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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: October 29, 2007 [EBook #23235] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They +appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117"></a>{117}</span></p> + +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3> + +<hr class="full" > + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead"> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left; width:25%"> + <p><b>No. 197.</b></p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:center; width:50%"> + <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, August 6. 1853.</span></b></p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right; width:25%"> + <p><b>Price Fourpence.<br />Stamped Edition 5d.</b></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left; width:94%"> + <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:—</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right; width:5%"> + <p>Page</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>High Church and Low Church</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page117">117</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Concluding Notes on several misunderstood Words, by the Rev. W. R. + Arrowsmith</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page120">120</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Sneezing an Omen and a Deity, by T. J. Buckton</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page121">121</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Abuses of Hackney Coaches</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page122">122</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, Thomas + Falconer, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page123">123</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Notes</span>:—Falsified Gravestone in + Stratford Churchyard—Barnacles in the River Thames—Note + for London Topographers—The Aliases and Initials of + Authors—Pure—Darling's "Cyclopædia Bibliographica"</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page124">124</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page125">125</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries</span>:—The Withered Hand and + Motto "Utinam"—History of York—"Hauling over the + coals"—Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's + Bury—Washington—Norman of Winster—Sir Arthur + Aston—"Jamieson the Piper"—"Keiser Glomer"—Tieck's + "Comœdia Divina"—Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez: + Stream like that in Bay of Argastoli—Presbyterian + Titles—Mayors and Sheriffs—The Beauty of + Buttermere—Sheer Hulk—The Lapwing or Peewitt (Vanellus + cristatus)—"Could we with ink," &c.—Launching + Query—Manliness</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page125">125</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries with Answers</span>:—Pues or + Pews—"Jerningham" and "Doveton"</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page127">127</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Battle of Villers en Couché, by T. C. Smith, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page127">127</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Snail-eating, by John Timbs, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page128">128</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page129">129</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead, by the Rev. H. T. + Ellacombe and R. W. Elliot</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page130">130</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Who first thought of Table-turning? by John Macray</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page131">131</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Scotchmen in Poland</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page131">131</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page132">132</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Photographic Correspondence</span>:—Glass + Chambers for Photography—Dr. Diamond's Replies—Trial of + Lenses—Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of + Silver?</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page133">133</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor Queries</span>:—Burke's + Marriage—The House of Falahill—Descendants of Judas + Iscariot—Milton's Widow—Whitaker's Ingenious + Earl—Are White Cats deaf?—Consecrated Roses—The + Reformed + Faith—House-marks—Trash—Adamsoniana—Portrait + of Cromwell—Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"—"Amentium + haud Amantium"—Talleyrand's Maxim—English Bishops + deprived by Queen Elizabeth—Gloves at Fairs—St. + Dominic—Names of Plants—Specimens of Foreign English, + &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page134">134</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes on Books, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page138">138</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page138">138</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notices to Correspondents</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page138">138</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Advertisements</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page139">139</a></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Notes.</h2> + +<h3>HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH.</h3> + + <p><i>A Universal History of Party; with the Origin of Party Names</i><a + name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> would form an + acceptable addition to literary history: "N. & Q." has contributed + towards such a work some disquisitions on our party names <i>Whig</i> and + <i>Tory</i>, and <i>The Good Old Cause</i>. Such names as <i>Puritan</i>, + <i>Malignant</i>, <i>Evangelical</i><a name="footnotetag2" + href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, can be traced up to their first + commencement, but some obscurity hangs on the mintage-date of the names + we are about to consider.</p> + + <p>As a matter of fact, the distinction of <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low + Church</i> always existed in the Reformed English Church, and the history + of these parties would be her history. But the <i>names</i> were not + coined till the close of the seventeenth century, and were not stamped in + full relief as party-names till the first year of Queen Anne's reign.</p> + + <p>In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and Convocation + assembled:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"From the deputies in Convocation at this period, the appellations + <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low Church</i> originated, and they were + afterwards used to distinguish the clergy. It is singular that the + bishops<a name="footnotetag3" href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> were + ranked among <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page118"></a>{118}</span>the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138.; + Calamy, i. 643.; Tindal's <i>Cont.</i>, iv. 591.)"—Lathbury's + <i>Hist. of the Convocation</i>, Lond. 1842, p. 319.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in matters of this kind, + but if he use "originated" in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he + is mistaken; as I am tolerably certain that I have met with the words + several years before 1702. At the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands + on a passage to support this assertion.</p> + + <p>The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a number of pamphlets, such + as <i>A Caveat against High Church</i>, Lond. 1702, and <i>The Low + Churchmen vindicated from the unjust Imputation of being No Churchmen, in + Answer to a Pamphlet called "The Distinction of High and Low Church + considered:</i>" Lond. 1706, 8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's trial gave additional + zest to the <i>dudgeon ecclesiastick</i>, and produced a shower of + pamphlets. I give the title of one of them: <i>Pulpit War, or Dr. + S——l, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr. H——ly, the + Low Church Drum, engaged by way of Dialogue</i>, Lond. 1710, 8vo.</p> + + <p>To understand the cause of the exceeding bitterness and virulence + which animated the parties denominated <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low + Church</i>, we must remember that until the time of William of Orange, + the Church of England, <i>as a body</i>—her sovereigns and bishops, + her clergy and laity—comes under the <i>former</i> designation; + while those who sympathised with the Dissenters were comparatively few + and weak. As soon as William was head of the Church, he opened the + floodgates of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what previously + had been more or less external to it. This element, thus made part and + parcel of the Anglican Church, was denominated <i>Low Church</i>. William + supplanted the bishops and clergy who refused to take oaths of allegiance + to him as king <i>de jure</i>; and by putting Puritans in their place, + made the latter the dominant party. Add to this the feelings of + exasperation produced by the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of + the Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political and religious, for + an irreconcilable feud. Add, again, the reaction resulting from the + overthrow of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system, where a sham + conformity was maintained by coercion; and the <i>Church-Papist</i>, as + well as the <i>Church-Puritans</i>, with ill-concealed hankering after + the mass and the preaching-house, by penal statutes were forced to do + what their souls abhorred, and play the painful farce of attending the + services of "The Establishment."</p> + + <p>A writer in a <i>High Church</i> periodical of 1717 (prefacing his + article with the passage from Proverbs vi. 27.) proceeds:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The old way of attacking the Church of England was by mobs and + bullies, and hard sounds; by calling <i>Whore</i>, and <i>Babylon</i>, + upon our worship and liturgy, and kicking out our clergy as <i>dumb + dogs</i>: but now they have other irons in the fire; a new engine is set + up under the cloak and disguise of <i>temper, unity, comprehension, and + the Protestant religion</i>. Their business now is not to storm the + Church, but to <i>lull it to sleep</i>: to make us relax our care, quit + our defences, and neglect our safety.... These are the politics of their + Popish fathers: when <i>they</i> had tried all other artifices, they at + last resolved to sow schism and division in the Church: and from thence + sprang up this very generation, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to + set us one against the other, and they gather up the stakes. <i>Hence the + distinction of High and Low Church.</i>"—<i>The Scourge</i>, p. + 251.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In another periodical of the same date, in the Dedication "To the most + famous University of Oxford," the writer says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"These enemies of our religious and civil establishment have + represented you as instillers of <i>slavish doctrines and principles</i> + ... if to give to God and Cæsar his due be such tow'ring, and <i>High + Church</i> principles, I am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce + escape being censured for <i>Tories</i> and + <i>Highflyers</i>."—<i>The Entertainer</i>, Lond. 1717.</p> + + <p>"If those who have kept their first love, and whose robes have not + been defiled, endeavour to stop these innovations and corruptions that + their enemies would introduce, they are blackened for <i>High Church + Papists</i>, favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public + resentment."—<i>Ib.</i> p. 301.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I shall now give a few extracts from <i>Low Church</i> writers (quoted + in <i>The Scourge</i>), who thus designate their opponents:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and profane men, who + appropriate to themselves the name of <i>High Church</i> (but may more + properly be said to be Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take liberty + to teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedition, + contentions, and divisions among the Protestants of this + kingdom."—<i>Motives to Union</i>, p. 1.</p> + + <p>"These men glory in their being members of the <i>High Church</i> + (Popish appellation, and therefore they are the more fond of that); but + these pretended sons are become her persecutors, and they exercise their + spite and lies both on the living and the dead."—<i>The Snake in + the Grass brought to Light</i>, p. 8.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page119"></a>{119}</span></p> + + <p>"Our common people of the <i>High Church</i> are as ignorant in + matters of religion as the bigotted Papists, which gives great advantage + to our Jacobite and Tory priests to lead them where they please, or to + mould them into what shapes they please."—<i>Reasons for an + Union</i>, p. 39.</p> + + <p>"The minds of the populace are too much debauched already from their + loyalty by seditious arts of the <i>High Church + faction</i>."—<i>Convocation Craft</i>, p. 34.</p> + + <p>"We may see how closely our present <i>Highflyers</i> pursue the steps + of their Popish predecessors, in reckoning those who dispute the usurped + power of the Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they + please."—<i>Ib.</i> p. 30.</p> + + <p>"All the blood that has been spilt in the late unnatural rebellion, + may be very justly laid at the doors of the <i>High Church + clergy</i>."—<i>Christianity no Creature of the State</i>, p. + 16.</p> + + <p>"We see what the <i>Tory Priesthood</i> were made of in Queen + Elizabeth's time, that they were ignorant, lewd, and seditious: and it + must be said of 'em that they are true to the stuff + still."—<i>Toryism the Worst of the Two</i>, p. 21.</p> + + <p>"<i>The Tories</i> and <i>High Church</i>, notwithstanding their + pretences to loyalty, will be found by their actions to be the greatest + rebels in nature."—<i>Reasons for an Union</i>, p. 20.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Sir W. Scott, in his <i>Life of Dryden</i>, Lond. 1808, observes + that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign, the + <i>High-Church-men</i> and the Catholics regarded themselves as on the + same side in political questions, and not greatly divided in their + temporal interests. Both were sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of + the sectaries, both were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate conversion + had been common between them, so early as since Milton made a reproach to + the English Universities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made + within their colleges: of those sheep—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'Whom the <i>grim wolf</i> with privy paw</p> + <p>Daily devours apace, and nothing said.'"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Life</i>, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 272.</p> + </div> + </div> +</blockquote> + + <p>I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir Walter's + interpretation of that obscure passage in <i>Lycidas</i>, respecting + which I made a Query (Vol. ii., p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the + remark that in James II.'s reign, and at the time these party names + originated, the Roman Catholics were in league with the Puritans or + <i>Low Church</i> party against the High Churchmen, which increased the + acrimony of both parties.</p> + + <p>In those days religion was politics, and politics religion, with most + of the belligerents. Swift, however, as if he wished to be thought an + exception to the general rule, chose one party for its politics and the + other for its religion.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the opinions and scruples + of a <i>High Church</i> clergyman... Such a distinction between opinions + in Church and State has not frequently existed: the <i>High Churchmen</i> + being usually <i>Tories</i>, and the <i>Low Church</i> divines + universally <i>Whigs</i>."—Scott's <i>Life</i>, 2nd edit.: Edin. + 1824, p. 76.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>See Swift's <i>Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the + Nobles and Commons of Athens and Rome:</i> Lond. 1701.</p> + + <p>In his quaint <i>Argument against abolishing Christianity</i>, Lond. + 1708, the following passage occurs:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"There is one advantage, greater than any of the foregoing, proposed + by the abolishing of Christianity: that it will utterly extinguish + parties among us by removing those factious distinctions of <i>High</i> + and <i>Low Church</i>, of <i>Whig</i> and <i>Tory</i>, Presbyterian and + Church of England."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Scott says of the <i>Tale of a Tub:</i></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The main purpose is to trace the gradual corruptions of the Church of + Rome, and to exalt the English Reformed Church at the expense both of the + Roman Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was written with a + view to the interests of the <i>High Church</i> + party."—<i>Life</i>, p. 84.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Most men will concur with Jeffrey, who observes:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"It is plain, indeed, that Swift's <i>High Church</i> principles were + all along but a part of his selfishness and ambition; and meant nothing + else, than a desire to raise the consequence of the order to which he + happened to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no doubt he would + have treated the pretensions of the priesthood as he treated the persons + of all priests who were opposed to him, with the most bitter and + irreverent disdain."—<i>Ed. Rev.</i>, Sept. 1846.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The following lines are from a squib of eight stanzas which occurs in + the works of Jonathan Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the + door of St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of Swift's instalment (see + Scott, p. 174.):</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"For <i>High Churchmen</i> and policy,</p> + <p>He swears he prays most hearty;</p> + <p>But would pray back again to be</p> + <p>A Dean of any party."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous memory, who, if I + recollect aright, commenced his career thus:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"In good King Charles's golden days,</p> + <p class="i2">When loyalty no harm meant,</p> + <p>A zealous <i>High Churchman</i> I was,</p> + <p class="i2">And so I got preferment."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>How widely different are the men we see classed under the title + <i>High Churchmen!</i> Evelyn and Walton<a name="footnotetag4" + href="#footnote4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>, the gentle, the Christian; the + arrogant Swift, and the restless Atterbury.</p> + + <p>It is difficult to prevent my note running beyond the limits of "N. + & Q.," with the ample <!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page120"></a>{120}</span>materials I have to select from; but I + cannot wind up without a <i>definition</i>; so here are two:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Mr. Thelwall says that he told a pious old lady, who asked him the + difference between <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low Church</i>, 'The High + Church place the Church alcove Christ, the Low Church place Christ above + the Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same question was asked + of the famous South:—'Why,' said he, 'the High Church are those who + think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low Church are + those who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the + Church."—Rev. H. Newland's <i>Lecture on Tractarianism</i>, Lond. + 1852, p. 68.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived in the last century, are + Dr. South, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Horne, Bp. + Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage on "High Churchmen" in a + charge of the latter to the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp. + 34. 37. See also a charge of Bp. Atterbury (then Archdeacon of Totnes) to + his clergy in 1703.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Jarltzberg</span>. + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a + href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + <p>There is a book called <i>History of Party, from the Rise of the Whig + and Tory Factions Chas. II. to the Passing of the Reform Bill</i>, by + G. W. Cooke: Lond. 1836-37, 3 vols. 8vo.; but, as the title shows, it is + limited in scope.