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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 29, 2007 [EBook #23235]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{117}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 197.]
+SATURDAY, AUGUST 6. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                   Page
+  High Church and Low Church      117
+  Concluding Notes on several misunderstood Words, by
+  the Rev. W. R. Arrowsmith      120
+  Sneezing an Omen and a Deity, by T. J. Buckton      121
+  Abuses of Hackney Coaches      122
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby,
+  Thomas Falconer, &c.      123
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Falsified Gravestone in Stratford
+  Churchyard--Barnacles in the River Thames--Note
+  for London Topographers--The Aliases and Initials
+  of Authors--Pure--Darling's "Cyclopćdia Bibliographica"      124
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan      125
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--The Withered Hand and Motto
+  "Utinam"--History of York--"Hauling over the
+  coals"--Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury--Washington--Norman
+  of Winster--Sir Arthur Aston--"Jamieson
+  the Piper"--"Keiser Glomer"--Tieck's
+  "Comoedia Divina"--Fossil Trees between Cairo and
+  Suez: Stream like that in Bay of Argastoli--Presbyterian
+  Titles--Mayors and Sheriffs--The Beauty of
+  Buttermere--Sheer Hulk--The Lapwing or Peewitt
+  (Vanellus cristatus)--"Could we with ink," &c.--Launching
+  Query--Manliness      125
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Pues or Pews--"Jerningham"
+  and "Doveton"      127
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Battle of Villers en Couché, by T. C. Smith, &c.      127
+  Snail-eating, by John Timbs, &c.      128
+  Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &c.      129
+  Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead, by the
+  Rev. H. T. Ellacombe and R. W. Elliot      130
+  Who first thought of Table-turning? by John Macray      131
+  Scotchmen in Poland      131
+  Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick      132
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Glass Chambers
+  for Photography--Dr. Diamond's Replies--Trial of
+  Lenses--Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate
+  of Silver?      133
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burke's Marriage--The
+  House of Falahill--Descendants of Judas Iscariot--Milton's
+  Widow--Whitaker's Ingenious Earl--Are
+  White Cats deaf?--Consecrated Roses--The Reformed
+  Faith--House-marks--Trash--Adamsoniana--Portrait
+  of Cromwell--Burke's "Mighty Boar of
+  the Forest"--"Amentium haud Amantium"--Talleyrand's
+  Maxim--English Bishops deprived by Queen
+  Elizabeth--Gloves at Fairs--St. Dominic--Names of
+  Plants--Specimens of Foreign English, &c.      134
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.      138
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted       138
+  Notices to Correspondents      138
+  Advertisements      139
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH.
+
+_A Universal History of Party; with the Origin of Party Names_[1] would
+form an acceptable addition to literary history: "N. & Q." has contributed
+towards such a work some disquisitions on our party names _Whig_ and
+_Tory_, and _The Good Old Cause_. Such names as _Puritan_, _Malignant_,
+_Evangelical_[2], can be traced up to their first commencement, but some
+obscurity hangs on the mintage-date of the names we are about to consider.
+
+As a matter of fact, the distinction of _High Church_ and _Low Church_
+always existed in the Reformed English Church, and the history of these
+parties would be her history. But the _names_ were not coined till the
+close of the seventeenth century, and were not stamped in full relief as
+party-names till the first year of Queen Anne's reign.
+
+In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and Convocation assembled:
+
+    "From the deputies in Convocation at this period, the appellations
+    _High Church_ and _Low Church_ originated, and they were afterwards
+    used to distinguish the clergy. It is singular that the bishops[3] were
+    ranked among {118} the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138.; Calamy, i.
+    643.; Tindal's _Cont._, iv. 591.)"--Lathbury's _Hist. of the
+    Convocation_, Lond. 1842, p. 319.
+
+Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in matters of this kind, but
+if he use "originated" in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he is
+mistaken; as I am tolerably certain that I have met with the words several
+years before 1702. At the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands on a
+passage to support this assertion.
+
+The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a number of pamphlets, such as _A
+Caveat against High Church_, Lond. 1702, and _The Low Churchmen vindicated
+from the unjust Imputation of being No Churchmen, in Answer to a Pamphlet
+called "The Distinction of High and Low Church considered:_" Lond. 1706,
+8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's trial gave additional zest to the _dudgeon
+ecclesiastick_, and produced a shower of pamphlets. I give the title of one
+of them: _Pulpit War, or Dr. S----l, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr.
+H----ly, the Low Church Drum, engaged by way of Dialogue_, Lond. 1710, 8vo.
+
+To understand the cause of the exceeding bitterness and virulence which
+animated the parties denominated _High Church_ and _Low Church_, we must
+remember that until the time of William of Orange, the Church of England,
+_as a body_--her sovereigns and bishops, her clergy and laity--comes under
+the _former_ designation; while those who sympathised with the Dissenters
+were comparatively few and weak. As soon as William was head of the Church,
+he opened the floodgates of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what
+previously had been more or less external to it. This element, thus made
+part and parcel of the Anglican Church, was denominated _Low Church_.
+William supplanted the bishops and clergy who refused to take oaths of
+allegiance to him as king _de jure_; and by putting Puritans in their
+place, made the latter the dominant party. Add to this the feelings of
+exasperation produced by the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of the
+Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political and religious, for an
+irreconcilable feud. Add, again, the reaction resulting from the overthrow
+of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system, where a sham conformity was
+maintained by coercion; and the _Church-Papist_, as well as the
+_Church-Puritans_, with ill-concealed hankering after the mass and the
+preaching-house, by penal statutes were forced to do what their souls
+abhorred, and play the painful farce of attending the services of "The
+Establishment."
+
+A writer in a _High Church_ periodical of 1717 (prefacing his article with
+the passage from Proverbs vi. 27.) proceeds:
+
+    "The old way of attacking the Church of England was by mobs and
+    bullies, and hard sounds; by calling _Whore_, and _Babylon_, upon our
+    worship and liturgy, and kicking out our clergy as _dumb dogs_: but now
+    they have other irons in the fire; a new engine is set up under the
+    cloak and disguise of _temper, unity, comprehension, and the Protestant
+    religion_. Their business now is not to storm the Church, but to _lull
+    it to sleep_: to make us relax our care, quit our defences, and neglect
+    our safety.... These are the politics of their Popish fathers: when
+    _they_ had tried all other artifices, they at last resolved to sow
+    schism and division in the Church: and from thence sprang up this very
+    generation, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to set us one against
+    the other, and they gather up the stakes. _Hence the distinction of
+    High and Low Church._"--_The Scourge_, p. 251.
+
+In another periodical of the same date, in the Dedication "To the most
+famous University of Oxford," the writer says:
+
+    "These enemies of our religious and civil establishment have
+    represented you as instillers of _slavish doctrines and principles_ ...
+    if to give to God and Cćsar his due be such tow'ring, and _High Church_
+    principles, I am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce escape being
+    censured for _Tories_ and _Highflyers_."--_The Entertainer_, Lond.
+    1717.
+
+    "If those who have kept their first love, and whose robes have not been
+    defiled, endeavour to stop these innovations and corruptions that their
+    enemies would introduce, they are blackened for _High Church Papists_,
+    favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public
+    resentment."--_Ib._ p. 301.
+
+I shall now give a few extracts from _Low Church_ writers (quoted in _The
+Scourge_), who thus designate their opponents:
+
+    "A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and profane men, who
+    appropriate to themselves the name of _High Church_ (but may more
+    properly be said to be Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take
+    liberty to teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedition,
+    contentions, and divisions among the Protestants of this
+    kingdom."--_Motives to Union_, p. 1.
+
+    "These men glory in their being members of the _High Church_ (Popish
+    appellation, and therefore they are the more fond of that); but these
+    pretended sons are become her persecutors, and they exercise their
+    spite and lies both on the living and the dead."--_The Snake in the
+    Grass brought to Light_, p. 8.
+
+    {119}
+
+    "Our common people of the _High Church_ are as ignorant in matters of
+    religion as the bigotted Papists, which gives great advantage to our
+    Jacobite and Tory priests to lead them where they please, or to mould
+    them into what shapes they please."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 39.
+
+    "The minds of the populace are too much debauched already from their
+    loyalty by seditious arts of the _High Church faction_."--_Convocation
+    Craft_, p. 34.
+
+    "We may see how closely our present _Highflyers_ pursue the steps of
+    their Popish predecessors, in reckoning those who dispute the usurped
+    power of the Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they
+    please."--_Ib._ p. 30.
+
+    "All the blood that has been spilt in the late unnatural rebellion, may
+    be very justly laid at the doors of the _High Church
+    clergy_."--_Christianity no Creature of the State_, p. 16.
+
+    "We see what the _Tory Priesthood_ were made of in Queen Elizabeth's
+    time, that they were ignorant, lewd, and seditious: and it must be said
+    of 'em that they are true to the stuff still."--_Toryism the Worst of
+    the Two_, p. 21.
+
+    "_The Tories_ and _High Church_, notwithstanding their pretences to
+    loyalty, will be found by their actions to be the greatest rebels in
+    nature."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 20.
+
+Sir W. Scott, in his _Life of Dryden_, Lond. 1808, observes that--
+
+    "Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign, the _High-Church-men_
+    and the Catholics regarded themselves as on the same side in political
+    questions, and not greatly divided in their temporal interests. Both
+    were sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of the sectaries, both
+    were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate conversion had been common
+    between them, so early as since Milton made a reproach to the English
+    Universities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made within their
+    colleges: of those sheep--
+
+     'Whom the _grim wolf_ with privy paw
+      Daily devours apace, and nothing said.'"
+                  _Life_, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 272.
+
+I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir Walter's interpretation of
+that obscure passage in _Lycidas_, respecting which I made a Query (Vol.
+ii., p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the remark that in James II.'s
+reign, and at the time these party names originated, the Roman Catholics
+were in league with the Puritans or _Low Church_ party against the High
+Churchmen, which increased the acrimony of both parties.
+
+In those days religion was politics, and politics religion, with most of
+the belligerents. Swift, however, as if he wished to be thought an
+exception to the general rule, chose one party for its politics and the
+other for its religion.
+
+    "Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the opinions and scruples of
+    a _High Church_ clergyman... Such a distinction between opinions in
+    Church and State has not frequently existed: the _High Churchmen_ being
+    usually _Tories_, and the _Low Church_ divines universally
+    _Whigs_."--Scott's _Life_, 2nd edit.: Edin. 1824, p. 76.
+
+See Swift's _Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles
+and Commons of Athens and Rome:_ Lond. 1701.
+
+In his quaint _Argument against abolishing Christianity_, Lond. 1708, the
+following passage occurs:
+
+    "There is one advantage, greater than any of the foregoing, proposed by
+    the abolishing of Christianity: that it will utterly extinguish parties
+    among us by removing those factious distinctions of _High_ and _Low
+    Church_, of _Whig_ and _Tory_, Presbyterian and Church of England."
+
+Scott says of the _Tale of a Tub:_
+
+    "The main purpose is to trace the gradual corruptions of the Church of
+    Rome, and to exalt the English Reformed Church at the expense both of
+    the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was written with
+    a view to the interests of the _High Church_ party."--_Life_, p. 84.
+
+Most men will concur with Jeffrey, who observes:
+
+    "It is plain, indeed, that Swift's _High Church_ principles were all
+    along but a part of his selfishness and ambition; and meant nothing
+    else, than a desire to raise the consequence of the order to which he
+    happened to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no doubt he would
+    have treated the pretensions of the priesthood as he treated the
+    persons of all priests who were opposed to him, with the most bitter
+    and irreverent disdain."--_Ed. Rev._, Sept. 1846.
+
+The following lines are from a squib of eight stanzas which occurs in the
+works of Jonathan Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the door of
+St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of Swift's instalment (see Scott, p.
+174.):
+
+ "For _High Churchmen_ and policy,
+  He swears he prays most hearty;
+  But would pray back again to be
+  A Dean of any party."
+
+This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous memory, who, if I recollect
+aright, commenced his career thus:
+
+ "In good King Charles's golden days,
+      When loyalty no harm meant,
+  A zealous _High Churchman_ I was,
+      And so I got preferment."
+
+How widely different are the men we see classed under the title _High
+Churchmen!_ Evelyn and Walton[4], the gentle, the Christian; the arrogant
+Swift, and the restless Atterbury.
+
+It is difficult to prevent my note running beyond the limits of "N. & Q.,"
+with the ample {120} materials I have to select from; but I cannot wind up
+without a _definition_; so here are two:
+
+    "Mr. Thelwall says that he told a pious old lady, who asked him the
+    difference between _High Church_ and _Low Church_, 'The High Church
+    place the Church alcove Christ, the Low Church place Christ above the
+    Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same question was asked
+    of the famous South:--'Why,' said he, 'the High Church are those who
+    think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low Church are
+    those who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the Church."--Rev.
+    H. Newland's _Lecture on Tractarianism_, Lond. 1852, p. 68.
+
+The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived in the last century, are Dr.
+South, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Horne, Bp.
+Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage on "High Churchmen" in a charge
+of the latter to the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp. 34. 37.
+See also a charge of Bp. Atterbury (then Archdeacon of Totnes) to his
+clergy in 1703.
+
+JARLTZBERG.
+
+[Footnote 1: There is a book called _History of Party, from the Rise of the
+Whig and Tory Factions Chas. II. to the Passing of the Reform Bill_, by
+G. W. Cooke: Lond. 1836-37, 3 vols. 8vo.; but, as the title shows, it is
+limited in scope.]
+
+[Footnote 2: See Haweis's _Sermons on Evangelical Principles and Practice_:
+Lond. 1763, 8vo.; _The _True_ Churchmen ascertained; or, An Apology for
+those of the _Regular_ Clergy of the Establishment, who are sometimes
+called _Evangelical_ Ministers: occasioned by the Publications of Drs.
+Paley, Hey, Croft; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam, Polwhele, Fellowes; the
+Reviewers, &c._: by John Overton, A. B., York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See
+also the various memoirs of Whitfield, Wesley, &c.; and Sir J. Stephens
+_Essays_ on "The Clapham Sect" _and_ "The Evangelical Succession."]
+
+[Footnote 3: It is not so very "singular," when we remember that the
+bishops were what Lord Campbell and Mr. Macauley call "_judiciously_
+chosen" by William. On this point a cotemporary remarks, "Some steps have
+been made, and large ones too, towards _a Scotch_ reformation, by
+suspending and ejecting the chief and most zealous of our bishops, and
+others of the higher clergy; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees
+and dignities, ecclesiastical _men of notoriously Presbyterian, or, which
+is worse, of Erastian principles_. These are the ministerial ways of
+undermining Episcopacy; and when to the _seven notorious_ ones shall be
+added more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will make a majority;
+and then we may expect the new model of a church to be perfected." (Somers'
+_Tracts_, vol. x. p. 368.) Until Atterbury, there were few High Church
+Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Burnet singles out the Bishop of
+Chester: "for he seemed resolved to distinguish himself as a zealot for
+that which is called _High Church_."--_Hist. Own Time_, vol. iv. p. 260.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Of Izaak Walton his biographer, Sir John Hawkins, writing in
+1760, says, "he was a friend to a hierarchy, or, as we should now call such
+a one, a _High Churchman_."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS.
+
+(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 568.)
+
+Not being minded to broach any fresh matter in "N. & Q.," I shall now only
+crave room to clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself open to
+the imputation of having cast that in the teeth of a numerous body of men
+which might, for aught they would know to the contrary, be as truly laid in
+my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567., I affirmed that the handling of a
+passage in _Cymbeline_, there quoted, had betrayed an amount of obtuseness
+in the commentators which would be discreditable in a third-form schoolboy.
+To substantiate that assertion, and rescue the disputed word "Britaine"
+henceforth for ever from the rash tampering of the meddlesome sciolist, I
+beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the clause,--
+
+    "For being now a favourer to the Britaine,"
+
+is in apposition with _Death_, not with Posthumus Leonatus. In a note
+appended to this censure, referring to another passage from L. L. L., I
+averred that MR. COLLIER had corrupted it by chancing the singular verb
+_dies_ into the plural _die_ (this too done, under plea of editorial
+licence, without warning to the reader), and that such corruption had
+abstracted the true key to the right construction. To make good this last
+position, two things I must do first, cite the whole passage, without
+change of letter or tittle, as it stands in the Folios '23 and '32; next,
+show the trivial and vulgar use of "contents" as a singular noun. In Folio
+'23, thus:
+
+ "_Qu._ Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now;
+  That sport best pleases that doth least know how.
+  Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents
+  Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents:
+  Their forme confounded, makes most forme in mirth
+  When great things labouring perish in their birth."
+                          Act IV. p. 141.
+
+With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save that the speaker is
+_Prin._, not _Qu_.; _ore-rules_ is written as two words without the hyphen,
+and _strives_ for _striues_. I have been thus precise, because criticism is
+to me not "a game," nor admissive of cogging and falsification.
+
+I must now show the hackneyed use of _contents_ as a singular noun. An
+anonymous correspondent of "N. & Q." has already pointed out one in
+_Measure for Measure_, Act IV. Sc. 2.:
+
+    "_Duke_. The _contents_ of this is the returne of the Duke."
+
+Another:
+
+    "This is the _contents_ thereof."--Calvin's 82nd _Sermon upon Job_, p.
+    419., Golding's translation.
+
+Another:
+
+    "After this were articles of peace propounded, y^e _contents_ wherof
+    was, that he should departe out of Asia."--The 31st _Booke of Justine_,
+    fol. 139., Golding's translation of Justin's _Trogus Pompeius_.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Plinie writeth hereof an excellent letter, the _contents_ whereof is,
+    that this ladie, mistrusting her husband, was condemned to die,"
+    &c.--_Historicall Meditations_, lib. iii. chap. xi. p. 178. Written in
+    Latin by P. Camerarius, and done into English by John Molle, Esq.:
+    London, 1621.
+
+Another:
+
+    "The _contents_ whereof is this."--_Id._, lib. v. chap. vi. p. 342.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Therefore George, being led with an heroicall disdaine, and
+    nevertheless giuing the bridle beyond moderation to his anger,
+    vnderstanding that Albert was come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe
+    (without acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the
+    _contents_ whereof was," &c.--_Id._, lib. v. chap. xii. p. 366.
+
+If the reader wants more examples, let him give himself the trouble to open
+the first book that comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a dozen
+pages will supply some; yet have we two editors of Shakspeare, Johnson and
+Collier, so unacquainted with the usage of their own tongue, and the
+universal logic of thought, as not to know that a word like _contents_,
+according as it is understood collectively or distributively, may be, and,
+as we have just seen, in fact is, treated as a singular or plural; that, I
+say, _contents_ taken severally, every _content_, or in gross, the whole
+mass, is respectively plural or singular. It was therefore optional with
+Shakspeare to employ the word either as a singular or plural, but not in
+the same sentence to do both: here, however, he was tied {121} to the
+singular, for, wanting a rhyme to _contents_, the nominative to _presents_
+must be singular, and that nominative was the pronoun of _contents_. Since,
+therefore, the plural _die_ and the singular _it_ could not both be
+referable to the same noun _contents_, by silently substituting _die_ for
+_dies_, MR. COLLIER has blinded his reader and wronged his author. The
+purport of the passage amounts to this: the _contents_, or structure (to
+wit, of the show to be exhibited), breaks down in the performer's zeal to
+the subject which it presents. Johnson very properly adduces a much happier
+expression of the same thought from _A Midsummer Night's Dreame_:
+
+ "_Hip._ I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged;
+  And duty in his service perishing."
+
+The reader cannot fail to have observed the faultless punctuation of the
+Folios in the forecited passage, and I think concur with me, that like
+many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands of editors and
+commentators is, to be left alone. The last two lines ask for no
+explanation even to the blankest mind. Words like _contents_ are by no
+means rare in English. We have _tidings_ and _news_, both singular and
+plural. MR. COLLIER himself rebukes Malone for his ignorance of such usage
+of the latter word. If it be said that these two examples have no singular
+form, whereas _contents_ has, there is _means_, at any rate precisely
+analogous. On the other hand, so capricious is language, in defiance of the
+logic of thought, we have, if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural,
+in the word _corpse_ referred to a single carcase.
+
+I should here close my account with "N. & Q." were it not that I have an
+act of justice to perform. When I first lighted upon the two examples of
+_chaumbre_ in Udall, I thought, as we say in this country, it was a good
+"fundlas," and regarded it as my own property. It now appears to be but a
+waif or stray; therefore, _suum cuique_, I cheerfully resign the credit of
+it to MR. SINGER, the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the
+inspection of learned and unlearned, I of course foresaw that speedy
+sentence would be pronounced by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb
+and close to the surface, must needs first reach the light. I know no more
+appropriate mode of requiting the handsome manner in which MR. SINGER has
+been pleased to speak of my trifling contributions to "N. & Q.," than by
+asking him, with all the modesty of which I am master, to reconsider the
+passage in _Romeo and Juliet_; for though his substitution (_rumourers_
+vice _runawayes_) may, I think, clearly take the wall of any of its rivals,
+yet, believing that Juliet invokes a darkness to shroud her lover, under
+cover of which even the fugitive from justice might snatch a wink of sleep,
+I must for my own part, as usual, still adhere to the authentic text.
+
+W. R. ARROWSMITH.
+
+P. S.--In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist (Vol. viii., p. 44.), I crave
+leave to say that I never have met with the verb _perceyuer_ except in
+Hawes, _loc. cit._; and I gave the latest use that I could call to mind of
+the noun in my paper on that word. Unhappily I never make notes, but rely
+entirely on a somewhat retentive memory; therefore the instances that occur
+on the spur of the moment are not always the most apposite that might be
+selected for the purpose of illustration. If, however, he will take the
+trouble to refer to a little book, consisting of no more than 448 pages,
+published in 1576, and entitled _A Panoplie of Epistles, or a
+Looking-glasse for the Unlearned_, by Abraham Flemming, he will find no
+fewer than nine examples, namely, at pp. 25. 144. 178. 253. 277. 285.
+(twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites surprise that the word never,
+as far as I am aware, occurs in any of the voluminous works of Sir Thomas
+More, nor in any of the theological productions of the Reformers.
+
+With respect to _speare_, the orthography varies, as _spere_, _sperr_,
+_sparr_, _unspar_; but in the Prologue to _Troilus and Cressida_, _sperre_
+is Theobald's correction of _stirre_, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me add,
+what I had forgotten at the time, that another instance of _budde_
+intransitive, to bend, occurs at p. 105. of _The Life of Faith in Death_,
+by Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622. Also another, and a very
+significant one, of the phrase to _have on the hip_, in Fuller's _Historie
+of the Holy Warre_, Cambridge, 1647:
+
+    "Arnulphus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never challenge his
+    interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's donation; as fearing to _wrestle_
+    with the king, who _had him on the hip_, and could out him at pleasure
+    for his bad manners."--Book ii. chap. viii. p. 55.
+
+In my note on the word _trash_, I said (somewhat too peremptorily) that
+_overtop_ was not even a hunting term (Vol. vii., p. 567.). At the moment I
+had forgotten the following passage:
+
+    "Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting to get two or three
+    couple of tryed hounds, and once or twice a week to follow after them a
+    train-scent; and when he is able to _top_ them on all sorts of earth,
+    and to endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better relie on
+    his speed and toughness."--_The Hunting-horse_, chap. vii. p. 71.,
+    Oxford, 1685.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITY.
+
+In the _Odyssey_, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating the hexameters, the
+following passage:
+
+ "Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telemachus _sneez'd_ loud,
+  _Sounding around all the building_: his mother, with smiles at her son,
+      said,
+  Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to Eumćus,
+  {122}
+ 'Go then directly, Eumćus, and call to my presence the strange guest.
+  See'st thou not that my son, _ev'ry word I have spoken hath sneez'd
+      at_?[5]
+  Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful suitors,
+  All whom death and destruction await by a doom irreversive.'"
+
+Dionysius Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry (s. 24.), says, sneezing was
+considered by that poet as a good sign ([Greek: sumbolon agathon]); and
+from the Anthology (lib. ii.) the words [Greek: oude legei, Zeu sôson, ean
+ptaręi], show that it was proper to exclaim "God bless you!" when any one
+sneezed.
+
+Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxiii. 7.), inquires why sneezing is reckoned
+a God ([Greek: dia ti ton men ptarmon, theon hęgoumetha einai]); to which
+he suggests, that it may be because it comes from the head, the most divine
+part about us ([Greek: theiotatou tôn peri hęmas]). Persons having the
+inclination, but not the power to sneeze, should look at the sun, for
+reasons he assigns in Problems (xxxiii. 4.).
+
+Plutarch, on the Dćmon of Socrates (s. 11.), states the opinion which some
+persons had formed, that Socrates' dćmon was nothing else than the sneezing
+either of himself or others. Thus, if any one sneezed at his right hand,
+either before or behind him, he pursued any step he had begun; but sneezing
+at his left hand caused him to desist from his formed purpose. He adds
+something as to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze twice was usual in
+Aristotle's time; but once, or more than twice, was uncommon (Prob. xxxiii.
+3.).
+
+Petronius (_Satyr_. c. 98.) notices the "blessing" in the following
+passage:
+
+    "Giton collectione spiritus plenus, _ter_ continuo ita sternutavit, ut
+    grabatum concuteret. Ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus, _salvere_ Gitona
+    _jubet_."
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+[Footnote 5: The practice of snuff-taking has made the _sneezing_ at
+anything a mark of contempt, in these degenerate days.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ABUSES OF HACKNEY COACHES.
+
+    [The following proclamation on this subject is of interest at the
+    present moment.]
+
+By the King.
+
+A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney Coaches in the Cities of
+London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof.
+
+  Charles R.
+
+Whereas the excessive number of Hackney Coaches, and Coach Horses, in and
+about the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof, are
+found to be a common nuisance to the Publique Damage of Our People by
+reason of their rude and disorderly standing and passing to and fro, in and
+about our said Cities and Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being thereby
+pestred and made impassable, the Pavements broken up, and the Common
+Passages obstructed and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and sundry
+other mischiefs and evils occasioned:
+
+We, taking into Our Princely consideration these apparent Inconveniences,
+and resolving that a speedy remedy be applied to meet with, and redress
+them for the future, do, by and with the advice of our Privy Council,
+publish Our Royal Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by this Our
+Proclamation expressly charge and command, That no Person or Persons, of
+what Estate, Degree, or Quality whatsoever, keeping or using any Hackney
+Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after the Sixth day of November
+next, permit or suffer the said Coaches and Horses, or any of them, to
+stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages in or about Our said Cities
+either of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to either of
+them, to be there hired; but that they and every of them keep their said
+Coaches and Horses within their respective Coach-houses, Stables, and Yards
+(whither such Persons as desire to hire the same may resort for that
+purpose), upon pain of Our high displeasure, and such Forfeitures, Pains,
+and Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of Our Royal Commands in
+the Premises, whereof we shall expect a strict Accompt.
+
+And for the due execution of Our Pleasure herein, We do further charge and
+command the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London, That they in
+their several Wards, and Our Justices of Peace within Our said Cities of
+London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs thereof, and all
+other Our Officers and Ministers of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do
+take especial care in their respective Limits that this Our Command be duly
+observed, and that they from time to time return the names of all those who
+shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our Privy Council, and to the end
+they may be proceeded against by Indictments and Presentments for the
+Nuisance, and otherwise according to the severity of the Law and Demerits
+of the Offenders.
+
+Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day of October in the 12th year of
+Our Reign.
+
+GOD SAVE THE KING.
+
+London: Printed by John Bell and Christopher Barker, Printers to the King's
+most Excellent Majesty, 1660.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Pepys, in his _Diary_, vol. i. p. 152., under date 8th November, 1660,
+says:
+
+    "To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwithstanding this was the
+    first day of the King's {123} proclamation against hackney coaches
+    coming into the streets to stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me
+    home."
+
+T. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Passage in "The Tempest," Act I. Sc. 2._--
+
+ "The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,
+  But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,
+  Dashes the fire out."
+
+"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632," MR. COLLIER informs us, "has
+substituted _heat_ for 'cheek,' which is not an unlikely corruption, a
+person writing only by the ear."
+
+I should say very unlikely: but if _heat_ had been actually printed in the
+folios, without speculating as to the probability that the press-copy was
+written from dictation, I should have had no hesitation in altering it to
+_cheek_. To this I should have been directed by a parallel passage in
+_Richard II._, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been overlooked by MR. COLLIER:
+
+ "Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet
+  With no less terror _than the elements_
+  _Of fire and water, when their thundering shock_
+  _At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven_."
+
+Commentary here is almost useless. Every one who has any capacity for
+Shakspearian criticism must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote _cheek_, and
+not _heat_.
+
+The passage I have cited from _Richard II._ strongly reminds me of an old
+lady whom I met last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of Cumberland, &c.;
+and who, during a severe thunderstorm, expressed to me her surprise at the
+pertinacity of the lightning, adding, "I should think, Sir, that so much
+water in the heavens would have put all the fire out."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_The Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet_ (Vol. vii., p. 550.).--
+
+ "If the water come to the man."--_Shakspeare._
+
+The argument Shakspeare referred to was that contained in Plowden's Report
+of the case of Hales _v._ Petit, heard in the Court of Common Pleas in the
+fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was held that though the
+wife of Sir James Hale, whose husband was _felo-de-se_, became by
+survivorship the holder of a joint term for years, yet, on office found, it
+should be forfeited on account of the act of the deceased husband. The
+learned serjeants who were counsel for the defendant, alleged that the
+forfeiture should have relation to the act done in the party's lifetime,
+which was the cause of his death. "And upon this," they said, "the parts of
+the act are to be considered." And Serjeant Walsh said:
+
+    "The act consists of three parts. The first is the imagination, which
+    is a reflection or meditation of the mind, whether or no it is
+    convenient for him to destroy himself, and what way it can be done. The
+    second is the resolution, which is the determination of the mind to
+    destroy himself, and to do it in this or that particular way. The third
+    is the perfection, which is the execution of what the mind has resolved
+    to do. And this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning
+    and the end. The beginning is the doing of the act which causes the
+    death; and the end is the death, which is only the sequel to the act.
+    And of all the parts, the doing of the act is the greatest in the
+    judgment of our law, and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part
+    the law looks upon to be material. For the imagination of the mind to
+    do wrong, without an act done, is not punishable in our law; neither is
+    the resolution to do that wrong which he does not, punishable; but the
+    doing of the act is the only point the law regards, for until the act
+    is done it cannot be an offence to the world, and when the act is done
+    it is punishable. Then, here, the act done by Sir James Hale, which is
+    evil and the cause of his death, is the throwing of himself into the
+    water, and death is but a sequel thereof, and this evil act ought some
+    way to be punished. And if the forfeiture shall not have relation to
+    the doing of the act, then the act shall not be punished at all, for
+    inasmuch as the person who did the act is dead, his person cannot be
+    punished, and therefore there is no way else to punish him but by the
+    forfeiture of those things which were his own at the time of the act
+    done; and the act was done in his lifetime, and therefore the
+    forfeiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely, to that time of
+    his life in which he did the act which took away his life."
+
+And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown, and Lord Dyer, said:
+
+    "That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time of the original
+    offence committed, which was the cause of the death, and that was, the
+    throwing himself into the water, which was done in his lifetime, and
+    this act was felony."----"So that the felony is attributed to the act,
+    which act is always done by a living man and in his lifetime," as Brown
+    said; for he said, "Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his
+    death? It may be answered, By drowning. And who drowned him? Sir James
+    Hale. And when did he drown him? In his lifetime. So that Sir James
+    Hale being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die; and the act of the
+    living man was the death of the dead man. And then for this offence it
+    is reasonable to punish the living man who committed the offence, and
+    not the dead man. But how can he be said to be punished alive when the
+    punishment comes after his death? Sir, this can be done no other way
+    but by devesting out of him, from the time of the act done in his life,
+    which was the cause of his death, the title and property of those
+    things which he had in his lifetime."
+
+The above extract is long, but the work from which it is taken can be
+accessible to but very few {124} of your readers. Let them not, however,
+while they smile at the arguments, infer that those who took part in them
+were not deservedly among the most learned and eminent of our ancient
+judges.
+
+THOMAS FALCONER.
+
+Temple.
+
+_Shakspeare Suggestion_.--
+
+ "These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours;
+  Most busy--less when I do it."
+                  _Tempest_, Act III. Sc. 1.
+
+I fear your readers will turn away from the very sight of the above. Be
+patient, kind friends, I will be brief. Has any one suggested--
+
+ "Most busy, least when I do"?
+
+The words in the folio are
+
+ "Most busy _lest_, when I do it."
+
+The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense requires that the thoughts should
+be "most busy" whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's time,
+"lest" was a common spelling for _least_.
+
+ICON.
+
+_Shakspeare Controversy._--I think the Shakspeare Notes contained in your
+volumes are not complete without the following quotation from _The Summer
+Night_ of Ludwig Tieck, as translated by Mary Maynard in the _Athen._ of
+June 25, 1853. Puck, in addressing the sleeping boy Shakspeare, says:
+
+ "After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp,
+    Loud strife among the herd of little minds:
+  Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page,
+    But all the clearer will thy glory shine."
+
+CERIDWEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard._--The following instance of
+a recent forgery having been extensively circulated, may lead to more
+careful examination by those who take notes of things extraordinary.
+
+The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was repaired about the year 1839; and
+some of the workmen having their attention directed to the fact, that many
+persons who had attained to the full age of man were buried in the
+churchyard; and, wishing "for the honour of the place," to improve the
+note-books of visitors, set about manufacturing an extraordinary instance
+of longevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-the-way place, in which
+there happened to be a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was cut in
+this space, and the age at death then stood 172. The sexton was either
+deceived, or assented to the deception; as the late vicar, the Rev. J.
+Clayton, learned that it had become a practice with him (the sexton) to
+show strangers this gravestone, so falsified, as a proof of the
+extraordinary age to which people lived in the parish. The vicar had the
+fraudulent figure erased at once, and lectured the sexton for his
+dishonesty.
+
+These facts were related to me a few weeks since by a son of the late
+vicar. And as many strangers visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a note"
+of this falsified age, "N. & Q." may now correct the forgery.
+
+ROBERT RAWLINSON.
+
+_Barnacles in the River Thames._--In Porta's _Natural Magic_, Eng. trans.,
+Lond. 1658, occurs the following curious passage:
+
+    "Late writers report that not only in Scotland, but also in the river
+    of Thames by London, there is a kind of shell-fish in a two-leaved
+    shell, that hath a foot full of plaits and wrinkles: these fish are
+    little, round, and outwardly white, smooth and beetle-shelled like an
+    almond shell; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as it were of moss
+    and mud; they commonly stick in the keel of some old ship. Some say
+    they come of worms, some of the boughs of trees which fall into the
+    sea; if any of them be cast upon shore they die, but they which are
+    swallowed still into the sea, live and get out of their shells, and
+    grow to be ducks or such like birds(!)."
+
+It would be curious to know what could give rise to such an absurd belief.
+
+SPERIEND.
+
+_Note for London Topographers._--
+
+ "The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Greenwich,
+  for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms
+  for the Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered
+  Nov. 2, 1668, and undertaken by His Majesty's command
+  signified to me by the Hon. Samuel Pepys, Esq.,
+  Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty:
+
+                                                Ł s. d.
+
+ "For a Shield for the middle of the
+  front of the said office towards the Thames,
+  containing the Anchor of Lord High Admiral
+  of England with the Imperial Crown
+  over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and
+  6 foot broad, I having found the timber,
+  &c.                                           30 0 0
+
+ "For the King's Arms at large, with
+  ornaments thereto, designed for the pediment
+  of the said front, the same being in
+  the whole 15 foot long and 9 foot high, I
+  finding timber, &c.                           73 15 0
+
+                                              ---------
+                                              Ł103 15 0"
+
+Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132.
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+_The Aliases and Initials of Authors._--It has often occurred to me that it
+would save much useless inquiry and research, if a tolerable list could be
+collected of the principal authors who have published their works under
+assumed names or initials: thus, "R. B. Robert Burton," _Nathaniel Crouch_,
+"R. F. Scoto-Britannicus," _Robert Fairley_, &c. The commencement of a new
+volume of {125} "N. & Q." affords an excellent opportunity for attempting
+this. If the correspondents of "N. & Q." would contribute their mites
+occasionally with this view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little
+doubt but a very valuable list might be obtained. For the sake of
+reference, the whole contributions obtained could then be amalgamated, and
+alphabetically arranged.
+
+PERTHENSIS.
+
+_Pure._--In visiting an old blind woman the other day, I was struck with
+what to me was a peculiar use of the word _pure_. Having inquired after the
+dame's health, and been assured that she was much better, I begged her not
+to rise from the bed on which she was sitting, whereupon she said, "Thank
+you, Sir, I feel quite _pure_ this morning."
+
+OXONIENSIS.
+
+Oakridge, Gloucestershire.
+
+_Darling's "Cyclopćdia Bibliographica._"--The utility of Mr. Darling's
+_Cyclopćdia Bibliographica_ is exemplified by the solution conveyed under
+the title "Crellius," p. 813, of the following difficulty expressed by Dr.
+Hey, the Norrisian professor (_Lectures_, vol. iii. p. 40.):
+
+    "Paul Crellius and John Maclaurin seem to have been of the same way of
+    thinking with John Agricola. Nicholls, on this Article [Eighth of the
+    Thirty-nine Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book _De Libertate
+    Christiana_, but I do not find it anywhere. A speech of his is in the
+    _Bodleian Dialogue_, but not this work."
+
+Similar information might have been received by your correspondent (Vol.
+vii., p. 381.), who inquired whether Huet's _Navigations of Solomon_ was
+ever published. In the Cyclopćdia reference is made to two collections in
+which this treatise has been inserted, _Crit. Sac_., viii.; _Ugolinus_,
+vii. 277. With his usual accuracy, Mr. Darling states there are additions
+in the _Critici Sacri_ printed at Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise
+above referred to is not in the first edition, London, 1660.
+
+BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+DELFT MANUFACTURE.
+
+I am extremely desirous of obtaining some information respecting the Dutch
+manufactories of enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call it.
+
+On a former occasion, by your connexion with the _Navorscher_, you were
+able to obtain for me some very valuable and interesting information in
+reply to some question put respecting the Dutch porcelain manufactories. I
+am therefore in hopes that some kind correspondent in Holland will be so
+obliging as to impart to me similar information on this subject also. I
+should wish to know--
+
+When, by whom, at what places, and under what circumstances, the
+manufacture of enamelled pottery was first introduced into Holland?
+
+Whether there were manufactories at other towns besides Delft?
+
+Whether they had any distinctive marks; and, if so, what were they?
+
+Whether there was more than one manufactory at Delft; and, if so, what were
+their marks, and what was the meaning of them?
+
+Whether any particular manufactories were confined to the making of any
+particular sort or quality of articles; and, if so, what were they?
+
+Whether any of the manufactories have ceased; and, if so, at what period?
+
+Also, any other particulars respecting the manufactories and their products
+that it may be possible to communicate through the medium of a paper like
+"N. & Q."
+
+OCTAVIUS MORGAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_The Withered Hand and Motto "Utinam."_--At Compton Park, near Salisbury,
+the seat of the Penruddocke family, there is a three-quarter length
+picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gentleman in a rich dress of black
+velvet, with broad lace frill and cuffs, and ear-rings, probably of the
+latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His right hand, which he displays
+somewhat prominently, is _withered_. The left one is a-kimbo, and less
+seen. In the upper part of the painting is the single Latin word "UTINAM"
+(O that!). There is no tradition as to who this person was. Any suggestion
+on the subject would gratify
+
+J.
+
+_History of York._--Who is the author of a _History of York_, in 2 vols.,
+published at that city in 1788 by T. Wilson and R. Spence, High Ousegate? I
+have seen it in several shops, and heard it attributed to Drake; and
+obtained it the other day from an extensive library in Bristol, in the
+Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's _Eboracum_. Several allusions in
+the first volume to his work, however, render it impossible to be ascribed
+to him. It is dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir William Mordaunt
+Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart., who was mayor at the time.
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+_"Hauling over the coals."_--What is the origin and meaning of the phrase,
+"Hauling one over the coals;" and where does it first appear?
+
+FABER.
+
+_Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury._--Can any of your readers give me any
+information respecting the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's Bury,
+referred to in the extracts from the _Post Boy_ and Gough's _Topography_,
+quoted by MR. BALLARD in Vol. vii., p. 617.?
+
+BURIENSIS.
+
+_Washington._--Anecdotes relative to General Washington, President of the
+United States, {126} intended for a forthcoming work on the "Homes of
+American Statesmen," will be gratefully received for the author by
+
+JOSEPH STANSBURY.
+
+26. Parliament Street.
+
+_Norman of Winster._--Can any of your correspondents afford information
+bearing on the family of Norman of Winster, county of Derby?
+
+"John Norman of Winster, county of Derby, married, in 1715 or 1716, to Jane
+(_maiden name_ particularly wanted). The said J. Norman married again in
+1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted also).
+
+I shall be particularly obliged to any one affording such information.
+
+W.
+
+_Sir Arthur Aston._--I shall be much obliged, should any of your very
+numerous correspondents be able to inform me in which part or parish, of
+the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier Sir Arthur Aston resided
+_upon his return_ from the foreign wars in which he had been for so many
+years engaged; and _previously_ to the rupture between Charles I. and the
+Houses of Parliament.
+
+I believe one of his daughters, about the same period, married a gentleman
+residing in the same county: also that George Tattersall, Esq., of
+Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the same county of Berkshire,
+was a near relative.
+
+CHARTHAM.
+
+_"Jamieson the Piper."_--I am anxious to ascertain who was the author of
+the above ditty; it was very popular in Aberdeenshire about the beginning
+of this century. The scene, if I remember rightly, is laid in the parish of
+Forgue, in Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members of the Spalding Club
+may be able to enlighten me on the subject.
+
+BATHENSIS.
+
+_"Keiser Glomer."_--I have a Danish play entitled _Keiser Glomer, Frit
+oversatte af det Kyhlamske vech C. Bredahl_: Kiobenhavn, 1834. It is a
+mixture of tragedy and farce: the former occasionally good, the latter poor
+buffoonery. In the notes, readings of the old MS. are referred to with
+apparent seriousness; but _Gammel Gumba's Saga_ is quoted in a manner that
+seems burlesque. I cannot find the word "Kyhlam" in any dictionary. Can any
+of your readers tell me whether it signifies a real country, or is a mere
+fiction? The work does not read like a translation; and, if one, the number
+of modern allusions show that it is not, as it professes to be, from an
+ancient manuscript.
+
+M. M. E.
+
+_Tieck's Comoedia Divina._--I copied the following lines six years ago from
+a review in a Munich newspaper of Batornicki's _Ungöttliche Comödie_. They
+were cited as from Tieck's suppressed (zurückgezogen) satire, _La Comödie
+Divina_, from which Batornicki was accused of plundering freely, thinking
+that, from its variety, he would not be detected:
+
+ "Spitzt so hoch ihr könnt euer Ohr,
+  Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen hier vor.
+  Gott Vater identifieirt sich mit der Kreatur,
+  Denn er will anschauen die absolute Natur;
+  Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeihen,
+  Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien."
+
+I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the lines as remarkable. I have
+since tried to find some account of _La Divina Comedia_, but in vain. It is
+not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can any of your readers tell me what
+it is, or who wrote it?
