears the imprint of an organization called "Association Unity of
+Russia." Letters to the address given in the pamphlet, ordering copies
+of it, brought no response of any kind and it was necessary for me to
+resort to other methods of obtaining a copy. Incidentally, I caused
+certain inquiries to be made concerning the Association Unity of
+Russia. Now that I have made a careful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>examination of the pamphlet, I
+do not wonder that my request that copies be sent me was ignored.
+Certainly the publishers did not intend that it should be circulated
+among persons familiar with the subject and competent to expose its
+misrepresentations.</p>
+
+<p>So far as I can learn, the Association Unity of Russia is the name of
+a group of Russian <i>emigr&eacute;s</i> residing in New York. They are
+monarchists and reactionaries, their hope being the restoration of
+tsarism. Like most of their kind, they are bitter Jew-baiters. Their
+pamphlet is entirely typical of Russian anti-Semitism, particularly in
+its reckless disregard of truth. I find here reproduced the charge
+that "the Soviet bureaucracy is almost entirely controlled by Jews and
+Jewesses." Not only so, but it is charged that the non-Bolshevist
+Socialist parties are mainly composed of Jews. The pamphlet ends with
+the statement, "the Russian state is actually dominated by the Jewish
+nation." There is no argument in the pamphlet, which consists of
+alleged lists <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>of officials classified according to nationality and
+race.</p>
+
+<p>That some of these lists are deliberate inventions of the anonymous
+compiler or compilers is quite certain, for the most complete files of
+Bolshevist publications in this country do not contain either the
+lists or the data from which it might be possible to compile them.
+Other lists represent the most reckless lying. For example, on page 5
+I find what purports to be a list of the members of the Council of the
+People's Commissars. The actual list, copied from Bolshevist official
+sources, I have reproduced on an earlier page. This fraudulent list
+contains twenty-two names, of which number seventeen are alleged to be
+Jews, three Russians, and two Armenians. Looking over the list, I find
+that it omits well-known and important commissars such as the
+following: Raskolnikov (Navy), Petrovsky (Interior), Krestinsky
+(Finance), Krassin (Industry and Commerce and Transportation), Sereda
+(Agriculture), <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>Kolontai (Public Welfare), Rykov (Supreme Economic
+Council), Bruchanov (Supply), Smidt (Labor), Semashko (Public Health),
+and Bonch-Brouyevich (Secretary). All these are Russians; there is not
+a Jew among them. The list contains, on the other hand, the names of a
+number of Bolsheviki who are not, and who never have been, members of
+the Council of the People's Commissars. Some of them may hold
+positions of minor importance in the Soviet regime or in the Communist
+party. The inclusion of their names in this list as members of the
+central government is an impudent imposture.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that the pamphlet is printed in Russian and English is
+calculated to impress and deceive the reader. No one who knows the
+situation will believe that the use of Russian had any other purpose
+or that it was intended for propaganda among Russians. Such a
+document, partly printed in Russian and purporting to be issued by
+Russians, is relied upon to convince <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>Americans that the compiler or
+compilers&mdash;who prefer to remain anonymous&mdash;know what they are talking
+about. Not many will take the pains to scrutinize the various lists
+closely. Consequently, even where one page contradicts another, the
+fact goes undetected. A few examples will show how stupid these
+Jew-baiters are. On page 9 Latsis, of the Extraordinary Commission, is
+accurately described as a Lett, but on page 23 he becomes a Jew.
+Fritchie is a Lett on page 10 and a Jew on page 22&mdash;and neither
+description is correct.</p>
+
+<p>On page 25 Kerensky is described as a Jew, and it is said that his
+real name is Kirbis. This legend has been published before and
+thoroughly exposed. The fact is that Kerensky is not a Jew and never
+was known by the name of Kirbis or any other name than Kerensky. He
+never participated in the "underground" work of the revolutionary
+movement and therefore had no need of an alias. Alexander Fedorovich
+Kerensky comes from an old Russian family <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>thoroughly orthodox and
+respectable. His history has been completely explored. No. The
+anonymous Jew-baiters have simply reproduced a silly legend that
+appeared in the reactionary anti-Semitic sheet, <i>Novoye Vremia</i>, of
+Petrograd, shortly before the revolution of March, 1917, and was
+immediately exposed and ridiculed.</p>
+
+<p>In an examination of the various lists of names given I find at least
+twenty-five instances of non-Jews, principally Russians, being
+described as Jews. I find, also, many Jewish names purporting to be
+the names of Bolshevist officials of some importance, though it is
+safe to say that they were never heard of by any student of
+contemporary Russian affairs. I do not say that no such persons exist,
+but I do assert that if they exist they do not hold the positions
+attributed to them, and that even their names are not to be found in
+the Bolshevist journals from which this pamphlet is said to have been
+compiled. Perhaps some of the members of the pathetic little group of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>Russian monarchist <i>emigr&eacute;s</i> who meet weekly in the basement of a
+certain church to pray for the restoration of tsarism will condescend
+to tell us how the names were chosen.</p>
+
+<p>How stupid these pious humbugs are in their forgeries! Here is a list
+of names alleged to be a complete list of members of the Central
+Committee of the Social Democratic Party Mensheviki. Of course all are
+Jews. I look over the list and see at once that three of those named
+are not even members of that party, let alone of its supreme
+authority. Ratner, Rappoport, and Gotz do not belong to that party,
+but are prominent as leaders in the Socialists-Revolutionists party.
+Perhaps there are other mistakes in this list&mdash;but what is the use of
+wasting time in checking it further? Here is another list, even more
+defective, which is offered as a list of the members of the Central
+Committee of the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right. It
+contains fifteen names, of which fourteen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>are Jews and only one, that
+of Tchaykovsky, is a Russian. But Tchaykovsky is not a member of this
+party at all and, therefore, not of its Central Committee. He belongs
+to the party of People's Socialists. In the list I find the names of
+Lvovitch and Berlinrout, who likewise do not belong to this party and
+are not members of the committee in question. They are well-known
+leaders of the Zionists-Socialists. Abramovitch and Khintchouk are
+included in this utterly worthless list, though they do not belong to
+the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, but to the Social
+Democratic party.</p>
+
+<p>I do not suppose that many of my readers will care very much about the
+party affiliations of these men or about the factional divisions of
+Russian Socialism. The fact that this latest addition to the pamphlet
+literature of anti-Semitism emanates from Russian sources and is
+printed partly in Russian gives it an appearance of authority that is
+wholly unjustified by its content. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>It has seemed to me worth while,
+therefore, to call attention to its clumsy misrepresentations, its
+self-contradictions, its stupid blunders, and its stupendous
+effrontery. This precious example of Russian monarchistic anti-Semitic
+literature is just about fit to be placed alongside the <i>Dearborn
+Independent</i>.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE END</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<h3>JOHN SPARGO'S BOOKS</h3>
+
+<p class="noin">"<i>THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY</i>"</p>
+
+<p>From the Soviet's own documents and from the speeches of its
+leaders, Mr. Spargo shows how Sovietism in its original form has
+failed to cope with unavoidable human inequalities, and under
+economic pressure has developed into a high-handed autocracy
+which is worse than Tsardom and which completely subverts the
+chief aims of Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Crown, 8vo, Cloth. 486 pages</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM</i></p>
+
+<p>"Even those who may not accept Mr. Spargo's conclusions, or
+respect his fears, will welcome his book because of the vast
+amount of information and figures he has brought together
+relating to the timely subject of trade with Russia."&mdash;N.Y.
+<i>Globe</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Crown 8vo. 444 pages</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>BOLSHEVISM</i></p>
+
+<p>A record of the facts, leaders, and policies of Bolshevism,
+being both an interpretation of its theories and principles and
+a history of rise to power. The book contains also the best
+brief history of the whole tragic Russian revolutionary
+movement.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Post 8vo, Cloth. 389 pages</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Spargo has not used pen or typewriter in this book, but an
+X-ray."&mdash;N.Y. <i>Globe</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Post 8vo, Cloth. 152 pages</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED</i></p>
+
+<p>States in simple, popular, and untechnical language the
+essentials of the Socialism of the Marxian school&mdash;not only of
+the philosophical and economic theories of Socialism, but of the
+principles underlying the policies of the Socialist movement.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Post 8vo. Cloth. 338 pages</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY</i></p>
+
+<p>Written early in 1918, shows that the essentials of a sane,
+constructive Socialist program have been developed in America;
+that however alien to our national life and thought certain
+Socialist theoretical formulations may be, the fundamental
+essentials are thoroughly American.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Post 8 vo. Cloth. 326 pages</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">If not at your booksellers, write to</p>
+<h4>HARPER &amp; BROTHERS, NEW YORK CITY</h4>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Jew and American Ideals
+
+Author: John Spargo
+
+Release Date: June 15, 2007 [EBook #21835]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeannie Howse, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS BY
+JOHN SPARGO
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+"THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY"
+RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM
+THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM
+BOLSHEVISM
+AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
+SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED
+
+
+
+HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK
+[ESTABLISHED 1817]
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW
+
+AND
+
+AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+
+BY
+
+JOHN SPARGO
+
+_Author of_
+
+"Bolshevism" "The Psychology of Bolshevism"
+"Russia as an American Problem" "The
+Greatest Failure in All History" "Social
+Democracy Explained" Etc.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+Copyright, 1921, by Harper & Brothers
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                        PAGE
+
+      FOREWORD                                                vii
+
+   I. A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE                             1
+
+  II. THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY"                    10
+
+ III. THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS                             18
+
+  IV. IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY?                        47
+
+   V. THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM                     59
+
+  VI. BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS                                  83
+
+ VII. THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM                        99
+
+VIII. WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS                     110
+
+  IX. WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW           121
+
+   X. A FINAL WORD                                            136
+
+      POSTSCRIPT                                              140
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+This little book was written without the knowledge of any Jew. It is
+not a defense of the Jew. It is not a pro-Jewish argument. It is a
+defense of American ideals and institutions against anti-Semitism; a
+plea for Christian civilization.
+
+                                                JOHN SPARGO.
+
+  "NESTLEDOWN,"
+   OLD BENNINGTON, VERMONT.
+   _January, 1921._
+
+
+
+
+THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS
+
+
+I
+
+A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE
+
+
+About five years ago I was honored by an invitation to join with a
+well-known American capitalist and certain other men and women in an
+attempt to bring about the termination of the great World War. The
+manufacturer in question believed that it was possible to "get the
+boys out of the trenches by Christmas," and to that end organized an
+expedition which is now remembered chiefly for the bellicosity and
+belligerency of many of the "pacifists" who journeyed to Europe upon
+the "Peace Ship."
+
+In declining the invitation to associate myself with this expedition,
+I felt that it was incumbent upon me to explain that, while I doubted
+the wisdom of the undertaking and felt that it might do harm instead
+of good, I honored the noble and unselfish motives by which Mr. Ford
+was inspired. His hatred of war and blood-shed, and his desire to
+promote peace and good will among all peoples and races, seemed to me
+to be both profound and sincere and evoked my heartfelt admiration and
+sympathy. The more I doubted his political judgment--believing that he
+was being used as a dupe and tool in a very dangerous intrigue--the
+more willing I was to acknowledge those qualities of mind and heart
+which distinguished the famous manufacturer, and which the authors of
+the intrigue sought to exploit and use for sinister ends. On many
+occasions I have given public expression to my belief in Mr. Ford's
+sincere and unselfish idealism.
+
+If any justification is required for my now associating the name of
+Henry Ford with a matter of grave international political importance,
+I venture to suggest that it can be found in the pre-eminent position
+which he occupies in one of the great branches of modern industry and
+in the fact that as recently as two years ago he aspired to a seat in
+the United States Senate, being nominated for that position by the
+Democratic party in the great state of Michigan. Upon both counts
+views expressed by Mr. Ford upon international questions which may
+involve great and serious national or racial conflicts become the
+subject of legitimate public interest, and when in furtherance of such
+views he associates himself with an active policy which deals with one
+of the most difficult and dangerous problems confronting civilized
+mankind, his views and his acts assume public importance and invite
+and compel attention and discussion. Therefore, believing as I do that
+Mr. Ford is primarily responsible for a propaganda which is subversive
+of the best traditions and institutions of this Republic, and which
+has everywhere and at all times resulted in shameful crimes against
+humanity, and in resistance to every progressive and humane movement,
+I feel that it is my right and duty to utter my solemn remonstrance
+and protest.
+
+I have just returned from a tour through several of the European
+countries most seriously involved in the late war. On the one hand, I
+was deeply and gratefully impressed while in Europe with the manner in
+which some of the intensest hatreds engendered by the war appear to be
+dying out. On the other hand, I was deeply and painfully impressed by
+the fact that, in country after country, racial hatreds older than any
+nation in the world were being deliberately and systematically revived
+and intensified, threatening brutal and ugly crimes against humanity
+exceeding in horror the worst and most inhuman violence of the Great
+War which so nearly achieved the ruin of civilization. In Germany, for
+example, I found no hatred of America, notwithstanding the fact that
+alone among the nations lately fighting against her we were still
+technically at war with her. On the contrary, there was manifest an
+almost universal desire for the restoration of friendship between the
+two countries. In Belgium I saw hundreds of little German children
+being fed by Belgian agencies, proving that hate was being dissolved
+by compassion. Even in France the fierce hatred of Germany was
+obviously dying.
+
+So much for the bright side of the European situation as I saw it.
+Unfortunately, to complete the picture, it is necessary to acknowledge
+the numerous evidences of a widespread revival of one of the most
+despicable, brutal, and dangerous forms of racial hatred and
+antagonism known to mankind--anti-Semitism. Even in England, long
+hitherto so free from Jew-baiting, the land in which the Jew Disraeli
+became Prime Minister, I found an extensive, active, and skillfully
+organized campaign directed against Jews, as Jews. It was and is a
+campaign differing hardly at all from similar campaigns against the
+Jews in Russia under tsarism, in Rumania, in Poland, and, to a less
+extent, in Germany under the Hohenzollern. Unless this propaganda is
+checked, unless the intelligence and the conscience of England can be
+marshaled against it, England will take the place of the Russia of the
+Romanovs as the land of pogroms, and infamies like the horrible
+pogroms of Kishinev may occur in British cities.
+
+I found in England great nation-wide organizations, obviously
+financed, devoted to the sinister purpose of creating anti-Jewish
+feeling and sentiment. I found special articles in influential
+newspapers devoted to the same evil purpose. I found at least one
+journal, obviously well financed again, exclusively devoted to the
+fostering of suspicion, fear, and hatred against the Jew. Nothing that
+the Black Hundreds of Russia under the tsars said of the Jews, in
+order to inflame the ignorant masses and inspire them to savage
+attacks upon the Jewish population, could have been worse than much of
+this propaganda. It appealed to every passion, charged the Jews as a
+race with every crime calculated to rouse the frenzied anger of the
+non-Jewish population. And in the bookstores I discovered a whole
+library of books devoted to the same end. One of the greatest living
+statesmen of England, who is not a Jew, told me that in his judgment
+this systematically propagated anti-Semitism is likely to bring
+greater difficulty and shame to England than the Irish question, even.
+
+And now, returning to the United States, I find America confronted by
+the same peril and shame. Here, too, I find anti-Jewish meetings being
+held. To my great astonishment and regret, I find that the personal
+influence and the vast fortune of the erstwhile pacifist-philanthropist
+are apparently enlisted in the same cruel and vicious propaganda. The
+_Dearborn Independent_, which is the personal organ of Mr. Henry Ford,
+maintained for the promulgation of his personal political and
+sociological views, has been devoting a large amount of its space to
+the creation of anti-Jewish feeling and sentiment. One of the first
+pieces of accumulated mail to claim my attention on my return was a
+pamphlet, sent to me by some unknown correspondent, obviously a Jew
+hater in view of the coarse and brutal comments written upon the
+margins. This pamphlet contains a reprint of nine articles which
+originally appeared in the _Dearborn Independent._ It is, therefore,
+apparently impossible for Mr. Ford to disclaim personal and direct
+responsibility for the contents of the pamphlet. If I am wrong in any
+of these particulars I shall be very glad to be corrected and to
+apologize for the error. To find any American engaged in such a
+propaganda seems to me such a pity and such an outrage against our
+national ideals that I should welcome proof that my information and
+inferences are all wrong and unfounded so far as Mr. Ford is
+concerned.
+
+In this discussion of the anti-Semitic propaganda, and of the share of
+the _Dearborn Independent_ in that propaganda, I have not the
+slightest intention of attacking Mr. Ford personally. While I find
+myself deeply interested in the psychology of the transformation of an
+extremely idealistic pacifist into an aggressive propagandist of race
+hatred, with that I am not here and now concerned.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY"
+
+
+Just as in the case of the British anti-Semitic press, the Jew-baiting
+campaign in the _Dearborn Independent_ and other newspapers makes much
+of the so-called "protocols" of the Wise Men of Zion, first published
+in Russia in 1905, but lately translated into English and published in
+England and the United States. In a sense it is not my business to
+expose the dubious origin and history of these documents. That is a
+Jewish task, to which various Jewish scholars have devoted their
+attention. In the London _Spectator_ Mr. Lucien Wolff has performed it
+with distinction. I am not a Jew, racially or otherwise, and can lay
+no claim to any special ability or knowledge which would impose such a
+task upon me. There are, however, some things which must be said
+concerning the above-mentioned protocols, things which do not require
+specialized scholarship, and which even the non-Jew can say with
+confidence.
