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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Captain Richard Ingle
+       The Maryland
+
+Author: Edward Ingle
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2008 [EBook #26958]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Sam W. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Letters following a carat (^) were superscripted in the original text.
+
+
+
+
+               CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+          The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+                     1642-1653.
+
+
+                   [Illustration]
+
+
+ A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,
+
+                   May 12th, 1884,
+
+                         BY
+
+                 EDWARD INGLE, A. B.
+
+                  BALTIMORE, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+1642-1653.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD INGLE.
+
+
+    "Captain Richard Ingle, ... a pirate and a rebel, was
+    discovered hovering about the settlement."--_McSherry,
+    History of Maryland, p. 59._
+
+    "The destruction of the records by him [Ingle] has
+    involved this episode in impenetrable obscurity,
+    &c."--_Johnson, Foundation of Maryland, p. 99._
+
+    "Captain Ingle, the pirate, the man who gloried in the
+    name of 'The Reformation.'"--_Davis, "The Day Star," p.
+    210._
+
+    "That Heinous Rebellion first put in Practice by that
+    Pirate Ingle."--_Acts of Assembly, 1638-64, p. 238._
+
+    "Those late troubles raised there by that ungrateful
+    Villaine Richard Ingle."--_Ibid., p. 270._
+
+    "I hold it that a little rebellion, now and then, is a
+    good thing and as necessary in the political world as
+    storms in the physical."--_Jefferson, Works, Vol. III,
+    p. 105._
+
+
+
+
+Fund-Publication, No. 19
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+1642-1653.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,
+
+May 12th, 1884,
+
+BY
+
+EDWARD INGLE, A. B.
+
+BALTIMORE. 1884.
+
+
+
+
+  PEABODY PUBLICATION FUND.
+
+  COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.
+
+  1884-5.
+
+  HENRY STOCKBRIDGE,
+  JOHN W. M. LEE,
+  BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+
+
+  PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO.
+  PRINTERS TO THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
+  BALTIMORE, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+THE MARYLAND "PIRATE AND REBEL."
+
+
+In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the American colonies,
+from Massachusetts to South Carolina, were at intervals subject to
+visitations of pirates, who were wont to appear suddenly upon the
+coasts, to pillage a settlement or attack trading vessels and as
+suddenly to take flight to their strongholds. Captain Kidd was long
+celebrated in prose and verse, and only within a few years have
+credulous people ceased to seek his buried treasures. The
+arch-villain, Blackbeard, was a terror to Virginians and Carolinians
+until Spotswood, of "Horseshoe" fame, took the matter in hand, and
+sent after him lieutenant Maynard, who, slaying the pirate in hand to
+hand conflict, returned with his head at the bowsprit.[1] Lapse of
+time has cast a romantic and semi-mythologic glamor around these
+depredators, and it is in many instances at this day extremely
+difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. The unprotected situation
+of many settlements along the seaboard colonies rendered them an easy
+prey to rapacious sea rovers, but it might have been expected that the
+Maryland shores of the Chesapeake bay would be free from their
+harassings. The province, however, it seems was not to enjoy such good
+fortune, for in the _printed_ annals of her life appears the name of
+one man, who has been handed down from generation to generation as a
+"pirate," a "rebel" and an "ungrateful villain," and other equally
+complimentary epithets have been applied to him. The original
+historians of Maryland based their ideas about him upon some of the
+statements made by those whom he had injured or attacked, and who
+differed from him in political creed. The later history writers have
+been satisfied to follow such authors as Bozman, McMahon and McSherry,
+or to copy them directly, without consulting original records. To the
+general reader, therefore, who relies upon these authorities, Richard
+Ingle is "a pirate and rebel" still.[2]
+
+A thorough defence of him would be almost impossible in view of the
+comparative scarcity of records and the complicated politics of his
+time. In a review of his relations with Maryland, however, and by a
+presentation of all the facts, some light may be thrown upon his
+general character, and explanations, if not a defence, of his acts may
+be made.