+
+M. M. E.
+
+_Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez_--_Stream like that in Bay of
+Argastoli._--Can any of your readers oblige me by stating where the best
+information may be met with concerning the very remarkable fossil trees on
+the way from Cairo to Suez? And, if there has yet been discovered any other
+stream or rivulet running from the ocean into the land similar to that in
+the Bay of Argastoli in the Island of Cephalonia?
+
+H. M.
+
+_Presbyterian Titles_ (Vol. v., p. 516.).--Where may be found a list of
+"the quaint and uncouth titles of the old Presbyterians?"
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_Mayors and Sheriffs._--Can you or any of your readers inform me which
+ought to be considered the principal officer, or which is the most
+important, and which ought to have precedence of the other, the mayor of a
+town or borough, or the sheriff of a town or borough? and is the mayor
+merely the representative of the town, and the sheriff of the Queen; and if
+so, ought not the representative of majesty to be considered more
+honourable than the representative of merely a borough; and can a sheriff
+of a borough claim to have a grant of arms, if he has not any previous?
+
+A SUBSCRIBER.
+
+Nottingham.
+
+_The Beauty of Buttermere._--In an article contributed by Coleridge to the
+_Morning Post_ (vid. _Essays on his own Times_, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says:
+
+    "It seems that there are some circumstances attending her birth and
+    true parentage, which would account for her striking superiority in
+    mind and manners, in a way extremely flattering to the prejudices of
+    rank and birth."
+
+What are the circumstances alluded to?
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+_Sheer Hulk._--Living in a maritime town, and hearing nautical terms
+frequently used, I had always supposed this term to mean an old vessel,
+{127} with sheers, or spars, erected upon it, for the purpose of masting
+and unmasting ships, and was led to attribute the use of it, by Sir W.
+Scott and other writers, for a vessel totally dismasted, to their ignorance
+of the technical terms. But of late it has been used in the latter sense by
+a writer in the _United Service Magazine_ professing to be a nautical man.
+I still suspect that this use of the word is wrong, and should be glad to
+hear on the subject from any of your naval readers.
+
+I believe that the word "buckle" is still used in the dockyards, and among
+seamen, to signify to "bend" (see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 375.), though
+rarely.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_The Lapwing or Peewitt_ (_Vanellus cristatus_).--Can any of your
+correspondents, learned in natural history, throw any light upon the
+meaning in the following line relative to this bird?--
+
+ "The blackbird far its hues shall know,
+    As _lapwing_ knows the vine."
+
+In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the hawthorn; but what
+the _lapwing_ has to do with the _vine_, I am at a loss to know. Having
+forgotten whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one will favor me
+with the author's name.
+
+J. B. WHITBORNE.
+
+_"Could we with ink," &c._--Could you, or any of your numerous and able
+correspondents, inform me who is the _bonâ fide_ author of the following
+lines?--
+
+ "Could we with ink the ocean fill,
+    And were the heavens of parchment made,
+  Were every stalk on earth a quill,
+    And every man a scribe by trade;
+  To write the love of God above,
+    Would drain the ocean dry;
+  Nor could the scroll contain the whole,
+    Though stretched from sky to sky."
+
+NAPHTALI.
+
+_Launching Query._--With reference to the accident to H.M.S. Cćsar at
+Pembroke, I would ask, Is there any other instance of a ship, on being
+launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to move in spite of all
+efforts to start her?
+
+A. B.
+
+_Manliness._--Query, What is the meaning of the word as used in "N. & Q.,"
+Vol. viii., p. 94., col. 2. l. 12.
+
+ANONYMOUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Pues or Pews._--Which is the _correct_ way of spelling this word? What is
+its derivation? Why has the form _pue_ been lately so much adopted?
+
+OMEGA.
+
+    [The abuses connected with the introduction of pues into churches have
+    led to an investigation of their history, as well as to the etymology
+    of the word. Hence the modern adoption of its original and more correct
+    orthography, that of _pue_; the Dutch _puye_, _puyd_, and the English
+    _pue_, being derived from the Latin _podium_. In Vol. iii., p. 56., we
+    quoted the following as the earliest notice of the word from the
+    _Vision of Piers Plouman_:
+
+     "Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sute
+      Yparroked in _pues_. The person hit knoweth."
+
+    Again, in _Richard III._, Act IV. Sc. 4.: "And makes her _pue-fellow_
+    with others moan."--In Decker's _Westward Hoe_: "Being one day in
+    church, she made mone to her _pue-fellow_."--And in the _Northern Hoe_
+    of the same author: "He would make him a _pue-fellow_ with lords."--See
+    a paper on _The History of Pews_, read before the Cambridge Camden
+    Society, Nov. 22, 1841.]
+
+_"Jerningham" and "Doveton."_--Who was the author of _Jerningham_ and
+_Doveton_, two admirable works of fiction published some twelve or fifteen
+years ago? They are equal to anything written by Bulwer Lytton or by James.
+
+J. MT.
+
+    [The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHÉ.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 8.)
+
+I possess a singular work, consisting of a series of _Poetical Sketches_ of
+the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, written, as the title-page asserts, by an
+"officer of the Guards;" who appears to have been, from what he
+subsequently states, on the personal staff of His Royal Highness the late
+Duke of York. This work, I have been given to understand, was suppressed
+shortly after its publication; the ludicrous light thrown by its pages on
+the conduct of many of the chief parties engaged in the transactions it
+records, being no doubt unpalatable to those high in authority. From the
+notes, which are valuable as appearing to emanate from an eye-witness, and
+sometimes an actor in the scenes he describes, I send the following
+extracts for the information of your correspondent; premising that the
+letter to which they are appended is dated from the "Camp at Inchin, April
+26, 1794."
+
+    "As the enemy were known to have assembled in great force at the Camp
+    de Cćsar, near Cambray, Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would
+    make a _reconnoissance_ in that direction: accordingly, on the evening
+    of the 23rd, Major-General Mansel's brigade of heavy cavalry was
+    ordered about a league in front of their camp, where they lay that
+    night at a farm-house, forming _part_ of a detachment under General
+    Otto. Early the next morning, an attack was made on the French drawn up
+    in front of the village of Villers en Couchée (between Le Cateau and
+    Bouchain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and two squadrons of
+    Austrian Hussars: they charged the enemy with such velocity and force,
+    that, darting through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry
+    formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat {128} precipitately
+    and in great confusion, under cover of the ramparts of Cambray; with a
+    loss of 1200 men, and three pieces of cannon. The only British officer
+    wounded was Captain Aylett: sixty privates fell, and about twenty were
+    wounded.
+
+    "Though the heavy brigade was formed at a distance under a brisk
+    cannonade, while the light dragoons had so glorious an opportunity of
+    distinguishing themselves, there are none who can attach with propriety
+    any blame on account of their unfortunate delay; for which General Otto
+    was surely, as having the command, alone accountable, and not General
+    Mansel, who acted at all times, there is no doubt, according to the
+    best of his judgment for the good of the service.
+
+    "The Duke of York had, on the morning of the 26th, observed the left
+    flank of the enemy to be unprotected; and, by ordering the cavalry to
+    wheel round and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity of
+    gaining the highest credit by defeating the French army so much
+    superior to them in point of numbers.
+
+    "General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the enemy, devoted himself
+    to death; and animated by his example, that _very_ brigade performed
+    such prodigies of valour, as must have convinced the world that
+    Britons, once informed _how to act_, justify the highest opinion that
+    can possibly be entertained of their native courage. Could such men
+    have _ever_ been willingly _backward_? Certainly not.
+
+    "General Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, anxious to
+    save his father's life, had darted forwards, and was taken prisoner,
+    and carried into Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that
+    there was not, on the 26th, _a single French soldier_ left in the town,
+    as Chapuy had drawn out the whole garrison to augment the army destined
+    to attack the camp of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately
+    known at the time, a detachment of the British army might easily have
+    marched along the Chaussée, and taken possession of the place ere the
+    Republicans could possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat
+    described a circuitous detour of some miles."
+
+MR. SIMPSON will perceive, from the above extracts, that the brilliant
+skirmish of Villers en Couché took place on April 24th; whereas the defeat
+of the French army under Chapuy did not occur until two days later. A large
+quantity of ammunition and thirty-five pieces of cannon were then captured;
+and although the writer does not mention the number who were killed on the
+part of the enemy, yet, as he states that Chapuy and near 400 of his men
+were made prisoners, their loss by death was no doubt proportionately
+large.
+
+The 15th Hussars have long borne on their colours the memorable words
+"Villers en Couché" to commemorate the daring valour they displayed on that
+occasion.
+
+T. C. SMITH.
+
+In Cruttwell's _Universal Gazetteer_ (1808), this village, which is five
+miles north-east of Cambray, is described as being "remarkable for an
+action between the French and the Allies on the 24th of April, 1794." The
+following officers of the 15th regiment of light dragoons are there named
+as having afterwards received crosses of the Order of Maria Theresa for
+their gallant behaviour, from the Emperor of Germany, viz.:
+
+    "Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt. Edw. Michael Ryan,
+    Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft, Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel
+    Blount, Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos. Wilson."
+
+D. S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNAIL-EATING.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 33.)
+
+The Surrey snails referred to by H. T. RILEY, are thus mentioned by Aubrey
+in his account of Box Hill:
+
+    "On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and in those of Sussex,
+    are the biggest snails that ever I saw, twice or three times as big as
+    our common snails, which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias
+    Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought from Italy, and
+    scattered them on the Downs hereabouts, and between Albury and Horsley,
+    where are the biggest of all."
+
+Again, Aubrey, in his _Natural History of Wiltshire_, says:
+
+    "The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in Surrey (twice as big as
+    ours) were brought from Italy by * * * Earle Marshal, about
+    1638."--Aubrey's _History_, p. 10., edited by John Britton, F.S.A.,
+    published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847.
+
+The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's _Surrey_, I have quoted in my
+_Promenade round Dorking_, 2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and have added in a
+note:
+
+    "This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is probably from this snail
+    account that the error, ascribing the planting of the box (on Box Hill)
+    to one of the Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought
+    thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accustomed to dress and
+    eat them for a consumptive complaint."
+
+When I lived at Dorking (1815-1821) a breed of large white snails was found
+on Box Hill.
+
+JOHN TIMBS.
+
+MR. H. T. RILEY is informed that the breed of white snails he refers to is
+to be plentifully found in the neighbourhood of Shere. I have found them
+frequently near the neighbouring village of Albury, on St. Martha's Hill,
+and I am told they are to be met with in the lanes as far as Dorking. I
+have always heard that they were imported for the use of a lady who was in
+a consumption; but who this was, or when it happened, I have never been
+able to ascertain.
+
+NEDLAM.
+
+The breed of large white snails is to be found all along the escarpment of
+the chalk range, and is {129} not confined to Surrey. It is said to have
+been introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, and was considered very
+nutritious and wholesome for consumptive patients. About the end of the
+last century I was in the habit of collecting a few of the common garden
+snails from the fruit-trees, and taking them every morning to a lady who
+was in a delicate state of health; she took them boiled or stewed, or
+cooked in some manner with milk, making a mucilaginous drink.
+
+E. H.
+
+I have somewhere read of the introduction of a foreign breed of snails into
+Cambridgeshire, I forget the exact locality, for the table of the monks who
+imported them; but unfortunately it was before I commenced making "notes"
+on the subject, and I have not been able to recollect where to find it.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 76.)
+
+This inscription is not "in Earl Bathurst's park," as your correspondent A.
+SMITH says, but is in Oakley Woods, situated at some three or four miles'
+distance from Cirencester, and being separated and quite distinct from the
+park; nor is the inscription correctly copied. Rudder, in his new _History
+of Gloucestershire_, 1779, says:
+
+    "Concealed as it were in the wood stands Alfred's Hall, a building that
+    has the semblance of great antiquity. Over the door opposite to the
+    south entrance, on the inside, is the following inscription in the
+    Saxon character and language [of which there follows a copy]. Over the
+    south door is the following Latin translation:
+
+    "'Foedus quod Ćlfredus & Gythrunus reges, omnes _Anglia sapientes, &
+    quicunq_; Angliam in_c_olebant orientalem, ferierunt; & non solum de
+    seipsis, verum etiam de nat_i_s suis, ac nondum in lucem editis,
+    quotquot misericordić divinć aut regić vel_i_nt esse participes
+    jurejurando sanxerunt.
+
+    "'Primň ditionis nostrć fines ad T_h_amesin evehunt_u_r, inde ad Leam
+    usq; ad fontem ejus; t_u_m recta ad Bedfordiam, ac deniq; per Usam ad
+    viam Vetelin_g_ianam.'"
+
+I copy from Rudder, with the stops and contracted "et's," as they stand in
+his work; though I think the original has points between each word, as
+marked by A. SMITH.
+
+The omissions and mistakes of your correspondent (which you will perceive
+are important) are marked in Italics above.
+
+Rudder adds,--
+
+    "Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the chimney-piece, on
+    which, in ancient characters relieved on the stone, is this
+    inscription:
+
+     'IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO . 1085.'
+
+    "It would have been inexcusable in the topographer to have passed by so
+    curious a place without notice; but the historian would have been
+    equally culpable who should not have informed the reader that this
+    building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The name, the
+    inscription, and the writing over the doors, of the convention between
+    the good king and his pagan enemies, were probably all suggested by the
+    similarity of _Achelie_, the ancient name of this place, to _Ćcglea_,
+    where King Alfred rested with his army the night before he attacked the
+    Danish camp at Ethandun, and at length forced their leader Godrum, or
+    Guthrum, or Gormund, to make such convention."
+
+It is many years since I saw the inscription, and then I made no note of
+it; but I have no doubt that Rudder has given it correctly, because when I
+was a young man I was intimately acquainted with him, who was then an aged
+person; and a curious circumstance that occurred between us, and is still
+full in my memory, impressed me with the idea of his great precision and
+exactness.
+
+I would remark on the explanation given by Rudder, that the _Iglea_ of
+Asser is supposed by Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir Richard Colt Hoare to
+be _Clayhill_, eastward of Warminster; and _Ethandun_ to be _Edington_,
+about three miles eastward of Westbury, both in Wilts.
+
+Asser says that, "in the same year," the year of the battle, "the army of
+the pagans, departing from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to
+_Cirencester_, where they remained one year."
+
+On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hostages to Alfred; and it is
+probable that, if any treaty was made between them, it was made immediately
+after the battle; and not that Alfred came from his fortress of
+_Ćthelingay_ to meet Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay after
+leaving Chippenham.
+
+If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it might have been at
+Alfred's Hall near Cirencester, especially if _Hampton_ (Minchinhampton in
+Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from Oakley Wood, be the real
+site of the great and important battle, as was, a few years since, very
+plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moffatt, in a paper inserted, with the
+signature "J. M. M.," in Brayley's _Graphic and Historical Illustrator_, p.
+106. _et seq._, 1834.
+
+The mention of Rudder's History brings to my mind an inscription over the
+door of Westbury Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in the
+village of Westbury in this county. This mansion was taken down during the
+minority of Maynard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the estate.
+Rudder, in his account of that parish, has preserved the inscription--
+
+           "D.
+          O. M.
+  N. M. M. H. E. P. N. C."
+
+He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo Maximo," and says the
+subsequent line contains the initials of the following hexameter:
+
+ "Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus,"
+
+{130} alluding to the successive descent of property from one generation to
+another.
+
+Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to tell me whether the above
+line be original, or copied, and from whom.
+
+P. H. FISHER.
+
+Stroud.
+
+The agreement referred to is no other than the famous treaty of peace
+between Alfred and Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an initial
+"L." for a "G.," among various other inaccuracies for which your
+correspondent is perhaps not responsible, has been disguised under the form
+of "Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the commencement of the
+treaty, which is stated, in Turner's _Anglo-Saxons_, book iv. ch. v., to be
+still extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's [Greek:
+Archaionomia], p. 36.:--
+
+    "Foedus quod Aluredus & Gythrunus reges ex sapientum Anglorum, atque
+    eorum omnium qui orientalem incolebant Angliam consulto ferierunt, in
+    quod prćterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de natis suis,
+    ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltem misericordić divinć aut
+    regić velint esse participes), jurarunt.
+
+    "Primo igitur ditionis nostrć fines ad Thamesim fluvium evehuntor: Inde
+    ad Leam flumen profecti, ad fontem ejus deferuntor: tum rectŕ ad
+    Bedfordiam porriguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam
+    Vetelingianam desinunto."
+
+Another translation will be found in Wilkins's _Leges Anglo-Saxonicć_, p.
+47., and the Saxon original in both. As to the boundaries here defined, see
+note in Spelman's _Alfred_, p. 36.
+
+At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve months after his baptism,
+according to his treaty with Alfred. (See _Sim. Dunelm. de gestis Regum
+Anglorum_, sub anno 879.)
+
+J. F. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOUS CUSTOM OF RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 55.)
+
+W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield, Massachusets, asks "if this
+custom ever did, or does now exist in the mother country?" The curiosity is
+that your worthy Querist has never heard of it! Dating from _Malta_, it may
+be he has never been in our _ringing island_: for it must be known to every
+Englishman, that the custom, varying no doubt in different localities,
+exists in every parish in England.
+
+The _passing bell_ is of older date than the canon of our church, which
+directs "that when any is passing out of this life, a bell shall be tolled,
+and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. And after the party's
+death, if it so fall out, then shall be rung no more than one short peal."
+
+It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep up this custom of their
+mother country.
+
+In this parish, the custom has been to ring as quickly after death as the
+sexton can be found; and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known persons,
+sensible of their approaching death, direct the bell at once to be tolled.
+
+Durand, in his _Rituals of the Roman Church_, says: "For expiring persons
+bells must be tolled, that people may put up their prayers: this must be
+done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man." And such is still the
+general custom: either before or after the _knell_ is rung, to toll three
+times _three_, or three times _two_, at intervals, to mark the sex.[6]
+
+"Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any use of a bell; but there is
+every reason to believe that--
+
+    "the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to quote from
+    Brewster's _Ency._) originated in the darkest ages, but with a
+    different view from that in which they are now employed. It was to
+    avert the influence of Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors
+    did not originate in this imaginary virtue, while they preserved the
+    practice, it is certain they believed the mere noise had the same
+    effect; and as, according to their ideas, evil spirits were always
+    hovering around to make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells
+    struck them with terror. We may trace the practice of tolling bells
+    during funerals to the like source. This has been practised from times
+    of great antiquity: the bells being muffled, for the sake of greater
+    solemnity, in the same way as drums are muffled at military funerals."
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Rectory, Clyst St. George.
+
+At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence of a death in the parish, a
+bell is tolled quickly for about the space of ten minutes; and before
+ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a man, six if a woman, and
+three if a child. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the custom is
+now almost peculiar to the north of England; but in ancient times it must
+have been very general according to Durandus, who has the following in his
+_Rationale_, lib. i. cap. 4. 13.:
+
+    "Verum aliquo moriente, campanć debent pulsari; ut populus hoc audiens,
+    oret pro illo. Pro muliere quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit
+    asperitatem.... Pro viro vero ter pulsator.... Si autem clericus sit,
+    tot vicibus simpulsatur, quot ordines habuit ipse. Ad ultimum vero
+    compulsari debet cum omnibus campanis, ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit
+    orandum."--Mr. Strutt's _Man. and Cust._, iii. 176.
+
+{131} Also a passage is quoted from an old English Homily, ending with:
+
+    "At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be ronge, as his knyll, in
+    worscheppe of the Trinetee; and for a womanne, who was the secunde
+    persone of the Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen."
+
+In addition to the intention of the "passing-bell," afforded by Durandus
+above, it has been thought that it was rung to drive away the evil spirits,
+supposed to stand at the foot of the bed ready to seize the soul, that it
+might "gain start." Wynkyn de Worde, in his _Golden Legend_, speaks of the
+dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to this subject, Wheatly, in his
+work on the Book of Common Prayer, chap. xi. sec. viii. 3., says:
+
+    "Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former ages, calls in the
+    minister, and others who are at hand, to assist their brother in his
+    last extremity."
+
+The 67th canon enjoins that, "when any one is passing out of this life, a
+bell shall be tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty.
+And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there shall be rung _no
+more than one short peal_."
+
+Several other quotations might be adduced (vid. Brand's _Antiq._, vol. ii.
+pp. 203, 204. from which much of the above has been derived) to show that
+"one short peal" was ordered only to be rung after the Reformation: the
+custom of signifying the sex of the deceased by a certain number of knells
+must be a relic, therefore, of very ancient usage, and unauthorised by the
+Church.
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+[Footnote 6: This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for a woman, is
+thus explained in an ancient Homily on Trinity Sunday:--"At the deth of a
+manne, three bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the Trinitie.
+And for a woman, who was the second person of the Trinitie, two bells
+should be ronge."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TURNING?
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 57.)
+
+Respecting the origin of this curious phenomenon in America, I am not able
+to give your correspondent, J. G. T. of Hagley, any information; but it may
+interest him and others among the readers of "N. & Q." to have some account
+of what appears to be the first recorded experiment, made in Europe, of
+table-moving. These experiments are related in the supplement (now lying
+before me) to the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ of April 4, by Dr. K. Andrée, who
+writes from Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated March 30, and begins
+by stating that the whole town had been for eight days preceding in a state
+of most peculiar excitement, owing to a phenomenon which entirely absorbed
+the attention of all, and about which no one had ever thought before the
+arrival of the American steam-ship "Washington" from New York. Dr. Andrée
+proceeds to relate that the information respecting table-moving was
+communicated in a letter, brought through that ship, from a native of
+Bremen, residing in New York, to his sister, who was living in Bremen, and
+who, in her correspondence with her brother, had been rallying him about
+the American spirit-rappings, and other Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so
+rampant in the United States. Her brother instanced this table-moving,
+performed in America, as no delusion, but as a fact, which might be
+verified by any one; and then gave some directions for making the
+experiment, which was forthwith attempted at the lady's house in Bremen,
+and with perfect success, in the presence of a large company. In a few days
+the marvellous feat, the accounts of which flew like wildfire all over the
+country, was executed by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen. The subject
+was one precisely adapted to excite the attention and curiosity of the
+imaginative and wonder-loving Germans; and, accordingly, in a few days
+after, a notice of the strange phenomenon appeared in _The Times_, in a
+letter from Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading journal, the
+facts and experiments became rapidly diffused over the world, and have been
+repeated and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the experiment and its
+results are now brought within the domain of practical science, we may hope
+to see them soon freed from the obscurity and uncertainty which still
+envelope them, and assigned to their proper place in the wondrous system of
+"Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our being."
+
+JOHN MACRAY.
+
+Oxford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.)
+
+    "Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of the sixteenth
+    century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree unknown in any other part of
+    Europe, where generally the Protestants were persecuted by the
+    Romanists, or the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united to
+    commercial advantages, and a wide field for the exercise of various
+    talents, attracted to Poland crowds of foreigners, who fled their
+    native land on account of religious persecution; and many of whom
+    became, by their industry and talents, very useful citizens of their
+    adopted country. There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen, &c., Italian and
+    French Protestant congregations. A great number of Scotch settled in
+    different parts of Poland; and there were Scotch Protestant
+    congregations not only in the above-mentioned towns, but also in other
+    places, and a particularly numerous one at Kieydany, a little town of
+    Lithuania, belonging to the Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch
+    families settled in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who arrived
+    in that country before the Reformation, but became its most zealous
+    adherents. This family rose, by its wealth, and the great merit of
+    several of its members, to the highest dignities of the state, but
+    became extinct during the seventeenth century. There are even now in
+    Poland many families of Scotch descent belonging to the class of
+    nobles; as, for instance, {132} the Haliburtons, Wilsons, Ferguses,
+    Stuarts, Haslers, Watsons, &c. Two Protestant clergymen of Scotch
+    origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed some sacred poetry. But the
+    most conspicuous of all the Polish Scotchmen is undoubtedly Dr. John
+    Johnstone [born in Poland 1603, died 1675], perhaps the most remarkable
+    writer of the seventeenth century on natural history. It seems, indeed,
+    that there is a mysterious link connecting the two distant countries;
+    because, if many Scotsmen had in bygone days sought and found a second
+    fatherland in Poland, a strong and active sympathy for the sufferings
+    of the last-named country, and her exiled children, has been evinced in
+    our own times by the natives of Scotland in general, and by some of the
+    most distinguished amongst them in particular. Thus it was an eminent
+    bard of Caledonia, the gifted author of _The Pleasures of Hope_, who,
+    when
+
+     'Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime,'
+
+    has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her liberty, a
+    halo of glory which will remain unfaded as long as the English language
+    lasts. The name of Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland;
+    but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley Stuart] which is
+    enshrined in the heart of every true Pole."--From Count Valerian
+    Krasinski's _Sketch of the Religious History of the Sclavonic Nations_,
+    p. 167.: Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851.
+
+J. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.)
+
+I think THE WRITER OF "COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE UNSEEN WORLD" would have
+some difficulty in referring to the works on which he based the statement
+that "it was a tradition in Mexico that when that form (the cross) should
+be victorious, the old religion should disappear, and that a similar
+tradition attached to it at Alexandria." He doubtless made the statement
+from memory, and unintentionally confounded two distinct facts, viz. that
+the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and had prophetic intimations of the
+downfall of their nation and religion by the oppression of bearded
+strangers from the East. The quotation by MR. PEACOCK at p. 549., quoted
+also in Purchas' _Pilgrims_, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that
+the cross was worshipped in Mexico prior to the Spanish invasion, and
+therefore it was impossible that the belief mentioned by THE WRITER, &c.
+could have prevailed.
+
+On the first discovery of Yucatan,--
+
+    "Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses, evidently
+    objects of worship."--Prescott's _Mexico_, vol. i. p. 203.
+
+Mr. Stephens, in his _Central America_, vol. ii., gives a representation of
+one of these crosses. The cross on the Temple of Serapis, mentioned in
+Socrates' _Ecc. Hist._, was undoubtedly the well-known _Crux ansata_, the
+symbol of life. It was as the latter that the heathens appealed to it, and
+the Christians explained it to them as fulfilled in the Death of Christ.
+
+MR. PEACOCK asks for other instances: I subjoin some.
+
+In _India_.--The great pagoda at Benares is built in the form of a cross.
+(Maurice's _Ind. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 31., City, Tavernier.)
+
+On a Buddhist temple of cyclopean structure at Mundore (Tod's _Rajasthan_,
+vol. i. p. 727.), the cross appears as a sacred figure, together with the
+double triangle, another emblem of very wide distribution, occurring on
+ancient British coins (Camden's _Britannica_), Central American buildings
+(Norman's _Travels in Yucatan_), among the Jews as the Shield of David
+(Brucker's _History of Philosophy_), and a well-known masonic symbol
+frequently introduced into Gothic ecclesiastical edifices.
+
+In _Palestine_.--
+
+    "According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and Maimonides, when the
+    priest sprinkled the blood of the victim on the consecrated cakes and
+    hallowed utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of a
+    _cross_. The same symbol was used when the kings and high priests were
+    anointed."--Faber's _Horć Mosaicć_, vol. ii. p. 188.
+
+See farther hereon, Deane on _Serpent Worship_.
+
+In _Persia_.--The trefoil on which the sacrifices were placed was probably
+held sacred from its cruciform character. The cross ([+]) occurs on Persian
+buildings among other sacred symbols. (R. K. Porter's _Travels_, vol. ii.)
+
+In _Britain_.--The cross was formed by baring a tree to a stump, and
+inserting another crosswise on the top; on the three arms thus formed were
+inscribed the names of the three principal, or triad of gods, _Hesus_,
+_Belenus_, and _Taranis_. The stone avenues of the temple at Classerniss
+are arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's _Antiquities of Cornwall_.)
+
+In _Scandinavia_.--The hammer of Thor was in the form of the cross; see in
+Herbert's _Select Icelandic Poetry_, p. 11., and Laing's _Kings of Norway_,
+vol. i. pp. 224. 330., a curious anecdote of King Hacon, who, having been
+converted to Christianity, made the sign of the cross when he drank, but
+persuaded his irritated Pagan followers that it was the sign of Thor's
+hammer.
+
+The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the utmost reverence by his
+followers, who were called the children of Thor, who in the last day would
+save themselves by his mighty hammer. The fiery cross, so well known by
+Scott's vivid description, was originally the hammer of Thor, which in
+early Pagan, as in later Christian times, was used as a summons to convene
+the people either to council or to war. (Herbert's _Select Icelandic
+Poetry_, p. 11.)
+
+EDEN WARWICK.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+{133}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Glass Chambers for Photography._--I am desirous to construct a small glass
+chamber for taking portraits in, and shall be much obliged if you can
+assist me by giving me instructions how it should be constructed, or by
+directing me where I shall find clear and sufficient directions, as to
+dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is it essential that it should be
+all of violet-coloured glass, ground at one side, as that would add a good
+deal to the expense? or will white glass, with thin blue gauze curtains or
+blinds, answer?
+
+Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accompanied with such woodcut
+illustrations as would be necessary to render the description complete, and
+such as an artificer could work by, would confer a boon on many amateur
+photographers, as well as your obliged servant,
+
+C. E. F.
+
+    [In the construction of a photographic house, we beg to inform our
+    correspondent that it is by no means needful to use entirely
+    violet-coloured glass, but the roof thereof exposed to the rays of the
+    sun should be so protected; for although the light is much subdued, and
+    the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is taken away, yet but
+    few of the actinic rays are obstructed. It has been proposed to coat
+    the interior with smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished;
+    but this does not appear to have answered. Calico, both white and
+    coloured, has also been used, but it is certainly not so effectual or
+    pleasant. Upon the whole, we think that the main things to attend to
+    are, firmness in its construction, so as to avoid vibration; ample
+    size, so as to allow not only of room for the operator, but also for
+    the arrangements of background, &c., and the sides to open so as to
+    allow a free circulation of air; blinds to be _applied at such spots
+    only_ as shall be found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small
+    closet should be provided, admitting only yellow light, which may be
+    effectually accomplished by means of yellow calico. A free supply of
+    water is indispensable, which may be conveyed both to and from by means
+    of the gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We apprehend,
+    however, that the old proverb, "You must cut your coat according to
+    your cloth," is most especially applicable to our querist, for not only
+    must the house be constructed according to the advantages afforded by
+    the locality, but the amount of expense will be very differently
+    thought of by different persons: one will be content with any moderate
+    arrangement which will answer the purpose, where another will be
+    scarcely satisfied unless everything is quite of an _orné_ character.]
+
+_Dr. Diamond's Replies._--I am sorry I have not before replied to the
+Queries of your correspondent W. F. E., contained in Vol. viii., p. 41.;
+but absence from home, together with a pressure of public duties here, has
+prevented me from so doing.
+
+1st. No doubt a _small_ portion of nitrate of potash is formed when the
+iodized collodion is immersed in the bath of nitrate of silver, by mutual
+decomposition; but it is in so small a quantity as not to deteriorate the
+bath.
+
+2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much longer than is generally
+supposed; at the beginning of last month I obtained a tolerably good
+portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a small bottle brought to me
+by Mr. Archer in September 1850; and I especially notice this fact, as it
+is connected with the first introduction of the use of collodion in
+England. Generally speaking, I do not find that it deteriorates in two or
+three months; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing solution will
+generally restore it, unless it has become rotten: this, I think, is the
+case when the gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the acid. The
+redness which collodion assumes by age, may also be discharged by the
+addition of a few drops of liquor ammonić, but I do not think it in any way
+accelerates its activity of action.
+
+3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes called, "inhaling ether," has
+been deprived of the alcohol which the common ether contains, and it will
+not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol is restored to it. I would
+here observe that an excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens the
+collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance, rendering it much more
+difficult to use by its slowness in flowing over the glass plate, as well
+as producing a less even surface than when nearly all ether is used. A
+collodion, however, with thirty-five per cent. of spirits of wine, is very
+quick, allowing from its less tenacious quality a more rapid action of the
+nitrate of silver bath.
+
+4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-dissolve the iodide of
+silver, but the results are by no means so satisfactory; the cost of pure
+iodide of potassium bought at a _proper market_ is certainly very
+inconsiderable compared to the disappointment resulting from a false
+economy.
+
+H. W. DIAMOND.
+
+Surrey County Asylum.
+
+_Trial of Lenses._--When you want to try a lens, first be sure that the
+slides of your camera are correctly constructed, which is easily done.
+Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper printed in small type;
+focus this on your ground glass with the assistance of a magnifying-glass;
+now take the slide which carries your plate of glass, and if you have not a
+piece of ground glass at hand, insert a plate which you would otherwise
+excite in the bath after the application of collodion, but now _dull_ it by
+touching it with putty. Observe whether you get an equally clear and
+well-focussed picture on this; if you do, you may conclude there is no
+fault in the construction of your camera.
+
+Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and place the pieces on the
+row of squares which run {134} from corner to corner; focus the middle one,
+whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a picture; you will soon see
+whether the one best in the visual focus is the best on the picture, or
+whether the piece one or more squares in advance or behind it is clearer
+than the one you had previously in focus. The chess-board must be set
+square with the camera, so that each piece is farther off by one square. To
+vary the experiment, you may if you please stick a piece of printed paper
+on each piece, which a little gum or common bees'-wax will effect for you.
+
+In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in obtaining a focus, cut a
+slip of newspaper about four inches long, and one and a half wide, and turn
+up one end so as it may be held between the lips, taking care that the rest
+be presented quite flat to the camera; with the help of a magnifying-glass
+set a correct focus to this, and afterwards draw in the tube carrying the
+lenses about one-sixteenth of a turn of the screw of the rackwork. This
+will give a medium focus to the head: observe, as the length of focus in
+different lenses varies, the distance the tube is moved must be learned by
+practice.
+
+W. M. F.
+
+_Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver?_--Some time ago I
+made a few ounces of a solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing
+positives; this I have kept in a yellow coloured glass bottle with a ground
+stopper.
+
+I have, however, been much alarmed, and refrained from using it or taking
+out the stopper, lest danger should arise, in consequence of reading in Mr.
+Delamotte's _Practice of Photography_, p. 95. (vide "Ammonia Solution"):
+
+    "If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the stopper of the bottle in
+    which it is kept, the least friction will cause it to explode
+    violently; it is therefore better to keep none prepared."
+
+As in pouring this solution out and back into the bottle, of course the
+solution will dry around the stopper, and, if this account is correct, may
+momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will feel obliged by being
+informed by some of your learned correspondents whether any such danger
+exists.
+
+HUGH HENDERSON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Burke's Marriage_ (Vol. vii., p. 382.).--Burke married, in 1756, the
+daughter of Dr. Nugent of Bath. (See _Nat. Cycl., s.v._ "Burke.")
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_The House of Falahill_ (Vol. vi., p. 533.).--As I have not observed any
+notice taken of the very interesting Query of ABERDONIENSIS, regarding this
+ancient baronial residence, I may state that there is a Falahill, or
+Falahall, in the parish of Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it
+be the Falahill referred to by Nisbet as having been so profusely
+illuminated with armorial bearings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs.
+Laing, Wilson, or Cosmo Innes might be able to give some information about
+this topographical and historical mystery.
+
+STORNOWAY.
+
+_Descendants of Judas Iscariot_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--There is a
+collection of traditions as to this person in extracts I have among my
+notes, which perhaps you may think fit to give as a reply to MR. CREED'S
+Query. It runs as follows:
+
+    "On dit dans l'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas Iscariot est né ŕ
+    Sablé; lŕ-dessus on a fait ce vers:
+
+     'Perfidus Judćus Sabloliensis erat.'
+
+    "Les Bretons disent de męme qu'il est né au Normandie entre Caen et
+    Rouen, et ŕ ce propos ils recitent ces vers.
+
+             'Judas étoit Normand,
+                  Tout le monde le dit--
+              Entre Caen et Rouen,
+                  Ce malheureux naquit.
+      Il vendit son Seigneur pour trente mares contants.
+      Au diable soient tous les Normands.'
+
+    "On dit de męme sans raison que Judas avoit demeuré ŕ Corfou, et qu'il
+    y est né. Pietro della Valle rapporte dans ses _Voyages_ qu'étant ŕ
+    Corfou on lui montra par rareté un homme que ceux du pays assuroient
+    ętre de la race du traître Judas--quoiqu'il le niât. C'est un bruit qui
+    court depuis long tems en cette contrée, sans qu'on en sache la cause
+    ni l'origine. Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemaďs (autrement de l'Acre)
+    disoit de męme sans raison que dans une tour de cette ville on avoit
+    fabriqué les trente deniers pour lesquelles Judas avoit vendu nôtre
+    Seigneur, et pour cela ils appelloient cette tour la _Tour Maudite_."
+
+This is taken from the second volume of _Menagiana_, p. 232.
+
+J. H. P. LERESCHE.
+
+Manchester.
+
+_Milton's Widow_ (Vol. viii., p. 12.).--The information once promised by
+your correspondent CRANMORE still seems very desirable, because the
+statements of your correspondent MR. HUGHES are not reconcilable with two
+letters given in Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on Milton,
+pages 37-8., to which tract I beg to refer MR. HUGHES, who may not have
+seen it. These letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the writer of
+them, had only _two aunts_, neither of whom could have been Mrs. Milton, as
+she must have been if she was the daughter of the writer's grandfather,
+Randall Minshull. Probably this Elizabeth died in infancy, which the
+Wistaston parish register may show, and which register would perhaps also
+show (supposing Milton took his wife from Wistaston) the wanting marriage;
+or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull family, that parish register
+would most likely {135} disclose his third marriage, which certainly did
+not take place sooner than 1662.
+
+GARLICHITHE.
+
+_Whitaker's Ingenious Earl_ (Vol. viii., p. 9.).--It was a frequent saying
+of Lord Stanhope's, that he had taught law to the Lord Chancellor, and
+divinity to the Bishops; and this saying gave rise to a caricature, where
+his lordship is seated acting the schoolmaster with a rod in his hand.
+
+E. H.
+
+_Are White Cats deaf?_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--In looking up your Numbers
+for April, I observe a Minor Query signed SHIRLEY HIBBERD, in which your
+querist states that in all white cats stupidity seemed to accompany the
+deafness, and inquires whether any instance can be given of a white cat
+possessing the function of hearing in anything like perfection.
+
+I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at the advanced age of upwards
+of seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is
+remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than cats are usually given
+credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog
+than of a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its eyes are perfectly
+blue, with round pupils, not elongated as those of cats usually are. It
+occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has not at all
+resulted in deafness.
+
+H.
+
+_Consecrated Roses_ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.; Vol. viii., p. 38.).--From
+the communication of P. P. P. it seems that the origin of the consecration
+of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was "en reconnaissance" of a
+singular privilege granted to the abbey of St. Croix. Can your
+correspondent refer to any account of the origin of the consecration or
+blessing of the sword, cap, or keys?
+
+G.
+
+_The Reformed Faith_ (Vol. vii., p. 359.).--I must protest against this
+term being applied to the system which Henry VIII. set up on his rejecting
+the papal supremacy, which on almost every point but that one was pure
+Popery, and for refusing to conform to which he burned Protestants and
+Roman Catholics at the same pile. It suited Cobbett (in his _History of the
+Reformation_), and those controversialists who use him as their text-book,
+to confound this system with the doctrine of the existing Church of
+England, but it is to be regretted that any inadvertence should have caused
+the use of similar language in your pages.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_House-marks_ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--It appears to me that the
+_house-marks_ he alluded to may be traced in what are called _merchants'
+marks_, still employed in marking bales of wool, cotton, &c., and which are
+found on tombstones in our old churches, _incised_ in the slab during the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and which till lately puzzled the
+heralds. They were borne by merchants who had no arms.
+
+E. G. BALLARD.
+
+_Trash_ (Vol. vii., p. 566.).--The late Mr. Scatchard, of Morley, near
+Leeds, speaking in Hone's _Table Book_ of the Yorkshire custom of
+_trashing_, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a wedding party, says:
+
+    "Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day called 'a trash,'
+    yet it did not, certainly, give the name to the nuisance. To 'trash'
+    originally signified to clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any
+    one (see Todd's _Johnson_); and, agreeably to this explanation, we find
+    the rope tied by sportsmen round the necks of fleet pointers to tire
+    them well, and check their speed, is hereabouts universally called
+    'trash cord,' or 'dog trash.' A few miles distant from Morley, west of
+    Leeds, the 'Boggart' or 'Barguest,' the Yorkshire Brownie is called by
+    the people the _Gui-trash_, or _Ghei-trash_, the usual description of
+    which is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal, _encumbered_
+    with a chain round its neck, which is heard to rattle in its movements.
+    I have heard the common people in Yorkshire say, that they 'have been
+    _trashing_ about all day;' using it in the sense of having had a tiring
+    walk or day's work.
+
+    "East of Leeds the 'Boggart' is called the _Padfoot_."
+
+G. P.
+
+_Adamsoniana_ (Vol. vii., p. 500.).--Michel Ada_n_son (not Ada_m_son), who
+has left his name to the gigantic Baobab tree of Senegal (_Adansonia
+digitata_), and his memory to all who appreciate the advantages of a
+natural classification of plants--for which Jussieu was indebted to
+him--was the son of a gentleman, who after firmly attaching himself to the
+Stuarts, left Scotland and entered the service of the Archbishop of Aix.
+The _Encyclopćdia Britannica_, and, I imagine, almost all biographical
+dictionaries and similar works, contain notices of him. His devoted life
+has deserved a more lengthened chronicle.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires respecting the family of Michel
+Adamson, or Michael Adamson, is informed that in France, the country of his
+birth, the name is invariably written "Ada_n_son;" while the author of
+_Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the Roses_, is described as "John
+Ada_m_son." Both names are pronounced alike in French; but the difference
+of spelling would seem adverse to the supposition that the family of the
+botanist was of Scottish extraction.
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+_Portrait of Cromwell_ (Vol. viii., p. 55.).--The portrait inquired after
+by MR. RIX is at the British Museum. Being placed over the cases in the
+long gallery of natural history, it is extremely difficult to be seen.
+
+JOHN BRUCE.
+
+{136}
+
+_Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"_ (Vol. iii., p. 493.; Vol. iv., p.
+391.).--It is not, I hope, too late to notice that Burke's description of
+Junius is an allusion neither to the _Iliad_, xiii. 471., nor to Psalm
+lxxx. 8-13., but to the _Iliad_, xvii. 280-284. I cannot resist quoting the
+lines containing the simile, at once for their applicability and their own
+innate beauty:
+
+ "[Greek: Ithusen de dia promachôn, sui eikelos alkęn]
+  [Greek: Kapriôi, host' en oressi kunas thalerous t' aizęous]
+  [Greek: Rhęidiôs ekedassen, elixamenos dia bęssas.]
+  [Greek: Ôs huios Telamônos]."
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+"_Amentium haud Amantium_" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--The following English
+translation may be considered a tolerably close approximation to the
+alliteration of the original: "Of dotards not of the doting." It is found
+in the Dublin edition of _Terence_, published by J. A. Phillips, 1845.
+
+C. T. R.
+
+Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a translation of this passage,
+"Of _dotards_, not of the _doting_." Whatever may be its merits in other
+respects, it is at all events a more perfect alliteration than the other
+attempts which have been recorded in "N. & Q."
+
+ERICA.
+
+Warwick.