+
+These protocols are offered as evidence of the existence of a
+world-wide conspiracy far more serious and extensive than anything
+else of the kind recorded in history. By comparison, the greatest
+conspiracy hitherto revealed seems like a kindergarten game. It is
+charged, and these documents are submitted as evidence in support of
+the charge, that there, exists, and has existed for centuries, a
+Jewish imperialistic program; that Jews in all lands have been and are
+united in a highly organized and subtly directed secret movement to
+bring about the overthrow of all non-Jewish governments, to substitute
+therefor a Jewish world government, to obliterate all national
+boundaries, and to destroy all religions other than Judaism. This, it
+is alleged, is the concrete form in which the Jews visualize their
+destiny as the Chosen People. In order to attain this grandiose ideal,
+every means to weaken the non-Jewish elements and institutions in
+civilization is encouraged by the invisible Jewish government, the
+leaders of this vast conspiracy.
+
+If we are to place credence in these documents, the principal agency
+through which the Jewish conspirators have worked is Freemasonry. The
+Masonic orders throughout the world have been the blind dupes and
+tools of this superimperialism of the Jews, if the statements made in
+these protocols are true. Indeed, there can hardly be any question at
+all that if the truth of these documents can be established, there is,
+to say the least, quite as much reason for suppressing Masonic lodges,
+and making them illegal, as there is for suppressing Bolshevist or
+other conspiratory organizations. I should just as little expect to
+find sympathy for Bolshevism in a Masonic lodge as in the College of
+Cardinals, or in the Union League Club, let us say. When we enter into
+the mysteries of this "Jewish conspiracy" we encounter many
+surprises.
+
+According to the statements made in these protocols, practically all
+the revolutionary movements of modern times have been instigated and
+directed by Jews. They have caused the assassination of rulers and
+heads of states, so that behind the murderous fanaticism of
+individuals there has generally been the cold calculation of the most
+cunning and unscrupulous intellects of the human race. According to
+the same evidence, the wars which have drenched the world with blood
+and rent it with passion, including racial wars in Asia and Africa,
+the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Russo-Japanese War, and the
+recent World War, were all brought about deliberately by Jewish
+cunning, for the purpose of weakening the fabric of non-Jewish states
+and providing the Jews with new sources of strength and power to be
+used to establish their universal dominion.
+
+All this is terrible enough. But there is even worse to follow. We
+must remember that these documents were first published in Russia in
+1905, and they purport to be the _proces-verbaux_ of a conference held
+eight or nine years prior to that time. It is rather startling,
+therefore, to find outlined therein a program of revolutionary action,
+to be initiated in Russia and developed throughout the civilized
+world, remarkably like the Bolshevist program, not merely in the
+precise measures contained in the program, but also, and especially,
+in the general conception of policy underlying it. We find in this
+alleged Jewish program the same negation of all the accepted
+principles of law and honor and morality that the Bolshevist policy
+has so conspicuously manifested. It is brazenly stated that bribery,
+deceit, and treachery are to be used (Protocol I). A vast army of
+spies and secret agents abundantly supplied with funds is to be relied
+on to promote revolt and dissension in all the principal countries
+(Protocol 2). "Ferments, discords, and hostility" are to be
+deliberately created and fostered throughout Europe and, through the
+international relations of the European countries, to the other
+continents also (Protocol 7). Efforts are to be made to compromise the
+honor and besmirch the reputations of the most influential statesmen
+and to use blackmail in order to make these statesmen serve the
+purposes of the conspirators (Protocol 10). Revolutionary movements,
+anarchistic, communistic, and socialistic, are to be fostered for the
+purpose of destroying non-Jewish civilization (Protocol 3). In the
+event of unfavorable action by any power or group of powers, it is to
+be met by resistance in the form of universal war (Protocol 7).
+Disorganization of the economic life of the world through the
+debasement and ruin of the credit and currency systems, of the
+principal nations, and the creation of "a universal economic crisis"
+are also to be used to the same end (Protocol 3).
+
+I have briefly summarized only a few of the more important items in
+this monstrous program. There is more of the same general type of
+fiendishness. Concerning the character of the program itself, there
+can be no difference of opinion between honest Americans. It is as
+diabolical as it is fantastic. What importance we ought to attach to
+it, however, must necessarily depend upon our judgment concerning its
+origin. If these protocols, and the program contained in them, are to
+be seriously accepted for what they pretend to be--namely, a
+deliberate statement of the purposes and aims of the leaders of the
+Jewish people throughout the world, with practically the entire Jewish
+race behind them--then the matter assumes enormous importance. If, on
+the other hand, there is no substantial evidence of this--and such
+evidence as is available indicates that the protocols are the product
+of a single diseased and depraved mind--the documents cease to possess
+any great significance and the terrible injustice and frightfully
+dangerous consequences of charging them against the Jewish people are
+obvious. We must, therefore, pay critical attention to the origin of
+the protocols and the circumstances surrounding their publication, as
+well as to any internal evidences of their genuineness or otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS
+
+
+First of all, then, what do we actually know about the origin of these
+protocols? In the year 1903 a book was published at Solotarevo in
+Russia, entitled _The Great in Little_. The reputed author of the book
+was one Prof. Sergei Nilus, concerning whom we have no absolutely
+reliable information. Author of a book which has made an enormous
+sensation in many lands and become the subject of furious controversy,
+he is quite unknown. No responsible person in or out of Russia has
+ever positively identified Nilus, so far as I have been able to
+discover. From what he says of himself it is practically certain that
+he was in the service of the infamous Secret Police Agency of the late
+Tsar Nicholas II. For reasons which will presently appear, I am
+disposed to believe that the very un-Russian name Nilus is really a
+pseudonym.
+
+In a second edition of his book, published in 1905, Nilus gives a
+brief autobiographical account of himself. He says that he was born in
+1862 of Russian parents who held liberal opinions, and that his family
+was well known in Moscow, its members being educated people who were
+firm in their allegiance to the Tsar and the Greek Church. This is
+hardly what a Russian of the period would describe as holding "liberal
+opinions," but let that pass. Nilus claims to have been graduated from
+Moscow University and to have held a number of civil-service posts,
+all of them, so far as his specifications go, connected with the
+police and judicial systems. He went to the government of Orel, where
+he became a landowner and a sort of petty noble. He entered the
+Troitsky-Sergevsky Monastery, near Moscow, or so he says. Although
+numerous efforts have been made in Russia to find this Sergei Nilus,
+none has succeeded.
+
+It is true that a number of persons have testified to the existence of
+Sergei Nilus, but in each case a different person has been referred
+to, though Nilus is not a Russian name or commonly found in Russia.
+The present writer learned of two men, father and son, each bearing
+this very unusual name. First information led to the belief that at
+last the mysterious author had been discovered. The father was of
+about the right age and was said to be a writer interested in
+religious subjects. Further inquiry elicited the information that this
+man had died in 1910, whereas the Nilus we are interested in was alive
+as late as 1917. Greatly enlarged editions of his work, with new
+personal matter added, appeared in 1911 and 1917. Obviously,
+therefore, the man who died in 1910 was not our author. The anonymous
+editor of an edition of the protocols issued in New York toward the
+end of 1920 says that "a returning traveler from Siberia in August,
+1919, was positive that Nilus was in Irkutsk in June of that year." No
+clew is given to the identity of the editor who makes this statement.
+And here let me remark in passing that it is a remarkable fact that
+_all_ the editors of the numerous editions of the protocols, both here
+and abroad, are very shy persons and hide under the mask of anonymity.
+Nor is any clew given to the identity of the traveler from Siberia.
+Another report, also by a traveler returned from Siberia, who may
+possibly be the same person, makes it appear that the Nilus who was at
+Irkutsk is the son of the man who died in 1910, and is himself too
+young to fit the autobiographical sketch of the man born in 1862. I
+can only add to the foregoing, which represents all that I have been
+able to find out about Nilus, that there was an edition of the
+protocols published in Kishinev in 1906, the name of the author of the
+book in which they appeared being given as Butmi de Katzman.
+
+Now with respect to the protocols. No reference to these documents
+appeared in the first edition of the book in 1903. If the reader will
+kindly bear this fact in mind it will help to an understanding of what
+follows. A second edition of the book, greatly enlarged, appeared at
+Tsarskoye-Selo, near Moscow, in 1905, the added matter being given the
+title, "Antichrist a Near Political Possibility." This additional
+matter consisted of (1) an introduction written by Nilus himself, (2)
+twenty-four documents purporting to be disconnected portions of the
+report of a secret conclave of an organization of Jews called the
+Elders of Zion, and (3) some commentaries thereon by Nilus. Now, it is
+very significant that Nilus himself has given different accounts of
+the history of these documents--accounts which differ so radically
+that they cannot be reconciled.
+
+Let us examine these various accounts very briefly. In the
+introduction to the edition of 1905 Nilus tells us that in 1901 he
+came into possession of the alleged protocols. He says that at the
+close of a series of secret meetings of influential leaders of this
+conspiracy, held under Masonic auspices, a woman stole from "one of
+the most influential and most highly initiated leaders of Freemasonry"
+certain documents which turned out to be disconnected portions of the
+_proces-verbaux_ of lectures or reports made at the aforesaid meetings
+of the Elders of Zion. He says that the protocols were "signed by
+representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third Degree," but he does not
+give the names of such signatories. This is of itself a suspicious
+circumstance, but a close reading of the text reveals that it is only
+one of several equally suspicious facts. Nilus does not claim to have
+seen the actual stolen documents, the original protocols. On the
+contrary, he tells us that what he received in 1901 was a document
+which he was assured was an accurate translation of the stolen
+documents. His own words are: "This document came into my possession
+some four years ago (1901) with the positive assurance that it is a
+true copy in translation of original documents stolen by a woman from
+one of the most influential and the most highly initiated leaders of
+Freemasonry." Nilus has not seen the original manuscript, nor has any
+other known person. We have only the word of Professor Nilus that
+somebody gave him assurance that certain manuscripts were true and
+accurate translations of stolen documents of great international
+importance. So far as Nilus himself knew, or cared, apparently, the
+manuscript given, to him might well have been a forgery.
+
+We do not even know the date of the alleged secret meetings of the
+Elders of Zion at which the lectures or reports, or whatever they
+were, recorded in these protocols were made and, presumably,
+considered. We do not know the name of the "most influential and most
+highly initiated" leader of Freemasonry from whom the documents were
+said to have been stolen. Neither do we know the name of the thief.
+We do not know the name of the author of the alleged protocols, though
+obviously it would make all the difference in the world whether these
+are summaries of statements made by a responsible leader of the Jewish
+people or the wild vaporings of such a crank as infests practically
+every conference and convention. We do not know who translated the
+alleged protocols, nor in what language they were written. Moreover,
+not one word of assurance does Professor Nilus give on his own account
+that he knows any of these things. He does not appear to have made any
+investigation of any kind. In view of the rest of his work we may be
+quite sure that had he done so he would have told us. He does not even
+tell us, in this edition of 1905, that the person from whom he
+acquired the "translation" was known to him as a reliable and
+trustworthy person. He does not profess to know anything more than I
+have already quoted from him. No one knows Nilus himself. So much for
+the explanation of 1905.
+
+Before I pass on to consider a later and different explanation made by
+the mysterious Nilus, a few brief observations upon the story now
+before us may not be out of place, especially since the _Dearborn
+Independent_ has accepted it and made it the basis of its propaganda.
+How is it possible for any person possessing anything approaching a
+trained mind, and especially for one accustomed to historical study,
+to accept as authentic, and without adequate corroboration, documents
+whose origin and history are so clouded with secrecy, mystery, and
+ignorance? And how can men and women who are to all appearances
+rational and high-minded bring themselves to indict and condemn a
+whole race, invoking thereby the perils of world-wide racial conflict,
+upon the basis of such flimsy, clouded, and tainted testimony? No
+decent and self-respecting judge or jury anywhere in the United States
+would, I dare believe, convict the humblest individual of even petty
+crime upon the basis of such testimony. Serious charges made by a
+complainant who does not appear in court and is not known to the
+court, an alleged translation of an alleged original, not produced in
+court, alleged to have been stolen by an anonymous thief not produced
+in court, from an alleged conspirator not named nor produced in court,
+and not a scintilla of corroborative evidence, direct or
+circumstantial--was ever a chain of evidence so flimsy? By comparison,
+the discovery of the _Book of Mormon_ is a well-attested event.
+
+Now let us consider another very different story told by Nilus. In
+January, 1917--the date is important--another edition of the book, so
+greatly enlarged and rewritten as to be almost a new book, appeared in
+Russia bearing the name of the mysterious and unknown Nilus. The title
+of this book is _It Is Near, at the Door_. It was published at
+Sergeiev, near Moscow, at the Monastery of Sergeiev. I have said that
+the date of the appearance of this volume is important, and here is
+the reason: The overthrow of tsarism occurred in March, 1917. Toward
+the end of 1916 the revolutionary ferment was already apparent. What
+else could be expected than that the provocative agents of the Tsar's
+Secret Police and the Black Hundreds should strive to divert the
+attention of the people to some other issue? And what more natural
+than that they should conclude that a widespread movement against the
+Jews, great pogroms over a wide area, would best suit their purpose?
+The first publication of the alleged protocols took place in 1905,
+also at the beginning of a popular revolution, and it did have the
+effect of creating a considerable anti-Jewish agitation which weakened
+the revolutionary movement. The trail of the Secret Police and the
+Black Hundreds is plain. And now for the new version of the history of
+the protocols. On page 96 of this new book, which is a violent
+diatribe against the Jews, Nilus says:
+
+    In 1901 I came into possession of a manuscript, and this
+    comparatively small book was destined to cause such a deep
+    change in my entire viewpoint as can only be caused in the heart
+    of man by Divine Power. It was comparable with the miracle of
+    making the blind see. "May Divine acts show on him."
+
+    This manuscript was called, "The Protocols of the Zionist Men of
+    Wisdom," and it was given to me by the now deceased leader of
+    the Tshernigov nobility, who later became Vice-Governor of
+    Stavropol, Alexis Nicholaievich Sukhotin. I had already begun to
+    work with my pen for the glory of the Lord, and I was friendly
+    with Sukhotin because he was a man of my opinion--_i.e._,
+    extremely conservative, as they are now termed.
+
+    Sukhotin told me that he in turn had obtained the manuscript
+    from a lady who always lived abroad. This lady was a noblewoman
+    from Tshernigov. He mentioned her by name, but I have forgotten
+    it. He said that she obtained it in some mysterious way, by
+    theft, I believe. Sukhotin also said that one copy of the
+    manuscript was given by this lady to Sipiagin, then Minister of
+    the Interior, upon her return from abroad, and that Sipiagin was
+    subsequently killed. He said other things of the same mysterious
+    character. But when I first became acquainted with the contents
+    of the manuscript I was convinced that its terrible, cruel, and
+    straight-forward truth is witness of its true origin from the
+    "Zionist Men of Wisdom," and that _no other evidence of its
+    origin would be needed_.
+
+Is it necessary, I wonder, to waste words in exposing this pious
+fraud? His own statement comes pretty close to convicting him of
+being, as I have suggested above, a hireling of the Secret Police, an
+_agent provocateur_. Sukhotin, from whom he now claims to have
+received the manuscript, was a notorious anti-Semite and a despot of
+the worst type. Sipiagin, to whom, it is alleged, the manuscript had
+been previously given, was also a bitter anti-Semite and one of the
+most infamous of Russian bureaucrats. He was notoriously corrupt and
+unspeakably cruel while he was Minister of the Interior. He was
+assassinated by Stephen Balmashev, in March, 1902. Even if we credit
+this revised version of the way in which he came into possession of
+the manuscript, Nilus is closely identified with the secret agencies
+of the old regime. Let us take note, however, of other peculiarities
+of the canting hypocrite, Nilus. He names Sukhotin and Sipiagin only
+after they are dead and denial by them is impossible; he has
+"forgotten" the name of the "noblewoman from Tshernigov," the person
+alleged to have stolen the original documents; he suggests that the
+documents need no other evidence than their own contents. Truly, a
+very typical criminal is the mysterious, elusive, unknown "Prof.
+Sergei Nilus"!
