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diff --git a/23235-8.txt b/23235-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fa088b --- /dev/null +++ b/23235-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3514 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: October 29, 2007 [EBook #23235] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{117} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 197.] +SATURDAY, AUGUST 6. 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + High Church and Low Church 117 + Concluding Notes on several misunderstood Words, by + the Rev. W. R. Arrowsmith 120 + Sneezing an Omen and a Deity, by T. J. Buckton 121 + Abuses of Hackney Coaches 122 + Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, + Thomas Falconer, &c. 123 + + MINOR NOTES:--Falsified Gravestone in Stratford + Churchyard--Barnacles in the River Thames--Note + for London Topographers--The Aliases and Initials + of Authors--Pure--Darling's "Cyclopædia Bibliographica" 124 + + QUERIES:-- + Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan 125 + + MINOR QUERIES:--The Withered Hand and Motto + "Utinam"--History of York--"Hauling over the + coals"--Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury--Washington--Norman + of Winster--Sir Arthur Aston--"Jamieson + the Piper"--"Keiser Glomer"--Tieck's + "Comoedia Divina"--Fossil Trees between Cairo and + Suez: Stream like that in Bay of Argastoli--Presbyterian + Titles--Mayors and Sheriffs--The Beauty of + Buttermere--Sheer Hulk--The Lapwing or Peewitt + (Vanellus cristatus)--"Could we with ink," &c.--Launching + Query--Manliness 125 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Pues or Pews--"Jerningham" + and "Doveton" 127 + + REPLIES:-- + Battle of Villers en Couché, by T. C. Smith, &c. 127 + Snail-eating, by John Timbs, &c. 128 + Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &c. 129 + Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead, by the + Rev. H. T. Ellacombe and R. W. Elliot 130 + Who first thought of Table-turning? by John Macray 131 + Scotchmen in Poland 131 + Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick 132 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Glass Chambers + for Photography--Dr. Diamond's Replies--Trial of + Lenses--Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate + of Silver? 133 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burke's Marriage--The + House of Falahill--Descendants of Judas Iscariot--Milton's + Widow--Whitaker's Ingenious Earl--Are + White Cats deaf?--Consecrated Roses--The Reformed + Faith--House-marks--Trash--Adamsoniana--Portrait + of Cromwell--Burke's "Mighty Boar of + the Forest"--"Amentium haud Amantium"--Talleyrand's + Maxim--English Bishops deprived by Queen + Elizabeth--Gloves at Fairs--St. Dominic--Names of + Plants--Specimens of Foreign English, &c. 134 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 138 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 138 + Notices to Correspondents 138 + Advertisements 139 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH. + +_A Universal History of Party; with the Origin of Party Names_[1] would +form an acceptable addition to literary history: "N. & Q." has contributed +towards such a work some disquisitions on our party names _Whig_ and +_Tory_, and _The Good Old Cause_. Such names as _Puritan_, _Malignant_, +_Evangelical_[2], can be traced up to their first commencement, but some +obscurity hangs on the mintage-date of the names we are about to consider. + +As a matter of fact, the distinction of _High Church_ and _Low Church_ +always existed in the Reformed English Church, and the history of these +parties would be her history. But the _names_ were not coined till the +close of the seventeenth century, and were not stamped in full relief as +party-names till the first year of Queen Anne's reign. + +In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and Convocation assembled: + + "From the deputies in Convocation at this period, the appellations + _High Church_ and _Low Church_ originated, and they were afterwards + used to distinguish the clergy. It is singular that the bishops[3] were + ranked among {118} the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138.; Calamy, i. + 643.; Tindal's _Cont._, iv. 591.)"--Lathbury's _Hist. of the + Convocation_, Lond. 1842, p. 319. + +Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in matters of this kind, but +if he use "originated" in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he is +mistaken; as I am tolerably certain that I have met with the words several +years before 1702. At the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands on a +passage to support this assertion. + +The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a number of pamphlets, such as _A +Caveat against High Church_, Lond. 1702, and _The Low Churchmen vindicated +from the unjust Imputation of being No Churchmen, in Answer to a Pamphlet +called "The Distinction of High and Low Church considered:_" Lond. 1706, +8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's trial gave additional zest to the _dudgeon +ecclesiastick_, and produced a shower of pamphlets. I give the title of one +of them: _Pulpit War, or Dr. S----l, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr. +H----ly, the Low Church Drum, engaged by way of Dialogue_, Lond. 1710, 8vo. + +To understand the cause of the exceeding bitterness and virulence which +animated the parties denominated _High Church_ and _Low Church_, we must +remember that until the time of William of Orange, the Church of England, +_as a body_--her sovereigns and bishops, her clergy and laity--comes under +the _former_ designation; while those who sympathised with the Dissenters +were comparatively few and weak. As soon as William was head of the Church, +he opened the floodgates of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what +previously had been more or less external to it. This element, thus made +part and parcel of the Anglican Church, was denominated _Low Church_. +William supplanted the bishops and clergy who refused to take oaths of +allegiance to him as king _de jure_; and by putting Puritans in their +place, made the latter the dominant party. Add to this the feelings of +exasperation produced by the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of the +Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political and religious, for an +irreconcilable feud. Add, again, the reaction resulting from the overthrow +of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system, where a sham conformity was +maintained by coercion; and the _Church-Papist_, as well as the +_Church-Puritans_, with ill-concealed hankering after the mass and the +preaching-house, by penal statutes were forced to do what their souls +abhorred, and play the painful farce of attending the services of "The +Establishment." + +A writer in a _High Church_ periodical of 1717 (prefacing his article with +the passage from Proverbs vi. 27.) proceeds: + + "The old way of attacking the Church of England was by mobs and + bullies, and hard sounds; by calling _Whore_, and _Babylon_, upon our + worship and liturgy, and kicking out our clergy as _dumb dogs_: but now + they have other irons in the fire; a new engine is set up under the + cloak and disguise of _temper, unity, comprehension, and the Protestant + religion_. Their business now is not to storm the Church, but to _lull + it to sleep_: to make us relax our care, quit our defences, and neglect + our safety.... These are the politics of their Popish fathers: when + _they_ had tried all other artifices, they at last resolved to sow + schism and division in the Church: and from thence sprang up this very + generation, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to set us one against + the other, and they gather up the stakes. _Hence the distinction of + High and Low Church._"--_The Scourge_, p. 251. + +In another periodical of the same date, in the Dedication "To the most +famous University of Oxford," the writer says: + + "These enemies of our religious and civil establishment have + represented you as instillers of _slavish doctrines and principles_ ... + if to give to God and Cæsar his due be such tow'ring, and _High Church_ + principles, I am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce escape being + censured for _Tories_ and _Highflyers_."--_The Entertainer_, Lond. + 1717. + + "If those who have kept their first love, and whose robes have not been + defiled, endeavour to stop these innovations and corruptions that their + enemies would introduce, they are blackened for _High Church Papists_, + favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public + resentment."--_Ib._ p. 301. + +I shall now give a few extracts from _Low Church_ writers (quoted in _The +Scourge_), who thus designate their opponents: + + "A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and profane men, who + appropriate to themselves the name of _High Church_ (but may more + properly be said to be Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take + liberty to teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedition, + contentions, and divisions among the Protestants of this + kingdom."--_Motives to Union_, p. 1. + + "These men glory in their being members of the _High Church_ (Popish + appellation, and therefore they are the more fond of that); but these + pretended sons are become her persecutors, and they exercise their + spite and lies both on the living and the dead."--_The Snake in the + Grass brought to Light_, p. 8. + + {119} + + "Our common people of the _High Church_ are as ignorant in matters of + religion as the bigotted Papists, which gives great advantage to our + Jacobite and Tory priests to lead them where they please, or to mould + them into what shapes they please."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 39. + + "The minds of the populace are too much debauched already from their + loyalty by seditious arts of the _High Church faction_."--_Convocation + Craft_, p. 34. + + "We may see how closely our present _Highflyers_ pursue the steps of + their Popish predecessors, in reckoning those who dispute the usurped + power of the Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they + please."--_Ib._ p. 30. + + "All the blood that has been spilt in the late unnatural rebellion, may + be very justly laid at the doors of the _High Church + clergy_."--_Christianity no Creature of the State_, p. 16. + + "We see what the _Tory Priesthood_ were made of in Queen Elizabeth's + time, that they were ignorant, lewd, and seditious: and it must be said + of 'em that they are true to the stuff still."--_Toryism the Worst of + the Two_, p. 21. + + "_The Tories_ and _High Church_, notwithstanding their pretences to + loyalty, will be found by their actions to be the greatest rebels in + nature."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 20. + +Sir W. Scott, in his _Life of Dryden_, Lond. 1808, observes that-- + + "Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign, the _High-Church-men_ + and the Catholics regarded themselves as on the same side in political + questions, and not greatly divided in their temporal interests. Both + were sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of the sectaries, both + were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate conversion had been common + between them, so early as since Milton made a reproach to the English + Universities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made within their + colleges: of those sheep-- + + 'Whom the _grim wolf_ with privy paw + Daily devours apace, and nothing said.'" + _Life_, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 272. + +I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir Walter's interpretation of +that obscure passage in _Lycidas_, respecting which I made a Query (Vol. +ii., p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the remark that in James II.'s +reign, and at the time these party names originated, the Roman Catholics +were in league with the Puritans or _Low Church_ party against the High +Churchmen, which increased the acrimony of both parties. + +In those days religion was politics, and politics religion, with most of +the belligerents. Swift, however, as if he wished to be thought an +exception to the general rule, chose one party for its politics and the +other for its religion. + + "Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the opinions and scruples of + a _High Church_ clergyman... Such a distinction between opinions in + Church and State has not frequently existed: the _High Churchmen_ being + usually _Tories_, and the _Low Church_ divines universally + _Whigs_."--Scott's _Life_, 2nd edit.: Edin. 1824, p. 76. + +See Swift's _Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles +and Commons of Athens and Rome:_ Lond. 1701. + +In his quaint _Argument against abolishing Christianity_, Lond. 1708, the +following passage occurs: + + "There is one advantage, greater than any of the foregoing, proposed by + the abolishing of Christianity: that it will utterly extinguish parties + among us by removing those factious distinctions of _High_ and _Low + Church_, of _Whig_ and _Tory_, Presbyterian and Church of England." + +Scott says of the _Tale of a Tub:_ + + "The main purpose is to trace the gradual corruptions of the Church of + Rome, and to exalt the English Reformed Church at the expense both of + the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was written with + a view to the interests of the _High Church_ party."--_Life_, p. 84. + +Most men will concur with Jeffrey, who observes: + + "It is plain, indeed, that Swift's _High Church_ principles were all + along but a part of his selfishness and ambition; and meant nothing + else, than a desire to raise the consequence of the order to which he + happened to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no doubt he would + have treated the pretensions of the priesthood as he treated the + persons of all priests who were opposed to him, with the most bitter + and irreverent disdain."--_Ed. Rev._, Sept. 1846. + +The following lines are from a squib of eight stanzas which occurs in the +works of Jonathan Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the door of +St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of Swift's instalment (see Scott, p. +174.): + + "For _High Churchmen_ and policy, + He swears he prays most hearty; + But would pray back again to be + A Dean of any party." + +This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous memory, who, if I recollect +aright, commenced his career thus: + + "In good King Charles's golden days, + When loyalty no harm meant, + A zealous _High Churchman_ I was, + And so I got preferment." + +How widely different are the men we see classed under the title _High +Churchmen!_ Evelyn and Walton[4], the gentle, the Christian; the arrogant +Swift, and the restless Atterbury. + +It is difficult to prevent my note running beyond the limits of "N. & Q.," +with the ample {120} materials I have to select from; but I cannot wind up +without a _definition_; so here are two: + + "Mr. Thelwall says that he told a pious old lady, who asked him the + difference between _High Church_ and _Low Church_, 'The High Church + place the Church alcove Christ, the Low Church place Christ above the + Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same question was asked + of the famous South:--'Why,' said he, 'the High Church are those who + think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low Church are + those who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the Church."--Rev. + H. Newland's _Lecture on Tractarianism_, Lond. 1852, p. 68. + +The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived in the last century, are Dr. +South, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Horne, Bp. +Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage on "High Churchmen" in a charge +of the latter to the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp. 34. 37. +See also a charge of Bp. Atterbury (then Archdeacon of Totnes) to his +clergy in 1703. + +JARLTZBERG. + +[Footnote 1: There is a book called _History of Party, from the Rise of the +Whig and Tory Factions Chas. II. to the Passing of the Reform Bill_, by +G. W. Cooke: Lond. 1836-37, 3 vols. 8vo.; but, as the title shows, it is +limited in scope.] + +[Footnote 2: See Haweis's _Sermons on Evangelical Principles and Practice_: +Lond. 1763, 8vo.; _The _True_ Churchmen ascertained; or, An Apology for +those of the _Regular_ Clergy of the Establishment, who are sometimes +called _Evangelical_ Ministers: occasioned by the Publications of Drs. +Paley, Hey, Croft; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam, Polwhele, Fellowes; the +Reviewers, &c._: by John Overton, A. B., York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See +also the various memoirs of Whitfield, Wesley, &c.; and Sir J. Stephens +_Essays_ on "The Clapham Sect" _and_ "The Evangelical Succession."] + +[Footnote 3: It is not so very "singular," when we remember that the +bishops were what Lord Campbell and Mr. Macauley call "_judiciously_ +chosen" by William. On this point a cotemporary remarks, "Some steps have +been made, and large ones too, towards _a Scotch_ reformation, by +suspending and ejecting the chief and most zealous of our bishops, and +others of the higher clergy; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees +and dignities, ecclesiastical _men of notoriously Presbyterian, or, which +is worse, of Erastian principles_. These are the ministerial ways of +undermining Episcopacy; and when to the _seven notorious_ ones shall be +added more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will make a majority; +and then we may expect the new model of a church to be perfected." (Somers' +_Tracts_, vol. x. p. 368.) Until Atterbury, there were few High Church +Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Burnet singles out the Bishop of +Chester: "for he seemed resolved to distinguish himself as a zealot for +that which is called _High Church_."