+
+When I was at school I used to translate the phrase "Amentium haud
+amantium" (Ter. _Andr_., i. 3. 13.) "_Lunatics, not lovers_." Perhaps that
+may satisfy FIDUS INTERPRES.
+
+[Pi]. [Beta].
+
+A friend of mine once rendered this "_Lubbers, not lovers_."
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_Talleyrand's Maxim_ (Vol. vi., p. 575.; Vol. vii., p. 487.).--Young's
+lines, to which Z. E. R. refers, are:
+
+ "Where Nature's end of language is declined,
+  And men talk only to conceal their mind."
+
+With less piquancy, but not without the germ of the same idea, Dean Moss
+(ob. 1729), in his sermon _Of the Nature and Properties of Christian
+Humility_, says:
+
+    "Gesture is an artificial thing: men may stoop and cringe, and bow
+    popularly low, and yet have ambitious designs in their heads. And
+    _speech is not always the just interpreter of the mind_: men may use a
+    condescending style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of
+    themselves."--_Sermons_, &c., 1737, vol. vii. p. 402.
+
+COWGILL.
+
+_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. vii., pp. 260. 344.
+509.).--The following particulars concerning one of the Marian Bishops are
+at A. S. A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., sometime student, and, in 1553,
+Master of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, was made Vice-Chancellor of
+that University in 1554-5; and had the temporalities of the See of Chester
+handed to him by Queen Mary in 1556. He was one of Cardinal Pole's
+delegates to the University of Cambridge, and was concerned in most of the
+political movements of the day. He, and four other bishops, with as many
+divines, undertook to defend the principles and practices of the Romish
+Church against an equal number of Reformed divines. On the 4th of April he
+was confined, either in the Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language
+towards Queen Elizabeth; but having by some means or other escaped from
+_durance_, he retired to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's
+_Foedera_, about 1560.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. vii., _passim._).--To the list of markets at which
+a glove was, or is, hung out, may be added Newport, in the Isle of Wight.
+But a Query naturally springs out of such a note, and I would ask, Why did
+a glove indicate that parties frequenting the market were exempt from
+arrest? What was the glove an emblem of?
+
+W. D--N.
+
+As the following extract from Gorr's _Liverpool Directory_ appears to bear
+upon the point, and as it does not seem to have yet attracted the attention
+of any of your correspondents, I beg to forward it:--
+
+    "Its (_i.e._ Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and 11th Nov. Ten
+    days before and ten days after each fair-day, a hand is exhibited in
+    front of the Town-hall, which denotes protection; during which time no
+    person coming to or going from the town on business connected with the
+    fair can be arrested for debt within its liberty."
+
+I have myself frequently observed the "hand," although I could not discover
+any appearance of a fair being held.
+
+R.
+
+_St. Dominic_ (Vol. vii., p. 356.).--Your correspondent BOOKWORM will find
+in any chronology a very satisfactory reason why Machiavelli could not
+reply to the summons of Benedict XIV., unless, indeed, the Pope had made
+use of "the power of the keys," to call him up for a brief space to satisfy
+his curiosity.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Names of Plants_ (Vol. viii., p. 37.).--Ale-hoof means useful in, or to,
+ale; Ground-ivy having been used in brewing before the introduction of
+hops. "The women of our northern parts" (says John Gerard), "especially
+about Wales or Cheshire, do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof into their ale ...
+being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the head from rhumaticke
+humours flowing from the brain." From the aforesaid tunning, it was also
+called Tun-hoof (_World of Words_); and in Gerard, Tune-hoof. {137}
+
+Considering what was meant by Lady in the names of plants, we should
+refrain from supposing that _Neottia spiralis_ was called the Lady-traces
+"sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled in such matters than I am
+can detect such a sense. I cannot learn what a lady's _traces_ are; but I
+suspect plaitings of her hair to be meant. "Upon the spiral sort," says
+Gerard, "are placed certaine small white flowers, _trace_ fashion," while
+other sorts grow, he says, "spike fashion," or "not _trace_ fashion."
+Whence I infer, that in his day _trace_ conveyed the idea of spiral.
+
+A. N.
+
+_Specimens of Foreign English_ (Vol. iii. _passim._).--I have copied the
+following from the label on a bottle of _liqueur_, manufactured at
+Marseilles by "L. Noilly fils et C^{ie}." The English will be best
+understood by being placed in juxtaposition with the original French:
+
+     "Le Vermouth
+
+    est un vin blanc légčrement amer, parfumé avec des plantes aromatiques
+    bienfaisantes.
+
+    "Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, fébrifuge et astringente: prise
+    avec de l'eau elle est apéritive et raffraichissante: elle est aussi un
+    puissant préservatif contre les fičvres et la dyssenterie, maladies si
+    fréquentes dans les pays chauds, pour lesquels elle a été
+    particuličrement composée."
+
+     "The Wermouth
+
+    is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and good vegetables
+    white wine.
+
+    "This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive drinking; mixed with
+    water it is aperitive, refreshing, and also a powerful preservative of
+    fivers and bloody-flux; those latters are very usual in warmth
+    countries, and of course that liquor has just been particularly made up
+    for that occasion."
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+_Blanco White_ (Vol. vii., pp. 404. 486.).--Your correspondent H. C. K. is
+right in his impression that the sonnet commencing
+
+    "Mysterious Night! when our first parents knew," &c.
+
+was written by Blanco White. See his _Life_ (3 vols., Chapman, 1845), vol.
+iii. p. 48.
+
+J. K. R. W.
+
+_Pistols_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--In Strype's Life of Sir Thomas Smith,
+_Works_, Oxon. 1821, mention is made of a statute or proclamation by the
+Queen in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6.,
+alluded to by your correspondent J. F. M., and in which the words _pistol_
+and _pistolet_ are introduced:
+
+    "The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing it was, in so quiet and
+    peaceable a realm, to have men so armed; ... did charge and command all
+    her subjects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that in no
+    wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they carried about them
+    privily or openly any dag, or pistol, or any other harquebuse, gun, or
+    such weapon for fire, under the length expressed by the statute made by
+    the Queen's most noble father.... [Excepting however] noblemen and such
+    known gentlemen, which were without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if
+    they carried dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly, at
+    their saddle bows," &c.
+
+Here the _dag_ or _pistolet_ seems to answer to our "revolvers," and the
+_pistol_ to our larger horse-pistol.
+
+H. C. K.
+
+---- Rectory, Hereford.
+
+_Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions_ (Vol. viii., p. 44.).--If L.,
+or any of your readers, will take the trouble to compare the passage
+quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the following translation of
+Smith, with Sir A. Alison's supposititious quotation[7] (Vol. vii., p.
+594.), they will find that my inquiry is still unanswered. The passage
+quoted by L. in Greek is, according to Smith:
+
+    "Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice; modesty, the disguise
+    of effeminacy; and being wise in everything, to be good for nothing."
+
+The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is:
+
+    "He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise; and he who suspected
+    such practices in others was still a more able genius."--Vol. i. book
+    iii. p. 281. 4to.: London, 1753.
+
+In this "counterfeit presentment of two brothers," L. may discern a family
+likeness; but my inquiry was for the identical passage, "sword and poniard"
+included.
+
+If L. desires to find Greek authority for the general sentiment only, I
+would refer him to passages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, in
+_Thucydides_, iii. 83., viii. 89.; _Herodotus_, iii. 81.; Plato's
+_Republic_, viii. 11., and Aristotle's _Politics_, v. 6. 9. I beg to thank
+L. for his attempt, although unsuccessful.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+[Footnote 7: _Europe_, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo.]
+
+_The earliest Mention of the Word "Party"_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--In a
+choice volume, printed by "Ihon Day, dwelling over Aldersgate, beneath St.
+Martines," 1568, I find the word occurring thus:
+
+    "The _party_ must in any place see to himselfe, and seeke to wipe theyr
+    noses by a shorte aunswere."--_A Discovery and playne Declaration of
+    the Holy Inquisition of Spayne_, fol. 10.
+
+Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I right in considering the
+above-mentioned book as rare? I do so on the assumption that "Ihon Day" is
+_the_ Day of black-letter rarity.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+{138}
+
+_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381.).--It is curious to observe how differently
+this word is applied by different nations. The English apply it to white
+children born in the West Indies; the French, I believe, exclusively to the
+mixed races; and the Spanish and Portuguese to the blacks born in their
+colonies, never to whites. The latter, I think, is the true and original
+meaning, as its primary signification is a _home-bred_ slave (from "criar,"
+to bring up, to nurse), as distinguished from an imported or purchased one.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich, the able Actuary of the
+University Life Assurance Society, entitled _Popular Tables arranged in a
+new Form, giving Information at Sight for ascertaining, according to the
+Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold, Leasehold, and Church
+Property, Renewal Fines, &c., the Public Funds, Annual Average Price and
+Interest on Consols from 1731 to 1851; also various interesting and useful
+Tables, equally adapted to the Office and the Library Table_. Ample as is
+this title-page, it really gives but an imperfect notion of the varied
+contents of this useful library and writing-desk companion. For instance,
+Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous Tables gives the average price of Consols,
+with the average rate of interest, from 1731 to 1851; but this not only
+shows when Consols were highest and when lowest, but also what
+Administration was then in power, and the chief events of each year. We
+give this as one instance of the vast amount of curious information here
+combined; and we would point out to historical and geographical students
+the notices of Chinese Chronology in the preface, and the Tables of Ancient
+and Modern Itinerary Measures, as parts of the work especially deserving of
+their attention. In short, Mr. Willich's _Popular Tables_ form one of those
+useful volumes in which masses of scattered information are concentrated in
+such a way as to render the book indispensable to all who have once tested
+its utility.
+
+_Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices_, by the Rev. W. Sparrow
+Simpson, is a small pamphlet containing the substance of two lectures on
+this pestilent heresy, delivered by the author before the Kennington Branch
+of the Church of England Young Men's Society, and is worth the attention of
+those who wish to know something of this now wide-spread mania.
+
+_On the Custom of Borough-English in the County of Sussex_, by George R.
+Corner, Esq. This well-considered paper on a very curious custom owes its
+origin, we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish all questions
+agitated in "N. & Q." were as well illustrated as this has been by the
+learning and ingenuity of Mr. Corner.
+
+_A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to Demonstration the
+Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals in the Earth by means of the
+Dowsing Fork or Divining Rod, &c., collected, reported, and edited_ by
+Francis Phippen. A curious little pamphlet on a _fact_ in Natural
+Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either understand or
+account for.
+
+SERIALS RECEIVED.--_Murray's Railway Reading: History as a Condition of
+Social Progress_, by Samuel Lucas. An able lecture on an interesting
+subject.--_The Traveller's Library_, No. 46.: _Twenty Years in the
+Philippines_, by De la Gironičre. One of the best numbers of this valuable
+series.--_Cyclopćdia Bibliographica_, Part XI., August. This eleventh Part
+of Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James Ibbetson to Bernard
+Lamy.--_Archćologia Cambrensis, New Series, No. XV._: containing, among
+other papers of interest to the inhabitants of the principality, one on the
+arms of Owen Glendwr, by the accomplished antiquary to whom our readers
+were indebted for a paper on the same subject in our own columns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+  SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, with or without Supplementary Volumes.
+  DUGDALE'S ENGLAND AND WALES, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis.
+  LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following
+      Volumes, in Boards.
+  LONG'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA.
+  LIFE OF THE REV. ISAAC MILLES. 1721.
+  SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S THRENODIA CAROLINA: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old
+      Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol.
+  SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S TRAVELS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. Folio.
+  LETTERS OF THE HERBERT FAMILY.
+  BISHOP MOSLEY'S VINDICATION. 4to. 1683.
+  LIFE OF ADMIRAL BLAKE, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London.
+      12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier.
+  OSWALDI CROLLII OPERA. Genevć, 1635. 12mo.
+  UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo.
+  BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol.
+  MEMOIRS OF THE ROSE, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1824.
+  LITERARY GAZETTE, 1834 to 1845.
+  ATHENĆUM, commencement to 1835.
+  A NARRATIVE OF THE HOLY LIFE AND HAPPY DEATH OF MR. JOHN ANGIER. London,
+      1685.
+  MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition.
+  WOOD'S ATHENĆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
+  THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
+  SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15
+      vols. 8vo. 1739.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names._
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
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+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+MR. G. FURRIAN_'s offer is declined with thanks_.
+
+E. W., _who inquires respecting the letters_ N _and_ M _in the Book of
+Common Prayer, is referred to_ Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., p. 61.; Vol.
+iii., pp. 323. 437.
+
+T. _and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of Collodion
+are informed that we shall next week publish a farther communication from_
+DR. DIAMOND _upon this point_.
+
+ADDENDUM.--Vol. viii., p. 104., add to end of Query on Fragments in
+Athenćus, "D'Israeli's _Cur. Lit._, Bailey's _Fragmenta Comicorum_."
+
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+
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+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday_.
+
+{139}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
+
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+
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+
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+
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+UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in
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+    Sum    |   Time   |   Sum added to     |   Sum
+  Assured. | Assured. |      Policy        | Payable
+           |          +--------------------+ at Death.
+           |          | In 1841. In 1848.  |
+  ---------+----------+---------+----------+----------
+      Ł    |          |   Ł s.d.|   Ł  s.d.|    Ł  s.d.
+     5000  | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8
+   * 1000  |  7 years |  -  -   | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0
+      500  |  1 year  |  -  -   |  11  5 0 |  511  5 0
+
+* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took
+out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in
+1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2Ľ per
+cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for each
+1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the
+premiums paid.
+
+The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only
+one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for
+Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident
+Director.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.
+
+OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every
+other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of
+Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability,
+and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, &c.
+may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,
+Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of
+taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and
+taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy
+lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash
+payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught
+by letter at any distance from London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.
+
+THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal,
+liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia
+(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn,
+flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin,
+rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea,
+and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants,
+fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.
+
+_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:--
+
+Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your Revalenta Arabica
+Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to authorise the
+publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES."
+
+Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,
+nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness at
+the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent
+food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."
+
+Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, indigestion,
+and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and which no medicine
+could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in
+a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."
+
+Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with
+cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the advice
+of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious food in a
+very short time. I shall be happy to answer any inquiries.--REV. JOHN W.
+FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."
+
+_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._
+
+"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, nourishing,
+and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all kinds of
+medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body, as also
+diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as
+stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
+the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This really
+invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory result, not only
+in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, where irritation and pain are to be
+removed, but also in pulmonary and bronchial consumption, in which it
+counteracts effectually the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with
+perfect truth to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica
+is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and consumption.
+
+     "DR. RUD WURZER.
+ "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
+London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
+Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all
+respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
+packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.
+6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.
+and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry &
+Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious
+imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and
+others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name
+BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which
+none is genuine. {140}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,
+
+(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)
+
+Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on
+
+  Agriculture, history of Scottish
+  Agricultural College examination papers
+  Annuals, new
+  Azaleas, to propagate
+  Books noticed
+  Brick burning, a nuisance
+  Cabbages, club in
+  Calendar, horticultural
+  ---- agricultural
+  Carrot rot, by Dr. Reissek
+  Carts _v._ waggons
+  Cedar, gigantic
+  Cockroaches, to kill
+  Cycas revoluta, by Mr. Ruppen
+  Drainage bill, London
+  Forests, royal
+  Fruits, wearing out of
+  ---- disease in stone, by M. Ysabeau
+  Fumigator, Geach's, by Mr. Forsyth
+  Guano, new source of
+  Honey, thin
+  Horticultural Society
+  Horticultural Society's garden
+  Machine tools
+  Manures, concentrated
+  ---- liquid, by Mr. Bardwell
+  Marvel of Peru
+  Mechi's (Mr.) gathering
+  Mirabilis Jalapa
+  New Forest
+  Plant, hybrid
+  Potatoes, Bahama
+  Potato disease
+  ---- origin of
+  Poultry, metropolitan show of
+  Races, degeneracy of
+  Roses, Tea
+  ---- from cuttings
+  Soil and its uses, by Mr. Morton
+  Strawberry, Nimrod, by Mr. Spencer
+  Truffles, Irish
+  Vegetables, lists of
+  Violet, Neapolitan
+  Waggons and carts
+  Wax insects (with engraving)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to
+the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,
+with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool and Seed
+Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the
+transactions of the week_.
+
+ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington
+Street, Covent Garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by
+Special Permission to
+
+THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the
+Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged for
+Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the
+Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING,
+by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat,
+in morocco cloth, price 25_s_. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell
+Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for
+that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music
+Warehouses.
+
+    "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+    Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._
+
+    "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+    country."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+    merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical
+    World._
+
+    "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+    of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+    appeared."--_John Bull._
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Also, lately published,
+
+J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel
+Royal St. James, price 2s.
+
+C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALPHABETS.
+
+SHAW'S HANDBOOK OF MEDIĆVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. 1853, 4to., 36 fine
+Plates printed in Colours (published at 16s.), cloth, 12s.
+
+SILVESTRE, ALPHABET-ALBUM, folio, Paris, 1843, 60 large beautiful Plates
+(published at 100 francs), half morocco, 20s.
+
+ALPHABETS OF ALL THE ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL LANGUAGES, Leipsig, 1852,
+royal 8vo., 2s.
+
+Also an extensive Collection of Works on Diplomatics, Medićval Charters,
+&c., by Astle, Montfaucon, Mabillon, and Rodriguez, on sale by
+
+BERNARD QUARITCH, Second-hand Foreign Bookseller, 16. Castle Street,
+Leicester Square.
+
+*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent Gratis for a Year on prepayment of
+a Shilling in Postage Stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains the
+following articles:--1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. 2. Madame
+de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of Major P.
+Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary: Bramber
+Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with Engravings).
+6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7. Benjamin Robert
+Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers--Whitaker, Surtees, and Raine. 9.
+Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early History of the
+Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep at the Library of
+Chichester Cathedral--Christ's Church at Norwich--Rev. Wm. Smith of
+Melsonby--Godmanham and Londesborough. With Reviews of New Publications, a
+Report of the Meeting of the Archćological Institute at Chichester and of
+other Antiquarian Societies, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY. Price 2s.
+6d.
+
+NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28s. cloth) of
+
+THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.
+
+  Volume Three, 1272-1377.
+  Volume Four, 1377-1485.
+
+Lately published, price 28s. cloth,
+
+  Volume One, 1066-1199.
+  Volume Two, 1199-1272.
+
+    "A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore
+    take its stand in the permanent literature of our country."--_Gent.
+    Mag._
+
+London: LONGMAN & CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GILBERT J. FRENCH,
+
+BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,
+
+RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he
+replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information
+respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN,
+&c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches,
+Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c., &c.
+
+Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications
+by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS
+delivered Free by Railway.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published, price 6d.
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPT EMENDATIONS OF THE TEXT OF
+SHAKSPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile from an early MS. at
+Dulwich College, price 1s.
+
+CURIOSITIES OF MODERN SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By J. O. HALLIWELL, ESQ.,
+F.R.S.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London./
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, price 4s. 6d. per dozen, or nicely bound in cloth, 1s.
+each.
+
+MORMONISM: its HISTORY, DOCTRINES, and PRACTICES. By the REV. W. SPARROW
+SIMPSON, B.A. (Late Scholar and Librarian of Queens' College, Cambridge;
+Curate of St. Mark's, Kennington.)
+
+A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster Row; and 39. Kennington Gate,
+London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. in cloth.
+
+SYMPATHIES of the CONTINENT, or PROPOSALS for a NEW REFORMATION. By JOHN
+BAPTIST VON HIRSCHER, D.D., Dean of the Metropolitan Church of Freiburg,
+Breisgau, and Professor of Theology in the Roman Catholic University of
+that City. Translated and edited with Notes and Introduction by the Rev.
+ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, M.A., Rector of St. John's Church, Hartford,
+Connecticut, U. S.
+
+    "The following work will be found a noble apology for the position
+    assumed by the Church of England in the sixteenth century, and for the
+    practical reforms she then introduced into her theology and worship. If
+    the author is right, then the changes he so eloquently urges upon the
+    present attention of his brethren ought to have been made _three
+    hundred years ago_; and the obstinate refusal of the Council of Trent
+    to make such reforms in conformity with Scripture and Antiquity, throws
+    the whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome, and not upon our
+    Reformers. The value of such admissions must, of course, depend in a
+    great measure upon the learning, the character, the position, and the
+    influence of the author from whom they proceed. The writer believes,
+    that questions as to these particulars can be most satisfactorily
+    answered."--_Introduction by Arthur Cleveland Coxe._
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 6,
+1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 131, "obscurity and uncertainty": 'uncertainly' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 197, August
+6, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+    <title>
+      Notes And Queries, Issue 197.
+    </title>
+
+    <style type="text/css">
+
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+              Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 29, 2007 [EBook #23235]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. They
+appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117"></a>{117}</span></p>
+
+<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1>
+
+<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>&mdash;CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:25%">
+      <p><b>No. 197.</b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:center; width:50%">
+      <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, August 6. 1853.</span></b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:25%">
+      <p><b>Price Fourpence.<br />Stamped Edition 5d.</b></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:94%">
+      <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:5%">
+      <p>Page</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>High Church and Low Church</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page117">117</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Concluding Notes on several misunderstood Words, by the Rev. W.&nbsp;R.
+      Arrowsmith</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page120">120</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Sneezing an Omen and a Deity, by T. J. Buckton</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page121">121</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Abuses of Hackney Coaches</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page122">122</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, Thomas
+      Falconer, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page123">123</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Notes</span>:&mdash;Falsified Gravestone in
+      Stratford Churchyard&mdash;Barnacles in the River Thames&mdash;Note
+      for London Topographers&mdash;The Aliases and Initials of
+      Authors&mdash;Pure&mdash;Darling's "Cyclopćdia Bibliographica"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page124">124</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page125">125</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries</span>:&mdash;The Withered Hand and
+      Motto "Utinam"&mdash;History of York&mdash;"Hauling over the
+      coals"&mdash;Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's
+      Bury&mdash;Washington&mdash;Norman of Winster&mdash;Sir Arthur
+      Aston&mdash;"Jamieson the Piper"&mdash;"Keiser Glomer"&mdash;Tieck's
+      "Com&oelig;dia Divina"&mdash;Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez:
+      Stream like that in Bay of Argastoli&mdash;Presbyterian
+      Titles&mdash;Mayors and Sheriffs&mdash;The Beauty of
+      Buttermere&mdash;Sheer Hulk&mdash;The Lapwing or Peewitt (Vanellus
+      cristatus)&mdash;"Could we with ink," &amp;c.&mdash;Launching
+      Query&mdash;Manliness</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page125">125</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries with Answers</span>:&mdash;Pues or
+      Pews&mdash;"Jerningham" and "Doveton"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page127">127</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Battle of Villers en Couché, by T. C. Smith, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page127">127</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Snail-eating, by John Timbs, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page128">128</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page129">129</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead, by the Rev. H.&nbsp;T.
+      Ellacombe and R.&nbsp;W. Elliot</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page130">130</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Who first thought of Table-turning? by John Macray</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page131">131</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Scotchmen in Poland</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page131">131</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page132">132</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Photographic Correspondence</span>:&mdash;Glass
+      Chambers for Photography&mdash;Dr. Diamond's Replies&mdash;Trial of
+      Lenses&mdash;Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of
+      Silver?</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page133">133</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor Queries</span>:&mdash;Burke's
+      Marriage&mdash;The House of Falahill&mdash;Descendants of Judas
+      Iscariot&mdash;Milton's Widow&mdash;Whitaker's Ingenious
+      Earl&mdash;Are White Cats deaf?&mdash;Consecrated Roses&mdash;The
+      Reformed
+      Faith&mdash;House-marks&mdash;Trash&mdash;Adamsoniana&mdash;Portrait
+      of Cromwell&mdash;Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"&mdash;"Amentium
+      haud Amantium"&mdash;Talleyrand's Maxim&mdash;English Bishops
+      deprived by Queen Elizabeth&mdash;Gloves at Fairs&mdash;St.
+      Dominic&mdash;Names of Plants&mdash;Specimens of Foreign English,
+      &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page134">134</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notes on Books, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page138">138</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page138">138</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notices to Correspondents</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page138">138</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Advertisements</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page139">139</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Notes.</h2>
+
+<h3>HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>A Universal History of Party; with the Origin of Party Names</i><a
+  name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> would form an
+  acceptable addition to literary history: "N. &amp; Q." has contributed
+  towards such a work some disquisitions on our party names <i>Whig</i> and
+  <i>Tory</i>, and <i>The Good Old Cause</i>. Such names as <i>Puritan</i>,
+  <i>Malignant</i>, <i>Evangelical</i><a name="footnotetag2"
+  href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, can be traced up to their first
+  commencement, but some obscurity hangs on the mintage-date of the names
+  we are about to consider.</p>
+
+  <p>As a matter of fact, the distinction of <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low
+  Church</i> always existed in the Reformed English Church, and the history
+  of these parties would be her history. But the <i>names</i> were not
+  coined till the close of the seventeenth century, and were not stamped in
+  full relief as party-names till the first year of Queen Anne's reign.</p>
+
+  <p>In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and Convocation
+  assembled:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"From the deputies in Convocation at this period, the appellations
+  <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low Church</i> originated, and they were
+  afterwards used to distinguish the clergy. It is singular that the
+  bishops<a name="footnotetag3" href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> were
+  ranked among <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page118"></a>{118}</span>the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138.;
+  Calamy, i. 643.; Tindal's <i>Cont.</i>, iv. 591.)"&mdash;Lathbury's
+  <i>Hist. of the Convocation</i>, Lond. 1842, p. 319.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in matters of this kind,
+  but if he use "originated" in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he
+  is mistaken; as I am tolerably certain that I have met with the words
+  several years before 1702. At the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands
+  on a passage to support this assertion.</p>
+
+  <p>The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a number of pamphlets, such
+  as <i>A Caveat against High Church</i>, Lond. 1702, and <i>The Low
+  Churchmen vindicated from the unjust Imputation of being No Churchmen, in
+  Answer to a Pamphlet called "The Distinction of High and Low Church
+  considered:</i>" Lond. 1706, 8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's trial gave additional
+  zest to the <i>dudgeon ecclesiastick</i>, and produced a shower of
+  pamphlets. I give the title of one of them: <i>Pulpit War, or Dr.
+  S&mdash;&mdash;l, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr. H&mdash;&mdash;ly, the
+  Low Church Drum, engaged by way of Dialogue</i>, Lond. 1710, 8vo.</p>
+
+  <p>To understand the cause of the exceeding bitterness and virulence
+  which animated the parties denominated <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low
+  Church</i>, we must remember that until the time of William of Orange,
+  the Church of England, <i>as a body</i>&mdash;her sovereigns and bishops,
+  her clergy and laity&mdash;comes under the <i>former</i> designation;
+  while those who sympathised with the Dissenters were comparatively few
+  and weak. As soon as William was head of the Church, he opened the
+  floodgates of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what previously
+  had been more or less external to it. This element, thus made part and
+  parcel of the Anglican Church, was denominated <i>Low Church</i>. William
+  supplanted the bishops and clergy who refused to take oaths of allegiance
+  to him as king <i>de jure</i>; and by putting Puritans in their place,
+  made the latter the dominant party. Add to this the feelings of
+  exasperation produced by the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of
+  the Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political and religious, for
+  an irreconcilable feud. Add, again, the reaction resulting from the
+  overthrow of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system, where a sham
+  conformity was maintained by coercion; and the <i>Church-Papist</i>, as
+  well as the <i>Church-Puritans</i>, with ill-concealed hankering after
+  the mass and the preaching-house, by penal statutes were forced to do
+  what their souls abhorred, and play the painful farce of attending the
+  services of "The Establishment."</p>
+
+  <p>A writer in a <i>High Church</i> periodical of 1717 (prefacing his
+  article with the passage from Proverbs vi. 27.) proceeds:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The old way of attacking the Church of England was by mobs and
+  bullies, and hard sounds; by calling <i>Whore</i>, and <i>Babylon</i>,
+  upon our worship and liturgy, and kicking out our clergy as <i>dumb
+  dogs</i>: but now they have other irons in the fire; a new engine is set
+  up under the cloak and disguise of <i>temper, unity, comprehension, and
+  the Protestant religion</i>. Their business now is not to storm the
+  Church, but to <i>lull it to sleep</i>: to make us relax our care, quit
+  our defences, and neglect our safety.... These are the politics of their
+  Popish fathers: when <i>they</i> had tried all other artifices, they at
+  last resolved to sow schism and division in the Church: and from thence
+  sprang up this very generation, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to
+  set us one against the other, and they gather up the stakes. <i>Hence the
+  distinction of High and Low Church.</i>"&mdash;<i>The Scourge</i>, p.
+  251.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In another periodical of the same date, in the Dedication "To the most
+  famous University of Oxford," the writer says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"These enemies of our religious and civil establishment have
+  represented you as instillers of <i>slavish doctrines and principles</i>
+  ... if to give to God and Cćsar his due be such tow'ring, and <i>High
+  Church</i> principles, I am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce
+  escape being censured for <i>Tories</i> and
+  <i>Highflyers</i>."&mdash;<i>The Entertainer</i>, Lond. 1717.</p>
+
+  <p>"If those who have kept their first love, and whose robes have not
+  been defiled, endeavour to stop these innovations and corruptions that
+  their enemies would introduce, they are blackened for <i>High Church
+  Papists</i>, favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public
+  resentment."&mdash;<i>Ib.</i> p. 301.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I shall now give a few extracts from <i>Low Church</i> writers (quoted
+  in <i>The Scourge</i>), who thus designate their opponents:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and profane men, who
+  appropriate to themselves the name of <i>High Church</i> (but may more
+  properly be said to be Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take liberty
+  to teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedition,
+  contentions, and divisions among the Protestants of this
+  kingdom."&mdash;<i>Motives to Union</i>, p. 1.</p>
+
+  <p>"These men glory in their being members of the <i>High Church</i>
+  (Popish appellation, and therefore they are the more fond of that); but
+  these pretended sons are become her persecutors, and they exercise their
+  spite and lies both on the living and the dead."&mdash;<i>The Snake in
+  the Grass brought to Light</i>, p. 8.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page119"></a>{119}</span></p>
+
+  <p>"Our common people of the <i>High Church</i> are as ignorant in
+  matters of religion as the bigotted Papists, which gives great advantage
+  to our Jacobite and Tory priests to lead them where they please, or to
+  mould them into what shapes they please."&mdash;<i>Reasons for an
+  Union</i>, p. 39.</p>
+
+  <p>"The minds of the populace are too much debauched already from their
+  loyalty by seditious arts of the <i>High Church
+  faction</i>."&mdash;<i>Convocation Craft</i>, p. 34.</p>
+
+  <p>"We may see how closely our present <i>Highflyers</i> pursue the steps
+  of their Popish predecessors, in reckoning those who dispute the usurped
+  power of the Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they
+  please."&mdash;<i>Ib.</i> p. 30.</p>
+
+  <p>"All the blood that has been spilt in the late unnatural rebellion,
+  may be very justly laid at the doors of the <i>High Church
+  clergy</i>."&mdash;<i>Christianity no Creature of the State</i>, p.
+  16.</p>
+
+  <p>"We see what the <i>Tory Priesthood</i> were made of in Queen
+  Elizabeth's time, that they were ignorant, lewd, and seditious: and it
+  must be said of 'em that they are true to the stuff
+  still."&mdash;<i>Toryism the Worst of the Two</i>, p. 21.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>The Tories</i> and <i>High Church</i>, notwithstanding their
+  pretences to loyalty, will be found by their actions to be the greatest
+  rebels in nature."&mdash;<i>Reasons for an Union</i>, p. 20.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Sir W. Scott, in his <i>Life of Dryden</i>, Lond. 1808, observes
+  that&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign, the
+  <i>High-Church-men</i> and the Catholics regarded themselves as on the
+  same side in political questions, and not greatly divided in their
+  temporal interests. Both were sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of
+  the sectaries, both were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate conversion
+  had been common between them, so early as since Milton made a reproach to
+  the English Universities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made
+  within their colleges: of those sheep&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Whom the <i>grim wolf</i> with privy paw</p>
+      <p>Daily devours apace, and nothing said.'"</p>
+      <p class="i6"><i>Life</i>, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 272.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir Walter's
+  interpretation of that obscure passage in <i>Lycidas</i>, respecting
+  which I made a Query (Vol. ii., p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the
+  remark that in James II.'s reign, and at the time these party names
+  originated, the Roman Catholics were in league with the Puritans or
+  <i>Low Church</i> party against the High Churchmen, which increased the
+  acrimony of both parties.</p>
+
+  <p>In those days religion was politics, and politics religion, with most
+  of the belligerents. Swift, however, as if he wished to be thought an
+  exception to the general rule, chose one party for its politics and the
+  other for its religion.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the opinions and scruples
+  of a <i>High Church</i> clergyman... Such a distinction between opinions
+  in Church and State has not frequently existed: the <i>High Churchmen</i>
+  being usually <i>Tories</i>, and the <i>Low Church</i> divines
+  universally <i>Whigs</i>."&mdash;Scott's <i>Life</i>, 2nd edit.: Edin.
+  1824, p. 76.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>See Swift's <i>Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the
+  Nobles and Commons of Athens and Rome:</i> Lond. 1701.</p>
+
+  <p>In his quaint <i>Argument against abolishing Christianity</i>, Lond.
+  1708, the following passage occurs:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"There is one advantage, greater than any of the foregoing, proposed
+  by the abolishing of Christianity: that it will utterly extinguish
+  parties among us by removing those factious distinctions of <i>High</i>
+  and <i>Low Church</i>, of <i>Whig</i> and <i>Tory</i>, Presbyterian and
+  Church of England."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Scott says of the <i>Tale of a Tub:</i></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The main purpose is to trace the gradual corruptions of the Church of
+  Rome, and to exalt the English Reformed Church at the expense both of the
+  Roman Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was written with a
+  view to the interests of the <i>High Church</i>
+  party."&mdash;<i>Life</i>, p. 84.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Most men will concur with Jeffrey, who observes:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"It is plain, indeed, that Swift's <i>High Church</i> principles were
+  all along but a part of his selfishness and ambition; and meant nothing
+  else, than a desire to raise the consequence of the order to which he
+  happened to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no doubt he would
+  have treated the pretensions of the priesthood as he treated the persons
+  of all priests who were opposed to him, with the most bitter and
+  irreverent disdain."&mdash;<i>Ed. Rev.</i>, Sept. 1846.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The following lines are from a squib of eight stanzas which occurs in
+  the works of Jonathan Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the
+  door of St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of Swift's instalment (see
+  Scott, p. 174.):</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"For <i>High Churchmen</i> and policy,</p>
+      <p>He swears he prays most hearty;</p>
+      <p>But would pray back again to be</p>
+      <p>A Dean of any party."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous memory, who, if I
+  recollect aright, commenced his career thus:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"In good King Charles's golden days,</p>
+      <p class="i2">When loyalty no harm meant,</p>
+      <p>A zealous <i>High Churchman</i> I was,</p>
+      <p class="i2">And so I got preferment."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>How widely different are the men we see classed under the title
+  <i>High Churchmen!</i> Evelyn and Walton<a name="footnotetag4"
+  href="#footnote4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>, the gentle, the Christian; the
+  arrogant Swift, and the restless Atterbury.</p>
+
+  <p>It is difficult to prevent my note running beyond the limits of "N.
+  &amp; Q.," with the ample <!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page120"></a>{120}</span>materials I have to select from; but I
+  cannot wind up without a <i>definition</i>; so here are two:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Mr. Thelwall says that he told a pious old lady, who asked him the
+  difference between <i>High Church</i> and <i>Low Church</i>, 'The High
+  Church place the Church alcove Christ, the Low Church place Christ above
+  the Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same question was asked
+  of the famous South:&mdash;'Why,' said he, 'the High Church are those who
+  think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low Church are
+  those who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the
+  Church."&mdash;Rev. H. Newland's <i>Lecture on Tractarianism</i>, Lond.
+  1852, p. 68.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived in the last century, are
+  Dr. South, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Horne, Bp.
+  Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage on "High Churchmen" in a
+  charge of the latter to the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp.
+  34. 37. See also a charge of Bp. Atterbury (then Archdeacon of Totnes) to
+  his clergy in 1703.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Jarltzberg</span>.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+  <p>There is a book called <i>History of Party, from the Rise of the Whig
+  and Tory Factions Chas. II. to the Passing of the Reform Bill</i>, by
+  G.&nbsp;W. Cooke: Lond. 1836-37, 3 vols. 8vo.; but, as the title shows, it is
+  limited in scope.</p>
+
+  <a name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+  <p>See Haweis's <i>Sermons on Evangelical Principles and Practice</i>:
+  Lond. 1763, 8vo.; <i>The </i>True<i> Churchmen ascertained; or, An
+  Apology for those of the </i>Regular<i> Clergy of the Establishment, who
+  are sometimes called </i>Evangelical<i> Ministers: occasioned by the
+  Publications of Drs. Paley, Hey, Croft; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam,
+  Polwhele, Fellowes; the Reviewers, &amp;c.</i>: by John Overton, A.&nbsp;B.,
+  York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See also the various memoirs of Whitfield,
+  Wesley, &amp;c.; and Sir J. Stephens <i>Essays</i> on "The Clapham Sect"
+  <i>and</i> "The Evangelical Succession."</p>
+
+  <a name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+  <p>It is not so very "singular," when we remember that the bishops were
+  what Lord Campbell and Mr. Macauley call "<i>judiciously</i> chosen" by
+  William. On this point a cotemporary remarks, "Some steps have been made,
+  and large ones too, towards <i>a Scotch</i> reformation, by suspending
+  and ejecting the chief and most zealous of our bishops, and others of the
+  higher clergy; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees and
+  dignities, ecclesiastical <i>men of notoriously Presbyterian, or, which
+  is worse, of Erastian principles</i>. These are the ministerial ways of
+  undermining Episcopacy; and when to the <i>seven notorious</i> ones shall
+  be added more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will make a
+  majority; and then we may expect the new model of a church to be
+  perfected." (Somers' <i>Tracts</i>, vol. x. p. 368.) Until Atterbury,
+  there were few High Church Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Burnet
+  singles out the Bishop of Chester: "for he seemed resolved to distinguish
+  himself as a zealot for that which is called <i>High
+  Church</i>."&mdash;<i>Hist. Own Time</i>, vol. iv. p. 260.</p>
+
+  <a name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+  <p>Of Izaak Walton his biographer, Sir John Hawkins, writing in 1760,
+  says, "he was a friend to a hierarchy, or, as we should now call such a
+  one, a <i>High Churchman</i>."</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD
+WORDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(<i>Continued from</i> Vol. vii., p. 568.)</p>
+
+  <p>Not being minded to broach any fresh matter in "N. &amp; Q.," I shall
+  now only crave room to clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself
+  open to the imputation of having cast that in the teeth of a numerous
+  body of men which might, for aught they would know to the contrary, be as
+  truly laid in my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567., I affirmed that the
+  handling of a passage in <i>Cymbeline</i>, there quoted, had betrayed an
+  amount of obtuseness in the commentators which would be discreditable in
+  a third-form schoolboy. To substantiate that assertion, and rescue the
+  disputed word "Britaine" henceforth for ever from the rash tampering of
+  the meddlesome sciolist, I beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the
+  clause,&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"For being now a favourer to the Britaine,"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>is in apposition with <i>Death</i>, not with Posthumus Leonatus. In a
+  note appended to this censure, referring to another passage from
+  L.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;L., I averred that <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> had
+  corrupted it by chancing the singular verb <i>dies</i> into the plural
+  <i>die</i> (this too done, under plea of editorial licence, without
+  warning to the reader), and that such corruption had abstracted the true
+  key to the right construction. To make good this last position, two
+  things I must do first, cite the whole passage, without change of letter
+  or tittle, as it stands in the Folios '23 and '32; next, show the trivial
+  and vulgar use of "contents" as a singular noun. In Folio '23, thus:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>Qu.</i> Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now;</p>
+      <p>That sport best pleases that doth least know how.</p>
+      <p>Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents</p>
+      <p>Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents:</p>
+      <p>Their forme confounded, makes most forme in mirth</p>
+      <p>When great things labouring perish in their birth."</p>
+      <p class="i12">Act IV. p. 141.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save that the speaker is
+  <i>Prin.</i>, not <i>Qu</i>.; <i>ore-rules</i> is written as two words
+  without the hyphen, and <i>strives</i> for <i>striues</i>. I have been
+  thus precise, because criticism is to me not "a game," nor admissive of
+  cogging and falsification.</p>
+
+  <p>I must now show the hackneyed use of <i>contents</i> as a singular
+  noun. An anonymous correspondent of "N. &amp; Q." has already pointed out
+  one in <i>Measure for Measure</i>, Act IV. Sc. 2.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"<i>Duke</i>. The <i>contents</i> of this is the returne of the
+  Duke."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"This is the <i>contents</i> thereof."&mdash;Calvin's 82nd <i>Sermon
+  upon Job</i>, p. 419., Golding's translation.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"After this were articles of peace propounded, y<sup>e</sup>
+  <i>contents</i> wherof was, that he should departe out of
+  Asia."&mdash;The 31st <i>Booke of Justine</i>, fol. 139., Golding's
+  translation of Justin's <i>Trogus Pompeius</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Plinie writeth hereof an excellent letter, the <i>contents</i>
+  whereof is, that this ladie, mistrusting her husband, was condemned to
+  die," &amp;c.&mdash;<i>Historicall Meditations</i>, lib. iii. chap. xi.
+  p. 178. Written in Latin by P. Camerarius, and done into English by John
+  Molle, Esq.: London, 1621.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The <i>contents</i> whereof is this."&mdash;<i>Id.</i>, lib. v. chap.
+  vi. p. 342.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Therefore George, being led with an heroicall disdaine, and
+  nevertheless giuing the bridle beyond moderation to his anger,
+  vnderstanding that Albert was come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe
+  (without acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the
+  <i>contents</i> whereof was," &amp;c.&mdash;<i>Id.</i>, lib. v. chap.
+  xii. p. 366.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>If the reader wants more examples, let him give himself the trouble to
+  open the first book that comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a
+  dozen pages will supply some; yet have we two editors of Shakspeare,
+  Johnson and Collier, so unacquainted with the usage of their own tongue,
+  and the universal logic of thought, as not to know that a word like
+  <i>contents</i>, according as it is understood collectively or
+  distributively, may be, and, as we have just seen, in fact is, treated as
+  a singular or plural; that, I say, <i>contents</i> taken severally, every
+  <i>content</i>, or in gross, the whole mass, is respectively plural or
+  singular. It was therefore optional with Shakspeare to employ the word
+  either as a singular or plural, but not in the same sentence to do both:
+  here, however, he was tied <!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page121"></a>{121}</span>to the singular, for, wanting a rhyme to
+  <i>contents</i>, the nominative to <i>presents</i> must be singular, and
+  that nominative was the pronoun of <i>contents</i>. Since, therefore, the
+  plural <i>die</i> and the singular <i>it</i> could not both be referable
+  to the same noun <i>contents</i>, by silently substituting <i>die</i> for
+  <i>dies</i>, <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> has blinded his reader
+  and wronged his author. The purport of the passage amounts to this: the
+  <i>contents</i>, or structure (to wit, of the show to be exhibited),
+  breaks down in the performer's zeal to the subject which it presents.