+
+Now let me call attention to two other very interesting facts in
+connection with this story of 1917. The first is that Nilus omits the
+very important statement made in the edition of 1905 that the alleged
+protocols were "signed by representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third
+Degree," without offering the slightest explanation of that most
+important omission. The second fact is even more conclusive as
+evidence of the man's absolute untrustworthiness. Having told us in
+the edition of 1905 that the friend who gave him the protocols assured
+him that they had been "stolen by a woman," and in 1917 that it was
+Nicholaievich Sukhotin from whom he received the documents, who not
+only told him that they had been stolen by a woman, but told him also
+the name of the thief (which he has forgotten, unfortunately), he
+proceeds, in the Epilogue of the 1917 edition, to tell a very
+different story. He says in this Epilogue that the protocols "were
+stealthily removed from a large book of notes on lectures. _My friend_
+found them in the safe of the headquarters offices of the Society of
+Zion, which is situated at present in Paris."
+
+Was ever perjurer more confused? First we have an unknown woman
+stealing the documents from "one of the most highly initiated leaders
+of Freemasonry"; next, we have a "noblewoman of Tshernigov" as the
+thief and Sukhotin as the intermediary through whose hands they
+reached his friend Nilus. Now, finally, Nilus says that his
+friend--_i.e._, _Sukhotin_--was the thief, and not a woman at all!
+Instead of being stolen from the person of "one of the most highly
+initiated leaders of Freemasonry," they are "found" in a safe in
+Paris! The woman has disappeared; the highly initiated Freemason has
+disappeared. Now it is Sukhotin who is identified as the thief, and he
+is pointed out as having robbed a safe in Paris. So much for the
+perjury of Nilus. I may add that I am assured--though I cannot vouch
+for the statement--that Sukhotin was not outside of Russia between
+1890 and 1905.
+
+But it may be argued, as it has been argued in the _Dearborn
+Independent_ following the suggestion of Nilus--that the authenticity
+of the protocols, and the reality and seriousness of the Jewish
+conspiracy, are sufficiently demonstrated by internal evidence. I
+confess that I do not find in the documents any reason for reaching
+such a conclusion, though I have studied them with all the patience
+and care I could command, and have read the principal arguments made
+in their defense. I find not a scrap of evidence to show that there
+exists, or ever has existed, such a body of men as "The Elders of
+Zion," or "The Men of Wisdom of Zion," or any similar secret body of
+Jews. _That such a secret conspiratory body exists has been charged
+from time to time during more than a century, yet not a particle of
+evidence to sustain the charge has ever been produced._ I am quite
+well aware of the capacity of the human mind to believe whatever
+accords with preconceived prejudices, suspicions, or impressions, even
+in the face of evidence to the contrary, and, correspondingly, to
+reject the most conclusive evidence when it runs counter to such
+prejudices, suspicions, or impressions. Laying upon my own mind the
+warning implied by this knowledge, and guarding myself against the
+danger of rejecting, or ignoring, or undervaluing unpleasant and
+unwelcome facts, I am bound to say that those who find in these
+alleged protocols a sufficient basis for bringing the Jewish race
+under indictment seem to me to have brought preconceived suspicion and
+fear of the Jew to their study of the documents themselves.
+Personally, I can find nothing in them which suggests any highly
+organized intelligence, such as the leaders of the Jewish race
+represent and command in abundance; rather, they seem to me to clearly
+indicate the disordered mind and distorted vision of a very common
+type of monomaniac, the genus "crank."
+
+I believe that historical study is not one of Mr. Ford's strong
+points, but, even so, he must be aware of the fact that it is one of
+the commonest things in history to encounter charges of conspiracy
+directed against religious and political sects, supported by more or
+less plausible arguments and believed by considerable numbers of
+people. Were it necessary to my purpose, and did time permit, I could
+quite easily fill a considerable volume with illustrations of this
+fact. For example, there exists a great literature devoted to the
+object of proving that the Vatican is the headquarters of such a
+conspiracy to bring about or to attain world domination. Thousands of
+books and pamphlets have been written to convict the Jesuits of such a
+conspiracy, many of them far more convincing than these protocols.
+Pamphlets aiming to convince the American people that the Knights of
+Columbus is an organization aiming at the overthrow of the American
+Republic and the establishment of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope
+over the United States have been circulated by the million. It is a
+matter of court record that this charge has been supported by the
+publication of what purported to be exact copies of oaths pledging the
+members of that organization to the end stated. Let me say at once
+that I do not credit these sensational stories and charges. I have
+confined myself to charges made against one of the two great sections
+of Christianity for reasons which seem to me peculiarly cogent. The
+charges made against the Jews have produced the most terrible results
+in the countries where the Roman Catholic Church is strongest, and no
+leader of the Christian religion has such strong reason for denouncing
+such appeals to prejudice and hatred as the head of that Church.
+
+Belief in widespread conspiracies directed against individuals or the
+state is probably the commonest form assumed by the human mind when it
+loses its balance and its sense of proportion. I venture to hazard the
+opinion that of all the cranks who have pestered Mr. Ford since he has
+attained a conspicuous position, those who imagined themselves to be
+the victims of conspiracies have outnumbered all the others. These
+protocols are either preposterous forgeries deliberately wrought for
+the purpose of fostering anti-Semitism in Russia, or they are the
+pitiable ravings of a familiar type of monomaniac.
+
+Concerning the authorship of the protocols, there has been much
+conjecture, especially on the part of those who have seriously
+regarded them as an authentic expression of Jewish opinion. It has
+been whispered in those places where the so-called Jewish question is
+discussed, that they are the work of the well-known Zionist leader,
+Dr. Theodor Herzl. This is the theory which Nilus himself advances in
+the introduction to the edition of 1917. He says:
+
+    ... my book has already reached the fourth edition, but it is
+    only definitely known to me now and in a manner worthy of
+    belief, and that through Jewish sources, that these protocols
+    are nothing other than the strategic plans for the conquest of
+    the world under the heel of Israel, and worked out by the
+    leaders of the Jewish people ... and read to the Councils of
+    Elders by the "Prince of Exile," Theodor Herzl, during the first
+    Zionist Congress, summoned by him in August, 1897, in Basle.
+
+This is the first time Nilus has so much as hinted at the date of the
+alleged secret conclave of the Elders of Zion, at the close of which,
+according to the story of 1905 so elaborately contradicted in 1917,
+the protocols were stolen by a woman. It is perhaps as well to remark
+in passing that the first Zionist Congress was held in the open and
+its proceedings freely reported in the press. Now, Herzl stands among
+the foremost of the intellectual Jews of modern times. All his known
+work is characterized by clear, clean-cut reasoning and direct and
+forceful statement. All his known writings are characterized by these
+qualities. Whatever we may think about Zionism, it must be admitted
+that the great Austrian journalist and critic never lacked the courage
+of his convictions, as may be seen by anybody who will take the
+trouble to read his writings or the evidence delivered by him before
+the British Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, in 1902. If Herzl
+wrote these documents he adopted the disguise of the style and method
+of a much inferior mentality.
+
+Unless we are to believe that he deliberately adopted a style of
+writing and method of reasoning entirely unfamiliar and unlike his
+publicly acknowledged work, for the express purpose of hiding his
+authorship of the protocols--which, if we credit the story that they
+were presented to a secret conference of the leaders of the alleged
+conspiracy, is an impossible hypothesis--we are warranted in saying
+that, whoever wrote them, it was not Theodor Herzl. It would be as
+reasonable to ascribe a Walt Whitman chant to Emerson, or a Bernard
+Shaw satire to Jonathan Edwards, as to ascribe these crude, meandering
+pages to the crystalline intellect of Theodor Herzl. I do not find in
+them any suggestion of the trained mind of a scholar and writer of
+Herzl's attainments; rather, they seem to me to belong in about the
+same intellectual category as the ordinary propaganda literature of
+the numerous sects, ancient and modern, based upon peculiar
+interpretations of Biblical prophecies. Since the outbreak of the
+World War in 1914, and throughout the whole chapter of revolutionary
+events following thereupon, there has been a steady flood of such
+literature. Even the much-discussed forecast of Bolshevism does not in
+any material respect differ from many similar "prophecies" that have
+appeared in recent years.
+
+It cannot be denied that Bolshevism actually conforms in a notable
+degree to the specifications contained in the protocols, which I have
+already summarized in the preceding chapter. Shall we, then, conclude
+that the charge is proven and declare the case closed, or is it
+necessary to examine the evidence further and more critically? I think
+that a very brief period of honest reflection will convince any
+fair-minded and intelligent person of the injustice of the rendering
+of a verdict holding the Jews responsible for Bolshevism upon the
+basis of such evidence. Let me direct the attention of my readers to a
+coincidence of dates which once more directs suspicion against Prof.
+Sergei Nilus and against the alleged stolen protocols. I have already
+pointed out that in 1903, in the first edition of his book, Nilus did
+not use the alleged protocols, though he claims that they had been in
+his possession for two years prior to that time. That this is a
+suspicious circumstance will, I think, be readily conceded by the
+open-minded. In 1903 the Russian Social Democratic party was split
+into two factions, and the word "Bolshevism" came into use as the
+designation of the policy of one of these factions. In 1905 the first
+Russian revolution took place. In the period between the split in the
+Social Democratic party in 1903 and the outbreak of the revolution in
+1905 the leaders of the Bolsheviki had been active in formulating and
+propagating their theoretical and political views. During the
+revolution a sharp conflict occurred between the Bolsheviki and other
+factions of the Russian Socialist movement, and the Socialist press
+gave much space to the controversy.
+
+It will be seen from this brief historical sketch that when Nilus
+published a second edition of his book, late in 1905, he could find in
+the Russian Socialist press all the materials for such a general
+description of Bolshevism as that contained in the protocols. Of
+course, if we believe that the documents are genuine, that they are
+authentic translations of documents actually stolen in 1896, delivered
+to Nilus in 1901, and by him first made public in 1905, we have simply
+a coincidence of dates. I submit, however, that there is not a shred
+of credible evidence that the documents were so obtained by Nilus, or
+that they existed in 1896, 1901, 1903, or at any date earlier than
+1905, the year of their first publication. I submit, furthermore, that
+it is highly probable that the passages in the alleged protocols which
+are now hailed as conclusive evidence that the Bolshevist policy had
+been formulated as early as 1896, were in reality written after 1903
+and in the light of already published accounts of Bolshevist theories
+and tactics. There is not a thing that we know about these documents
+and their history which does not point directly to the conclusion that
+they are forgeries.
+
+When I was in London in October, 1920, an English journalist of
+distinction, well known and influential on both sides of the Atlantic,
+with great earnestness and evident conviction sought to impress me
+with the serious importance of these alleged _Protocols of the Elders
+of Zion_. He was quite convinced that the documents were genuine, and
+that they proved beyond reasonable doubt the existence of a world-wide
+Jewish conspiracy. With great solemnity and manifest sincerity he
+sought to enlist my co-operation in defense of what he called
+"Anglo-Saxon civilization," which he seemed to regard as synonymous
+with Christian civilization. He was quite astonished when I directed
+his attention to the fact that a well-known French writer, Louis
+Martin, had published, as far back as 1895, a book in which he
+attempted to prove the existence of such a world-wide Jewish
+conspiracy. My friend honestly believed that the existence of this
+conspiracy had never been known or suspected prior to the publication
+of the work of the mysterious Sergei Nilus. He was still more
+surprised when I told him that in his book, _L'Anglais Est-Il un
+Juif?_, Martin had attempted to prove that the English people are part
+of the Jewish race, and that the British government is the principal
+directing power of the conspiracy; so that the world-wide Jewish
+conspiracy must, according to Martin, be understood as a secret
+compact between the British government, as a Jewish organization, and
+the leaders of Jewry in all other lands. Thus is the theory of a
+world-wide Jewish conspiracy reduced to absurdity. I confess that at
+that time I was not aware that in the original Russian of the 1905
+edition of the work of Nilus this absurd theory of Martin had been
+reproduced, but carefully omitted from every English translation
+published in this country and in England. The reason for the omission
+is obvious; had the passage been given it would have made a
+laughing-stock of the protocols. I submit, however, that the omission
+of such an important passage from the text of Nilus without any
+reference to or explanation of the liberty taken with the text, places
+those responsible for the several translations in a very unfavorable
+light.
+
+In closing this chapter it is perhaps well that some record should be
+made of the sinister use which was made of these alleged protocols
+during the World War. Not long after the United States had begun
+active participation in the war against Germany, it came to my
+attention that typewritten manuscripts purporting to prove that the
+war was part of a great conspiracy of international Jews were being
+circulated. On at least three different occasions, early in 1918, I
+was asked about this charge. I was told then that the British and
+American governments were in a special sense the agents of this Jewish
+conspiracy. In July, 1918, in Paris, a fuller account of the documents
+was given to me by a loyal Socialist, to whom they had been shown.
+There was not then, as there is not now, the slightest doubt in my
+mind that the pro-German propagandists resorted to this trick in order
+to weaken the morale of the principal Allied nations.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY?
+
+
+Upon the strength of statements made in this collection of documents
+of mysterious and suspicious origin, a number of papers, including the
+_Dearborn Independent_ and the _London Morning Post_, have attempted
+to account for and explain the international Socialist movement as
+part of this Jewish imperialistic conspiracy. Neither in the protocols
+themselves nor in the newspapers making this particular charge has any
+shred of authentic evidence been adduced in its support. True, a great
+deal has been made of the undeniable fact that Karl Marx, Ferdinand
+Lassalle, Wilhelm Liebnecht, and other noted Socialists belonged to
+the Jewish race. Against this fact might very well be set the equally
+undeniable fact that the foremost opponents of these men, and of
+Socialism, were also of the Jewish race. Apparently, therefore, we are
+to believe that the leaders of this Jewish conspiracy set up the
+Socialist movement and fostered it, while at the same time they
+enlisted their ablest minds to defeat it. Surely for the normal mind
+that is not obsessed this is a theory too absurd for belief.
+
+Only those who are entirely ignorant of the history of Socialism and
+Socialist theories can possibly hold this view of its Jewish origin.
+Long before Karl Marx appeared upon the scene of action Socialism had
+already made an impress upon European thought. Marx was a boy of
+fifteen when the word Socialism first appeared in print as designating
+the doctrines preached by Robert Owen, the Welshman, for almost twenty
+years before that time. Was Owen the tool of Jewish conspirators? I
+have read most of the literature relating to Owen's life and teaching,
+including his own voluminous writings, and the innumerable
+controversies in which he was engaged throughout his life. I have not
+discovered in all this mass of material a single trace of Jewish
+influence. He had no Jewish friends or associates during the formative
+years, the period in which the Socialist ideas and ideals shaped
+themselves. His Socialism was the direct outcome of his experience as
+a successful manufacturer. He was not in any sense a man of books.
+From time to time he required large sums of money for his enterprises.
+Surely, if those enterprises, and his life's work as a whole, formed
+part of a great Jewish conspiracy which had behind it the vast
+financial resources of Jewry, it would not have been difficult for him
+to secure the financial support he needed. It is a fact of cardinal
+importance, therefore, that Owen never did receive Jewish financial
+support. Those who would have us believe that Socialism originated as
+a part of the great world-wide conspiracy of Jewish imperialism must
+first of all explain Robert Owen.
+
+Nor does Owen stand alone in the history of Socialism among the
+Anglo-Saxon peoples. It is a well-known fact, one to which he himself
+has called attention, that the most important of the economic and
+sociological theories of Marx were held and promulgated before his
+time by a number of British writers. As Professor Foxwell and others
+have shown, the roots of what is called Marxian Socialist theory lie
+deep in the soil of British political economy. Karl Marx devoted his
+typically Jewish genius to the exposition of Socialist theories, but
+the theories themselves were not of Hebraic origin. William Godwin,
+Charles Hall, William Thompson, John Gray, and John Francis Bray all
+preceded Marx, and not one of them was a Jew, nor can we find in their
+writings any trace of Jewish influence. It is the same with Bronterre
+O'Brien, the first to call himself a Social Democrat. If any or all of
+these men were the agents of such a conspiracy, it is remarkable that
+there should be an entire absence of evidence of that fact. It is
+quite unbelievable that there was any sort of conspiracy which
+affected them. For the most part they were poor and their books were
+published in pitifully small editions at great sacrifice to
+themselves. Incidentally, it is worthy of note, Karl Marx, the Jew,
+suffered terrible poverty. Certainly, all this does not suggest an
+international conspiracy backed by the Jewish leaders of the financial
+world.
+
+Because of the prominence of a few individual Jews in the American
+Socialist movement in recent years, the writer of the anti-Semitic
+articles in the _Dearborn Independent_ regards as proven the theory
+that American Socialism originated in Jewish conspiracy. It is another
+evidence of his entire ignorance of the subject concerning which he
+writes. If there is anything which can be said about Socialism with
+certainty, it is that its fundamental theories are mainly of
+Anglo-Saxon origin. Karl Marx was a boy of nine years when Robert Owen
+reprinted in England an American Socialist pamphlet, written by an
+American workingman and published in America a year or two earlier. At
+about the same time Thomas Cooper, of Columbia, South Carolina,
+published his book in which the fundamental economic theories of
+modern Socialism were clearly expounded. When Marx was no more than
+ten years old we find O.A. Brownson, editor of the Boston _Quarterly
+Review_, vigorously preaching here in America the theory of the class
+war, the abolition of the wage system, and the necessity for a triumph
+of the proletariat. We find such men as Thomas Skidmore, R.L.