--_Hist. Own Time_, vol. iv. p. 260.] + +[Footnote 4: Of Izaak Walton his biographer, Sir John Hawkins, writing in +1760, says, "he was a friend to a hierarchy, or, as we should now call such +a one, a _High Churchman_."] + + * * * * * + +CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS. + +(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 568.) + +Not being minded to broach any fresh matter in "N. & Q.," I shall now only +crave room to clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself open to +the imputation of having cast that in the teeth of a numerous body of men +which might, for aught they would know to the contrary, be as truly laid in +my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567., I affirmed that the handling of a +passage in _Cymbeline_, there quoted, had betrayed an amount of obtuseness +in the commentators which would be discreditable in a third-form schoolboy. +To substantiate that assertion, and rescue the disputed word "Britaine" +henceforth for ever from the rash tampering of the meddlesome sciolist, I +beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the clause,-- + + "For being now a favourer to the Britaine," + +is in apposition with _Death_, not with Posthumus Leonatus. In a note +appended to this censure, referring to another passage from L. L. L., I +averred that MR. COLLIER had corrupted it by chancing the singular verb +_dies_ into the plural _die_ (this too done, under plea of editorial +licence, without warning to the reader), and that such corruption had +abstracted the true key to the right construction. To make good this last +position, two things I must do first, cite the whole passage, without +change of letter or tittle, as it stands in the Folios '23 and '32; next, +show the trivial and vulgar use of "contents" as a singular noun. In Folio +'23, thus: + + "_Qu._ Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now; + That sport best pleases that doth least know how. + Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents + Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents: + Their forme confounded, makes most forme in mirth + When great things labouring perish in their birth." + Act IV. p. 141. + +With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save that the speaker is +_Prin._, not _Qu_.; _ore-rules_ is written as two words without the hyphen, +and _strives_ for _striues_. I have been thus precise, because criticism is +to me not "a game," nor admissive of cogging and falsification. + +I must now show the hackneyed use of _contents_ as a singular noun. An +anonymous correspondent of "N. & Q." has already pointed out one in +_Measure for Measure_, Act IV. Sc. 2.: + + "_Duke_. The _contents_ of this is the returne of the Duke." + +Another: + + "This is the _contents_ thereof."--Calvin's 82nd _Sermon upon Job_, p. + 419., Golding's translation. + +Another: + + "After this were articles of peace propounded, y^e _contents_ wherof + was, that he should departe out of Asia."--The 31st _Booke of Justine_, + fol. 139., Golding's translation of Justin's _Trogus Pompeius_. + +Another: + + "Plinie writeth hereof an excellent letter, the _contents_ whereof is, + that this ladie, mistrusting her husband, was condemned to die," + &c.--_Historicall Meditations_, lib. iii. chap. xi. p. 178. Written in + Latin by P. Camerarius, and done into English by John Molle, Esq.: + London, 1621. + +Another: + + "The _contents_ whereof is this."--_Id._, lib. v. chap. vi. p. 342. + +Another: + + "Therefore George, being led with an heroicall disdaine, and + nevertheless giuing the bridle beyond moderation to his anger, + vnderstanding that Albert was come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe + (without acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the + _contents_ whereof was," &c.--_Id._, lib. v. chap. xii. p. 366. + +If the reader wants more examples, let him give himself the trouble to open +the first book that comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a dozen +pages will supply some; yet have we two editors of Shakspeare, Johnson and +Collier, so unacquainted with the usage of their own tongue, and the +universal logic of thought, as not to know that a word like _contents_, +according as it is understood collectively or distributively, may be, and, +as we have just seen, in fact is, treated as a singular or plural; that, I +say, _contents_ taken severally, every _content_, or in gross, the whole +mass, is respectively plural or singular. It was therefore optional with +Shakspeare to employ the word either as a singular or plural, but not in +the same sentence to do both: here, however, he was tied {121} to the +singular, for, wanting a rhyme to _contents_, the nominative to _presents_ +must be singular, and that nominative was the pronoun of _contents_. Since, +therefore, the plural _die_ and the singular _it_ could not both be +referable to the same noun _contents_, by silently substituting _die_ for +_dies_, MR. COLLIER has blinded his reader and wronged his author. The +purport of the passage amounts to this: the _contents_, or structure (to +wit, of the show to be exhibited), breaks down in the performer's zeal to +the subject which it presents. Johnson very properly adduces a much happier +expression of the same thought from _A Midsummer Night's Dreame_: + + "_Hip._ I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged; + And duty in his service perishing." + +The reader cannot fail to have observed the faultless punctuation of the +Folios in the forecited passage, and I think concur with me, that like +many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands of editors and +commentators is, to be left alone. The last two lines ask for no +explanation even to the blankest mind. Words like _contents_ are by no +means rare in English. We have _tidings_ and _news_, both singular and +plural. MR. COLLIER himself rebukes Malone for his ignorance of such usage +of the latter word. If it be said that these two examples have no singular +form, whereas _contents_ has, there is _means_, at any rate precisely +analogous. On the other hand, so capricious is language, in defiance of the +logic of thought, we have, if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural, +in the word _corpse_ referred to a single carcase. + +I should here close my account with "N. & Q." were it not that I have an +act of justice to perform. When I first lighted upon the two examples of +_chaumbre_ in Udall, I thought, as we say in this country, it was a good +"fundlas," and regarded it as my own property. It now appears to be but a +waif or stray; therefore, _suum cuique_, I cheerfully resign the credit of +it to MR. SINGER, the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the +inspection of learned and unlearned, I of course foresaw that speedy +sentence would be pronounced by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb +and close to the surface, must needs first reach the light. I know no more +appropriate mode of requiting the handsome manner in which MR. SINGER has +been pleased to speak of my trifling contributions to "N. & Q.," than by +asking him, with all the modesty of which I am master, to reconsider the +passage in _Romeo and Juliet_; for though his substitution (_rumourers_ +vice _runawayes_) may, I think, clearly take the wall of any of its rivals, +yet, believing that Juliet invokes a darkness to shroud her lover, under +cover of which even the fugitive from justice might snatch a wink of sleep, +I must for my own part, as usual, still adhere to the authentic text. + +W. R. ARROWSMITH. + +P. S.--In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist (Vol. viii., p. 44.), I crave +leave to say that I never have met with the verb _perceyuer_ except in +Hawes, _loc. cit._; and I gave the latest use that I could call to mind of +the noun in my paper on that word. Unhappily I never make notes, but rely +entirely on a somewhat retentive memory; therefore the instances that occur +on the spur of the moment are not always the most apposite that might be +selected for the purpose of illustration. If, however, he will take the +trouble to refer to a little book, consisting of no more than 448 pages, +published in 1576, and entitled _A Panoplie of Epistles, or a +Looking-glasse for the Unlearned_, by Abraham Flemming, he will find no +fewer than nine examples, namely, at pp. 25. 144. 178. 253. 277. 285. +(twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites surprise that the word never, +as far as I am aware, occurs in any of the voluminous works of Sir Thomas +More, nor in any of the theological productions of the Reformers. + +With respect to _speare_, the orthography varies, as _spere_, _sperr_, +_sparr_, _unspar_; but in the Prologue to _Troilus and Cressida_, _sperre_ +is Theobald's correction of _stirre_, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me add, +what I had forgotten at the time, that another instance of _budde_ +intransitive, to bend, occurs at p. 105. of _The Life of Faith in Death_, +by Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622. Also another, and a very +significant one, of the phrase to _have on the hip_, in Fuller's _Historie +of the Holy Warre_, Cambridge, 1647: + + "Arnulphus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never challenge his + interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's donation; as fearing to _wrestle_ + with the king, who _had him on the hip_, and could out him at pleasure + for his bad manners."--Book ii. chap. viii. p. 55. + +In my note on the word _trash_, I said (somewhat too peremptorily) that +_overtop_ was not even a hunting term (Vol. vii., p. 567.). At the moment I +had forgotten the following passage: + + "Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting to get two or three + couple of tryed hounds, and once or twice a week to follow after them a + train-scent; and when he is able to _top_ them on all sorts of earth, + and to endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better relie on + his speed and toughness."--_The Hunting-horse_, chap. vii. p. 71., + Oxford, 1685. + + * * * * * + +SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITY. + +In the _Odyssey_, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating the hexameters, the +following passage: + + "Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telemachus _sneez'd_ loud, + _Sounding around all the building_: his mother, with smiles at her son, + said, + Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to Eumæus, + {122} + 'Go then directly, Eumæus, and call to my presence the strange guest. + See'st thou not that my son, _ev'ry word I have spoken hath sneez'd + at_?[5] + Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful suitors, + All whom death and destruction await by a doom irreversive.'" + +Dionysius Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry (s. 24.), says, sneezing was +considered by that poet as a good sign ([Greek: sumbolon agathon]); and +from the Anthology (lib. ii.) the words [Greek: oude legei, Zeu sôson, ean +ptarêi], show that it was proper to exclaim "God bless you!" when any one +sneezed. + +Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxiii. 7.), inquires why sneezing is reckoned +a God ([Greek: dia ti ton men ptarmon, theon hêgoumetha einai]); to which +he suggests, that it may be because it comes from the head, the most divine +part about us ([Greek: theiotatou tôn peri hêmas]). Persons having the +inclination, but not the power to sneeze, should look at the sun, for +reasons he assigns in Problems (xxxiii. 4.). + +Plutarch, on the Dæmon of Socrates (s. 11.), states the opinion which some +persons had formed, that Socrates' dæmon was nothing else than the sneezing +either of himself or others. Thus, if any one sneezed at his right hand, +either before or behind him, he pursued any step he had begun; but sneezing +at his left hand caused him to desist from his formed purpose. He adds +something as to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze twice was usual in +Aristotle's time; but once, or more than twice, was uncommon (Prob. xxxiii. +3.). + +Petronius (_Satyr_. c. 98.) notices the "blessing" in the following +passage: + + "Giton collectione spiritus plenus, _ter_ continuo ita sternutavit, ut + grabatum concuteret. Ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus, _salvere_ Gitona + _jubet_." + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Birmingham. + +[Footnote 5: The practice of snuff-taking has made the _sneezing_ at +anything a mark of contempt, in these degenerate days.] + + * * * * * + +ABUSES OF HACKNEY COACHES. + + [The following proclamation on this subject is of interest at the + present moment.] + +By the King. + +A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney Coaches in the Cities of +London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof. + + Charles R. + +Whereas the excessive number of Hackney Coaches, and Coach Horses, in and +about the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof, are +found to be a common nuisance to the Publique Damage of Our People by +reason of their rude and disorderly standing and passing to and fro, in and +about our said Cities and Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being thereby +pestred and made impassable, the Pavements broken up, and the Common +Passages obstructed and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and sundry +other mischiefs and evils occasioned: + +We, taking into Our Princely consideration these apparent Inconveniences, +and resolving that a speedy remedy be applied to meet with, and redress +them for the future, do, by and with the advice of our Privy Council, +publish Our Royal Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by this Our +Proclamation expressly charge and command, That no Person or Persons, of +what Estate, Degree, or Quality whatsoever, keeping or using any Hackney +Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after the Sixth day of November +next, permit or suffer the said Coaches and Horses, or any of them, to +stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages in or about Our said Cities +either of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to either of +them, to be there hired; but that they and every of them keep their said +Coaches and Horses within their respective Coach-houses, Stables, and Yards +(whither such Persons as desire to hire the same may resort for that +purpose), upon pain of Our high displeasure, and such Forfeitures, Pains, +and Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of Our Royal Commands in +the Premises, whereof we shall expect a strict Accompt. + +And for the due execution of Our Pleasure herein, We do further charge and +command the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London, That they in +their several Wards, and Our Justices of Peace within Our said Cities of +London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs thereof, and all +other Our Officers and Ministers of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do +take especial care in their respective Limits that this Our Command be duly +observed, and that they from time to time return the names of all those who +shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our Privy Council, and to the end +they may be proceeded against by Indictments and Presentments for the +Nuisance, and otherwise according to the severity of the Law and Demerits +of the Offenders. + +Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day of October in the 12th year of +Our Reign. + +GOD SAVE THE KING. + +London: Printed by John Bell and Christopher Barker, Printers to the King's +most Excellent Majesty, 1660. + + * * * * * + +Pepys, in his _Diary_, vol. i. p. 152., under date 8th November, 1660, +says: + + "To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwithstanding this was the + first day of the King's {123} proclamation against hackney coaches + coming into the streets to stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me + home." + +T. D. + + * * * * * + + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Passage in "The Tempest," Act I. Sc. 2._-- + + "The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch, + But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek, + Dashes the fire out." + +"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632," MR. COLLIER informs us, "has +substituted _heat_ for 'cheek,' which is not an unlikely corruption, a +person writing only by the ear." + +I should say very unlikely: but if _heat_ had been actually printed in the +folios, without speculating as to the probability that the press-copy was +written from dictation, I should have had no hesitation in altering it to +_cheek_. To this I should have been directed by a parallel passage in +_Richard II._, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been overlooked by MR. COLLIER: + + "Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet + With no less terror _than the elements_ + _Of fire and water, when their thundering shock_ + _At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven_." + +Commentary here is almost useless. Every one who has any capacity for +Shakspearian criticism must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote _cheek_, and +not _heat_. + +The passage I have cited from _Richard II._ strongly reminds me of an old +lady whom I met last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of Cumberland, &c.; +and who, during a severe thunderstorm, expressed to me her surprise at the +pertinacity of the lightning, adding, "I should think, Sir, that so much +water in the heavens would have put all the fire out." + +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + +_The Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet_ (Vol. vii., p. 550.).