</p> + + <a name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a + href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + <p>See Haweis's <i>Sermons on Evangelical Principles and Practice</i>: + Lond. 1763, 8vo.; <i>The </i>True<i> Churchmen ascertained; or, An + Apology for those of the </i>Regular<i> Clergy of the Establishment, who + are sometimes called </i>Evangelical<i> Ministers: occasioned by the + Publications of Drs. Paley, Hey, Croft; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam, + Polwhele, Fellowes; the Reviewers, &c.</i>: by John Overton, A. B., + York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See also the various memoirs of Whitfield, + Wesley, &c.; and Sir J. Stephens <i>Essays</i> on "The Clapham Sect" + <i>and</i> "The Evangelical Succession."</p> + + <a name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a + href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + <p>It is not so very "singular," when we remember that the bishops were + what Lord Campbell and Mr. Macauley call "<i>judiciously</i> chosen" by + William. On this point a cotemporary remarks, "Some steps have been made, + and large ones too, towards <i>a Scotch</i> reformation, by suspending + and ejecting the chief and most zealous of our bishops, and others of the + higher clergy; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees and + dignities, ecclesiastical <i>men of notoriously Presbyterian, or, which + is worse, of Erastian principles</i>. These are the ministerial ways of + undermining Episcopacy; and when to the <i>seven notorious</i> ones shall + be added more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will make a + majority; and then we may expect the new model of a church to be + perfected." (Somers' <i>Tracts</i>, vol. x. p. 368.) Until Atterbury, + there were few High Church Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Burnet + singles out the Bishop of Chester: "for he seemed resolved to distinguish + himself as a zealot for that which is called <i>High + Church</i>."—<i>Hist. Own Time</i>, vol. iv. p. 260.</p> + + <a name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a + href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + <p>Of Izaak Walton his biographer, Sir John Hawkins, writing in 1760, + says, "he was a friend to a hierarchy, or, as we should now call such a + one, a <i>High Churchman</i>."</p> + +</div> +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD +WORDS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>Continued from</i> Vol. vii., p. 568.)</p> + + <p>Not being minded to broach any fresh matter in "N. & Q.," I shall + now only crave room to clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself + open to the imputation of having cast that in the teeth of a numerous + body of men which might, for aught they would know to the contrary, be as + truly laid in my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567., I affirmed that the + handling of a passage in <i>Cymbeline</i>, there quoted, had betrayed an + amount of obtuseness in the commentators which would be discreditable in + a third-form schoolboy. To substantiate that assertion, and rescue the + disputed word "Britaine" henceforth for ever from the rash tampering of + the meddlesome sciolist, I beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the + clause,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"For being now a favourer to the Britaine,"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>is in apposition with <i>Death</i>, not with Posthumus Leonatus. In a + note appended to this censure, referring to another passage from + L. L. L., I averred that <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> had + corrupted it by chancing the singular verb <i>dies</i> into the plural + <i>die</i> (this too done, under plea of editorial licence, without + warning to the reader), and that such corruption had abstracted the true + key to the right construction. To make good this last position, two + things I must do first, cite the whole passage, without change of letter + or tittle, as it stands in the Folios '23 and '32; next, show the trivial + and vulgar use of "contents" as a singular noun. In Folio '23, thus:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Qu.</i> Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now;</p> + <p>That sport best pleases that doth least know how.</p> + <p>Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents</p> + <p>Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents:</p> + <p>Their forme confounded, makes most forme in mirth</p> + <p>When great things labouring perish in their birth."</p> + <p class="i12">Act IV. p. 141.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save that the speaker is + <i>Prin.</i>, not <i>Qu</i>.; <i>ore-rules</i> is written as two words + without the hyphen, and <i>strives</i> for <i>striues</i>. I have been + thus precise, because criticism is to me not "a game," nor admissive of + cogging and falsification.</p> + + <p>I must now show the hackneyed use of <i>contents</i> as a singular + noun. An anonymous correspondent of "N. & Q." has already pointed out + one in <i>Measure for Measure</i>, Act IV. Sc. 2.:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"<i>Duke</i>. The <i>contents</i> of this is the returne of the + Duke."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Another:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"This is the <i>contents</i> thereof."—Calvin's 82nd <i>Sermon + upon Job</i>, p. 419., Golding's translation.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Another:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"After this were articles of peace propounded, y<sup>e</sup> + <i>contents</i> wherof was, that he should departe out of + Asia."—The 31st <i>Booke of Justine</i>, fol. 139., Golding's + translation of Justin's <i>Trogus Pompeius</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Another:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Plinie writeth hereof an excellent letter, the <i>contents</i> + whereof is, that this ladie, mistrusting her husband, was condemned to + die," &c.—<i>Historicall Meditations</i>, lib. iii. chap. xi. + p. 178. Written in Latin by P. Camerarius, and done into English by John + Molle, Esq.: London, 1621.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Another:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The <i>contents</i> whereof is this."—<i>Id.</i>, lib. v. chap. + vi. p. 342.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Another:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Therefore George, being led with an heroicall disdaine, and + nevertheless giuing the bridle beyond moderation to his anger, + vnderstanding that Albert was come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe + (without acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the + <i>contents</i> whereof was," &c.—<i>Id.</i>, lib. v. chap. + xii. p. 366.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>If the reader wants more examples, let him give himself the trouble to + open the first book that comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a + dozen pages will supply some; yet have we two editors of Shakspeare, + Johnson and Collier, so unacquainted with the usage of their own tongue, + and the universal logic of thought, as not to know that a word like + <i>contents</i>, according as it is understood collectively or + distributively, may be, and, as we have just seen, in fact is, treated as + a singular or plural; that, I say, <i>contents</i> taken severally, every + <i>content</i>, or in gross, the whole mass, is respectively plural or + singular. It was therefore optional with Shakspeare to employ the word + either as a singular or plural, but not in the same sentence to do both: + here, however, he was tied <!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page121"></a>{121}</span>to the singular, for, wanting a rhyme to + <i>contents</i>, the nominative to <i>presents</i> must be singular, and + that nominative was the pronoun of <i>contents</i>. Since, therefore, the + plural <i>die</i> and the singular <i>it</i> could not both be referable + to the same noun <i>contents</i>, by silently substituting <i>die</i> for + <i>dies</i>, <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> has blinded his reader + and wronged his author. The purport of the passage amounts to this: the + <i>contents</i>, or structure (to wit, of the show to be exhibited), + breaks down in the performer's zeal to the subject which it presents. + Johnson very properly adduces a much happier expression of the same + thought from <i>A Midsummer Night's Dreame</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Hip.</i> I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged;</p> + <p>And duty in his service perishing."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The reader cannot fail to have observed the faultless punctuation of + the Folios in the forecited passage, and I think concur with me, that + like many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands of editors and + commentators is, to be left alone. The last two lines ask for no + explanation even to the blankest mind. Words like <i>contents</i> are by + no means rare in English. We have <i>tidings</i> and <i>news</i>, both + singular and plural. <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> himself rebukes + Malone for his ignorance of such usage of the latter word. If it be said + that these two examples have no singular form, whereas <i>contents</i> + has, there is <i>means</i>, at any rate precisely analogous. On the other + hand, so capricious is language, in defiance of the logic of thought, we + have, if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural, in the word + <i>corpse</i> referred to a single carcase.</p> + + <p>I should here close my account with "N. & Q." were it not that I + have an act of justice to perform. When I first lighted upon the two + examples of <i>chaumbre</i> in Udall, I thought, as we say in this + country, it was a good "fundlas," and regarded it as my own property. It + now appears to be but a waif or stray; therefore, <i>suum cuique</i>, I + cheerfully resign the credit of it to <span class="sc">Mr. Singer</span>, + the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the inspection of learned + and unlearned, I of course foresaw that speedy sentence would be + pronounced by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb and close to the + surface, must needs first reach the light. I know no more appropriate + mode of requiting the handsome manner in which <span class="sc">Mr. + Singer</span> has been pleased to speak of my trifling contributions to + "N. & Q.," than by asking him, with all the modesty of which I am + master, to reconsider the passage in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>; for though + his substitution (<i>rumourers</i> vice <i>runawayes</i>) may, I think, + clearly take the wall of any of its rivals, yet, believing that Juliet + invokes a darkness to shroud her lover, under cover of which even the + fugitive from justice might snatch a wink of sleep, I must for my own + part, as usual, still adhere to the authentic text.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. R. Arrowsmith</span>. + + <p>P. S.—In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist (Vol. viii., p. 44.), I + crave leave to say that I never have met with the verb <i>perceyuer</i> + except in Hawes, <i>loc. cit.</i>; and I gave the latest use that I could + call to mind of the noun in my paper on that word. Unhappily I never make + notes, but rely entirely on a somewhat retentive memory; therefore the + instances that occur on the spur of the moment are not always the most + apposite that might be selected for the purpose of illustration. If, + however, he will take the trouble to refer to a little book, consisting + of no more than 448 pages, published in 1576, and entitled <i>A Panoplie + of Epistles, or a Looking-glasse for the Unlearned</i>, by Abraham + Flemming, he will find no fewer than nine examples, namely, at pp. 25. + 144. 178. 253. 277. 285. (twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites + surprise that the word never, as far as I am aware, occurs in any of the + voluminous works of Sir Thomas More, nor in any of the theological + productions of the Reformers.</p> + + <p>With respect to <i>speare</i>, the orthography varies, as + <i>spere</i>, <i>sperr</i>, <i>sparr</i>, <i>unspar</i>; but in the + Prologue to <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, <i>sperre</i> is Theobald's + correction of <i>stirre</i>, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me add, what I + had forgotten at the time, that another instance of <i>budde</i> + intransitive, to bend, occurs at p. 105. of <i>The Life of Faith in + Death</i>, by Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622. Also + another, and a very significant one, of the phrase to <i>have on the + hip</i>, in Fuller's <i>Historie of the Holy Warre</i>, Cambridge, + 1647:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Arnulphus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never challenge his + interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's donation; as fearing to + <i>wrestle</i> with the king, who <i>had him on the hip</i>, and could + out him at pleasure for his bad manners."—Book ii. chap. viii. p. + 55.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In my note on the word <i>trash</i>, I said (somewhat too + peremptorily) that <i>overtop</i> was not even a hunting term (Vol. vii., + p. 567.). At the moment I had forgotten the following passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting to get two or three + couple of tryed hounds, and once or twice a week to follow after them a + train-scent; and when he is able to <i>top</i> them on all sorts of + earth, and to endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better + relie on his speed and toughness."—<i>The Hunting-horse</i>, chap. + vii. p. 71., Oxford, 1685.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITY.</h3> + + <p>In the <i>Odyssey</i>, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating the + hexameters, the following passage:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telemachus <i>sneez'd</i> loud,</p> + <p><i>Sounding around all the building</i>: his mother, with smiles at her son, said,</p> + <p>Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to Eumæus,</p> +<!-- Page 122 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page122"></a>{122}</span> + <p class="hg1">'Go then directly, Eumæus, and call to my presence the strange guest.</p> + <p>See'st thou not that my son, <i>ev'ry word I have spoken hath sneez'd at</i>?<a name="footnotetag5" href="#footnote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> + <p>Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful suitors,</p> + <p>All whom death and destruction await by a doom irreversive.'"</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Dionysius Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry (s. 24.), says, sneezing + was considered by that poet as a good sign (<span title="sumbolon agathon" class="grk" + >σύμβολον + ἀγαθόν</span>); and from the Anthology + (lib. ii.) the words <span title="oude legei, Zeu sôson, ean ptarêi" class="grk" + >οὐδὲ λέγει, + Ζεῦ σῶσον, + ἐὰν πταρῇ</span>, show that it + was proper to exclaim "God bless you!" when any one sneezed.</p> + + <p>Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxiii. 7.), inquires why sneezing is + reckoned a God (<span title="dia ti ton men ptarmon, theon hêgoumetha einai" class="grk" + >διὰ τί τὸν μὲν + πταρμὸν, θεὸν + ἡγούμεθα + εἴναι</span>); to which he suggests, that it + may be because it comes from the head, the most divine part about us + (<span title="theiotatou tôn peri hêmas" class="grk" + >θειοτάτου + τῶν περὶ + ἡμᾶς</span>). Persons having the inclination, but + not the power to sneeze, should look at the sun, for reasons he assigns + in Problems (xxxiii. 4.).</p> + + <p>Plutarch, on the Dæmon of Socrates (s. 11.), states the opinion which + some persons had formed, that Socrates' dæmon was nothing else than the + sneezing either of himself or others. Thus, if any one sneezed at his + right hand, either before or behind him, he pursued any step he had + begun; but sneezing at his left hand caused him to desist from his formed + purpose. He adds something as to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze + twice was usual in Aristotle's time; but once, or more than twice, was + uncommon (Prob. xxxiii. 3.).</p> + + <p>Petronius (<i>Satyr</i>. c. 98.) notices the "blessing" in the + following passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Giton collectione spiritus plenus, <i>ter</i> continuo ita + sternutavit, ut grabatum concuteret. Ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus, + <i>salvere</i> Gitona <i>jubet</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton</span>. + + <p>Birmingham.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a + href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + <p>The practice of snuff-taking has made the <i>sneezing</i> at anything + a mark of contempt, in these degenerate days.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>ABUSES OF HACKNEY COACHES.</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[The following proclamation on this subject is of interest at the + present moment.]</p> + +</div> + +<p class="cenhead">By the King.</p> + + <p>A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney Coaches in the Cities + of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Charles R.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Whereas the excessive number of Hackney Coaches, and Coach Horses, in + and about the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof, + are found to be a common nuisance to the Publique Damage of Our People by + reason of their rude and disorderly standing and passing to and fro, in + and about our said Cities and Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being + thereby pestred and made impassable, the Pavements broken up, and the + Common Passages obstructed and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and + sundry other mischiefs and evils occasioned:</p> + + <p>We, taking into Our Princely consideration these apparent + Inconveniences, and resolving that a speedy remedy be applied to meet + with, and redress them for the future, do, by and with the advice of our + Privy Council, publish Our Royal Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by + this Our Proclamation expressly charge and command, That no Person or + Persons, of what Estate, Degree, or Quality whatsoever, keeping or using + any Hackney Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after the Sixth day of + November next, permit or suffer the said Coaches and Horses, or any of + them, to stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages in or about Our + said Cities either of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to + either of them, to be there hired; but that they and every of them keep + their said Coaches and Horses within their respective Coach-houses, + Stables, and Yards (whither such Persons as desire to hire the same may + resort for that purpose), upon pain of Our high displeasure, and such + Forfeitures, Pains, and Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of + Our Royal Commands in the Premises, whereof we shall expect a strict + Accompt.</p> + + <p>And for the due execution of Our Pleasure herein, We do further charge + and command the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London, That they + in their several Wards, and Our Justices of Peace within Our said Cities + of London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs thereof, and all + other Our Officers and Ministers of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do + take especial care in their respective Limits that this Our Command be + duly observed, and that they from time to time return the names of all + those who shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our Privy Council, + and to the end they may be proceeded against by Indictments and + Presentments for the Nuisance, and otherwise according to the severity of + the Law and Demerits of the Offenders.</p> + + <p>Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day of October in the 12th + year of Our Reign.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">God save the King</span>.</p> + + <p>London: Printed by John Bell and Christopher Barker, Printers to the + King's most Excellent Majesty, 1660.</p> + +<hr class="short" > + + <p>Pepys, in his <i>Diary</i>, vol. i. p. 152., under date 8th November, + 1660, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwithstanding this was the + first day of the King's <!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page123"></a>{123}</span>proclamation against hackney coaches + coming into the streets to stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me + home."