+Jennings, and L. Byllesby preaching thoroughgoing Socialism. In 1829
+these men and others were exercising a notable and considerable
+influence upon American thought. In vain shall we search their
+writings and the meager accounts of their lives for any trace or
+suggestion of Jewish influence or control.
+
+I skip a decade and turn to the Fourierist period of American
+Socialism. The profound influence of Charles Fourier upon Karl Marx
+is well known and has been the subject of much learned writing. But if
+the Frenchman inspired the German Jew, so likewise did he inspire many
+American non-Jews, the very flower of our race. It was Albert Brisbane
+who began the Fourierist agitation here, and soon he had associated
+with him Horace Greeley, Parke Godwin, George Ripley, Charles A. Dana,
+John S. Dwight, William Henry Channing, Margaret Fuller, John Orvis,
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Edmund Clarence Stedman, and many others.
+Other distinguished Americans who were brought into more or less
+sympathetic association with the movement included Nathaniel
+Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Russell Lowell, and Theodore
+Parker, among others. Certainly it would be difficult to name a body
+of men and women more truly representative of the highest and best of
+American life and genius. To suggest that these were all the agents of
+a Jewish conspiracy, either consciously or unconsciously, is to invite
+and deserve ridicule. In truth, Socialism is as Anglo-Saxon as Magna
+Charta and as American as the Declaration of Independence, and we
+might as well attribute either or both of these to Jewish intrigue as
+Socialism. It is true that the organized Socialist movement in America
+has long spoken with a foreign accent and borne the imprint of an
+alien psychology, but that psychology, as I have elsewhere pointed
+out, is German and not Hebraic.
+
+It would take us too far afield to discuss the origin of French
+Socialism, even in this sketchy fashion, but I can state with the
+assurance that is born of intimate knowledge that French Socialism
+shows as little sign of having been inspired by alien influences,
+Jewish or other, as British and American Socialism. I stress this
+point not because I would defend the Jews against the charge that they
+have manifested unusual sympathy for Socialism (which, indeed, if
+true, I should hold to be a virtuous distinction), nor to apologize
+for or to deny the splendid contributions of individual Jews to the
+Socialist movement. My concern is to enter protest against the charge
+that the Socialist movement of the world originated in the ambitions
+of Jewish imperialists and is neither more nor less than part and
+parcel of a great international Jewish conspiracy. That is a stupid
+travesty of history, and a dangerous one.
+
+I have spent the greater part of my life in the Socialist movement, in
+close and intimate comradeship with both Jews and Gentiles belonging
+to nearly every civilized nation. I am as proud of the comradeship of
+my Jewish comrades as I am of that of any others. My readers will
+perhaps understand that I deeply resent the implication that through
+all the years of struggle and sacrifice I have been either the
+unconscious dupe or the willing agent of any kind of selfish
+conspiracy, Jewish or other. It is, of course, difficult to disprove
+such an accusation brought against a great movement, and, therefore,
+by implication against the individuals belonging to that movement. If
+I should charge that Mr. Henry Ford is engaged in this anti-Semitic
+propaganda for purely selfish and mercenary reasons, that he has
+become the spokesman and agent of great unscrupulous capitalist
+interests who seek to destroy their Jewish competitors and to profit
+thereby, he would find it difficult to establish the contrary by
+definite and concrete proof. As a matter of justice, nothing of the
+sort should be expected. The burden of proof rests upon the person
+making the accusation. In like fashion, when the _Dearborn
+Independent_ charges that the international Socialist movement is one
+of the agents of a vicious Jewish conspiracy against Christian
+civilization, it is in honor bound to submit proofs. This it has not
+done, nor has any other paper making the charge. I _know_ that the
+charge is a cruel and cowardly falsehood, a libel upon millions of
+honest and honorable men and women, to utter which is an infamy and
+degradation.
+
+The charge is one that has been leveled against practically every
+movement of protest that has been developed in modern times. It was
+leveled against the Protestant Reformation; against the French
+Revolution; against Mazzini and his followers in Italy; against the
+German Revolutionists of 1848; against British Trade-Unionists. I have
+no doubt that a little research would reveal the fact that the same
+charge was directed against the Abolitionists in this country. Vicious
+interests are never very scrupulous in their choice of weapons. In
+those Protestant countries in which the number of Catholics is much
+larger than the number of Jews it is a common practice to charge that
+movements of protest and revolt are instigated and led by the Catholic
+hierarchy. Where the number of Jews is very great the appeal is made
+to racial hatred. In Catholic countries, in the same way, accusation
+is directed against Protestantism or Judaism, according to
+circumstance.
+
+Wherever and by whosoever made, appeals to racial and religious
+prejudices and hatreds in defense of vested interests merit the
+condemnation of all honest and righteous men. When made in a country
+which, like the United States, possesses millions of peoples of many
+diverse lands and races not yet welded into national homogeneity, who
+must live and work together, such accusations become the most
+dangerous form of treason. Whoever propagates in this country
+antagonism to any race or creed represented in our citizenship,
+whether it be against Jews, Poles, Germans, Irish, English, or
+negroes; or against Judaism, Catholicism, or Protestantism, assails
+the very foundation of our most cherished and characteristic American
+institutions.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM
+
+
+The anti-Semitic press of both hemispheres charges that Bolshevism in
+Russia and elsewhere is a movement instigated and led by Jews, as part
+of a great conspiracy to bring about the Jewish domination of the
+world. The reasons for making this charge are only too obvious.
+Bolshevism is repugnant to the great mass of civilized mankind, by
+whom it is rightly regarded as a sort of moral leprosy. Whatever may
+be thought of the possibility of Sovietism in industry and government,
+Bolshevism, the spiritual dynamic as distinguished from the mechanical
+agent, is the negation of every virtuous principle which mankind holds
+in reverence. It frankly bases government upon brute force wielded by
+the few, and denies the ideal toward which all nations are striving,
+the ideal of government based upon the sanction of the governed. It
+unites in a terrible synthesis all the worst agencies and methods of
+tsarism and of militarism. To persuade the people of this or any other
+civilized country that Bolshevism is essentially a Jewish movement,
+part of a conspiracy to reduce civilization to chaos, and so prepare
+the way for a Jewish supergovernment of the world, would mean the
+rapid organization of the rest of the population against the Jews in
+every phase of life--politics, commerce, industry, education, social
+intercourse, and so on.
+
+In support of this most serious charge not a single shred of credible
+evidence has ever been adduced by any anti-Semitic writer or organ.
+For the universally known fact that there are Jews among the leaders
+of Bolshevism, in Russia and elsewhere, is not evidence that
+Bolshevism is _essentially_ or _primarily_ a Jewish movement; neither
+is it evidence that Bolshevism is a part of a Jewish conspiracy to
+obtain world domination. All that it proves is that which needs no
+proof--that there are Jews among the Bolsheviki. I repeat that in
+support of the charge not a shred of credible evidence has ever been
+adduced. In that shameful book, _The Cause of World Unrest_,
+consisting of articles reprinted from the _London Morning Post_, the
+anonymous author gives a list of fifty names of "persons who either
+are the actual governing powers in Soviet Russia now or were
+responsible for the establishment of the present regime there." There
+is both guile and cowardice in the latter part of this charge. It is
+easy to argue, with a certain plausibility, that every person who
+helped in the revolution of March, 1917, must be held "responsible for
+the establishment of the present regime." I have heard many Russians
+make the charge that Kerensky, the anti-Bolshevist, was "responsible"
+for the establishment of the Bolshevist regime. I have heard others
+charge the same thing against such men as Rodzianko, Prince Lvov, and
+Professor Miliukov. What these Russians meant was that the failure of
+these men and others to deal properly with the situation existing at
+the time of the March revolution made the triumph of Bolshevism
+possible. In that sense, we might as well go back a stage farther and
+present the names of Tsar Nicholas II and all his responsible
+Ministers as "persons who ... were responsible for the establishment
+of the present regime." This, however, is not what the _Morning Post_
+desires to convey to the mind of the reader. It insinuates, in a most
+cowardly fashion, that the fifty persons named by it are Bolsheviki
+and falsely alleges that of the fifty no less than forty-two are Jews.
+
+Concerning this list of names a few observations are necessary. The
+compiler of the list was not honest; he did not intend to place the
+reader in possession of the truth. This is evidenced by several facts.
+In the first place, many influential leaders of the Bolsheviki whose
+names are familiar to all who have given even ordinary attention to
+the subject are conspicuously absent. The reason for the omission is
+that these men are non-Jews. _Their inclusion in the list would have
+destroyed the author's charge._ He has suppressed important facts in
+the interest of his wretched case. I searched the list in vain for the
+names of such prominent leaders of the Bolshevist movement as
+Bucharin, Rakovsky, Miliutin, Raskolnikov, Shliapnikov, Latzis, Rykov,
+Stalin, Krestinsky, Bonch-Brouyevich, Dybenko, Dzerzhinsky, Krylenko,
+Gorky, Andreyeva, Nogin, Platakov, Kalinin, Boky, and many others less
+well known. Anyone who is at all familiar with the subject will
+recognize in the names I have here given some of the most active and
+influential leaders of the Bolsheviki. Not one of them is a Jew, and I
+submit that to omit them from a list of names which pretends to be
+representative is as dishonest as it is cowardly.
+
+The list is thoroughly dishonest, moreover, in that it sets down as
+Jews men who are well known to be Gentiles. For example, Manouilsky,
+number forty-six on the list, is described as a Jew, whereas it is
+well known that he is a Gentile, a Ukrainian. Bogdanov, number ten on
+the list, is likewise wrongfully described. His real name is not
+Silberstein, as alleged, but Malinovsky. Neither is he a Jew, as
+alleged, but a Gentile, a Russian. These two illustrations will serve
+to show how little reliance can be placed upon the list. Whether there
+are other misrepresentations of the same kind I am unable to say, for
+the reason that the list contains many names of persons who do not
+hold and have not held any important position in Russia, either under
+the Bolsheviki or the earlier Provisional Government headed by
+Kerensky. These persons are absolutely unknown to me, even by name,
+and they are equally unknown to every Russian revolutionary leader to
+whom I have submitted them. It is quite probable, therefore, that
+these names of alleged Jews hide the identity of men who are not Jews
+at all.
+
+Not only does this precious list studiously omit many of the principal
+leaders of the Bolshevist regime simply because they are not Jews, and
+misrepresent well-known Gentiles as Jews; quite as bad is the fact
+that it includes many names of men who are not only not supporters of
+the Bolshevist regime, but actually leaders of the most determined
+opposition to it. Here is a list which is submitted in proof of the
+charge that "nearly all the Bolshevist leaders are Jews," and in that
+list I find the names of ten men who are known to me to be among the
+most active leaders of the struggle against the Bolsheviki, men who
+have made heroic sacrifices and risked their lives in that fight. I
+say that the list includes the names of ten men known to me to be
+bitter opponents of Bolshevism; there may be others concerning whom I
+am not informed.
+
+Included in the list I find the name of Izgoev (forty-three), for
+instance. His real name is alleged to be Goldman, when in fact it is
+Landau. Not only is he not a Bolshevik, but, as everybody familiar
+with the Russian movement knows, one of the active publicists of the
+Russian Constitutional Democratic party. Orthodoks, number thirty-five
+on the list, is not a Bolshevik, but one of the most active members of
+the group of so-called Socialist Patriots, the "Unity" group organized
+by the late George Plechanov to support the Allied war aims, an
+organization that did much to strengthen Russian morale in the early
+stages of the war and which has vigorously and bitterly opposed
+Bolshevism and all its ways. Bounakov, number forty-five on the list,
+is also a leader of the anti-Bolshevist forces. When I was in Paris
+recently he was there actively engaged with other Socialists in
+carrying on anti-Bolshevist propaganda. Kamkov, number fifteen on the
+list, was one of the leaders of the Socialists-Revolutionists party, a
+determined opponent of the Bolsheviki. According to the best
+information at my command, he was one of the men responsible for the
+assassination of the German ambassador, Count von Mirbach, which was
+a protest against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was put to death by
+the Bolsheviki. Gorev, number eleven on the list, has consistently
+opposed Bolshevism with the rest of his colleagues of the Mensheviki.
+The same thing is true of Abramovich (twenty-four), of Dan
+(seventeen), of Martinov (twenty-one), of Martov (four), and of
+Meshkovsky (eighteen).
+
+The anonymous author of _The Cause of World Unrest_ says of this list
+that it is "the result of much labor and the work of several hands." I
+do not need to characterize it, in the light of the foregoing
+analysis. The facts to which I have called attention can be very
+readily verified. I submit that most abject apology is due to the
+reader from everybody concerned in the preparation and circulation of
+this book--from the anonymous author, the compiler of the list, the
+London _Morning Post_, and the publishers. There is nothing more
+contemptible than such poisoning of the wells of public information.
+
+For the present I have finished with the _Morning Post_. Let us turn
+now to Mr. Ford's _Dearborn Independent_. In its issue of May 29,
+1920, this organ of American anti-Semitism desperately tries to
+bolster up the charge that nearly all the leaders of the Bolsheviki
+are Jews by a clumsy invention of its own. It says:
+
+    Every commisar in Russia to-day is a Jew. Publicists are
+    accustomed to speak of Russia as if it were in disorder, but the
+    Jewish government of Russia is not. From a mass of underlings,
+    the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx, a flying wedge
+    through the superinduced disorder, as if every man's place had
+    been previously prepared for him.
+
+For these statements there is no justification in fact. They are
+absolutely and unqualifiedly untrue, as every person familiar with the
+facts must know. It is not true that "every commissar in Russia to-day
+is a Jew." Not even a majority of the members of the Council of
+People's Commissars are Jews. Lenin, who is at the head of the
+government, is not a Jew. Tchitcherin, who is in charge of foreign
+affairs, is not a Jew. Krassin, who is in charge of the trade
+negotiations with the British government, is not a Jew. These three
+men wield greater power and influence in Soviet Russia than all the
+Jewish officials combined. Dzerzhinsky, head of the infamous
+Extraordinary Commissions, is not a Jew. Lunarcharsky, who has charge
+of public education, is not a Jew. Rykov, chairman of the Economic
+Council, is not a Jew. Bonch-Brouyevich, secretary of the Council of
+People's Commissars, is not a Jew. Kolontai is not a Jewess. There are
+many other Gentile Commissars. How completely the London _Morning
+Post_ and the _Dearborn Independent_ misrepresent the essential facts
+I have already shown by my analysis of the pretentious list of fifty
+names published by the former. I have before me the official list of
+the members of the _Sovnarkom_--that is, the Council of the People's
+Commissars of the Soviet government. As is well known, the elaborate
+and intricate governmental system of Soviet Russia centers ultimate
+authority in this Council of People's Commissars, which consists of
+seventeen members. A most striking refutation of the statement made by
+the _Dearborn Independent_ is found in the fact that of the seventeen
+members of this supreme Bolshevist authority only one, Trotzky, is a
+Jew. The official list speaks for itself.
+
+_Official Name_             _Real Name_          _Department_
+
+1. N. Lenin[1]              Oulianov             President
+2. G. Tchitcherin[1]        G. Tchitcherin       Foreign Affairs
+3. L. Trotsky[2]            Bronstein            War
+4. E. Raskolnikov[1]        E. Raskolnikov       Navy
+5. G. Petrovsky[1]          G. Petrovsky         Interior
+6. N. Krestinsky[1]         N. Krestinsky        Finance
+7. L. Krassin[1]            L. Krassin           Industry and Commerce
+                                                   and Ways of
+                                                   Communication
+8. S. Sereda[1]             S. Sereda            Agriculture
+9. N. Bruchanov[1]          N. Bruchanov         Supply
+10. A. Lunarcharsky[1]      A. Lunarcharsky      Public Instruction
+11. V. Stuchka[1]           V. Stuchka           Justice
+12. A. Kolontai[1]          A. Kolontai          Public Welfare
+13. V. Smidt[1]             V. Smidt             Labor
+14. A. Rykov[1]             A. Rykov             Chairman, Economic
+                                                   Council
+15. K. Stalin[3]            Djugashvili          National Affairs
+16. Dr. N. Semashko[1]      Dr. N. Semashko      Public Health
+17. V. Bonch-Brouyevich[1]  V. Bonch-Brouyevich  Executive secretary
+                                                   of the Council of
+                                                   People's Commissars
+[1] Russian     [2] Jew     [3] Georgian
+
+Of course there are many Jews holding minor positions in the
+Bolshevist regime. It would be quite impossible to name any part of
+the Russian population to which that statement would not equally
+apply. For millions of people, Christians and Jews alike, the only
+possible alternative to starvation and death is to accept service
+under the Bolsheviki. Even loyal generals of the Tsar's army have
+accepted such service in order to avoid the starvation of themselves
+and their loved ones, despite their hatred of Bolshevism and the
+Bolsheviki. It is a fact, however, that there are very few Jews
+holding responsible posts in the Bolshevist government of Russia,
+while there are many Jews prominently identified with the
+anti-Bolshevist movement. I have followed very closely the accounts of
+the proceedings of the Bolshevist movement and of the Communist party,
+as reported in the official press, and have paid special attention to
+the activity of the Jews. Up to the present my list of Jews holding
+prominent positions in either the Soviet government or the Communist
+party contains less than twenty names, yet I believe it is fairly
+complete. It includes the names of Trotzky, Steklov, Zinoviev,
+Kamenev, Uritsky, Volodarsky, Sverdlov, Ganetsky, Helfandt (Parvus),
+Riazanov, Radek, Litvinov, Joffe, and Larin. It will be rather
+difficult, I think, to name any important omissions. As against this
+meager list of Jews, a very hastily compiled list of non-Jews who are
+prominent in the government or in the Communist party contains
+seventy-five names. In this list I do not include any of the many
+former generals of the Tsar's army now holding important positions in
+the Red Army and various departments of the Soviet government. With
+entire confidence I submit these incontestable facts to my readers in
+reply to the _Dearborn Independent_.