+
+Richard Ingle's name first appears in the records of Maryland under
+date of March 23rd, 1641/2, when he petitioned the Assembly against
+Giles Brent touching the serving of an execution by the sheriff. He
+had come to the province a few weeks before, bringing in his vessel
+Captain Thomas Cornwallis, one of the original council, the greatest
+man in Maryland at that time, who had been spending some months in
+England.[3] Between the time of his arrival and the date of his
+petition Ingle had no doubt been plying his business, tobacco trading,
+in the inlets and rivers of the province. No further record of him in
+Maryland this year has been preserved, but Winthrop wrote that on May
+3rd, 1642, "The ship Eleanor of London one Mr. || Inglee || master
+arrived at Boston she was laden with tobacco from Virginia, and having
+been about 14 days at sea she was taken with such a tempest, that
+though all her sails were down and made up, yet they were blown from
+the yards and she was laid over on one side two and a half hours, so
+low as the water stood upon her deck and the sea over-raking her
+continually and the day was as dark as if it had been night, and
+though they had cut her masts, yet she righted not till the tempest
+assuaged. She staid here till the 4th of the (4) and was well fitted
+with masts, sails, rigging and victuals at such reasonable rates as
+that the master was much affected with his entertainment and professed
+that he never found the like usage in Virginia where he had traded
+these ten years."[4] Although his name is given an additional _e_ and
+there are some few seeming discrepancies, the facts taken together
+point to the probability of his being Richard Ingle on his return
+voyage to England. Next year he was again in Maryland, and, as
+attorney for Mr. Penniston and partners, sued widow Cockshott for
+debts incurred by her husband. The next entry in the "Provincial
+Records" under this date, March 6th, 1642/3, is an attachment against
+William Hardige in case of Captain Cornwallis.[5] This William
+Hardige, who was afterward one of Ingle's chief accusers, was very
+frequently involved in suits for debts to Cornwallis, and others.
+About the middle of the month of January, 1643/4, the boatswain of
+the "Reformation" brought against Hardige a suit for tobacco,
+returnable February 1st. Three days afterward a warrant was issued to
+William Hardige, a tailor, for the arrest of Ingle for high treason,
+and Captain Cornwallis was bidden to aid Hardige, and the matter was
+to be kept secret.[6] Ingle was arrested and given into the custody of
+Edward Parker, the sheriff, by the lieutenant general of the province,
+Giles Brent, who also seized Ingle's goods and ship, until he should
+clear himself, and placed on board, under John Hampton, a guard
+ordered to allow no one to come on the ship without a warrant from the
+lieutenant general.[7] Then was published, and as the records seem to
+show, fixed on the vessel's mainmast the following proclamation.[8]
+
+"These are to publish & pclaym to all psons as well seamen as others,
+that Richard Ingle, m^r of his ship, is arrested upon highe treason to
+his Ma^ty; & therefore to require all psons to be aiding & assisting
+to his Lo^ps officers in the seizing of his ship, & not to offer any
+resistance or contempt hereunto, nor be any otherwaise aiding or
+assisting to the said Richard Ingle upon perl of highe treason to his
+Ma^ty."
+
+Notwithstanding this proclamation Ingle escaped in the following
+manner. Parker had no prison, and, consequently, had to keep personal
+guard over his prisoner. He supposed, "from certain words spoken by
+the Secretary," that Brent and the council had agreed to let Ingle go
+on board his vessel, and when Captain Cornwallis and Mr. Neale came
+from the council meeting and carried Ingle to the ship, he accompanied
+them.[9] Arrived on board Cornwallis said "All is peace," and
+persuaded the commanding officer to bid his men lay down their arms
+and disperse, and then Ingle and his crew regained possession of the
+ship. Under such circumstances the sheriff could not prevent his
+escape, especially when a member of the council and the most
+influential men in the province had assisted the deed by their acts or
+presence. Besides it was afterwards said that William Durford, John
+Durford, and Fred. Johnson, at the instigation of Ingle, beat and
+wounded some of the guard, though this charge does not appear to have
+been substantiated.[10]
+
+On January 20th, 1643/4, the following warrant was issued to the
+sheriff.[11]
+
+    "I doe hereby require (in his Ma^ties name) Richard
+    Ingle, mariner to yield his body to Rob Ellyson, Sheriff
+    of this County, before the first of ffebr next, to
+    answer to such crimes of treason, as on his Ma^ties
+    behalfe shalbe obiected ag^st him, upon his utmost perl,
+    of the Law in that behalfe. And I doe further require
+    all psons that can say or disclose any matter of treason
+    ag^st the said Richard Ingle to informe his Lo^ps
+    Attorny of it some time before the said Court to the end
+    it may be then & there prosequuted
+
+        G. BRENT."
+
+Ingle, however, was not again arrested, though he still remained in
+the neighborhood of St. Mary's, for on January 30th his vessel was
+riding at anchor in St. George's river, and mention is made of him in
+the records as being in the province. For nearly two months the Ingle
+question was agitated and for the sake of clearness an account will be
+given of the acts concerning him in the order of their occurrence.