-- + + "If the water come to the man."--_Shakspeare._ + +The argument Shakspeare referred to was that contained in Plowden's Report +of the case of Hales _v._ Petit, heard in the Court of Common Pleas in the +fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was held that though the +wife of Sir James Hale, whose husband was _felo-de-se_, became by +survivorship the holder of a joint term for years, yet, on office found, it +should be forfeited on account of the act of the deceased husband. The +learned serjeants who were counsel for the defendant, alleged that the +forfeiture should have relation to the act done in the party's lifetime, +which was the cause of his death. "And upon this," they said, "the parts of +the act are to be considered." And Serjeant Walsh said: + + "The act consists of three parts. The first is the imagination, which + is a reflection or meditation of the mind, whether or no it is + convenient for him to destroy himself, and what way it can be done. The + second is the resolution, which is the determination of the mind to + destroy himself, and to do it in this or that particular way. The third + is the perfection, which is the execution of what the mind has resolved + to do. And this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning + and the end. The beginning is the doing of the act which causes the + death; and the end is the death, which is only the sequel to the act. + And of all the parts, the doing of the act is the greatest in the + judgment of our law, and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part + the law looks upon to be material. For the imagination of the mind to + do wrong, without an act done, is not punishable in our law; neither is + the resolution to do that wrong which he does not, punishable; but the + doing of the act is the only point the law regards, for until the act + is done it cannot be an offence to the world, and when the act is done + it is punishable. Then, here, the act done by Sir James Hale, which is + evil and the cause of his death, is the throwing of himself into the + water, and death is but a sequel thereof, and this evil act ought some + way to be punished. And if the forfeiture shall not have relation to + the doing of the act, then the act shall not be punished at all, for + inasmuch as the person who did the act is dead, his person cannot be + punished, and therefore there is no way else to punish him but by the + forfeiture of those things which were his own at the time of the act + done; and the act was done in his lifetime, and therefore the + forfeiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely, to that time of + his life in which he did the act which took away his life." + +And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown, and Lord Dyer, said: + + "That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time of the original + offence committed, which was the cause of the death, and that was, the + throwing himself into the water, which was done in his lifetime, and + this act was felony."----"So that the felony is attributed to the act, + which act is always done by a living man and in his lifetime," as Brown + said; for he said, "Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his + death? It may be answered, By drowning. And who drowned him? Sir James + Hale. And when did he drown him? In his lifetime. So that Sir James + Hale being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die; and the act of the + living man was the death of the dead man. And then for this offence it + is reasonable to punish the living man who committed the offence, and + not the dead man. But how can he be said to be punished alive when the + punishment comes after his death? Sir, this can be done no other way + but by devesting out of him, from the time of the act done in his life, + which was the cause of his death, the title and property of those + things which he had in his lifetime." + +The above extract is long, but the work from which it is taken can be +accessible to but very few {124} of your readers. Let them not, however, +while they smile at the arguments, infer that those who took part in them +were not deservedly among the most learned and eminent of our ancient +judges. + +THOMAS FALCONER. + +Temple. + +_Shakspeare Suggestion_.-- + + "These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours; + Most busy--less when I do it." + _Tempest_, Act III. Sc. 1. + +I fear your readers will turn away from the very sight of the above. Be +patient, kind friends, I will be brief. Has any one suggested-- + + "Most busy, least when I do"? + +The words in the folio are + + "Most busy _lest_, when I do it." + +The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense requires that the thoughts should +be "most busy" whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's time, +"lest" was a common spelling for _least_. + +ICON. + +_Shakspeare Controversy._--I think the Shakspeare Notes contained in your +volumes are not complete without the following quotation from _The Summer +Night_ of Ludwig Tieck, as translated by Mary Maynard in the _Athen._ of +June 25, 1853. Puck, in addressing the sleeping boy Shakspeare, says: + + "After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp, + Loud strife among the herd of little minds: + Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page, + But all the clearer will thy glory shine." + +CERIDWEN. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard._--The following instance of +a recent forgery having been extensively circulated, may lead to more +careful examination by those who take notes of things extraordinary. + +The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was repaired about the year 1839; and +some of the workmen having their attention directed to the fact, that many +persons who had attained to the full age of man were buried in the +churchyard; and, wishing "for the honour of the place," to improve the +note-books of visitors, set about manufacturing an extraordinary instance +of longevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-the-way place, in which +there happened to be a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was cut in +this space, and the age at death then stood 172. The sexton was either +deceived, or assented to the deception; as the late vicar, the Rev. J. +Clayton, learned that it had become a practice with him (the sexton) to +show strangers this gravestone, so falsified, as a proof of the +extraordinary age to which people lived in the parish. The vicar had the +fraudulent figure erased at once, and lectured the sexton for his +dishonesty. + +These facts were related to me a few weeks since by a son of the late +vicar. And as many strangers visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a note" +of this falsified age, "N. & Q." may now correct the forgery. + +ROBERT RAWLINSON. + +_Barnacles in the River Thames._--In Porta's _Natural Magic_, Eng. trans., +Lond. 1658, occurs the following curious passage: + + "Late writers report that not only in Scotland, but also in the river + of Thames by London, there is a kind of shell-fish in a two-leaved + shell, that hath a foot full of plaits and wrinkles: these fish are + little, round, and outwardly white, smooth and beetle-shelled like an + almond shell; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as it were of moss + and mud; they commonly stick in the keel of some old ship. Some say + they come of worms, some of the boughs of trees which fall into the + sea; if any of them be cast upon shore they die, but they which are + swallowed still into the sea, live and get out of their shells, and + grow to be ducks or such like birds(!)." + +It would be curious to know what could give rise to such an absurd belief. + +SPERIEND. + +_Note for London Topographers._-- + + "The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Greenwich, + for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms + for the Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered + Nov. 2, 1668, and undertaken by His Majesty's command + signified to me by the Hon. Samuel Pepys, Esq., + Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty: + + £ s. d. + + "For a Shield for the middle of the + front of the said office towards the Thames, + containing the Anchor of Lord High Admiral + of England with the Imperial Crown + over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and + 6 foot broad, I having found the timber, + &c. 30 0 0 + + "For the King's Arms at large, with + ornaments thereto, designed for the pediment + of the said front, the same being in + the whole 15 foot long and 9 foot high, I + finding timber, &c. 73 15 0 + + --------- + £103 15 0" + +Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132. + +J. YEOWELL. + +_The Aliases and Initials of Authors._--It has often occurred to me that it +would save much useless inquiry and research, if a tolerable list could be +collected of the principal authors who have published their works under +assumed names or initials: thus, "R. B. Robert Burton," _Nathaniel Crouch_, +"R. F. Scoto-Britannicus," _Robert Fairley_, &c. The commencement of a new +volume of {125} "N. & Q." affords an excellent opportunity for attempting +this. If the correspondents of "N. & Q." would contribute their mites +occasionally with this view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little +doubt but a very valuable list might be obtained. For the sake of +reference, the whole contributions obtained could then be amalgamated, and +alphabetically arranged. + +PERTHENSIS. + +_Pure._--In visiting an old blind woman the other day, I was struck with +what to me was a peculiar use of the word _pure_. Having inquired after the +dame's health, and been assured that she was much better, I begged her not +to rise from the bed on which she was sitting, whereupon she said, "Thank +you, Sir, I feel quite _pure_ this morning." + +OXONIENSIS. + +Oakridge, Gloucestershire. + +_Darling's "Cyclopædia Bibliographica._"--The utility of Mr. Darling's +_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_ is exemplified by the solution conveyed under +the title "Crellius," p. 813, of the following difficulty expressed by Dr. +Hey, the Norrisian professor (_Lectures_, vol. iii. p. 40.): + + "Paul Crellius and John Maclaurin seem to have been of the same way of + thinking with John Agricola. Nicholls, on this Article [Eighth of the + Thirty-nine Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book _De Libertate + Christiana_, but I do not find it anywhere. A speech of his is in the + _Bodleian Dialogue_, but not this work." + +Similar information might have been received by your correspondent (Vol. +vii., p. 381.), who inquired whether Huet's _Navigations of Solomon_ was +ever published. In the Cyclopædia reference is made to two collections in +which this treatise has been inserted, _Crit. Sac_., viii.; _Ugolinus_, +vii. 277. With his usual accuracy, Mr. Darling states there are additions +in the _Critici Sacri_ printed at Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise +above referred to is not in the first edition, London, 1660. + +BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +DELFT MANUFACTURE. + +I am extremely desirous of obtaining some information respecting the Dutch +manufactories of enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call it. + +On a former occasion, by your connexion with the _Navorscher_, you were +able to obtain for me some very valuable and interesting information in +reply to some question put respecting the Dutch porcelain manufactories. I +am therefore in hopes that some kind correspondent in Holland will be so +obliging as to impart to me similar information on this subject also. I +should wish to know-- + +When, by whom, at what places, and under what circumstances, the +manufacture of enamelled pottery was first introduced into Holland? + +Whether there were manufactories at other towns besides Delft? + +Whether they had any distinctive marks; and, if so, what were they? + +Whether there was more than one manufactory at Delft; and, if so, what were +their marks, and what was the meaning of them? + +Whether any particular manufactories were confined to the making of any +particular sort or quality of articles; and, if so, what were they? + +Whether any of the manufactories have ceased; and, if so, at what period? + +Also, any other particulars respecting the manufactories and their products +that it may be possible to communicate through the medium of a paper like +"N. & Q." + +OCTAVIUS MORGAN. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_The Withered Hand and Motto "Utinam."_--At Compton Park, near Salisbury, +the seat of the Penruddocke family, there is a three-quarter length +picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gentleman in a rich dress of black +velvet, with broad lace frill and cuffs, and ear-rings, probably of the +latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His right hand, which he displays +somewhat prominently, is _withered_. The left one is a-kimbo, and less +seen. In the upper part of the painting is the single Latin word "UTINAM" +(O that!). There is no tradition as to who this person was. Any suggestion +on the subject would gratify + +J. + +_History of York._--Who is the author of a _History of York_, in 2 vols., +published at that city in 1788 by T. Wilson and R. Spence, High Ousegate? I +have seen it in several shops, and heard it attributed to Drake; and +obtained it the other day from an extensive library in Bristol, in the +Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's _Eboracum_. Several allusions in +the first volume to his work, however, render it impossible to be ascribed +to him. It is dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir William Mordaunt +Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart., who was mayor at the time. + +R. W. ELLIOT. + +Clifton. + +_"Hauling over the coals."_--What is the origin and meaning of the phrase, +"Hauling one over the coals;" and where does it first appear? + +FABER. + +_Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury._--Can any of your readers give me any +information respecting the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's Bury, +referred to in the extracts from the _Post Boy_ and Gough's _Topography_, +quoted by MR. BALLARD in Vol. vii., p. 617.? + +BURIENSIS. + +_Washington._--Anecdotes relative to General Washington, President of the +United States, {126} intended for a forthcoming work on the "Homes of +American Statesmen," will be gratefully received for the author by + +JOSEPH STANSBURY. + +26. Parliament Street. + +_Norman of Winster._--Can any of your correspondents afford information +bearing on the family of Norman of Winster, county of Derby? + +"John Norman of Winster, county of Derby, married, in 1715 or 1716, to Jane +(_maiden name_ particularly wanted). The said J. Norman married again in +1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted also). + +I shall be particularly obliged to any one affording such information. + +W. + +_Sir Arthur Aston._--I shall be much obliged, should any of your very +numerous correspondents be able to inform me in which part or parish, of +the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier Sir Arthur Aston resided +_upon his return_ from the foreign wars in which he had been for so many +years engaged; and _previously_ to the rupture between Charles I. and the +Houses of Parliament. + +I believe one of his daughters, about the same period, married a gentleman +residing in the same county: also that George Tattersall, Esq., of +Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the same county of Berkshire, +was a near relative. + +CHARTHAM. + +_"Jamieson the Piper."_--I am anxious to ascertain who was the author of +the above ditty; it was very popular in Aberdeenshire about the beginning +of this century. The scene, if I remember rightly, is laid in the parish of +Forgue, in Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members of the Spalding Club +may be able to enlighten me on the subject. + +BATHENSIS. + +_"Keiser Glomer."