+
+It is absurdly untrue to say, as the _Dearborn Independent_ does, that
+"the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx" after the overthrow
+of tsarism. Throughout the revolutionary period the Jews in Russia
+have presented about the same political divisions as the Russian
+population in general. Like the overwhelming mass of the Russian
+people, they are anti-Bolshevist. Even if we confine our attention to
+the Jewish Socialists, overlooking for the moment the large number of
+Jews belonging to the Constitutional Democrats and other non-Socialist
+parties, we shall find absolutely no evidence of anything approaching
+a united Jewish Socialist support of the Bolsheviki. On the contrary,
+the most implacable and determined opponents of the Bolsheviki have
+been, and still are, Jewish Socialists. Such Jews as Martov, Dan,
+Lieber, Abramovich, and others have distinguished themselves by their
+relentless and unremitting opposition to the Bolsheviki.
+
+In reply to Mr. William Hard, who called attention to the fact that
+Jews like Vinaver, Martov, and others have been as active on the
+anti-Bolshevist side as Trotzky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, and others have
+been on the Bolshevist side, the anonymous writer employed by the
+_Dearborn Independent_ resorts to a more cowardly and despicable
+controversial trick than I have hitherto encountered, even in
+anti-Semitic literature. Having charged that the Jews were united "in
+a perfect phalanx" in support of Bolshevism, when confronted by Mr.
+Hard with the evidence that there are Jews at the head of the
+anti-Bolshevist forces, he coolly abandons his charge and insinuates
+another. He says: "Look how the Jews control every phase of political
+opinion in Russia! Doesn't there seem to be some ground for the
+feeling that they are desirous of ruling everywhere?"
+
+Not often, I venture to say, has any American journalist descended to
+this low level. I am justified in asking Mr. Ford, who is primarily
+responsible for the _Dearborn Independent_ and for its policy, whether
+he considers it to be compatible with sound American citizenship and
+with the traditions of our race to spread broadcast through the land
+such cruelly unjust appeals to prejudice. Surely it is not difficult
+to see this matter from the viewpoint of the Jew, which in this
+instance is also the viewpoint of every fair-minded non-Jew. For the
+Jew it is a case of being damned either way. When it is noted that
+there are a few Jews holding prominent positions in the Bolshevist
+regime, the whole race is stigmatized and charged with being engaged
+in a conspiracy to destroy civilization; but when attention is called
+to the fact that other Jews, far more numerous, are engaged in
+fighting Bolshevism and attempting to save civilization, no credit for
+that fact is given to the race; it is not admitted as a fact modifying
+the previously formed sweeping judgment, but, on the contrary, is held
+to be additional evidence of guilt. Nothing that Bolshevist
+propagandists have attempted to do in this country involves anything
+like the peril to our institutions that is involved in this deliberate
+attempt to silence the anti-Bolshevist Jews by making even their
+propaganda against Bolshevism appear as part of a conspiracy against
+those institutions.
+
+I am not here and now concerned to defend the Jews. Even were my gifts
+much greater, I should not presume to arrogate to myself that honor.
+The defense of the Jewish people against the aspersions cast upon them
+by this cruel propaganda belongs in the first place to Jewish scholars
+and publicists and can be left to them. My concern is the defense of
+Christian civilization, of American ideals and institutions, of the
+noblest Anglo-Saxon traditions. These things are our greatest wealth;
+they are the heritage of our children. When, therefore, this hateful
+propaganda imperils these things, it is both my duty and my privilege
+to defend them. Anti-Semitism has no place in Christian civilization;
+its spirit and its language are both alien and hostile to our Republic
+and to the genius of the race of Milton and Lincoln.
+
+It can be demonstrated to the full satisfaction of any open-minded
+person of normal intelligence that Bolshevism is the negation of the
+faith and morals which constitute the strongest bond of the Jewish
+people. Trotzky has many times declared that he is no Jew, but a
+"general proletarian," and Bela Kun, in a formal statement, declared
+himself to be opposed to all religions and national cultures, the
+Jewish included, and that he stood only for the economic interests of
+the proletariat. I could quote many similar statements by prominent
+Jewish Bolsheviki, were it necessary. The position taken by these men
+is, of course, entirely logical. Not only is Bolshevism fundamentally
+opposed to the Jewish religion; it is equally antagonistic to the
+principle of nationality itself. How, then, can it be possible to
+regard Bolshevism as typically and essentially Jewish, or as part of
+an all-Jewish conspiracy? Is it possible to believe that a great
+conspiratory scheme to direct the whole weight and influence of the
+Jewish people to a single political end, conceived and led by the
+ablest leaders of that great people so remarkable for their
+intellectual power, would or could rest upon principles diametrically
+and irreconcilably opposed to the greatest psychological force
+motivating the conduct of the masses of that people?
+
+These questions by themselves shatter the charge we are discussing.
+There is, however, an immense mass of direct and positive evidence
+available to all who desire to know the truth, but which is carefully
+and studiously ignored by the preachers of anti-Semitism. If such men
+as Mr. Ford are ignorant of the existence of this evidence, as we must
+suppose them to be, their offense against America and American ideals
+is not thereby appreciably lessened; their reckless and irresponsible
+use of the wealth and other influential agents at their command adds
+to the sum of their shame and wrongdoing. The greatest and strongest
+Jewish Socialist organization in Russia and Poland, the "Bund," has
+stood in solid opposition to Bolshevism and the Bolshevist regime
+from the very beginning until now. Not only have leaders of the right
+wing, or moderate section of the "Bund," such as Lieber, fought
+Bolshevism with their full might, but leaders of the radical left
+wing, such as Kossovsky and Medem, have been equally courageous and
+uncompromising on the same side[1]. A tiny and negligible minority
+split off from the "Bund" because of its anti-Bolshevist character and
+formed a new organization, the "Communist Bund." Similarly, the
+overwhelming mass of the Zionist party has consistently opposed
+Bolshevism and all its works, and such men as Doctor Pasmanick, the
+well-known Zionist leader of Odessa, have given their full support to
+every anti-Bolshevist movement, political and military.
+
+I have already referred to the activity of the well-known Jewish
+leader, Vinaver, in the fight against Bolshevism. Mr. Vinaver is not a
+Socialist; on the contrary, during many years he has been a
+consistent opponent of Socialism and one of the foremost leaders of
+the Constitutional Democratic party, of whose Central Committee he
+was, and I believe still is, the chairman. Immediately after the March
+revolution of 1917, Mr. Vinaver was appointed Senator by the First
+Provisional Government. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly
+from Petrograd, and later on, after his escape from Petrograd, served
+as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of the Crimea. This
+prominent Jewish anti-Socialist testifies that "not a single Jewish
+Socialist faction has joined the Bolsheviki." From a report on this
+subject cabled to this country by Vinaver in July, 1919, I quote the
+following paragraphs, which speak for themselves.
+
+    The entire Russian Jewry struggles against Bolshevism. This is
+    true not only with regard to the bourgeoisie, but to the
+    democratic classes of the Russian Jewry as well. It is
+    sufficient to say that not a single Jewish Socialist faction has
+    joined the Bolsheviki. All political factions of the Russian
+    Jewry are struggling against Bolshevism.
+
+    The great majority of the Jewish population, including many of
+    the poor, are being classed by the Bolsheviki with the so-called
+    bourgeoisie, and every place where the Bolsheviki rule, the
+    Jewish population, not to speak of very insignificant
+    exceptions, is suffering and starving.
+
+    The Bolshevist regime has destroyed the industries and the
+    trade, and the Jewish population, which made its living mostly
+    through participation in the industrial and commercial life, is
+    suffering probably more than other nationalities. At the same
+    time, the Bolsheviki are persecuting all religions, and the
+    Jewish religious institutions have suffered from their despotic
+    rule not less than the institutions of the Christian religion.
+
+    The anti-Semites are making very wide use of the fact that
+    Trotzky is a Jew, but the participation of several Jews among
+    the Bolshevist leaders does not nullify the fact that the
+    Russian Jewry, in its overwhelming majority, struggles actively
+    against Bolshevism. _It is significant that Bolshevism spread
+    mostly in central and eastern Russia where the Jews constitute
+    an insignificant minority._
+
+It is a significant fact that the only Socialist elected to the United
+States Congress in the recent election, Meyer London, a Russian-born
+Jew, is a vigorous opponent of Bolshevism. In view of such evidence as
+the foregoing, it is surely not less than ridiculous to attempt to
+make Bolshevism appear as a phase of Jewish Socialism, and a part of a
+world-wide Jewish conspiracy, instead of what it is--namely, the wild
+anarchical outburst of despairing and desperate masses of men. I
+venture to say that when the history of this tragic episode in the
+life of Russia is authoritatively written, it will be found that Jews
+have not been responsible for the most objectionable features of
+Bolshevism. Not even Trotzky need be excluded from this
+generalization, for, while it is true that his genius made Bolshevism
+the formidable military power it became, the brutal excesses of the
+Red Terror must be charged against such men as Peters, the Lett, and
+Dzerzhinsky, the Pole.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] see the articles published in the New York pro-Bolshevist weekly,
+_Die Neue Welt_, June 27, July 4 and 11, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS
+
+
+No one who knows how the Jews of Russia, in common with the rest of
+the population, have suffered from Bolshevist misrule will be likely
+to give credence to the theory that Bolshevism is part of a Jewish
+conspiracy. As everybody knows, Jews made up a very considerable part
+of the commercial class in Russia. The indemnities levied upon this
+class by the Bolshevist commissions in the cities have applied equally
+to Jew and Gentile. It is a fact that ordinary Jewish shopkeepers have
+been compelled to pay their full share of the indemnities so levied.
+Scores of thousands of Jews have had their property confiscated and
+been reduced to abject poverty. Many thousands more have had to flee,
+leaving everything behind them, thankful only that they could save
+their lives. The _Chresvy-chaikas_ have drawn no distinction between
+Jew and Gentile, and the available records, meager as they are, prove
+that the Jews have contributed their full quota to the long list of
+the victims of these infamous terrorist organizations. Pogroms and
+other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been too common in
+Bolshevist Russia to permit any suspicion that Bolshevism is a
+pro-Jewish movement. The evidence upon this point is overwhelming.
+
+I am quite well aware that the statement that pogroms have been common
+in Bolshevist Russia will be challenged and indignantly denied by many
+of our American defenders of the Bolsheviki, Jews and Gentiles alike.
+It is none the less a well-attested fact. I have in my possession a
+mass of evidence which amply proves the truth of the statement. At the
+same time, I do not mean to charge that the Soviet government has
+deliberately instigated or authorized pogroms. Indeed, I am quite
+ready to believe that the Soviet government has honestly desired and
+attempted to prevent such pogroms. Lenin accepted the presidency of an
+organization formed to combat anti-Semitism. The truth seems to be
+that just as pogroms have admittedly taken place in the new republic
+of Poland, despite the efforts of the Polish government to prevent
+them, and just as pogroms were carried out by Denikin's Volunteer Army
+despite General Denikin's attempts to prevent them, and the severe
+punishments inflicted by him upon the culprits, so regular Bolshevist
+troops in southern Russia have plundered and murdered Jews and raped
+and mutilated Jewish women and girls. Just as these lines are being
+written word comes, from sources of unquestionable authority, of
+pogroms against the Jews in the Ukraine, in which Bolshevist troops
+participated.
+
+The Pogrom Victims' Relief Committee of the Russian Red Cross Society
+published a report of its investigations of the Jewish pogroms in
+southern Russia during the period when General Denikin's forces were
+fighting the Bolsheviki. The report, based upon evidence of
+unquestionable reliability, showed that Jews had been plundered and
+murdered not only by disorderly troops of Denikin's Volunteer Army,
+and by the troops of Petlura and by the robber bands led by "atamans,"
+like Makhno, _but also by regular Bolshevist troops_. The report
+attributes to the latter the destruction of at least thirteen Jewish
+communities in southern Russia and the murder of five hundred Jews.
+And this is only one report of many. Before me as I write is the
+account given by an eyewitness of the pogrom which opened at
+Novo-Poltavka on September 1, 1919, and lasted through the whole of
+the week following. _More than one hundred Jews were murdered,
+numerous women and girls were raped, and the entire colony was
+plundered._ This pogrom was carried on by the guerrilla bands led by
+"atamans" Makhno and Grigoriev, together with regular Bolshevist
+troops.[2] Do you ask me to believe that these pogroms were
+deliberately brought about as part of a "Jewish" conspiracy?
+
+Under the rule of the Bolsheviki the local organs of Jewish autonomy
+in the Ukraine were entirely destroyed.[3] The chairman of the Jewish
+Community in Kiev, Mr. D. Levenstein, has testified to the brutal
+treatment of the Jews in that city during the Bolshevist occupation.
+Vladimir Kossovsky, one of the foremost leaders of the "Bund," well
+known in Socialist international circles, in an article published in
+the Jewish Socialist monthly, _Die Zukunft_, of New York, says:
+
+    Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist Russia have occurred with
+    particular intensity during the first half of 1918. I shall
+    point, as an example, to the pogroms in Gulkhov, in the
+    government of Chernigov, where they assumed a particularly
+    brutal form, and in a number of places in the Poliesiye. _All
+    of these pogroms were the work of Bolshevist troops._
+
+    The Glukhov pogrom, which has attained such sad notoriety,
+    started on February 28, 1918, after a Bolshevist detachment had
+    entered the city. The Red Army men, transformed into savage
+    beasts, murdered the arrested Jews who were being taken under
+    guard to the building of the Soviet, _and the street which
+    housed the Soviet was literally sodden with Jewish blood. All
+    Jewish stores and residences were sacked._ Peasants from the
+    near-by villages soon joined the plunderers of the Red Guard in
+    their work of looting and pillaging. According to newspaper
+    reports, four hundred and fifty Jews were murdered, among these
+    some Jewish soldiers who had been rewarded with "St. George"
+    medals for bravery. Long lists of victims--such as could be
+    identified--were at that time published in the newspapers. _The
+    pogrom was directed exclusively against the Jews, and the
+    Christian population of the city did not suffer in the least._
+
+Concerning the pogroms in Poliesiye, Kossovsky quotes from the
+official organ of the Menshevist party, the _Novaia Zaria_, of Moscow,
+June 10, 1918, the following:
+
+    The large Jewish population of this region (Poliesiye) finds
+    itself in a particularly tragic situation. The "activity" of the
+    Red Army in Novogorod-Sieversk, Seredina-Buda, and Glukhov,
+    where the Soviet detachments massacred the Jewish populations,
+    has found an echo in other cities, and the sword of Damocles
+    hangs at present over the unfortunate Jewish people. In the city
+    of Potchep the Jews saved themselves from a pogrom by collecting
+    in time fifteen thousand rubles, which they handed over to the
+    pogrom-mad Red Army detachment upon its entrance into the city,
+    in addition to giving it a splendid reception and a sumptuous
+    feast. As reward for this reception the bashi-bazouks of the
+    Soviet decided to spare the city.
+
+Pogroms and other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been so common
+in Bolshevist Russia as to make the "Jewish question" one of extreme
+difficulty and importance. In numerous Soviets, notably Yaroslavl,
+Vitebsk, and Smolensk, Jewish members were openly insulted by the
+Bolsheviki; such epithets as "_szhid!_" ("sheeny!") were hurled at the
+Jewish members. Once more I quote from the article by Kossovsky:
+
+    In the provinces the pogrom mania invaded even the Soviets, not
+    mentioning the Red Army which became more and more infected with
+    it. According to the Kiev _Naiye Zait_, in the Vitebsk Soviet
+    shouts were heard, "Chase the Jews out of the Soviets and its
+    institutions!" In the Yaroslavl Soviet, according to information
+    printed in the Moscow Social-Democratic newspaper, _Vperiod_,
+    there were often heard insulting and shameful cries directed
+    against the Jews. In Smolensk, according to _Svobodnaya Rossia_,
+    members of the Red Army would come to the Soviet and demand that
+    Jews be barred from holding posts as war commissaries and
+    commanders. A lively anti-Semitic propaganda was carried on in
+    Moscow and Petrograd, too, though it never reached the stage of
+    a pogrom. In Petrograd anti-Jewish posters, signed by a "Kamorra
+    of the People's Revenge," were spread broadcast. As a result of
+    the apprehensiveness aroused, detachments for self-defense were
+    organized by the Jews of Moscow. In Petrograd the Bolshevist
+    authorities did not permit the organization of self-defense
+    bodies, fearing lest the weapons of the self-defense detachments
+    be turned against the Soviet.