+  Johnson very properly adduces a much happier expression of the same
+  thought from <i>A Midsummer Night's Dreame</i>:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>Hip.</i> I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged;</p>
+      <p>And duty in his service perishing."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The reader cannot fail to have observed the faultless punctuation of
+  the Folios in the forecited passage, and I think concur with me, that
+  like many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands of editors and
+  commentators is, to be left alone. The last two lines ask for no
+  explanation even to the blankest mind. Words like <i>contents</i> are by
+  no means rare in English. We have <i>tidings</i> and <i>news</i>, both
+  singular and plural. <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> himself rebukes
+  Malone for his ignorance of such usage of the latter word. If it be said
+  that these two examples have no singular form, whereas <i>contents</i>
+  has, there is <i>means</i>, at any rate precisely analogous. On the other
+  hand, so capricious is language, in defiance of the logic of thought, we
+  have, if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural, in the word
+  <i>corpse</i> referred to a single carcase.</p>
+
+  <p>I should here close my account with "N. &amp; Q." were it not that I
+  have an act of justice to perform. When I first lighted upon the two
+  examples of <i>chaumbre</i> in Udall, I thought, as we say in this
+  country, it was a good "fundlas," and regarded it as my own property. It
+  now appears to be but a waif or stray; therefore, <i>suum cuique</i>, I
+  cheerfully resign the credit of it to <span class="sc">Mr. Singer</span>,
+  the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the inspection of learned
+  and unlearned, I of course foresaw that speedy sentence would be
+  pronounced by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb and close to the
+  surface, must needs first reach the light. I know no more appropriate
+  mode of requiting the handsome manner in which <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Singer</span> has been pleased to speak of my trifling contributions to
+  "N. &amp; Q.," than by asking him, with all the modesty of which I am
+  master, to reconsider the passage in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>; for though
+  his substitution (<i>rumourers</i> vice <i>runawayes</i>) may, I think,
+  clearly take the wall of any of its rivals, yet, believing that Juliet
+  invokes a darkness to shroud her lover, under cover of which even the
+  fugitive from justice might snatch a wink of sleep, I must for my own
+  part, as usual, still adhere to the authentic text.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. R. Arrowsmith</span>.
+
+  <p>P. S.&mdash;In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist (Vol. viii., p. 44.), I
+  crave leave to say that I never have met with the verb <i>perceyuer</i>
+  except in Hawes, <i>loc. cit.</i>; and I gave the latest use that I could
+  call to mind of the noun in my paper on that word. Unhappily I never make
+  notes, but rely entirely on a somewhat retentive memory; therefore the
+  instances that occur on the spur of the moment are not always the most
+  apposite that might be selected for the purpose of illustration. If,
+  however, he will take the trouble to refer to a little book, consisting
+  of no more than 448 pages, published in 1576, and entitled <i>A Panoplie
+  of Epistles, or a Looking-glasse for the Unlearned</i>, by Abraham
+  Flemming, he will find no fewer than nine examples, namely, at pp. 25.
+  144. 178. 253. 277. 285. (twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites
+  surprise that the word never, as far as I am aware, occurs in any of the
+  voluminous works of Sir Thomas More, nor in any of the theological
+  productions of the Reformers.</p>
+
+  <p>With respect to <i>speare</i>, the orthography varies, as
+  <i>spere</i>, <i>sperr</i>, <i>sparr</i>, <i>unspar</i>; but in the
+  Prologue to <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, <i>sperre</i> is Theobald's
+  correction of <i>stirre</i>, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me add, what I
+  had forgotten at the time, that another instance of <i>budde</i>
+  intransitive, to bend, occurs at p. 105. of <i>The Life of Faith in
+  Death</i>, by Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622. Also
+  another, and a very significant one, of the phrase to <i>have on the
+  hip</i>, in Fuller's <i>Historie of the Holy Warre</i>, Cambridge,
+  1647:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Arnulphus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never challenge his
+  interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's donation; as fearing to
+  <i>wrestle</i> with the king, who <i>had him on the hip</i>, and could
+  out him at pleasure for his bad manners."&mdash;Book ii. chap. viii. p.
+  55.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In my note on the word <i>trash</i>, I said (somewhat too
+  peremptorily) that <i>overtop</i> was not even a hunting term (Vol. vii.,
+  p. 567.). At the moment I had forgotten the following passage:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting to get two or three
+  couple of tryed hounds, and once or twice a week to follow after them a
+  train-scent; and when he is able to <i>top</i> them on all sorts of
+  earth, and to endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better
+  relie on his speed and toughness."&mdash;<i>The Hunting-horse</i>, chap.
+  vii. p. 71., Oxford, 1685.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITY.</h3>
+
+  <p>In the <i>Odyssey</i>, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating the
+  hexameters, the following passage:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telemachus <i>sneez'd</i> loud,</p>
+      <p><i>Sounding around all the building</i>: his mother, with smiles at her son, said,</p>
+      <p>Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to Eumćus,</p>
+<!-- Page 122 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page122"></a>{122}</span>
+      <p class="hg1">'Go then directly, Eumćus, and call to my presence the strange guest.</p>
+      <p>See'st thou not that my son, <i>ev'ry word I have spoken hath sneez'd at</i>?<a name="footnotetag5" href="#footnote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
+      <p>Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful suitors,</p>
+      <p>All whom death and destruction await by a doom irreversive.'"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Dionysius Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry (s. 24.), says, sneezing
+  was considered by that poet as a good sign (<span title="sumbolon agathon" class="grk"
+  >&sigma;&#x1F7B;&mu;&beta;&omicron;&lambda;&omicron;&nu;
+  &#x1F00;&gamma;&alpha;&theta;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>); and from the Anthology
+  (lib. ii.) the words <span title="oude legei, Zeu sôson, ean ptaręi" class="grk"
+  >&omicron;&#x1F50;&delta;&#x1F72; &lambda;&#x1F73;&gamma;&epsilon;&iota;,
+  &Zeta;&epsilon;&#x1FE6; &sigma;&#x1FF6;&sigma;&omicron;&nu;,
+  &#x1F10;&#x1F70;&nu; &pi;&tau;&alpha;&rho;&#x1FC7;</span>, show that it
+  was proper to exclaim "God bless you!" when any one sneezed.</p>
+
+  <p>Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxiii. 7.), inquires why sneezing is
+  reckoned a God (<span title="dia ti ton men ptarmon, theon hęgoumetha einai" class="grk"
+  >&delta;&iota;&#x1F70; &tau;&#x1F77; &tau;&#x1F78;&nu; &mu;&#x1F72;&nu;
+  &pi;&tau;&alpha;&rho;&mu;&#x1F78;&nu;, &theta;&epsilon;&#x1F78;&nu;
+  &#x1F21;&gamma;&omicron;&#x1F7B;&mu;&epsilon;&theta;&alpha;
+  &epsilon;&#x1F34;&nu;&alpha;&iota;</span>); to which he suggests, that it
+  may be because it comes from the head, the most divine part about us
+  (<span title="theiotatou tôn peri hęmas" class="grk"
+  >&theta;&epsilon;&iota;&omicron;&tau;&#x1F71;&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;
+  &tau;&#x1FF6;&nu; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F76;
+  &#x1F21;&mu;&#x1FB6;&sigmaf;</span>). Persons having the inclination, but
+  not the power to sneeze, should look at the sun, for reasons he assigns
+  in Problems (xxxiii. 4.).</p>
+
+  <p>Plutarch, on the Dćmon of Socrates (s. 11.), states the opinion which
+  some persons had formed, that Socrates' dćmon was nothing else than the
+  sneezing either of himself or others. Thus, if any one sneezed at his
+  right hand, either before or behind him, he pursued any step he had
+  begun; but sneezing at his left hand caused him to desist from his formed
+  purpose. He adds something as to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze
+  twice was usual in Aristotle's time; but once, or more than twice, was
+  uncommon (Prob. xxxiii. 3.).</p>
+
+  <p>Petronius (<i>Satyr</i>. c. 98.) notices the "blessing" in the
+  following passage:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Giton collectione spiritus plenus, <i>ter</i> continuo ita
+  sternutavit, ut grabatum concuteret. Ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus,
+  <i>salvere</i> Gitona <i>jubet</i>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton</span>.
+
+  <p>Birmingham.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+  <p>The practice of snuff-taking has made the <i>sneezing</i> at anything
+  a mark of contempt, in these degenerate days.</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ABUSES OF HACKNEY COACHES.</h3>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[The following proclamation on this subject is of interest at the
+  present moment.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="cenhead">By the King.</p>
+
+  <p>A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney Coaches in the Cities
+  of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Charles R.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Whereas the excessive number of Hackney Coaches, and Coach Horses, in
+  and about the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof,
+  are found to be a common nuisance to the Publique Damage of Our People by
+  reason of their rude and disorderly standing and passing to and fro, in
+  and about our said Cities and Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being
+  thereby pestred and made impassable, the Pavements broken up, and the
+  Common Passages obstructed and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and
+  sundry other mischiefs and evils occasioned:</p>
+
+  <p>We, taking into Our Princely consideration these apparent
+  Inconveniences, and resolving that a speedy remedy be applied to meet
+  with, and redress them for the future, do, by and with the advice of our
+  Privy Council, publish Our Royal Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by
+  this Our Proclamation expressly charge and command, That no Person or
+  Persons, of what Estate, Degree, or Quality whatsoever, keeping or using
+  any Hackney Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after the Sixth day of
+  November next, permit or suffer the said Coaches and Horses, or any of
+  them, to stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages in or about Our
+  said Cities either of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to
+  either of them, to be there hired; but that they and every of them keep
+  their said Coaches and Horses within their respective Coach-houses,
+  Stables, and Yards (whither such Persons as desire to hire the same may
+  resort for that purpose), upon pain of Our high displeasure, and such
+  Forfeitures, Pains, and Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of
+  Our Royal Commands in the Premises, whereof we shall expect a strict
+  Accompt.</p>
+
+  <p>And for the due execution of Our Pleasure herein, We do further charge
+  and command the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London, That they
+  in their several Wards, and Our Justices of Peace within Our said Cities
+  of London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs thereof, and all
+  other Our Officers and Ministers of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do
+  take especial care in their respective Limits that this Our Command be
+  duly observed, and that they from time to time return the names of all
+  those who shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our Privy Council,
+  and to the end they may be proceeded against by Indictments and
+  Presentments for the Nuisance, and otherwise according to the severity of
+  the Law and Demerits of the Offenders.</p>
+
+  <p>Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day of October in the 12th
+  year of Our Reign.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">God save the King</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>London: Printed by John Bell and Christopher Barker, Printers to the
+  King's most Excellent Majesty, 1660.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>Pepys, in his <i>Diary</i>, vol. i. p. 152., under date 8th November,
+  1660, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwithstanding this was the
+  first day of the King's <!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page123"></a>{123}</span>proclamation against hackney coaches
+  coming into the streets to stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me
+  home."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">T. D.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Passage in "The Tempest," Act I. Sc. 2.</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,</p>
+      <p>But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,</p>
+      <p>Dashes the fire out."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632," <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Collier</span> informs us, "has substituted <i>heat</i> for 'cheek,'
+  which is not an unlikely corruption, a person writing only by the
+  ear."</p>
+
+  <p>I should say very unlikely: but if <i>heat</i> had been actually
+  printed in the folios, without speculating as to the probability that the
+  press-copy was written from dictation, I should have had no hesitation in
+  altering it to <i>cheek</i>. To this I should have been directed by a
+  parallel passage in <i>Richard II.</i>, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been
+  overlooked by <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span>:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet</p>
+      <p>With no less terror <i>than the elements</i></p>
+      <p><i>Of fire and water, when their thundering shock</i></p>
+      <p><i>At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven</i>."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Commentary here is almost useless. Every one who has any capacity for
+  Shakspearian criticism must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote
+  <i>cheek</i>, and not <i>heat</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The passage I have cited from <i>Richard II.</i> strongly reminds me
+  of an old lady whom I met last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of
+  Cumberland, &amp;c.; and who, during a severe thunderstorm, expressed to
+  me her surprise at the pertinacity of the lightning, adding, "I should
+  think, Sir, that so much water in the heavens would have put all the fire
+  out."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span>
+
+  <p>Birmingham.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet</i> (Vol. vii., p.
+  550.).&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"If the water come to the man."&mdash;<i>Shakspeare.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The argument Shakspeare referred to was that contained in Plowden's
+  Report of the case of Hales <i>v.</i> Petit, heard in the Court of Common
+  Pleas in the fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was held that
+  though the wife of Sir James Hale, whose husband was <i>felo-de-se</i>,
+  became by survivorship the holder of a joint term for years, yet, on
+  office found, it should be forfeited on account of the act of the
+  deceased husband. The learned serjeants who were counsel for the
+  defendant, alleged that the forfeiture should have relation to the act
+  done in the party's lifetime, which was the cause of his death. "And upon
+  this," they said, "the parts of the act are to be considered." And
+  Serjeant Walsh said:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The act consists of three parts. The first is the imagination, which
+  is a reflection or meditation of the mind, whether or no it is convenient
+  for him to destroy himself, and what way it can be done. The second is
+  the resolution, which is the determination of the mind to destroy
+  himself, and to do it in this or that particular way. The third is the
+  perfection, which is the execution of what the mind has resolved to do.
+  And this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning and the
+  end. The beginning is the doing of the act which causes the death; and
+  the end is the death, which is only the sequel to the act. And of all the
+  parts, the doing of the act is the greatest in the judgment of our law,
+  and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part the law looks upon to
+  be material. For the imagination of the mind to do wrong, without an act
+  done, is not punishable in our law; neither is the resolution to do that
+  wrong which he does not, punishable; but the doing of the act is the only
+  point the law regards, for until the act is done it cannot be an offence
+  to the world, and when the act is done it is punishable. Then, here, the
+  act done by Sir James Hale, which is evil and the cause of his death, is
+  the throwing of himself into the water, and death is but a sequel
+  thereof, and this evil act ought some way to be punished. And if the
+  forfeiture shall not have relation to the doing of the act, then the act
+  shall not be punished at all, for inasmuch as the person who did the act
+  is dead, his person cannot be punished, and therefore there is no way
+  else to punish him but by the forfeiture of those things which were his
+  own at the time of the act done; and the act was done in his lifetime,
+  and therefore the forfeiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely,
+  to that time of his life in which he did the act which took away his
+  life."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown, and Lord Dyer, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time of the original
+  offence committed, which was the cause of the death, and that was, the
+  throwing himself into the water, which was done in his lifetime, and this
+  act was felony."&mdash;&mdash;"So that the felony is attributed to the
+  act, which act is always done by a living man and in his lifetime," as
+  Brown said; for he said, "Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his
+  death? It may be answered, By drowning. And who drowned him? Sir James
+  Hale. And when did he drown him? In his lifetime. So that Sir James Hale
+  being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die; and the act of the living man
+  was the death of the dead man. And then for this offence it is reasonable
+  to punish the living man who committed the offence, and not the dead man.
+  But how can he be said to be punished alive when the punishment comes
+  after his death? Sir, this can be done no other way but by devesting out
+  of him, from the time of the act done in his life, which was the cause of
+  his death, the title and property of those things which he had in his
+  lifetime."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The above extract is long, but the work from which it is taken can be
+  accessible to but very few <!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page124"></a>{124}</span>of your readers. Let them not, however,
+  while they smile at the arguments, infer that those who took part in them
+  were not deservedly among the most learned and eminent of our ancient
+  judges.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Thomas Falconer</span>.
+
+  <p>Temple.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Shakspeare Suggestion</i>.&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours;</p>
+      <p>Most busy&mdash;less when I do it."</p>
+      <p class="i8"><i>Tempest</i>, Act III. Sc. 1.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>I fear your readers will turn away from the very sight of the above.
+  Be patient, kind friends, I will be brief. Has any one
+  suggested&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Most busy, least when I do"?</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The words in the folio are</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Most busy <i>lest</i>, when I do it."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense requires that the thoughts
+  should be "most busy" whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's
+  time, "lest" was a common spelling for <i>least</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Icon</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Shakspeare Controversy.</i>&mdash;I think the Shakspeare Notes
+  contained in your volumes are not complete without the following
+  quotation from <i>The Summer Night</i> of Ludwig Tieck, as translated by
+  Mary Maynard in the <i>Athen.</i> of June 25, 1853. Puck, in addressing
+  the sleeping boy Shakspeare, says:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Loud strife among the herd of little minds:</p>
+      <p>Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page,</p>
+      <p class="i1">But all the clearer will thy glory shine."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceridwen</span>.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Notes.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard.</i>&mdash;The
+  following instance of a recent forgery having been extensively
+  circulated, may lead to more careful examination by those who take notes
+  of things extraordinary.</p>
+
+  <p>The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was repaired about the year 1839;
+  and some of the workmen having their attention directed to the fact, that
+  many persons who had attained to the full age of man were buried in the
+  churchyard; and, wishing "for the honour of the place," to improve the
+  note-books of visitors, set about manufacturing an extraordinary instance
+  of longevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-the-way place, in
+  which there happened to be a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was
+  cut in this space, and the age at death then stood 172. The sexton was
+  either deceived, or assented to the deception; as the late vicar, the
+  Rev. J. Clayton, learned that it had become a practice with him (the
+  sexton) to show strangers this gravestone, so falsified, as a proof of
+  the extraordinary age to which people lived in the parish. The vicar had
+  the fraudulent figure erased at once, and lectured the sexton for his
+  dishonesty.</p>
+
+  <p>These facts were related to me a few weeks since by a son of the late
+  vicar. And as many strangers visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a
+  note" of this falsified age, "N. &amp; Q." may now correct the
+  forgery.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Robert Rawlinson.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Barnacles in the River Thames.</i>&mdash;In Porta's <i>Natural
+  Magic</i>, Eng. trans., Lond. 1658, occurs the following curious
+  passage:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Late writers report that not only in Scotland, but also in the river
+  of Thames by London, there is a kind of shell-fish in a two-leaved shell,
+  that hath a foot full of plaits and wrinkles: these fish are little,
+  round, and outwardly white, smooth and beetle-shelled like an almond
+  shell; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as it were of moss and mud;
+  they commonly stick in the keel of some old ship. Some say they come of
+  worms, some of the boughs of trees which fall into the sea; if any of
+  them be cast upon shore they die, but they which are swallowed still into
+  the sea, live and get out of their shells, and grow to be ducks or such
+  like birds(!)."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>It would be curious to know what could give rise to such an absurd
+  belief.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Speriend</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Note for London Topographers.</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+<table width="80%">
+<tr><td colspan="4">"The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Greenwich,
+for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms
+for the Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered
+Nov. 2, 1668, and undertaken by His Majesty's command
+signified to me by the Hon. Samuel Pepys, Esq.,
+Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty:</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Ł</td><td align="right"><i>s.</i></td><td align="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>"For a Shield for the middle of the
+front of the said office towards the Thames,
+containing the Anchor of Lord High Admiral
+of England with the Imperial Crown
+over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and
+6 foot broad, I having found the timber,
+&amp;c.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">30</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">0</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>"For the King's Arms at large, with
+ornaments thereto, designed for the pediment
+of the said front, the same being in
+the whole 15 foot long and 9 foot high, I
+finding timber, &amp;c.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">73</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">15</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td colspan="3" align="right">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Ł103</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">0"</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Yeowell</span>.
+
+  <p><i>The Aliases and Initials of Authors.</i>&mdash;It has often
+  occurred to me that it would save much useless inquiry and research, if a
+  tolerable list could be collected of the principal authors who have
+  published their works under assumed names or initials: thus, "R.&nbsp;B.
+  Robert Burton," <i>Nathaniel Crouch</i>, "R.&nbsp;F. Scoto-Britannicus,"
+  <i>Robert Fairley</i>, &amp;c. The commencement of a new volume of <!--
+  Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page125"></a>{125}</span>"N.
+  &amp; Q." affords an excellent opportunity for attempting this. If the
+  correspondents of "N. &amp; Q." would contribute their mites occasionally
+  with this view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little doubt but
+  a very valuable list might be obtained. For the sake of reference, the
+  whole contributions obtained could then be amalgamated, and
+  alphabetically arranged.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Perthensis</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Pure.</i>&mdash;In visiting an old blind woman the other day, I was
+  struck with what to me was a peculiar use of the word <i>pure</i>. Having
+  inquired after the dame's health, and been assured that she was much
+  better, I begged her not to rise from the bed on which she was sitting,
+  whereupon she said, "Thank you, Sir, I feel quite <i>pure</i> this
+  morning."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Oxoniensis</span>.
+
+  <p>Oakridge, Gloucestershire.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Darling's "Cyclopćdia Bibliographica.</i>"&mdash;The utility of Mr.
+  Darling's <i>Cyclopćdia Bibliographica</i> is exemplified by the solution
+  conveyed under the title "Crellius," p. 813, of the following difficulty
+  expressed by Dr. Hey, the Norrisian professor (<i>Lectures</i>, vol. iii.
+  p. 40.):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Paul Crellius and John Maclaurin seem to have been of the same way of
+  thinking with John Agricola. Nicholls, on this Article [Eighth of the
+  Thirty-nine Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book <i>De Libertate
+  Christiana</i>, but I do not find it anywhere. A speech of his is in the
+  <i>Bodleian Dialogue</i>, but not this work."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Similar information might have been received by your correspondent
+  (Vol. vii., p. 381.), who inquired whether Huet's <i>Navigations of
+  Solomon</i> was ever published. In the Cyclopćdia reference is made to
+  two collections in which this treatise has been inserted, <i>Crit.
+  Sac</i>., viii.; <i>Ugolinus</i>, vii. 277. With his usual accuracy, Mr.
+  Darling states there are additions in the <i>Critici Sacri</i> printed at
+  Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise above referred to is not in the
+  first edition, London, 1660.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Bibliothecar. Chetham</span>.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Queries.</h2>
+
+<h3>DELFT MANUFACTURE.</h3>
+
+  <p>I am extremely desirous of obtaining some information respecting the
+  Dutch manufactories of enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call
+  it.</p>
+
+  <p>On a former occasion, by your connexion with the <i>Navorscher</i>,
+  you were able to obtain for me some very valuable and interesting
+  information in reply to some question put respecting the Dutch porcelain
+  manufactories. I am therefore in hopes that some kind correspondent in
+  Holland will be so obliging as to impart to me similar information on
+  this subject also. I should wish to know&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>When, by whom, at what places, and under what circumstances, the
+  manufacture of enamelled pottery was first introduced into Holland?</p>
+
+  <p>Whether there were manufactories at other towns besides Delft?</p>
+
+  <p>Whether they had any distinctive marks; and, if so, what were
+  they?</p>
+
+  <p>Whether there was more than one manufactory at Delft; and, if so, what
+  were their marks, and what was the meaning of them?</p>
+
+  <p>Whether any particular manufactories were confined to the making of
+  any particular sort or quality of articles; and, if so, what were
+  they?</p>
+
+  <p>Whether any of the manufactories have ceased; and, if so, at what
+  period?</p>
+
+  <p>Also, any other particulars respecting the manufactories and their
+  products that it may be possible to communicate through the medium of a
+  paper like "N. &amp; Q."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Octavius Morgan</span>.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>The Withered Hand and Motto "Utinam."</i>&mdash;At Compton Park,
+  near Salisbury, the seat of the Penruddocke family, there is a
+  three-quarter length picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gentleman in a
+  rich dress of black velvet, with broad lace frill and cuffs, and
+  ear-rings, probably of the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His
+  right hand, which he displays somewhat prominently, is <i>withered</i>.
+  The left one is a-kimbo, and less seen. In the upper part of the painting
+  is the single Latin word "<span class="scac">UTINAM</span>" (O that!).
+  There is no tradition as to who this person was. Any suggestion on the
+  subject would gratify</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J.
+
+  <p><i>History of York.</i>&mdash;Who is the author of a <i>History of
+  York</i>, in 2 vols., published at that city in 1788 by T. Wilson and R.
+  Spence, High Ousegate? I have seen it in several shops, and heard it
+  attributed to Drake; and obtained it the other day from an extensive
+  library in Bristol, in the Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's
+  <i>Eboracum</i>. Several allusions in the first volume to his work,
+  however, render it impossible to be ascribed to him. It is dedicated to
+  the Right Honourable Sir William Mordaunt Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart.,
+  who was mayor at the time.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span>.
+
+  <p>Clifton.</p>
+
+  <p><i>"Hauling over the coals."</i>&mdash;What is the origin and meaning
+  of the phrase, "Hauling one over the coals;" and where does it first
+  appear?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Faber</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers
+  give me any information respecting the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's
+  Bury, referred to in the extracts from the <i>Post Boy</i> and Gough's
+  <i>Topography</i>, quoted by <span class="sc">Mr. Ballard</span> in Vol.
+  vii., p. 617.?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Buriensis</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Washington.</i>&mdash;Anecdotes relative to General Washington,
+  President of the United States, <!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page126"></a>{126}</span>intended for a forthcoming work on the
+  "Homes of American Statesmen," will be gratefully received for the author
+  by</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Joseph Stansbury</span>.
+
+  <p>26. Parliament Street.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Norman of Winster.</i>&mdash;Can any of your correspondents afford
+  information bearing on the family of Norman of Winster, county of
+  Derby?</p>
+
+  <p>"John Norman of Winster, county of Derby, married, in 1715 or 1716, to
+  Jane (<i>maiden name</i> particularly wanted). The said J. Norman married
+  again in 1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted also).</p>
+
+  <p>I shall be particularly obliged to any one affording such
+  information.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W.
+
+  <p><i>Sir Arthur Aston.</i>&mdash;I shall be much obliged, should any of
+  your very numerous correspondents be able to inform me in which part or
+  parish, of the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier Sir Arthur
+  Aston resided <i>upon his return</i> from the foreign wars in which he
+  had been for so many years engaged; and <i>previously</i> to the rupture
+  between Charles I. and the Houses of Parliament.</p>
+
+  <p>I believe one of his daughters, about the same period, married a
+  gentleman residing in the same county: also that George Tattersall, Esq.,
+  of Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the same county of
+  Berkshire, was a near relative.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Chartham</span>.
+
+  <p><i>"Jamieson the Piper."</i>&mdash;I am anxious to ascertain who was
+  the author of the above ditty; it was very popular in Aberdeenshire about
+  the beginning of this century. The scene, if I remember rightly, is laid
+  in the parish of Forgue, in Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members
+  of the Spalding Club may be able to enlighten me on the subject.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Bathensis</span>.
+
+  <p><i>"Keiser Glomer."</i>&mdash;I have a Danish play entitled <i>Keiser
+  Glomer, Frit oversatte af det Kyhlamske vech C. Bredahl</i>: Kiobenhavn,
+  1834. It is a mixture of tragedy and farce: the former occasionally good,
+  the latter poor buffoonery. In the notes, readings of the old MS. are
+  referred to with apparent seriousness; but <i>Gammel Gumba's Saga</i> is
+  quoted in a manner that seems burlesque. I cannot find the word "Kyhlam"
+  in any dictionary. Can any of your readers tell me whether it signifies a
+  real country, or is a mere fiction? The work does not read like a
+  translation; and, if one, the number of modern allusions show that it is
+  not, as it professes to be, from an ancient manuscript.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. M. E.
+
+  <p><i>Tieck's Com&oelig;dia Divina.</i>&mdash;I copied the following
+  lines six years ago from a review in a Munich newspaper of Batornicki's
+  <i>Ungöttliche Comödie</i>. They were cited as from Tieck's suppressed
+  (zurückgezogen) satire, <i>La Comödie Divina</i>, from which Batornicki
+  was accused of plundering freely, thinking that, from its variety, he
+  would not be detected:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Spitzt so hoch ihr könnt euer Ohr,</p>
+      <p>Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen hier vor.</p>
+      <p>Gott Vater identifieirt sich mit der Kreatur,</p>
+      <p>Denn er will anschauen die absolute Natur;</p>
+      <p>Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeihen,</p>
+      <p>Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the lines as remarkable. I
+  have since tried to find some account of <i>La Divina Comedia</i>, but in
+  vain. It is not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can any of your
+  readers tell me what it is, or who wrote it?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. M. E.
+
+  <p><i>Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez</i>&mdash;<i>Stream like that
+  in Bay of Argastoli.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers oblige me by
+  stating where the best information may be met with concerning the very
+  remarkable fossil trees on the way from Cairo to Suez? And, if there has
+  yet been discovered any other stream or rivulet running from the ocean
+  into the land similar to that in the Bay of Argastoli in the Island of
+  Cephalonia?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. M.
+
+  <p><i>Presbyterian Titles</i> (Vol. v., p. 516.).&mdash;Where may be
+  found a list of "the quaint and uncouth titles of the old
+  Presbyterians?"</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Mayors and Sheriffs.</i>&mdash;Can you or any of your readers
+  inform me which ought to be considered the principal officer, or which is
+  the most important, and which ought to have precedence of the other, the
+  mayor of a town or borough, or the sheriff of a town or borough? and is
+  the mayor merely the representative of the town, and the sheriff of the
+  Queen; and if so, ought not the representative of majesty to be
+  considered more honourable than the representative of merely a borough;
+  and can a sheriff of a borough claim to have a grant of arms, if he has
+  not any previous?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Subscriber</span>.
+
+  <p>Nottingham.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Beauty of Buttermere.</i>&mdash;In an article contributed by
+  Coleridge to the <i>Morning Post</i> (vid. <i>Essays on his own
+  Times</i>, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"It seems that there are some circumstances attending her birth and
+  true parentage, which would account for her striking superiority in mind
+  and manners, in a way extremely flattering to the prejudices of rank and
+  birth."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>What are the circumstances alluded to?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span>.
+
+  <p>Clifton.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Sheer Hulk.</i>&mdash;Living in a maritime town, and hearing
+  nautical terms frequently used, I had always supposed this term to mean
+  an old vessel, <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page127"></a>{127}</span>with sheers, or spars, erected upon it,
+  for the purpose of masting and unmasting ships, and was led to attribute
+  the use of it, by Sir W. Scott and other writers, for a vessel totally
+  dismasted, to their ignorance of the technical terms. But of late it has
+  been used in the latter sense by a writer in the <i>United Service
+  Magazine</i> professing to be a nautical man. I still suspect that this
+  use of the word is wrong, and should be glad to hear on the subject from
+  any of your naval readers.</p>
+
+  <p>I believe that the word "buckle" is still used in the dockyards, and
+  among seamen, to signify to "bend" (see "N. &amp; Q.," Vol. vii., p.
+  375.), though rarely.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>.
+
+  <p><i>The Lapwing or Peewitt</i> (<i>Vanellus cristatus</i>).&mdash;Can
+  any of your correspondents, learned in natural history, throw any light
+  upon the meaning in the following line relative to this bird?&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The blackbird far its hues shall know,</p>
+      <p class="i1">As <i>lapwing</i> knows the vine."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the hawthorn; but
+  what the <i>lapwing</i> has to do with the <i>vine</i>, I am at a loss to
+  know. Having forgotten whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one
+  will favor me with the author's name.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. B. Whitborne</span>.
+
+  <p><i>"Could we with ink," &amp;c.</i>&mdash;Could you, or any of your
+  numerous and able correspondents, inform me who is the <i>bonâ fide</i>
+  author of the following lines?&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Could we with ink the ocean fill,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And were the heavens of parchment made,</p>
+      <p>Were every stalk on earth a quill,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And every man a scribe by trade;</p>
+      <p>To write the love of God above,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Would drain the ocean dry;</p>
+      <p>Nor could the scroll contain the whole,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Though stretched from sky to sky."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Naphtali</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Launching Query.</i>&mdash;With reference to the accident to H.M.S.
+  Cćsar at Pembroke, I would ask, Is there any other instance of a ship, on
+  being launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to move in spite of
+  all efforts to start her?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. B.
+
+  <p><i>Manliness.</i>&mdash;Query, What is the meaning of the word as used
+  in "N. &amp; Q.," Vol. viii., p. 94., col. 2. l. 12.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Anonymous</span>.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Pues or Pews.</i>&mdash;Which is the <i>correct</i> way of spelling
+  this word? What is its derivation? Why has the form <i>pue</i> been
+  lately so much adopted?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Omega</span>.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[The abuses connected with the introduction of pues into churches have
+  led to an investigation of their history, as well as to the etymology of
+  the word. Hence the modern adoption of its original and more correct
+  orthography, that of <i>pue</i>; the Dutch <i>puye</i>, <i>puyd</i>, and
+  the English <i>pue</i>, being derived from the Latin <i>podium</i>. In
+  Vol. iii., p. 56., we quoted the following as the earliest notice of the
+  word from the <i>Vision of Piers Plouman</i>:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sute</p>
+      <p>Yparroked in <i>pues</i>. The person hit knoweth."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Again, in <i>Richard III.</i>, Act IV. Sc. 4.: "And makes her
+  <i>pue-fellow</i> with others moan."&mdash;In Decker's <i>Westward
+  Hoe</i>: "Being one day in church, she made mone to her
+  <i>pue-fellow</i>."&mdash;And in the <i>Northern Hoe</i> of the same
+  author: "He would make him a <i>pue-fellow</i> with lords."&mdash;See a
+  paper on <i>The History of Pews</i>, read before the Cambridge Camden
+  Society, Nov. 22, 1841.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>"Jerningham" and "Doveton."</i>&mdash;Who was the author of
+  <i>Jerningham</i> and <i>Doveton</i>, two admirable works of fiction
+  published some twelve or fifteen years ago? They are equal to anything
+  written by Bulwer Lytton or by James.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Mt</span>.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Replies.</h2>
+
+<h3>BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHÉ.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 8.)</p>
+
+  <p>I possess a singular work, consisting of a series of <i>Poetical
+  Sketches</i> of the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, written, as the
+  title-page asserts, by an "officer of the Guards;" who appears to have
+  been, from what he subsequently states, on the personal staff of His
+  Royal Highness the late Duke of York. This work, I have been given to
+  understand, was suppressed shortly after its publication; the ludicrous
+  light thrown by its pages on the conduct of many of the chief parties
+  engaged in the transactions it records, being no doubt unpalatable to
+  those high in authority. From the notes, which are valuable as appearing
+  to emanate from an eye-witness, and sometimes an actor in the scenes he
+  describes, I send the following extracts for the information of your
+  correspondent; premising that the letter to which they are appended is
+  dated from the "Camp at Inchin, April 26, 1794."</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"As the enemy were known to have assembled in great force at the Camp
+  de Cćsar, near Cambray, Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would
+  make a <i>reconnoissance</i> in that direction: accordingly, on the
+  evening of the 23rd, Major-General Mansel's brigade of heavy cavalry was
+  ordered about a league in front of their camp, where they lay that night
+  at a farm-house, forming <i>part</i> of a detachment under General Otto.
+  Early the next morning, an attack was made on the French drawn up in
+  front of the village of Villers en Couchée (between Le Cateau and
+  Bouchain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and two squadrons of
+  Austrian Hussars: they charged the enemy with such velocity and force,
+  that, darting through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry
+  formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat <!-- Page 128 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page128"></a>{128}</span>precipitately and in
+  great confusion, under cover of the ramparts of Cambray; with a loss of
+  1200 men, and three pieces of cannon. The only British officer wounded
+  was Captain Aylett: sixty privates fell, and about twenty were
+  wounded.</p>
+
+  <p>"Though the heavy brigade was formed at a distance under a brisk
+  cannonade, while the light dragoons had so glorious an opportunity of
+  distinguishing themselves, there are none who can attach with propriety
+  any blame on account of their unfortunate delay; for which General Otto
+  was surely, as having the command, alone accountable, and not General
+  Mansel, who acted at all times, there is no doubt, according to the best
+  of his judgment for the good of the service.</p>
+
+  <p>"The Duke of York had, on the morning of the 26th, observed the left
+  flank of the enemy to be unprotected; and, by ordering the cavalry to
+  wheel round and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity of
+  gaining the highest credit by defeating the French army so much superior
+  to them in point of numbers.</p>
+
+  <p>"General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the enemy, devoted
+  himself to death; and animated by his example, that <i>very</i> brigade
+  performed such prodigies of valour, as must have convinced the world that
+  Britons, once informed <i>how to act</i>, justify the highest opinion
+  that can possibly be entertained of their native courage. Could such men
+  have <i>ever</i> been willingly <i>backward</i>? Certainly not.</p>
+
+  <p>"General Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, anxious to
+  save his father's life, had darted forwards, and was taken prisoner, and
+  carried into Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that there was
+  not, on the 26th, <i>a single French soldier</i> left in the town, as
+  Chapuy had drawn out the whole garrison to augment the army destined to
+  attack the camp of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately known at
+  the time, a detachment of the British army might easily have marched
+  along the Chaussée, and taken possession of the place ere the Republicans
+  could possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat described a
+  circuitous detour of some miles."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Simpson</span> will perceive, from the above
+  extracts, that the brilliant skirmish of Villers en Couché took place on
+  April 24th; whereas the defeat of the French army under Chapuy did not
+  occur until two days later. A large quantity of ammunition and
+  thirty-five pieces of cannon were then captured; and although the writer
+  does not mention the number who were killed on the part of the enemy,
+  yet, as he states that Chapuy and near 400 of his men were made
+  prisoners, their loss by death was no doubt proportionately large.</p>
+
+  <p>The 15th Hussars have long borne on their colours the memorable words
+  "Villers en Couché" to commemorate the daring valour they displayed on
+  that occasion.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. C. Smith</span>.
+
+  <p>In Cruttwell's <i>Universal Gazetteer</i> (1808), this village, which
+  is five miles north-east of Cambray, is described as being "remarkable
+  for an action between the French and the Allies on the 24th of April,
+  1794." The following officers of the 15th regiment of light dragoons are
+  there named as having afterwards received crosses of the Order of Maria
+  Theresa for their gallant behaviour, from the Emperor of Germany,
+  viz.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt. Edw. Michael Ryan,
+  Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft, Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel
+  Blount, Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos. Wilson."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">D. S.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SNAIL-EATING.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 33.)</p>
+
+  <p>The Surrey snails referred to by <span class="sc">H.&nbsp;T. Riley</span>,
+  are thus mentioned by Aubrey in his account of Box Hill:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and in those of Sussex,
+  are the biggest snails that ever I saw, twice or three times as big as
+  our common snails, which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias
+  Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought from Italy, and scattered
+  them on the Downs hereabouts, and between Albury and Horsley, where are
+  the biggest of all."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Again, Aubrey, in his <i>Natural History of Wiltshire</i>, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in Surrey (twice as big as
+  ours) were brought from Italy by *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Earle Marshal, about
+  1638."&mdash;Aubrey's <i>History</i>, p. 10., edited by John Britton,
+  F.S.A., published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's <i>Surrey</i>, I have
+  quoted in my <i>Promenade round Dorking</i>, 2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and
+  have added in a note:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is probably from this snail
+  account that the error, ascribing the planting of the box (on Box Hill)
+  to one of the Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought
+  thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accustomed to dress and eat
+  them for a consumptive complaint."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>When I lived at Dorking (1815-1821) a breed of large white snails was
+  found on Box Hill.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Timbs</span>.
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. H. T. Riley</span> is informed that the breed of
+  white snails he refers to is to be plentifully found in the neighbourhood
+  of Shere. I have found them frequently near the neighbouring village of
+  Albury, on St. Martha's Hill, and I am told they are to be met with in
+  the lanes as far as Dorking. I have always heard that they were imported
+  for the use of a lady who was in a consumption; but who this was, or when
+  it happened, I have never been able to ascertain.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Nedlam</span>.
+
+  <p>The breed of large white snails is to be found all along the
+  escarpment of the chalk range, and is <!-- Page 129 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page129"></a>{129}</span>not confined to Surrey.
+  It is said to have been introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, and
+  was considered very nutritious and wholesome for consumptive patients.
+  About the end of the last century I was in the habit of collecting a few
+  of the common garden snails from the fruit-trees, and taking them every
+  morning to a lady who was in a delicate state of health; she took them
+  boiled or stewed, or cooked in some manner with milk, making a
+  mucilaginous drink.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. H.
+
+  <p>I have somewhere read of the introduction of a foreign breed of snails
+  into Cambridgeshire, I forget the exact locality, for the table of the
+  monks who imported them; but unfortunately it was before I commenced
+  making "notes" on the subject, and I have not been able to recollect
+  where to find it.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Seleucus</span>.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 76.)</p>
+
+  <p>This inscription is not "in Earl Bathurst's park," as your
+  correspondent <span class="sc">A. Smith</span> says, but is in Oakley
+  Woods, situated at some three or four miles' distance from Cirencester,
+  and being separated and quite distinct from the park; nor is the
+  inscription correctly copied. Rudder, in his new <i>History of
+  Gloucestershire</i>, 1779, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Concealed as it were in the wood stands Alfred's Hall, a building
+  that has the semblance of great antiquity. Over the door opposite to the
+  south entrance, on the inside, is the following inscription in the Saxon
+  character and language [of which there follows a copy]. Over the south
+  door is the following Latin translation:</p>
+
+  <p>"'F&oelig;dus quod Ćlfredus &amp; Gythrunus reges, omnes <i>Anglia
+  sapientes, &amp; quicunq</i>; Angliam in<i>c</i>olebant orientalem,
+  ferierunt; &amp; non solum de seipsis, verum etiam de nat<i>i</i>s suis,
+  ac nondum in lucem editis, quotquot misericordić divinć aut regić
+  vel<i>i</i>nt esse participes jurejurando sanxerunt.</p>
+
+  <p>"'Primň ditionis nostrć fines ad T<i>h</i>amesin evehunt<i>u</i>r,
+  inde ad Leam usq; ad fontem ejus; t<i>u</i>m recta ad Bedfordiam, ac
+  deniq; per Usam ad viam Vetelin<i>g</i>ianam.'"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I copy from Rudder, with the stops and contracted "et's," as they
+  stand in his work; though I think the original has points between each
+  word, as marked by <span class="sc">A. Smith</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The omissions and mistakes of your correspondent (which you will
+  perceive are important) are marked in Italics above.</p>
+
+  <p>Rudder adds,&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the chimney-piece, on
+  which, in ancient characters relieved on the stone, is this
+  inscription:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'<span class="scac">IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO</span> . 1085.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"It would have been inexcusable in the topographer to have passed by
+  so curious a place without notice; but the historian would have been
+  equally culpable who should not have informed the reader that this
+  building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The name, the
+  inscription, and the writing over the doors, of the convention between
+  the good king and his pagan enemies, were probably all suggested by the
+  similarity of <i>Achelie</i>, the ancient name of this place, to
+  <i>Ćcglea</i>, where King Alfred rested with his army the night before he
+  attacked the Danish camp at Ethandun, and at length forced their leader
+  Godrum, or Guthrum, or Gormund, to make such convention."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>It is many years since I saw the inscription, and then I made no note
+  of it; but I have no doubt that Rudder has given it correctly, because
+  when I was a young man I was intimately acquainted with him, who was then
+  an aged person; and a curious circumstance that occurred between us, and
+  is still full in my memory, impressed me with the idea of his great
+  precision and exactness.</p>
+
+  <p>I would remark on the explanation given by Rudder, that the
+  <i>Iglea</i> of Asser is supposed by Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir
+  Richard Colt Hoare to be <i>Clayhill</i>, eastward of Warminster; and
+  <i>Ethandun</i> to be <i>Edington</i>, about three miles eastward of
+  Westbury, both in Wilts.</p>
+
+  <p>Asser says that, "in the same year," the year of the battle, "the army
+  of the pagans, departing from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to
+  <i>Cirencester</i>, where they remained one year."</p>
+
+  <p>On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hostages to Alfred; and it is
+  probable that, if any treaty was made between them, it was made
+  immediately after the battle; and not that Alfred came from his fortress
+  of <i>Ćthelingay</i> to meet Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay
+  after leaving Chippenham.</p>
+
+  <p>If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it might have been at
+  Alfred's Hall near Cirencester, especially if <i>Hampton</i>
+  (Minchinhampton in Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from Oakley
+  Wood, be the real site of the great and important battle, as was, a few
+  years since, very plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moffatt, in a paper
+  inserted, with the signature "J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;M.," in Brayley's <i>Graphic and
+  Historical Illustrator</i>, p. 106. <i>et seq.</i>, 1834.</p>
+
+  <p>The mention of Rudder's History brings to my mind an inscription over
+  the door of Westbury Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in the
+  village of Westbury in this county. This mansion was taken down during
+  the minority of Maynard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the
+  estate. Rudder, in his account of that parish, has preserved the
+  inscription&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i4">&nbsp;"D.</p>
+      <p class="i4">O. M.</p>
+      <p>N. M. M. H. E. P. N. C."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo Maximo," and says the
+  subsequent line contains the initials of the following hexameter:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus,"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page130"></a>{130}</span></p>
+
+  <p>alluding to the successive descent of property from one generation to
+  another.</p>
+
+  <p>Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to tell me whether the
+  above line be original, or copied, and from whom.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. H. Fisher.</span>
+
+  <p>Stroud.</p>
+
+  <p>The agreement referred to is no other than the famous treaty of peace
+  between Alfred and Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an initial
+  "L." for a "G.," among various other inaccuracies for which your
+  correspondent is perhaps not responsible, has been disguised under the
+  form of "Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the commencement of the
+  treaty, which is stated, in Turner's <i>Anglo-Saxons</i>, book iv. ch.