_--I have a Danish play entitled _Keiser Glomer, Frit +oversatte af det Kyhlamske vech C. Bredahl_: Kiobenhavn, 1834. It is a +mixture of tragedy and farce: the former occasionally good, the latter poor +buffoonery. In the notes, readings of the old MS. are referred to with +apparent seriousness; but _Gammel Gumba's Saga_ is quoted in a manner that +seems burlesque. I cannot find the word "Kyhlam" in any dictionary. Can any +of your readers tell me whether it signifies a real country, or is a mere +fiction? The work does not read like a translation; and, if one, the number +of modern allusions show that it is not, as it professes to be, from an +ancient manuscript. + +M. M. E. + +_Tieck's Comoedia Divina._--I copied the following lines six years ago from +a review in a Munich newspaper of Batornicki's _Ungöttliche Comödie_. They +were cited as from Tieck's suppressed (zurückgezogen) satire, _La Comödie +Divina_, from which Batornicki was accused of plundering freely, thinking +that, from its variety, he would not be detected: + + "Spitzt so hoch ihr könnt euer Ohr, + Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen hier vor. + Gott Vater identifieirt sich mit der Kreatur, + Denn er will anschauen die absolute Natur; + Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeihen, + Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien." + +I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the lines as remarkable. I have +since tried to find some account of _La Divina Comedia_, but in vain. It is +not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can any of your readers tell me what +it is, or who wrote it? + +M. M. E. + +_Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez_--_Stream like that in Bay of +Argastoli._--Can any of your readers oblige me by stating where the best +information may be met with concerning the very remarkable fossil trees on +the way from Cairo to Suez? And, if there has yet been discovered any other +stream or rivulet running from the ocean into the land similar to that in +the Bay of Argastoli in the Island of Cephalonia? + +H. M. + +_Presbyterian Titles_ (Vol. v., p. 516.).--Where may be found a list of +"the quaint and uncouth titles of the old Presbyterians?" + +P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. + +_Mayors and Sheriffs._--Can you or any of your readers inform me which +ought to be considered the principal officer, or which is the most +important, and which ought to have precedence of the other, the mayor of a +town or borough, or the sheriff of a town or borough? and is the mayor +merely the representative of the town, and the sheriff of the Queen; and if +so, ought not the representative of majesty to be considered more +honourable than the representative of merely a borough; and can a sheriff +of a borough claim to have a grant of arms, if he has not any previous? + +A SUBSCRIBER. + +Nottingham. + +_The Beauty of Buttermere._--In an article contributed by Coleridge to the +_Morning Post_ (vid. _Essays on his own Times_, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says: + + "It seems that there are some circumstances attending her birth and + true parentage, which would account for her striking superiority in + mind and manners, in a way extremely flattering to the prejudices of + rank and birth." + +What are the circumstances alluded to? + +R. W. ELLIOT. + +Clifton. + +_Sheer Hulk._--Living in a maritime town, and hearing nautical terms +frequently used, I had always supposed this term to mean an old vessel, +{127} with sheers, or spars, erected upon it, for the purpose of masting +and unmasting ships, and was led to attribute the use of it, by Sir W. +Scott and other writers, for a vessel totally dismasted, to their ignorance +of the technical terms. But of late it has been used in the latter sense by +a writer in the _United Service Magazine_ professing to be a nautical man. +I still suspect that this use of the word is wrong, and should be glad to +hear on the subject from any of your naval readers. + +I believe that the word "buckle" is still used in the dockyards, and among +seamen, to signify to "bend" (see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 375.), though +rarely. + +J. S. WARDEN. + +_The Lapwing or Peewitt_ (_Vanellus cristatus_).--Can any of your +correspondents, learned in natural history, throw any light upon the +meaning in the following line relative to this bird?-- + + "The blackbird far its hues shall know, + As _lapwing_ knows the vine." + +In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the hawthorn; but what +the _lapwing_ has to do with the _vine_, I am at a loss to know. Having +forgotten whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one will favor me +with the author's name. + +J. B. WHITBORNE. + +_"Could we with ink," &c._--Could you, or any of your numerous and able +correspondents, inform me who is the _bonâ fide_ author of the following +lines?-- + + "Could we with ink the ocean fill, + And were the heavens of parchment made, + Were every stalk on earth a quill, + And every man a scribe by trade; + To write the love of God above, + Would drain the ocean dry; + Nor could the scroll contain the whole, + Though stretched from sky to sky." + +NAPHTALI. + +_Launching Query._--With reference to the accident to H.M.S. Cæsar at +Pembroke, I would ask, Is there any other instance of a ship, on being +launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to move in spite of all +efforts to start her? + +A. B. + +_Manliness._--Query, What is the meaning of the word as used in "N. & Q.," +Vol. viii., p. 94., col. 2. l. 12. + +ANONYMOUS. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Pues or Pews._--Which is the _correct_ way of spelling this word? What is +its derivation? Why has the form _pue_ been lately so much adopted? + +OMEGA. + + [The abuses connected with the introduction of pues into churches have + led to an investigation of their history, as well as to the etymology + of the word. Hence the modern adoption of its original and more correct + orthography, that of _pue_; the Dutch _puye_, _puyd_, and the English + _pue_, being derived from the Latin _podium_. In Vol. iii., p. 56., we + quoted the following as the earliest notice of the word from the + _Vision of Piers Plouman_: + + "Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sute + Yparroked in _pues_. The person hit knoweth." + + Again, in _Richard III._, Act IV. Sc. 4.: "And makes her _pue-fellow_ + with others moan."--In Decker's _Westward Hoe_: "Being one day in + church, she made mone to her _pue-fellow_."--And in the _Northern Hoe_ + of the same author: "He would make him a _pue-fellow_ with lords."--See + a paper on _The History of Pews_, read before the Cambridge Camden + Society, Nov. 22, 1841.] + +_"Jerningham" and "Doveton."_--Who was the author of _Jerningham_ and +_Doveton_, two admirable works of fiction published some twelve or fifteen +years ago? They are equal to anything written by Bulwer Lytton or by James. + +J. MT. + + [The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHÉ. + +(Vol. viii., p. 8.) + +I possess a singular work, consisting of a series of _Poetical Sketches_ of +the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, written, as the title-page asserts, by an +"officer of the Guards;" who appears to have been, from what he +subsequently states, on the personal staff of His Royal Highness the late +Duke of York. This work, I have been given to understand, was suppressed +shortly after its publication; the ludicrous light thrown by its pages on +the conduct of many of the chief parties engaged in the transactions it +records, being no doubt unpalatable to those high in authority. From the +notes, which are valuable as appearing to emanate from an eye-witness, and +sometimes an actor in the scenes he describes, I send the following +extracts for the information of your correspondent; premising that the +letter to which they are appended is dated from the "Camp at Inchin, April +26, 1794." + + "As the enemy were known to have assembled in great force at the Camp + de Cæsar, near Cambray, Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would + make a _reconnoissance_ in that direction: accordingly, on the evening + of the 23rd, Major-General Mansel's brigade of heavy cavalry was + ordered about a league in front of their camp, where they lay that + night at a farm-house, forming _part_ of a detachment under General + Otto. Early the next morning, an attack was made on the French drawn up + in front of the village of Villers en Couchée (between Le Cateau and + Bouchain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and two squadrons of + Austrian Hussars: they charged the enemy with such velocity and force, + that, darting through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry + formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat {128} precipitately + and in great confusion, under cover of the ramparts of Cambray; with a + loss of 1200 men, and three pieces of cannon. The only British officer + wounded was Captain Aylett: sixty privates fell, and about twenty were + wounded. + + "Though the heavy brigade was formed at a distance under a brisk + cannonade, while the light dragoons had so glorious an opportunity of + distinguishing themselves, there are none who can attach with propriety + any blame on account of their unfortunate delay; for which General Otto + was surely, as having the command, alone accountable, and not General + Mansel, who acted at all times, there is no doubt, according to the + best of his judgment for the good of the service. + + "The Duke of York had, on the morning of the 26th, observed the left + flank of the enemy to be unprotected; and, by ordering the cavalry to + wheel round and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity of + gaining the highest credit by defeating the French army so much + superior to them in point of numbers. + + "General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the enemy, devoted himself + to death; and animated by his example, that _very_ brigade performed + such prodigies of valour, as must have convinced the world that + Britons, once informed _how to act_, justify the highest opinion that + can possibly be entertained of their native courage. Could such men + have _ever_ been willingly _backward_? Certainly not. + + "General Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, anxious to + save his father's life, had darted forwards, and was taken prisoner, + and carried into Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that + there was not, on the 26th, _a single French soldier_ left in the town, + as Chapuy had drawn out the whole garrison to augment the army destined + to attack the camp of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately + known at the time, a detachment of the British army might easily have + marched along the Chaussée, and taken possession of the place ere the + Republicans could possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat + described a circuitous detour of some miles." + +MR. SIMPSON will perceive, from the above extracts, that the brilliant +skirmish of Villers en Couché took place on April 24th; whereas the defeat +of the French army under Chapuy did not occur until two days later. A large +quantity of ammunition and thirty-five pieces of cannon were then captured; +and although the writer does not mention the number who were killed on the +part of the enemy, yet, as he states that Chapuy and near 400 of his men +were made prisoners, their loss by death was no doubt proportionately +large. + +The 15th Hussars have long borne on their colours the memorable words +"Villers en Couché" to commemorate the daring valour they displayed on that +occasion. + +T. C. SMITH. + +In Cruttwell's _Universal Gazetteer_ (1808), this village, which is five +miles north-east of Cambray, is described as being "remarkable for an +action between the French and the Allies on the 24th of April, 1794." The +following officers of the 15th regiment of light dragoons are there named +as having afterwards received crosses of the Order of Maria Theresa for +their gallant behaviour, from the Emperor of Germany, viz.: + + "Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt. Edw. Michael Ryan, + Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft, Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel + Blount, Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos. Wilson." + +D. S. + + * * * * * + +SNAIL-EATING. + +(Vol. viii., p. 33.) + +The Surrey snails referred to by H. T. RILEY, are thus mentioned by Aubrey +in his account of Box Hill: + + "On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and in those of Sussex, + are the biggest snails that ever I saw, twice or three times as big as + our common snails, which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias + Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought from Italy, and + scattered them on the Downs hereabouts, and between Albury and Horsley, + where are the biggest of all." + +Again, Aubrey, in his _Natural History of Wiltshire_, says: + + "The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in Surrey (twice as big as + ours) were brought from Italy by * * * Earle Marshal, about + 1638."--Aubrey's _History_, p. 10., edited by John Britton, F.S.A., + published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847. + +The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's _Surrey_, I have quoted in my +_Promenade round Dorking_, 2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and have added in a +note: + + "This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is probably from this snail + account that the error, ascribing the planting of the box (on Box Hill) + to one of the Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought + thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accustomed to dress and + eat them for a consumptive complaint." + +When I lived at Dorking (1815-1821) a breed of large white snails was found +on Box Hill. + +JOHN TIMBS. + +MR. H. T. RILEY is informed that the breed of white snails he refers to is +to be plentifully found in the neighbourhood of Shere. I have found them +frequently near the neighbouring village of Albury, on St. Martha's Hill, +and I am told they are to be met with in the lanes as far as Dorking. I +have always heard that they were imported for the use of a lady who was in +a consumption; but who this was, or when it happened, I have never been +able to ascertain. + +NEDLAM. + +The breed of large white snails is to be found all along the escarpment of +the chalk range, and is {129} not confined to Surrey. It is said to have +been introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, and was considered very +nutritious and wholesome for consumptive patients. About the end of the +last century I was in the habit of collecting a few of the common garden +snails from the fruit-trees, and taking them every morning to a lady who +was in a delicate state of health; she took them boiled or stewed, or +cooked in some manner with milk, making a mucilaginous drink. + +E. H. + +I have somewhere read of the introduction of a foreign breed of snails into +Cambridgeshire, I forget the exact locality, for the table of the monks who +imported them; but unfortunately it was before I commenced making "notes" +on the subject, and I have not been able to recollect where to find it. + +SELEUCUS. + + * * * * * + +INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER. + +(Vol. viii., p. 76.) + +This inscription is not "in Earl Bathurst's park," as your correspondent A. +SMITH says, but is in Oakley Woods, situated at some three or four miles' +distance from Cirencester, and being separated and quite distinct from the +park; nor is the inscription correctly copied. Rudder, in his new _History +of Gloucestershire_, 1779, says: + + "Concealed as it were in the wood stands Alfred's Hall, a building that + has the semblance of great antiquity. Over the door opposite to the + south entrance, on the inside, is the following inscription in the + Saxon character and language [of which there follows a copy]. Over the + south door is the following Latin translation: + + "'Foedus quod Ælfredus & Gythrunus reges, omnes _Anglia sapientes, & + quicunq_; Angliam in_c_olebant orientalem, ferierunt; & non solum de + seipsis, verum etiam de nat_i_s suis, ac nondum in lucem editis, + quotquot misericordiæ divinæ aut regiæ vel_i_nt esse participes + jurejurando sanxerunt. + + "'Primò ditionis nostræ fines ad T_h_amesin evehunt_u_r, inde ad Leam + usq; ad fontem ejus; t_u_m recta ad Bedfordiam, ac deniq; per Usam ad + viam Vetelin_g_ianam.'" + +I copy from Rudder, with the stops and contracted "et's," as they stand in +his work; though I think the original has points between each word, as +marked by A. SMITH. + +The omissions and mistakes of your correspondent (which you will perceive +are important) are marked in Italics above. + +Rudder adds,-- + + "Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the chimney-piece, on + which, in ancient characters relieved on the stone, is this + inscription: + + 'IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO . 1085.' + + "It would have been inexcusable in the topographer to have passed by so + curious a place without notice; but the historian would have been + equally culpable who should not have informed the reader that this + building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The name, the + inscription, and the writing over the doors, of the convention between + the good king and his pagan enemies, were probably all suggested by the + similarity of _Achelie_, the ancient name of this place, to _Æcglea_, + where King Alfred rested with his army the night before he attacked the + Danish camp at Ethandun, and at length forced their leader Godrum, or + Guthrum, or Gormund, to make such convention." + +It is many years since I saw the inscription, and then I made no note of +it; but I have no doubt that Rudder has given it correctly, because when I +was a young man I was intimately acquainted with him, who was then an aged +person; and a curious circumstance that occurred between us, and is still +full in my memory, impressed me with the idea of his great precision and +exactness. + +I would remark on the explanation given by Rudder, that the _Iglea_ of +Asser is supposed by Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir Richard Colt Hoare to +be _Clayhill_, eastward of Warminster; and _Ethandun_ to be _Edington_, +about three miles eastward of Westbury, both in Wilts. + +Asser says that, "in the same year," the year of the battle, "the army of +the pagans, departing from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to +_Cirencester_, where they remained one year." + +On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hostages to Alfred; and it is +probable that, if any treaty was made between them, it was made immediately +after the battle; and not that Alfred came from his fortress of +_Æthelingay_ to meet Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay after +leaving Chippenham. + +If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it might have been at +Alfred's Hall near Cirencester, especially if _Hampton_ (Minchinhampton in +Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from Oakley Wood, be the real +site of the great and important battle, as was, a few years since, very +plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moffatt, in a paper inserted, with the +signature "J. M. M.," in Brayley's _Graphic and Historical Illustrator_, p. +106. _et seq._, 1834. + +The mention of Rudder's History brings to my mind an inscription over the +door of Westbury Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in the +village of Westbury in this county. This mansion was taken down during the +minority of Maynard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the estate. +Rudder, in his account of that parish, has preserved the inscription-- + + "D. + O. M. + N. M. M. H. E. P. N. C." + +He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo Maximo," and says the +subsequent line contains the initials of the following hexameter: + + "Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus," + +{130} alluding to the successive descent of property from one generation to +another. + +Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to tell me whether the above +line be original, or copied, and from whom. + +P. H. FISHER. + +Stroud. + +The agreement referred to is no other than the famous treaty of peace +between Alfred and Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an initial +"L." for a "G.," among various other inaccuracies for which your +correspondent is perhaps not responsible, has been disguised under the form +of "Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the commencement of the +treaty, which is stated, in Turner's _Anglo-Saxons_, book iv. ch. v., to be +still extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's [Greek: +Archaionomia], p. 36.:-- + + "Foedus quod Aluredus & Gythrunus reges ex sapientum Anglorum, atque + eorum omnium qui orientalem incolebant Angliam consulto ferierunt, in + quod præterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de natis suis, + ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltem misericordiæ divinæ aut + regiæ velint esse participes), jurarunt. + + "Primo igitur ditionis nostræ fines ad Thamesim fluvium evehuntor: Inde + ad Leam flumen profecti, ad fontem ejus deferuntor: tum rectà ad + Bedfordiam porriguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam + Vetelingianam desinunto." + +Another translation will be found in Wilkins's _Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ_, p. +47., and the Saxon original in both. As to the boundaries here defined, see +note in Spelman's _Alfred_, p. 36. + +At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve months after his baptism, +according to his treaty with Alfred. (See _Sim. Dunelm. de gestis Regum +Anglorum_, sub anno 879.) + +J. F. M. + + * * * * * + +CURIOUS CUSTOM OF RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD. + +(Vol. viii., p. 55.) + +W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield, Massachusets, asks "if this +custom ever did, or does now exist in the mother country?" The curiosity is +that your worthy Querist has never heard of it! Dating from _Malta_, it may +be he has never been in our _ringing island_: for it must be known to every +Englishman, that the custom, varying no doubt in different localities, +exists in every parish in England. + +The _passing bell_ is of older date than the canon of our church, which +directs "that when any is passing out of this life, a bell shall be tolled, +and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. And after the party's +death, if it so fall out, then shall be rung no more than one short peal." + +It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep up this custom of their +mother country. + +In this parish, the custom has been to ring as quickly after death as the +sexton can be found; and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known persons, +sensible of their approaching death, direct the bell at once to be tolled. + +Durand, in his _Rituals of the Roman Church_, says: "For expiring persons +bells must be tolled, that people may put up their prayers: this must be +done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man." And such is still the +general custom: either before or after the _knell_ is rung, to toll three +times _three_, or three times _two_, at intervals, to mark the sex.[6] + +"Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any use of a bell; but there is +every reason to believe that-- + + "the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to quote from + Brewster's _Ency._) originated in the darkest ages, but with a + different view from that in which they are now employed. It was to + avert the influence of Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors + did not originate in this imaginary virtue, while they preserved the + practice, it is certain they believed the mere noise had the same + effect; and as, according to their ideas, evil spirits were always + hovering around to make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells + struck them with terror. We may trace the practice of tolling bells + during funerals to the like source. This has been practised from times + of great antiquity: the bells being muffled, for the sake of greater + solemnity, in the same way as drums are muffled at military funerals." + +H. T. ELLACOMBE. + +Rectory, Clyst St. George. + +At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence of a death in the parish, a +bell is tolled quickly for about the space of ten minutes; and before +ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a man, six if a woman, and +three if a child. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the custom is +now almost peculiar to the north of England; but in ancient times it must +have been very general according to Durandus, who has the following in his +_Rationale_, lib. i. cap. 4. 13.: + + "Verum aliquo moriente, campanæ debent pulsari; ut populus hoc audiens, + oret pro illo. Pro muliere quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit + asperitatem.... Pro viro vero ter pulsator.... Si autem clericus sit, + tot vicibus simpulsatur, quot ordines habuit ipse. Ad ultimum vero + compulsari debet cum omnibus campanis, ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit + orandum."--Mr. Strutt's _Man. and Cust._, iii. 176. + +{131} Also a passage is quoted from an old English Homily, ending with: + + "At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be ronge, as his knyll, in + worscheppe of the Trinetee; and for a womanne, who was the secunde + persone of the Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen." + +In addition to the intention of the "passing-bell," afforded by Durandus +above, it has been thought that it was rung to drive away the evil spirits, +supposed to stand at the foot of the bed ready to seize the soul, that it +might "gain start." Wynkyn de Worde, in his _Golden Legend_, speaks of the +dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to this subject, Wheatly, in his +work on the Book of Common Prayer, chap. xi. sec. viii. 3., says: + + "Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former ages, calls in the + minister, and others who are at hand, to assist their brother in his + last extremity." + +The 67th canon enjoins that, "when any one is passing out of this life, a +bell shall be tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. +And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there shall be rung _no +more than one short peal_." + +Several other quotations might be adduced (vid. Brand's _Antiq._, vol. ii. +pp. 203, 204. from which much of the above has been derived) to show that +"one short peal" was ordered only to be rung after the Reformation: the +custom of signifying the sex of the deceased by a certain number of knells +must be a relic, therefore, of very ancient usage, and unauthorised by the +Church. + +R. W. ELLIOT. + +Clifton. + +[Footnote 6: This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for a woman, is +thus explained in an ancient Homily on Trinity Sunday:--"At the deth of a +manne, three bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the Trinitie. +And for a woman, who was the second person of the Trinitie, two bells +should be ronge."] + + * * * * * + +WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TURNING? + +(Vol. viii., p. 57.) + +Respecting the origin of this curious phenomenon in America, I am not able +to give your correspondent, J. G. T. of Hagley, any information; but it may +interest him and others among the readers of "N. & Q." to have some account +of what appears to be the first recorded experiment, made in Europe, of +table-moving. These experiments are related in the supplement (now lying +before me) to the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ of April 4, by Dr. K. Andrée, who +writes from Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated March 30, and begins +by stating that the whole town had been for eight days preceding in a state +of most peculiar excitement, owing to a phenomenon which entirely absorbed +the attention of all, and about which no one had ever thought before the +arrival of the American steam-ship "Washington" from New York. Dr. Andrée +proceeds to relate that the information respecting table-moving was +communicated in a letter, brought through that ship, from a native of +Bremen, residing in New York, to his sister, who was living in Bremen, and +who, in her correspondence with her brother, had been rallying him about +the American spirit-rappings, and other Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so +rampant in the United States. Her brother instanced this table-moving, +performed in America, as no delusion, but as a fact, which might be +verified by any one; and then gave some directions for making the +experiment, which was forthwith attempted at the lady's house in Bremen, +and with perfect success, in the presence of a large company. In a few days +the marvellous feat, the accounts of which flew like wildfire all over the +country, was executed by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen. The subject +was one precisely adapted to excite the attention and curiosity of the +imaginative and wonder-loving Germans; and, accordingly, in a few days +after, a notice of the strange phenomenon appeared in _The Times_, in a +letter from Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading journal, the +facts and experiments became rapidly diffused over the world, and have been +repeated and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the experiment and its +results are now brought within the domain of practical science, we may hope +to see them soon freed from the obscurity and uncertainty which still +envelope them, and assigned to their proper place in the wondrous system of +"Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our being." + +JOHN MACRAY. + +Oxford. + + * * * * * + +SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.) + + "Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of the sixteenth + century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree unknown in any other part of + Europe, where generally the Protestants were persecuted by the + Romanists, or the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united to + commercial advantages, and a wide field for the exercise of various + talents, attracted to Poland crowds of foreigners, who fled their + native land on account of religious persecution; and many of whom + became, by their industry and talents, very useful citizens of their + adopted country. There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen, &c., Italian and + French Protestant congregations. A great number of Scotch settled in + different parts of Poland; and there were Scotch Protestant + congregations not only in the above-mentioned towns, but also in other + places, and a particularly numerous one at Kieydany, a little town of + Lithuania, belonging to the Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch + families settled in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who arrived + in that country before the Reformation, but became its most zealous + adherents. This family rose, by its wealth, and the great merit of + several of its members, to the highest dignities of the state, but + became extinct during the seventeenth century. There are even now in + Poland many families of Scotch descent belonging to the class of + nobles; as, for instance, {132} the Haliburtons, Wilsons, Ferguses, + Stuarts, Haslers, Watsons, &c. Two Protestant clergymen of Scotch + origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed some sacred poetry. But the + most conspicuous of all the Polish Scotchmen is undoubtedly Dr. John + Johnstone [born in Poland 1603, died 1675], perhaps the most remarkable + writer of the seventeenth century on natural history. It seems, indeed, + that there is a mysterious link connecting the two distant countries; + because, if many Scotsmen had in bygone days sought and found a second + fatherland in Poland, a strong and active sympathy for the sufferings + of the last-named country, and her exiled children, has been evinced in + our own times by the natives of Scotland in general, and by some of the + most distinguished amongst them in particular. Thus it was an eminent + bard of Caledonia, the gifted author of _The Pleasures of Hope_, who, + when + + 'Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime,' + + has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her liberty, a + halo of glory which will remain unfaded as long as the English language + lasts. The name of Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland; + but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley Stuart] which is + enshrined in the heart of every true Pole."--From Count Valerian + Krasinski's _Sketch of the Religious History of the Sclavonic Nations_, + p. 167.: Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851. + +J. K. + + * * * * * + +ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.) + +I think THE WRITER OF "COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE UNSEEN WORLD" would have +some difficulty in referring to the works on which he based the statement +that "it was a tradition in Mexico that when that form (the cross) should +be victorious, the old religion should disappear, and that a similar +tradition attached to it at Alexandria." He doubtless made the statement +from memory, and unintentionally confounded two distinct facts, viz. that +the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and had prophetic intimations of the +downfall of their nation and religion by the oppression of bearded +strangers from the East. The quotation by MR. PEACOCK at p. 549., quoted +also in Purchas' _Pilgrims_, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that +the cross was worshipped in Mexico prior to the Spanish invasion, and +therefore it was impossible that the belief mentioned by THE WRITER, &c. +could have prevailed. + +On the first discovery of Yucatan,-- + + "Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses, evidently + objects of worship."--Prescott's _Mexico_, vol. i. p. 203. + +Mr. Stephens, in his _Central America_, vol. ii., gives a representation of +one of these crosses. The cross on the Temple of Serapis, mentioned in +Socrates' _Ecc. Hist._, was undoubtedly the well-known _Crux ansata_, the +symbol of life. It was as the latter that the heathens appealed to it, and +the Christians explained it to them as fulfilled in the Death of Christ. + +MR. PEACOCK asks for other instances: I subjoin some. + +In _India_.--The great pagoda at Benares is built in the form of a cross. +(Maurice's _Ind. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 31., City, Tavernier.) + +On a Buddhist temple of cyclopean structure at Mundore (Tod's _Rajasthan_, +vol. i. p. 727.), the cross appears as a sacred figure, together with the +double triangle, another emblem of very wide distribution, occurring on +ancient British coins (Camden's _Britannica_), Central American buildings +(Norman's _Travels in Yucatan_), among the Jews as the Shield of David +(Brucker's _History of Philosophy_), and a well-known masonic symbol +frequently introduced into Gothic ecclesiastical edifices. + +In _Palestine_.-- + + "According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and Maimonides, when the + priest sprinkled the blood of the victim on the consecrated cakes and + hallowed utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of a + _cross_. The same symbol was used when the kings and high priests were + anointed."--Faber's _Horæ Mosaicæ_, vol. ii. p. 188. + +See farther hereon, Deane on _Serpent Worship_. + +In _Persia_.