+
+    Upon the initiative of the Petrograd Jewish Community the day of
+    May 23, 1918, was designated as a Jewish National Day of
+    Mourning throughout Russia as a protest against the latter-day
+    Jewish pogroms in Russia. On that day the Jews were to close all
+    their business establishments, not to issue newspapers, etc.,
+    etc. The May 23d issue of the Petrograd Jewish daily, _Unser
+    Tagblat_, appeared in a black border and was full of articles
+    relating to anti-Jewish attacks and pogroms, entitled: "Protest
+    by Mourning," "Let Jewish Blood Boil," "The Day of Sorrow," "The
+    Bloody Roll (Statistics Concerning Jewish Pogroms)." To convey
+    to the reader the substance of these articles I will quote the
+    closing words of the article, "The Bloody Roll": "The old
+    tsarist, bloody Russia, fell, and a new Russia, a
+    radical-Socialist, a communist, Russia came in its place. And
+    still, as before, we stand facing a roster of Jewish pogroms, a
+    roster which is, as yet, far from ended, as each day adds new
+    names, new victims, and new massacres."
+
+Mr. Louis Marshall, who is universally recognized as one of the
+foremost leaders of the American Jewry and who headed the
+American-Jewish delegation to the Peace Conference, in an interview
+published in the New York Jewish daily newspaper, _The Day_, July 27,
+1919, categorically denied the assertion that there have been no
+Jewish pogroms under the rule of the Bolsheviki. He declared that such
+pogroms took place in the districts of the Ukraine controlled by the
+Bolsheviki as well as in those controlled by the robber bands. "We
+know of such pogroms having occurred," he said, "and very often the
+Bolsheviki care just as little about the Jews as others who make
+pogroms. It is possible that some of their pogroms are at times
+different, but in substance there were Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist
+territory as well." Mr. Marshall added the following observation:
+"_All Jewish representatives that I have met in Paris who came from
+Russia are strong opponents of Bolshevism. Even to this day the Jewish
+Socialist parties are no less sharp in their condemnation of the
+Bolsheviki than are the bourgeois parties._"
+
+So far as I have been able to discover, there is not a large Jewish
+Community in Russia which has not repudiated Bolshevism. Not in a
+single instance has the support of the leaders of such a Community
+been given to the Lenin-Trotzky regime. For example, I have before me
+the report of the annual general meeting of the Jewish Community of
+Archangel, which took place on May 11, 1919. Therein is contained a
+Memorandum by the Council of the Community on the relation of the Jews
+to Bolshevism. The Memorandum points out that, while it is true that
+there are Jews among the leaders of the Bolsheviki, it is also true
+that there are many Jews among the leaders of the anti-Bolshevist
+forces. It names such men as MM. Vinaver, Gotz, Minor, Bliumkin (who
+assassinated Count Mirbach), Kannengisser (who shot Uritzki), and Dora
+Kaplan (who attempted to assassinate Lenin and forfeited her own
+life).
+
+The Memorandum asks the non-Jewish world to remember that all of the
+Jews connected with the Bolshevist movement in any prominent capacity
+are apostates, that not one of them ever took the slightest part in
+the affairs of Russian Jewry, and that the Jewish people only learned
+of their existence at about the same time and in the same way as the
+Russian people in general became aware of the existence of such
+non-Jewish Bolshevist leaders as Lenin, Lunarcharsky, Tchitcherin,
+Krylenko, Dybenko, and many others. Attention is called to the fact
+that prominent Jewish national workers in Russia have been subjected
+to the same persecution and maltreatment by the Bolsheviki as the
+public-spirited men and women of other nationalities. The Memorandum
+cites the imprisonment of Doctor Maze, Rabbi of the Moscow Community,
+and the confiscation of the buildings belonging to the Petrograd
+Jewish Community, where the cultural and religious institutions of the
+Jews of that city were centered. I commend to the attention of all
+fair-minded men and women the following paragraph from this document:
+
+    Aside from this group of Jewish Bolshevist leaders there is the
+    Jewish people, the many millions of the Jewish population of
+    Russia. The unassuming representatives of that Jewish Community
+    of Archangel take the liberty to affirm that neither the Jewish
+    people as a whole, nor any of its socially organized groups, are
+    responsible for the savagery, violence, acts of blasphemy, and
+    mockery of human rights which characterize the Bolshevist
+    regime.
+
+    The Jewish people are fully familiar with acts of brutality,
+    with the Red Terror, familiar from long-past experience and from
+    present experience in Bolshevist Russia, together with all the
+    other nations inhabiting that unhappy territory. But the hands
+    of the Jewish masses, of all the classes of the Jewish people,
+    are not stained with this blood. We have not heard, and we
+    believe that we shall never hear, of any act of terror
+    committed by any masses of Jews led either by Jews or by
+    non-Jews.
+
+    Let the Jewish Bolsheviki stand accused and condemned of their
+    guilt like their compatriots of other nationalities, but there
+    must be no room for generalization and wholesale accusation when
+    the people as a whole are guiltless and where millions,
+    permeated by a powerful cohesive force of an ancient culture
+    organically foreign to the spirit of violence and vandalism,
+    stand apart from a few individual persons.
+
+Quite similar to the foregoing is a Memorandum addressed by the
+Council of the Vladivostok Jewish Community to the Russian people. The
+concluding paragraphs of this address seem to me to be a complete and
+crushing refutation of the monstrous calumny that is being so
+assiduously spread among our people:
+
+    In the present historic movement the Council of the Jewish
+    Community of Vladivostok deems it its sacred civil duty to come
+    forward with the following protest. The Council declares that:
+    (1) The many millions of the Russian Jewry reject every
+    responsibility for the crimes committed against Russia by a
+    small group of Jewish renegades who have nothing in common with
+    the Jews and have long since broken off all connections with
+    them, such as Bronstein-Trotzky, Nakhamkes-Steklov,
+    Apfelbaum-Zinoviev, Joffe, Kamenev, and others connected with
+    Bolshevism, just as the Russian, Lettish, Polish, Georgian,
+    Armenian, and other nationalities cannot be held to answer for
+    the deeds and misdeeds of Bolshevist leaders who were born in
+    their midst. (2) The Russian Jewry, as a whole, is warmly and
+    sincerely devoted to the interests of Russia, its motherland,
+    and has struggled and is still struggling for the regeneration
+    of the Russian state, and is heartily interested, together with
+    all the other peoples inhabiting Russia, in the speediest
+    overthrowing of Bolshevism and the reconstruction of orderly
+    life in Russia. The Russian Jews have lost over one hundred
+    thousand of their brothers and sons in killed and wounded in the
+    war with Germany. Thousands of Jews are found at present in the
+    ranks of the armies of Admiral Kolchak and of General Denikin.
+    (3) Bolshevism has ruined hundreds of thousands of Jewish
+    merchants, business men, artisans, and men in various
+    enterprises, and has completely destroyed the entire population
+    of the Northwestern Territories. _Thousands of Jewish families
+    have been deported from Soviet Russia_ and are now dragging out
+    a miserable existence as refugees in Siberia, in the Ural
+    region, and in the border cities.
+
+    _The Soviet government has shot and is still shooting Jewish
+    public men, lawyers, engineers, physicians, and workmen who have
+    participated in the struggle against the Soviet rule._ In the
+    near future there will be published documents and irrefutable
+    facts revealing the number of Jewish lives and the billions of
+    Jewish wealth that have perished during the past two years in
+    the struggle with Bolshevism.
+
+    The Vladivostok Jewish Community protests to the Russian public
+    opinion and to the honest and independent Russian press against
+    the falsehoods, insinuations, and calumnies directed against the
+    Jewish people in such profusion by the enemies of humanity and
+    the state.
+
+In view of such facts as these, is it reasonable to suppose that
+Bolshevism is a pro-Jewish conspiracy? Is it less than ridiculous to
+suggest that the system which has reduced hundreds of thousands of
+Jews to abject poverty, broken up thousands of Jewish homes and
+families, confiscated billions of Jewish wealth, imprisoned thousands
+of prominent Jews, and murdered numerous others, is part of a Jewish
+conspiracy? Surely, every intelligent person must see that any such
+conspiracy must necessarily require, as the first condition of its
+success, a degree of racial solidarity never yet attained by any
+people at any time in the history of the world. That solidarity could
+only be obtained by assuring to the Jews their complete exemption
+from the suffering and oppression imposed upon the non-Jewish
+population. Had there been any thought of securing the solidarity of
+the Jewish people of Russia against the non-Jewish population, it
+would have been effectively thwarted by the imposition of such burdens
+of poverty and suffering upon the Jews, and their resulting
+resentment. Not the smallest particle of evidence has ever yet been
+adduced to show that the Jews in Russia have been exempted from any of
+the oppressive features of Bolshevism. As Mr. Wells reminds us, the
+Bolsheviki have suppressed the Hebrew language, the historic language
+of Judaism, to preserve which Jews in all lands and during many
+centuries have made such vast sacrifices. Do we need any further
+evidence?
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] The full account of this eyewitness appeared in the _Odesskiya
+Novosti_, September 27, 1919.
+
+[3] Statement by Dr. M. Zitron, _Dos Yiddishe Volk_, of Warsaw, July
+11, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM
+
+
+Precisely such propaganda as that which the _Dearborn Independent_ has
+been carrying on is responsible for many of the blackest and most
+shameful pages in history. Wherever and whenever there has been an
+organized propaganda of anti-Semitism it has invariably been closely
+intertwined with every other contemporary reactionary oppressive and
+contemptible force. To those who know the history of anti-Semitism in
+Russia, in Poland, and in Rumania, even in quite recent years, this
+statement will seem so trite as not to require any demonstration. This
+close association with other forms of reaction and brutal oppression
+is not peculiar to anti-Semitism, but is a common characteristic of
+every form of race prejudice and hatred. Among the Turks organized
+prejudice and hatred of Armenians has invariably been found to be
+closely associated with all the other evil forces in the Turkish
+Empire. In our own country, discrimination against and injustice to
+the negro goes hand in hand with almost every other form of reaction
+and oppression.
+
+It is quite useless to pretend that such articles as those published
+in the _Dearborn Independent_ and the London _Morning Post_ are not
+really anti-Semitic propaganda, but merely a legitimate discussion of
+a great and serious problem. Such specious pleading will not deceive
+any intelligent, honest person. The only possible object of the
+articles is to convince the people who read them that civilized
+society is threatened by a great world-wide secret conspiracy of the
+Jews; that this virile and highly intelligent people, scattered
+throughout the civilized world, and numbering, it is estimated, about
+sixteen millions, is secretly organized and led by an "invisible
+government" composed of some of the ablest and keenest minds in the
+world, to the end of bringing all the governments of the earth,
+together with all industry and commerce, under the absolute rule and
+dominion of a dynasty to be set up by an aristocratic Jewish
+Sanhedrin.
+
+Even if we ignore, for the purpose of this discussion, the fact that
+to sustain this charge a structure of cruel falsehood has been erected
+with great cunning, it is surely plain enough that the effect of such
+a charge upon the minds of such non-Jews as believe it can only be the
+development of a spirit of antagonism toward Jews, as Jews. In so far
+as the _Dearborn Independent_ succeeds in its efforts, it must
+inevitably make our Gentile population regard their Jewish neighbors
+with fear and suspicion. And from such fear and suspicion emanate
+intolerance and hatred and their brutal progeny. There is no essential
+difference between the articles which have been appearing in Mr.
+Ford's paper, either in spirit or in text, and those which, in a past
+so recent that its horror haunts the memory of men and women of our
+generation, let loose upon tens of thousands of helpless and
+inoffensive people the most bestial and fiendish cruelty and hatred
+ever attained by beings called human.
+
+I can quite well remember the intense horror with which the Christian
+world read of the wave of pogroms against the Jews which swept over
+Russia in 1891, following the inhuman enforcement of the "May Laws."
+Jewish women in travail, forced to flee for their lives, hid in
+cemeteries, and in those "cities of the dead" brought forth their
+babes. Jewish fathers took their daughters to brothels for safe
+hiding. Jewish women and girls were raped. Jewish homes were looted,
+and whole villages inhabited by Jews were burned down. Even women and
+children were brutally murdered, simply because they were Jews and
+because a newspaper propaganda in all respects like that now being
+carried on in this country and in England had made the Jewish people
+the object of suspicion and fear and, therefore, of hatred. It was
+then that a Russian statesman declared that the "Jewish question"
+would be solved only when one third of the Jews had perished, another
+third emigrated, and the remaining third been converted to the
+orthodox Church!
+
+The frightful massacre of Jews at Kishinev in 1903 likewise resulted
+from a newspaper propaganda very similar to that which is now being
+carried on by the _Dearborn Independent_ and the London _Morning
+Post._ On that occasion an unexampled and unprecedented outburst of
+horror thrilled the whole civilized world. John Hay, our then
+Secretary of State, said: "No person of ordinary humanity can have
+heard without deep emotion the story of the cruel outrages inflicted
+upon the Jews of Kishinev. These lamentable events have caused the
+profoundest impression throughout the world." President Roosevelt
+said, "I have never in my experience in this country known of a more
+immediate or a deeper expression of the sympathy for the victims and
+of horror over the appalling calamity that has occurred."
+
+The Kishinev outrages were the direct and logical outcome of the
+campaign of calumny and hatred against the Jews waged by the local
+newspaper, the _Bessarabetz_, owned and edited by a Moldavian named
+Kroushevan. Except for the specific charge of "ritual murder," with
+which I shall presently deal, the campaign of Jew-baiting pursued by
+this journal, which produced such disastrous and monstrous results,
+was the counterpart of that now being carried on by the _Dearborn
+Independent_. Kroushevan charged that the Jews were conspiring to
+secure world dominion; he charged that the economic power of the
+Jewish race in Russia was a peril to the nation; he charged that Jews
+were responsible for Socialism and social unrest. The anti-Semitic
+articles appearing in this country and in England during the past few
+weeks are quite like those which used to appear in the _Bessarabetz_.
+
+Of course, the crowning infamy of the campaign of hate waged by the
+Kishinev paper was the charge of "ritual murder." A Christian boy,
+named Ribalenko, belonging to the village of Doubossar, midway between
+Kishinev and Odessa, was murdered, his body being found in an orchard.
+The _Bessarabetz_ at once declared that the boy had been killed by the
+Jews for sacrificial purposes, thus reviving one of the most terrible
+and most infamous libels ever directed against any race or sect--a
+calumny that has been exposed and refuted again and again.
+Subsequently, after the mischief had been done, _it was proved that
+the boy was murdered by his uncle and the care-taker of the orchard in
+which the body was found--both of them Russians and Gentiles._ The
+murderers confessed their guilt, the motive for the crime being gain.
+
+The horrors of 1891 were repeated and even excelled at Kishinev in
+1903 as a result of this propaganda. It is not necessary to go into
+the gruesome details of the numerous nameless sex mutilations, the
+awful outrages committed upon young girls and their gray-haired
+grandmothers, the shockingly brutal and bestial murders, the
+well-authenticated cases of nails driven through the eyes of a woman
+and the cutting out of the tongue of a two-year-old child; let these
+brief references suffice. It is all too evident from the most reliable
+accounts of the massacre that hatred born of resentment and fear had
+made the Gentile mobs as savage as wild beasts. They were no longer
+human.
+
+Thus far neither the _Dearborn Independent_ nor the London _Morning
+Post_ has reproduced the "ritual murder" lie. Perhaps neither will do
+it. Probably not. At the same time _both papers have done their utmost
+to create in the minds of their readers a readiness to believe that or
+any other infamy when attributed to the Jews_. There is not, and there
+cannot be, any assurance that in the soil thus prepared by these
+papers, others more ignorant or less scrupulous will not successfully
+plant belief in the ancient legend of sacrificial murders committed
+by Jews. And even if this never happens at all, the fact remains that
+in charging that the horrors of Bolshevism were deliberately
+instigated by Jews, British and American anti-Semites have appealed to
+the same unreasoning, instinctive, primal passion. For Bolshevism,
+primarily a political and economic program though it be, impinges upon
+religious faith and religious authority. Thus do the anti-Semites play
+with fire in close proximity to the high explosives of human nature.