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">T. D. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> + + <p><i>Passage in "The Tempest," Act I. Sc. 2.</i>—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,</p> + <p>But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,</p> + <p>Dashes the fire out."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632," <span class="sc">Mr. + Collier</span> informs us, "has substituted <i>heat</i> for 'cheek,' + which is not an unlikely corruption, a person writing only by the + ear."</p> + + <p>I should say very unlikely: but if <i>heat</i> had been actually + printed in the folios, without speculating as to the probability that the + press-copy was written from dictation, I should have had no hesitation in + altering it to <i>cheek</i>. To this I should have been directed by a + parallel passage in <i>Richard II.</i>, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been + overlooked by <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet</p> + <p>With no less terror <i>than the elements</i></p> + <p><i>Of fire and water, when their thundering shock</i></p> + <p><i>At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven</i>."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Commentary here is almost useless. Every one who has any capacity for + Shakspearian criticism must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote + <i>cheek</i>, and not <i>heat</i>.</p> + + <p>The passage I have cited from <i>Richard II.</i> strongly reminds me + of an old lady whom I met last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of + Cumberland, &c.; and who, during a severe thunderstorm, expressed to + me her surprise at the pertinacity of the lightning, adding, "I should + think, Sir, that so much water in the heavens would have put all the fire + out."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span> + + <p>Birmingham.</p> + + <p><i>The Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet</i> (Vol. vii., p. + 550.).—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"If the water come to the man."—<i>Shakspeare.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The argument Shakspeare referred to was that contained in Plowden's + Report of the case of Hales <i>v.</i> Petit, heard in the Court of Common + Pleas in the fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was held that + though the wife of Sir James Hale, whose husband was <i>felo-de-se</i>, + became by survivorship the holder of a joint term for years, yet, on + office found, it should be forfeited on account of the act of the + deceased husband. The learned serjeants who were counsel for the + defendant, alleged that the forfeiture should have relation to the act + done in the party's lifetime, which was the cause of his death. "And upon + this," they said, "the parts of the act are to be considered." And + Serjeant Walsh said:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The act consists of three parts. The first is the imagination, which + is a reflection or meditation of the mind, whether or no it is convenient + for him to destroy himself, and what way it can be done. The second is + the resolution, which is the determination of the mind to destroy + himself, and to do it in this or that particular way. The third is the + perfection, which is the execution of what the mind has resolved to do. + And this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning and the + end. The beginning is the doing of the act which causes the death; and + the end is the death, which is only the sequel to the act. And of all the + parts, the doing of the act is the greatest in the judgment of our law, + and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part the law looks upon to + be material. For the imagination of the mind to do wrong, without an act + done, is not punishable in our law; neither is the resolution to do that + wrong which he does not, punishable; but the doing of the act is the only + point the law regards, for until the act is done it cannot be an offence + to the world, and when the act is done it is punishable. Then, here, the + act done by Sir James Hale, which is evil and the cause of his death, is + the throwing of himself into the water, and death is but a sequel + thereof, and this evil act ought some way to be punished. And if the + forfeiture shall not have relation to the doing of the act, then the act + shall not be punished at all, for inasmuch as the person who did the act + is dead, his person cannot be punished, and therefore there is no way + else to punish him but by the forfeiture of those things which were his + own at the time of the act done; and the act was done in his lifetime, + and therefore the forfeiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely, + to that time of his life in which he did the act which took away his + life."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown, and Lord Dyer, said:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time of the original + offence committed, which was the cause of the death, and that was, the + throwing himself into the water, which was done in his lifetime, and this + act was felony."——"So that the felony is attributed to the + act, which act is always done by a living man and in his lifetime," as + Brown said; for he said, "Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his + death? It may be answered, By drowning. And who drowned him? Sir James + Hale. And when did he drown him? In his lifetime. So that Sir James Hale + being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die; and the act of the living man + was the death of the dead man. And then for this offence it is reasonable + to punish the living man who committed the offence, and not the dead man. + But how can he be said to be punished alive when the punishment comes + after his death? Sir, this can be done no other way but by devesting out + of him, from the time of the act done in his life, which was the cause of + his death, the title and property of those things which he had in his + lifetime."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The above extract is long, but the work from which it is taken can be + accessible to but very few <!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page124"></a>{124}</span>of your readers. Let them not, however, + while they smile at the arguments, infer that those who took part in them + were not deservedly among the most learned and eminent of our ancient + judges.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Thomas Falconer</span>. + + <p>Temple.</p> + + <p><i>Shakspeare Suggestion</i>.—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours;</p> + <p>Most busy—less when I do it."</p> + <p class="i8"><i>Tempest</i>, Act III. Sc. 1.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>I fear your readers will turn away from the very sight of the above. + Be patient, kind friends, I will be brief. Has any one + suggested—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Most busy, least when I do"?</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The words in the folio are</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Most busy <i>lest</i>, when I do it."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense requires that the thoughts + should be "most busy" whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's + time, "lest" was a common spelling for <i>least</i>.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Icon</span>. + + <p><i>Shakspeare Controversy.</i>—I think the Shakspeare Notes + contained in your volumes are not complete without the following + quotation from <i>The Summer Night</i> of Ludwig Tieck, as translated by + Mary Maynard in the <i>Athen.</i> of June 25, 1853. Puck, in addressing + the sleeping boy Shakspeare, says:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp,</p> + <p class="i1">Loud strife among the herd of little minds:</p> + <p>Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page,</p> + <p class="i1">But all the clearer will thy glory shine."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceridwen</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Minor Notes.</h2> + + <p><i>Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard.</i>—The + following instance of a recent forgery having been extensively + circulated, may lead to more careful examination by those who take notes + of things extraordinary.</p> + + <p>The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was repaired about the year 1839; + and some of the workmen having their attention directed to the fact, that + many persons who had attained to the full age of man were buried in the + churchyard; and, wishing "for the honour of the place," to improve the + note-books of visitors, set about manufacturing an extraordinary instance + of longevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-the-way place, in + which there happened to be a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was + cut in this space, and the age at death then stood 172. The sexton was + either deceived, or assented to the deception; as the late vicar, the + Rev. J. Clayton, learned that it had become a practice with him (the + sexton) to show strangers this gravestone, so falsified, as a proof of + the extraordinary age to which people lived in the parish. The vicar had + the fraudulent figure erased at once, and lectured the sexton for his + dishonesty.</p> + + <p>These facts were related to me a few weeks since by a son of the late + vicar. And as many strangers visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a + note" of this falsified age, "N. & Q." may now correct the + forgery.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Robert Rawlinson.</span> + + <p><i>Barnacles in the River Thames.</i>—In Porta's <i>Natural + Magic</i>, Eng. trans., Lond. 1658, occurs the following curious + passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Late writers report that not only in Scotland, but also in the river + of Thames by London, there is a kind of shell-fish in a two-leaved shell, + that hath a foot full of plaits and wrinkles: these fish are little, + round, and outwardly white, smooth and beetle-shelled like an almond + shell; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as it were of moss and mud; + they commonly stick in the keel of some old ship. Some say they come of + worms, some of the boughs of trees which fall into the sea; if any of + them be cast upon shore they die, but they which are swallowed still into + the sea, live and get out of their shells, and grow to be ducks or such + like birds(!)."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>It would be curious to know what could give rise to such an absurd + belief.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Speriend</span>. + + <p><i>Note for London Topographers.</i>—</p> + +<table width="80%"> +<tr><td colspan="4">"The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Greenwich, +for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms +for the Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered +Nov. 2, 1668, and undertaken by His Majesty's command +signified to me by the Hon. Samuel Pepys, Esq., +Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty:</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">£</td><td align="right"><i>s.</i></td><td align="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr> + +<tr><td>"For a Shield for the middle of the +front of the said office towards the Thames, +containing the Anchor of Lord High Admiral +of England with the Imperial Crown +over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and +6 foot broad, I having found the timber, +&c.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">30</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">0</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">0 </td></tr> + +<tr><td>"For the King's Arms at large, with +ornaments thereto, designed for the pediment +of the said front, the same being in +the whole 15 foot long and 9 foot high, I +finding timber, &c.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">73</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">15</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">0 </td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3" align="right">————</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">£103</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">0"</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Yeowell</span>. + + <p><i>The Aliases and Initials of Authors.</i>—It has often + occurred to me that it would save much useless inquiry and research, if a + tolerable list could be collected of the principal authors who have + published their works under assumed names or initials: thus, "R. B. + Robert Burton," <i>Nathaniel Crouch</i>, "R. F. Scoto-Britannicus," + <i>Robert Fairley</i>, &c. The commencement of a new volume of <!-- + Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page125"></a>{125}</span>"N. + & Q." affords an excellent opportunity for attempting this. If the + correspondents of "N. & Q." would contribute their mites occasionally + with this view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little doubt but + a very valuable list might be obtained. For the sake of reference, the + whole contributions obtained could then be amalgamated, and + alphabetically arranged.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Perthensis</span>. + + <p><i>Pure.</i>—In visiting an old blind woman the other day, I was + struck with what to me was a peculiar use of the word <i>pure</i>. Having + inquired after the dame's health, and been assured that she was much + better, I begged her not to rise from the bed on which she was sitting, + whereupon she said, "Thank you, Sir, I feel quite <i>pure</i> this + morning."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Oxoniensis</span>. + + <p>Oakridge, Gloucestershire.</p> + + <p><i>Darling's "Cyclopædia Bibliographica.</i>"—The utility of Mr. + Darling's <i>Cyclopædia Bibliographica</i> is exemplified by the solution + conveyed under the title "Crellius," p. 813, of the following difficulty + expressed by Dr. Hey, the Norrisian professor (<i>Lectures</i>, vol. iii. + p. 40.):</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Paul Crellius and John Maclaurin seem to have been of the same way of + thinking with John Agricola. Nicholls, on this Article [Eighth of the + Thirty-nine Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book <i>De Libertate + Christiana</i>, but I do not find it anywhere. A speech of his is in the + <i>Bodleian Dialogue</i>, but not this work."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Similar information might have been received by your correspondent + (Vol. vii., p. 381.), who inquired whether Huet's <i>Navigations of + Solomon</i> was ever published. In the Cyclopædia reference is made to + two collections in which this treatise has been inserted, <i>Crit. + Sac</i>., viii.; <i>Ugolinus</i>, vii. 277. With his usual accuracy, Mr. + Darling states there are additions in the <i>Critici Sacri</i> printed at + Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise above referred to is not in the + first edition, London, 1660.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Bibliothecar. Chetham</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Queries.</h2> + +<h3>DELFT MANUFACTURE.</h3> + + <p>I am extremely desirous of obtaining some information respecting the + Dutch manufactories of enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call + it.</p> + + <p>On a former occasion, by your connexion with the <i>Navorscher</i>, + you were able to obtain for me some very valuable and interesting + information in reply to some question put respecting the Dutch porcelain + manufactories. I am therefore in hopes that some kind correspondent in + Holland will be so obliging as to impart to me similar information on + this subject also. I should wish to know—</p> + + <p>When, by whom, at what places, and under what circumstances, the + manufacture of enamelled pottery was first introduced into Holland?</p> + + <p>Whether there were manufactories at other towns besides Delft?</p> + + <p>Whether they had any distinctive marks; and, if so, what were + they?</p> + + <p>Whether there was more than one manufactory at Delft; and, if so, what + were their marks, and what was the meaning of them?</p> + + <p>Whether any particular manufactories were confined to the making of + any particular sort or quality of articles; and, if so, what were + they?</p> + + <p>Whether any of the manufactories have ceased; and, if so, at what + period?</p> + + <p>Also, any other particulars respecting the manufactories and their + products that it may be possible to communicate through the medium of a + paper like "N. & Q."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Octavius Morgan</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>The Withered Hand and Motto "Utinam."</i>—At Compton Park, + near Salisbury, the seat of the Penruddocke family, there is a + three-quarter length picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gentleman in a + rich dress of black velvet, with broad lace frill and cuffs, and + ear-rings, probably of the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His + right hand, which he displays somewhat prominently, is <i>withered</i>. + The left one is a-kimbo, and less seen. In the upper part of the painting + is the single Latin word "<span class="scac">UTINAM</span>" (O that!). + There is no tradition as to who this person was. Any suggestion on the + subject would gratify</p> + + <p class="author">J. + + <p><i>History of York.</i>—Who is the author of a <i>History of + York</i>, in 2 vols., published at that city in 1788 by T. Wilson and R. + Spence, High Ousegate? I have seen it in several shops, and heard it + attributed to Drake; and obtained it the other day from an extensive + library in Bristol, in the Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's + <i>Eboracum</i>. Several allusions in the first volume to his work, + however, render it impossible to be ascribed to him. It is dedicated to + the Right Honourable Sir William Mordaunt Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart., + who was mayor at the time.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span>. + + <p>Clifton.</p> + + <p><i>"Hauling over the coals."</i>—What is the origin and meaning + of the phrase, "Hauling one over the coals;" and where does it first + appear?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Faber</span>. + + <p><i>Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury.</i>—Can any of your readers + give me any information respecting the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's + Bury, referred to in the extracts from the <i>Post Boy</i> and Gough's + <i>Topography</i>, quoted by <span class="sc">Mr. Ballard</span> in Vol. + vii., p. 617.?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Buriensis</span>. + + <p><i>Washington.</i>—Anecdotes relative to General Washington, + President of the United States, <!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page126"></a>{126}</span>intended for a forthcoming work on the + "Homes of American Statesmen," will be gratefully received for the author + by</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Joseph Stansbury</span>. + + <p>26. Parliament Street.</p> + + <p><i>Norman of Winster.</i>—Can any of your correspondents afford + information bearing on the family of Norman of Winster, county of + Derby?</p> + + <p>"John Norman of Winster, county of Derby, married, in 1715 or 1716, to + Jane (<i>maiden name</i> particularly wanted). The said J. Norman married + again in 1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted also).</p> + + <p>I shall be particularly obliged to any one affording such + information.</p> + + <p class="author">W. + + <p><i>Sir Arthur Aston.</i>—I shall be much obliged, should any of + your very numerous correspondents be able to inform me in which part or + parish, of the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier Sir Arthur + Aston resided <i>upon his return</i> from the foreign wars in which he + had been for so many years engaged; and <i>previously</i> to the rupture + between Charles I. and the Houses of Parliament.</p> + + <p>I believe one of his daughters, about the same period, married a + gentleman residing in the same county: also that George Tattersall, Esq., + of Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the same county of + Berkshire, was a near relative.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Chartham</span>. + + <p><i>"Jamieson the Piper."</i>—I am anxious to ascertain who was + the author of the above ditty; it was very popular in Aberdeenshire about + the beginning of this century. The scene, if I remember rightly, is laid + in the parish of Forgue, in Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members + of the Spalding Club may be able to enlighten me on the subject.