--The trefoil on which the sacrifices were placed was probably +held sacred from its cruciform character. The cross ([+]) occurs on Persian +buildings among other sacred symbols. (R. K. Porter's _Travels_, vol. ii.) + +In _Britain_.--The cross was formed by baring a tree to a stump, and +inserting another crosswise on the top; on the three arms thus formed were +inscribed the names of the three principal, or triad of gods, _Hesus_, +_Belenus_, and _Taranis_. The stone avenues of the temple at Classerniss +are arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's _Antiquities of Cornwall_.) + +In _Scandinavia_.--The hammer of Thor was in the form of the cross; see in +Herbert's _Select Icelandic Poetry_, p. 11., and Laing's _Kings of Norway_, +vol. i. pp. 224. 330., a curious anecdote of King Hacon, who, having been +converted to Christianity, made the sign of the cross when he drank, but +persuaded his irritated Pagan followers that it was the sign of Thor's +hammer. + +The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the utmost reverence by his +followers, who were called the children of Thor, who in the last day would +save themselves by his mighty hammer. The fiery cross, so well known by +Scott's vivid description, was originally the hammer of Thor, which in +early Pagan, as in later Christian times, was used as a summons to convene +the people either to council or to war. (Herbert's _Select Icelandic +Poetry_, p. 11.) + +EDEN WARWICK. + +Birmingham. + +{133} + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Glass Chambers for Photography._--I am desirous to construct a small glass +chamber for taking portraits in, and shall be much obliged if you can +assist me by giving me instructions how it should be constructed, or by +directing me where I shall find clear and sufficient directions, as to +dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is it essential that it should be +all of violet-coloured glass, ground at one side, as that would add a good +deal to the expense? or will white glass, with thin blue gauze curtains or +blinds, answer? + +Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accompanied with such woodcut +illustrations as would be necessary to render the description complete, and +such as an artificer could work by, would confer a boon on many amateur +photographers, as well as your obliged servant, + +C. E. F. + + [In the construction of a photographic house, we beg to inform our + correspondent that it is by no means needful to use entirely + violet-coloured glass, but the roof thereof exposed to the rays of the + sun should be so protected; for although the light is much subdued, and + the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is taken away, yet but + few of the actinic rays are obstructed. It has been proposed to coat + the interior with smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished; + but this does not appear to have answered. Calico, both white and + coloured, has also been used, but it is certainly not so effectual or + pleasant. Upon the whole, we think that the main things to attend to + are, firmness in its construction, so as to avoid vibration; ample + size, so as to allow not only of room for the operator, but also for + the arrangements of background, &c., and the sides to open so as to + allow a free circulation of air; blinds to be _applied at such spots + only_ as shall be found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small + closet should be provided, admitting only yellow light, which may be + effectually accomplished by means of yellow calico. A free supply of + water is indispensable, which may be conveyed both to and from by means + of the gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We apprehend, + however, that the old proverb, "You must cut your coat according to + your cloth," is most especially applicable to our querist, for not only + must the house be constructed according to the advantages afforded by + the locality, but the amount of expense will be very differently + thought of by different persons: one will be content with any moderate + arrangement which will answer the purpose, where another will be + scarcely satisfied unless everything is quite of an _orné_ character.] + +_Dr. Diamond's Replies._--I am sorry I have not before replied to the +Queries of your correspondent W. F. E., contained in Vol. viii., p. 41.; +but absence from home, together with a pressure of public duties here, has +prevented me from so doing. + +1st. No doubt a _small_ portion of nitrate of potash is formed when the +iodized collodion is immersed in the bath of nitrate of silver, by mutual +decomposition; but it is in so small a quantity as not to deteriorate the +bath. + +2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much longer than is generally +supposed; at the beginning of last month I obtained a tolerably good +portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a small bottle brought to me +by Mr. Archer in September 1850; and I especially notice this fact, as it +is connected with the first introduction of the use of collodion in +England. Generally speaking, I do not find that it deteriorates in two or +three months; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing solution will +generally restore it, unless it has become rotten: this, I think, is the +case when the gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the acid. The +redness which collodion assumes by age, may also be discharged by the +addition of a few drops of liquor ammoniæ, but I do not think it in any way +accelerates its activity of action. + +3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes called, "inhaling ether," has +been deprived of the alcohol which the common ether contains, and it will +not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol is restored to it. I would +here observe that an excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens the +collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance, rendering it much more +difficult to use by its slowness in flowing over the glass plate, as well +as producing a less even surface than when nearly all ether is used. A +collodion, however, with thirty-five per cent. of spirits of wine, is very +quick, allowing from its less tenacious quality a more rapid action of the +nitrate of silver bath. + +4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-dissolve the iodide of +silver, but the results are by no means so satisfactory; the cost of pure +iodide of potassium bought at a _proper market_ is certainly very +inconsiderable compared to the disappointment resulting from a false +economy. + +H. W. DIAMOND. + +Surrey County Asylum. + +_Trial of Lenses._--When you want to try a lens, first be sure that the +slides of your camera are correctly constructed, which is easily done. +Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper printed in small type; +focus this on your ground glass with the assistance of a magnifying-glass; +now take the slide which carries your plate of glass, and if you have not a +piece of ground glass at hand, insert a plate which you would otherwise +excite in the bath after the application of collodion, but now _dull_ it by +touching it with putty. Observe whether you get an equally clear and +well-focussed picture on this; if you do, you may conclude there is no +fault in the construction of your camera. + +Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and place the pieces on the +row of squares which run {134} from corner to corner; focus the middle one, +whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a picture; you will soon see +whether the one best in the visual focus is the best on the picture, or +whether the piece one or more squares in advance or behind it is clearer +than the one you had previously in focus. The chess-board must be set +square with the camera, so that each piece is farther off by one square. To +vary the experiment, you may if you please stick a piece of printed paper +on each piece, which a little gum or common bees'-wax will effect for you. + +In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in obtaining a focus, cut a +slip of newspaper about four inches long, and one and a half wide, and turn +up one end so as it may be held between the lips, taking care that the rest +be presented quite flat to the camera; with the help of a magnifying-glass +set a correct focus to this, and afterwards draw in the tube carrying the +lenses about one-sixteenth of a turn of the screw of the rackwork. This +will give a medium focus to the head: observe, as the length of focus in +different lenses varies, the distance the tube is moved must be learned by +practice. + +W. M. F. + +_Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver?_--Some time ago I +made a few ounces of a solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing +positives; this I have kept in a yellow coloured glass bottle with a ground +stopper. + +I have, however, been much alarmed, and refrained from using it or taking +out the stopper, lest danger should arise, in consequence of reading in Mr. +Delamotte's _Practice of Photography_, p. 95. (vide "Ammonia Solution"): + + "If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the stopper of the bottle in + which it is kept, the least friction will cause it to explode + violently; it is therefore better to keep none prepared." + +As in pouring this solution out and back into the bottle, of course the +solution will dry around the stopper, and, if this account is correct, may +momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will feel obliged by being +informed by some of your learned correspondents whether any such danger +exists. + +HUGH HENDERSON. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Burke's Marriage_ (Vol. vii., p. 382.).--Burke married, in 1756, the +daughter of Dr. Nugent of Bath. (See _Nat. Cycl., s.v._ "Burke.") + +P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. + +_The House of Falahill_ (Vol. vi., p. 533.).--As I have not observed any +notice taken of the very interesting Query of ABERDONIENSIS, regarding this +ancient baronial residence, I may state that there is a Falahill, or +Falahall, in the parish of Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it +be the Falahill referred to by Nisbet as having been so profusely +illuminated with armorial bearings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs. +Laing, Wilson, or Cosmo Innes might be able to give some information about +this topographical and historical mystery. + +STORNOWAY. + +_Descendants of Judas Iscariot_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--There is a +collection of traditions as to this person in extracts I have among my +notes, which perhaps you may think fit to give as a reply to MR. CREED'S +Query. It runs as follows: + + "On dit dans l'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas Iscariot est né à + Sablé; là-dessus on a fait ce vers: + + 'Perfidus Judæus Sabloliensis erat.' + + "Les Bretons disent de même qu'il est né au Normandie entre Caen et + Rouen, et à ce propos ils recitent ces vers. + + 'Judas étoit Normand, + Tout le monde le dit-- + Entre Caen et Rouen, + Ce malheureux naquit. + Il vendit son Seigneur pour trente mares contants. + Au diable soient tous les Normands.' + + "On dit de même sans raison que Judas avoit demeuré à Corfou, et qu'il + y est né. Pietro della Valle rapporte dans ses _Voyages_ qu'étant à + Corfou on lui montra par rareté un homme que ceux du pays assuroient + être de la race du traître Judas--quoiqu'il le niât. C'est un bruit qui + court depuis long tems en cette contrée, sans qu'on en sache la cause + ni l'origine. Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemaïs (autrement de l'Acre) + disoit de même sans raison que dans une tour de cette ville on avoit + fabriqué les trente deniers pour lesquelles Judas avoit vendu nôtre + Seigneur, et pour cela ils appelloient cette tour la _Tour Maudite_." + +This is taken from the second volume of _Menagiana_, p. 232. + +J. H. P. LERESCHE. + +Manchester. + +_Milton's Widow_ (Vol. viii., p. 12.).--The information once promised by +your correspondent CRANMORE still seems very desirable, because the +statements of your correspondent MR. HUGHES are not reconcilable with two +letters given in Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on Milton, +pages 37-8., to which tract I beg to refer MR. HUGHES, who may not have +seen it. These letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the writer of +them, had only _two aunts_, neither of whom could have been Mrs. Milton, as +she must have been if she was the daughter of the writer's grandfather, +Randall Minshull. Probably this Elizabeth died in infancy, which the +Wistaston parish register may show, and which register would perhaps also +show (supposing Milton took his wife from Wistaston) the wanting marriage; +or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull family, that parish register +would most likely {135} disclose his third marriage, which certainly did +not take place sooner than 1662. + +GARLICHITHE. + +_Whitaker's Ingenious Earl_ (Vol. viii., p. 9.).--It was a frequent saying +of Lord Stanhope's, that he had taught law to the Lord Chancellor, and +divinity to the Bishops; and this saying gave rise to a caricature, where +his lordship is seated acting the schoolmaster with a rod in his hand. + +E. H. + +_Are White Cats deaf?_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--In looking up your Numbers +for April, I observe a Minor Query signed SHIRLEY HIBBERD, in which your +querist states that in all white cats stupidity seemed to accompany the +deafness, and inquires whether any instance can be given of a white cat +possessing the function of hearing in anything like perfection. + +I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at the advanced age of upwards +of seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is +remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than cats are usually given +credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog +than of a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its eyes are perfectly +blue, with round pupils, not elongated as those of cats usually are. It +occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has not at all +resulted in deafness. + +H. + +_Consecrated Roses_ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.; Vol. viii., p. 38.).--From +the communication of P. P. P. it seems that the origin of the consecration +of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was "en reconnaissance" of a +singular privilege granted to the abbey of St. Croix. Can your +correspondent refer to any account of the origin of the consecration or +blessing of the sword, cap, or keys? + +G. + +_The Reformed Faith_ (Vol. vii., p. 359.).--I must protest against this +term being applied to the system which Henry VIII. set up on his rejecting +the papal supremacy, which on almost every point but that one was pure +Popery, and for refusing to conform to which he burned Protestants and +Roman Catholics at the same pile. It suited Cobbett (in his _History of the +Reformation_), and those controversialists who use him as their text-book, +to confound this system with the doctrine of the existing Church of +England, but it is to be regretted that any inadvertence should have caused +the use of similar language in your pages. + +J. S. WARDEN. + +_House-marks_ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--It appears to me that the +_house-marks_ he alluded to may be traced in what are called _merchants' +marks_, still employed in marking bales of wool, cotton, &c., and which are +found on tombstones in our old churches, _incised_ in the slab during the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and which till lately puzzled the +heralds. They were borne by merchants who had no arms. + +E. G. BALLARD. + +_Trash_ (Vol. vii., p. 566.).--The late Mr. Scatchard, of Morley, near +Leeds, speaking in Hone's _Table Book_ of the Yorkshire custom of +_trashing_, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a wedding party, says: + + "Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day called 'a trash,' + yet it did not, certainly, give the name to the nuisance. To 'trash' + originally signified to clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any + one (see Todd's _Johnson_); and, agreeably to this explanation, we find + the rope tied by sportsmen round the necks of fleet pointers to tire + them well, and check their speed, is hereabouts universally called + 'trash cord,' or 'dog trash.' A few miles distant from Morley, west of + Leeds, the 'Boggart' or 'Barguest,' the Yorkshire Brownie is called by + the people the _Gui-trash_, or _Ghei-trash_, the usual description of + which is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal, _encumbered_ + with a chain round its neck, which is heard to rattle in its movements. + I have heard the common people in Yorkshire say, that they 'have been + _trashing_ about all day;' using it in the sense of having had a tiring + walk or day's work. + + "East of Leeds the 'Boggart' is called the _Padfoot_." + +G. P. + +_Adamsoniana_ (Vol. vii., p. 500.).