+  v., to be still extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's <span
+  title="Archaionomia" class="grk"
+  >&Alpha;&rho;&chi;&alpha;&iota;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&mu;&iota;&alpha;</span>,
+  p. 36.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"F&oelig;dus quod Aluredus &amp; Gythrunus reges ex sapientum
+  Anglorum, atque eorum omnium qui orientalem incolebant Angliam consulto
+  ferierunt, in quod prćterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de
+  natis suis, ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltem misericordić
+  divinć aut regić velint esse participes), jurarunt.</p>
+
+  <p>"Primo igitur ditionis nostrć fines ad Thamesim fluvium evehuntor:
+  Inde ad Leam flumen profecti, ad fontem ejus deferuntor: tum rectŕ ad
+  Bedfordiam porriguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam
+  Vetelingianam desinunto."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another translation will be found in Wilkins's <i>Leges
+  Anglo-Saxonicć</i>, p. 47., and the Saxon original in both. As to the
+  boundaries here defined, see note in Spelman's <i>Alfred</i>, p. 36.</p>
+
+  <p>At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve months after his baptism,
+  according to his treaty with Alfred. (See <i>Sim. Dunelm. de gestis Regum
+  Anglorum</i>, sub anno 879.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. F. M.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>CURIOUS CUSTOM OF RINGING BELLS FOR THE
+DEAD.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 55.)</p>
+
+  <p>W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield, Massachusets, asks "if
+  this custom ever did, or does now exist in the mother country?" The
+  curiosity is that your worthy Querist has never heard of it! Dating from
+  <i>Malta</i>, it may be he has never been in our <i>ringing island</i>:
+  for it must be known to every Englishman, that the custom, varying no
+  doubt in different localities, exists in every parish in England.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>passing bell</i> is of older date than the canon of our church,
+  which directs "that when any is passing out of this life, a bell shall be
+  tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. And after
+  the party's death, if it so fall out, then shall be rung no more than one
+  short peal."</p>
+
+  <p>It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep up this custom of
+  their mother country.</p>
+
+  <p>In this parish, the custom has been to ring as quickly after death as
+  the sexton can be found; and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known
+  persons, sensible of their approaching death, direct the bell at once to
+  be tolled.</p>
+
+  <p>Durand, in his <i>Rituals of the Roman Church</i>, says: "For expiring
+  persons bells must be tolled, that people may put up their prayers: this
+  must be done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man." And such is still
+  the general custom: either before or after the <i>knell</i> is rung, to
+  toll three times <i>three</i>, or three times <i>two</i>, at intervals,
+  to mark the sex.<a name="footnotetag6"
+  href="#footnote6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>"Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any use of a bell; but there
+  is every reason to believe that&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to quote from
+  Brewster's <i>Ency.</i>) originated in the darkest ages, but with a
+  different view from that in which they are now employed. It was to avert
+  the influence of Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors did not
+  originate in this imaginary virtue, while they preserved the practice, it
+  is certain they believed the mere noise had the same effect; and as,
+  according to their ideas, evil spirits were always hovering around to
+  make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells struck them with
+  terror. We may trace the practice of tolling bells during funerals to the
+  like source. This has been practised from times of great antiquity: the
+  bells being muffled, for the sake of greater solemnity, in the same way
+  as drums are muffled at military funerals."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Ellacombe</span>.
+
+  <p>Rectory, Clyst St. George.</p>
+
+  <p>At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence of a death in the
+  parish, a bell is tolled quickly for about the space of ten minutes; and
+  before ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a man, six if a
+  woman, and three if a child. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the
+  custom is now almost peculiar to the north of England; but in ancient
+  times it must have been very general according to Durandus, who has the
+  following in his <i>Rationale</i>, lib. i. cap. 4. 13.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Verum aliquo moriente, campanć debent pulsari; ut populus hoc
+  audiens, oret pro illo. Pro muliere quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit
+  asperitatem.... Pro viro vero ter pulsator.... Si autem clericus sit, tot
+  vicibus simpulsatur, quot ordines habuit ipse. Ad ultimum vero compulsari
+  debet cum omnibus campanis, ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit
+  orandum."&mdash;Mr. Strutt's <i>Man. and Cust.</i>, iii. 176.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page131"></a>{131}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Also a passage is quoted from an old English Homily, ending with:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be ronge, as his knyll, in
+  worscheppe of the Trinetee; and for a womanne, who was the secunde
+  persone of the Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In addition to the intention of the "passing-bell," afforded by
+  Durandus above, it has been thought that it was rung to drive away the
+  evil spirits, supposed to stand at the foot of the bed ready to seize the
+  soul, that it might "gain start." Wynkyn de Worde, in his <i>Golden
+  Legend</i>, speaks of the dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to
+  this subject, Wheatly, in his work on the Book of Common Prayer, chap.
+  xi. sec. viii. 3., says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former ages, calls in the
+  minister, and others who are at hand, to assist their brother in his last
+  extremity."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The 67th canon enjoins that, "when any one is passing out of this
+  life, a bell shall be tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do
+  his duty. And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there shall be
+  rung <i>no more than one short peal</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>Several other quotations might be adduced (vid. Brand's <i>Antiq.</i>,
+  vol. ii. pp. 203, 204. from which much of the above has been derived) to
+  show that "one short peal" was ordered only to be rung after the
+  Reformation: the custom of signifying the sex of the deceased by a
+  certain number of knells must be a relic, therefore, of very ancient
+  usage, and unauthorised by the Church.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span>.
+
+  <p>Clifton.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+  <p>This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for a woman, is thus
+  explained in an ancient Homily on Trinity Sunday:&mdash;"At the deth of a
+  manne, three bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the
+  Trinitie. And for a woman, who was the second person of the Trinitie, two
+  bells should be ronge."</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TURNING?</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 57.)</p>
+
+  <p>Respecting the origin of this curious phenomenon in America, I am not
+  able to give your correspondent, J.&nbsp;G.&nbsp;T. of Hagley, any information; but
+  it may interest him and others among the readers of "N. &amp; Q." to have
+  some account of what appears to be the first recorded experiment, made in
+  Europe, of table-moving. These experiments are related in the supplement
+  (now lying before me) to the <i>Allgemeine Zeitung</i> of April 4, by Dr.
+  K. Andrée, who writes from Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated
+  March 30, and begins by stating that the whole town had been for eight
+  days preceding in a state of most peculiar excitement, owing to a
+  phenomenon which entirely absorbed the attention of all, and about which
+  no one had ever thought before the arrival of the American steam-ship
+  "Washington" from New York. Dr. Andrée proceeds to relate that the
+  information respecting table-moving was communicated in a letter, brought
+  through that ship, from a native of Bremen, residing in New York, to his
+  sister, who was living in Bremen, and who, in her correspondence with her
+  brother, had been rallying him about the American spirit-rappings, and
+  other Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so rampant in the United States.
+  Her brother instanced this table-moving, performed in America, as no
+  delusion, but as a fact, which might be verified by any one; and then
+  gave some directions for making the experiment, which was forthwith
+  attempted at the lady's house in Bremen, and with perfect success, in the
+  presence of a large company. In a few days the marvellous feat, the
+  accounts of which flew like wildfire all over the country, was executed
+  by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen. The subject was one precisely
+  adapted to excite the attention and curiosity of the imaginative and
+  wonder-loving Germans; and, accordingly, in a few days after, a notice of
+  the strange phenomenon appeared in <i>The Times</i>, in a letter from
+  Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading journal, the facts and
+  experiments became rapidly diffused over the world, and have been
+  repeated and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the experiment and its
+  results are now brought within the domain of practical science, we may
+  hope to see them soon freed from the obscurity and <span
+  class="correction" title="text reads `uncertainly'">uncertainty</span>
+  which still envelope them, and assigned to their proper place in the
+  wondrous system of "Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our
+  being."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Macray</span>.
+
+  <p>Oxford.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.)</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of the sixteenth
+  century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree unknown in any other part of
+  Europe, where generally the Protestants were persecuted by the Romanists,
+  or the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united to commercial
+  advantages, and a wide field for the exercise of various talents,
+  attracted to Poland crowds of foreigners, who fled their native land on
+  account of religious persecution; and many of whom became, by their
+  industry and talents, very useful citizens of their adopted country.
+  There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen, &amp;c., Italian and French
+  Protestant congregations. A great number of Scotch settled in different
+  parts of Poland; and there were Scotch Protestant congregations not only
+  in the above-mentioned towns, but also in other places, and a
+  particularly numerous one at Kieydany, a little town of Lithuania,
+  belonging to the Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch families settled
+  in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who arrived in that country
+  before the Reformation, but became its most zealous adherents. This
+  family rose, by its wealth, and the great merit of several of its
+  members, to the highest dignities of the state, but became extinct during
+  the seventeenth century. There are even now in Poland many families of
+  Scotch descent belonging to the class of nobles; as, for instance, <!--
+  Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page132"></a>{132}</span>the
+  Haliburtons, Wilsons, Ferguses, Stuarts, Haslers, Watsons, &amp;c. Two
+  Protestant clergymen of Scotch origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed
+  some sacred poetry. But the most conspicuous of all the Polish Scotchmen
+  is undoubtedly Dr. John Johnstone [born in Poland 1603, died 1675],
+  perhaps the most remarkable writer of the seventeenth century on natural
+  history. It seems, indeed, that there is a mysterious link connecting the
+  two distant countries; because, if many Scotsmen had in bygone days
+  sought and found a second fatherland in Poland, a strong and active
+  sympathy for the sufferings of the last-named country, and her exiled
+  children, has been evinced in our own times by the natives of Scotland in
+  general, and by some of the most distinguished amongst them in
+  particular. Thus it was an eminent bard of Caledonia, the gifted author
+  of <i>The Pleasures of Hope</i>, who, when</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime,'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her liberty, a
+  halo of glory which will remain unfaded as long as the English language
+  lasts. The name of Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland;
+  but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley Stuart] which is
+  enshrined in the heart of every true Pole."&mdash;From Count Valerian
+  Krasinski's <i>Sketch of the Religious History of the Sclavonic
+  Nations</i>, p. 167.: Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">J. K.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.)</p>
+
+  <p>I think <span class="sc">The Writer of "Communications with the Unseen
+  World</span>" would have some difficulty in referring to the works on
+  which he based the statement that "it was a tradition in Mexico that when
+  that form (the cross) should be victorious, the old religion should
+  disappear, and that a similar tradition attached to it at Alexandria." He
+  doubtless made the statement from memory, and unintentionally confounded
+  two distinct facts, viz. that the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and had
+  prophetic intimations of the downfall of their nation and religion by the
+  oppression of bearded strangers from the East. The quotation by <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Peacock</span> at p. 549., quoted also in Purchas'
+  <i>Pilgrims</i>, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that the cross
+  was worshipped in Mexico prior to the Spanish invasion, and therefore it
+  was impossible that the belief mentioned by <span class="sc">The
+  Writer</span>, &amp;c. could have prevailed.</p>
+
+  <p>On the first discovery of Yucatan,&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses, evidently
+  objects of worship."&mdash;Prescott's <i>Mexico</i>, vol. i. p. 203.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Mr. Stephens, in his <i>Central America</i>, vol. ii., gives a
+  representation of one of these crosses. The cross on the Temple of
+  Serapis, mentioned in Socrates' <i>Ecc. Hist.</i>, was undoubtedly the
+  well-known <i>Crux ansata</i>, the symbol of life. It was as the latter
+  that the heathens appealed to it, and the Christians explained it to them
+  as fulfilled in the Death of Christ.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Peacock</span> asks for other instances: I
+  subjoin some.</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>India</i>.&mdash;The great pagoda at Benares is built in the
+  form of a cross. (Maurice's <i>Ind. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 31., City,
+  Tavernier.)</p>
+
+  <p>On a Buddhist temple of cyclopean structure at Mundore (Tod's
+  <i>Rajasthan</i>, vol. i. p. 727.), the cross appears as a sacred figure,
+  together with the double triangle, another emblem of very wide
+  distribution, occurring on ancient British coins (Camden's
+  <i>Britannica</i>), Central American buildings (Norman's <i>Travels in
+  Yucatan</i>), among the Jews as the Shield of David (Brucker's <i>History
+  of Philosophy</i>), and a well-known masonic symbol frequently introduced
+  into Gothic ecclesiastical edifices.</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>Palestine</i>.&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and Maimonides, when the
+  priest sprinkled the blood of the victim on the consecrated cakes and
+  hallowed utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of a
+  <i>cross</i>. The same symbol was used when the kings and high priests
+  were anointed."&mdash;Faber's <i>Horć Mosaicć</i>, vol. ii. p. 188.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>See farther hereon, Deane on <i>Serpent Worship</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>Persia</i>.&mdash;The trefoil on which the sacrifices were
+  placed was probably held sacred from its cruciform character. The cross
+  (<a href="images/197_016.png"><img src="images/197_016.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="+" /></a>) occurs on Persian
+  buildings among other sacred symbols. (R.&nbsp;K. Porter's <i>Travels</i>,
+  vol. ii.)</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>Britain</i>.&mdash;The cross was formed by baring a tree to a
+  stump, and inserting another crosswise on the top; on the three arms thus
+  formed were inscribed the names of the three principal, or triad of gods,
+  <i>Hesus</i>, <i>Belenus</i>, and <i>Taranis</i>. The stone avenues of
+  the temple at Classerniss are arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's
+  <i>Antiquities of Cornwall</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>Scandinavia</i>.&mdash;The hammer of Thor was in the form of the
+  cross; see in Herbert's <i>Select Icelandic Poetry</i>, p. 11., and
+  Laing's <i>Kings of Norway</i>, vol. i. pp. 224. 330., a curious anecdote
+  of King Hacon, who, having been converted to Christianity, made the sign
+  of the cross when he drank, but persuaded his irritated Pagan followers
+  that it was the sign of Thor's hammer.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the utmost reverence by his
+  followers, who were called the children of Thor, who in the last day
+  would save themselves by his mighty hammer. The fiery cross, so well
+  known by Scott's vivid description, was originally the hammer of Thor,
+  which in early Pagan, as in later Christian times, was used as a summons
+  to convene the people either to council or to war. (Herbert's <i>Select
+  Icelandic Poetry</i>, p. 11.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Eden Warwick</span>.
+
+  <p>Birmingham.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133"></a>{133}</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Glass Chambers for Photography.</i>&mdash;I am desirous to
+  construct a small glass chamber for taking portraits in, and shall be
+  much obliged if you can assist me by giving me instructions how it should
+  be constructed, or by directing me where I shall find clear and
+  sufficient directions, as to dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is
+  it essential that it should be all of violet-coloured glass, ground at
+  one side, as that would add a good deal to the expense? or will white
+  glass, with thin blue gauze curtains or blinds, answer?</p>
+
+  <p>Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accompanied with such woodcut
+  illustrations as would be necessary to render the description complete,
+  and such as an artificer could work by, would confer a boon on many
+  amateur photographers, as well as your obliged servant,</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C. E. F.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[In the construction of a photographic house, we beg to inform our
+  correspondent that it is by no means needful to use entirely
+  violet-coloured glass, but the roof thereof exposed to the rays of the
+  sun should be so protected; for although the light is much subdued, and
+  the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is taken away, yet but few
+  of the actinic rays are obstructed. It has been proposed to coat the
+  interior with smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished; but this
+  does not appear to have answered. Calico, both white and coloured, has
+  also been used, but it is certainly not so effectual or pleasant. Upon
+  the whole, we think that the main things to attend to are, firmness in
+  its construction, so as to avoid vibration; ample size, so as to allow
+  not only of room for the operator, but also for the arrangements of
+  background, &amp;c., and the sides to open so as to allow a free
+  circulation of air; blinds to be <i>applied at such spots only</i> as
+  shall be found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small closet
+  should be provided, admitting only yellow light, which may be effectually
+  accomplished by means of yellow calico. A free supply of water is
+  indispensable, which may be conveyed both to and from by means of the
+  gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We apprehend, however, that
+  the old proverb, "You must cut your coat according to your cloth," is
+  most especially applicable to our querist, for not only must the house be
+  constructed according to the advantages afforded by the locality, but the
+  amount of expense will be very differently thought of by different
+  persons: one will be content with any moderate arrangement which will
+  answer the purpose, where another will be scarcely satisfied unless
+  everything is quite of an <i>orné</i> character.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Dr. Diamond's Replies.</i>&mdash;I am sorry I have not before
+  replied to the Queries of your correspondent W.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;E., contained in Vol.
+  viii., p. 41.; but absence from home, together with a pressure of public
+  duties here, has prevented me from so doing.</p>
+
+  <p>1st. No doubt a <i>small</i> portion of nitrate of potash is formed
+  when the iodized collodion is immersed in the bath of nitrate of silver,
+  by mutual decomposition; but it is in so small a quantity as not to
+  deteriorate the bath.</p>
+
+  <p>2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much longer than is generally
+  supposed; at the beginning of last month I obtained a tolerably good
+  portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a small bottle brought to me
+  by Mr. Archer in September 1850; and I especially notice this fact, as it
+  is connected with the first introduction of the use of collodion in
+  England. Generally speaking, I do not find that it deteriorates in two or
+  three months; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing solution will
+  generally restore it, unless it has become rotten: this, I think, is the
+  case when the gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the acid. The
+  redness which collodion assumes by age, may also be discharged by the
+  addition of a few drops of liquor ammonić, but I do not think it in any
+  way accelerates its activity of action.</p>
+
+  <p>3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes called, "inhaling ether,"
+  has been deprived of the alcohol which the common ether contains, and it
+  will not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol is restored to it. I
+  would here observe that an excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens
+  the collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance, rendering it much
+  more difficult to use by its slowness in flowing over the glass plate, as
+  well as producing a less even surface than when nearly all ether is used.
+  A collodion, however, with thirty-five per cent. of spirits of wine, is
+  very quick, allowing from its less tenacious quality a more rapid action
+  of the nitrate of silver bath.</p>
+
+  <p>4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-dissolve the iodide of
+  silver, but the results are by no means so satisfactory; the cost of pure
+  iodide of potassium bought at a <i>proper market</i> is certainly very
+  inconsiderable compared to the disappointment resulting from a false
+  economy.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. W. Diamond.</span>
+
+  <p>Surrey County Asylum.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Trial of Lenses.</i>&mdash;When you want to try a lens, first be
+  sure that the slides of your camera are correctly constructed, which is
+  easily done. Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper printed in
+  small type; focus this on your ground glass with the assistance of a
+  magnifying-glass; now take the slide which carries your plate of glass,
+  and if you have not a piece of ground glass at hand, insert a plate which
+  you would otherwise excite in the bath after the application of
+  collodion, but now <i>dull</i> it by touching it with putty. Observe
+  whether you get an equally clear and well-focussed picture on this; if
+  you do, you may conclude there is no fault in the construction of your
+  camera.</p>
+
+  <p>Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and place the pieces on
+  the row of squares which run <!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page134"></a>{134}</span>from corner to corner; focus the middle
+  one, whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a picture; you will
+  soon see whether the one best in the visual focus is the best on the
+  picture, or whether the piece one or more squares in advance or behind it
+  is clearer than the one you had previously in focus. The chess-board must
+  be set square with the camera, so that each piece is farther off by one
+  square. To vary the experiment, you may if you please stick a piece of
+  printed paper on each piece, which a little gum or common bees'-wax will
+  effect for you.</p>
+
+  <p>In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in obtaining a focus, cut
+  a slip of newspaper about four inches long, and one and a half wide, and
+  turn up one end so as it may be held between the lips, taking care that
+  the rest be presented quite flat to the camera; with the help of a
+  magnifying-glass set a correct focus to this, and afterwards draw in the
+  tube carrying the lenses about one-sixteenth of a turn of the screw of
+  the rackwork. This will give a medium focus to the head: observe, as the
+  length of focus in different lenses varies, the distance the tube is
+  moved must be learned by practice.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. M. F.
+
+  <p><i>Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of
+  Silver?</i>&mdash;Some time ago I made a few ounces of a solution of
+  ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing positives; this I have kept in a
+  yellow coloured glass bottle with a ground stopper.</p>
+
+  <p>I have, however, been much alarmed, and refrained from using it or
+  taking out the stopper, lest danger should arise, in consequence of
+  reading in Mr. Delamotte's <i>Practice of Photography</i>, p. 95. (vide
+  "Ammonia Solution"):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the stopper of the bottle
+  in which it is kept, the least friction will cause it to explode
+  violently; it is therefore better to keep none prepared."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>As in pouring this solution out and back into the bottle, of course
+  the solution will dry around the stopper, and, if this account is
+  correct, may momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will feel obliged
+  by being informed by some of your learned correspondents whether any such
+  danger exists.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Hugh Henderson.</span>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Burke's Marriage</i> (Vol. vii., p. 382.).&mdash;Burke married, in
+  1756, the daughter of Dr. Nugent of Bath. (See <i>Nat. Cycl., s.v.</i>
+  "Burke.")</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.</span>
+
+  <p><i>The House of Falahill</i> (Vol. vi., p. 533.).&mdash;As I have not
+  observed any notice taken of the very interesting Query of <span
+  class="sc">Aberdoniensis</span>, regarding this ancient baronial
+  residence, I may state that there is a Falahill, or Falahall, in the
+  parish of Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it be the Falahill
+  referred to by Nisbet as having been so profusely illuminated with
+  armorial bearings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs. Laing, Wilson,
+  or Cosmo Innes might be able to give some information about this
+  topographical and historical mystery.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Stornoway.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Descendants of Judas Iscariot</i> (Vol. viii., p. 56.).&mdash;There
+  is a collection of traditions as to this person in extracts I have among
+  my notes, which perhaps you may think fit to give as a reply to <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Creed's</span> Query. It runs as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"On dit dans l'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas Iscariot est né ŕ
+  Sablé; lŕ-dessus on a fait ce vers:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Perfidus Judćus Sabloliensis erat.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"Les Bretons disent de męme qu'il est né au Normandie entre Caen et
+  Rouen, et ŕ ce propos ils recitent ces vers.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i4hg1">'Judas étoit Normand,</p>
+      <p class="i6">Tout le monde le dit&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4">Entre Caen et Rouen,</p>
+      <p class="i6">Ce malheureux naquit.</p>
+      <p>Il vendit son Seigneur pour trente mares contants.</p>
+      <p>Au diable soient tous les Normands.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"On dit de męme sans raison que Judas avoit demeuré ŕ Corfou, et qu'il
+  y est né. Pietro della Valle rapporte dans ses <i>Voyages</i> qu'étant ŕ
+  Corfou on lui montra par rareté un homme que ceux du pays assuroient ętre
+  de la race du traître Judas&mdash;quoiqu'il le niât. C'est un bruit qui
+  court depuis long tems en cette contrée, sans qu'on en sache la cause ni
+  l'origine. Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemaďs (autrement de l'Acre)
+  disoit de męme sans raison que dans une tour de cette ville on avoit
+  fabriqué les trente deniers pour lesquelles Judas avoit vendu nôtre
+  Seigneur, et pour cela ils appelloient cette tour la <i>Tour
+  Maudite</i>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This is taken from the second volume of <i>Menagiana</i>, p. 232.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. H. P. Leresche.</span>
+
+  <p>Manchester.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Milton's Widow</i> (Vol. viii., p. 12.).&mdash;The information once
+  promised by your correspondent <span class="sc">Cranmore</span> still
+  seems very desirable, because the statements of your correspondent <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Hughes</span> are not reconcilable with two letters given
+  in Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on Milton, pages 37-8.,
+  to which tract I beg to refer <span class="sc">Mr. Hughes</span>, who may
+  not have seen it. These letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the
+  writer of them, had only <i>two aunts</i>, neither of whom could have
+  been Mrs. Milton, as she must have been if she was the daughter of the
+  writer's grandfather, Randall Minshull. Probably this Elizabeth died in
+  infancy, which the Wistaston parish register may show, and which register
+  would perhaps also show (supposing Milton took his wife from Wistaston)
+  the wanting marriage; or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull family,
+  that parish register would most likely <!-- Page 135 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page135"></a>{135}</span>disclose his third
+  marriage, which certainly did not take place sooner than 1662.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Garlichithe</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Whitaker's Ingenious Earl</i> (Vol. viii., p. 9.).&mdash;It was a
+  frequent saying of Lord Stanhope's, that he had taught law to the Lord
+  Chancellor, and divinity to the Bishops; and this saying gave rise to a
+  caricature, where his lordship is seated acting the schoolmaster with a
+  rod in his hand.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. H.
+
+  <p><i>Are White Cats deaf?</i> (Vol. vii., p. 331.).&mdash;In looking up
+  your Numbers for April, I observe a Minor Query signed <span
+  class="sc">Shirley Hibberd</span>, in which your querist states that in
+  all white cats stupidity seemed to accompany the deafness, and inquires
+  whether any instance can be given of a white cat possessing the function
+  of hearing in anything like perfection.</p>
+
+  <p>I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at the advanced age of
+  upwards of seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great
+  perfection, and is remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than cats
+  are usually given credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more
+  like that of a dog than of a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its
+  eyes are perfectly blue, with round pupils, not elongated as those of
+  cats usually are. It occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears,
+  but this has not at all resulted in deafness.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H.
+
+  <p><i>Consecrated Roses</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.; Vol. viii., p.
+  38.).&mdash;From the communication of P.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;P. it seems that the origin
+  of the consecration of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was "en
+  reconnaissance" of a singular privilege granted to the abbey of St.
+  Croix. Can your correspondent refer to any account of the origin of the
+  consecration or blessing of the sword, cap, or keys?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">G.
+
+  <p><i>The Reformed Faith</i> (Vol. vii., p. 359.).&mdash;I must protest
+  against this term being applied to the system which Henry VIII. set up on
+  his rejecting the papal supremacy, which on almost every point but that
+  one was pure Popery, and for refusing to conform to which he burned
+  Protestants and Roman Catholics at the same pile. It suited Cobbett (in
+  his <i>History of the Reformation</i>), and those controversialists who
+  use him as their text-book, to confound this system with the doctrine of
+  the existing Church of England, but it is to be regretted that any
+  inadvertence should have caused the use of similar language in your
+  pages.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>.
+
+  <p><i>House-marks</i> (Vol. vii., p. 594.).&mdash;It appears to me that
+  the <i>house-marks</i> he alluded to may be traced in what are called
+  <i>merchants' marks</i>, still employed in marking bales of wool, cotton,
+  &amp;c., and which are found on tombstones in our old churches,
+  <i>incised</i> in the slab during the sixteenth and seventeenth
+  centuries, and which till lately puzzled the heralds. They were borne by
+  merchants who had no arms.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. G. Ballard</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Trash</i> (Vol. vii., p. 566.).&mdash;The late Mr. Scatchard, of
+  Morley, near Leeds, speaking in Hone's <i>Table Book</i> of the Yorkshire
+  custom of <i>trashing</i>, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a
+  wedding party, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day called 'a trash,'
+  yet it did not, certainly, give the name to the nuisance. To 'trash'
+  originally signified to clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any one
+  (see Todd's <i>Johnson</i>); and, agreeably to this explanation, we find
+  the rope tied by sportsmen round the necks of fleet pointers to tire them
+  well, and check their speed, is hereabouts universally called 'trash
+  cord,' or 'dog trash.' A few miles distant from Morley, west of Leeds,
+  the 'Boggart' or 'Barguest,' the Yorkshire Brownie is called by the
+  people the <i>Gui-trash</i>, or <i>Ghei-trash</i>, the usual description
+  of which is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal,
+  <i>encumbered</i> with a chain round its neck, which is heard to rattle
+  in its movements. I have heard the common people in Yorkshire say, that
+  they 'have been <i>trashing</i> about all day;' using it in the sense of
+  having had a tiring walk or day's work.</p>
+
+  <p>"East of Leeds the 'Boggart' is called the <i>Padfoot</i>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">G. P.
+
+  <p><i>Adamsoniana</i> (Vol. vii., p. 500.).&mdash;Michel Ada<i>n</i>son
+  (not Ada<i>m</i>son), who has left his name to the gigantic Baobab tree
+  of Senegal (<i>Adansonia digitata</i>), and his memory to all who
+  appreciate the advantages of a natural classification of plants&mdash;for
+  which Jussieu was indebted to him&mdash;was the son of a gentleman, who
+  after firmly attaching himself to the Stuarts, left Scotland and entered
+  the service of the Archbishop of Aix. The <i>Encyclopćdia Britannica</i>,
+  and, I imagine, almost all biographical dictionaries and similar works,
+  contain notices of him. His devoted life has deserved a more lengthened
+  chronicle.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Seleucus</span>.
+
+  <p>Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires respecting the family of
+  Michel Adamson, or Michael Adamson, is informed that in France, the
+  country of his birth, the name is invariably written "Ada<i>n</i>son;"
+  while the author of <i>Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the Roses</i>,
+  is described as "John Ada<i>m</i>son." Both names are pronounced alike in
+  French; but the difference of spelling would seem adverse to the
+  supposition that the family of the botanist was of Scottish
+  extraction.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry H. Breen</span>.
+
+  <p>St. Lucia.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Portrait of Cromwell</i> (Vol. viii., p. 55.).&mdash;The portrait
+  inquired after by <span class="sc">Mr. Rix</span> is at the British
+  Museum. Being placed over the cases in the long gallery of natural
+  history, it is extremely difficult to be seen.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Bruce</span>.
+
+<p><!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page136"></a>{136}</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"</i> (Vol. iii., p. 493.; Vol.
+  iv., p. 391.).&mdash;It is not, I hope, too late to notice that Burke's
+  description of Junius is an allusion neither to the <i>Iliad</i>, xiii.
+  471., nor to Psalm lxxx. 8-13., but to the <i>Iliad</i>, xvii. 280-284. I
+  cannot resist quoting the lines containing the simile, at once for their
+  applicability and their own innate beauty:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<span title="Ithusen de dia promachôn, su'i eikelos alkęn" class="grk">&#x1F3C;&theta;&upsilon;&sigma;&epsilon;&nu; &delta;&#x1F72; &delta;&iota;&#x1F70; &pi;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#x1F71;&chi;&omega;&nu;, &sigma;&upsilon;&#x1FD3; &epsilon;&#x1F34;&kappa;&epsilon;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#x1F00;&lambda;&kappa;&#x1F74;&nu;</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Kapriôi, host' en oressi kunas thalerous t' a'izęous" class="grk">&Kappa;&alpha;&pi;&rho;&#x1F77;&#x1FF3;, &#x1F45;&sigma;&tau;' &#x1F10;&nu; &#x1F44;&rho;&epsilon;&sigma;&sigma;&iota; &kappa;&#x1F7B;&nu;&alpha;&sigmaf; &theta;&alpha;&lambda;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&#x1F7B;&sigmaf; &tau;' &#x1F00;&#x3CA;&zeta;&eta;&omicron;&#x1F7A;&sigmaf;</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Rhę'idiôs ekedassen, elixamenos dia bęssas." class="grk">&#x1FEC;&eta;&#x3CA;&delta;&#x1F77;&omega;&sigmaf; &#x1F10;&kappa;&#x1F73;&delta;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&epsilon;&nu;, &#x1F10;&lambda;&iota;&xi;&#x1F71;&mu;&epsilon;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &delta;&iota;&#x1F70; &beta;&#x1F75;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;&sigmaf;.</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Ôs huios Telamônos" class="grk">&Omega;&sigmaf; &upsilon;&#x1F31;&#x1F78;&sigmaf; &Tau;&epsilon;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&#x1FF6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Fraser</span>.
+
+  <p>Tor-Mohun.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Amentium haud Amantium</i>" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).&mdash;The
+  following English translation may be considered a tolerably close
+  approximation to the alliteration of the original: "Of dotards not of the
+  doting." It is found in the Dublin edition of <i>Terence</i>, published
+  by J.&nbsp;A. Phillips, 1845.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C. T. R.
+
+  <p>Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a translation of this
+  passage, "Of <i>dotards</i>, not of the <i>doting</i>." Whatever may be
+  its merits in other respects, it is at all events a more perfect
+  alliteration than the other attempts which have been recorded in "N.
+  &amp; Q."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Erica</span>.
+
+  <p>Warwick.</p>
+
+  <p>When I was at school I used to translate the phrase "Amentium haud
+  amantium" (Ter. <i>Andr</i>., i. 3. 13.) "<i>Lunatics, not lovers</i>."
+  Perhaps that may satisfy <span class="sc">Fidus Interpres</span>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="grk">&Pi;</span>. <span class="grk">&Beta;</span>.
+
+  <p>A friend of mine once rendered this "<i>Lubbers, not lovers</i>."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Talleyrand's Maxim</i> (Vol. vi., p. 575.; Vol. vii., p.
+  487.).&mdash;Young's lines, to which Z.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;R. refers, are:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Where Nature's end of language is declined,</p>
+      <p>And men talk only to conceal their mind."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>With less piquancy, but not without the germ of the same idea, Dean
+  Moss (ob. 1729), in his sermon <i>Of the Nature and Properties of
+  Christian Humility</i>, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Gesture is an artificial thing: men may stoop and cringe, and bow
+  popularly low, and yet have ambitious designs in their heads. And
+  <i>speech is not always the just interpreter of the mind</i>: men may use
+  a condescending style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of
+  themselves."&mdash;<i>Sermons</i>, &amp;c., 1737, vol. vii. p. 402.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cowgill</span>.
+
+  <p><i>English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth</i> (Vol. vii., pp.
+  260. 344. 509.).&mdash;The following particulars concerning one of the
+  Marian Bishops are at A.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., sometime
+  student, and, in 1553, Master of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, was
+  made Vice-Chancellor of that University in 1554-5; and had the
+  temporalities of the See of Chester handed to him by Queen Mary in 1556.
+  He was one of Cardinal Pole's delegates to the University of Cambridge,
+  and was concerned in most of the political movements of the day. He, and
+  four other bishops, with as many divines, undertook to defend the
+  principles and practices of the Romish Church against an equal number of
+  Reformed divines. On the 4th of April he was confined, either in the
+  Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language towards Queen Elizabeth;
+  but having by some means or other escaped from <i>durance</i>, he retired
+  to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's <i>F&oelig;dera</i>,
+  about 1560.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Hughes</span>.
+
+  <p>Chester.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Gloves at Fairs</i> (Vol. vii., <i>passim.</i>).&mdash;To the list
+  of markets at which a glove was, or is, hung out, may be added Newport,
+  in the Isle of Wight. But a Query naturally springs out of such a note,
+  and I would ask, Why did a glove indicate that parties frequenting the
+  market were exempt from arrest? What was the glove an emblem of?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. D&mdash;n.</span>
+
+  <p>As the following extract from Gorr's <i>Liverpool Directory</i>
+  appears to bear upon the point, and as it does not seem to have yet
+  attracted the attention of any of your correspondents, I beg to forward
+  it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Its (<i>i.e.</i> Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and 11th Nov.
+  Ten days before and ten days after each fair-day, a hand is exhibited in
+  front of the Town-hall, which denotes protection; during which time no
+  person coming to or going from the town on business connected with the
+  fair can be arrested for debt within its liberty."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I have myself frequently observed the "hand," although I could not
+  discover any appearance of a fair being held.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">R.
+
+  <p><i>St. Dominic</i> (Vol. vii., p. 356.).&mdash;Your correspondent
+  <span class="sc">Bookworm</span> will find in any chronology a very
+  satisfactory reason why Machiavelli could not reply to the summons of
+  Benedict XIV., unless, indeed, the Pope had made use of "the power of the
+  keys," to call him up for a brief space to satisfy his curiosity.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Names of Plants</i> (Vol. viii., p. 37.).&mdash;Ale-hoof means
+  useful in, or to, ale; Ground-ivy having been used in brewing before the
+  introduction of hops. "The women of our northern parts" (says John
+  Gerard), "especially about Wales or Cheshire, do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof
+  into their ale ... being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the
+  head from rhumaticke humours flowing from the brain." From the aforesaid
+  tunning, it was also called Tun-hoof (<i>World of Words</i>); and in
+  Gerard, Tune-hoof. <!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page137"></a>{137}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Considering what was meant by Lady in the names of plants, we should
+  refrain from supposing that <i>Neottia spiralis</i> was called the
+  Lady-traces "sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled in such
+  matters than I am can detect such a sense. I cannot learn what a lady's
+  <i>traces</i> are; but I suspect plaitings of her hair to be meant. "Upon
+  the spiral sort," says Gerard, "are placed certaine small white flowers,
+  <i>trace</i> fashion," while other sorts grow, he says, "spike fashion,"
+  or "not <i>trace</i> fashion." Whence I infer, that in his day
+  <i>trace</i> conveyed the idea of spiral.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. N.
+
+  <p><i>Specimens of Foreign English</i> (Vol. iii.
+  <i>passim.</i>).&mdash;I have copied the following from the label on a
+  bottle of <i>liqueur</i>, manufactured at Marseilles by "L. Noilly fils
+  et C<sup>ie</sup>." The English will be best understood by being placed
+  in juxtaposition with the original French:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Le Vermouth</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>est un vin blanc légčrement amer, parfumé avec des plantes aromatiques
+  bienfaisantes.</p>
+
+  <p>"Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, fébrifuge et astringente:
+  prise avec de l'eau elle est apéritive et raffraichissante: elle est
+  aussi un puissant préservatif contre les fičvres et la dyssenterie,
+  maladies si fréquentes dans les pays chauds, pour lesquels elle a été
+  particuličrement composée."</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The Wermouth</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and good vegetables
+  white wine.</p>
+
+  <p>"This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive drinking; mixed with
+  water it is aperitive, refreshing, and also a powerful preservative of
+  fivers and bloody-flux; those latters are very usual in warmth countries,
+  and of course that liquor has just been particularly made up for that
+  occasion."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry H. Breen</span>.
+
+  <p>St. Lucia.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Blanco White</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 404. 486.).&mdash;Your
+  correspondent H.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;K. is right in his impression that the sonnet
+  commencing</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Mysterious Night! when our first parents knew," &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>was written by Blanco White. See his <i>Life</i> (3 vols., Chapman,
+  1845), vol. iii. p. 48.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. K. R. W.
+
+  <p><i>Pistols</i> (Vol. viii., p. 7.).&mdash;In Strype's Life of Sir
+  Thomas Smith, <i>Works</i>, Oxon. 1821, mention is made of a statute or
+  proclamation by the Queen in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33
+  Hen. VIII. c. 6., alluded to by your correspondent J.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;M., and in which
+  the words <i>pistol</i> and <i>pistolet</i> are introduced:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing it was, in so quiet
+  and peaceable a realm, to have men so armed; ... did charge and command
+  all her subjects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that in no
+  wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they carried about them
+  privily or openly any dag, or pistol, or any other harquebuse, gun, or
+  such weapon for fire, under the length expressed by the statute made by
+  the Queen's most noble father.... [Excepting however] noblemen and such
+  known gentlemen, which were without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if
+  they carried dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly, at
+  their saddle bows," &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Here the <i>dag</i> or <i>pistolet</i> seems to answer to our
+  "revolvers," and the <i>pistol</i> to our larger horse-pistol.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. C. K.
+
+  <p>&mdash;&mdash; Rectory, Hereford.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions</i> (Vol. viii., p.
+  44.).&mdash;If L., or any of your readers, will take the trouble to
+  compare the passage quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the
+  following translation of Smith, with Sir A. Alison's supposititious
+  quotation<a name="footnotetag7" href="#footnote7"><sup>[7]</sup></a>
+  (Vol. vii., p. 594.), they will find that my inquiry is still unanswered.
+  The passage quoted by L. in Greek is, according to Smith:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice; modesty, the
+  disguise of effeminacy; and being wise in everything, to be good for
+  nothing."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise; and he who suspected
+  such practices in others was still a more able genius."&mdash;Vol. i.
+  book iii. p. 281. 4to.: London, 1753.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In this "counterfeit presentment of two brothers," L. may discern a
+  family likeness; but my inquiry was for the identical passage, "sword and
+  poniard" included.</p>
+
+  <p>If L. desires to find Greek authority for the general sentiment only,
+  I would refer him to passages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, in
+  <i>Thucydides</i>, iii. 83., viii. 89.; <i>Herodotus</i>, iii. 81.;
+  Plato's <i>Republic</i>, viii. 11., and Aristotle's <i>Politics</i>, v.
+  6. 9. I beg to thank L. for his attempt, although unsuccessful.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton</span>.
+
+  <p>Birmingham.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+  <p><i>Europe</i>, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo.</p>
+
+</div>
+  <p><i>The earliest Mention of the Word "Party"</i> (Vol. vii., p.
+  247.).&mdash;In a choice volume, printed by "Ihon Day, dwelling over
+  Aldersgate, beneath St. Martines," 1568, I find the word occurring
+  thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The <i>party</i> must in any place see to himselfe, and seeke to wipe
+  theyr noses by a shorte aunswere."&mdash;<i>A Discovery and playne
+  Declaration of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne</i>, fol. 10.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I right in considering the
+  above-mentioned book as rare? I do so on the assumption that "Ihon Day"
+  is <i>the</i> Day of black-letter rarity.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. C. Warde</span>.