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Bathensis</span>. + + <p><i>"Keiser Glomer."</i>—I have a Danish play entitled <i>Keiser + Glomer, Frit oversatte af det Kyhlamske vech C. Bredahl</i>: Kiobenhavn, + 1834. It is a mixture of tragedy and farce: the former occasionally good, + the latter poor buffoonery. In the notes, readings of the old MS. are + referred to with apparent seriousness; but <i>Gammel Gumba's Saga</i> is + quoted in a manner that seems burlesque. I cannot find the word "Kyhlam" + in any dictionary. Can any of your readers tell me whether it signifies a + real country, or is a mere fiction? The work does not read like a + translation; and, if one, the number of modern allusions show that it is + not, as it professes to be, from an ancient manuscript.</p> + + <p class="author">M. M. E. + + <p><i>Tieck's Comœdia Divina.</i>—I copied the following + lines six years ago from a review in a Munich newspaper of Batornicki's + <i>Ungöttliche Comödie</i>. They were cited as from Tieck's suppressed + (zurückgezogen) satire, <i>La Comödie Divina</i>, from which Batornicki + was accused of plundering freely, thinking that, from its variety, he + would not be detected:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Spitzt so hoch ihr könnt euer Ohr,</p> + <p>Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen hier vor.</p> + <p>Gott Vater identifieirt sich mit der Kreatur,</p> + <p>Denn er will anschauen die absolute Natur;</p> + <p>Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeihen,</p> + <p>Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the lines as remarkable. I + have since tried to find some account of <i>La Divina Comedia</i>, but in + vain. It is not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can any of your + readers tell me what it is, or who wrote it?</p> + + <p class="author">M. M. E. + + <p><i>Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez</i>—<i>Stream like that + in Bay of Argastoli.</i>—Can any of your readers oblige me by + stating where the best information may be met with concerning the very + remarkable fossil trees on the way from Cairo to Suez? And, if there has + yet been discovered any other stream or rivulet running from the ocean + into the land similar to that in the Bay of Argastoli in the Island of + Cephalonia?</p> + + <p class="author">H. M. + + <p><i>Presbyterian Titles</i> (Vol. v., p. 516.).—Where may be + found a list of "the quaint and uncouth titles of the old + Presbyterians?"</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.</span> + + <p><i>Mayors and Sheriffs.</i>—Can you or any of your readers + inform me which ought to be considered the principal officer, or which is + the most important, and which ought to have precedence of the other, the + mayor of a town or borough, or the sheriff of a town or borough? and is + the mayor merely the representative of the town, and the sheriff of the + Queen; and if so, ought not the representative of majesty to be + considered more honourable than the representative of merely a borough; + and can a sheriff of a borough claim to have a grant of arms, if he has + not any previous?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Subscriber</span>. + + <p>Nottingham.</p> + + <p><i>The Beauty of Buttermere.</i>—In an article contributed by + Coleridge to the <i>Morning Post</i> (vid. <i>Essays on his own + Times</i>, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"It seems that there are some circumstances attending her birth and + true parentage, which would account for her striking superiority in mind + and manners, in a way extremely flattering to the prejudices of rank and + birth."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>What are the circumstances alluded to?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span>. + + <p>Clifton.</p> + + <p><i>Sheer Hulk.</i>—Living in a maritime town, and hearing + nautical terms frequently used, I had always supposed this term to mean + an old vessel, <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page127"></a>{127}</span>with sheers, or spars, erected upon it, + for the purpose of masting and unmasting ships, and was led to attribute + the use of it, by Sir W. Scott and other writers, for a vessel totally + dismasted, to their ignorance of the technical terms. But of late it has + been used in the latter sense by a writer in the <i>United Service + Magazine</i> professing to be a nautical man. I still suspect that this + use of the word is wrong, and should be glad to hear on the subject from + any of your naval readers.</p> + + <p>I believe that the word "buckle" is still used in the dockyards, and + among seamen, to signify to "bend" (see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. + 375.), though rarely.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>. + + <p><i>The Lapwing or Peewitt</i> (<i>Vanellus cristatus</i>).—Can + any of your correspondents, learned in natural history, throw any light + upon the meaning in the following line relative to this bird?—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The blackbird far its hues shall know,</p> + <p class="i1">As <i>lapwing</i> knows the vine."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the hawthorn; but + what the <i>lapwing</i> has to do with the <i>vine</i>, I am at a loss to + know. Having forgotten whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one + will favor me with the author's name.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. B. Whitborne</span>. + + <p><i>"Could we with ink," &c.</i>—Could you, or any of your + numerous and able correspondents, inform me who is the <i>bonâ fide</i> + author of the following lines?—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Could we with ink the ocean fill,</p> + <p class="i1">And were the heavens of parchment made,</p> + <p>Were every stalk on earth a quill,</p> + <p class="i1">And every man a scribe by trade;</p> + <p>To write the love of God above,</p> + <p class="i1">Would drain the ocean dry;</p> + <p>Nor could the scroll contain the whole,</p> + <p class="i1">Though stretched from sky to sky."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Naphtali</span>. + + <p><i>Launching Query.</i>—With reference to the accident to H.M.S. + Cæsar at Pembroke, I would ask, Is there any other instance of a ship, on + being launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to move in spite of + all efforts to start her?</p> + + <p class="author">A. B. + + <p><i>Manliness.</i>—Query, What is the meaning of the word as used + in "N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 94., col. 2. l. 12.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Anonymous</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2> + + <p><i>Pues or Pews.</i>—Which is the <i>correct</i> way of spelling + this word? What is its derivation? Why has the form <i>pue</i> been + lately so much adopted?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Omega</span>. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[The abuses connected with the introduction of pues into churches have + led to an investigation of their history, as well as to the etymology of + the word. Hence the modern adoption of its original and more correct + orthography, that of <i>pue</i>; the Dutch <i>puye</i>, <i>puyd</i>, and + the English <i>pue</i>, being derived from the Latin <i>podium</i>. In + Vol. iii., p. 56., we quoted the following as the earliest notice of the + word from the <i>Vision of Piers Plouman</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sute</p> + <p>Yparroked in <i>pues</i>. The person hit knoweth."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Again, in <i>Richard III.</i>, Act IV. Sc. 4.: "And makes her + <i>pue-fellow</i> with others moan."—In Decker's <i>Westward + Hoe</i>: "Being one day in church, she made mone to her + <i>pue-fellow</i>."—And in the <i>Northern Hoe</i> of the same + author: "He would make him a <i>pue-fellow</i> with lords."—See a + paper on <i>The History of Pews</i>, read before the Cambridge Camden + Society, Nov. 22, 1841.]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>"Jerningham" and "Doveton."</i>—Who was the author of + <i>Jerningham</i> and <i>Doveton</i>, two admirable works of fiction + published some twelve or fifteen years ago? They are equal to anything + written by Bulwer Lytton or by James.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Mt</span>. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.]</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Replies.</h2> + +<h3>BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHÉ.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 8.)</p> + + <p>I possess a singular work, consisting of a series of <i>Poetical + Sketches</i> of the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, written, as the + title-page asserts, by an "officer of the Guards;" who appears to have + been, from what he subsequently states, on the personal staff of His + Royal Highness the late Duke of York. This work, I have been given to + understand, was suppressed shortly after its publication; the ludicrous + light thrown by its pages on the conduct of many of the chief parties + engaged in the transactions it records, being no doubt unpalatable to + those high in authority. From the notes, which are valuable as appearing + to emanate from an eye-witness, and sometimes an actor in the scenes he + describes, I send the following extracts for the information of your + correspondent; premising that the letter to which they are appended is + dated from the "Camp at Inchin, April 26, 1794."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"As the enemy were known to have assembled in great force at the Camp + de Cæsar, near Cambray, Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would + make a <i>reconnoissance</i> in that direction: accordingly, on the + evening of the 23rd, Major-General Mansel's brigade of heavy cavalry was + ordered about a league in front of their camp, where they lay that night + at a farm-house, forming <i>part</i> of a detachment under General Otto. + Early the next morning, an attack was made on the French drawn up in + front of the village of Villers en Couchée (between Le Cateau and + Bouchain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and two squadrons of + Austrian Hussars: they charged the enemy with such velocity and force, + that, darting through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry + formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat <!-- Page 128 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page128"></a>{128}</span>precipitately and in + great confusion, under cover of the ramparts of Cambray; with a loss of + 1200 men, and three pieces of cannon. The only British officer wounded + was Captain Aylett: sixty privates fell, and about twenty were + wounded.</p> + + <p>"Though the heavy brigade was formed at a distance under a brisk + cannonade, while the light dragoons had so glorious an opportunity of + distinguishing themselves, there are none who can attach with propriety + any blame on account of their unfortunate delay; for which General Otto + was surely, as having the command, alone accountable, and not General + Mansel, who acted at all times, there is no doubt, according to the best + of his judgment for the good of the service.</p> + + <p>"The Duke of York had, on the morning of the 26th, observed the left + flank of the enemy to be unprotected; and, by ordering the cavalry to + wheel round and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity of + gaining the highest credit by defeating the French army so much superior + to them in point of numbers.</p> + + <p>"General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the enemy, devoted + himself to death; and animated by his example, that <i>very</i> brigade + performed such prodigies of valour, as must have convinced the world that + Britons, once informed <i>how to act</i>, justify the highest opinion + that can possibly be entertained of their native courage. Could such men + have <i>ever</i> been willingly <i>backward</i>? Certainly not.</p> + + <p>"General Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, anxious to + save his father's life, had darted forwards, and was taken prisoner, and + carried into Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that there was + not, on the 26th, <i>a single French soldier</i> left in the town, as + Chapuy had drawn out the whole garrison to augment the army destined to + attack the camp of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately known at + the time, a detachment of the British army might easily have marched + along the Chaussée, and taken possession of the place ere the Republicans + could possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat described a + circuitous detour of some miles."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Mr. Simpson</span> will perceive, from the above + extracts, that the brilliant skirmish of Villers en Couché took place on + April 24th; whereas the defeat of the French army under Chapuy did not + occur until two days later. A large quantity of ammunition and + thirty-five pieces of cannon were then captured; and although the writer + does not mention the number who were killed on the part of the enemy, + yet, as he states that Chapuy and near 400 of his men were made + prisoners, their loss by death was no doubt proportionately large.</p> + + <p>The 15th Hussars have long borne on their colours the memorable words + "Villers en Couché" to commemorate the daring valour they displayed on + that occasion.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. C. Smith</span>. + + <p>In Cruttwell's <i>Universal Gazetteer</i> (1808), this village, which + is five miles north-east of Cambray, is described as being "remarkable + for an action between the French and the Allies on the 24th of April, + 1794." The following officers of the 15th regiment of light dragoons are + there named as having afterwards received crosses of the Order of Maria + Theresa for their gallant behaviour, from the Emperor of Germany, + viz.:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt. Edw. Michael Ryan, + Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft, Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel + Blount, Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos. Wilson."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">D. S. + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>SNAIL-EATING.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 33.)</p> + + <p>The Surrey snails referred to by <span class="sc">H. T. Riley</span>, + are thus mentioned by Aubrey in his account of Box Hill:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and in those of Sussex, + are the biggest snails that ever I saw, twice or three times as big as + our common snails, which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias + Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought from Italy, and scattered + them on the Downs hereabouts, and between Albury and Horsley, where are + the biggest of all."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Again, Aubrey, in his <i>Natural History of Wiltshire</i>, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in Surrey (twice as big as + ours) were brought from Italy by * * * Earle Marshal, about + 1638."—Aubrey's <i>History</i>, p. 10., edited by John Britton, + F.S.A., published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's <i>Surrey</i>, I have + quoted in my <i>Promenade round Dorking</i>, 2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and + have added in a note:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is probably from this snail + account that the error, ascribing the planting of the box (on Box Hill) + to one of the Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought + thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accustomed to dress and eat + them for a consumptive complaint."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>When I lived at Dorking (1815-1821) a breed of large white snails was + found on Box Hill.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Timbs</span>. + + <p><span class="sc">Mr. H. T. Riley</span> is informed that the breed of + white snails he refers to is to be plentifully found in the neighbourhood + of Shere. I have found them frequently near the neighbouring village of + Albury, on St. Martha's Hill, and I am told they are to be met with in + the lanes as far as Dorking. I have always heard that they were imported + for the use of a lady who was in a consumption; but who this was, or when + it happened, I have never been able to ascertain.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Nedlam</span>. + + <p>The breed of large white snails is to be found all along the + escarpment of the chalk range, and is <!-- Page 129 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page129"></a>{129}</span>not confined to Surrey. + It is said to have been introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, and + was considered very nutritious and wholesome for consumptive patients. + About the end of the last century I was in the habit of collecting a few + of the common garden snails from the fruit-trees, and taking them every + morning to a lady who was in a delicate state of health; she took them + boiled or stewed, or cooked in some manner with milk, making a + mucilaginous drink.</p> + + <p class="author">E. H. + + <p>I have somewhere read of the introduction of a foreign breed of snails + into Cambridgeshire, I forget the exact locality, for the table of the + monks who imported them; but unfortunately it was before I commenced + making "notes" on the subject, and I have not been able to recollect + where to find it.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Seleucus</span>. + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 76.)</p> + + <p>This inscription is not "in Earl Bathurst's park," as your + correspondent <span class="sc">A. Smith</span> says, but is in Oakley + Woods, situated at some three or four miles' distance from Cirencester, + and being separated and quite distinct from the park; nor is the + inscription correctly copied. Rudder, in his new <i>History of + Gloucestershire</i>, 1779, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Concealed as it were in the wood stands Alfred's Hall, a building + that has the semblance of great antiquity. Over the door opposite to the + south entrance, on the inside, is the following inscription in the Saxon + character and language [of which there follows a copy]. Over the south + door is the following Latin translation:</p> + + <p>"'Fœdus quod Ælfredus & Gythrunus reges, omnes <i>Anglia + sapientes, & quicunq</i>; Angliam in<i>c</i>olebant orientalem, + ferierunt; & non solum de seipsis, verum etiam de nat<i>i</i>s suis, + ac nondum in lucem editis, quotquot misericordiæ divinæ aut regiæ + vel<i>i</i>nt esse participes jurejurando sanxerunt.</p> + + <p>"'Primò ditionis nostræ fines ad T<i>h</i>amesin evehunt<i>u</i>r, + inde ad Leam usq; ad fontem ejus; t<i>u</i>m recta ad Bedfordiam, ac + deniq; per Usam ad viam Vetelin<i>g</i>ianam.'"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I copy from Rudder, with the stops and contracted "et's," as they + stand in his work; though I think the original has points between each + word, as marked by <span class="sc">A. Smith</span>.</p> + + <p>The omissions and mistakes of your correspondent (which you will + perceive are important) are marked in Italics above.</p> + + <p>Rudder adds,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the chimney-piece, on + which, in ancient characters relieved on the stone, is this + inscription:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'<span class="scac">IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO</span> . 1085.'</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"It would have been inexcusable in the topographer to have passed by + so curious a place without notice; but the historian would have been + equally culpable who should not have informed the reader that this + building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The name, the + inscription, and the writing over the doors, of the convention between + the good king and his pagan enemies, were probably all suggested by the + similarity of <i>Achelie</i>, the ancient name of this place, to + <i>Æcglea</i>, where King Alfred rested with his army the night before he + attacked the Danish camp at Ethandun, and at length forced their leader + Godrum, or Guthrum, or Gormund, to make such convention."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>It is many years since I saw the inscription, and then I made no note + of it; but I have no doubt that Rudder has given it correctly, because + when I was a young man I was intimately acquainted with him, who was then + an aged person; and a curious circumstance that occurred between us, and + is still full in my memory, impressed me with the idea of his great + precision and exactness.