--Michel Ada_n_son (not Ada_m_son), who +has left his name to the gigantic Baobab tree of Senegal (_Adansonia +digitata_), and his memory to all who appreciate the advantages of a +natural classification of plants--for which Jussieu was indebted to +him--was the son of a gentleman, who after firmly attaching himself to the +Stuarts, left Scotland and entered the service of the Archbishop of Aix. +The _Encyclopædia Britannica_, and, I imagine, almost all biographical +dictionaries and similar works, contain notices of him. His devoted life +has deserved a more lengthened chronicle. + +SELEUCUS. + +Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires respecting the family of Michel +Adamson, or Michael Adamson, is informed that in France, the country of his +birth, the name is invariably written "Ada_n_son;" while the author of +_Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the Roses_, is described as "John +Ada_m_son." Both names are pronounced alike in French; but the difference +of spelling would seem adverse to the supposition that the family of the +botanist was of Scottish extraction. + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + +_Portrait of Cromwell_ (Vol. viii., p. 55.).--The portrait inquired after +by MR. RIX is at the British Museum. Being placed over the cases in the +long gallery of natural history, it is extremely difficult to be seen. + +JOHN BRUCE. + +{136} + +_Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"_ (Vol. iii., p. 493.; Vol. iv., p. +391.).--It is not, I hope, too late to notice that Burke's description of +Junius is an allusion neither to the _Iliad_, xiii. 471., nor to Psalm +lxxx. 8-13., but to the _Iliad_, xvii. 280-284. I cannot resist quoting the +lines containing the simile, at once for their applicability and their own +innate beauty: + + "[Greek: Ithusen de dia promachôn, sui eikelos alkên] + [Greek: Kapriôi, host' en oressi kunas thalerous t' aizêous] + [Greek: Rhêidiôs ekedassen, elixamenos dia bêssas.] + [Greek: Ôs huios Telamônos]." + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +"_Amentium haud Amantium_" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--The following English +translation may be considered a tolerably close approximation to the +alliteration of the original: "Of dotards not of the doting." It is found +in the Dublin edition of _Terence_, published by J. A. Phillips, 1845. + +C. T. R. + +Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a translation of this passage, +"Of _dotards_, not of the _doting_." Whatever may be its merits in other +respects, it is at all events a more perfect alliteration than the other +attempts which have been recorded in "N. & Q." + +ERICA. + +Warwick. + +When I was at school I used to translate the phrase "Amentium haud +amantium" (Ter. _Andr_., i. 3. 13.) "_Lunatics, not lovers_." Perhaps that +may satisfy FIDUS INTERPRES. + +[Pi]. [Beta]. + +A friend of mine once rendered this "_Lubbers, not lovers_." + +P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. + +_Talleyrand's Maxim_ (Vol. vi., p. 575.; Vol. vii., p. 487.).--Young's +lines, to which Z. E. R. refers, are: + + "Where Nature's end of language is declined, + And men talk only to conceal their mind." + +With less piquancy, but not without the germ of the same idea, Dean Moss +(ob. 1729), in his sermon _Of the Nature and Properties of Christian +Humility_, says: + + "Gesture is an artificial thing: men may stoop and cringe, and bow + popularly low, and yet have ambitious designs in their heads. And + _speech is not always the just interpreter of the mind_: men may use a + condescending style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of + themselves."--_Sermons_, &c., 1737, vol. vii. p. 402. + +COWGILL. + +_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. vii., pp. 260. 344. +509.).--The following particulars concerning one of the Marian Bishops are +at A. S. A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., sometime student, and, in 1553, +Master of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, was made Vice-Chancellor of +that University in 1554-5; and had the temporalities of the See of Chester +handed to him by Queen Mary in 1556. He was one of Cardinal Pole's +delegates to the University of Cambridge, and was concerned in most of the +political movements of the day. He, and four other bishops, with as many +divines, undertook to defend the principles and practices of the Romish +Church against an equal number of Reformed divines. On the 4th of April he +was confined, either in the Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language +towards Queen Elizabeth; but having by some means or other escaped from +_durance_, he retired to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's +_Foedera_, about 1560. + +T. HUGHES. + +Chester. + +_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. vii., _passim._).--To the list of markets at which +a glove was, or is, hung out, may be added Newport, in the Isle of Wight. +But a Query naturally springs out of such a note, and I would ask, Why did +a glove indicate that parties frequenting the market were exempt from +arrest? What was the glove an emblem of? + +W. D--N. + +As the following extract from Gorr's _Liverpool Directory_ appears to bear +upon the point, and as it does not seem to have yet attracted the attention +of any of your correspondents, I beg to forward it:-- + + "Its (_i.e._ Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and 11th Nov. Ten + days before and ten days after each fair-day, a hand is exhibited in + front of the Town-hall, which denotes protection; during which time no + person coming to or going from the town on business connected with the + fair can be arrested for debt within its liberty." + +I have myself frequently observed the "hand," although I could not discover +any appearance of a fair being held. + +R. + +_St. Dominic_ (Vol. vii., p. 356.).--Your correspondent BOOKWORM will find +in any chronology a very satisfactory reason why Machiavelli could not +reply to the summons of Benedict XIV., unless, indeed, the Pope had made +use of "the power of the keys," to call him up for a brief space to satisfy +his curiosity. + +J. S. WARDEN. + +_Names of Plants_ (Vol. viii., p. 37.).--Ale-hoof means useful in, or to, +ale; Ground-ivy having been used in brewing before the introduction of +hops. "The women of our northern parts" (says John Gerard), "especially +about Wales or Cheshire, do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof into their ale ... +being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the head from rhumaticke +humours flowing from the brain." From the aforesaid tunning, it was also +called Tun-hoof (_World of Words_); and in Gerard, Tune-hoof. {137} + +Considering what was meant by Lady in the names of plants, we should +refrain from supposing that _Neottia spiralis_ was called the Lady-traces +"sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled in such matters than I am +can detect such a sense. I cannot learn what a lady's _traces_ are; but I +suspect plaitings of her hair to be meant. "Upon the spiral sort," says +Gerard, "are placed certaine small white flowers, _trace_ fashion," while +other sorts grow, he says, "spike fashion," or "not _trace_ fashion." +Whence I infer, that in his day _trace_ conveyed the idea of spiral. + +A. N. + +_Specimens of Foreign English_ (Vol. iii. _passim._).--I have copied the +following from the label on a bottle of _liqueur_, manufactured at +Marseilles by "L. Noilly fils et C^{ie}." The English will be best +understood by being placed in juxtaposition with the original French: + + "Le Vermouth + + est un vin blanc légèrement amer, parfumé avec des plantes aromatiques + bienfaisantes. + + "Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, fébrifuge et astringente: prise + avec de l'eau elle est apéritive et raffraichissante: elle est aussi un + puissant préservatif contre les fièvres et la dyssenterie, maladies si + fréquentes dans les pays chauds, pour lesquels elle a été + particulièrement composée." + + "The Wermouth + + is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and good vegetables + white wine. + + "This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive drinking; mixed with + water it is aperitive, refreshing, and also a powerful preservative of + fivers and bloody-flux; those latters are very usual in warmth + countries, and of course that liquor has just been particularly made up + for that occasion." + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + +_Blanco White_ (Vol. vii., pp. 404. 486.).--Your correspondent H. C. K. is +right in his impression that the sonnet commencing + + "Mysterious Night! when our first parents knew," &c. + +was written by Blanco White. See his _Life_ (3 vols., Chapman, 1845), vol. +iii. p. 48. + +J. K. R. W. + +_Pistols_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--In Strype's Life of Sir Thomas Smith, +_Works_, Oxon. 1821, mention is made of a statute or proclamation by the +Queen in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6., +alluded to by your correspondent J. F. M., and in which the words _pistol_ +and _pistolet_ are introduced: + + "The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing it was, in so quiet and + peaceable a realm, to have men so armed; ... did charge and command all + her subjects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that in no + wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they carried about them + privily or openly any dag, or pistol, or any other harquebuse, gun, or + such weapon for fire, under the length expressed by the statute made by + the Queen's most noble father.... [Excepting however] noblemen and such + known gentlemen, which were without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if + they carried dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly, at + their saddle bows," &c. + +Here the _dag_ or _pistolet_ seems to answer to our "revolvers," and the +_pistol_ to our larger horse-pistol. + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + +_Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions_ (Vol. viii., p. 44.).--If L., +or any of your readers, will take the trouble to compare the passage +quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the following translation of +Smith, with Sir A. Alison's supposititious quotation[7] (Vol. vii., p. +594.), they will find that my inquiry is still unanswered. The passage +quoted by L. in Greek is, according to Smith: + + "Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice; modesty, the disguise + of effeminacy; and being wise in everything, to be good for nothing." + +The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is: + + "He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise; and he who suspected + such practices in others was still a more able genius."--Vol. i. book + iii. p. 281. 4to.: London, 1753. + +In this "counterfeit presentment of two brothers," L. may discern a family +likeness; but my inquiry was for the identical passage, "sword and poniard" +included. + +If L. desires to find Greek authority for the general sentiment only, I +would refer him to passages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, in +_Thucydides_, iii. 83., viii. 89.; _Herodotus_, iii. 81.; Plato's +_Republic_, viii. 11., and Aristotle's _Politics_, v. 6. 9. I beg to thank +L. for his attempt, although unsuccessful. + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Birmingham. + +[Footnote 7: _Europe_, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo.] + +_The earliest Mention of the Word "Party"_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--In a +choice volume, printed by "Ihon Day, dwelling over Aldersgate, beneath St. +Martines," 1568, I find the word occurring thus: + + "The _party_ must in any place see to himselfe, and seeke to wipe theyr + noses by a shorte aunswere."--_A Discovery and playne Declaration of + the Holy Inquisition of Spayne_, fol. 10. + +Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I right in considering the +above-mentioned book as rare? I do so on the assumption that "Ihon Day" is +_the_ Day of black-letter rarity. + +R. C. WARDE. + +Kidderminster. + +{138} + +_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381.).--It is curious to observe how differently +this word is applied by different nations. The English apply it to white +children born in the West Indies; the French, I believe, exclusively to the +mixed races; and the Spanish and Portuguese to the blacks born in their +colonies, never to whites. The latter, I think, is the true and original +meaning, as its primary signification is a _home-bred_ slave (from "criar," +to bring up, to nurse), as distinguished from an imported or purchased one. + +J. S. WARDEN. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich, the able Actuary of the +University Life Assurance Society, entitled _Popular Tables arranged in a +new Form, giving Information at Sight for ascertaining, according to the +Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold, Leasehold, and Church +Property, Renewal Fines, &c., the Public Funds, Annual Average Price and +Interest on Consols from 1731 to 1851; also various interesting and useful +Tables, equally adapted to the Office and the Library Table_. Ample as is +this title-page, it really gives but an imperfect notion of the varied +contents of this useful library and writing-desk companion. For instance, +Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous Tables gives the average price of Consols, +with the average rate of interest, from 1731 to 1851; but this not only +shows when Consols were highest and when lowest, but also what +Administration was then in power, and the chief events of each year. We +give this as one instance of the vast amount of curious information here +combined; and we would point out to historical and geographical students +the notices of Chinese Chronology in the preface, and the Tables of Ancient +and Modern Itinerary Measures, as parts of the work especially deserving of +their attention. In short, Mr. Willich's _Popular Tables_ form one of those +useful volumes in which masses of scattered information are concentrated in +such a way as to render the book indispensable to all who have once tested +its utility. + +_Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices_, by the Rev. W. Sparrow +Simpson, is a small pamphlet containing the substance of two lectures on +this pestilent heresy, delivered by the author before the Kennington Branch +of the Church of England Young Men's Society, and is worth the attention of +those who wish to know something of this now wide-spread mania. + +_On the Custom of Borough-English in the County of Sussex_, by George R. +Corner, Esq. This well-considered paper on a very curious custom owes its +origin, we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish all questions +agitated in "N. & Q." were as well illustrated as this has been by the +learning and ingenuity of Mr. Corner. + +_A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to Demonstration the +Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals in the Earth by means of the +Dowsing Fork or Divining Rod, &c., collected, reported, and edited_ by +Francis Phippen. A curious little pamphlet on a _fact_ in Natural +Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either understand or +account for. + +SERIALS RECEIVED.--_Murray's Railway Reading: History as a Condition of +Social Progress_, by Samuel Lucas. An able lecture on an interesting +subject.--_The Traveller's Library_, No. 46.: _Twenty Years in the +Philippines_, by De la Gironière. One of the best numbers of this valuable +series.--_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, Part XI., August. This eleventh Part +of Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James Ibbetson to Bernard +Lamy.--_Archæologia Cambrensis, New Series, No. XV._: containing, among +other papers of interest to the inhabitants of the principality, one on the +arms of Owen Glendwr, by the accomplished antiquary to whom our readers +were indebted for a paper on the same subject in our own columns. + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + + SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, with or without Supplementary Volumes. + DUGDALE'S ENGLAND AND WALES, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis. + LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following + Volumes, in Boards. + LONG'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA. + LIFE OF THE REV. ISAAC MILLES. 1721. + SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S THRENODIA CAROLINA: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old + Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol. + SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S TRAVELS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. Folio. + LETTERS OF THE HERBERT FAMILY. + BISHOP MOSLEY'S VINDICATION. 4to. 1683. + LIFE OF ADMIRAL BLAKE, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London. + 12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier. + OSWALDI CROLLII OPERA. Genevæ, 1635. 12mo. + UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo. + BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol. + MEMOIRS OF THE ROSE, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1824. + LITERARY GAZETTE, 1834 to 1845. + ATHENÆUM, commencement to 1835. + A NARRATIVE OF THE HOLY LIFE AND HAPPY DEATH OF MR. JOHN ANGIER. London, + 1685. + MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition. + WOOD'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20. + THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804. + SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15 + vols. 8vo. 1739. + +*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send +their names._ + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +MR. G. FURRIAN_'s offer is declined with thanks_. + +E. W., _who inquires respecting the letters_ N _and_ M _in the Book of +Common Prayer, is referred to_ Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., p. 61.; Vol. +iii., pp. 323. 