+
+The information given by Hardige to Lewger which had caused Ingle's
+arrest was: that in March or April, 1642, he heard Ingle, who was then
+at Kent Island, and at other times in St. Mary's, say, that he was
+"Captain of Gravesend for the Parliament against the King;" that he
+heard Ingle say that in February of that year he had been bidden in
+the King's name to come ashore at Accomac, in Virginia, but he, in
+the parliament's name had refused to do so, and had threatened to cut
+off the head of any one who should come on his ship.[12] On January
+29th, Hardige and others were summoned to appear and to give evidence
+of--here the pirate enters--"pyratical & treasonable offences" of
+Ingle. On February 1st, the sheriff impannelled a jury of which Robert
+Vaughan was chosen foreman, and witnesses were sworn, among them
+Hardige who "being excepted at as infamous," by Capt. Cornwallis, "was
+not found so."[13] John Lewger, the attorney-general, having stated
+that the Court had power to take cognizance of treason out of the
+province in order to determine where the offender should be tried,
+presented three bills for the jury to consider. The first bill
+included the second charge brought by Hardige, the second ordered the
+jury to inquire "if on the 20th of November and some daies afore &
+since in the 17 yea of his Ma^ties reigne at Gravesend in Comit Kent
+in England" the accused "not having the feare of God before his eies,
+but instigated thereunto by the instigation of the divill & example of
+other traitors of his Ma^tie traiterously & as an enemy did levie war
+& beare armes ag^st his ma^tie and accept & exercise the comand &
+captainship of the town of Gravesend," and by the third bill they
+were to inquire if Ingle did not, on April 5th in the eighteenth year
+of Charles' reign, on his vessel in the Potomac river, near St.
+Clement's island, say, "that Prince Rupert was a rogue or rascall." If
+the rest of the testimony was no stronger or more conclusive than that
+of Hardige, it is not surprising that the jury replied to all the
+bills "_Ignoramus_."[14] Another jury was impannelled to investigate
+the charge of Ingle's having broken from the sheriff, and they
+returned a like finding. In the afternoon the first jury were given
+two more bills, first, to find "whether in April 1643 Ingle, being
+then at Mattapanian,[15] St. Clement's hundred, said 'that Prince
+Rupert was Prince Traitor & Prince rogue and if he had him aboard his
+ship he would whip him at the capstan.'" This bill met the fate of the
+others, but the second charging him with saying "that the king
+(meaning o^r Gover L. K. Charles) was no king neither would be no
+king, nor could be no king unless he did ioine with the Parlam^t,"
+caused the jury to disagree and no verdict having been reached at 7
+P. M., they adjourned until the following Saturday.[16] On that day,
+February 3rd, at the request of the attorney-general the jury were
+discharged and the bill given to another jury who returned it
+"_Ignoramus_."[17] In spite of the unanimity of all the juries in
+finding no true indictment, another warrant was issued for the arrest,
+by Parker or Ellyson, of Ingle for high treason, and after a fruitless
+attempt to secure by another jury a different finding, Ingle was
+impeached on February 8th, for having on January 20th, 1643/4,
+committed assaults upon the vessels, guns, goods, and person of one
+Bishop, and upon being reproached for these acts, having threatened to
+beat down the dwellings of people and even of Giles Brent, and for
+"the said crimes of pyracie, mutinie, trespasse, contempt &
+misdemeanors & every of them severally."[18] If Ingle did commit these
+depredations he was, no doubt instigated by the proceedings instituted
+on that day against him, and moreover by the fact that Henry Bishop
+had been among the witnesses to be summoned against him.
+
+Nothing more was done in the matter, for from a copy of a certificate
+to Ingle under date of February 8th, it is learned that "Upon certaine
+complaints exhibited by his Lo^ps attorny ag^st M^r R. Ingle the
+attending & psequution whereof was like to cause great demurrage to
+the ship & other damages & encumbrances in the gathering of his debts
+it was demanded by his Lo^ps said attorny on his Lo^ps behalfe that
+the said R. I. deposite in the country to his Lo^ps use one barrell of
+powder & 400 l of shott to remaine as a pledge that the said R. I.
+shall by himself or his attorny appeare at his Lo^ps Co^rt at S.
+Maries on or afore the first of ffebr next to answere to all such
+matters as shalbe then and there obiected ag^st him * * * * and upon
+his appearance the said powder & shott or the full value of it at the
+then rate of the country to be delivered to him his attorny or assigne
+upon demand."[19]
+
+What a change of policy, from charging a man with treason, the penalty
+for which was death, to offering him the right of bail for the
+appearance of his attorney, if necessary, to meet indefinite charges!