</p> + + <p>I would remark on the explanation given by Rudder, that the + <i>Iglea</i> of Asser is supposed by Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir + Richard Colt Hoare to be <i>Clayhill</i>, eastward of Warminster; and + <i>Ethandun</i> to be <i>Edington</i>, about three miles eastward of + Westbury, both in Wilts.</p> + + <p>Asser says that, "in the same year," the year of the battle, "the army + of the pagans, departing from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to + <i>Cirencester</i>, where they remained one year."</p> + + <p>On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hostages to Alfred; and it is + probable that, if any treaty was made between them, it was made + immediately after the battle; and not that Alfred came from his fortress + of <i>Æthelingay</i> to meet Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay + after leaving Chippenham.</p> + + <p>If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it might have been at + Alfred's Hall near Cirencester, especially if <i>Hampton</i> + (Minchinhampton in Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from Oakley + Wood, be the real site of the great and important battle, as was, a few + years since, very plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moffatt, in a paper + inserted, with the signature "J. M. M.," in Brayley's <i>Graphic and + Historical Illustrator</i>, p. 106. <i>et seq.</i>, 1834.</p> + + <p>The mention of Rudder's History brings to my mind an inscription over + the door of Westbury Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in the + village of Westbury in this county. This mansion was taken down during + the minority of Maynard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the + estate. Rudder, in his account of that parish, has preserved the + inscription—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4"> "D.</p> + <p class="i4">O. M.</p> + <p>N. M. M. H. E. P. N. C."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo Maximo," and says the + subsequent line contains the initials of the following hexameter:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus,"</p> + </div> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page130"></a>{130}</span></p> + + <p>alluding to the successive descent of property from one generation to + another.</p> + + <p>Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to tell me whether the + above line be original, or copied, and from whom.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. H. Fisher.</span> + + <p>Stroud.</p> + + <p>The agreement referred to is no other than the famous treaty of peace + between Alfred and Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an initial + "L." for a "G.," among various other inaccuracies for which your + correspondent is perhaps not responsible, has been disguised under the + form of "Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the commencement of the + treaty, which is stated, in Turner's <i>Anglo-Saxons</i>, book iv. ch. + v., to be still extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's <span + title="Archaionomia" class="grk" + >Αρχαιονομια</span>, + p. 36.:—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Fœdus quod Aluredus & Gythrunus reges ex sapientum + Anglorum, atque eorum omnium qui orientalem incolebant Angliam consulto + ferierunt, in quod præterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de + natis suis, ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltem misericordiæ + divinæ aut regiæ velint esse participes), jurarunt.</p> + + <p>"Primo igitur ditionis nostræ fines ad Thamesim fluvium evehuntor: + Inde ad Leam flumen profecti, ad fontem ejus deferuntor: tum rectà ad + Bedfordiam porriguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam + Vetelingianam desinunto."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Another translation will be found in Wilkins's <i>Leges + Anglo-Saxonicæ</i>, p. 47., and the Saxon original in both. As to the + boundaries here defined, see note in Spelman's <i>Alfred</i>, p. 36.</p> + + <p>At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve months after his baptism, + according to his treaty with Alfred. (See <i>Sim. Dunelm. de gestis Regum + Anglorum</i>, sub anno 879.)</p> + + <p class="author">J. F. M. + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>CURIOUS CUSTOM OF RINGING BELLS FOR THE +DEAD.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 55.)</p> + + <p>W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield, Massachusets, asks "if + this custom ever did, or does now exist in the mother country?" The + curiosity is that your worthy Querist has never heard of it! Dating from + <i>Malta</i>, it may be he has never been in our <i>ringing island</i>: + for it must be known to every Englishman, that the custom, varying no + doubt in different localities, exists in every parish in England.</p> + + <p>The <i>passing bell</i> is of older date than the canon of our church, + which directs "that when any is passing out of this life, a bell shall be + tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. And after + the party's death, if it so fall out, then shall be rung no more than one + short peal."</p> + + <p>It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep up this custom of + their mother country.</p> + + <p>In this parish, the custom has been to ring as quickly after death as + the sexton can be found; and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known + persons, sensible of their approaching death, direct the bell at once to + be tolled.</p> + + <p>Durand, in his <i>Rituals of the Roman Church</i>, says: "For expiring + persons bells must be tolled, that people may put up their prayers: this + must be done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man." And such is still + the general custom: either before or after the <i>knell</i> is rung, to + toll three times <i>three</i>, or three times <i>two</i>, at intervals, + to mark the sex.<a name="footnotetag6" + href="#footnote6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> + + <p>"Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any use of a bell; but there + is every reason to believe that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to quote from + Brewster's <i>Ency.</i>) originated in the darkest ages, but with a + different view from that in which they are now employed. It was to avert + the influence of Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors did not + originate in this imaginary virtue, while they preserved the practice, it + is certain they believed the mere noise had the same effect; and as, + according to their ideas, evil spirits were always hovering around to + make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells struck them with + terror. We may trace the practice of tolling bells during funerals to the + like source. This has been practised from times of great antiquity: the + bells being muffled, for the sake of greater solemnity, in the same way + as drums are muffled at military funerals."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Ellacombe</span>. + + <p>Rectory, Clyst St. George.</p> + + <p>At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence of a death in the + parish, a bell is tolled quickly for about the space of ten minutes; and + before ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a man, six if a + woman, and three if a child. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the + custom is now almost peculiar to the north of England; but in ancient + times it must have been very general according to Durandus, who has the + following in his <i>Rationale</i>, lib. i. cap. 4. 13.:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Verum aliquo moriente, campanæ debent pulsari; ut populus hoc + audiens, oret pro illo. Pro muliere quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit + asperitatem.... Pro viro vero ter pulsator.... Si autem clericus sit, tot + vicibus simpulsatur, quot ordines habuit ipse. Ad ultimum vero compulsari + debet cum omnibus campanis, ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit + orandum."—Mr. Strutt's <i>Man. and Cust.</i>, iii. 176.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page131"></a>{131}</span></p> + + <p>Also a passage is quoted from an old English Homily, ending with:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be ronge, as his knyll, in + worscheppe of the Trinetee; and for a womanne, who was the secunde + persone of the Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In addition to the intention of the "passing-bell," afforded by + Durandus above, it has been thought that it was rung to drive away the + evil spirits, supposed to stand at the foot of the bed ready to seize the + soul, that it might "gain start." Wynkyn de Worde, in his <i>Golden + Legend</i>, speaks of the dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to + this subject, Wheatly, in his work on the Book of Common Prayer, chap. + xi. sec. viii. 3., says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former ages, calls in the + minister, and others who are at hand, to assist their brother in his last + extremity."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The 67th canon enjoins that, "when any one is passing out of this + life, a bell shall be tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do + his duty. And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there shall be + rung <i>no more than one short peal</i>."</p> + + <p>Several other quotations might be adduced (vid. Brand's <i>Antiq.</i>, + vol. ii. pp. 203, 204. from which much of the above has been derived) to + show that "one short peal" was ordered only to be rung after the + Reformation: the custom of signifying the sex of the deceased by a + certain number of knells must be a relic, therefore, of very ancient + usage, and unauthorised by the Church.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span>. + + <p>Clifton.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a + href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + <p>This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for a woman, is thus + explained in an ancient Homily on Trinity Sunday:—"At the deth of a + manne, three bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the + Trinitie. And for a woman, who was the second person of the Trinitie, two + bells should be ronge."</p> + +</div> +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TURNING?</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 57.)</p> + + <p>Respecting the origin of this curious phenomenon in America, I am not + able to give your correspondent, J. G. T. of Hagley, any information; but + it may interest him and others among the readers of "N. & Q." to have + some account of what appears to be the first recorded experiment, made in + Europe, of table-moving. These experiments are related in the supplement + (now lying before me) to the <i>Allgemeine Zeitung</i> of April 4, by Dr. + K. Andrée, who writes from Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated + March 30, and begins by stating that the whole town had been for eight + days preceding in a state of most peculiar excitement, owing to a + phenomenon which entirely absorbed the attention of all, and about which + no one had ever thought before the arrival of the American steam-ship + "Washington" from New York. Dr. Andrée proceeds to relate that the + information respecting table-moving was communicated in a letter, brought + through that ship, from a native of Bremen, residing in New York, to his + sister, who was living in Bremen, and who, in her correspondence with her + brother, had been rallying him about the American spirit-rappings, and + other Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so rampant in the United States. + Her brother instanced this table-moving, performed in America, as no + delusion, but as a fact, which might be verified by any one; and then + gave some directions for making the experiment, which was forthwith + attempted at the lady's house in Bremen, and with perfect success, in the + presence of a large company. In a few days the marvellous feat, the + accounts of which flew like wildfire all over the country, was executed + by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen. The subject was one precisely + adapted to excite the attention and curiosity of the imaginative and + wonder-loving Germans; and, accordingly, in a few days after, a notice of + the strange phenomenon appeared in <i>The Times</i>, in a letter from + Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading journal, the facts and + experiments became rapidly diffused over the world, and have been + repeated and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the experiment and its + results are now brought within the domain of practical science, we may + hope to see them soon freed from the obscurity and <span + class="correction" title="text reads `uncertainly'">uncertainty</span> + which still envelope them, and assigned to their proper place in the + wondrous system of "Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our + being."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Macray</span>. + + <p>Oxford.</p> + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.)</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of the sixteenth + century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree unknown in any other part of + Europe, where generally the Protestants were persecuted by the Romanists, + or the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united to commercial + advantages, and a wide field for the exercise of various talents, + attracted to Poland crowds of foreigners, who fled their native land on + account of religious persecution; and many of whom became, by their + industry and talents, very useful citizens of their adopted country. + There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen, &c., Italian and French + Protestant congregations. A great number of Scotch settled in different + parts of Poland; and there were Scotch Protestant congregations not only + in the above-mentioned towns, but also in other places, and a + particularly numerous one at Kieydany, a little town of Lithuania, + belonging to the Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch families settled + in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who arrived in that country + before the Reformation, but became its most zealous adherents. This + family rose, by its wealth, and the great merit of several of its + members, to the highest dignities of the state, but became extinct during + the seventeenth century. There are even now in Poland many families of + Scotch descent belonging to the class of nobles; as, for instance, <!-- + Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page132"></a>{132}</span>the + Haliburtons, Wilsons, Ferguses, Stuarts, Haslers, Watsons, &c. Two + Protestant clergymen of Scotch origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed + some sacred poetry. But the most conspicuous of all the Polish Scotchmen + is undoubtedly Dr. John Johnstone [born in Poland 1603, died 1675], + perhaps the most remarkable writer of the seventeenth century on natural + history. It seems, indeed, that there is a mysterious link connecting the + two distant countries; because, if many Scotsmen had in bygone days + sought and found a second fatherland in Poland, a strong and active + sympathy for the sufferings of the last-named country, and her exiled + children, has been evinced in our own times by the natives of Scotland in + general, and by some of the most distinguished amongst them in + particular. Thus it was an eminent bard of Caledonia, the gifted author + of <i>The Pleasures of Hope</i>, who, when</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime,'</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her liberty, a + halo of glory which will remain unfaded as long as the English language + lasts. The name of Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland; + but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley Stuart] which is + enshrined in the heart of every true Pole."—From Count Valerian + Krasinski's <i>Sketch of the Religious History of the Sclavonic + Nations</i>, p. 167.: Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">J. K. + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3>ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.)</p> + + <p>I think <span class="sc">The Writer of "Communications with the Unseen + World</span>" would have some difficulty in referring to the works on + which he based the statement that "it was a tradition in Mexico that when + that form (the cross) should be victorious, the old religion should + disappear, and that a similar tradition attached to it at Alexandria." He + doubtless made the statement from memory, and unintentionally confounded + two distinct facts, viz. that the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and had + prophetic intimations of the downfall of their nation and religion by the + oppression of bearded strangers from the East. The quotation by <span + class="sc">Mr. Peacock</span> at p. 549., quoted also in Purchas' + <i>Pilgrims</i>, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that the cross + was worshipped in Mexico prior to the Spanish invasion, and therefore it + was impossible that the belief mentioned by <span class="sc">The + Writer</span>, &c. could have prevailed.</p> + + <p>On the first discovery of Yucatan,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses, evidently + objects of worship."—Prescott's <i>Mexico</i>, vol. i. p. 203.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Mr. Stephens, in his <i>Central America</i>, vol. ii., gives a + representation of one of these crosses. The cross on the Temple of + Serapis, mentioned in Socrates' <i>Ecc. Hist.</i>, was undoubtedly the + well-known <i>Crux ansata</i>, the symbol of life. It was as the latter + that the heathens appealed to it, and the Christians explained it to them + as fulfilled in the Death of Christ.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Mr. Peacock</span> asks for other instances: I + subjoin some.</p> + + <p>In <i>India</i>.—The great pagoda at Benares is built in the + form of a cross. (Maurice's <i>Ind. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 31., City, + Tavernier.)</p> + + <p>On a Buddhist temple of cyclopean structure at Mundore (Tod's + <i>Rajasthan</i>, vol. i. p. 727.), the cross appears as a sacred figure, + together with the double triangle, another emblem of very wide + distribution, occurring on ancient British coins (Camden's + <i>Britannica</i>), Central American buildings (Norman's <i>Travels in + Yucatan</i>), among the Jews as the Shield of David (Brucker's <i>History + of Philosophy</i>), and a well-known masonic symbol frequently introduced + into Gothic ecclesiastical edifices.</p> + + <p>In <i>Palestine</i>.—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and Maimonides, when the + priest sprinkled the blood of the victim on the consecrated cakes and + hallowed utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of a + <i>cross</i>. The same symbol was used when the kings and high priests + were anointed."—Faber's <i>Horæ Mosaicæ</i>, vol. ii. p. 188.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>See farther hereon, Deane on <i>Serpent Worship</i>.</p> + + <p>In <i>Persia</i>.—The trefoil on which the sacrifices were + placed was probably held sacred from its cruciform character. The cross + (<a href="images/197_016.png"><img src="images/197_016.png" + class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="+" /></a>) occurs on Persian + buildings among other sacred symbols. (R. K. Porter's <i>Travels</i>, + vol. ii.)</p> + + <p>In <i>Britain</i>.—The cross was formed by baring a tree to a + stump, and inserting another crosswise on the top; on the three arms thus + formed were inscribed the names of the three principal, or triad of gods, + <i>Hesus</i>, <i>Belenus</i>, and <i>Taranis</i>. The stone avenues of + the temple at Classerniss are arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's + <i>Antiquities of Cornwall</i>.)</p> + + <p>In <i>Scandinavia</i>.—The hammer of Thor was in the form of the + cross; see in Herbert's <i>Select Icelandic Poetry</i>, p. 11., and + Laing's <i>Kings of Norway</i>, vol. i. pp. 224. 330., a curious anecdote + of King Hacon, who, having been converted to Christianity, made the sign + of the cross when he drank, but persuaded his irritated Pagan followers + that it was the sign of Thor's hammer.</p> + + <p>The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the utmost reverence by his + followers, who were called the children of Thor, who in the last day + would save themselves by his mighty hammer. The fiery cross, so well + known by Scott's vivid description, was originally the hammer of Thor, + which in early Pagan, as in later Christian times, was used as a summons + to convene the people either to council or to war. (Herbert's <i>Select + Icelandic Poetry</i>, p. 11.)