+
+  <p>Kidderminster.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page138"></a>{138}</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Creole</i> (Vol. vii., p. 381.).&mdash;It is curious to observe how
+  differently this word is applied by different nations. The English apply
+  it to white children born in the West Indies; the French, I believe,
+  exclusively to the mixed races; and the Spanish and Portuguese to the
+  blacks born in their colonies, never to whites. The latter, I think, is
+  the true and original meaning, as its primary signification is a
+  <i>home-bred</i> slave (from "criar," to bring up, to nurse), as
+  distinguished from an imported or purchased one.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden</span>.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3>
+
+  <p>We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich, the able Actuary of
+  the University Life Assurance Society, entitled <i>Popular Tables
+  arranged in a new Form, giving Information at Sight for ascertaining,
+  according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold,
+  Leasehold, and Church Property, Renewal Fines, &amp;c., the Public Funds,
+  Annual Average Price and Interest on Consols from 1731 to 1851; also
+  various interesting and useful Tables, equally adapted to the Office and
+  the Library Table</i>. Ample as is this title-page, it really gives but
+  an imperfect notion of the varied contents of this useful library and
+  writing-desk companion. For instance, Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous
+  Tables gives the average price of Consols, with the average rate of
+  interest, from 1731 to 1851; but this not only shows when Consols were
+  highest and when lowest, but also what Administration was then in power,
+  and the chief events of each year. We give this as one instance of the
+  vast amount of curious information here combined; and we would point out
+  to historical and geographical students the notices of Chinese Chronology
+  in the preface, and the Tables of Ancient and Modern Itinerary Measures,
+  as parts of the work especially deserving of their attention. In short,
+  Mr. Willich's <i>Popular Tables</i> form one of those useful volumes in
+  which masses of scattered information are concentrated in such a way as
+  to render the book indispensable to all who have once tested its
+  utility.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices</i>, by the Rev.
+  W. Sparrow Simpson, is a small pamphlet containing the substance of two
+  lectures on this pestilent heresy, delivered by the author before the
+  Kennington Branch of the Church of England Young Men's Society, and is
+  worth the attention of those who wish to know something of this now
+  wide-spread mania.</p>
+
+  <p><i>On the Custom of Borough-English in the County of Sussex</i>, by
+  George R. Corner, Esq. This well-considered paper on a very curious
+  custom owes its origin, we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish
+  all questions agitated in "N. &amp; Q." were as well illustrated as this
+  has been by the learning and ingenuity of Mr. Corner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to Demonstration the
+  Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals in the Earth by means of the
+  Dowsing Fork or Divining Rod, &amp;c., collected, reported, and
+  edited</i> by Francis Phippen. A curious little pamphlet on a <i>fact</i>
+  in Natural Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either
+  understand or account for.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Serials Received</span>.&mdash;<i>Murray's Railway
+  Reading: History as a Condition of Social Progress</i>, by Samuel Lucas.
+  An able lecture on an interesting subject.&mdash;<i>The Traveller's
+  Library</i>, No. 46.: <i>Twenty Years in the Philippines</i>, by De la
+  Gironičre. One of the best numbers of this valuable
+  series.&mdash;<i>Cyclopćdia Bibliographica</i>, Part XI., August. This
+  eleventh Part of Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James
+  Ibbetson to Bernard Lamy.&mdash;<i>Archćologia Cambrensis, New Series,
+  No. XV.</i>: containing, among other papers of interest to the
+  inhabitants of the principality, one on the arms of Owen Glendwr, by the
+  accomplished antiquary to whom our readers were indebted for a paper on
+  the same subject in our own columns.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Sowerby's English Botany</span>, with or without Supplementary Volumes.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Dugdale's England and Wales</span>, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Lingard's History of England</span>. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following Volumes, in Boards.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Long's History of Jamaica</span>.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Life of the Rev. Isaac Milles</span>. 1721.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Sir Thomas Herbert's Threnodia Carolina</span>: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Sir Thomas Herbert's Travels in Asia and Africa</span>. Folio.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Letters of the Herbert Family</span>.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bishop Mosley's Vindication</span>. 4to. 1683.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Life of Admiral Blake</span>, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London. 12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Oswaldi Crollii Opera</span>. Genevć, 1635. 12mo.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Unheard-of Curiosities</span>, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Beaumont's Psyche</span>. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Memoirs of the Rose</span>, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1824.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Literary Gazette</span>, 1834 to 1845.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Athenćum</span>, commencement to 1835.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">A Narrative of the Holy Life and Happy Death of Mr. John Angier</span>. London, 1685.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Moore's Melodies</span>. 15th Edition.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Wood's Athenć Oxonienses</span> (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Complaynts of Scotland</span>. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Shakspeare's Plays</span>. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>*** <i>Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to
+  send their names.</i></p>
+
+  <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage
+  free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of
+  "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. G. Furrian</span><i>'s offer is declined with
+  thanks</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>E. W., <i>who inquires respecting the letters</i> N <i>and</i> M <i>in
+  the Book of Common Prayer, is referred to</i> Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii.,
+  p. 61.; Vol. iii., pp. 323. 437.</p>
+
+  <p>T. <i>and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of
+  Collodion are informed that we shall next week publish a farther
+  communication from</i> <span class="sc">Dr. Diamond</span> <i>upon this
+  point</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Addendum</span>.&mdash;Vol. viii., p. 104., add to
+  end of Query on Fragments in Athenćus, "D'Israeli's <i>Cur. Lit.</i>,
+  Bailey's <i>Fragmenta Comicorum</i>."</p>
+
+  <p><i>A few complete sets of</i> "<span class="sc">Notes and
+  Queries</span>," Vols. i. to vii., <i>price Three Guineas and a Half, may
+  now be had; for which early application is desirable</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on
+  Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
+  night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
+  Saturday</i>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page139"></a>{139}</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE
+AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p>
+
+  <p>Founded A.D. 1842.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Directors.</i></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.</p>
+      <p>G. H. Drew, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Evans, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Freeman, Esq.</p>
+      <p>F. Fuller, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Hunt, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.</p>
+      <p>E. Lucas, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Lys Seager, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. B. White, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Trustees.</i></p>
+
+  <p>W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Physician.</i>&mdash;William Rich. Basham, M.D.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Bankers.</i>&mdash;Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing
+  Cross.</p>
+
+  <p>VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</p>
+
+  <p>POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+  difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
+  to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
+  on the Prospectus.</p>
+
+  <p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l.</i>, with a Share
+  in three-fourths of the Profits:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table width="17%" class="nob" summary="Specimens of Rates" title="Specimens of Rates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left; width:57%">
+      <p>Age</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>Ł</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>s.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>17</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>14</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>22</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>27</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>32</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>10</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>37</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>6</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>42</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>3</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition, with material
+  additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on
+  BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
+  Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building
+  Companies, &amp;c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
+  Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
+  Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.&mdash;A Selection of the above beautiful
+  Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &amp;c.)
+  may be seen at BLAND &amp; LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be
+  procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the
+  practice of Photography in all its Branches.</p>
+
+  <p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Catalogues may be had on application.</p>
+
+  <p>BLAND &amp; LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical
+  Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>LA LUMIERE; French Photographic Journal. The only Journal which gives
+  weekly all the principal Photographic News of England and the Continent;
+  with Original Articles and Communications on the different Processes and
+  Discoveries, Reports of the French Academy of Sciences, Articles on Art,
+  Reviews, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Published every SATURDAY at PARIS, 9. Rue de la Perle.</p>
+
+  <p>Terms, 16<i>s.</i> per annum in advance. All English Subscriptions and
+  Communications to be addressed to the English Editor, 6. Henman Terrace,
+  Camden Town, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.&mdash;Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's,
+  Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frčres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
+  Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.</p>
+
+  <p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13,
+  Paternoster Row, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of
+  Parliament in 1834.&mdash;8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>HONORARY PRESIDENTS.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Earl of Courtown</p>
+      <p>Earl Leven and Melville</p>
+      <p>Earl of Norbury</p>
+      <p>Earl of Stair</p>
+      <p>Viscount Falkland</p>
+      <p>Lord Elphinstone</p>
+      <p>Lord Belhaven and Stenton</p>
+      <p>Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2">LONDON BOARD.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Chairman.</i>&mdash;Charles Graham, Esq.</p>
+      <p><i>Deputy-Chairman.</i>&mdash;Charles Downes, Esq.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>H. Blair Avarne, Esq.</p>
+      <p>E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., <i>Resident</i>.</p>
+      <p>C. Berwick Curtis, Esq.</p>
+      <p>William Fairlie, Esq.</p>
+      <p>D. Q. Henriques, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. G. Henriques, Esq.</p>
+      <p>F. C. Maitland, Esq.</p>
+      <p>William Railton, Esq.</p>
+      <p>F. H. Thomson, Esq.</p>
+      <p>Thomas Thorby, Esq.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>MEDICAL OFFICERS.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Physician.</i>&mdash;Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,</p>
+      <p>8. Bennett Street, St. James's.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Surgeon.</i>&mdash;F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is
+  as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table width="50%" class="allb" summary="Bonus added to Policies" title="Bonus added to Policies">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:20%" rowspan="2">
+      <p>Sum<br />
+      Assured</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:20%" rowspan="2">
+      <p>Time<br />
+      Assured.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2">
+      <p>Sum added to<br />
+      Policy</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:20%" rowspan="2">
+      <p>Sum<br /> Payable<br /> at
+      Death.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center">
+      <p>In 1841.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center">
+      <p>In 1848.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p><i>Ł&nbsp; &nbsp;</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:left">
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right; width:20%">
+      <p><i>Ł &nbsp; s. d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right; width:20%">
+      <p><i>Ł &nbsp; s. d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p><i>Ł &nbsp; s. d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>5000</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>14 years</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>683 &nbsp; 6 &nbsp;8&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>787 10 &nbsp;0&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>6470 16 &nbsp;8&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>* 1000</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>&nbsp; 7 years</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center">
+      <p>-</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>157 10 &nbsp;0&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1157 10 &nbsp;0&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>500</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>&nbsp; 1 year</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center">
+      <p>-</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>11 &nbsp; 5 &nbsp;0&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>511 &nbsp; 5 &nbsp;0&nbsp;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>* <span class="sc">Example.</span>&mdash;At the commencement of the
+  year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1000<i>l.</i>, the
+  annual payment for which is 24<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; in 1847 he
+  had paid in premiums 168<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; but the profits
+  being 2Ľ per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22<i>l.</i>
+  10<i>s.</i> per annum for each 1000<i>l.</i>) he had 157<i>l.</i>
+  10<i>s.</i> added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid.</p>
+
+  <p>The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only
+  one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for
+  Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident
+  Director.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.&mdash;HORNE &amp; CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
+  Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
+  according to light.</p>
+
+  <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
+  choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
+  Establishment.</p>
+
+  <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &amp;c. &amp;c. used
+  in this beautiful Art.&mdash;123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.</p>
+
+  <p>OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to
+  every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its
+  capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its
+  extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or
+  Portraits.</p>
+
+  <p>Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing
+  Frames, &amp;c. may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace,
+  Barnsbury Road, Islington.</p>
+
+  <p>New Inventions, Models, &amp;c., made to order or from Drawings.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES
+  of taste for fancy work,&mdash;by paying 21<i>s.</i> will be received as
+  members, and taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired
+  in a few easy lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment
+  and ready cash payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey.
+  N.B. Ladies taught by letter at any distance from London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &amp;c.&mdash;BARRY, DU BARRY
+  &amp; CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.</p>
+
+  <p>THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+  remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+  fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic,
+  intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted,
+  dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrh&oelig;a, acidity,
+  heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of
+  the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
+  pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
+  aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>A few out of 50,000 Cures</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+  Decies:&mdash;"I have derived considerable benefit from your Revalenta
+  Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to
+  authorise the publication of these lines.&mdash;<span class="sc">Stuart
+  de Decies</span>."</p>
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 49,832:&mdash;"Fifty years' indescribable agony from
+  dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms,
+  sickness at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's
+  excellent food.&mdash;<span class="sc">Maria Jolly</span>, Wortham Ling,
+  near Diss, Norfolk."</p>
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 180:&mdash;"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
+  indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and
+  which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by
+  Du Barry's food in a very short time.&mdash;<span class="sc">W. R.
+  Reeves</span>, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."</p>
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 4,208:&mdash;"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility,
+  with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the
+  advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious
+  food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
+  inquiries.&mdash;<span class="sc">Rev. John W. Flavell</span>, Ridlington
+  Rectory, Norfolk."</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="author">"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+  <p>"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+  nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
+  kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body,
+  as also diarrh&oelig;a, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
+  bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of
+  the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
+  hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
+  satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
+  where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
+  bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
+  troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
+  conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
+  incipient hectic complaints and consumption.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2hg3">"<span class="sc">Dr. Rud Wurzer</span>.</p>
+      <p class="hg3">"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>London Agents:&mdash;Fortnum, Mason &amp; Co., 182. Piccadilly,
+  purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen; Hedges &amp; Butler, 155. Regent
+  Street; and through all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine
+  venders. In canisters, suitably packed for all climates, and with full
+  instructions, 1lb. 2<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>; 2lb. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>;
+  5lb. 11<i>s.</i>; 12lb. 22<i>s.</i>; super-refined, 5lb. 22<i>s.</i>;
+  10lb. 33<i>s.</i> The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of
+  Post-office order.&mdash;Barry, Du Barry &amp; Co., 77. Regent Street,
+  London.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Important Caution.</span>&mdash;Many invalids having
+  been seriously injured by spurious imitations under closely similar
+  names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to
+  see that each canister bears the name <span class="sc">Barry, Du Barry
+  &amp; Co.</span>, 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which none
+  is genuine. <!-- Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page140"></a>{140}</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.</p>
+
+  <p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,</p>
+
+  <p>(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)</p>
+
+  <p>Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Agriculture, history of Scottish</p>
+      <p>Agricultural College examination papers</p>
+      <p>Annuals, new</p>
+      <p>Azaleas, to propagate</p>
+      <p>Books noticed</p>
+      <p>Brick burning, a nuisance</p>
+      <p>Cabbages, club in</p>
+      <p>Calendar, horticultural</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; agricultural</p>
+      <p>Carrot rot, by Dr. Reissek</p>
+      <p>Carts <i>v.</i> waggons</p>
+      <p>Cedar, gigantic</p>
+      <p>Cockroaches, to kill</p>
+      <p>Cycas revoluta, by Mr. Ruppen</p>
+      <p>Drainage bill, London</p>
+      <p>Forests, royal</p>
+      <p>Fruits, wearing out of</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; disease in stone, by M. Ysabeau</p>
+      <p>Fumigator, Geach's, by Mr. Forsyth</p>
+      <p>Guano, new source of</p>
+      <p>Honey, thin</p>
+      <p>Horticultural Society</p>
+      <p>Horticultural Society's garden</p>
+      <p>Machine tools</p>
+      <p>Manures, concentrated</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; liquid, by Mr. Bardwell</p>
+      <p>Marvel of Peru</p>
+      <p>Mechi's (Mr.) gathering</p>
+      <p>Mirabilis Jalapa</p>
+      <p>New Forest</p>
+      <p>Plant, hybrid</p>
+      <p>Potatoes, Bahama</p>
+      <p>Potato disease</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; origin of</p>
+      <p>Poultry, metropolitan show of</p>
+      <p>Races, degeneracy of</p>
+      <p>Roses, Tea</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; from cuttings</p>
+      <p>Soil and its uses, by Mr. Morton</p>
+      <p>Strawberry, Nimrod, by Mr. Spencer</p>
+      <p>Truffles, Irish</p>
+      <p>Vegetables, lists of</p>
+      <p>Violet, Neapolitan</p>
+      <p>Waggons and carts</p>
+      <p>Wax insects (with engraving)</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in
+  addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and
+  Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber,
+  Bark, Wool and Seed Markets, and a <i>complete Newspaper, with a
+  condensed account of all the transactions of the week</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper
+  Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">Now ready, price 25<i>s.</i>, Second Edition, revised
+and corrected. Dedicated by Special Permission
+to</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF
+CANTERBURY.</p>
+
+  <p>PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by
+  the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged
+  for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for
+  the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise <span
+  class="sc">System of Chanting</span>, by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor
+  and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price
+  25<i>s</i>. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank,
+  Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for that amount: and,
+  by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music Warehouses.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+  Church and Cathedral Service."&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+  country."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+  merits the distinguished patronage under which it
+  appears."&mdash;<i>Musical World.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+  of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+  appeared."&mdash;<i>John Bull.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Also, lately published,</p>
+
+  <p>J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the
+  Chapel Royal St. James, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">ALPHABETS.</p>
+
+  <p>SHAW'S HANDBOOK OF MEDIĆVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. 1853, 4to., 36 fine
+  Plates printed in Colours (published at 16<i>s.</i>), cloth,
+  12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SILVESTRE, ALPHABET-ALBUM, folio, Paris, 1843, 60 large beautiful
+  Plates (published at 100 francs), half morocco, 20<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>ALPHABETS OF ALL THE ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL LANGUAGES, Leipsig, 1852,
+  royal 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Also an extensive Collection of Works on Diplomatics, Medićval
+  Charters, &amp;c., by Astle, Montfaucon, Mabillon, and Rodriguez, on sale
+  by</p>
+
+  <p>BERNARD QUARITCH, Second-hand Foreign Bookseller, 16. Castle Street,
+  Leicester Square.</p>
+
+  <p>*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent Gratis for a Year on
+  prepayment of a Shilling in Postage Stamps.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains
+  the following articles:&mdash;1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.
+  2. Madame de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of
+  Major P. Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary:
+  Bramber Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with
+  Engravings). 6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7.
+  Benjamin Robert Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers&mdash;Whitaker,
+  Surtees, and Raine. 9. Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early
+  History of the Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep
+  at the Library of Chichester Cathedral&mdash;Christ's Church at
+  Norwich&mdash;Rev. Wm. Smith of Melsonby&mdash;Godmanham and
+  Londesborough. With Reviews of New Publications, a Report of the Meeting
+  of the Archćological Institute at Chichester and of other Antiquarian
+  Societies, Historical Chronicle, and <span class="sc">Obituary</span>.
+  Price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">NICHOLS &amp; SONS, 25. Parliament Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28<i>s.</i>
+cloth) of</p>
+
+  <p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS,
+  F.S.A.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Volume Three, 1272-1377.</p>
+      <p>Volume Four, 1377-1485.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Lately published, price 28<i>s.</i> cloth,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Volume One, 1066-1199.</p>
+      <p>Volume Two, 1199-1272.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore
+  take its stand in the permanent literature of our
+  country."&mdash;<i>Gent. Mag.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">London: LONGMAN &amp; CO.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>GILBERT J. FRENCH,</h2>
+
+<p class="cenhead">BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,</p>
+
+  <p>RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that
+  he replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information
+  respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN,
+  &amp;c., &amp;c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with
+  Sketches, Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct
+  communications by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory
+  arrangement. PARCELS delivered Free by Railway.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">This day is published, price 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPT EMENDATIONS OF THE TEXT OF
+  SHAKSPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
+London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile
+from an early MS. at Dulwich College,
+price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>CURIOSITIES OF MODERN SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By J. O. HALLIWELL,
+  ESQ., F.R.S.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
+London./<p class="cenhead">
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">Just published, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per dozen, or nicely
+bound in cloth, 1<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+  <p>MORMONISM: its HISTORY, DOCTRINES, and PRACTICES. By the REV. W.
+  SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A. (Late Scholar and Librarian of Queens' College,
+  Cambridge; Curate of St. Mark's, Kennington.)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster
+Row; and 39. Kennington Gate, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5<i>s.</i> in cloth.</p>
+
+  <p>SYMPATHIES of the CONTINENT, or PROPOSALS for a NEW REFORMATION. By
+  JOHN BAPTIST VON HIRSCHER, D.D., Dean of the Metropolitan Church of
+  Freiburg, Breisgau, and Professor of Theology in the Roman Catholic
+  University of that City. Translated and edited with Notes and
+  Introduction by the Rev. ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, M.A., Rector of St.
+  John's Church, Hartford, Connecticut, U. S.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The following work will be found a noble apology for the position
+  assumed by the Church of England in the sixteenth century, and for the
+  practical reforms she then introduced into her theology and worship. If
+  the author is right, then the changes he so eloquently urges upon the
+  present attention of his brethren ought to have been made <i>three
+  hundred years ago</i>; and the obstinate refusal of the Council of Trent
+  to make such reforms in conformity with Scripture and Antiquity, throws
+  the whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome, and not upon our
+  Reformers. The value of such admissions must, of course, depend in a
+  great measure upon the learning, the character, the position, and the
+  influence of the author from whom they proceed. The writer believes, that
+  questions as to these particulars can be most satisfactorily
+  answered."&mdash;<i>Introduction by Arthur Cleveland Coxe.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and
+377. Strand, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class
+  X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
+  Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
+  London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
+  Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
+  10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior
+  Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's
+  Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
+  skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers,
+  2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i> Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i>
+  each.</p>
+
+  <p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
+  the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">65. CHEAPSIDE.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10.
+  Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New
+  Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
+  published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet
+  Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London,
+  Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.&mdash;Saturday, August 6,
+  1853.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 197, August
+6, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 29, 2007 [EBook #23235]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{117}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 197.]
+SATURDAY, AUGUST 6. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                   Page
+  High Church and Low Church      117
+  Concluding Notes on several misunderstood Words, by
+  the Rev. W. R. Arrowsmith      120
+  Sneezing an Omen and a Deity, by T. J. Buckton      121
+  Abuses of Hackney Coaches      122
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby,
+  Thomas Falconer, &c.      123
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Falsified Gravestone in Stratford
+  Churchyard--Barnacles in the River Thames--Note
+  for London Topographers--The Aliases and Initials
+  of Authors--Pure--Darling's "Cyclopaedia Bibliographica"      124
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan      125
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--The Withered Hand and Motto
+  "Utinam"--History of York--"Hauling over the
+  coals"--Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury--Washington--Norman
+  of Winster--Sir Arthur Aston--"Jamieson
+  the Piper"--"Keiser Glomer"--Tieck's
+  "Comoedia Divina"--Fossil Trees between Cairo and
+  Suez: Stream like that in Bay of Argastoli--Presbyterian
+  Titles--Mayors and Sheriffs--The Beauty of
+  Buttermere--Sheer Hulk--The Lapwing or Peewitt
+  (Vanellus cristatus)--"Could we with ink," &c.--Launching
+  Query--Manliness      125
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Pues or Pews--"Jerningham"
+  and "Doveton"      127
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Battle of Villers en Couche, by T. C. Smith, &c.      127
+  Snail-eating, by John Timbs, &c.      128
+  Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &c.      129
+  Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead, by the
+  Rev. H. T. Ellacombe and R. W. Elliot      130
+  Who first thought of Table-turning? by John Macray      131
+  Scotchmen in Poland      131
+  Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick      132
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Glass Chambers
+  for Photography--Dr. Diamond's Replies--Trial of
+  Lenses--Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate
+  of Silver?      133
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burke's Marriage--The
+  House of Falahill--Descendants of Judas Iscariot--Milton's
+  Widow--Whitaker's Ingenious Earl--Are
+  White Cats deaf?--Consecrated Roses--The Reformed
+  Faith--House-marks--Trash--Adamsoniana--Portrait
+  of Cromwell--Burke's "Mighty Boar of
+  the Forest"--"Amentium haud Amantium"--Talleyrand's
+  Maxim--English Bishops deprived by Queen
+  Elizabeth--Gloves at Fairs--St. Dominic--Names of
+  Plants--Specimens of Foreign English, &c.      134
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.      138
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted       138
+  Notices to Correspondents      138
+  Advertisements      139
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH.
+
+_A Universal History of Party; with the Origin of Party Names_[1] would
+form an acceptable addition to literary history: "N. & Q." has contributed
+towards such a work some disquisitions on our party names _Whig_ and
+_Tory_, and _The Good Old Cause_. Such names as _Puritan_, _Malignant_,
+_Evangelical_[2], can be traced up to their first commencement, but some
+obscurity hangs on the mintage-date of the names we are about to consider.
+
+As a matter of fact, the distinction of _High Church_ and _Low Church_
+always existed in the Reformed English Church, and the history of these
+parties would be her history. But the _names_ were not coined till the
+close of the seventeenth century, and were not stamped in full relief as
+party-names till the first year of Queen Anne's reign.
+
+In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and Convocation assembled:
+
+    "From the deputies in Convocation at this period, the appellations
+    _High Church_ and _Low Church_ originated, and they were afterwards
+    used to distinguish the clergy. It is singular that the bishops[3] were
+    ranked among {118} the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138.; Calamy, i.
+    643.; Tindal's _Cont._, iv. 591.)"--Lathbury's _Hist. of the
+    Convocation_, Lond. 1842, p. 319.
+
+Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in matters of this kind, but
+if he use "originated" in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he is
+mistaken; as I am tolerably certain that I have met with the words several
+years before 1702. At the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands on a
+passage to support this assertion.
+
+The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a number of pamphlets, such as _A
+Caveat against High Church_, Lond. 1702, and _The Low Churchmen vindicated
+from the unjust Imputation of being No Churchmen, in Answer to a Pamphlet
+called "The Distinction of High and Low Church considered:_" Lond. 1706,
+8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's trial gave additional zest to the _dudgeon
+ecclesiastick_, and produced a shower of pamphlets. I give the title of one
+of them: _Pulpit War, or Dr. S----l, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr.
+H----ly, the Low Church Drum, engaged by way of Dialogue_, Lond. 1710, 8vo.
+
+To understand the cause of the exceeding bitterness and virulence which
+animated the parties denominated _High Church_ and _Low Church_, we must
+remember that until the time of William of Orange, the Church of England,
+_as a body_--her sovereigns and bishops, her clergy and laity--comes under
+the _former_ designation; while those who sympathised with the Dissenters
+were comparatively few and weak. As soon as William was head of the Church,
+he opened the floodgates of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what
+previously had been more or less external to it. This element, thus made
+part and parcel of the Anglican Church, was denominated _Low Church_.
+William supplanted the bishops and clergy who refused to take oaths of
+allegiance to him as king _de jure_; and by putting Puritans in their
+place, made the latter the dominant party. Add to this the feelings of
+exasperation produced by the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of the
+Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political and religious, for an
+irreconcilable feud. Add, again, the reaction resulting from the overthrow
+of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system, where a sham conformity was
+maintained by coercion; and the _Church-Papist_, as well as the
+_Church-Puritans_, with ill-concealed hankering after the mass and the
+preaching-house, by penal statutes were forced to do what their souls
+abhorred, and play the painful farce of attending the services of "The
+Establishment."
+
+A writer in a _High Church_ periodical of 1717 (prefacing his article with
+the passage from Proverbs vi. 27.) proceeds:
+
+    "The old way of attacking the Church of England was by mobs and
+    bullies, and hard sounds; by calling _Whore_, and _Babylon_, upon our
+    worship and liturgy, and kicking out our clergy as _dumb dogs_: but now
+    they have other irons in the fire; a new engine is set up under the
+    cloak and disguise of _temper, unity, comprehension, and the Protestant
+    religion_. Their business now is not to storm the Church, but to _lull
+    it to sleep_: to make us relax our care, quit our defences, and neglect
+    our safety.... These are the politics of their Popish fathers: when
+    _they_ had tried all other artifices, they at last resolved to sow
+    schism and division in the Church: and from thence sprang up this very
+    generation, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to set us one against
+    the other, and they gather up the stakes. _Hence the distinction of
+    High and Low Church._"--_The Scourge_, p. 251.
+
+In another periodical of the same date, in the Dedication "To the most
+famous University of Oxford," the writer says:
+
+    "These enemies of our religious and civil establishment have
+    represented you as instillers of _slavish doctrines and principles_ ...
+    if to give to God and Caesar his due be such tow'ring, and _High Church_
+    principles, I am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce escape being
+    censured for _Tories_ and _Highflyers_."--_The Entertainer_, Lond.
+    1717.
+
+    "If those who have kept their first love, and whose robes have not been
+    defiled, endeavour to stop these innovations and corruptions that their
+    enemies would introduce, they are blackened for _High Church Papists_,
+    favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public
+    resentment."--_Ib._ p. 301.
+
+I shall now give a few extracts from _Low Church_ writers (quoted in _The
+Scourge_), who thus designate their opponents:
+
+    "A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and profane men, who
+    appropriate to themselves the name of _High Church_ (but may more
+    properly be said to be Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take
+    liberty to teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedition,
+    contentions, and divisions among the Protestants of this
+    kingdom."--_Motives to Union_, p. 1.
+
+    "These men glory in their being members of the _High Church_ (Popish
+    appellation, and therefore they are the more fond of that); but these
+    pretended sons are become her persecutors, and they exercise their
+    spite and lies both on the living and the dead."--_The Snake in the
+    Grass brought to Light_, p. 8.
+
+    {119}
+
+    "Our common people of the _High Church_ are as ignorant in matters of
+    religion as the bigotted Papists, which gives great advantage to our
+    Jacobite and Tory priests to lead them where they please, or to mould
+    them into what shapes they please."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 39.
+
+    "The minds of the populace are too much debauched already from their
+    loyalty by seditious arts of the _High Church faction_."--_Convocation
+    Craft_, p. 34.
+
+    "We may see how closely our present _Highflyers_ pursue the steps of
+    their Popish predecessors, in reckoning those who dispute the usurped
+    power of the Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they
+    please."--_Ib._ p. 30.
+
+    "All the blood that has been spilt in the late unnatural rebellion, may
+    be very justly laid at the doors of the _High Church
+    clergy_."--_Christianity no Creature of the State_, p. 16.
+
+    "We see what the _Tory Priesthood_ were made of in Queen Elizabeth's
+    time, that they were ignorant, lewd, and seditious: and it must be said
+    of 'em that they are true to the stuff still."--_Toryism the Worst of
+    the Two_, p. 21.
+
+    "_The Tories_ and _High Church_, notwithstanding their pretences to
+    loyalty, will be found by their actions to be the greatest rebels in
+    nature."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 20.
+
+Sir W. Scott, in his _Life of Dryden_, Lond. 1808, observes that--
+
+    "Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign, the _High-Church-men_
+    and the Catholics regarded themselves as on the same side in political
+    questions, and not greatly divided in their temporal interests. Both
+    were sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of the sectaries, both
+    were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate conversion had been common
+    between them, so early as since Milton made a reproach to the English
+    Universities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made within their
+    colleges: of those sheep--
+
+     'Whom the _grim wolf_ with privy paw
+      Daily devours apace, and nothing said.'"
+                  _Life_, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 272.
+
+I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir Walter's interpretation of
+that obscure passage in _Lycidas_, respecting which I made a Query (Vol.
+ii., p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the remark that in James II.'s
+reign, and at the time these party names originated, the Roman Catholics
+were in league with the Puritans or _Low Church_ party against the High
+Churchmen, which increased the acrimony of both parties.
+
+In those days religion was politics, and politics religion, with most of
+the belligerents. Swift, however, as if he wished to be thought an
+exception to the general rule, chose one party for its politics and the
+other for its religion.
+
+    "Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the opinions and scruples of
+    a _High Church_ clergyman... Such a distinction between opinions in
+    Church and State has not frequently existed: the _High Churchmen_ being
+    usually _Tories_, and the _Low Church_ divines universally
+    _Whigs_."--Scott's _Life_, 2nd edit.: Edin. 1824, p. 76.
+
+See Swift's _Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles
+and Commons of Athens and Rome:_ Lond. 1701.
+
+In his quaint _Argument against abolishing Christianity_, Lond. 1708, the
+following passage occurs:
+
+    "There is one advantage, greater than any of the foregoing, proposed by
+    the abolishing of Christianity: that it will utterly extinguish parties
+    among us by removing those factious distinctions of _High_ and _Low
+    Church_, of _Whig_ and _Tory_, Presbyterian and Church of England."
+
+Scott says of the _Tale of a Tub:_
+
+    "The main purpose is to trace the gradual corruptions of the Church of
+    Rome, and to exalt the English Reformed Church at the expense both of
+    the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was written with
+    a view to the interests of the _High Church_ party."--_Life_, p. 84.
+
+Most men will concur with Jeffrey, who observes:
+
+    "It is plain, indeed, that Swift's _High Church_ principles were all
+    along but a part of his selfishness and ambition; and meant nothing
+    else, than a desire to raise the consequence of the order to which he
+    happened to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no doubt he would
+    have treated the pretensions of the priesthood as he treated the
+    persons of all priests who were opposed to him, with the most bitter
+    and irreverent disdain."--_Ed. Rev._, Sept. 1846.
+
+The following lines are from a squib of eight stanzas which occurs in the
+works of Jonathan Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the door of
+St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of Swift's instalment (see Scott, p.
+174.):
+
+ "For _High Churchmen_ and policy,
+  He swears he prays most hearty;
+  But would pray back again to be
+  A Dean of any party."
+
+This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous memory, who, if I recollect
+aright, commenced his career thus:
+
+ "In good King Charles's golden days,
+      When loyalty no harm meant,
+  A zealous _High Churchman_ I was,
+      And so I got preferment."
+
+How widely different are the men we see classed under the title _High
+Churchmen!_ Evelyn and Walton[4], the gentle, the Christian; the arrogant
+Swift, and the restless Atterbury.
+
+It is difficult to prevent my note running beyond the limits of "N. & Q.,"
+with the ample {120} materials I have to select from; but I cannot wind up
+without a _definition_; so here are two:
+
+    "Mr. Thelwall says that he told a pious old lady, who asked him the
+    difference between _High Church_ and _Low Church_, 'The High Church
+    place the Church alcove Christ, the Low Church place Christ above the
+    Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same question was asked
+    of the famous South:--'Why,' said he, 'the High Church are those who
+    think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low Church are
+    those who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the Church."--Rev.
+    H. Newland's _Lecture on Tractarianism_, Lond. 1852, p. 68.
+
+The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived in the last century, are Dr.
+South, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Horne, Bp.
+Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage on "High Churchmen" in a charge
+of the latter to the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp. 34. 37.
+See also a charge of Bp. Atterbury (then Archdeacon of Totnes) to his
+clergy in 1703.
+
+JARLTZBERG.
+
+[Footnote 1: There is a book called _History of Party, from the Rise of the
+Whig and Tory Factions Chas. II. to the Passing of the Reform Bill_, by
+G. W. Cooke: Lond. 1836-37, 3 vols. 8vo.; but, as the title shows, it is
+limited in scope.]
+
+[Footnote 2: See Haweis's _Sermons on Evangelical Principles and Practice_:
+Lond. 1763, 8vo.; _The _True_ Churchmen ascertained; or, An Apology for
+those of the _Regular_ Clergy of the Establishment, who are sometimes
+called _Evangelical_ Ministers: occasioned by the Publications of Drs.
+Paley, Hey, Croft; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam, Polwhele, Fellowes; the
+Reviewers, &c._: by John Overton, A. B., York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See
+also the various memoirs of Whitfield, Wesley, &c.; and Sir J. Stephens
+_Essays_ on "The Clapham Sect" _and_ "The Evangelical Succession."]
+
+[Footnote 3: It is not so very "singular," when we remember that the
+bishops were what Lord Campbell and Mr. Macauley call "_judiciously_
+chosen" by William. On this point a cotemporary remarks, "Some steps have
+been made, and large ones too, towards _a Scotch_ reformation, by
+suspending and ejecting the chief and most zealous of our bishops, and
+others of the higher clergy; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees
+and dignities, ecclesiastical _men of notoriously Presbyterian, or, which
+is worse, of Erastian principles_. These are the ministerial ways of
+undermining Episcopacy; and when to the _seven notorious_ ones shall be
+added more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will make a majority;
+and then we may expect the new model of a church to be perfected." (Somers'
+_Tracts_, vol. x. p. 368.) Until Atterbury, there were few High Church
+Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Burnet singles out the Bishop of
+Chester: "for he seemed resolved to distinguish himself as a zealot for
+that which is called _High Church_."--_Hist. Own Time_, vol. iv. p. 260.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Of Izaak Walton his biographer, Sir John Hawkins, writing in
+1760, says, "he was a friend to a hierarchy, or, as we should now call such
+a one, a _High Churchman_."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS.
+
+(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 568.)
+
+Not being minded to broach any fresh matter in "N. & Q.," I shall now only
+crave room to clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself open to
+the imputation of having cast that in the teeth of a numerous body of men
+which might, for aught they would know to the contrary, be as truly laid in
+my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567., I affirmed that the handling of a
+passage in _Cymbeline_, there quoted, had betrayed an amount of obtuseness
+in the commentators which would be discreditable in a third-form schoolboy.
+To substantiate that assertion, and rescue the disputed word "Britaine"
+henceforth for ever from the rash tampering of the meddlesome sciolist, I
+beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the clause,--
+
+    "For being now a favourer to the Britaine,"
+
+is in apposition with _Death_, not with Posthumus Leonatus. In a note
+appended to this censure, referring to another passage from L. L. L., I
+averred that MR. COLLIER had corrupted it by chancing the singular verb
+_dies_ into the plural _die_ (this too done, under plea of editorial
+licence, without warning to the reader), and that such corruption had
+abstracted the true key to the right construction. To make good this last
+position, two things I must do first, cite the whole passage, without
+change of letter or tittle, as it stands in the Folios '23 and '32; next,
+show the trivial and vulgar use of "contents" as a singular noun. In Folio
+'23, thus:
+
+ "_Qu._ Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now;
+  That sport best pleases that doth least know how.
+  Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents
+  Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents:
+  Their forme confounded, makes most forme in mirth
+  When great things labouring perish in their birth."
+                          Act IV. p. 141.
+
+With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save that the speaker is
+_Prin._, not _Qu_.; _ore-rules_ is written as two words without the hyphen,
+and _strives_ for _striues_. I have been thus precise, because criticism is
+to me not "a game," nor admissive of cogging and falsification.
+
+I must now show the hackneyed use of _contents_ as a singular noun. An
+anonymous correspondent of "N. & Q." has already pointed out one in
+_Measure for Measure_, Act IV. Sc. 2.:
+
+    "_Duke_. The _contents_ of this is the returne of the Duke."
+
+Another:
+
+    "This is the _contents_ thereof."--Calvin's 82nd _Sermon upon Job_, p.
+    419., Golding's translation.
+
+Another:
+
+    "After this were articles of peace propounded, y^e _contents_ wherof
+    was, that he should departe out of Asia."--The 31st _Booke of Justine_,
+    fol. 139., Golding's translation of Justin's _Trogus Pompeius_.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Plinie writeth hereof an excellent letter, the _contents_ whereof is,
+    that this ladie, mistrusting her husband, was condemned to die,"
+    &c.--_Historicall Meditations_, lib. iii. chap. xi. p. 178. Written in
+    Latin by P. Camerarius, and done into English by John Molle, Esq.:
+    London, 1621.
+
+Another:
+
+    "The _contents_ whereof is this."--_Id._, lib. v. chap. vi. p. 342.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Therefore George, being led with an heroicall disdaine, and
+    nevertheless giuing the bridle beyond moderation to his anger,
+    vnderstanding that Albert was come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe
+    (without acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the
+    _contents_ whereof was," &c.--_Id._, lib. v. chap. xii. p. 366.
+
+If the reader wants more examples, let him give himself the trouble to open
+the first book that comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a dozen
+pages will supply some; yet have we two editors of Shakspeare, Johnson and
+Collier, so unacquainted with the usage of their own tongue, and the
+universal logic of thought, as not to know that a word like _contents_,
+according as it is understood collectively or distributively, may be, and,
+as we have just seen, in fact is, treated as a singular or plural; that, I
+say, _contents_ taken severally, every _content_, or in gross, the whole
+mass, is respectively plural or singular. It was therefore optional with
+Shakspeare to employ the word either as a singular or plural, but not in
+the same sentence to do both: here, however, he was tied {121} to the
+singular, for, wanting a rhyme to _contents_, the nominative to _presents_
+must be singular, and that nominative was the pronoun of _contents_. Since,
+therefore, the plural _die_ and the singular _it_ could not both be
+referable to the same noun _contents_, by silently substituting _die_ for
+_dies_, MR. COLLIER has blinded his reader and wronged his author. The
+purport of the passage amounts to this: the _contents_, or structure (to
+wit, of the show to be exhibited), breaks down in the performer's zeal to
+the subject which it presents. Johnson very properly adduces a much happier
+expression of the same thought from _A Midsummer Night's Dreame_:
+
+ "_Hip._ I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged;
+  And duty in his service perishing."
+
+The reader cannot fail to have observed the faultless punctuation of the
+Folios in the forecited passage, and I think concur with me, that like
+many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands of editors and
+commentators is, to be left alone. The last two lines ask for no
+explanation even to the blankest mind. Words like _contents_ are by no
+means rare in English. We have _tidings_ and _news_, both singular and
+plural. MR. COLLIER himself rebukes Malone for his ignorance of such usage
+of the latter word. If it be said that these two examples have no singular
+form, whereas _contents_ has, there is _means_, at any rate precisely
+analogous. On the other hand, so capricious is language, in defiance of the
+logic of thought, we have, if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural,
+in the word _corpse_ referred to a single carcase.
+
+I should here close my account with "N. & Q." were it not that I have an
+act of justice to perform. When I first lighted upon the two examples of
+_chaumbre_ in Udall, I thought, as we say in this country, it was a good
+"fundlas," and regarded it as my own property. It now appears to be but a
+waif or stray; therefore, _suum cuique_, I cheerfully resign the credit of
+it to MR. SINGER, the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the
+inspection of learned and unlearned, I of course foresaw that speedy
+sentence would be pronounced by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb
+and close to the surface, must needs first reach the light. I know no more
+appropriate mode of requiting the handsome manner in which MR. SINGER has
+been pleased to speak of my trifling contributions to "N. & Q.," than by
+asking him, with all the modesty of which I am master, to reconsider the
+passage in _Romeo and Juliet_; for though his substitution (_rumourers_
+vice _runawayes_) may, I think, clearly take the wall of any of its rivals,
+yet, believing that Juliet invokes a darkness to shroud her lover, under
+cover of which even the fugitive from justice might snatch a wink of sleep,
+I must for my own part, as usual, still adhere to the authentic text.
+
+W. R. ARROWSMITH.
+
+P. S.--In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist (Vol. viii., p. 44.), I crave
+leave to say that I never have met with the verb _perceyuer_ except in
+Hawes, _loc. cit._; and I gave the latest use that I could call to mind of
+the noun in my paper on that word. Unhappily I never make notes, but rely
+entirely on a somewhat retentive memory; therefore the instances that occur
+on the spur of the moment are not always the most apposite that might be
+selected for the purpose of illustration. If, however, he will take the
+trouble to refer to a little book, consisting of no more than 448 pages,
+published in 1576, and entitled _A Panoplie of Epistles, or a
+Looking-glasse for the Unlearned_, by Abraham Flemming, he will find no
+fewer than nine examples, namely, at pp. 25. 144. 178. 253. 277. 285.
+(twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites surprise that the word never,
+as far as I am aware, occurs in any of the voluminous works of Sir Thomas
+More, nor in any of the theological productions of the Reformers.