+In view of all the facts, it seems probable that the Maryland
+authorities were committed to the King's cause by the commission
+granted by him to Leonard Calvert in 1643, and by their action in
+seizing Ingle; that after his arrest it was thought to be injudicious
+to go to extremes, and that they made little resistance to, if they
+did not connive at, his escape. Certainly, efforts to recapture him
+must have been very feeble, for when the sheriff demanded the tobacco
+and cask due him from the defendant for summoning juries, witnesses,
+&c., it was found that Ingle had left in the hands of the Secretary
+the required amount.[20] In arresting Ingle for uttering treasonable
+words, the palatine government was not only placing itself upon the
+side of King Charles, but was preparing to do what he had been
+prevented from doing a few months before. For when at his command some
+persons who had acted treasonably were condemned to death, parliament
+declared that "all such indictments and proceedings thereon were
+unjust and illegal; and that if any man was executed or suffered hurt,
+for any thing he had done by their order, the like punishment should
+be inflicted by death or otherwise, upon such prisoners as were, or
+should be, taken by their forces," and their lives were saved.[21] The
+authorities of Maryland themselves show why Ingle was allowed to
+escape. On March 16th, Lewger showed that "whereas Richard Ingle was
+obnoxious to divers suits & complaints of his Lo^p for divers and
+sundry crimes all w^ch upon composition for the publique good & safety
+were suspended ag^st the said Richard Ingle assuming to leave in the
+country to the publique need at this time," powder and shot, but he
+had not paid the composition and had left without paying custom dues,
+which were required for the proper discharge of his ship "by the law &
+custom of all Ports," he prayed that all of Ingle's goods, debts,
+&c., might be sequestered until he should clear himself.[22] Under the
+circumstances, the grave charges pending against him, as there is no
+proof that he had known the terms of composition, a crew and vessel
+being at his command, it is not surprising that he sailed away from
+danger, without attending to the formality of clearing, and leaving
+unpaid debts, for Lewger claimed 600 pounds of tobacco from him, as
+payment for some plate and a scimitar, for which Cornwallis went
+security.[23] There is a touch of seeming sarcasm in the suggestion
+that the deposit by Ingle of ammunition would have relieved the public
+need, for he would have been that much less dangerous, and the
+government would have been so much the more prepared to resist him.
+
+But how were those who assisted him treated? On January 30th, Thomas
+Cornwallis, James Neale, Edward Parker and John Hampton, were
+impeached for having rescued him, and thereby of being accessories to
+high treason. Cornwallis made answer, "that he did well understand the
+matters charged ag^st the said Richard Ingle to be of no importance
+but suggested of mean malice of the ---- William hardige, as hath
+appeared since in that the grand enquest found not so much
+probability in the accusations, as that it was fitt to putt him to his
+triall" and "he supposed & understood no other but that the said rich.
+Ingle went aboard w^th the licence and consent of the L. G. & Counsell
+& of the officer in whose custody he was & as to the escape & rescuous
+in manner as is charged he is no way accessory to it & therefore
+prayeth to be dismissed."[24] The judgment was delayed, but Cornwallis
+was anxious to be at once discharged. The lieutenant general and the
+attorney general, therefore, having consulted together, found
+Cornwallis guilty, and fined him one thousand pounds of tobacco,
+though at the request of the accused the fine was respited until the
+last day of the month, when Brent ordered the sheriff "to levie 1000
+lbs tob. on any goods or debts" of Capt. Tho. Cornwallis "for so much
+adjudged by way of fine unto the Lord Propriet^r ag^st him at the
+Court held on the 9^th ffeb last."[25] This fine, which was to be
+given to the attorney of Tho. Wyatt, commander of Kent Island, in
+payment of Lord Baltimore's debt to him, Cornwallis afterward
+acknowledged he had paid.[26]
+
+Neale did not make his appearance before the court, though he seems to
+have been in St. Mary's, and was suspended from the council for his
+contempt. On February 11th, being accused of having begged Ingle from
+the sheriff, he denied all the charges, and in a few days was restored
+to his seat in the council, upon the eve of Brent's departure for Kent
+Island.[27] Parker said Ingle had escaped against his will, and he was
+discharged, while Hampton escaped prosecution, presumably, for there
+is no further record of action in the case against him.[28]
+
+But it would have been bad policy for the authorities to allow the
+matter to drop without apparent effort on their part to punish
+somebody, and Cornwallis had to bear the brunt of their attacks. The
+feeling against him was so strong, according to his own statements,
+that besides paying a fine, the highest "that could by law be laid
+upon him," he was compelled for personal safety to take ship with
+Ingle for England, where the doughty captain testified before a
+parliamentary committee of Cornwallis' devotion to its cause, and of
+the losses he had sustained in its behalf.[29]