</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Eden Warwick</span>. + + <p>Birmingham.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133"></a>{133}</span></p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> + + <p><i>Glass Chambers for Photography.</i>—I am desirous to + construct a small glass chamber for taking portraits in, and shall be + much obliged if you can assist me by giving me instructions how it should + be constructed, or by directing me where I shall find clear and + sufficient directions, as to dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is + it essential that it should be all of violet-coloured glass, ground at + one side, as that would add a good deal to the expense? or will white + glass, with thin blue gauze curtains or blinds, answer?</p> + + <p>Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accompanied with such woodcut + illustrations as would be necessary to render the description complete, + and such as an artificer could work by, would confer a boon on many + amateur photographers, as well as your obliged servant,</p> + + <p class="author">C. E. F. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[In the construction of a photographic house, we beg to inform our + correspondent that it is by no means needful to use entirely + violet-coloured glass, but the roof thereof exposed to the rays of the + sun should be so protected; for although the light is much subdued, and + the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is taken away, yet but few + of the actinic rays are obstructed. It has been proposed to coat the + interior with smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished; but this + does not appear to have answered. Calico, both white and coloured, has + also been used, but it is certainly not so effectual or pleasant. Upon + the whole, we think that the main things to attend to are, firmness in + its construction, so as to avoid vibration; ample size, so as to allow + not only of room for the operator, but also for the arrangements of + background, &c., and the sides to open so as to allow a free + circulation of air; blinds to be <i>applied at such spots only</i> as + shall be found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small closet + should be provided, admitting only yellow light, which may be effectually + accomplished by means of yellow calico. A free supply of water is + indispensable, which may be conveyed both to and from by means of the + gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We apprehend, however, that + the old proverb, "You must cut your coat according to your cloth," is + most especially applicable to our querist, for not only must the house be + constructed according to the advantages afforded by the locality, but the + amount of expense will be very differently thought of by different + persons: one will be content with any moderate arrangement which will + answer the purpose, where another will be scarcely satisfied unless + everything is quite of an <i>orné</i> character.]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Dr. Diamond's Replies.</i>—I am sorry I have not before + replied to the Queries of your correspondent W. F. E., contained in Vol. + viii., p. 41.; but absence from home, together with a pressure of public + duties here, has prevented me from so doing.</p> + + <p>1st. No doubt a <i>small</i> portion of nitrate of potash is formed + when the iodized collodion is immersed in the bath of nitrate of silver, + by mutual decomposition; but it is in so small a quantity as not to + deteriorate the bath.</p> + + <p>2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much longer than is generally + supposed; at the beginning of last month I obtained a tolerably good + portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a small bottle brought to me + by Mr. Archer in September 1850; and I especially notice this fact, as it + is connected with the first introduction of the use of collodion in + England. Generally speaking, I do not find that it deteriorates in two or + three months; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing solution will + generally restore it, unless it has become rotten: this, I think, is the + case when the gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the acid. The + redness which collodion assumes by age, may also be discharged by the + addition of a few drops of liquor ammoniæ, but I do not think it in any + way accelerates its activity of action.</p> + + <p>3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes called, "inhaling ether," + has been deprived of the alcohol which the common ether contains, and it + will not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol is restored to it. I + would here observe that an excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens + the collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance, rendering it much + more difficult to use by its slowness in flowing over the glass plate, as + well as producing a less even surface than when nearly all ether is used. + A collodion, however, with thirty-five per cent. of spirits of wine, is + very quick, allowing from its less tenacious quality a more rapid action + of the nitrate of silver bath.</p> + + <p>4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-dissolve the iodide of + silver, but the results are by no means so satisfactory; the cost of pure + iodide of potassium bought at a <i>proper market</i> is certainly very + inconsiderable compared to the disappointment resulting from a false + economy.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. W. Diamond.</span> + + <p>Surrey County Asylum.</p> + + <p><i>Trial of Lenses.</i>—When you want to try a lens, first be + sure that the slides of your camera are correctly constructed, which is + easily done. Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper printed in + small type; focus this on your ground glass with the assistance of a + magnifying-glass; now take the slide which carries your plate of glass, + and if you have not a piece of ground glass at hand, insert a plate which + you would otherwise excite in the bath after the application of + collodion, but now <i>dull</i> it by touching it with putty. Observe + whether you get an equally clear and well-focussed picture on this; if + you do, you may conclude there is no fault in the construction of your + camera.</p> + + <p>Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and place the pieces on + the row of squares which run <!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page134"></a>{134}</span>from corner to corner; focus the middle + one, whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a picture; you will + soon see whether the one best in the visual focus is the best on the + picture, or whether the piece one or more squares in advance or behind it + is clearer than the one you had previously in focus. The chess-board must + be set square with the camera, so that each piece is farther off by one + square. To vary the experiment, you may if you please stick a piece of + printed paper on each piece, which a little gum or common bees'-wax will + effect for you.</p> + + <p>In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in obtaining a focus, cut + a slip of newspaper about four inches long, and one and a half wide, and + turn up one end so as it may be held between the lips, taking care that + the rest be presented quite flat to the camera; with the help of a + magnifying-glass set a correct focus to this, and afterwards draw in the + tube carrying the lenses about one-sixteenth of a turn of the screw of + the rackwork. This will give a medium focus to the head: observe, as the + length of focus in different lenses varies, the distance the tube is + moved must be learned by practice.</p> + + <p class="author">W. M. F. + + <p><i>Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of + Silver?</i>—Some time ago I made a few ounces of a solution of + ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing positives; this I have kept in a + yellow coloured glass bottle with a ground stopper.</p> + + <p>I have, however, been much alarmed, and refrained from using it or + taking out the stopper, lest danger should arise, in consequence of + reading in Mr. Delamotte's <i>Practice of Photography</i>, p. 95. (vide + "Ammonia Solution"):</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the stopper of the bottle + in which it is kept, the least friction will cause it to explode + violently; it is therefore better to keep none prepared."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>As in pouring this solution out and back into the bottle, of course + the solution will dry around the stopper, and, if this account is + correct, may momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will feel obliged + by being informed by some of your learned correspondents whether any such + danger exists.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Hugh Henderson.</span> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>Burke's Marriage</i> (Vol. vii., p. 382.).—Burke married, in + 1756, the daughter of Dr. Nugent of Bath. (See <i>Nat. Cycl., s.v.</i> + "Burke.")</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.</span> + + <p><i>The House of Falahill</i> (Vol. vi., p. 533.).—As I have not + observed any notice taken of the very interesting Query of <span + class="sc">Aberdoniensis</span>, regarding this ancient baronial + residence, I may state that there is a Falahill, or Falahall, in the + parish of Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it be the Falahill + referred to by Nisbet as having been so profusely illuminated with + armorial bearings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs. Laing, Wilson, + or Cosmo Innes might be able to give some information about this + topographical and historical mystery.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Stornoway.</span> + + <p><i>Descendants of Judas Iscariot</i> (Vol. viii., p. 56.).—There + is a collection of traditions as to this person in extracts I have among + my notes, which perhaps you may think fit to give as a reply to <span + class="sc">Mr. Creed's</span> Query. It runs as follows:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"On dit dans l'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas Iscariot est né à + Sablé; là-dessus on a fait ce vers:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'Perfidus Judæus Sabloliensis erat.'</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"Les Bretons disent de même qu'il est né au Normandie entre Caen et + Rouen, et à ce propos ils recitent ces vers.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4hg1">'Judas étoit Normand,</p> + <p class="i6">Tout le monde le dit—</p> + <p class="i4">Entre Caen et Rouen,</p> + <p class="i6">Ce malheureux naquit.</p> + <p>Il vendit son Seigneur pour trente mares contants.</p> + <p>Au diable soient tous les Normands.'</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"On dit de même sans raison que Judas avoit demeuré à Corfou, et qu'il + y est né. Pietro della Valle rapporte dans ses <i>Voyages</i> qu'étant à + Corfou on lui montra par rareté un homme que ceux du pays assuroient être + de la race du traître Judas—quoiqu'il le niât. C'est un bruit qui + court depuis long tems en cette contrée, sans qu'on en sache la cause ni + l'origine. Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemaïs (autrement de l'Acre) + disoit de même sans raison que dans une tour de cette ville on avoit + fabriqué les trente deniers pour lesquelles Judas avoit vendu nôtre + Seigneur, et pour cela ils appelloient cette tour la <i>Tour + Maudite</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>This is taken from the second volume of <i>Menagiana</i>, p. 232.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. H. P. Leresche.</span> + + <p>Manchester.</p> + + <p><i>Milton's Widow</i> (Vol. viii., p. 12.).—The information once + promised by your correspondent <span class="sc">Cranmore</span> still + seems very desirable, because the statements of your correspondent <span + class="sc">Mr. Hughes</span> are not reconcilable with two letters given + in Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on Milton, pages 37-8., + to which tract I beg to refer <span class="sc">Mr. Hughes</span>, who may + not have seen it. These letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the + writer of them, had only <i>two aunts</i>, neither of whom could have + been Mrs. Milton, as she must have been if she was the daughter of the + writer's grandfather, Randall Minshull. Probably this Elizabeth died in + infancy, which the Wistaston parish register may show, and which register + would perhaps also show (supposing Milton took his wife from Wistaston) + the wanting marriage; or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull family, + that parish register would most likely <!-- Page 135 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page135"></a>{135}</span>disclose his third + marriage, which certainly did not take place sooner than 1662.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Garlichithe</span>. + + <p><i>Whitaker's Ingenious Earl</i> (Vol. viii., p. 9.).—It was a + frequent saying of Lord Stanhope's, that he had taught law to the Lord + Chancellor, and divinity to the Bishops; and this saying gave rise to a + caricature, where his lordship is seated acting the schoolmaster with a + rod in his hand.</p> + + <p class="author">E. H. + + <p><i>Are White Cats deaf?</i> (Vol. vii., p. 331.).—In looking up + your Numbers for April, I observe a Minor Query signed <span + class="sc">Shirley Hibberd</span>, in which your querist states that in + all white cats stupidity seemed to accompany the deafness, and inquires + whether any instance can be given of a white cat possessing the function + of hearing in anything like perfection.</p> + + <p>I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at the advanced age of + upwards of seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great + perfection, and is remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than cats + are usually given credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more + like that of a dog than of a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its + eyes are perfectly blue, with round pupils, not elongated as those of + cats usually are. It occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, + but this has not at all resulted in deafness.</p> + + <p class="author">H. + + <p><i>Consecrated Roses</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.; Vol. viii., p. + 38.).—From the communication of P. P. P. it seems that the origin + of the consecration of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was "en + reconnaissance" of a singular privilege granted to the abbey of St. + Croix. Can your correspondent refer to any account of the origin of the + consecration or blessing of the sword, cap, or keys?</p> + + <p class="author">G. + + <p><i>The Reformed Faith</i> (Vol. vii., p. 359.).—I must protest + against this term being applied to the system which Henry VIII. set up on + his rejecting the papal supremacy, which on almost every point but that + one was pure Popery, and for refusing to conform to which he burned + Protestants and Roman Catholics at the same pile. It suited Cobbett (in + his <i>History of the Reformation</i>), and those controversialists who + use him as their text-book, to confound this system with the doctrine of + the existing Church of England, but it is to be regretted that any + inadvertence should have caused the use of similar language in your + pages.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>. + + <p><i>House-marks</i> (Vol. vii., p. 594.).—It appears to me that + the <i>house-marks</i> he alluded to may be traced in what are called + <i>merchants' marks</i>, still employed in marking bales of wool, cotton, + &c., and which are found on tombstones in our old churches, + <i>incised</i> in the slab during the sixteenth and seventeenth + centuries, and which till lately puzzled the heralds. They were borne by + merchants who had no arms.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. G. Ballard</span>. + + <p><i>Trash</i> (Vol. vii., p. 566.).—The late Mr. Scatchard, of + Morley, near Leeds, speaking in Hone's <i>Table Book</i> of the Yorkshire + custom of <i>trashing</i>, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a + wedding party, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day called 'a trash,' + yet it did not, certainly, give the name to the nuisance. To 'trash' + originally signified to clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any one + (see Todd's <i>Johnson</i>); and, agreeably to this explanation, we find + the rope tied by sportsmen round the necks of fleet pointers to tire them + well, and check their speed, is hereabouts universally called 'trash + cord,' or 'dog trash.' A few miles distant from Morley, west of Leeds, + the 'Boggart' or 'Barguest,' the Yorkshire Brownie is called by the + people the <i>Gui-trash</i>, or <i>Ghei-trash</i>, the usual description + of which is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal, + <i>encumbered</i> with a chain round its neck, which is heard to rattle + in its movements. I have heard the common people in Yorkshire say, that + they 'have been <i>trashing</i> about all day;' using it in the sense of + having had a tiring walk or day's work.</p> + + <p>"East of Leeds the 'Boggart' is called the <i>Padfoot</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">G. P. + + <p><i>Adamsoniana</i> (Vol. vii., p. 500.).—Michel Ada<i>n</i>son + (not Ada<i>m</i>son), who has left his name to the gigantic Baobab tree + of Senegal (<i>Adansonia digitata</i>), and his memory to all who + appreciate the advantages of a natural classification of plants—for + which Jussieu was indebted to him—was the son of a gentleman, who + after firmly attaching himself to the Stuarts, left Scotland and entered + the service of the Archbishop of Aix. The <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, + and, I imagine, almost all biographical dictionaries and similar works, + contain notices of him. His devoted life has deserved a more lengthened + chronicle.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Seleucus</span>. + + <p>Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires respecting the family of + Michel Adamson, or Michael Adamson, is informed that in France, the + country of his birth, the name is invariably written "Ada<i>n</i>son;" + while the author of <i>Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the Roses</i>, + is described as "John Ada<i>m</i>son." Both names are pronounced alike in + French; but the difference of spelling would seem adverse to the + supposition that the family of the botanist was of Scottish + extraction.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry H. Breen</span>. + + <p>St. Lucia.</p> + + <p><i>Portrait of Cromwell</i> (Vol. viii., p. 55.).—The portrait + inquired after by <span class="sc">Mr. Rix</span> is at the British + Museum. Being placed over the cases in the long gallery of natural + history, it is extremely difficult to be seen.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Bruce</span>. + +<p><!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page136"></a>{136}</span></p> + + <p><i>Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"</i> (Vol. iii., p. 493.; Vol. + iv., p. 391.).—It is not, I hope, too late to notice that Burke's + description of Junius is an allusion neither to the <i>Iliad</i>, xiii. + 471., nor to Psalm lxxx. 8-13., but to the <i>Iliad</i>, xvii. 280-284. I + cannot resist quoting the lines containing the simile, at once for their + applicability and their own innate beauty:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<span title="Ithusen de dia promachôn, su'i eikelos alkên" class="grk">Ἴθυσεν δὲ διὰ προμάχων, συΐ εἴκελος ἀλκὴν</span></p> + <p><span title="Kapriôi, host' en oressi kunas thalerous t' a'izêous" class="grk">Καπρίῳ, ὅστ' ἐν ὄρεσσι κύνας θαλερούς τ' ἀϊζηοὺς</span></p> + <p><span title="Rhê'idiôs ekedassen, elixamenos dia bêssas." class="grk">Ῥηϊδίως ἐκέδασσεν, ἐλιξάμενος διὰ βήσσας.</span></p> + <p><span title="Ôs huios Telamônos" class="grk">Ως υἱὸς Τελαμῶνος</span>."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Fraser</span>. + + <p>Tor-Mohun.</p> + + <p>"<i>Amentium haud Amantium</i>" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).—The + following English translation may be considered a tolerably close + approximation to the alliteration of the original: "Of dotards not of the + doting." It is found in the Dublin edition of <i>Terence</i>, published + by J. A. Phillips, 1845.</p> + + <p class="author">C. T. R. + + <p>Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a translation of this + passage, "Of <i>dotards</i>, not of the <i>doting</i>." Whatever may be + its merits in other respects, it is at all events a more perfect + alliteration than the other attempts which have been recorded in "N. + & Q."