437. + +T. _and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of Collodion +are informed that we shall next week publish a farther communication from_ +DR. DIAMOND _upon this point_. + +ADDENDUM.--Vol. viii., p. 104., add to end of Query on Fragments in +Athenæus, "D'Israeli's _Cur. Lit._, Bailey's _Fragmenta Comicorum_." + +_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. to vii., _price +Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is +desirable_. + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday_. + +{139} + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + +_Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. + G. H. Drew, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. + T. Grissell, Esq. + J. Hunt, Esq. + J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + E. Lucas, Esq. + J. Lys Seager, Esq. + J. B. White, Esq. + J. Carter Wood, Esq. + +_Trustees._ + +W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq. + +_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + +_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed on +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age _£ s. d._ + 17 1 14 4 + 22 1 18 8 + 27 2 4 5 + 32 2 10 8 + 37 2 18 6 + 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of +every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in +all its Branches. + +Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. + +*** Catalogues may be had on application. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument +Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +LA LUMIERE; French Photographic Journal. The only Journal which gives +weekly all the principal Photographic News of England and the Continent; +with Original Articles and Communications on the different Processes and +Discoveries, Reports of the French Academy of Sciences, Articles on Art, +Reviews, &c. + +Published every SATURDAY at PARIS, 9. Rue de la Perle. + +Terms, 16s. per annum in advance. All English Subscriptions and +Communications to be addressed to the English Editor, 6. Henman Terrace, +Camden Town, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, +Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. +Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. + +Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13, +Paternoster Row, London. + + * * * * * + + +UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in +1834.--8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. + + HONORARY PRESIDENTS. + + Earl of Courtown + Earl Leven and Melville + Earl of Norbury + Earl of Stair + Viscount Falkland + Lord Elphinstone + Lord Belhaven and Stenton + Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan + + LONDON BOARD. + + _Chairman._--Charles Graham, Esq. + _Deputy-Chairman._--Charles Downes, Esq. + + H. Blair Avarne, Esq. + E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., _Resident_. + C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. + William Fairlie, Esq. + D. Q. Henriques, Esq. + J. G. Henriques, Esq. + F. C. Maitland, Esq. + William Railton, Esq. + F. H. Thomson, Esq. + Thomas Thorby, Esq. + + MEDICAL OFFICERS. + + _Physician._--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., + 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. + + _Surgeon._--F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street. + +The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is as +follows:-- + + Sum | Time | Sum added to | Sum + Assured. | Assured. | Policy | Payable + | +--------------------+ at Death. + | | In 1841. In 1848. | + ---------+----------+---------+----------+---------- + £ | | £ s.d.| £ s.d.| £ s.d. + 5000 | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8 + * 1000 | 7 years | - - | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0 + 500 | 1 year | - - | 11 5 0 | 511 5 0 + +* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took +out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in +1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2¼ per +cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for each +1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the +premiums paid. + +The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only +one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for +Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident +Director. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest +Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS. + +OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every +other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of +Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability, +and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits. + +Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, &c. +may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, +Islington. + +New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings. + + * * * * * + + +WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of +taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and +taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy +lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash +payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught +by letter at any distance from London. + + * * * * * + + +INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S +HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. + +THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual +remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves +fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal, +liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia +(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, +flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin, +rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea, +and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants, +fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c. + +_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:-- + +Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de +Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your Revalenta Arabica +Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to authorise the +publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES." + +Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, +nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness at +the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent +food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." + +Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, indigestion, +and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and which no medicine +could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in +a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton." + +Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with +cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the advice +of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious food in a +very short time. I shall be happy to answer any inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. +FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." + +_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ + +"Bonn, July 19. 1852. + +"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, nourishing, +and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all kinds of +medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body, as also +diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as +stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of +the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This really +invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory result, not only +in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, where irritation and pain are to be +removed, but also in pulmonary and bronchial consumption, in which it +counteracts effectually the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with +perfect truth to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica +is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and consumption. + + "DR. RUD WURZER. + "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." + +London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her +Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all +respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably +packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s. +6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb. +and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry & +Co., 77. Regent Street, London. + +IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious +imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and +others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name +BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which +none is genuine. {140} + + * * * * * + + +TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. + +THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, + +(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,) + +Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on + + Agriculture, history of Scottish + Agricultural College examination papers + Annuals, new + Azaleas, to propagate + Books noticed + Brick burning, a nuisance + Cabbages, club in + Calendar, horticultural + ---- agricultural + Carrot rot, by Dr. Reissek + Carts _v._ waggons + Cedar, gigantic + Cockroaches, to kill + Cycas revoluta, by Mr. Ruppen + Drainage bill, London + Forests, royal + Fruits, wearing out of + ---- disease in stone, by M. Ysabeau + Fumigator, Geach's, by Mr. Forsyth + Guano, new source of + Honey, thin + Horticultural Society + Horticultural Society's garden + Machine tools + Manures, concentrated + ---- liquid, by Mr. Bardwell + Marvel of Peru + Mechi's (Mr.) gathering + Mirabilis Jalapa + New Forest + Plant, hybrid + Potatoes, Bahama + Potato disease + ---- origin of + Poultry, metropolitan show of + Races, degeneracy of + Roses, Tea + ---- from cuttings + Soil and its uses, by Mr. Morton + Strawberry, Nimrod, by Mr. Spencer + Truffles, Irish + Vegetables, lists of + Violet, Neapolitan + Waggons and carts + Wax insects (with engraving) + + * * * * * + +THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to +the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices, +with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool and Seed +Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the +transactions of the week_. + +ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington +Street, Covent Garden, London. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by +Special Permission to + +THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. + +PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the +Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged for +Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the +Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING, +by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, +in morocco cloth, price 25_s_. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell +Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for +that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music +Warehouses. + + "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our + Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._ + + "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this + country."--_Literary Gazette._ + + "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well + merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical + World._ + + "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting + of a very superior character to any which has hitherto + appeared."--_John Bull._ + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + +Also, lately published, + +J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel +Royal St. James, price 2s. + +C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street. + + * * * * * + + +ALPHABETS. + +SHAW'S HANDBOOK OF MEDIÆVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. 1853, 4to., 36 fine +Plates printed in Colours (published at 16s.), cloth, 12s. + +SILVESTRE, ALPHABET-ALBUM, folio, Paris, 1843, 60 large beautiful Plates +(published at 100 francs), half morocco, 20s. + +ALPHABETS OF ALL THE ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL LANGUAGES, Leipsig, 1852, +royal 8vo., 2s. + +Also an extensive Collection of Works on Diplomatics, Mediæval Charters, +&c., by Astle, Montfaucon, Mabillon, and Rodriguez, on sale by + +BERNARD QUARITCH, Second-hand Foreign Bookseller, 16. Castle Street, +Leicester Square. + +*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent Gratis for a Year on prepayment of +a Shilling in Postage Stamps. + + * * * * * + + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains the +following articles:--1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. 2. Madame +de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of Major P. +Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary: Bramber +Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with Engravings). +6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7. Benjamin Robert +Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers--Whitaker, Surtees, and Raine. 9. +Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early History of the +Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep at the Library of +Chichester Cathedral--Christ's Church at Norwich--Rev. Wm. Smith of +Melsonby--Godmanham and Londesborough. With Reviews of New Publications, a +Report of the Meeting of the Archæological Institute at Chichester and of +other Antiquarian Societies, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY. Price 2s. +6d. + +NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28s. cloth) of + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A. + + Volume Three, 1272-1377. + Volume Four, 1377-1485. + +Lately published, price 28s. cloth, + + Volume One, 1066-1199. + Volume Two, 1199-1272. + + "A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore + take its stand in the permanent literature of our country."--_Gent. + Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN & CO. + + * * * * * + + +GILBERT J. FRENCH, + +BOLTON, LANCASHIRE, + +RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he +replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information +respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN, +&c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches, +Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c., &c. + +Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications +by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS +delivered Free by Railway. + + * * * * * + + +This day is published, price 6d. + +OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPT EMENDATIONS OF THE TEXT OF +SHAKSPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London. + + * * * * * + + +This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile from an early MS. at +Dulwich College, price 1s. + +CURIOSITIES OF MODERN SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By J. O. HALLIWELL, ESQ., +F.R.S. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London./ + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 4s. 6d. per dozen, or nicely bound in cloth, 1s. +each. + +MORMONISM: its HISTORY, DOCTRINES, and PRACTICES. By the REV. W. SPARROW +SIMPSON, B.A. (Late Scholar and Librarian of Queens' College, Cambridge; +Curate of St. Mark's, Kennington.) + +A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster Row; and 39. Kennington Gate, +London. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. in cloth. + +SYMPATHIES of the CONTINENT, or PROPOSALS for a NEW REFORMATION. By JOHN +BAPTIST VON HIRSCHER, D.D., Dean of the Metropolitan Church of Freiburg, +Breisgau, and Professor of Theology in the Roman Catholic University of +that City. Translated and edited with Notes and Introduction by the Rev. +ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, M.A., Rector of St. John's Church, Hartford, +Connecticut, U. S. + + "The following work will be found a noble apology for the position + assumed by the Church of England in the sixteenth century, and for the + practical reforms she then introduced into her theology and worship. If + the author is right, then the changes he so eloquently urges upon the + present attention of his brethren ought to have been made _three + hundred years ago_; and the obstinate refusal of the Council of Trent + to make such reforms in conformity with Scripture and Antiquity, throws + the whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome, and not upon our + Reformers. The value of such admissions must, of course, depend in a + great measure upon the learning, the character, the position, and the + influence of the author from whom they proceed. The writer believes, + that questions as to these particulars can be most satisfactorily + answered."--_Introduction by Arthur Cleveland Coxe._ + +JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X., +in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, +may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. 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Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 6, +1853. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 131, "obscurity and uncertainty": 'uncertainly' in original. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 197, August +6, 1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 23235-8.txt or 23235-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/2/3/23235/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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