+
+The lieutenant governor, and council, may have congratulated
+themselves about the departure of Ingle and Cornwallis, but that
+mariner and trader was preparing to return to Maryland. On August
+26th, 1644, certain persons trading to Virginia petitioned the House
+of Commons to allow them to transport ammunition, clothes, and
+victuals, custom free, to the plantations of the Chesapeake, which
+were at that time loosely classed under the one name--Virginia. The
+Commons granted to the eight[30] vessels mentioned in the petition,
+the right of carrying victuals, clothes, arms, ammunition, and other
+commodities, "for the supply and Defence and Relief of the Planters,"
+and referred the latter part of the petition, asking power to
+interrupt the Hollanders and other strange traders, to the House of
+Lords.[31] It is hardly necessary to say at this point that the
+planters to be relieved and defended by the cargoes of the vessels,
+were planters not at enmity with the parliament. For vessels from
+London were used in the interests of parliament, while those from
+Bristol were the King's ships. De Vries, the celebrated Dutchman, who
+has left such acute observations about the early colonists, wrote that
+while visiting Virginia in 1644 he saw two London ships chase a
+fly-boat to capture it, and it was reported in Massachusetts that a
+captured Indian had given as a reason for the Indian massacre, on
+April 18th, 1644, "that they did it because they saw the English took
+up all their lands, * * * and they took this season for that they
+understood that they were at war in England, and began to go to war
+among themselves, for they had seen a fight in the river between a
+London ship, which was for the parliament, and a Bristol ship, which
+was for the King."[32]
+
+Among the ships commissioned by the parliament, which were armed, was
+the "Reformation," of which Ingle was still master. He was in London
+in October, 1644, receiving cargo, and Cornwallis entrusted to him
+goods, valued at 200 pounds sterling.[33] The vessel soon afterwards
+sailed, and was in Maryland in February. In the province, at that
+time, affairs were in a very unsettled condition. The energetic
+Claiborne, who was also called by Maryland authorities a pirate and a
+rebel, but who was a much better man than is generally supposed, and
+whose life ought to be especially studied, was still pushing his
+claims to Kent Island, and Leonard Calvert had been compelled to visit
+Virginia more than once during the winter in trying to prevent his
+actions. The Indians were aroused and prone to take advantage of
+disputes between the factions in the province, while the colonists
+themselves were in a state of unrest. At this juncture Ingle
+appeared. Streeter wrote of his coming, "several vessels appeared in
+the harbor, from which an armed force disembarked, (Feb. 14, 1645,)
+under the command of Capt. Richard Ingle, St. Mary's was taken; many
+of the members were prisoners; the Governor was a fugitive in
+Virginia; and the Province in the hands of a force, professing to act,
+and probably acting, under authority of Parliament."[34] There is no
+authority given for the first part of this statement, though it is not
+improbable, and is partly substantiated by the exaggerated charges
+against Ingle, made by the Assembly of 1649, and the references to him
+in proclamations. There is no mention in the provincial records of
+Calvert's having being forced out of the province, but, on the
+contrary, Calvert in his commission to Hill in 1646 stated that "at
+this present, I have occasion, for his lordship's service to be absent
+out the said province," and says nothing at all about Ingle. The
+rebellion has been called "Claiborne's and Ingle's," and, although
+association with Claiborne would not have been dishonorable to any
+one, historical accuracy seems to call for a distinction. In Greene's
+proclamation of pardon given in March, 1647/8; in the letter written
+by the Assembly to Lord Baltimore in April, 1649; in the Proprietor's
+commissions for the great seal, for muster master general, for
+commander of Kent Island, respectively, in 1648; and in his letter to
+Stone in 1649, the rebellion is attributed to the instigation of
+Ingle.[35] In the commission to Governor Stone, of August, 1648, is
+the statement, "so as such pardon or pardons extend not to the
+pardoning of William Clayborne heretofore of the isle of Kent in our
+said province of Maryland and now or late of Virginia or of his
+complices in their late rebellion against our rights and dominion in
+and over the said province nor of Richard Ingle nor John Durford
+mariner," and in the act of Oblivion, in April, 1650, pardon is
+granted to all excepting "Richard Ingle and John Darford Marryners,
+and such others of the Isle of Kent" as were not pardoned by Leonard
+Calvert.[36] In these two instances alone is any kind of an
+opportunity offered for connecting the two names, even here they are
+separated, and the distinction is made greater by the fact that in a
+commission concerning Hill, also of August, 1648, and in other places,
+Claiborne is mentioned with no reference at all to Ingle.[37] It is
+probable, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that Ingle and
+Claiborne never planned any concerted action, but that each took
+advantage of the other's deeds, to further his own interests.