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Erica</span>. + + <p>Warwick.</p> + + <p>When I was at school I used to translate the phrase "Amentium haud + amantium" (Ter. <i>Andr</i>., i. 3. 13.) "<i>Lunatics, not lovers</i>." + Perhaps that may satisfy <span class="sc">Fidus Interpres</span>.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="grk">Π</span>. <span class="grk">Β</span>. + + <p>A friend of mine once rendered this "<i>Lubbers, not lovers</i>."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.</span> + + <p><i>Talleyrand's Maxim</i> (Vol. vi., p. 575.; Vol. vii., p. + 487.).—Young's lines, to which Z. E. R. refers, are:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Where Nature's end of language is declined,</p> + <p>And men talk only to conceal their mind."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>With less piquancy, but not without the germ of the same idea, Dean + Moss (ob. 1729), in his sermon <i>Of the Nature and Properties of + Christian Humility</i>, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Gesture is an artificial thing: men may stoop and cringe, and bow + popularly low, and yet have ambitious designs in their heads. And + <i>speech is not always the just interpreter of the mind</i>: men may use + a condescending style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of + themselves."—<i>Sermons</i>, &c., 1737, vol. vii. p. 402.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cowgill</span>. + + <p><i>English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth</i> (Vol. vii., pp. + 260. 344. 509.).—The following particulars concerning one of the + Marian Bishops are at A. S. A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., sometime + student, and, in 1553, Master of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, was + made Vice-Chancellor of that University in 1554-5; and had the + temporalities of the See of Chester handed to him by Queen Mary in 1556. + He was one of Cardinal Pole's delegates to the University of Cambridge, + and was concerned in most of the political movements of the day. He, and + four other bishops, with as many divines, undertook to defend the + principles and practices of the Romish Church against an equal number of + Reformed divines. On the 4th of April he was confined, either in the + Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language towards Queen Elizabeth; + but having by some means or other escaped from <i>durance</i>, he retired + to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's <i>Fœdera</i>, + about 1560.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Hughes</span>. + + <p>Chester.</p> + + <p><i>Gloves at Fairs</i> (Vol. vii., <i>passim.</i>).—To the list + of markets at which a glove was, or is, hung out, may be added Newport, + in the Isle of Wight. But a Query naturally springs out of such a note, + and I would ask, Why did a glove indicate that parties frequenting the + market were exempt from arrest? What was the glove an emblem of?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. D—n.</span> + + <p>As the following extract from Gorr's <i>Liverpool Directory</i> + appears to bear upon the point, and as it does not seem to have yet + attracted the attention of any of your correspondents, I beg to forward + it:—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Its (<i>i.e.</i> Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and 11th Nov. + Ten days before and ten days after each fair-day, a hand is exhibited in + front of the Town-hall, which denotes protection; during which time no + person coming to or going from the town on business connected with the + fair can be arrested for debt within its liberty."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I have myself frequently observed the "hand," although I could not + discover any appearance of a fair being held.</p> + + <p class="author">R. + + <p><i>St. Dominic</i> (Vol. vii., p. 356.).—Your correspondent + <span class="sc">Bookworm</span> will find in any chronology a very + satisfactory reason why Machiavelli could not reply to the summons of + Benedict XIV., unless, indeed, the Pope had made use of "the power of the + keys," to call him up for a brief space to satisfy his curiosity.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>. + + <p><i>Names of Plants</i> (Vol. viii., p. 37.).—Ale-hoof means + useful in, or to, ale; Ground-ivy having been used in brewing before the + introduction of hops. "The women of our northern parts" (says John + Gerard), "especially about Wales or Cheshire, do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof + into their ale ... being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the + head from rhumaticke humours flowing from the brain." From the aforesaid + tunning, it was also called Tun-hoof (<i>World of Words</i>); and in + Gerard, Tune-hoof. <!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page137"></a>{137}</span></p> + + <p>Considering what was meant by Lady in the names of plants, we should + refrain from supposing that <i>Neottia spiralis</i> was called the + Lady-traces "sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled in such + matters than I am can detect such a sense. I cannot learn what a lady's + <i>traces</i> are; but I suspect plaitings of her hair to be meant. "Upon + the spiral sort," says Gerard, "are placed certaine small white flowers, + <i>trace</i> fashion," while other sorts grow, he says, "spike fashion," + or "not <i>trace</i> fashion." Whence I infer, that in his day + <i>trace</i> conveyed the idea of spiral.</p> + + <p class="author">A. N. + + <p><i>Specimens of Foreign English</i> (Vol. iii. + <i>passim.</i>).—I have copied the following from the label on a + bottle of <i>liqueur</i>, manufactured at Marseilles by "L. Noilly fils + et C<sup>ie</sup>." The English will be best understood by being placed + in juxtaposition with the original French:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Le Vermouth</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>est un vin blanc légèrement amer, parfumé avec des plantes aromatiques + bienfaisantes.</p> + + <p>"Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, fébrifuge et astringente: + prise avec de l'eau elle est apéritive et raffraichissante: elle est + aussi un puissant préservatif contre les fièvres et la dyssenterie, + maladies si fréquentes dans les pays chauds, pour lesquels elle a été + particulièrement composée."</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The Wermouth</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and good vegetables + white wine.</p> + + <p>"This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive drinking; mixed with + water it is aperitive, refreshing, and also a powerful preservative of + fivers and bloody-flux; those latters are very usual in warmth countries, + and of course that liquor has just been particularly made up for that + occasion."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry H. Breen</span>. + + <p>St. Lucia.</p> + + <p><i>Blanco White</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 404. 486.).—Your + correspondent H. C. K. is right in his impression that the sonnet + commencing</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Mysterious Night! when our first parents knew," &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>was written by Blanco White. See his <i>Life</i> (3 vols., Chapman, + 1845), vol. iii. p. 48.</p> + + <p class="author">J. K. R. W. + + <p><i>Pistols</i> (Vol. viii., p. 7.).—In Strype's Life of Sir + Thomas Smith, <i>Works</i>, Oxon. 1821, mention is made of a statute or + proclamation by the Queen in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33 + Hen. VIII. c. 6., alluded to by your correspondent J. F. M., and in which + the words <i>pistol</i> and <i>pistolet</i> are introduced:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing it was, in so quiet + and peaceable a realm, to have men so armed; ... did charge and command + all her subjects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that in no + wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they carried about them + privily or openly any dag, or pistol, or any other harquebuse, gun, or + such weapon for fire, under the length expressed by the statute made by + the Queen's most noble father.... [Excepting however] noblemen and such + known gentlemen, which were without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if + they carried dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly, at + their saddle bows," &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Here the <i>dag</i> or <i>pistolet</i> seems to answer to our + "revolvers," and the <i>pistol</i> to our larger horse-pistol.</p> + + <p class="author">H. C. K. + + <p>—— Rectory, Hereford.</p> + + <p><i>Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions</i> (Vol. viii., p. + 44.).—If L., or any of your readers, will take the trouble to + compare the passage quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the + following translation of Smith, with Sir A. Alison's supposititious + quotation<a name="footnotetag7" href="#footnote7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> + (Vol. vii., p. 594.), they will find that my inquiry is still unanswered. + The passage quoted by L. in Greek is, according to Smith:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice; modesty, the + disguise of effeminacy; and being wise in everything, to be good for + nothing."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise; and he who suspected + such practices in others was still a more able genius."—Vol. i. + book iii. p. 281. 4to.: London, 1753.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In this "counterfeit presentment of two brothers," L. may discern a + family likeness; but my inquiry was for the identical passage, "sword and + poniard" included.</p> + + <p>If L. desires to find Greek authority for the general sentiment only, + I would refer him to passages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, in + <i>Thucydides</i>, iii. 83., viii. 89.; <i>Herodotus</i>, iii. 81.; + Plato's <i>Republic</i>, viii. 11., and Aristotle's <i>Politics</i>, v. + 6. 9. I beg to thank L. for his attempt, although unsuccessful.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton</span>. + + <p>Birmingham.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a + href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + <p><i>Europe</i>, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo.</p> + +</div> + <p><i>The earliest Mention of the Word "Party"</i> (Vol. vii., p. + 247.).—In a choice volume, printed by "Ihon Day, dwelling over + Aldersgate, beneath St. Martines," 1568, I find the word occurring + thus:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The <i>party</i> must in any place see to himselfe, and seeke to wipe + theyr noses by a shorte aunswere."—<i>A Discovery and playne + Declaration of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne</i>, fol. 10.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I right in considering the + above-mentioned book as rare? I do so on the assumption that "Ihon Day" + is <i>the</i> Day of black-letter rarity.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. C. Warde</span>. + + <p>Kidderminster.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page138"></a>{138}</span></p> + + <p><i>Creole</i> (Vol. vii., p. 381.).—It is curious to observe how + differently this word is applied by different nations. The English apply + it to white children born in the West Indies; the French, I believe, + exclusively to the mixed races; and the Spanish and Portuguese to the + blacks born in their colonies, never to whites. The latter, I think, is + the true and original meaning, as its primary signification is a + <i>home-bred</i> slave (from "criar," to bring up, to nurse), as + distinguished from an imported or purchased one.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2> + +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3> + + <p>We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich, the able Actuary of + the University Life Assurance Society, entitled <i>Popular Tables + arranged in a new Form, giving Information at Sight for ascertaining, + according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold, + Leasehold, and Church Property, Renewal Fines, &c., the Public Funds, + Annual Average Price and Interest on Consols from 1731 to 1851; also + various interesting and useful Tables, equally adapted to the Office and + the Library Table</i>. Ample as is this title-page, it really gives but + an imperfect notion of the varied contents of this useful library and + writing-desk companion. For instance, Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous + Tables gives the average price of Consols, with the average rate of + interest, from 1731 to 1851; but this not only shows when Consols were + highest and when lowest, but also what Administration was then in power, + and the chief events of each year. We give this as one instance of the + vast amount of curious information here combined; and we would point out + to historical and geographical students the notices of Chinese Chronology + in the preface, and the Tables of Ancient and Modern Itinerary Measures, + as parts of the work especially deserving of their attention. In short, + Mr. Willich's <i>Popular Tables</i> form one of those useful volumes in + which masses of scattered information are concentrated in such a way as + to render the book indispensable to all who have once tested its + utility.</p> + + <p><i>Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices</i>, by the Rev. + W. Sparrow Simpson, is a small pamphlet containing the substance of two + lectures on this pestilent heresy, delivered by the author before the + Kennington Branch of the Church of England Young Men's Society, and is + worth the attention of those who wish to know something of this now + wide-spread mania.</p> + + <p><i>On the Custom of Borough-English in the County of Sussex</i>, by + George R. Corner, Esq. This well-considered paper on a very curious + custom owes its origin, we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish + all questions agitated in "N. & Q." were as well illustrated as this + has been by the learning and ingenuity of Mr. Corner.</p> + + <p><i>A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to Demonstration the + Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals in the Earth by means of the + Dowsing Fork or Divining Rod, &c., collected, reported, and + edited</i> by Francis Phippen. A curious little pamphlet on a <i>fact</i> + in Natural Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either + understand or account for.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Serials Received</span>.—<i>Murray's Railway + Reading: History as a Condition of Social Progress</i>, by Samuel Lucas. + An able lecture on an interesting subject.—<i>The Traveller's + Library</i>, No. 46.: <i>Twenty Years in the Philippines</i>, by De la + Gironière. One of the best numbers of this valuable + series.—<i>Cyclopædia Bibliographica</i>, Part XI., August. This + eleventh Part of Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James + Ibbetson to Bernard Lamy.—<i>Archæologia Cambrensis, New Series, + No. XV.</i>: containing, among other papers of interest to the + inhabitants of the principality, one on the arms of Owen Glendwr, by the + accomplished antiquary to whom our readers were indebted for a paper on + the same subject in our own columns.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Sowerby's English Botany</span>, with or without Supplementary Volumes.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dugdale's England and Wales</span>, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lingard's History of England</span>. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following Volumes, in Boards.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Long's History of Jamaica</span>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Life of the Rev. Isaac Milles</span>. 1721.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sir Thomas Herbert's Threnodia Carolina</span>: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sir Thomas Herbert's Travels in Asia and Africa</span>. Folio.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Letters of the Herbert Family</span>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Bishop Mosley's Vindication</span>. 4to. 1683.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Life of Admiral Blake</span>, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London. 12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Oswaldi Crollii Opera</span>. Genevæ, 1635. 12mo.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Unheard-of Curiosities</span>, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Beaumont's Psyche</span>. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Memoirs of the Rose</span>, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1824.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Literary Gazette</span>, 1834 to 1845.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Athenæum</span>, commencement to 1835.</p> + <p><span class="sc">A Narrative of the Holy Life and Happy Death of Mr. John Angier</span>. London, 1685.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Moore's Melodies</span>. 15th Edition.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses</span> (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Complaynts of Scotland</span>. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Shakspeare's Plays</span>. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>*** <i>Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to + send their names.</i></p> + + <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage + free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of + "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3> + + <p><span class="sc">Mr. G. Furrian</span><i>'s offer is declined with + thanks</i>.</p> + + <p>E. W., <i>who inquires respecting the letters</i> N <i>and</i> M <i>in + the Book of Common Prayer, is referred to</i> Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., + p. 61.; Vol. iii., pp. 323. 437.</p> + + <p>T. <i>and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of + Collodion are informed that we shall next week publish a farther + communication from</i> <span class="sc">Dr. Diamond</span> <i>upon this + point</i>.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Addendum</span>.—Vol. viii., p. 104., add to + end of Query on Fragments in Athenæus, "D'Israeli's <i>Cur. Lit.</i>, + Bailey's <i>Fragmenta Comicorum</i>."</p> + + <p><i>A few complete sets of</i> "<span class="sc">Notes and + Queries</span>," Vols. i. to vii., <i>price Three Guineas and a Half, may + now be had; for which early application is desirable</i>.</p> + + <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on + Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that + night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the + Saturday</i>.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page139"></a>{139}</span></p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE +AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p> + + <p>Founded A.D. 1842.</p> + + <p><i>Directors.</i></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.</p> + <p>T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.</p> + <p>G. H. Drew, Esq.</p> + <p>W. Evans, Esq.</p> + <p>W. Freeman, Esq.</p> + <p>F. Fuller, Esq.</p> + <p>J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p> + <p>T. Grissell, Esq.</p> + <p>J. Hunt, Esq.</p> + <p>J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.</p> + <p>E. Lucas, Esq.</p> + <p>J. Lys Seager, Esq.</p> + <p>J. B. White, Esq.</p> + <p>J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>Trustees.</i></p> + + <p>W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq.</p> + + <p><i>Physician.</i>—William Rich. Basham, M.D.</p> + + <p><i>Bankers.</i>—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing + Cross.</p> + + <p>VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</p> + + <p>POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary + difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application + to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed + on the Prospectus.</p> + + <p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l.</i>, with a Share + in three-fourths of the Profits:—</p> + + +<table width="17%" class="nob" summary="Specimens of Rates" title="Specimens of Rates"> + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left; width:57%"> + <p>Age</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%"> + <p><i>£</i></p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%"> + <p><i>s.</i></p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%"> + <p><i>d.