+
+With respect to _speare_, the orthography varies, as _spere_, _sperr_,
+_sparr_, _unspar_; but in the Prologue to _Troilus and Cressida_, _sperre_
+is Theobald's correction of _stirre_, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me add,
+what I had forgotten at the time, that another instance of _budde_
+intransitive, to bend, occurs at p. 105. of _The Life of Faith in Death_,
+by Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622. Also another, and a very
+significant one, of the phrase to _have on the hip_, in Fuller's _Historie
+of the Holy Warre_, Cambridge, 1647:
+
+    "Arnulphus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never challenge his
+    interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's donation; as fearing to _wrestle_
+    with the king, who _had him on the hip_, and could out him at pleasure
+    for his bad manners."--Book ii. chap. viii. p. 55.
+
+In my note on the word _trash_, I said (somewhat too peremptorily) that
+_overtop_ was not even a hunting term (Vol. vii., p. 567.). At the moment I
+had forgotten the following passage:
+
+    "Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting to get two or three
+    couple of tryed hounds, and once or twice a week to follow after them a
+    train-scent; and when he is able to _top_ them on all sorts of earth,
+    and to endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better relie on
+    his speed and toughness."--_The Hunting-horse_, chap. vii. p. 71.,
+    Oxford, 1685.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITY.
+
+In the _Odyssey_, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating the hexameters, the
+following passage:
+
+ "Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telemachus _sneez'd_ loud,
+  _Sounding around all the building_: his mother, with smiles at her son,
+      said,
+  Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to Eumaeus,
+  {122}
+ 'Go then directly, Eumaeus, and call to my presence the strange guest.
+  See'st thou not that my son, _ev'ry word I have spoken hath sneez'd
+      at_?[5]
+  Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful suitors,
+  All whom death and destruction await by a doom irreversive.'"
+
+Dionysius Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry (s. 24.), says, sneezing was
+considered by that poet as a good sign ([Greek: sumbolon agathon]); and
+from the Anthology (lib. ii.) the words [Greek: oude legei, Zeu soson, ean
+ptarei], show that it was proper to exclaim "God bless you!" when any one
+sneezed.
+
+Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxiii. 7.), inquires why sneezing is reckoned
+a God ([Greek: dia ti ton men ptarmon, theon hegoumetha einai]); to which
+he suggests, that it may be because it comes from the head, the most divine
+part about us ([Greek: theiotatou ton peri hemas]). Persons having the
+inclination, but not the power to sneeze, should look at the sun, for
+reasons he assigns in Problems (xxxiii. 4.).
+
+Plutarch, on the Daemon of Socrates (s. 11.), states the opinion which some
+persons had formed, that Socrates' daemon was nothing else than the sneezing
+either of himself or others. Thus, if any one sneezed at his right hand,
+either before or behind him, he pursued any step he had begun; but sneezing
+at his left hand caused him to desist from his formed purpose. He adds
+something as to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze twice was usual in
+Aristotle's time; but once, or more than twice, was uncommon (Prob. xxxiii.
+3.).
+
+Petronius (_Satyr_. c. 98.) notices the "blessing" in the following
+passage:
+
+    "Giton collectione spiritus plenus, _ter_ continuo ita sternutavit, ut
+    grabatum concuteret. Ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus, _salvere_ Gitona
+    _jubet_."
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+[Footnote 5: The practice of snuff-taking has made the _sneezing_ at
+anything a mark of contempt, in these degenerate days.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ABUSES OF HACKNEY COACHES.
+
+    [The following proclamation on this subject is of interest at the
+    present moment.]
+
+By the King.
+
+A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney Coaches in the Cities of
+London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof.
+
+  Charles R.
+
+Whereas the excessive number of Hackney Coaches, and Coach Horses, in and
+about the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof, are
+found to be a common nuisance to the Publique Damage of Our People by
+reason of their rude and disorderly standing and passing to and fro, in and
+about our said Cities and Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being thereby
+pestred and made impassable, the Pavements broken up, and the Common
+Passages obstructed and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and sundry
+other mischiefs and evils occasioned:
+
+We, taking into Our Princely consideration these apparent Inconveniences,
+and resolving that a speedy remedy be applied to meet with, and redress
+them for the future, do, by and with the advice of our Privy Council,
+publish Our Royal Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by this Our
+Proclamation expressly charge and command, That no Person or Persons, of
+what Estate, Degree, or Quality whatsoever, keeping or using any Hackney
+Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after the Sixth day of November
+next, permit or suffer the said Coaches and Horses, or any of them, to
+stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages in or about Our said Cities
+either of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to either of
+them, to be there hired; but that they and every of them keep their said
+Coaches and Horses within their respective Coach-houses, Stables, and Yards
+(whither such Persons as desire to hire the same may resort for that
+purpose), upon pain of Our high displeasure, and such Forfeitures, Pains,
+and Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of Our Royal Commands in
+the Premises, whereof we shall expect a strict Accompt.
+
+And for the due execution of Our Pleasure herein, We do further charge and
+command the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London, That they in
+their several Wards, and Our Justices of Peace within Our said Cities of
+London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs thereof, and all
+other Our Officers and Ministers of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do
+take especial care in their respective Limits that this Our Command be duly
+observed, and that they from time to time return the names of all those who
+shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our Privy Council, and to the end
+they may be proceeded against by Indictments and Presentments for the
+Nuisance, and otherwise according to the severity of the Law and Demerits
+of the Offenders.
+
+Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day of October in the 12th year of
+Our Reign.
+
+GOD SAVE THE KING.
+
+London: Printed by John Bell and Christopher Barker, Printers to the King's
+most Excellent Majesty, 1660.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Pepys, in his _Diary_, vol. i. p. 152., under date 8th November, 1660,
+says:
+
+    "To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwithstanding this was the
+    first day of the King's {123} proclamation against hackney coaches
+    coming into the streets to stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me
+    home."
+
+T. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Passage in "The Tempest," Act I. Sc. 2._--
+
+ "The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,
+  But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,
+  Dashes the fire out."
+
+"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632," MR. COLLIER informs us, "has
+substituted _heat_ for 'cheek,' which is not an unlikely corruption, a
+person writing only by the ear."
+
+I should say very unlikely: but if _heat_ had been actually printed in the
+folios, without speculating as to the probability that the press-copy was
+written from dictation, I should have had no hesitation in altering it to
+_cheek_. To this I should have been directed by a parallel passage in
+_Richard II._, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been overlooked by MR. COLLIER:
+
+ "Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet
+  With no less terror _than the elements_
+  _Of fire and water, when their thundering shock_
+  _At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven_."
+
+Commentary here is almost useless. Every one who has any capacity for
+Shakspearian criticism must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote _cheek_, and
+not _heat_.
+
+The passage I have cited from _Richard II._ strongly reminds me of an old
+lady whom I met last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of Cumberland, &c.;
+and who, during a severe thunderstorm, expressed to me her surprise at the
+pertinacity of the lightning, adding, "I should think, Sir, that so much
+water in the heavens would have put all the fire out."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_The Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet_ (Vol. vii., p. 550.).--
+
+ "If the water come to the man."--_Shakspeare._
+
+The argument Shakspeare referred to was that contained in Plowden's Report
+of the case of Hales _v._ Petit, heard in the Court of Common Pleas in the
+fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was held that though the
+wife of Sir James Hale, whose husband was _felo-de-se_, became by
+survivorship the holder of a joint term for years, yet, on office found, it
+should be forfeited on account of the act of the deceased husband. The
+learned serjeants who were counsel for the defendant, alleged that the
+forfeiture should have relation to the act done in the party's lifetime,
+which was the cause of his death. "And upon this," they said, "the parts of
+the act are to be considered." And Serjeant Walsh said:
+
+    "The act consists of three parts. The first is the imagination, which
+    is a reflection or meditation of the mind, whether or no it is
+    convenient for him to destroy himself, and what way it can be done. The
+    second is the resolution, which is the determination of the mind to
+    destroy himself, and to do it in this or that particular way. The third
+    is the perfection, which is the execution of what the mind has resolved
+    to do. And this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning
+    and the end. The beginning is the doing of the act which causes the
+    death; and the end is the death, which is only the sequel to the act.
+    And of all the parts, the doing of the act is the greatest in the
+    judgment of our law, and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part
+    the law looks upon to be material. For the imagination of the mind to
+    do wrong, without an act done, is not punishable in our law; neither is
+    the resolution to do that wrong which he does not, punishable; but the
+    doing of the act is the only point the law regards, for until the act
+    is done it cannot be an offence to the world, and when the act is done
+    it is punishable. Then, here, the act done by Sir James Hale, which is
+    evil and the cause of his death, is the throwing of himself into the
+    water, and death is but a sequel thereof, and this evil act ought some
+    way to be punished. And if the forfeiture shall not have relation to
+    the doing of the act, then the act shall not be punished at all, for
+    inasmuch as the person who did the act is dead, his person cannot be
+    punished, and therefore there is no way else to punish him but by the
+    forfeiture of those things which were his own at the time of the act
+    done; and the act was done in his lifetime, and therefore the
+    forfeiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely, to that time of
+    his life in which he did the act which took away his life."
+
+And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown, and Lord Dyer, said:
+
+    "That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time of the original
+    offence committed, which was the cause of the death, and that was, the
+    throwing himself into the water, which was done in his lifetime, and
+    this act was felony."----"So that the felony is attributed to the act,
+    which act is always done by a living man and in his lifetime," as Brown
+    said; for he said, "Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his
+    death? It may be answered, By drowning. And who drowned him? Sir James
+    Hale. And when did he drown him? In his lifetime. So that Sir James
+    Hale being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die; and the act of the
+    living man was the death of the dead man. And then for this offence it
+    is reasonable to punish the living man who committed the offence, and
+    not the dead man. But how can he be said to be punished alive when the
+    punishment comes after his death? Sir, this can be done no other way
+    but by devesting out of him, from the time of the act done in his life,
+    which was the cause of his death, the title and property of those
+    things which he had in his lifetime."
+
+The above extract is long, but the work from which it is taken can be
+accessible to but very few {124} of your readers. Let them not, however,
+while they smile at the arguments, infer that those who took part in them
+were not deservedly among the most learned and eminent of our ancient
+judges.
+
+THOMAS FALCONER.
+
+Temple.
+
+_Shakspeare Suggestion_.--
+
+ "These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours;
+  Most busy--less when I do it."
+                  _Tempest_, Act III. Sc. 1.
+
+I fear your readers will turn away from the very sight of the above. Be
+patient, kind friends, I will be brief. Has any one suggested--
+
+ "Most busy, least when I do"?
+
+The words in the folio are
+
+ "Most busy _lest_, when I do it."
+
+The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense requires that the thoughts should
+be "most busy" whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's time,
+"lest" was a common spelling for _least_.
+
+ICON.
+
+_Shakspeare Controversy._--I think the Shakspeare Notes contained in your
+volumes are not complete without the following quotation from _The Summer
+Night_ of Ludwig Tieck, as translated by Mary Maynard in the _Athen._ of
+June 25, 1853. Puck, in addressing the sleeping boy Shakspeare, says:
+
+ "After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp,
+    Loud strife among the herd of little minds:
+  Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page,
+    But all the clearer will thy glory shine."
+
+CERIDWEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard._--The following instance of
+a recent forgery having been extensively circulated, may lead to more
+careful examination by those who take notes of things extraordinary.
+
+The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was repaired about the year 1839; and
+some of the workmen having their attention directed to the fact, that many
+persons who had attained to the full age of man were buried in the
+churchyard; and, wishing "for the honour of the place," to improve the
+note-books of visitors, set about manufacturing an extraordinary instance
+of longevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-the-way place, in which
+there happened to be a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was cut in
+this space, and the age at death then stood 172. The sexton was either
+deceived, or assented to the deception; as the late vicar, the Rev. J.
+Clayton, learned that it had become a practice with him (the sexton) to
+show strangers this gravestone, so falsified, as a proof of the
+extraordinary age to which people lived in the parish. The vicar had the
+fraudulent figure erased at once, and lectured the sexton for his
+dishonesty.
+
+These facts were related to me a few weeks since by a son of the late
+vicar. And as many strangers visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a note"
+of this falsified age, "N. & Q." may now correct the forgery.
+
+ROBERT RAWLINSON.
+
+_Barnacles in the River Thames._--In Porta's _Natural Magic_, Eng. trans.,
+Lond. 1658, occurs the following curious passage:
+
+    "Late writers report that not only in Scotland, but also in the river
+    of Thames by London, there is a kind of shell-fish in a two-leaved
+    shell, that hath a foot full of plaits and wrinkles: these fish are
+    little, round, and outwardly white, smooth and beetle-shelled like an
+    almond shell; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as it were of moss
+    and mud; they commonly stick in the keel of some old ship. Some say
+    they come of worms, some of the boughs of trees which fall into the
+    sea; if any of them be cast upon shore they die, but they which are
+    swallowed still into the sea, live and get out of their shells, and
+    grow to be ducks or such like birds(!)."
+
+It would be curious to know what could give rise to such an absurd belief.
+
+SPERIEND.
+
+_Note for London Topographers._--
+
+ "The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Greenwich,
+  for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms
+  for the Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered
+  Nov. 2, 1668, and undertaken by His Majesty's command
+  signified to me by the Hon. Samuel Pepys, Esq.,
+  Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty:
+
+                                                L s. d.
+
+ "For a Shield for the middle of the
+  front of the said office towards the Thames,
+  containing the Anchor of Lord High Admiral
+  of England with the Imperial Crown
+  over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and
+  6 foot broad, I having found the timber,
+  &c.                                           30 0 0
+
+ "For the King's Arms at large, with
+  ornaments thereto, designed for the pediment
+  of the said front, the same being in
+  the whole 15 foot long and 9 foot high, I
+  finding timber, &c.                           73 15 0
+
+                                              ---------
+                                              L103 15 0"
+
+Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132.
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+_The Aliases and Initials of Authors._--It has often occurred to me that it
+would save much useless inquiry and research, if a tolerable list could be
+collected of the principal authors who have published their works under
+assumed names or initials: thus, "R. B. Robert Burton," _Nathaniel Crouch_,
+"R. F. Scoto-Britannicus," _Robert Fairley_, &c. The commencement of a new
+volume of {125} "N. & Q." affords an excellent opportunity for attempting
+this. If the correspondents of "N. & Q." would contribute their mites
+occasionally with this view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little
+doubt but a very valuable list might be obtained. For the sake of
+reference, the whole contributions obtained could then be amalgamated, and
+alphabetically arranged.
+
+PERTHENSIS.
+
+_Pure._--In visiting an old blind woman the other day, I was struck with
+what to me was a peculiar use of the word _pure_. Having inquired after the
+dame's health, and been assured that she was much better, I begged her not
+to rise from the bed on which she was sitting, whereupon she said, "Thank
+you, Sir, I feel quite _pure_ this morning."
+
+OXONIENSIS.
+
+Oakridge, Gloucestershire.
+
+_Darling's "Cyclopaedia Bibliographica._"--The utility of Mr. Darling's
+_Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_ is exemplified by the solution conveyed under
+the title "Crellius," p. 813, of the following difficulty expressed by Dr.
+Hey, the Norrisian professor (_Lectures_, vol. iii. p. 40.):
+
+    "Paul Crellius and John Maclaurin seem to have been of the same way of
+    thinking with John Agricola. Nicholls, on this Article [Eighth of the
+    Thirty-nine Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book _De Libertate
+    Christiana_, but I do not find it anywhere. A speech of his is in the
+    _Bodleian Dialogue_, but not this work."
+
+Similar information might have been received by your correspondent (Vol.
+vii., p. 381.), who inquired whether Huet's _Navigations of Solomon_ was
+ever published. In the Cyclopaedia reference is made to two collections in
+which this treatise has been inserted, _Crit. Sac_., viii.; _Ugolinus_,
+vii. 277. With his usual accuracy, Mr. Darling states there are additions
+in the _Critici Sacri_ printed at Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise
+above referred to is not in the first edition, London, 1660.
+
+BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+DELFT MANUFACTURE.
+
+I am extremely desirous of obtaining some information respecting the Dutch
+manufactories of enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call it.
+
+On a former occasion, by your connexion with the _Navorscher_, you were
+able to obtain for me some very valuable and interesting information in
+reply to some question put respecting the Dutch porcelain manufactories. I
+am therefore in hopes that some kind correspondent in Holland will be so
+obliging as to impart to me similar information on this subject also. I
+should wish to know--
+
+When, by whom, at what places, and under what circumstances, the
+manufacture of enamelled pottery was first introduced into Holland?
+
+Whether there were manufactories at other towns besides Delft?
+
+Whether they had any distinctive marks; and, if so, what were they?
+
+Whether there was more than one manufactory at Delft; and, if so, what were
+their marks, and what was the meaning of them?
+
+Whether any particular manufactories were confined to the making of any
+particular sort or quality of articles; and, if so, what were they?
+
+Whether any of the manufactories have ceased; and, if so, at what period?
+
+Also, any other particulars respecting the manufactories and their products
+that it may be possible to communicate through the medium of a paper like
+"N. & Q."
+
+OCTAVIUS MORGAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_The Withered Hand and Motto "Utinam."_--At Compton Park, near Salisbury,
+the seat of the Penruddocke family, there is a three-quarter length
+picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gentleman in a rich dress of black
+velvet, with broad lace frill and cuffs, and ear-rings, probably of the
+latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His right hand, which he displays
+somewhat prominently, is _withered_. The left one is a-kimbo, and less
+seen. In the upper part of the painting is the single Latin word "UTINAM"
+(O that!). There is no tradition as to who this person was. Any suggestion
+on the subject would gratify
+
+J.
+
+_History of York._--Who is the author of a _History of York_, in 2 vols.,
+published at that city in 1788 by T. Wilson and R. Spence, High Ousegate? I
+have seen it in several shops, and heard it attributed to Drake; and
+obtained it the other day from an extensive library in Bristol, in the
+Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's _Eboracum_. Several allusions in
+the first volume to his work, however, render it impossible to be ascribed
+to him. It is dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir William Mordaunt
+Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart., who was mayor at the time.
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+_"Hauling over the coals."_--What is the origin and meaning of the phrase,
+"Hauling one over the coals;" and where does it first appear?
+
+FABER.
+
+_Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury._--Can any of your readers give me any
+information respecting the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's Bury,
+referred to in the extracts from the _Post Boy_ and Gough's _Topography_,
+quoted by MR. BALLARD in Vol. vii., p. 617.?
+
+BURIENSIS.
+
+_Washington._--Anecdotes relative to General Washington, President of the
+United States, {126} intended for a forthcoming work on the "Homes of
+American Statesmen," will be gratefully received for the author by
+
+JOSEPH STANSBURY.
+
+26. Parliament Street.
+
+_Norman of Winster._--Can any of your correspondents afford information
+bearing on the family of Norman of Winster, county of Derby?
+
+"John Norman of Winster, county of Derby, married, in 1715 or 1716, to Jane
+(_maiden name_ particularly wanted). The said J. Norman married again in
+1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted also).
+
+I shall be particularly obliged to any one affording such information.
+
+W.
+
+_Sir Arthur Aston._--I shall be much obliged, should any of your very
+numerous correspondents be able to inform me in which part or parish, of
+the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier Sir Arthur Aston resided
+_upon his return_ from the foreign wars in which he had been for so many
+years engaged; and _previously_ to the rupture between Charles I. and the
+Houses of Parliament.
+
+I believe one of his daughters, about the same period, married a gentleman
+residing in the same county: also that George Tattersall, Esq., of
+Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the same county of Berkshire,
+was a near relative.
+
+CHARTHAM.
+
+_"Jamieson the Piper."_--I am anxious to ascertain who was the author of
+the above ditty; it was very popular in Aberdeenshire about the beginning
+of this century. The scene, if I remember rightly, is laid in the parish of
+Forgue, in Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members of the Spalding Club
+may be able to enlighten me on the subject.
+
+BATHENSIS.
+
+_"Keiser Glomer."_--I have a Danish play entitled _Keiser Glomer, Frit
+oversatte af det Kyhlamske vech C. Bredahl_: Kiobenhavn, 1834. It is a
+mixture of tragedy and farce: the former occasionally good, the latter poor
+buffoonery. In the notes, readings of the old MS. are referred to with
+apparent seriousness; but _Gammel Gumba's Saga_ is quoted in a manner that
+seems burlesque. I cannot find the word "Kyhlam" in any dictionary. Can any
+of your readers tell me whether it signifies a real country, or is a mere
+fiction? The work does not read like a translation; and, if one, the number
+of modern allusions show that it is not, as it professes to be, from an
+ancient manuscript.
+
+M. M. E.
+
+_Tieck's Comoedia Divina._--I copied the following lines six years ago from
+a review in a Munich newspaper of Batornicki's _Ungoettliche Comoedie_. They
+were cited as from Tieck's suppressed (zurueckgezogen) satire, _La Comoedie
+Divina_, from which Batornicki was accused of plundering freely, thinking
+that, from its variety, he would not be detected:
+
+ "Spitzt so hoch ihr koennt euer Ohr,
+  Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen hier vor.
+  Gott Vater identifieirt sich mit der Kreatur,
+  Denn er will anschauen die absolute Natur;
+  Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeihen,
+  Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien."
+
+I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the lines as remarkable. I have
+since tried to find some account of _La Divina Comedia_, but in vain. It is
+not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can any of your readers tell me what
+it is, or who wrote it?
+
+M. M. E.
+
+_Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez_--_Stream like that in Bay of
+Argastoli._--Can any of your readers oblige me by stating where the best
+information may be met with concerning the very remarkable fossil trees on
+the way from Cairo to Suez? And, if there has yet been discovered any other
+stream or rivulet running from the ocean into the land similar to that in
+the Bay of Argastoli in the Island of Cephalonia?
+
+H. M.
+
+_Presbyterian Titles_ (Vol. v., p. 516.).--Where may be found a list of
+"the quaint and uncouth titles of the old Presbyterians?"
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_Mayors and Sheriffs._--Can you or any of your readers inform me which
+ought to be considered the principal officer, or which is the most
+important, and which ought to have precedence of the other, the mayor of a
+town or borough, or the sheriff of a town or borough? and is the mayor
+merely the representative of the town, and the sheriff of the Queen; and if
+so, ought not the representative of majesty to be considered more
+honourable than the representative of merely a borough; and can a sheriff
+of a borough claim to have a grant of arms, if he has not any previous?
+
+A SUBSCRIBER.
+
+Nottingham.
+
+_The Beauty of Buttermere._--In an article contributed by Coleridge to the
+_Morning Post_ (vid. _Essays on his own Times_, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says:
+
+    "It seems that there are some circumstances attending her birth and
+    true parentage, which would account for her striking superiority in
+    mind and manners, in a way extremely flattering to the prejudices of
+    rank and birth."
+
+What are the circumstances alluded to?
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+_Sheer Hulk._--Living in a maritime town, and hearing nautical terms
+frequently used, I had always supposed this term to mean an old vessel,
+{127} with sheers, or spars, erected upon it, for the purpose of masting
+and unmasting ships, and was led to attribute the use of it, by Sir W.
+Scott and other writers, for a vessel totally dismasted, to their ignorance
+of the technical terms. But of late it has been used in the latter sense by
+a writer in the _United Service Magazine_ professing to be a nautical man.
+I still suspect that this use of the word is wrong, and should be glad to
+hear on the subject from any of your naval readers.
+
+I believe that the word "buckle" is still used in the dockyards, and among
+seamen, to signify to "bend" (see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 375.), though
+rarely.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_The Lapwing or Peewitt_ (_Vanellus cristatus_).--Can any of your
+correspondents, learned in natural history, throw any light upon the
+meaning in the following line relative to this bird?--
+
+ "The blackbird far its hues shall know,
+    As _lapwing_ knows the vine."
+
+In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the hawthorn; but what
+the _lapwing_ has to do with the _vine_, I am at a loss to know. Having
+forgotten whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one will favor me
+with the author's name.
+
+J. B. WHITBORNE.
+
+_"Could we with ink," &c._--Could you, or any of your numerous and able
+correspondents, inform me who is the _bona fide_ author of the following
+lines?--
+
+ "Could we with ink the ocean fill,
+    And were the heavens of parchment made,
+  Were every stalk on earth a quill,
+    And every man a scribe by trade;
+  To write the love of God above,
+    Would drain the ocean dry;
+  Nor could the scroll contain the whole,
+    Though stretched from sky to sky."
+
+NAPHTALI.
+
+_Launching Query._--With reference to the accident to H.M.S. Caesar at
+Pembroke, I would ask, Is there any other instance of a ship, on being
+launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to move in spite of all
+efforts to start her?
+
+A. B.
+
+_Manliness._--Query, What is the meaning of the word as used in "N. & Q.,"
+Vol. viii., p. 94., col. 2. l. 12.
+
+ANONYMOUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Pues or Pews._--Which is the _correct_ way of spelling this word? What is
+its derivation? Why has the form _pue_ been lately so much adopted?
+
+OMEGA.
+
+    [The abuses connected with the introduction of pues into churches have
+    led to an investigation of their history, as well as to the etymology
+    of the word. Hence the modern adoption of its original and more correct
+    orthography, that of _pue_; the Dutch _puye_, _puyd_, and the English
+    _pue_, being derived from the Latin _podium_. In Vol. iii., p. 56., we
+    quoted the following as the earliest notice of the word from the
+    _Vision of Piers Plouman_:
+
+     "Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sute
+      Yparroked in _pues_. The person hit knoweth."
+
+    Again, in _Richard III._, Act IV. Sc. 4.: "And makes her _pue-fellow_
+    with others moan."--In Decker's _Westward Hoe_: "Being one day in
+    church, she made mone to her _pue-fellow_."--And in the _Northern Hoe_
+    of the same author: "He would make him a _pue-fellow_ with lords."--See
+    a paper on _The History of Pews_, read before the Cambridge Camden
+    Society, Nov. 22, 1841.]
+
+_"Jerningham" and "Doveton."_--Who was the author of _Jerningham_ and
+_Doveton_, two admirable works of fiction published some twelve or fifteen
+years ago? They are equal to anything written by Bulwer Lytton or by James.
+
+J. MT.
+
+    [The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHE.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 8.)
+
+I possess a singular work, consisting of a series of _Poetical Sketches_ of
+the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, written, as the title-page asserts, by an
+"officer of the Guards;" who appears to have been, from what he
+subsequently states, on the personal staff of His Royal Highness the late
+Duke of York. This work, I have been given to understand, was suppressed
+shortly after its publication; the ludicrous light thrown by its pages on
+the conduct of many of the chief parties engaged in the transactions it
+records, being no doubt unpalatable to those high in authority. From the
+notes, which are valuable as appearing to emanate from an eye-witness, and
+sometimes an actor in the scenes he describes, I send the following
+extracts for the information of your correspondent; premising that the
+letter to which they are appended is dated from the "Camp at Inchin, April
+26, 1794."
+
+    "As the enemy were known to have assembled in great force at the Camp
+    de Caesar, near Cambray, Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would
+    make a _reconnoissance_ in that direction: accordingly, on the evening
+    of the 23rd, Major-General Mansel's brigade of heavy cavalry was
+    ordered about a league in front of their camp, where they lay that
+    night at a farm-house, forming _part_ of a detachment under General
+    Otto. Early the next morning, an attack was made on the French drawn up
+    in front of the village of Villers en Couchee (between Le Cateau and
+    Bouchain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and two squadrons of
+    Austrian Hussars: they charged the enemy with such velocity and force,
+    that, darting through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry
+    formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat {128} precipitately
+    and in great confusion, under cover of the ramparts of Cambray; with a
+    loss of 1200 men, and three pieces of cannon. The only British officer
+    wounded was Captain Aylett: sixty privates fell, and about twenty were
+    wounded.
+
+    "Though the heavy brigade was formed at a distance under a brisk
+    cannonade, while the light dragoons had so glorious an opportunity of
+    distinguishing themselves, there are none who can attach with propriety
+    any blame on account of their unfortunate delay; for which General Otto
+    was surely, as having the command, alone accountable, and not General
+    Mansel, who acted at all times, there is no doubt, according to the
+    best of his judgment for the good of the service.
+
+    "The Duke of York had, on the morning of the 26th, observed the left
+    flank of the enemy to be unprotected; and, by ordering the cavalry to
+    wheel round and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity of
+    gaining the highest credit by defeating the French army so much
+    superior to them in point of numbers.
+
+    "General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the enemy, devoted himself
+    to death; and animated by his example, that _very_ brigade performed
+    such prodigies of valour, as must have convinced the world that
+    Britons, once informed _how to act_, justify the highest opinion that
+    can possibly be entertained of their native courage. Could such men
+    have _ever_ been willingly _backward_? Certainly not.
+
+    "General Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, anxious to
+    save his father's life, had darted forwards, and was taken prisoner,
+    and carried into Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that
+    there was not, on the 26th, _a single French soldier_ left in the town,
+    as Chapuy had drawn out the whole garrison to augment the army destined
+    to attack the camp of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately
+    known at the time, a detachment of the British army might easily have
+    marched along the Chaussee, and taken possession of the place ere the
+    Republicans could possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat
+    described a circuitous detour of some miles."
+
+MR. SIMPSON will perceive, from the above extracts, that the brilliant
+skirmish of Villers en Couche took place on April 24th; whereas the defeat
+of the French army under Chapuy did not occur until two days later. A large
+quantity of ammunition and thirty-five pieces of cannon were then captured;
+and although the writer does not mention the number who were killed on the
+part of the enemy, yet, as he states that Chapuy and near 400 of his men
+were made prisoners, their loss by death was no doubt proportionately
+large.
+
+The 15th Hussars have long borne on their colours the memorable words
+"Villers en Couche" to commemorate the daring valour they displayed on that
+occasion.
+
+T. C. SMITH.
+
+In Cruttwell's _Universal Gazetteer_ (1808), this village, which is five
+miles north-east of Cambray, is described as being "remarkable for an
+action between the French and the Allies on the 24th of April, 1794." The
+following officers of the 15th regiment of light dragoons are there named
+as having afterwards received crosses of the Order of Maria Theresa for
+their gallant behaviour, from the Emperor of Germany, viz.:
+
+    "Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt. Edw. Michael Ryan,
+    Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft, Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel
+    Blount, Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos. Wilson."
+
+D. S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNAIL-EATING.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 33.)
+
+The Surrey snails referred to by H. T. RILEY, are thus mentioned by Aubrey
+in his account of Box Hill:
+
+    "On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and in those of Sussex,
+    are the biggest snails that ever I saw, twice or three times as big as
+    our common snails, which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias
+    Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought from Italy, and
+    scattered them on the Downs hereabouts, and between Albury and Horsley,
+    where are the biggest of all."
+
+Again, Aubrey, in his _Natural History of Wiltshire_, says:
+
+    "The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in Surrey (twice as big as
+    ours) were brought from Italy by * * * Earle Marshal, about
+    1638."--Aubrey's _History_, p. 10., edited by John Britton, F.S.A.,
+    published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847.
+
+The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's _Surrey_, I have quoted in my
+_Promenade round Dorking_, 2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and have added in a
+note:
+
+    "This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is probably from this snail
+    account that the error, ascribing the planting of the box (on Box Hill)
+    to one of the Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought
+    thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accustomed to dress and
+    eat them for a consumptive complaint."
+
+When I lived at Dorking (1815-1821) a breed of large white snails was found
+on Box Hill.
+
+JOHN TIMBS.
+
+MR. H. T. RILEY is informed that the breed of white snails he refers to is
+to be plentifully found in the neighbourhood of Shere. I have found them
+frequently near the neighbouring village of Albury, on St. Martha's Hill,
+and I am told they are to be met with in the lanes as far as Dorking. I
+have always heard that they were imported for the use of a lady who was in
+a consumption; but who this was, or when it happened, I have never been
+able to ascertain.
+
+NEDLAM.
+
+The breed of large white snails is to be found all along the escarpment of
+the chalk range, and is {129} not confined to Surrey. It is said to have
+been introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, and was considered very
+nutritious and wholesome for consumptive patients. About the end of the
+last century I was in the habit of collecting a few of the common garden
+snails from the fruit-trees, and taking them every morning to a lady who
+was in a delicate state of health; she took them boiled or stewed, or
+cooked in some manner with milk, making a mucilaginous drink.
+
+E. H.
+
+I have somewhere read of the introduction of a foreign breed of snails into
+Cambridgeshire, I forget the exact locality, for the table of the monks who
+imported them; but unfortunately it was before I commenced making "notes"
+on the subject, and I have not been able to recollect where to find it.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 76.)
+
+This inscription is not "in Earl Bathurst's park," as your correspondent A.
+SMITH says, but is in Oakley Woods, situated at some three or four miles'
+distance from Cirencester, and being separated and quite distinct from the
+park; nor is the inscription correctly copied. Rudder, in his new _History
+of Gloucestershire_, 1779, says:
+
+    "Concealed as it were in the wood stands Alfred's Hall, a building that
+    has the semblance of great antiquity. Over the door opposite to the
+    south entrance, on the inside, is the following inscription in the
+    Saxon character and language [of which there follows a copy]. Over the
+    south door is the following Latin translation:
+
+    "'Foedus quod AElfredus & Gythrunus reges, omnes _Anglia sapientes, &
+    quicunq_; Angliam in_c_olebant orientalem, ferierunt; & non solum de
+    seipsis, verum etiam de nat_i_s suis, ac nondum in lucem editis,
+    quotquot misericordiae divinae aut regiae vel_i_nt esse participes
+    jurejurando sanxerunt.
+
+    "'Primo ditionis nostrae fines ad T_h_amesin evehunt_u_r, inde ad Leam
+    usq; ad fontem ejus; t_u_m recta ad Bedfordiam, ac deniq; per Usam ad
+    viam Vetelin_g_ianam.'"
+
+I copy from Rudder, with the stops and contracted "et's," as they stand in
+his work; though I think the original has points between each word, as
+marked by A. SMITH.
+
+The omissions and mistakes of your correspondent (which you will perceive
+are important) are marked in Italics above.
+
+Rudder adds,--
+
+    "Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the chimney-piece, on
+    which, in ancient characters relieved on the stone, is this
+    inscription:
+
+     'IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO . 1085.'
+
+    "It would have been inexcusable in the topographer to have passed by so
+    curious a place without notice; but the historian would have been
+    equally culpable who should not have informed the reader that this
+    building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The name, the
+    inscription, and the writing over the doors, of the convention between
+    the good king and his pagan enemies, were probably all suggested by the
+    similarity of _Achelie_, the ancient name of this place, to _AEcglea_,
+    where King Alfred rested with his army the night before he attacked the
+    Danish camp at Ethandun, and at length forced their leader Godrum, or
+    Guthrum, or Gormund, to make such convention."
+
+It is many years since I saw the inscription, and then I made no note of
+it; but I have no doubt that Rudder has given it correctly, because when I
+was a young man I was intimately acquainted with him, who was then an aged
+person; and a curious circumstance that occurred between us, and is still
+full in my memory, impressed me with the idea of his great precision and
+exactness.
+
+I would remark on the explanation given by Rudder, that the _Iglea_ of
+Asser is supposed by Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir Richard Colt Hoare to
+be _Clayhill_, eastward of Warminster; and _Ethandun_ to be _Edington_,
+about three miles eastward of Westbury, both in Wilts.
+
+Asser says that, "in the same year," the year of the battle, "the army of
+the pagans, departing from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to
+_Cirencester_, where they remained one year."
+
+On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hostages to Alfred; and it is
+probable that, if any treaty was made between them, it was made immediately
+after the battle; and not that Alfred came from his fortress of
+_AEthelingay_ to meet Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay after
+leaving Chippenham.
+
+If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it might have been at
+Alfred's Hall near Cirencester, especially if _Hampton_ (Minchinhampton in
+Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from Oakley Wood, be the real
+site of the great and important battle, as was, a few years since, very
+plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moffatt, in a paper inserted, with the
+signature "J. M. M.," in Brayley's _Graphic and Historical Illustrator_, p.
+106. _et seq._, 1834.
+
+The mention of Rudder's History brings to my mind an inscription over the
+door of Westbury Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in the
+village of Westbury in this county. This mansion was taken down during the
+minority of Maynard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the estate.
+Rudder, in his account of that parish, has preserved the inscription--
+
+           "D.
+          O. M.
+  N. M. M. H. E. P. N. C."
+
+He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo Maximo," and says the
+subsequent line contains the initials of the following hexameter:
+
+ "Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus,"
+
+{130} alluding to the successive descent of property from one generation to
+another.
+
+Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to tell me whether the above
+line be original, or copied, and from whom.
+
+P. H. FISHER.
+
+Stroud.
+
+The agreement referred to is no other than the famous treaty of peace
+between Alfred and Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an initial
+"L." for a "G.," among various other inaccuracies for which your
+correspondent is perhaps not responsible, has been disguised under the form
+of "Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the commencement of the
+treaty, which is stated, in Turner's _Anglo-Saxons_, book iv. ch. v., to be
+still extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's [Greek:
+Archaionomia], p. 36.:--
+
+    "Foedus quod Aluredus & Gythrunus reges ex sapientum Anglorum, atque
+    eorum omnium qui orientalem incolebant Angliam consulto ferierunt, in
+    quod praeterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de natis suis,
+    ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltem misericordiae divinae aut
+    regiae velint esse participes), jurarunt.
+
+    "Primo igitur ditionis nostrae fines ad Thamesim fluvium evehuntor: Inde
+    ad Leam flumen profecti, ad fontem ejus deferuntor: tum recta ad
+    Bedfordiam porriguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam
+    Vetelingianam desinunto."
+
+Another translation will be found in Wilkins's _Leges Anglo-Saxonicae_, p.
+47., and the Saxon original in both. As to the boundaries here defined, see
+note in Spelman's _Alfred_, p. 36.
+
+At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve months after his baptism,
+according to his treaty with Alfred. (See _Sim. Dunelm. de gestis Regum
+Anglorum_, sub anno 879.)
+
+J. F. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOUS CUSTOM OF RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 55.)
+
+W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield, Massachusets, asks "if this
+custom ever did, or does now exist in the mother country?" The curiosity is
+that your worthy Querist has never heard of it! Dating from _Malta_, it may
+be he has never been in our _ringing island_: for it must be known to every
+Englishman, that the custom, varying no doubt in different localities,
+exists in every parish in England.
+
+The _passing bell_ is of older date than the canon of our church, which
+directs "that when any is passing out of this life, a bell shall be tolled,
+and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. And after the party's
+death, if it so fall out, then shall be rung no more than one short peal."
+
+It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep up this custom of their
+mother country.
+
+In this parish, the custom has been to ring as quickly after death as the
+sexton can be found; and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known persons,
+sensible of their approaching death, direct the bell at once to be tolled.
+
+Durand, in his _Rituals of the Roman Church_, says: "For expiring persons
+bells must be tolled, that people may put up their prayers: this must be
+done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man." And such is still the
+general custom: either before or after the _knell_ is rung, to toll three
+times _three_, or three times _two_, at intervals, to mark the sex.[6]
+
+"Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any use of a bell; but there is
+every reason to believe that--
+
+    "the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to quote from
+    Brewster's _Ency._) originated in the darkest ages, but with a
+    different view from that in which they are now employed. It was to
+    avert the influence of Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors
+    did not originate in this imaginary virtue, while they preserved the
+    practice, it is certain they believed the mere noise had the same
+    effect; and as, according to their ideas, evil spirits were always
+    hovering around to make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells
+    struck them with terror. We may trace the practice of tolling bells
+    during funerals to the like source. This has been practised from times
+    of great antiquity: the bells being muffled, for the sake of greater
+    solemnity, in the same way as drums are muffled at military funerals."
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Rectory, Clyst St. George.
+
+At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence of a death in the parish, a
+bell is tolled quickly for about the space of ten minutes; and before
+ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a man, six if a woman, and
+three if a child. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the custom is
+now almost peculiar to the north of England; but in ancient times it must
+have been very general according to Durandus, who has the following in his
+_Rationale_, lib. i. cap. 4. 13.:
+
+    "Verum aliquo moriente, campanae debent pulsari; ut populus hoc audiens,
+    oret pro illo. Pro muliere quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit
+    asperitatem.... Pro viro vero ter pulsator.... Si autem clericus sit,
+    tot vicibus simpulsatur, quot ordines habuit ipse. Ad ultimum vero
+    compulsari debet cum omnibus campanis, ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit
+    orandum."--Mr. Strutt's _Man. and Cust._, iii. 176.
+
+{131} Also a passage is quoted from an old English Homily, ending with:
+
+    "At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be ronge, as his knyll, in
+    worscheppe of the Trinetee; and for a womanne, who was the secunde
+    persone of the Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen."
+
+In addition to the intention of the "passing-bell," afforded by Durandus
+above, it has been thought that it was rung to drive away the evil spirits,
+supposed to stand at the foot of the bed ready to seize the soul, that it
+might "gain start." Wynkyn de Worde, in his _Golden Legend_, speaks of the
+dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to this subject, Wheatly, in his
+work on the Book of Common Prayer, chap. xi. sec. viii. 3., says:
+
+    "Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former ages, calls in the
+    minister, and others who are at hand, to assist their brother in his
+    last extremity."
+
+The 67th canon enjoins that, "when any one is passing out of this life, a
+bell shall be tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty.
+And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there shall be rung _no
+more than one short peal_."
+
+Several other quotations might be adduced (vid. Brand's _Antiq._, vol. ii.
+pp. 203, 204. from which much of the above has been derived) to show that
+"one short peal" was ordered only to be rung after the Reformation: the
+custom of signifying the sex of the deceased by a certain number of knells
+must be a relic, therefore, of very ancient usage, and unauthorised by the
+Church.
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+[Footnote 6: This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for a woman, is
+thus explained in an ancient Homily on Trinity Sunday:--"At the deth of a
+manne, three bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the Trinitie.
+And for a woman, who was the second person of the Trinitie, two bells
+should be ronge."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TURNING?
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 57.)
+
+Respecting the origin of this curious phenomenon in America, I am not able
+to give your correspondent, J. G. T. of Hagley, any information; but it may
+interest him and others among the readers of "N. & Q." to have some account
+of what appears to be the first recorded experiment, made in Europe, of
+table-moving. These experiments are related in the supplement (now lying
+before me) to the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ of April 4, by Dr. K. Andree, who
+writes from Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated March 30, and begins
+by stating that the whole town had been for eight days preceding in a state
+of most peculiar excitement, owing to a phenomenon which entirely absorbed
+the attention of all, and about which no one had ever thought before the
+arrival of the American steam-ship "Washington" from New York. Dr. Andree
+proceeds to relate that the information respecting table-moving was
+communicated in a letter, brought through that ship, from a native of
+Bremen, residing in New York, to his sister, who was living in Bremen, and
+who, in her correspondence with her brother, had been rallying him about
+the American spirit-rappings, and other Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so
+rampant in the United States. Her brother instanced this table-moving,
+performed in America, as no delusion, but as a fact, which might be
+verified by any one; and then gave some directions for making the
+experiment, which was forthwith attempted at the lady's house in Bremen,
+and with perfect success, in the presence of a large company. In a few days
+the marvellous feat, the accounts of which flew like wildfire all over the
+country, was executed by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen. The subject
+was one precisely adapted to excite the attention and curiosity of the
+imaginative and wonder-loving Germans; and, accordingly, in a few days
+after, a notice of the strange phenomenon appeared in _The Times_, in a
+letter from Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading journal, the
+facts and experiments became rapidly diffused over the world, and have been
+repeated and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the experiment and its
+results are now brought within the domain of practical science, we may hope
+to see them soon freed from the obscurity and uncertainty which still
+envelope them, and assigned to their proper place in the wondrous system of
+"Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our being."