+
+To return to the year 1645. The rebellion supposed to have been
+originated by Ingle, was according to statements of the Assembly of
+1649, continued by his accomplices, and during it "most of your
+Lordships Royal friends here were spoiled of their whole Estate and
+sent away as banished persons out of the Province those few that
+remained were plundered and deprived in a manner of all Livelyhood and
+subsistance only Breathing under that intollerable Yoke which they
+were forced to bear under those Rebells."[38] The people were tendered
+an oath against Lord Baltimore, which all the Roman Catholics refused
+to take, except William Thompson, about whom there is some doubt.[39]
+Ingle, himself, said that he had been able to take some places from
+the papists and malignants, and with goods taken from them had
+relieved the well-affected to parliament. Further on in this paper it
+will be seen that Roman Catholics' property was attacked under Ingle's
+auspices, but that the bad treatment of them did not continue long and
+was not very severe, may be inferred from the fact that in 1646, there
+were enough members of the council, who were Roman Catholics, in the
+province to elect Hill governor. In this connection ought to be
+mentioned the report, by an uncertain author, concerning the Maryland
+mission, written in 1670. The report is devoted principally to an
+account of a miracle which, strange to say, had not been recorded, as
+far as is known, although twenty-four years had elapsed since it had
+occurred. "It has been established by custom and usage of the
+Catholics," the uncertain author wrote, "who live in Maryland, during
+the whole night of the 31st of July following the festival of St.
+Ignatius, to honor with a salute of cannon their tutelar guardian and
+patron saint. Therefore, in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn
+custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended, they wished
+the night also consecrated to the honor of the same, by the continual
+discharge of artillery. At the time, there were in the neighborhood
+certain soldiers, unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth, of
+the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before with a fleet, had
+invaded with arms, almost the entire colony, had plundered, burnt, and
+finally, having abducted the priests and driven the Governor himself
+into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude. These had
+protection in a certain fortified citadel, built for their own
+defence, situated about five miles from the others; but now, aroused
+by the nocturnal report of the cannon, the day after, that is on the
+first of August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses of the
+Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of arms or powder."[40] Now
+this statement bears upon the face of it a contradiction, for the
+restriction upon the Roman Catholics could not have been very great,
+since they were allowed to retain, up to August, 1646, the powder and
+cannon necessary to fire continual salutes, moreover, when next day
+the soldiers came to their dwellings, nothing seems to have been taken
+except the ammunition, and this was done no doubt to prevent any
+further alarm, that a body of troops situated as they were might
+reasonably have felt at hearing artillery discharges five miles away.
+
+Many writers have stated that good Fathers White and Fisher were
+carried off to England by Ingle, but from the records of the Jesuits
+at Stonyhurst, it is learned that Father White was seized "by a band
+of soldiers," "and carried to England in chains," and also that in
+"1645 This year the colony was attacked by a party of 'rowdies' or
+marauders and the missioners were carried off to Virginia."[41] These
+extracts serve to show what was the confusion existing in the minds of
+contemporaries of Ingle, and the extreme difficulty, therefore, of
+finding the real truth. But in the sworn statements preserved in the
+Maryland records, some facts may be found. Within a few days of the
+events at St. Mary's resulting in partial subversion of Baltimore's
+government, the "Reformation" was riding at the mouth of St. Inigoes'
+creek, near which was situated the "Cross," the manor house of
+Cornwallis, who, when he had been obliged in 1644 to leave Maryland,
+had left his house and property in the hands of Cuthbert Fenwick, his
+attorney.[42] Fenwick was intending to go to Accomac, Virginia, and
+sent Thomas Harrison, a servant, who had been bought from Ingle by
+Cornwallis, and a fellow servant, Edw. Matthews, to help Andrew Monroe
+to bring a small pinnace nearer the house.[43] In the pinnace were
+clothes, bedding, and other goods, the property of Fenwick. Monroe
+refused to bring the pinnace, and waited until Ingle came into the
+creek;[44] and allowed the pinnace to be captured, (if that may be
+called a capture to which consent was given,) and plundered. Fenwick
+said that the pinnace was plundered by "Richard Ingle or his
+associates;"[45] another witness said that Ingle "seized or plundered"
+the pinnace, and Monroe was employed by him in his acts against the
+province, and while in command of another pinnace assisted in the
+pillaging of Copley's house at Portoback.[46] Matthews as well as
+other servants were held captives on the "Reformation," and Harrison
+took up arms for Ingle and afterwards left the province and fled to
+Accomac. Fenwick went on board, no doubt to protest against such acts,
+and when he returned to the shore was seized by a party of men under
+John Sturman, who seems to have been a leader in the rebellion, and
+carried back to the vessel where he was kept prisoner.[47] In the
+meantime Thomas Sturman, John Sturman, coopers, and William Hardwick,
+a tailor, led a party to sack the dwelling of Cornwallis, who, in a
+petition to the Governor and Council in 1652, described it as "a
+Competent Dwelling house, furnished with plate, Linnen hangings,
+beding brass pewter and all manner of Household Stuff worth at least a
+thousand pounds." In the same petition he said that the party
+"plundered and Carryed away all things in It, pulled downe and burnt
+the pales about it, killed and destroyed all the Swine and Goates and