+
+It was not the ancient, insensate hatred inspired by belief that the
+Jews kill Christian children in their Paschal rites which made the
+Kishinev pogrom possible. That added the element of savage fanaticism
+to the antagonism and resentment already developed by the economic
+position of the Jews. The extortions practiced by Jewish money-lenders
+the superior business capacity, perseverance, and resourcefulness of
+the Jewish traders and shopkeepers as compared with their Gentile
+rivals; the intense competition of Jewish artisans, superior to the
+average Russian workman in intelligence, industry, thrift, sobriety,
+and ambition--all these things resulted in bitter antagonism. Upon
+that economic fear and resentment religious fanaticism fastened and
+flourished.
+
+Herein lies the danger of the anti-Semitic propaganda in this country
+and in England. It is invoking economic fear and resentment. The
+non-Jew is adjured to contemplate the spectacle of the Jews ousting
+the Gentiles from one industry after another, gradually assuming
+leadership and control of our industry and commerce, thanks in part to
+superior intelligence, skill, and diligence, but in part also to a
+lack of moral scrupulousness. So the Jew is presented as a dangerous
+economic rival to be feared and guarded against. The Gentile is thus
+taught to look upon Jewish prosperity as a sort of parasitism, and as
+a menace to the well-being of all non-Jews, even where the withdrawal
+of Jewish enterprise and activity would mean ruin for Jew and Gentile
+alike--a condition long recognized in the principal Russian cities.
+Now, I do not deny that some of the worst aspects of capitalism have
+been developed to a special and notable extent by some Jews. Neither
+do I forget that others have developed the very noblest social
+idealism. The point I am now making is that hatred of the Jew, even
+when it is motivated by economic fear and resentment, will inevitably
+nurture every other form of anti-Jewish prejudice. If the campaign of
+the anti-Semites succeeds in cultivating that fear and hatred in the
+minds and hearts of our people, there can be no assurance against the
+occurrence of pogroms here.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS
+
+
+In an article published in the _Dearborn Independent_, June 19, 1920,
+it is argued that, transplanted in American soil, anti-Semitism will
+change its character and that it will not, in this country, take the
+form of mass violence. Not a single fact or historical example is
+cited in support of this optimistic theory. There are fine phrases
+about "the genius of Americanism" and the "innate justice of the
+American mind," but that is all. And these fine phrases can be easily
+and adequately disposed of by the simple observation that
+anti-Semitism, like all other forms of race hatred, is incompatible
+with "the genius of Americanism" and with "innate justice."
+
+These seem to me to be self-evident truths. Nevertheless, we have had
+many bitter manifestations of race hatred in this country, not a few
+of which have been attended by mass violence. When I reflect upon the
+savage race riots which have occurred in this country, and the
+numerous lynchings of negroes by infuriated mobs, I cannot bring
+myself to accept the easy optimism of the anonymous Jew-baiter. Even
+as I am writing these lines the morning newspaper comes to hand with
+the account of the lynching of three negroes, one of them a woman, in
+Georgia. The story is quite familiar in its shocking details. The
+three negroes, who were charged with murder, were in the custody of
+the sheriff of the county, when they were seized by a mob and brutally
+murdered. That this was due to the fact that they were negroes, a
+manifestation of race hatred, is beyond question.
+
+My faith that we shall be spared the shame and ignominy of pogroms
+rests upon other and, I believe, more solid foundations. I have
+confidence that the anti-Semitic propaganda will be met by the stout
+resistance of the great mass of our citizens of Gentile birth and
+heritage who will fight and crush anti-Semitism in defense of
+Christian civilization and of American ideals, traditions, and
+institutions. That seems to me to be a rational faith; it affords firm
+anchorage. On the other hand, it is a stupendous and dangerous folly
+to believe that you can cultivate, as part of our national psychology,
+anti-Jewish fear and prejudice without reaping in due course a harvest
+of hatred and violence toward the Jewish people. Racial hatred is
+everywhere the same.
+
+There is no reason for believing that here in the United States we
+possess a special immunity from the worst forms of anti-Semitism. It
+would probably be safer to say that our conditions afford exceptional
+opportunities for their development. We have drawn heavily upon the
+Old World for our population, which reflects the divisions and the
+antipathies, the hereditary jealousies and suspicions, which for
+hundreds and, in some instances, thousands of years have troubled
+mankind. We have not yet welded these diverse elements into anything
+approaching homogeneity; our national consciousness is still
+undeveloped and, as a consequence of that fact, we have as yet not
+developed fully those self-imposed disciplines and restraints which
+are attendant upon highly developed national solidarity. Our national
+life, with its alien masses only partially assimilated, is as
+susceptible to inflaming passion as the wind-blown dry autumn leaves
+are susceptible to the flame of the torch.
+
+Michael Davitt called attention to the fact that in the Kishinev
+pogrom it was not the rich Jews who were the victims, but Jewish
+workingmen and their families. That, I believe, is the universal
+experience. The rich Jews can buy immunity or protection. If as a
+result of vicious propaganda serious anti-Jewish riots take place in
+this country the victims will not be the rich Jewish financiers and
+brokers, against whom the _Dearborn Independent_ fulminates, but
+innocent and inoffensive, hard-working men and women and their
+children. And if ever that time comes such men as Henry Ford must bear
+the major responsibility and guilt.
+
+Let us suppose, for the argument's sake, that anti-Semitism in this
+country develops, as predicted in Mr. Ford's paper, along less brutal
+lines; that there will be no such orgies of murder and lust and
+spoliation as some other nations have had to their shame and dishonor.
+In that case, how will the organized hostility to the Jews be
+manifested? Specifically, what is the program of the group of
+anti-Semites in this country with which the _Dearborn Independent_ is
+identified? Are they prepared to announce that program, and to have it
+measured by the standard of the American ideal? Or is it possible that
+the only "secret conspiracy" is on their side; that the real object of
+this anti-Semitic agitation is to prepare the way for a political and
+economic program which its authors dare not publicly avow?
+
+When I was in England recently,[4] I gained a fairly clear and
+reliable idea of the political and economic program of those bitter
+Jew-haters who are responsible for the organized campaign of
+anti-Semitism in that country. In view of the fact that our
+anti-Semites, including the _Dearborn Independent_, have so slavishly
+copied the propaganda of the British anti-Semites, it is justifiable
+to assume that they are in general agreement with that program, and
+that they would adopt it in this country, subject to whatever
+modifications may be made necessary by the differences between the
+institutions of the two countries. At all events, unless and until the
+actual program of the anti-Semites of this country is set forth with
+candor and precision, they have no cause for complaint if it is
+assumed that their aims are practically identical with those of the
+British anti-Jewish propagandists whose arguments they repeat in
+detail, including every grotesque stupidity and every clumsy
+distortion of the truth.
+
+The program of the British anti-Semites, adapted to American
+conditions, would involved, as a minimum, the following measures:
+
+1. Disfranchisement of all Jews whose parents and grandparents were
+not all native-born American citizens.
+
+2. Denial of the right to hold legislative or administrative office,
+either elective or appointive, to all Jews other than those whose
+parents and grandparents were all born in the United States.
+
+3. Denial of the right of naturalization to Jews on the ground that
+they are not assimilable.
+
+4. Prohibition or very strict limitation of further Jewish
+immigration.
+
+5. Exclusion from the legal, medical, and teaching professions of all
+Jews except those entitled to full citizenship. (See 1 and 2.)
+
+6. Exclusion of all Jews, except those entitled to full citizenship,
+from certain economic rights and privileges, including the right to
+acquire and own land, the right to engage in the sale of stocks,
+bonds, securities, or real estate, or in banking, money-lending, or
+insurance.
+
+7. The right of admission to colleges and universities to be so
+limited as to admit only a small percentage of Jewish students.
+
+That this outline of a program will seem to many to be simply a
+fantastic jest I am quite well aware. The fact remains, however, that
+it is simply a bald presentation of the program believed in by a great
+many anti-Semites. I have only taken the measures that are seriously
+urged for adoption in England and changed their wording to correspond
+to American conditions. There is not one item in the program which I
+did not hear advocated with evident seriousness when I was in England.
+I learned of one society organized upon a national scale, all of whose
+members must "prove that their parents and grandparents were of
+British blood." This society is very actively engaged in the spread of
+anti-Semitic propaganda. Its prospectus states that it was "Founded to
+secure the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement, 1700, 1701, which
+secured the government of Britain to Britons and the land of Britain
+to the ownership of Britons."
+
+The point of the demand for the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement
+lies in the fact that one of the clauses in that historic instrument
+provides that, "no person born out of the kingdoms of England,
+Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions thereunto belonging (_although
+he be naturalized_ or made a denizen), except such as were born of
+English parents, _shall be capable to be of the Privy Council, or a
+member of either House of Parliament, or enjoy any office or place of
+trust, either civil or military_." It is also stipulated that no such
+person shall be capable "to have any grant of lands, tenements, or
+hereditaments from the Crown to himself, or to any other or others in
+trust for him." In the light of the constitution of this British
+society with its large dues-paying membership, and its demand for the
+re-enactment of the above-quoted provisions of the Act of Settlement,
+the most drastic parts of the suggested program do not seem so
+fantastic, after all.
+
+Here, then, is a program of anti-Semitism which fairly expresses the
+political and economic aspirations of large groups with whom our
+American anti-Semites, led by the _Dearborn Independent_, appear to be
+working in close co-operation and harmony. Whether the program fully
+meets with their approval or not, it can hardly be questioned that, if
+their anti-Jewish agitation is to have the result of bringing about
+political and economic remedies for the conditions they assail, and
+not pogroms, it will be necessary to discriminate between Jews and
+Gentiles in citizenship, in education, in property rights, and in
+economic opportunity. Precisely how these discriminations are to be
+made may be open to doubt, but that they must be made is--once the
+anti-Semitic position is taken--beyond all doubt.
+
+Against that reactionary aim I set the American ideal, or what
+President Roosevelt called "the historic American position of treating
+each man on his merits as a man, without the least reference to his
+creed, his race, or his birthplace." Anti-Semitism would divide our
+citizenship by racial and religious barriers; the Americanism of
+Washington and Lincoln and Lee and Roosevelt would weld all into a
+united whole, regardless of race or religion. The way of the
+anti-Semite is the way of Russia under the tsars, the way of the
+unspeakable despots who for centuries made the word "Turk" a synonym
+for oppression and brutal reaction. I prefer the American way. I am
+opposed to anti-Semitism, not alone for humanitarian reasons, but as a
+matter of loyalty to America. Anti-Semitism is treason to the American
+ideal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] September and October, 1920.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW
+
+
+The greatest nations of the world are just emerging from the strain
+and agony of the most terrible and disastrous war in the history of
+mankind. From a tiny spark of hatred a great conflagration of passion
+spread over the world, well-nigh destroying the entire fabric of
+civilization. How near we have come to that catastrophe, as a result
+of the war and its evil progeny, they best know who have recently
+visited the countries principally involved and most vitally affected.
+Even now civilization is not out of danger, but is weak and unsteady
+like a man beginning to recover from a terrible fever. Infinite care
+and patience and wisdom must be exercised by statesmen and peoples
+and by the molders of public opinion in every nation in order to make
+recovery possible.
+
+Never was there a moment when racial or religious antagonism was as
+dangerous and so much to be feared as in this crisis. Never were the
+citizens of all lands so solemnly warned to avoid the poison of
+hatred. The passionate hatreds engendered by the war must be crushed
+down and they who were foes, seeking to destroy one another, must now
+work together for the preservation of the civilization that is their
+common heritage. With the carnage and wrack and ruin of the war still
+oppressing us, and our hearts still lacerated and bruised, a common
+peril is compelling us to unite and to seek safety in fellowship and
+co-operation. Yesterday we relied upon the destructive arts of the
+warrior; to-day we must rely upon the conserving arts of the healer.
+Yesterday we hailed Mars; to-day we hail the Christ in whose touch is
+life and healing.
+
+What perverse and malevolent genius it must be that chooses this
+moment to open the flood gates and set free the pent passions of
+anti-Semitism! How monstrous a thing it is that from a great historic
+pulpit of the Christian Church which Beecher glorified by his
+courageous idealism, the brutal and un-Christian appeals of
+anti-Semitism should be made now when the world needs, above all
+things, to be purged of the poison of hatred and strengthened by
+fellowship! How great a tragedy it is that men like Mr. Ford and his
+associates can find nothing to inspire them in the vast work of
+restoration and reconstruction; that their energies and resources are
+directed to the ignoble and dangerous end of inciting in the minds of
+millions of our people fear and hatred of the Jew, as Jew!
+
+I am not insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to
+the presence in this country of more than three million Jews. Neither
+am I insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to our
+vast negro population, or to the presence of Europeans and their slow
+and imperfect assimilation. Recognizing these problems clearly and
+fully, I am quite certain that racial hatred and antagonism is no
+solvent for any one of them. The complete success of the appeals that
+are being made against the Jews would not benefit the Gentiles in this
+country in any particular. There never has been an organized
+propaganda of race antagonism and hatred, anywhere in the world, which
+benefited either race. In Russia and in Rumania--to cite only two
+examples--anti-Semitism has injured the Christians fully as much as it
+has injured the Jews. Turkish hatred and persecution of Armenians has
+invariably injured the Turks quite as much as it has injured their
+victims. In opposing the propaganda of anti-Semitism I am defending
+equally the interest of Jew and non-Jew. I hold no brief for the
+Jewish "race," so-called, or for Judaism. The only brief I hold is for
+the democratic and humanitarian ideals of America. That brief I hold
+by reason of my citizenship, voluntarily assumed, and the freeman's
+oath with which that citizenship was consecrated.
+
+The solution of the problems arising out of the massing of so many
+Jewish people in our large cities requires the unity and co-operation
+of all men and women of good will, both Jews and Gentiles, in
+precisely the same way, and for precisely the same reasons, as the
+solution of all our other problems does. There is nothing in our
+history which justifies the fear that our citizens of Jewish birth
+will be less ready than their Christian neighbors to give their
+whole-hearted service to that end. There never has been a call for
+service to this nation which found the Jewish citizens less patriotic,
+less willing to serve the nation, and even to sacrifice for it, than
+other sections of our citizenry. From Valley Forge to Chateau-Thierry
+that record is written. I remember well that memorable day in July,
+1918, when I heard from the lips of M. Clemenceau the news, just
+received by him, that our American soldiers were victorious at
+Chateau-Thierry. Later, on the way to Chateau-Thierry, I passed the
+long lines of ambulances bearing away the wounded men, many of whom
+were beyond all hope of recovery. Then, still later, in the great,
+wonderful hospital at Neuilly, I talked with many of those who fell
+wounded in that terrible fight. There were Jews as well as Gentiles
+among those men, but there was no difference in the quality of their
+Americanism, in their patriotism, their fortitude, or their courage.
+
+President Roosevelt, who was too decent as a man and too loyal as an
+American citizen to have any tolerance for anti-Semitism, more than
+once called attention to the fact that citizens of Jewish ancestry and
+faith have, in every crisis in the history of the nation which has
+shown justice to them, repaid the nation with loyal service. In an
+address to the B'nai B'raith, June 15, 1905, delivered at the White
+House, President Roosevelt said:
+
+    "One of the most touching poems of our own great poet,
+    Longfellow, is that on the Jewish cemetery in Newport, and
+    anyone who goes through any of the old cemeteries of the cities
+    which preserve the records of Colonial times will see the name
+    of many an American of the Jewish race who, in war or in peace,
+    did his full share in the founding of this nation. From that day
+    to this, from the day when the Jews of Charleston, of
+    Philadelphia, of New York, supported the patriot cause and
+    helped in every way, not only by money, but by arms, Washington
+    and his colleagues, who were founding this Republic--from that
+    day to the present we have had no struggle, military or civil,
+    in which there have not been citizens of Jewish faith who played
+    an eminent part for the honor and credit of the nation."
+
+There is no movement for the advancement of humanitarian ideals in
+this country to which American citizens of Jewish ancestry and faith
+have not contributed their full share. It is impossible for any
+fair-minded man who knows the facts to read without indignation the
+article published in the _Dearborn Independent_, June 5, 1920. In
+addition to charging that "Jewish business methods" are responsible
+for the high prices which have obtained for so long, the article
+accuses Jewish employers of being responsible for conditions of
+employment not known to the Gentile world. Lest I be accused of
+misrepresenting the writer of this libel, I will quote his exact
+words:
+
+    When the susceptible people of the nation commiserated the poor
+    Jews of the New York sweatshops they, for the most part, did not
+    know that the inventors and operators of the "sweatshop" method
+    were themselves Jews. Indeed, while it is the boast of our
+    country that no race or color or creed is persecuted here, but
+    liberty is insured to all, still it is a fact that the only
+    heartless treatment ever accorded the Jew in the United States
+    came from his own people, his overseers and masters....