+
+JOHN MACRAY.
+
+Oxford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.)
+
+    "Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of the sixteenth
+    century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree unknown in any other part of
+    Europe, where generally the Protestants were persecuted by the
+    Romanists, or the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united to
+    commercial advantages, and a wide field for the exercise of various
+    talents, attracted to Poland crowds of foreigners, who fled their
+    native land on account of religious persecution; and many of whom
+    became, by their industry and talents, very useful citizens of their
+    adopted country. There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen, &c., Italian and
+    French Protestant congregations. A great number of Scotch settled in
+    different parts of Poland; and there were Scotch Protestant
+    congregations not only in the above-mentioned towns, but also in other
+    places, and a particularly numerous one at Kieydany, a little town of
+    Lithuania, belonging to the Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch
+    families settled in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who arrived
+    in that country before the Reformation, but became its most zealous
+    adherents. This family rose, by its wealth, and the great merit of
+    several of its members, to the highest dignities of the state, but
+    became extinct during the seventeenth century. There are even now in
+    Poland many families of Scotch descent belonging to the class of
+    nobles; as, for instance, {132} the Haliburtons, Wilsons, Ferguses,
+    Stuarts, Haslers, Watsons, &c. Two Protestant clergymen of Scotch
+    origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed some sacred poetry. But the
+    most conspicuous of all the Polish Scotchmen is undoubtedly Dr. John
+    Johnstone [born in Poland 1603, died 1675], perhaps the most remarkable
+    writer of the seventeenth century on natural history. It seems, indeed,
+    that there is a mysterious link connecting the two distant countries;
+    because, if many Scotsmen had in bygone days sought and found a second
+    fatherland in Poland, a strong and active sympathy for the sufferings
+    of the last-named country, and her exiled children, has been evinced in
+    our own times by the natives of Scotland in general, and by some of the
+    most distinguished amongst them in particular. Thus it was an eminent
+    bard of Caledonia, the gifted author of _The Pleasures of Hope_, who,
+    when
+
+     'Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime,'
+
+    has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her liberty, a
+    halo of glory which will remain unfaded as long as the English language
+    lasts. The name of Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland;
+    but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley Stuart] which is
+    enshrined in the heart of every true Pole."--From Count Valerian
+    Krasinski's _Sketch of the Religious History of the Sclavonic Nations_,
+    p. 167.: Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851.
+
+J. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.)
+
+I think THE WRITER OF "COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE UNSEEN WORLD" would have
+some difficulty in referring to the works on which he based the statement
+that "it was a tradition in Mexico that when that form (the cross) should
+be victorious, the old religion should disappear, and that a similar
+tradition attached to it at Alexandria." He doubtless made the statement
+from memory, and unintentionally confounded two distinct facts, viz. that
+the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and had prophetic intimations of the
+downfall of their nation and religion by the oppression of bearded
+strangers from the East. The quotation by MR. PEACOCK at p. 549., quoted
+also in Purchas' _Pilgrims_, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that
+the cross was worshipped in Mexico prior to the Spanish invasion, and
+therefore it was impossible that the belief mentioned by THE WRITER, &c.
+could have prevailed.
+
+On the first discovery of Yucatan,--
+
+    "Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses, evidently
+    objects of worship."--Prescott's _Mexico_, vol. i. p. 203.
+
+Mr. Stephens, in his _Central America_, vol. ii., gives a representation of
+one of these crosses. The cross on the Temple of Serapis, mentioned in
+Socrates' _Ecc. Hist._, was undoubtedly the well-known _Crux ansata_, the
+symbol of life. It was as the latter that the heathens appealed to it, and
+the Christians explained it to them as fulfilled in the Death of Christ.
+
+MR. PEACOCK asks for other instances: I subjoin some.
+
+In _India_.--The great pagoda at Benares is built in the form of a cross.
+(Maurice's _Ind. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 31., City, Tavernier.)
+
+On a Buddhist temple of cyclopean structure at Mundore (Tod's _Rajasthan_,
+vol. i. p. 727.), the cross appears as a sacred figure, together with the
+double triangle, another emblem of very wide distribution, occurring on
+ancient British coins (Camden's _Britannica_), Central American buildings
+(Norman's _Travels in Yucatan_), among the Jews as the Shield of David
+(Brucker's _History of Philosophy_), and a well-known masonic symbol
+frequently introduced into Gothic ecclesiastical edifices.
+
+In _Palestine_.--
+
+    "According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and Maimonides, when the
+    priest sprinkled the blood of the victim on the consecrated cakes and
+    hallowed utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of a
+    _cross_. The same symbol was used when the kings and high priests were
+    anointed."--Faber's _Horae Mosaicae_, vol. ii. p. 188.
+
+See farther hereon, Deane on _Serpent Worship_.
+
+In _Persia_.--The trefoil on which the sacrifices were placed was probably
+held sacred from its cruciform character. The cross ([+]) occurs on Persian
+buildings among other sacred symbols. (R. K. Porter's _Travels_, vol. ii.)
+
+In _Britain_.--The cross was formed by baring a tree to a stump, and
+inserting another crosswise on the top; on the three arms thus formed were
+inscribed the names of the three principal, or triad of gods, _Hesus_,
+_Belenus_, and _Taranis_. The stone avenues of the temple at Classerniss
+are arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's _Antiquities of Cornwall_.)
+
+In _Scandinavia_.--The hammer of Thor was in the form of the cross; see in
+Herbert's _Select Icelandic Poetry_, p. 11., and Laing's _Kings of Norway_,
+vol. i. pp. 224. 330., a curious anecdote of King Hacon, who, having been
+converted to Christianity, made the sign of the cross when he drank, but
+persuaded his irritated Pagan followers that it was the sign of Thor's
+hammer.
+
+The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the utmost reverence by his
+followers, who were called the children of Thor, who in the last day would
+save themselves by his mighty hammer. The fiery cross, so well known by
+Scott's vivid description, was originally the hammer of Thor, which in
+early Pagan, as in later Christian times, was used as a summons to convene
+the people either to council or to war. (Herbert's _Select Icelandic
+Poetry_, p. 11.)
+
+EDEN WARWICK.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+{133}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Glass Chambers for Photography._--I am desirous to construct a small glass
+chamber for taking portraits in, and shall be much obliged if you can
+assist me by giving me instructions how it should be constructed, or by
+directing me where I shall find clear and sufficient directions, as to
+dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is it essential that it should be
+all of violet-coloured glass, ground at one side, as that would add a good
+deal to the expense? or will white glass, with thin blue gauze curtains or
+blinds, answer?
+
+Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accompanied with such woodcut
+illustrations as would be necessary to render the description complete, and
+such as an artificer could work by, would confer a boon on many amateur
+photographers, as well as your obliged servant,
+
+C. E. F.
+
+    [In the construction of a photographic house, we beg to inform our
+    correspondent that it is by no means needful to use entirely
+    violet-coloured glass, but the roof thereof exposed to the rays of the
+    sun should be so protected; for although the light is much subdued, and
+    the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is taken away, yet but
+    few of the actinic rays are obstructed. It has been proposed to coat
+    the interior with smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished;
+    but this does not appear to have answered. Calico, both white and
+    coloured, has also been used, but it is certainly not so effectual or
+    pleasant. Upon the whole, we think that the main things to attend to
+    are, firmness in its construction, so as to avoid vibration; ample
+    size, so as to allow not only of room for the operator, but also for
+    the arrangements of background, &c., and the sides to open so as to
+    allow a free circulation of air; blinds to be _applied at such spots
+    only_ as shall be found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small
+    closet should be provided, admitting only yellow light, which may be
+    effectually accomplished by means of yellow calico. A free supply of
+    water is indispensable, which may be conveyed both to and from by means
+    of the gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We apprehend,
+    however, that the old proverb, "You must cut your coat according to
+    your cloth," is most especially applicable to our querist, for not only
+    must the house be constructed according to the advantages afforded by
+    the locality, but the amount of expense will be very differently
+    thought of by different persons: one will be content with any moderate
+    arrangement which will answer the purpose, where another will be
+    scarcely satisfied unless everything is quite of an _orne_ character.]
+
+_Dr. Diamond's Replies._--I am sorry I have not before replied to the
+Queries of your correspondent W. F. E., contained in Vol. viii., p. 41.;
+but absence from home, together with a pressure of public duties here, has
+prevented me from so doing.
+
+1st. No doubt a _small_ portion of nitrate of potash is formed when the
+iodized collodion is immersed in the bath of nitrate of silver, by mutual
+decomposition; but it is in so small a quantity as not to deteriorate the
+bath.
+
+2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much longer than is generally
+supposed; at the beginning of last month I obtained a tolerably good
+portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a small bottle brought to me
+by Mr. Archer in September 1850; and I especially notice this fact, as it
+is connected with the first introduction of the use of collodion in
+England. Generally speaking, I do not find that it deteriorates in two or
+three months; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing solution will
+generally restore it, unless it has become rotten: this, I think, is the
+case when the gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the acid. The
+redness which collodion assumes by age, may also be discharged by the
+addition of a few drops of liquor ammoniae, but I do not think it in any way
+accelerates its activity of action.
+
+3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes called, "inhaling ether," has
+been deprived of the alcohol which the common ether contains, and it will
+not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol is restored to it. I would
+here observe that an excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens the
+collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance, rendering it much more
+difficult to use by its slowness in flowing over the glass plate, as well
+as producing a less even surface than when nearly all ether is used. A
+collodion, however, with thirty-five per cent. of spirits of wine, is very
+quick, allowing from its less tenacious quality a more rapid action of the
+nitrate of silver bath.
+
+4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-dissolve the iodide of
+silver, but the results are by no means so satisfactory; the cost of pure
+iodide of potassium bought at a _proper market_ is certainly very
+inconsiderable compared to the disappointment resulting from a false
+economy.
+
+H. W. DIAMOND.
+
+Surrey County Asylum.
+
+_Trial of Lenses._--When you want to try a lens, first be sure that the
+slides of your camera are correctly constructed, which is easily done.
+Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper printed in small type;
+focus this on your ground glass with the assistance of a magnifying-glass;
+now take the slide which carries your plate of glass, and if you have not a
+piece of ground glass at hand, insert a plate which you would otherwise
+excite in the bath after the application of collodion, but now _dull_ it by
+touching it with putty. Observe whether you get an equally clear and
+well-focussed picture on this; if you do, you may conclude there is no
+fault in the construction of your camera.
+
+Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and place the pieces on the
+row of squares which run {134} from corner to corner; focus the middle one,
+whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a picture; you will soon see
+whether the one best in the visual focus is the best on the picture, or
+whether the piece one or more squares in advance or behind it is clearer
+than the one you had previously in focus. The chess-board must be set
+square with the camera, so that each piece is farther off by one square. To
+vary the experiment, you may if you please stick a piece of printed paper
+on each piece, which a little gum or common bees'-wax will effect for you.
+
+In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in obtaining a focus, cut a
+slip of newspaper about four inches long, and one and a half wide, and turn
+up one end so as it may be held between the lips, taking care that the rest
+be presented quite flat to the camera; with the help of a magnifying-glass
+set a correct focus to this, and afterwards draw in the tube carrying the
+lenses about one-sixteenth of a turn of the screw of the rackwork. This
+will give a medium focus to the head: observe, as the length of focus in
+different lenses varies, the distance the tube is moved must be learned by
+practice.
+
+W. M. F.
+
+_Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver?_--Some time ago I
+made a few ounces of a solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing
+positives; this I have kept in a yellow coloured glass bottle with a ground
+stopper.
+
+I have, however, been much alarmed, and refrained from using it or taking
+out the stopper, lest danger should arise, in consequence of reading in Mr.
+Delamotte's _Practice of Photography_, p. 95. (vide "Ammonia Solution"):
+
+    "If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the stopper of the bottle in
+    which it is kept, the least friction will cause it to explode
+    violently; it is therefore better to keep none prepared."
+
+As in pouring this solution out and back into the bottle, of course the
+solution will dry around the stopper, and, if this account is correct, may
+momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will feel obliged by being
+informed by some of your learned correspondents whether any such danger
+exists.
+
+HUGH HENDERSON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Burke's Marriage_ (Vol. vii., p. 382.).--Burke married, in 1756, the
+daughter of Dr. Nugent of Bath. (See _Nat. Cycl., s.v._ "Burke.")
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_The House of Falahill_ (Vol. vi., p. 533.).--As I have not observed any
+notice taken of the very interesting Query of ABERDONIENSIS, regarding this
+ancient baronial residence, I may state that there is a Falahill, or
+Falahall, in the parish of Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it
+be the Falahill referred to by Nisbet as having been so profusely
+illuminated with armorial bearings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs.
+Laing, Wilson, or Cosmo Innes might be able to give some information about
+this topographical and historical mystery.
+
+STORNOWAY.
+
+_Descendants of Judas Iscariot_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--There is a
+collection of traditions as to this person in extracts I have among my
+notes, which perhaps you may think fit to give as a reply to MR. CREED'S
+Query. It runs as follows:
+
+    "On dit dans l'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas Iscariot est ne a
+    Sable; la-dessus on a fait ce vers:
+
+     'Perfidus Judaeus Sabloliensis erat.'
+
+    "Les Bretons disent de meme qu'il est ne au Normandie entre Caen et
+    Rouen, et a ce propos ils recitent ces vers.
+
+             'Judas etoit Normand,
+                  Tout le monde le dit--
+              Entre Caen et Rouen,
+                  Ce malheureux naquit.
+      Il vendit son Seigneur pour trente mares contants.
+      Au diable soient tous les Normands.'
+
+    "On dit de meme sans raison que Judas avoit demeure a Corfou, et qu'il
+    y est ne. Pietro della Valle rapporte dans ses _Voyages_ qu'etant a
+    Corfou on lui montra par rarete un homme que ceux du pays assuroient
+    etre de la race du traitre Judas--quoiqu'il le niat. C'est un bruit qui
+    court depuis long tems en cette contree, sans qu'on en sache la cause
+    ni l'origine. Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemais (autrement de l'Acre)
+    disoit de meme sans raison que dans une tour de cette ville on avoit
+    fabrique les trente deniers pour lesquelles Judas avoit vendu notre
+    Seigneur, et pour cela ils appelloient cette tour la _Tour Maudite_."
+
+This is taken from the second volume of _Menagiana_, p. 232.
+
+J. H. P. LERESCHE.
+
+Manchester.
+
+_Milton's Widow_ (Vol. viii., p. 12.).--The information once promised by
+your correspondent CRANMORE still seems very desirable, because the
+statements of your correspondent MR. HUGHES are not reconcilable with two
+letters given in Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on Milton,
+pages 37-8., to which tract I beg to refer MR. HUGHES, who may not have
+seen it. These letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the writer of
+them, had only _two aunts_, neither of whom could have been Mrs. Milton, as
+she must have been if she was the daughter of the writer's grandfather,
+Randall Minshull. Probably this Elizabeth died in infancy, which the
+Wistaston parish register may show, and which register would perhaps also
+show (supposing Milton took his wife from Wistaston) the wanting marriage;
+or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull family, that parish register
+would most likely {135} disclose his third marriage, which certainly did
+not take place sooner than 1662.
+
+GARLICHITHE.
+
+_Whitaker's Ingenious Earl_ (Vol. viii., p. 9.).--It was a frequent saying
+of Lord Stanhope's, that he had taught law to the Lord Chancellor, and
+divinity to the Bishops; and this saying gave rise to a caricature, where
+his lordship is seated acting the schoolmaster with a rod in his hand.
+
+E. H.
+
+_Are White Cats deaf?_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--In looking up your Numbers
+for April, I observe a Minor Query signed SHIRLEY HIBBERD, in which your
+querist states that in all white cats stupidity seemed to accompany the
+deafness, and inquires whether any instance can be given of a white cat
+possessing the function of hearing in anything like perfection.
+
+I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at the advanced age of upwards
+of seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is
+remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than cats are usually given
+credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog
+than of a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its eyes are perfectly
+blue, with round pupils, not elongated as those of cats usually are. It
+occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has not at all
+resulted in deafness.
+
+H.
+
+_Consecrated Roses_ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.; Vol. viii., p. 38.).--From
+the communication of P. P. P. it seems that the origin of the consecration
+of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was "en reconnaissance" of a
+singular privilege granted to the abbey of St. Croix. Can your
+correspondent refer to any account of the origin of the consecration or
+blessing of the sword, cap, or keys?
+
+G.
+
+_The Reformed Faith_ (Vol. vii., p. 359.).--I must protest against this
+term being applied to the system which Henry VIII. set up on his rejecting
+the papal supremacy, which on almost every point but that one was pure
+Popery, and for refusing to conform to which he burned Protestants and
+Roman Catholics at the same pile. It suited Cobbett (in his _History of the
+Reformation_), and those controversialists who use him as their text-book,
+to confound this system with the doctrine of the existing Church of
+England, but it is to be regretted that any inadvertence should have caused
+the use of similar language in your pages.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_House-marks_ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--It appears to me that the
+_house-marks_ he alluded to may be traced in what are called _merchants'
+marks_, still employed in marking bales of wool, cotton, &c., and which are
+found on tombstones in our old churches, _incised_ in the slab during the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and which till lately puzzled the
+heralds. They were borne by merchants who had no arms.
+
+E. G. BALLARD.
+
+_Trash_ (Vol. vii., p. 566.).--The late Mr. Scatchard, of Morley, near
+Leeds, speaking in Hone's _Table Book_ of the Yorkshire custom of
+_trashing_, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a wedding party, says:
+
+    "Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day called 'a trash,'
+    yet it did not, certainly, give the name to the nuisance. To 'trash'
+    originally signified to clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any
+    one (see Todd's _Johnson_); and, agreeably to this explanation, we find
+    the rope tied by sportsmen round the necks of fleet pointers to tire
+    them well, and check their speed, is hereabouts universally called
+    'trash cord,' or 'dog trash.' A few miles distant from Morley, west of
+    Leeds, the 'Boggart' or 'Barguest,' the Yorkshire Brownie is called by
+    the people the _Gui-trash_, or _Ghei-trash_, the usual description of
+    which is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal, _encumbered_
+    with a chain round its neck, which is heard to rattle in its movements.
+    I have heard the common people in Yorkshire say, that they 'have been
+    _trashing_ about all day;' using it in the sense of having had a tiring
+    walk or day's work.
+
+    "East of Leeds the 'Boggart' is called the _Padfoot_."
+
+G. P.
+
+_Adamsoniana_ (Vol. vii., p. 500.).--Michel Ada_n_son (not Ada_m_son), who
+has left his name to the gigantic Baobab tree of Senegal (_Adansonia
+digitata_), and his memory to all who appreciate the advantages of a
+natural classification of plants--for which Jussieu was indebted to
+him--was the son of a gentleman, who after firmly attaching himself to the
+Stuarts, left Scotland and entered the service of the Archbishop of Aix.
+The _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and, I imagine, almost all biographical
+dictionaries and similar works, contain notices of him. His devoted life
+has deserved a more lengthened chronicle.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires respecting the family of Michel
+Adamson, or Michael Adamson, is informed that in France, the country of his
+birth, the name is invariably written "Ada_n_son;" while the author of
+_Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the Roses_, is described as "John
+Ada_m_son." Both names are pronounced alike in French; but the difference
+of spelling would seem adverse to the supposition that the family of the
+botanist was of Scottish extraction.
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+_Portrait of Cromwell_ (Vol. viii., p. 55.).--The portrait inquired after
+by MR. RIX is at the British Museum. Being placed over the cases in the
+long gallery of natural history, it is extremely difficult to be seen.
+
+JOHN BRUCE.
+
+{136}
+
+_Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"_ (Vol. iii., p. 493.; Vol. iv., p.
+391.).--It is not, I hope, too late to notice that Burke's description of
+Junius is an allusion neither to the _Iliad_, xiii. 471., nor to Psalm
+lxxx. 8-13., but to the _Iliad_, xvii. 280-284. I cannot resist quoting the
+lines containing the simile, at once for their applicability and their own
+innate beauty:
+
+ "[Greek: Ithusen de dia promachon, sui eikelos alken]
+  [Greek: Kaprioi, host' en oressi kunas thalerous t' aizeous]
+  [Greek: Rheidios ekedassen, elixamenos dia bessas.]
+  [Greek: Os huios Telamonos]."
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+"_Amentium haud Amantium_" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--The following English
+translation may be considered a tolerably close approximation to the
+alliteration of the original: "Of dotards not of the doting." It is found
+in the Dublin edition of _Terence_, published by J. A. Phillips, 1845.
+
+C. T. R.
+
+Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a translation of this passage,
+"Of _dotards_, not of the _doting_." Whatever may be its merits in other
+respects, it is at all events a more perfect alliteration than the other
+attempts which have been recorded in "N. & Q."
+
+ERICA.
+
+Warwick.
+
+When I was at school I used to translate the phrase "Amentium haud
+amantium" (Ter. _Andr_., i. 3. 13.) "_Lunatics, not lovers_." Perhaps that
+may satisfy FIDUS INTERPRES.
+
+[Pi]. [Beta].
+
+A friend of mine once rendered this "_Lubbers, not lovers_."
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_Talleyrand's Maxim_ (Vol. vi., p. 575.; Vol. vii., p. 487.).--Young's
+lines, to which Z. E. R. refers, are:
+
+ "Where Nature's end of language is declined,
+  And men talk only to conceal their mind."
+
+With less piquancy, but not without the germ of the same idea, Dean Moss
+(ob. 1729), in his sermon _Of the Nature and Properties of Christian
+Humility_, says:
+
+    "Gesture is an artificial thing: men may stoop and cringe, and bow
+    popularly low, and yet have ambitious designs in their heads. And
+    _speech is not always the just interpreter of the mind_: men may use a
+    condescending style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of
+    themselves."--_Sermons_, &c., 1737, vol. vii. p. 402.
+
+COWGILL.
+
+_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. vii., pp. 260. 344.
+509.).--The following particulars concerning one of the Marian Bishops are
+at A. S. A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., sometime student, and, in 1553,
+Master of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, was made Vice-Chancellor of
+that University in 1554-5; and had the temporalities of the See of Chester
+handed to him by Queen Mary in 1556. He was one of Cardinal Pole's
+delegates to the University of Cambridge, and was concerned in most of the
+political movements of the day. He, and four other bishops, with as many
+divines, undertook to defend the principles and practices of the Romish
+Church against an equal number of Reformed divines. On the 4th of April he
+was confined, either in the Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language
+towards Queen Elizabeth; but having by some means or other escaped from
+_durance_, he retired to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's
+_Foedera_, about 1560.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. vii., _passim._).--To the list of markets at which
+a glove was, or is, hung out, may be added Newport, in the Isle of Wight.
+But a Query naturally springs out of such a note, and I would ask, Why did
+a glove indicate that parties frequenting the market were exempt from
+arrest? What was the glove an emblem of?
+
+W. D--N.
+
+As the following extract from Gorr's _Liverpool Directory_ appears to bear
+upon the point, and as it does not seem to have yet attracted the attention
+of any of your correspondents, I beg to forward it:--
+
+    "Its (_i.e._ Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and 11th Nov. Ten
+    days before and ten days after each fair-day, a hand is exhibited in
+    front of the Town-hall, which denotes protection; during which time no
+    person coming to or going from the town on business connected with the
+    fair can be arrested for debt within its liberty."
+
+I have myself frequently observed the "hand," although I could not discover
+any appearance of a fair being held.
+
+R.
+
+_St. Dominic_ (Vol. vii., p. 356.).--Your correspondent BOOKWORM will find
+in any chronology a very satisfactory reason why Machiavelli could not
+reply to the summons of Benedict XIV., unless, indeed, the Pope had made
+use of "the power of the keys," to call him up for a brief space to satisfy
+his curiosity.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Names of Plants_ (Vol. viii., p. 37.).--Ale-hoof means useful in, or to,
+ale; Ground-ivy having been used in brewing before the introduction of
+hops. "The women of our northern parts" (says John Gerard), "especially
+about Wales or Cheshire, do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof into their ale ...
+being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the head from rhumaticke
+humours flowing from the brain." From the aforesaid tunning, it was also
+called Tun-hoof (_World of Words_); and in Gerard, Tune-hoof. {137}
+
+Considering what was meant by Lady in the names of plants, we should
+refrain from supposing that _Neottia spiralis_ was called the Lady-traces
+"sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled in such matters than I am
+can detect such a sense. I cannot learn what a lady's _traces_ are; but I
+suspect plaitings of her hair to be meant. "Upon the spiral sort," says
+Gerard, "are placed certaine small white flowers, _trace_ fashion," while
+other sorts grow, he says, "spike fashion," or "not _trace_ fashion."
+Whence I infer, that in his day _trace_ conveyed the idea of spiral.
+
+A. N.
+
+_Specimens of Foreign English_ (Vol. iii. _passim._).--I have copied the
+following from the label on a bottle of _liqueur_, manufactured at
+Marseilles by "L. Noilly fils et C^{ie}." The English will be best
+understood by being placed in juxtaposition with the original French:
+
+     "Le Vermouth
+
+    est un vin blanc legerement amer, parfume avec des plantes aromatiques
+    bienfaisantes.
+
+    "Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, febrifuge et astringente: prise
+    avec de l'eau elle est aperitive et raffraichissante: elle est aussi un
+    puissant preservatif contre les fievres et la dyssenterie, maladies si
+    frequentes dans les pays chauds, pour lesquels elle a ete
+    particulierement composee."
+
+     "The Wermouth
+
+    is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and good vegetables
+    white wine.
+
+    "This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive drinking; mixed with
+    water it is aperitive, refreshing, and also a powerful preservative of
+    fivers and bloody-flux; those latters are very usual in warmth
+    countries, and of course that liquor has just been particularly made up
+    for that occasion."
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+_Blanco White_ (Vol. vii., pp. 404. 486.).--Your correspondent H. C. K. is
+right in his impression that the sonnet commencing
+
+    "Mysterious Night! when our first parents knew," &c.
+
+was written by Blanco White. See his _Life_ (3 vols., Chapman, 1845), vol.
+iii. p. 48.
+
+J. K. R. W.
+
+_Pistols_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--In Strype's Life of Sir Thomas Smith,
+_Works_, Oxon. 1821, mention is made of a statute or proclamation by the
+Queen in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6.,
+alluded to by your correspondent J. F. M., and in which the words _pistol_
+and _pistolet_ are introduced:
+
+    "The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing it was, in so quiet and
+    peaceable a realm, to have men so armed; ... did charge and command all
+    her subjects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that in no
+    wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they carried about them
+    privily or openly any dag, or pistol, or any other harquebuse, gun, or
+    such weapon for fire, under the length expressed by the statute made by
+    the Queen's most noble father.... [Excepting however] noblemen and such
+    known gentlemen, which were without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if
+    they carried dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly, at
+    their saddle bows," &c.
+
+Here the _dag_ or _pistolet_ seems to answer to our "revolvers," and the
+_pistol_ to our larger horse-pistol.
+
+H. C. K.
+
+---- Rectory, Hereford.
+
+_Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions_ (Vol. viii., p. 44.).--If L.,
+or any of your readers, will take the trouble to compare the passage
+quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the following translation of
+Smith, with Sir A. Alison's supposititious quotation[7] (Vol. vii., p.
+594.), they will find that my inquiry is still unanswered. The passage
+quoted by L. in Greek is, according to Smith:
+
+    "Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice; modesty, the disguise
+    of effeminacy; and being wise in everything, to be good for nothing."
+
+The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is:
+
+    "He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise; and he who suspected
+    such practices in others was still a more able genius."--Vol. i. book
+    iii. p. 281. 4to.: London, 1753.
+
+In this "counterfeit presentment of two brothers," L. may discern a family
+likeness; but my inquiry was for the identical passage, "sword and poniard"
+included.
+
+If L. desires to find Greek authority for the general sentiment only, I
+would refer him to passages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, in
+_Thucydides_, iii. 83., viii. 89.; _Herodotus_, iii. 81.; Plato's
+_Republic_, viii. 11., and Aristotle's _Politics_, v. 6. 9. I beg to thank
+L. for his attempt, although unsuccessful.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+[Footnote 7: _Europe_, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo.]
+
+_The earliest Mention of the Word "Party"_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--In a
+choice volume, printed by "Ihon Day, dwelling over Aldersgate, beneath St.
+Martines," 1568, I find the word occurring thus:
+
+    "The _party_ must in any place see to himselfe, and seeke to wipe theyr
+    noses by a shorte aunswere."--_A Discovery and playne Declaration of
+    the Holy Inquisition of Spayne_, fol. 10.
+
+Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I right in considering the
+above-mentioned book as rare? I do so on the assumption that "Ihon Day" is
+_the_ Day of black-letter rarity.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+{138}
+
+_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381.).--It is curious to observe how differently
+this word is applied by different nations. The English apply it to white
+children born in the West Indies; the French, I believe, exclusively to the
+mixed races; and the Spanish and Portuguese to the blacks born in their
+colonies, never to whites. The latter, I think, is the true and original
+meaning, as its primary signification is a _home-bred_ slave (from "criar,"
+to bring up, to nurse), as distinguished from an imported or purchased one.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich, the able Actuary of the
+University Life Assurance Society, entitled _Popular Tables arranged in a
+new Form, giving Information at Sight for ascertaining, according to the
+Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold, Leasehold, and Church
+Property, Renewal Fines, &c., the Public Funds, Annual Average Price and
+Interest on Consols from 1731 to 1851; also various interesting and useful
+Tables, equally adapted to the Office and the Library Table_. Ample as is
+this title-page, it really gives but an imperfect notion of the varied
+contents of this useful library and writing-desk companion. For instance,
+Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous Tables gives the average price of Consols,
+with the average rate of interest, from 1731 to 1851; but this not only
+shows when Consols were highest and when lowest, but also what
+Administration was then in power, and the chief events of each year. We
+give this as one instance of the vast amount of curious information here
+combined; and we would point out to historical and geographical students
+the notices of Chinese Chronology in the preface, and the Tables of Ancient
+and Modern Itinerary Measures, as parts of the work especially deserving of
+their attention. In short, Mr. Willich's _Popular Tables_ form one of those
+useful volumes in which masses of scattered information are concentrated in
+such a way as to render the book indispensable to all who have once tested
+its utility.
+
+_Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices_, by the Rev. W. Sparrow
+Simpson, is a small pamphlet containing the substance of two lectures on
+this pestilent heresy, delivered by the author before the Kennington Branch
+of the Church of England Young Men's Society, and is worth the attention of
+those who wish to know something of this now wide-spread mania.
+
+_On the Custom of Borough-English in the County of Sussex_, by George R.
+Corner, Esq. This well-considered paper on a very curious custom owes its
+origin, we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish all questions
+agitated in "N. & Q." were as well illustrated as this has been by the
+learning and ingenuity of Mr. Corner.
+
+_A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to Demonstration the
+Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals in the Earth by means of the
+Dowsing Fork or Divining Rod, &c., collected, reported, and edited_ by
+Francis Phippen. A curious little pamphlet on a _fact_ in Natural
+Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either understand or
+account for.
+
+SERIALS RECEIVED.--_Murray's Railway Reading: History as a Condition of
+Social Progress_, by Samuel Lucas. An able lecture on an interesting
+subject.--_The Traveller's Library_, No. 46.: _Twenty Years in the
+Philippines_, by De la Gironiere. One of the best numbers of this valuable
+series.--_Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_, Part XI., August. This eleventh Part
+of Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James Ibbetson to Bernard
+Lamy.--_Archaeologia Cambrensis, New Series, No. XV._: containing, among
+other papers of interest to the inhabitants of the principality, one on the
+arms of Owen Glendwr, by the accomplished antiquary to whom our readers
+were indebted for a paper on the same subject in our own columns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+  SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, with or without Supplementary Volumes.
+  DUGDALE'S ENGLAND AND WALES, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis.
+  LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following
+      Volumes, in Boards.
+  LONG'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA.
+  LIFE OF THE REV. ISAAC MILLES. 1721.
+  SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S THRENODIA CAROLINA: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old
+      Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol.
+  SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S TRAVELS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. Folio.
+  LETTERS OF THE HERBERT FAMILY.
+  BISHOP MOSLEY'S VINDICATION. 4to. 1683.
+  LIFE OF ADMIRAL BLAKE, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London.
+      12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier.
+  OSWALDI CROLLII OPERA. Genevae, 1635. 12mo.
+  UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo.
+  BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol.
+  MEMOIRS OF THE ROSE, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1824.
+  LITERARY GAZETTE, 1834 to 1845.
+  ATHENAEUM, commencement to 1835.
+  A NARRATIVE OF THE HOLY LIFE AND HAPPY DEATH OF MR. JOHN ANGIER. London,
+      1685.
+  MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition.
+  WOOD'S ATHENAE OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
+  THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
+  SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15
+      vols. 8vo. 1739.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names._
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+MR. G. FURRIAN_'s offer is declined with thanks_.
+
+E. W., _who inquires respecting the letters_ N _and_ M _in the Book of
+Common Prayer, is referred to_ Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., p. 61.; Vol.
+iii., pp. 323. 437.
+
+T. _and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of Collodion
+are informed that we shall next week publish a farther communication from_
+DR. DIAMOND _upon this point_.
+
+ADDENDUM.--Vol. viii., p. 104., add to end of Query on Fragments in
+Athenaeus, "D'Israeli's _Cur. Lit._, Bailey's _Fragmenta Comicorum_."
+
+_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. to vii., _price
+Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is
+desirable_.
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday_.
+
+{139}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+_Directors._
+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+_Trustees._
+
+W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq.
+
+_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+
+_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to
+suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed on
+the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+  Age      _L  s.  d._
+   17       1  14   4
+   22       1  18   8
+   27       2   4   5
+   32       2  10   8
+   37       2  18   6
+   42       3   8   2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING
+SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in
+the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a
+Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR
+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
+Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of
+every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in
+all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+*** Catalogues may be had on application.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LA LUMIERE; French Photographic Journal. The only Journal which gives
+weekly all the principal Photographic News of England and the Continent;
+with Original Articles and Communications on the different Processes and
+Discoveries, Reports of the French Academy of Sciences, Articles on Art,
+Reviews, &c.
+
+Published every SATURDAY at PARIS, 9. Rue de la Perle.
+
+Terms, 16s. per annum in advance. All English Subscriptions and
+Communications to be addressed to the English Editor, 6. Henman Terrace,
+Camden Town, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
+Sanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
+Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13,
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in
+1834.--8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London.
+
+  HONORARY PRESIDENTS.
+
+  Earl of Courtown
+  Earl Leven and Melville
+  Earl of Norbury
+  Earl of Stair
+  Viscount Falkland
+  Lord Elphinstone
+  Lord Belhaven and Stenton
+  Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan
+
+      LONDON BOARD.
+
+  _Chairman._--Charles Graham, Esq.
+  _Deputy-Chairman._--Charles Downes, Esq.
+
+  H. Blair Avarne, Esq.
+  E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., _Resident_.
+  C. Berwick Curtis, Esq.
+  William Fairlie, Esq.
+  D. Q. Henriques, Esq.
+  J. G. Henriques, Esq.
+  F. C. Maitland, Esq.
+  William Railton, Esq.
+  F. H. Thomson, Esq.
+  Thomas Thorby, Esq.
+
+  MEDICAL OFFICERS.
+
+  _Physician._--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,
+  8. Bennett Street, St. James's.
+
+  _Surgeon._--F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street.
+
+The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is as
+follows:--
+
+    Sum    |   Time   |   Sum added to     |   Sum
+  Assured. | Assured. |      Policy        | Payable
+           |          +--------------------+ at Death.
+           |          | In 1841. In 1848.  |
+  ---------+----------+---------+----------+----------
+      L    |          |   L s.d.|   L  s.d.|    L  s.d.
+     5000  | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8
+   * 1000  |  7 years |  -  -   | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0
+      500  |  1 year  |  -  -   |  11  5 0 |  511  5 0
+
+* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took
+out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in
+1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 21/4 per
+cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for each
+1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the
+premiums paid.
+
+The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only
+one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for
+Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident
+Director.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.
+
+OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every
+other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of
+Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability,
+and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, &c.
+may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,
+Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of
+taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and
+taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy
+lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash
+payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught
+by letter at any distance from London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.
+
+THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal,
+liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia
+(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn,
+flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin,
+rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea,
+and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants,
+fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.
+
+_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:--
+
+Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your Revalenta Arabica
+Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to authorise the
+publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES."
+
+Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,
+nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness at
+the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent
+food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."
+
+Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, indigestion,
+and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and which no medicine
+could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in
+a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."
+
+Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with
+cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the advice
+of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious food in a
+very short time. I shall be happy to answer any inquiries.--REV. JOHN W.
+FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."
+
+_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._
+
+"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, nourishing,
+and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all kinds of
+medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body, as also
+diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as
+stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
+the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This really
+invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory result, not only
+in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, where irritation and pain are to be
+removed, but also in pulmonary and bronchial consumption, in which it
+counteracts effectually the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with
+perfect truth to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica
+is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and consumption.
+
+     "DR. RUD WURZER.
+ "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
+London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
+Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all
+respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
+packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.
+6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.
+and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry &
+Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious
+imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and
+others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name
+BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which
+none is genuine. {140}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,
+
+(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)
+
+Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on
+
+  Agriculture, history of Scottish
+  Agricultural College examination papers
+  Annuals, new
+  Azaleas, to propagate
+  Books noticed
+  Brick burning, a nuisance
+  Cabbages, club in
+  Calendar, horticultural
+  ---- agricultural
+  Carrot rot, by Dr. Reissek
+  Carts _v._ waggons
+  Cedar, gigantic
+  Cockroaches, to kill
+  Cycas revoluta, by Mr. Ruppen
+  Drainage bill, London
+  Forests, royal
+  Fruits, wearing out of
+  ---- disease in stone, by M. Ysabeau
+  Fumigator, Geach's, by Mr. Forsyth
+  Guano, new source of
+  Honey, thin
+  Horticultural Society
+  Horticultural Society's garden
+  Machine tools
+  Manures, concentrated
+  ---- liquid, by Mr. Bardwell
+  Marvel of Peru
+  Mechi's (Mr.) gathering
+  Mirabilis Jalapa
+  New Forest
+  Plant, hybrid
+  Potatoes, Bahama
+  Potato disease
+  ---- origin of
+  Poultry, metropolitan show of
+  Races, degeneracy of
+  Roses, Tea
+  ---- from cuttings
+  Soil and its uses, by Mr. Morton
+  Strawberry, Nimrod, by Mr. Spencer
+  Truffles, Irish
+  Vegetables, lists of
+  Violet, Neapolitan
+  Waggons and carts
+  Wax insects (with engraving)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to
+the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,
+with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool and Seed
+Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the
+transactions of the week_.
+
+ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington
+Street, Covent Garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by
+Special Permission to
+
+THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the
+Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged for
+Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the
+Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING,
+by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat,
+in morocco cloth, price 25_s_. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell
+Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for
+that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music
+Warehouses.
+
+    "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+    Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._
+
+    "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+    country."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+    merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical
+    World._
+
+    "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+    of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+    appeared."--_John Bull._
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Also, lately published,
+
+J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel
+Royal St. James, price 2s.
+
+C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALPHABETS.
+
+SHAW'S HANDBOOK OF MEDIAEVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. 1853, 4to., 36 fine
+Plates printed in Colours (published at 16s.), cloth, 12s.
+
+SILVESTRE, ALPHABET-ALBUM, folio, Paris, 1843, 60 large beautiful Plates
+(published at 100 francs), half morocco, 20s.
+
+ALPHABETS OF ALL THE ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL LANGUAGES, Leipsig, 1852,
+royal 8vo., 2s.
+
+Also an extensive Collection of Works on Diplomatics, Mediaeval Charters,
+&c., by Astle, Montfaucon, Mabillon, and Rodriguez, on sale by
+
+BERNARD QUARITCH, Second-hand Foreign Bookseller, 16. Castle Street,
+Leicester Square.
+
+*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent Gratis for a Year on prepayment of
+a Shilling in Postage Stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains the
+following articles:--1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. 2. Madame
+de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of Major P.
+Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary: Bramber
+Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with Engravings).
+6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7. Benjamin Robert
+Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers--Whitaker, Surtees, and Raine. 9.
+Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early History of the
+Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep at the Library of
+Chichester Cathedral--Christ's Church at Norwich--Rev. Wm. Smith of
+Melsonby--Godmanham and Londesborough. With Reviews of New Publications, a
+Report of the Meeting of the Archaeological Institute at Chichester and of
+other Antiquarian Societies, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY. Price 2s.
+6d.
+
+NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28s. cloth) of
+
+THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.
+
+  Volume Three, 1272-1377.
+  Volume Four, 1377-1485.
+
+Lately published, price 28s. cloth,
+
+  Volume One, 1066-1199.
+  Volume Two, 1199-1272.
+
+    "A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore
+    take its stand in the permanent literature of our country."--_Gent.
+    Mag._
+
+London: LONGMAN & CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GILBERT J. FRENCH,
+
+BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,
+
+RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he
+replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information
+respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN,
+&c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches,
+Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c., &c.
+
+Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications
+by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS
+delivered Free by Railway.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published, price 6d.
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPT EMENDATIONS OF THE TEXT OF
+SHAKSPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile from an early MS. at
+Dulwich College, price 1s.
+
+CURIOSITIES OF MODERN SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By J. O. HALLIWELL, ESQ.,
+F.R.S.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London./
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, price 4s. 6d. per dozen, or nicely bound in cloth, 1s.
+each.
+
+MORMONISM: its HISTORY, DOCTRINES, and PRACTICES. By the REV. W. SPARROW
+SIMPSON, B.A. (Late Scholar and Librarian of Queens' College, Cambridge;
+Curate of St. Mark's, Kennington.)
+
+A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster Row; and 39. Kennington Gate,
+London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. in cloth.
+
+SYMPATHIES of the CONTINENT, or PROPOSALS for a NEW REFORMATION. By JOHN
+BAPTIST VON HIRSCHER, D.D., Dean of the Metropolitan Church of Freiburg,
+Breisgau, and Professor of Theology in the Roman Catholic University of
+that City. Translated and edited with Notes and Introduction by the Rev.
+ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, M.A., Rector of St. John's Church, Hartford,
+Connecticut, U. S.
+
+    "The following work will be found a noble apology for the position
+    assumed by the Church of England in the sixteenth century, and for the
+    practical reforms she then introduced into her theology and worship. If
+    the author is right, then the changes he so eloquently urges upon the
+    present attention of his brethren ought to have been made _three
+    hundred years ago_; and the obstinate refusal of the Council of Trent
+    to make such reforms in conformity with Scripture and Antiquity, throws
+    the whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome, and not upon our
+    Reformers. The value of such admissions must, of course, depend in a
+    great measure upon the learning, the character, the position, and the
+    influence of the author from whom they proceed. The writer believes,
+    that questions as to these particulars can be most satisfactorily
+    answered."--_Introduction by Arthur Cleveland Coxe._
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 6,
+1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 131, "obscurity and uncertainty": 'uncertainly' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 197, August
+6, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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