+killed or mismarked allmost all the Cattle, tooke or dispersed all the
+Servants, Carryed away a Great quantity of Sawn Boards from the pitts,
+and ript up Some floors of the house. And having by these Violent and
+unlawfull Courses forst away my Said Attorny the Said Thomas and John
+Sturman possest themselves of the Complts house as theire owne, dwelt
+in it Soe long as they please and at their departing tooke the locks
+from the doors and y^e Glass from the windowes and in fine ruined his
+whole Estate to the damage of the Complt at least two or three
+thousand pounds."[48] It may be well to bear in mind that Cornwallis
+in this petition, which was against the two Sturmans and Hardwick, who
+did not deny the allegations, but claimed the statute of limitation,
+no mention is made of Ingle, save that on his ship Fenwick was
+detained.[49]
+
+In the latter part of the year 1645 began the era of petitions, which
+should be taken with allowance, for the age has been characterized as
+one of perjury, and in the representations by both parties in Maryland
+politics, advantage was taken of every slight point to strengthen
+their respective positions, and from internal evidence it seems that
+some statements were garbled, to say the least about them. The opening
+of this era was marked by the presentation, December 25th, 1645, by
+the committee of plantations, to the House of Lords, the following
+statements and suggestions, viz: that many had complained of the
+tyranny of recusants in Maryland, "who have seduced and forced many of
+his Majesty's subjects from their religion;" that by a certificate
+from the Judge of the Admiralty grounded upon the deposition of
+witnesses taken in that Court: Leonard Calvert, late Governor there,
+had a commission from Oxford to seize such persons, ships and goods as
+belonged to any of London; which he registered, proclaimed, and
+endeavored to put in execution at Virginia; and that one Brent, his
+deputy Governor, had seized upon a ship, empowered under a commission
+derived from the Parliament, because she was of London, and afterward
+not only tampered with the crew thereof to carry her to Bristol, then
+in hostility against the Parliament, but also tendered them an oath
+against the Parliament; the committee under these circumstances
+recommended that the province should be settled in the hands of
+protestants.[50] This was the first part of the determined effort to
+deprive the great Cecil Calvert of his charter of Maryland, which
+Richard Ingle continued so vigorously in after years. He was probably
+in England at that time, for he refers to the action of the Lords in
+regard to the settling of the Maryland government, in his petition of
+February 24th, 1645/6, to the House of Lords. To this petition was
+appended a statement on behalf of Cornwallis, which will explain it.
+Cornwallis said that on Ingle's return to England, to cover up his
+defalcation in the matter of 200 pounds worth of goods, he had
+complained to the committee for examinations against Cornwallis as an
+enemy to the State. The matter was given a full hearing, and when it
+was left to the law and the defendant was granted the right of having
+witnesses in Maryland examined, Ingle had him arrested upon two
+feigned actions to the value of 15,000 pounds sterling. Some friends
+succeeded in rescuing him from prison, and then Ingle sent the
+following petition to the House of Lords, which had the effect of
+stopping for the time proceedings against him.[51] Having done so he
+carried the prosecution no further. The petition is somewhat lengthy,
+but it should be read as it is eminently characteristic of the
+man.[52]
+
+"The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing That whereas the
+petitioner, having taken the covenant, and going out with letters of
+marque, as Captain of the ship Reformation, of London, and sailing to
+Maryland, where, finding the Governor of that Province to have
+received a commission from Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to
+London, and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants, and
+such as adhered to the Parliament, and to press wicked oaths upon
+them, and to endeavor their extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving
+himself, not only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the
+Parliament, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their
+assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing his men and
+assisting the said well affected Protestants against the said
+tyrannical government and the Papists and malignants. It pleased God
+to enable him to take divers places from them, and to make him a
+support to the said well affected. But since his return to England,
+the said Papists and malignants, conspiring together, have brought
+fictitious acts against him, at the common law, in the name of Thomas
+Cornwallis and others for pretended trespass, in taking away their
+goods, in the parish of St. Christopher's, London, which are the very
+goods that were by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these
+wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with which he relieved
+the poor distressed Protestants there, who otherwise must have
+starved, and been rooted out.
+
+"Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament of State, by the order
+annexed, were pleased to direct an ordinance to be framed for the
+settlement of the said province of Maryland, under the Committee of
+Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it, and for that
+such false and feigned actions for matters of war acted in foreign
+parts, are not tryable at common law, but, if at all, before the Court
+and Marshall; and for that it would be a dangerous example to permit
+Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or otherwise
+against the well affected for fighting for the Parliament.
+
+"The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lordships to be pleased to
+direct that this business may be heard before your Lordships at the
+bar, or to refer it to a committee to report the true state of the
+case and to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the
+common law may be staid, and no further proceeded in."