+
+    ... The record of the great Jews in charity is very noble;
+    _their record in industrial reforms is nil_. With commendable
+    sympathy toward their own people they will donate a part of
+    their profits to rectify some of the human need resulting from
+    the method by which they made their profits, but as for
+    reforming the method by which they get their profits in order
+    that the resulting need might be diminished or prevented,
+    apparently it has never occurred to them. _At least, while there
+    are many charitable names among the wealthier Jews, there are no
+    names that stand for an actual, practical humanising of
+    industry, its methods and its returns._
+
+I respectfully suggest that these statements are intended to convey to
+the mind of the reader two impressions, neither of which corresponds
+to reality. The first impression is that Jewish employers have been
+and are more brutal and merciless than Gentile employers. Now, it is a
+fact that the "sweatshop," using that term in its strictest, technical
+sense, developed, in this country, after 1885--that is to say,
+following the great influx of Polish and Russian Jews and the equally
+great increase in the manufacture of ready-made clothing. But, while
+this is technically true of sweating, we had in this country long
+before the Jews came children's and women's labor under terrible
+conditions. In 1884 young girls and women worked in the factories of
+New Hampshire from five in the morning until seven at night, with only
+forty-five minutes' intermission, and their wages ranged from a dollar
+and a quarter to two dollars per week. Until quite recently, in our
+Southern cotton mills, owned and operated by Gentiles, we maintained
+conditions as bad as ever existed in the sweatshops of our large
+cities. It does not require any great amount of research to prove that
+Gentile employers have in the past been just as indifferent to the
+well-being of their employees, just as reactionary, and just as
+opposed to reform, as Jewish employers. I would remind the reader, in
+this connection, that we have never had in this country, not even in
+the sweatshops owned and controlled by Jews, anything approaching the
+terrible conditions which obtained in English factories in the early
+days of the factory system, when, in factories owned by Christians,
+little children, mere babies in fact, were made to work under
+conditions of revolting cruelty, whipped by brutal overseers, and not
+infrequently driven literally to death from exhaustion. Thus did
+Christian employers treat Christian children.
+
+But, while it is true that in our great cities sweatshops principally
+developed under Jewish auspices, it is equally true that in the fight
+to abolish sweating Jews have taken an active and honorable part. This
+I know of a certainty, and the insinuations to the contrary contained
+in the article under discussion are as cruelly unfair and unjust as
+they are untrue. So, too, in the fight against child labor in the
+cities and factories of the North. It was my privilege to take part in
+that fight, and I know that in the very forefront of the long struggle
+for remedial legislation, helping with money and with personal
+service, side by side with Christians, were many men and women of
+Jewish ancestry and faith. I know, too, that fighting on the other
+side were both Christians and Jews. It is preposterous that any
+attempt should be made to so misrepresent the struggle for "the
+practical humanizing of industry" as to make it appear that the Jewish
+people in particular were either hostile or indifferent to it.
+
+The second impression which the article is intended to convey is that
+in those industries which are controlled by Jews no such attempts have
+been made to better the lot of the workers employed in them as have
+been made in those industries which are controlled by non-Jews. This
+charge, likewise, is wholly baseless, as anybody who desires to know
+the truth can readily ascertain. It was my good fortune and privilege,
+as one of the representatives of the public appointed by President
+Wilson, to serve as a member of the First Industrial Conference
+convoked by the President in October, 1919. Among the members of that
+Conference chosen to represent the public were both Christians and
+Jews, and I venture to say that there was not one of the former who
+for a single moment doubted the sincerity, the patriotism, or the
+humanitarianism of the Jewish members. Moreover, in the course of our
+work there was brought to our attention an astonishing amount of
+information concerning efforts being made by progressive and
+high-minded employers in all parts of the country to introduce into
+their industries reforms looking to the betterment of the lot of their
+employees, including profit-sharing and participation in shop
+management and control by the workers. It is neither more nor less
+than the literal truth that these reports were quite as favorable to
+the Jewish employers as to their Christian competitors. As a matter of
+fact, in the ready-made-clothing industry, which is very largely in
+the hands of Jews, many of the most interesting experiments in
+industrial democracy and many of the sincerest efforts to humanize
+industry are being made. These things are known to every student of
+the problem--and they suffice to brand the statements made against the
+Jews in the article under discussion as both untrue and studiously
+unjust.
+
+Not only is it true that in the ever-increasing effort to bring about
+"the practical humanizing of industry" no distinction can honestly and
+justly be drawn between Gentile and Jewish employers, just as no such
+distinction can honestly and justly be drawn with respect to the
+selfishness and ignorance which result in conditions that are inhuman
+and oppressive; it is equally true, as a study of the records of
+Congress and the legislative bodies of the individual states will show
+beyond question, that no such distinction between Jew and Gentile can
+be honestly and justly drawn with respect to the mass of social
+legislation enacted in recent years. Socially minded men and women
+have supported such legislation, regardless of differences of race and
+creed, while men and women who lacked social consciousness, who were
+selfish and indifferent to the claims of their fellow human beings,
+have opposed such legislation, making common cause regardless of
+differences of race and creed.
+
+All this is exactly as it should be, of course, and precisely what
+might be expected to result from our ideals, our institutions, and our
+laws. It would be tragic and disastrous, indeed, if our experience
+were otherwise. The charges made against our Jewish citizens by the
+_Dearborn Independent_ amount in reality to a terrible verdict of
+failure against America and the democratic ideal which America
+represents. The only hope we can have of solving the great problems
+which confront this nation rests, and can only rest, upon the
+assurance that an enlightened citizenry, united by love of country and
+of mankind, and undivided by race or creed, will strive with
+ever-increasing strength, vision, and courage toward the goal of
+equality of opportunity for all. Thus only shall this nation which we
+love fulfill the high hopes of its greatest spiritual leaders and
+statesmen. To destroy the faith of our sons and daughters in American
+democratic ideals--which is precisely what anti-Semitism is aiming to
+do--is a monstrous thing.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+A FINAL WORD
+
+
+I have finished with the _Dearborn Independent_ and the flimsy fabric
+of its ridiculous charges. My self-imposed task is finished, and I am
+content to leave the grotesque legend of the protocols, together with
+the monstrous and cruel charge based upon them, to the judgment of my
+fellow citizens of Gentile birth. Into the motives of Mr. Henry Ford I
+do not care to enter. I suspect that they are pathological in their
+origin. Be that how it may, my pity for the man is as profound as my
+contempt for the propaganda with which he has chosen to associate
+himself. To be capable of deliberately inciting and fostering race
+hatred at any time is to cease to be capable of enjoying the
+fellowship of decent and just men and women; to incite such hatred
+now, in the midst of such unprecedented suffering and the universal
+need of fellowship and healing, is a pitiful self-degradation.
+
+This organized propaganda of anti-Semitism has had one wholesome
+result which its organizers neither foresaw nor intended. It has
+called forth a notable protest by men and women of Gentile birth and
+Christian faith which may well stand as the answer of American
+civilization and democracy to this ancient and hateful evil. All honor
+to President Wilson for departing from official traditions and placing
+his name to that protest. Throughout the civilized world that
+declaration has gone--America's answer to anti-Semitism.
+
+I suppose that so long as the imperfections of human nature endure, so
+long as there are men and women who are weak, selfish, cruel,
+vengeful, or ignorant, there will be racial and religious hatreds to
+be guarded against and opposed. I suppose, too, that until wars have
+ceased to be possible, in war's aftermath such hatreds will flourish.
+Against every form of racial and religious hatred, against sectarian
+bigotry and intolerance, every loyal American citizen should be
+prepared to take an uncompromising stand. That obligation, I take it,
+is implicit in our citizenship. It is for the integrity of that
+citizenship that I am concerned to plead. Anti-Semitism commands our
+special attention to-day because it is being spread by an elaborately
+organized propaganda. But the duty of the Christian to defend the Jew
+against persecution is neither greater nor less than the duty of the
+Protestant to defend the right of the Catholic or of all white
+citizens--Christians and Jews, Catholics and Protestants--to stand
+solidly against injustice to the negro and in defense of his rights
+when these are assailed. My plea, is not for pro-Semitism in
+opposition to anti-Semitism, but for loyalty to American ideals in
+opposition to any and all attempts to divide our citizenship on racial
+or religious lines.
+
+Because of a reasoned faith in those principles and ideals of
+democracy which brought this nation into being, and toward the
+realization of which we have steadily progressed through sunshine and
+storm, through peace and war, I am opposed to anti-Semitism and every
+manifestation of it. Anti-Semitism and the American ideal can never be
+reconciled. Far sooner shall men reconcile fire and water, or mix oil
+and water inseparably, than blend the cruel and hateful passions of
+anti-Semitism with the generous spirit of America. For America's
+safety and honor, therefore, I plead for unity against this sinister
+foe lurking within the gates, as against all other foes, no matter
+under what flag they may be marshaled.
+
+
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT
+
+
+After the foregoing was written I received from the head of a great
+American corporation a letter calling my attention to an anti-Semitic
+pamphlet published in New York City, entitled "Who Rules Russia?" and
+asking me for information concerning certain statements made therein.
+The pamphlet is printed in two languages, English and Russian, and
+bears the imprint of an organization called "Association Unity of
+Russia." Letters to the address given in the pamphlet, ordering copies
+of it, brought no response of any kind and it was necessary for me to
+resort to other methods of obtaining a copy. Incidentally, I caused
+certain inquiries to be made concerning the Association Unity of
+Russia. Now that I have made a careful examination of the pamphlet, I
+do not wonder that my request that copies be sent me was ignored.
+Certainly the publishers did not intend that it should be circulated
+among persons familiar with the subject and competent to expose its
+misrepresentations.
+
+So far as I can learn, the Association Unity of Russia is the name of
+a group of Russian _emigres_ residing in New York. They are
+monarchists and reactionaries, their hope being the restoration of
+tsarism. Like most of their kind, they are bitter Jew-baiters. Their
+pamphlet is entirely typical of Russian anti-Semitism, particularly in
+its reckless disregard of truth. I find here reproduced the charge
+that "the Soviet bureaucracy is almost entirely controlled by Jews and
+Jewesses." Not only so, but it is charged that the non-Bolshevist
+Socialist parties are mainly composed of Jews. The pamphlet ends with
+the statement, "the Russian state is actually dominated by the Jewish
+nation." There is no argument in the pamphlet, which consists of
+alleged lists of officials classified according to nationality and
+race.
+
+That some of these lists are deliberate inventions of the anonymous
+compiler or compilers is quite certain, for the most complete files of
+Bolshevist publications in this country do not contain either the
+lists or the data from which it might be possible to compile them.
+Other lists represent the most reckless lying. For example, on page 5
+I find what purports to be a list of the members of the Council of the
+People's Commissars. The actual list, copied from Bolshevist official
+sources, I have reproduced on an earlier page. This fraudulent list
+contains twenty-two names, of which number seventeen are alleged to be
+Jews, three Russians, and two Armenians. Looking over the list, I find
+that it omits well-known and important commissars such as the
+following: Raskolnikov (Navy), Petrovsky (Interior), Krestinsky
+(Finance), Krassin (Industry and Commerce and Transportation), Sereda
+(Agriculture), Kolontai (Public Welfare), Rykov (Supreme Economic
+Council), Bruchanov (Supply), Smidt (Labor), Semashko (Public Health),
+and Bonch-Brouyevich (Secretary). All these are Russians; there is not
+a Jew among them. The list contains, on the other hand, the names of a
+number of Bolsheviki who are not, and who never have been, members of
+the Council of the People's Commissars. Some of them may hold
+positions of minor importance in the Soviet regime or in the Communist
+party. The inclusion of their names in this list as members of the
+central government is an impudent imposture.
+
+The fact that the pamphlet is printed in Russian and English is
+calculated to impress and deceive the reader. No one who knows the
+situation will believe that the use of Russian had any other purpose
+or that it was intended for propaganda among Russians. Such a
+document, partly printed in Russian and purporting to be issued by
+Russians, is relied upon to convince Americans that the compiler or
+compilers--who prefer to remain anonymous--know what they are talking
+about. Not many will take the pains to scrutinize the various lists
+closely. Consequently, even where one page contradicts another, the
+fact goes undetected. A few examples will show how stupid these
+Jew-baiters are. On page 9 Latsis, of the Extraordinary Commission, is
+accurately described as a Lett, but on page 23 he becomes a Jew.
+Fritchie is a Lett on page 10 and a Jew on page 22--and neither
+description is correct.
+
+On page 25 Kerensky is described as a Jew, and it is said that his
+real name is Kirbis. This legend has been published before and
+thoroughly exposed. The fact is that Kerensky is not a Jew and never
+was known by the name of Kirbis or any other name than Kerensky. He
+never participated in the "underground" work of the revolutionary
+movement and therefore had no need of an alias. Alexander Fedorovich
+Kerensky comes from an old Russian family thoroughly orthodox and
+respectable. His history has been completely explored. No. The
+anonymous Jew-baiters have simply reproduced a silly legend that
+appeared in the reactionary anti-Semitic sheet, _Novoye Vremia_, of
+Petrograd, shortly before the revolution of March, 1917, and was
+immediately exposed and ridiculed.
+
+In an examination of the various lists of names given I find at least
+twenty-five instances of non-Jews, principally Russians, being
+described as Jews. I find, also, many Jewish names purporting to be
+the names of Bolshevist officials of some importance, though it is
+safe to say that they were never heard of by any student of
+contemporary Russian affairs. I do not say that no such persons exist,
+but I do assert that if they exist they do not hold the positions
+attributed to them, and that even their names are not to be found in
+the Bolshevist journals from which this pamphlet is said to have been
+compiled. Perhaps some of the members of the pathetic little group of
+Russian monarchist _emigres_ who meet weekly in the basement of a
+certain church to pray for the restoration of tsarism will condescend
+to tell us how the names were chosen.
+
+How stupid these pious humbugs are in their forgeries! Here is a list
+of names alleged to be a complete list of members of the Central
+Committee of the Social Democratic Party Mensheviki. Of course all are
+Jews. I look over the list and see at once that three of those named
+are not even members of that party, let alone of its supreme
+authority. Ratner, Rappoport, and Gotz do not belong to that party,
+but are prominent as leaders in the Socialists-Revolutionists party.
+Perhaps there are other mistakes in this list--but what is the use of
+wasting time in checking it further? Here is another list, even more
+defective, which is offered as a list of the members of the Central
+Committee of the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right. It
+contains fifteen names, of which fourteen are Jews and only one, that
+of Tchaykovsky, is a Russian. But Tchaykovsky is not a member of this
+party at all and, therefore, not of its Central Committee. He belongs
+to the party of People's Socialists. In the list I find the names of
+Lvovitch and Berlinrout, who likewise do not belong to this party and
+are not members of the committee in question. They are well-known
+leaders of the Zionists-Socialists. Abramovitch and Khintchouk are
+included in this utterly worthless list, though they do not belong to
+the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, but to the Social
+Democratic party.
+
+I do not suppose that many of my readers will care very much about the
+party affiliations of these men or about the factional divisions of
+Russian Socialism. The fact that this latest addition to the pamphlet
+literature of anti-Semitism emanates from Russian sources and is
+printed partly in Russian gives it an appearance of authority that is
+wholly unjustified by its content. It has seemed to me worth while,
+therefore, to call attention to its clumsy misrepresentations, its
+self-contradictions, its stupid blunders, and its stupendous
+effrontery. This precious example of Russian monarchistic anti-Semitic
+literature is just about fit to be placed alongside the _Dearborn
+Independent_.
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+JOHN SPARGO'S BOOKS
+
+"_THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY_"
+
+  From the Soviet's own documents and from the speeches of its
+  leaders, Mr. Spargo shows how Sovietism in its original form has
+  failed to cope with unavoidable human inequalities, and under
+  economic pressure has developed into a high-handed autocracy
+  which is worse than Tsardom and which completely subverts the
+  chief aims of Bolshevism.
+
+  Crown, 8vo, Cloth. 486 pages
+
+_RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM_
+
+  "Even those who may not accept Mr. Spargo's conclusions, or
+  respect his fears, will welcome his book because of the vast
+  amount of information and figures he has brought together
+  relating to the timely subject of trade with Russia."--N.Y.
+  _Globe_.
+
+  Crown 8vo. 444 pages
+
+_BOLSHEVISM_
+
+  A record of the facts, leaders, and policies of Bolshevism,
+  being both an interpretation of its theories and principles and
+  a history of rise to power. The book contains also the best
+  brief history of the whole tragic Russian revolutionary
+  movement.
+
+  Post 8vo, Cloth. 389 pages
+
+_THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM_
+
+  "Mr. Spargo has not used pen or typewriter in this book, but an
+  X-ray."--N.Y. _Globe_.
+
+  Post 8vo, Cloth. 152 pages
+
+_SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED_
+
+  States in simple, popular, and untechnical language the
+  essentials of the Socialism of the Marxian school--not only of
+  the philosophical and economic theories of Socialism, but of the
+  principles underlying the policies of the Socialist movement.
+
+  Post 8vo. Cloth. 338 pages
+
+_AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY_
+
+  Written early in 1918, shows that the essentials of a sane,
+  constructive Socialist program have been developed in America;
+  that however alien to our national life and thought certain
+  Socialist theoretical formulations may be, the fundamental
+  essentials are thoroughly American.
+
+  Post 8 vo. Cloth. 326 pages
+
+    If not at your booksellers, write to
+    HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo
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