</i></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>17</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>14</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>4</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>22</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>18</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>8</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>27</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>4</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>5</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>32</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>10</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>8</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>37</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>18</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>6</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>42</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>3</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>8</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p> + + <p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition, with material + additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on + BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land + Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building + Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and + Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life + Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.—A Selection of the above beautiful + Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) + may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be + procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the + practice of Photography in all its Branches.</p> + + <p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p> + + <p>*** Catalogues may be had on application.</p> + + <p>BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical + Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>LA LUMIERE; French Photographic Journal. The only Journal which gives + weekly all the principal Photographic News of England and the Continent; + with Original Articles and Communications on the different Processes and + Discoveries, Reports of the French Academy of Sciences, Articles on Art, + Reviews, &c.</p> + + <p>Published every SATURDAY at PARIS, 9. Rue de la Perle.</p> + + <p>Terms, 16<i>s.</i> per annum in advance. All English Subscriptions and + Communications to be addressed to the English Editor, 6. Henman Terrace, + Camden Town, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, + Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's + Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.</p> + + <p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13, + Paternoster Row, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of + Parliament in 1834.—8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>HONORARY PRESIDENTS.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Earl of Courtown</p> + <p>Earl Leven and Melville</p> + <p>Earl of Norbury</p> + <p>Earl of Stair</p> + <p>Viscount Falkland</p> + <p>Lord Elphinstone</p> + <p>Lord Belhaven and Stenton</p> + <p>Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">LONDON BOARD.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Chairman.</i>—Charles Graham, Esq.</p> + <p><i>Deputy-Chairman.</i>—Charles Downes, Esq.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>H. Blair Avarne, Esq.</p> + <p>E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., <i>Resident</i>.</p> + <p>C. Berwick Curtis, Esq.</p> + <p>William Fairlie, Esq.</p> + <p>D. Q. Henriques, Esq.</p> + <p>J. G. Henriques, Esq.</p> + <p>F. C. Maitland, Esq.</p> + <p>William Railton, Esq.</p> + <p>F. H. Thomson, Esq.</p> + <p>Thomas Thorby, Esq.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MEDICAL OFFICERS.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Physician.</i>—Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,</p> + <p>8. Bennett Street, St. James's.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Surgeon.</i>—F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is + as follows:—</p> + + +<table width="50%" class="allb" summary="Bonus added to Policies" title="Bonus added to Policies"> + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:20%" rowspan="2"> + <p>Sum<br /> + Assured</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:20%" rowspan="2"> + <p>Time<br /> + Assured.</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> + <p>Sum added to<br /> + Policy</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:20%" rowspan="2"> + <p>Sum<br /> Payable<br /> at + Death.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>In 1841.</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>In 1848.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ </i></p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right; width:20%"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right; width:20%"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>5000</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + <p>14 years</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>683 6 8 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>787 10 0 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>6470 16 8 </p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>* 1000</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + <p> 7 years</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>-</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>157 10 0 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1157 10 0 </p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>500</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + <p> 1 year</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>-</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>11 5 0 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>511 5 0 </p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>* <span class="sc">Example.</span>—At the commencement of the + year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1000<i>l.</i>, the + annual payment for which is 24<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; in 1847 he + had paid in premiums 168<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; but the profits + being 2¼ per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22<i>l.</i> + 10<i>s.</i> per annum for each 1000<i>l.</i>) he had 157<i>l.</i> + 10<i>s.</i> added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid.</p> + + <p>The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only + one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for + Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident + Director.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining + Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, + according to light.</p> + + <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the + choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their + Establishment.</p> + + <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used + in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.</p> + + <p>OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to + every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its + capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its + extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or + Portraits.</p> + + <p>Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing + Frames, &c. may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, + Barnsbury Road, Islington.</p> + + <p>New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES + of taste for fancy work,—by paying 21<i>s.</i> will be received as + members, and taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired + in a few easy lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment + and ready cash payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. + N.B. Ladies taught by letter at any distance from London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.—BARRY, DU BARRY + & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.</p> + + <p>THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual + remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves + fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, + intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, + dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhœa, acidity, + heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of + the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during + pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the + aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>A few out of 50,000 Cures</i>:—</p> + + <p>Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de + Decies:—"I have derived considerable benefit from your Revalenta + Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to + authorise the publication of these lines.—<span class="sc">Stuart + de Decies</span>."</p> + + <p>Cure, No. 49,832:—"Fifty years' indescribable agony from + dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, + sickness at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's + excellent food.—<span class="sc">Maria Jolly</span>, Wortham Ling, + near Diss, Norfolk."</p> + + <p>Cure, No. 180:—"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, + indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and + which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by + Du Barry's food in a very short time.—<span class="sc">W. R. + Reeves</span>, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."</p> + + <p>Cure, No. 4,208:—"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, + with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the + advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious + food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any + inquiries.—<span class="sc">Rev. John W. Flavell</span>, Ridlington + Rectory, Norfolk."</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.</i></p> + + <p class="author">"Bonn, July 19. 1852. + + <p>"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, + nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all + kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body, + as also diarrhœa, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and + bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of + the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and + hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most + satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, + where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and + bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the + troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the + conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of + incipient hectic complaints and consumption.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2hg3">"<span class="sc">Dr. Rud Wurzer</span>.</p> + <p class="hg3">"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>London Agents:—Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, + purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent + Street; and through all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine + venders. In canisters, suitably packed for all climates, and with full + instructions, 1lb. 2<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>; 2lb. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; + 5lb. 11<i>s.</i>; 12lb. 22<i>s.</i>; super-refined, 5lb. 22<i>s.</i>; + 10lb. 33<i>s.</i> The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of + Post-office order.—Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, + London.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Important Caution.</span>—Many invalids having + been seriously injured by spurious imitations under closely similar + names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to + see that each canister bears the name <span class="sc">Barry, Du Barry + & Co.</span>, 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which none + is genuine. <!-- Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page140"></a>{140}</span></p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.</p> + + <p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,</p> + + <p>(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)</p> + + <p>Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Agriculture, history of Scottish</p> + <p>Agricultural College examination papers</p> + <p>Annuals, new</p> + <p>Azaleas, to propagate</p> + <p>Books noticed</p> + <p>Brick burning, a nuisance</p> + <p>Cabbages, club in</p> + <p>Calendar, horticultural</p> + <p>—— agricultural</p> + <p>Carrot rot, by Dr. Reissek</p> + <p>Carts <i>v.</i> waggons</p> + <p>Cedar, gigantic</p> + <p>Cockroaches, to kill</p> + <p>Cycas revoluta, by Mr. Ruppen</p> + <p>Drainage bill, London</p> + <p>Forests, royal</p> + <p>Fruits, wearing out of</p> + <p>—— disease in stone, by M. Ysabeau</p> + <p>Fumigator, Geach's, by Mr. Forsyth</p> + <p>Guano, new source of</p> + <p>Honey, thin</p> + <p>Horticultural Society</p> + <p>Horticultural Society's garden</p> + <p>Machine tools</p> + <p>Manures, concentrated</p> + <p>—— liquid, by Mr. Bardwell</p> + <p>Marvel of Peru</p> + <p>Mechi's (Mr.) gathering</p> + <p>Mirabilis Jalapa</p> + <p>New Forest</p> + <p>Plant, hybrid</p> + <p>Potatoes, Bahama</p> + <p>Potato disease</p> + <p>—— origin of</p> + <p>Poultry, metropolitan show of</p> + <p>Races, degeneracy of</p> + <p>Roses, Tea</p> + <p>—— from cuttings</p> + <p>Soil and its uses, by Mr. Morton</p> + <p>Strawberry, Nimrod, by Mr. Spencer</p> + <p>Truffles, Irish</p> + <p>Vegetables, lists of</p> + <p>Violet, Neapolitan</p> + <p>Waggons and carts</p> + <p>Wax insects (with engraving)</p> + </div> + </div> +<hr class="short" > + + <p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in + addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and + Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, + Bark, Wool and Seed Markets, and a <i>complete Newspaper, with a + condensed account of all the transactions of the week</i>.</p> + + <p>ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper + Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">Now ready, price 25<i>s.</i>, Second Edition, revised +and corrected. Dedicated by Special Permission +to</p> + +<p class="cenhead">THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF +CANTERBURY.</p> + + <p>PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by + the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged + for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for + the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise <span + class="sc">System of Chanting</span>, by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor + and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price + 25<i>s</i>. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank, + Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for that amount: and, + by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music Warehouses.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our + Church and Cathedral Service."—<i>Times.</i></p> + + <p>"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this + country."—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p> + + <p>"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well + merits the distinguished patronage under which it + appears."—<i>Musical World.</i></p> + + <p>"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting + of a very superior character to any which has hitherto + appeared."—<i>John Bull.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Also, lately published,</p> + + <p>J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the + Chapel Royal St. James, price 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">ALPHABETS.</p> + + <p>SHAW'S HANDBOOK OF MEDIÆVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. 1853, 4to., 36 fine + Plates printed in Colours (published at 16<i>s.</i>), cloth, + 12<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>SILVESTRE, ALPHABET-ALBUM, folio, Paris, 1843, 60 large beautiful + Plates (published at 100 francs), half morocco, 20<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>ALPHABETS OF ALL THE ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL LANGUAGES, Leipsig, 1852, + royal 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>Also an extensive Collection of Works on Diplomatics, Mediæval + Charters, &c., by Astle, Montfaucon, Mabillon, and Rodriguez, on sale + by</p> + + <p>BERNARD QUARITCH, Second-hand Foreign Bookseller, 16. Castle Street, + Leicester Square.</p> + + <p>*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent Gratis for a Year on + prepayment of a Shilling in Postage Stamps.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains + the following articles:—1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. + 2. Madame de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of + Major P. Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary: + Bramber Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with + Engravings). 6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7. + Benjamin Robert Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers—Whitaker, + Surtees, and Raine. 9. Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early + History of the Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep + at the Library of Chichester Cathedral—Christ's Church at + Norwich—Rev. Wm. Smith of Melsonby—Godmanham and + Londesborough. With Reviews of New Publications, a Report of the Meeting + of the Archæological Institute at Chichester and of other Antiquarian + Societies, Historical Chronicle, and <span class="sc">Obituary</span>. + Price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28<i>s.</i> +cloth) of</p> + + <p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, + F.S.A.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Volume Three, 1272-1377.</p> + <p>Volume Four, 1377-1485.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Lately published, price 28<i>s.</i> cloth,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Volume One, 1066-1199.</p> + <p>Volume Two, 1199-1272.</p> + </div> + </div> +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore + take its stand in the permanent literature of our + country."—<i>Gent. 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Soho Square, +London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile +from an early MS. at Dulwich College, +price 1<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>CURIOSITIES OF MODERN SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By J. O. HALLIWELL, + ESQ., F.R.S.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, +London./<p class="cenhead"> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">Just published, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per dozen, or nicely +bound in cloth, 1<i>s.</i> each.</p> + + <p>MORMONISM: its HISTORY, DOCTRINES, and PRACTICES. By the REV. W. + SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A. (Late Scholar and Librarian of Queens' College, + Cambridge; Curate of St. Mark's, Kennington.)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster +Row; and 39. Kennington Gate, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5<i>s.</i> in cloth.</p> + + <p>SYMPATHIES of the CONTINENT, or PROPOSALS for a NEW REFORMATION. By + JOHN BAPTIST VON HIRSCHER, D.D., Dean of the Metropolitan Church of + Freiburg, Breisgau, and Professor of Theology in the Roman Catholic + University of that City. Translated and edited with Notes and + Introduction by the Rev. ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, M.A., Rector of St. + John's Church, Hartford, Connecticut, U. S.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The following work will be found a noble apology for the position + assumed by the Church of England in the sixteenth century, and for the + practical reforms she then introduced into her theology and worship. If + the author is right, then the changes he so eloquently urges upon the + present attention of his brethren ought to have been made <i>three + hundred years ago</i>; and the obstinate refusal of the Council of Trent + to make such reforms in conformity with Scripture and Antiquity, throws + the whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome, and not upon our + Reformers. The value of such admissions must, of course, depend in a + great measure upon the learning, the character, the position, and the + influence of the author from whom they proceed. The writer believes, that + questions as to these particulars can be most satisfactorily + answered."—<i>Introduction by Arthur Cleveland Coxe.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and +377. Strand, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class + X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all + Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold + London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver + Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, + 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior + Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. 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