+
+It is not known how this matter was settled, but in 1647, September
+8th, Ingle transferred to Cornwallis "for divers good and valuable
+causes" the debts, bills, &c., belonging to him, and made him his
+attorney to collect the same. Among the items in the inventory
+appended to the power of attorney were "A Bill and note of John
+Sturman's, the one dated the 10th of April 1645 for Satisfaction of
+tenn pounds of powder the other dated the 4th of April 1645 for 900 l
+of Tob & Caske," and "an acknowledgem^t of Cap^t William Stone dated
+the 10th of April 1645 for a receipt of a Bill of Argall Yardley's
+Esq, for 9860 l of Tobacco and Caske,"[53] which show that the
+mercantile interests of Ingle were not subservient to his supposed
+warlike measures. A consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and
+of those by Ingle, proves that the latter must have had considerable
+influence in the Parliament, and that he was prepared to stand by and
+defend all his actions, and the similarity to his petition of ideas
+and even of words in certain places, would safely allow the conjecture
+that Ingle had something to do in the report of 1645 already
+mentioned. It is curious also to compare his reference to the
+ill-treatment of the Protestants, and the mention of the hardships of
+Baltimore's adherents, made by the Assembly of 1649. There is no
+record of the presence of Ingle in Maryland after the spring of 1645,
+though the rebellion which he was accused of instigating continued
+some months longer.[54] For continuity, a rapid sketch of the history
+of Maryland during the next two years must be given.
+
+For fourteen months the province was without a settled government. In
+March, 1645/6, the Virginian Assembly in view of the secret flight
+into Maryland of Lieutenant Stillwell, and others, enacted that "Capt.
+Tho. Willoughby, Esq., and Capt. Edward Hill be hereby authorized to
+go to Maryland or Kent to demand the return of such persons who are
+alreadie departed from the colony. And to follow such further
+instructions as shall be given them by the Governor and Council."[55]
+After Hill had arrived in Maryland he was elected governor by the
+members of the council, who, notwithstanding Ingle's rebellion, were
+in the province. The right of the council to elect Hill was afterwards
+disputed, but one word must be said in regard to this. The reason for
+disputing the right was that the councilors could elect only a member
+of the council to be governor. In the commission to Leonard Calvert in
+1637, no such restriction was made,[56] in the commission of 1642 the
+restriction occurs, and in the commission of 1644, which has been
+preserved in two copies, the same provision was made.[57] As Lord
+Baltimore himself had confused ideas about this commission, it is not
+surprising that the council thought they were doing right in electing
+Hill. Even if the council had no right to act thus, Hill had stronger
+claims to the governorship. In Lord Baltimore's commission to Leonard
+Calvert, of September 18th, 1644, is the provision:[58] "and lastly
+whereas our said Lieutenant may happen to dye or be absent from time
+to time out of the said province of Maryland, before we can have
+notice to depute another in his place we do therefore hereby grant
+unto him full power and Authority from time to time in such Cases to
+Nominate elect and appoint such an able person inhabiting and residing
+within our said province of Maryl^d, as he in his discretion shall
+make choice of & think fit to be our Lieutenant Governor, &c." Such is
+the command as recorded in the Council Proceedings of Maryland. But
+Baltimore, in 1648, in a commission to the Governor and council in
+Maryland, wrote that Leonard Calvert had no right to appoint any
+person in his stead "unless such persons were of our privy council
+there,"[59] although he recognized the validity of Leonard's death-bed
+appointment by witnesses of Governor Greene. He, to be sure, was a
+member of the council, but this fact was not mentioned in the preamble
+of the commission, in which the words, with some slight changes in
+tense and mood, are almost identical with those in the preamble of the
+commission of July 30th, 1646, from Calvert to Hill, which,
+notwithstanding doubts to the contrary, must have been genuine. For
+Lord Baltimore, in the commission of 1648 seems to have acknowledged
+that his brother had granted the commission to Hill,[60] who, in a
+letter to Calvert, said that he had promised him one-half the customs
+and rents, the remuneration stipulated in his commission. Hill, not
+knowing that Calvert was dead, wrote him a letter, dated June 18th,
+1647, urging the payment of his dues, and the next day Greene, the new
+Governor, replied that he did not understand the matter, but that if
+Hill would send an attorney "full satisfaction should be given him."
+When Hill wrote next he waived the authority of Calvert, and based his
+claim upon the right of the council to elect him, and in this way
+placed himself upon an illegal footing, which circumstance was taken
+advantage of for a time by the Maryland authorities. But finally at a
+court held June 10th, 1648,[61] one year after Calvert's death, a
+claim from Hill was presented "for Arrears of what consideration was
+Covenanted unto him by Leonard Calvert, Esq., for his Service in the
+office of Governor of this Province, being the half of his Ldps rents
+for the year 1646 & the half of the Customes for the Same yeare." It
+was ordered by the court, "that ye half of that yeares Customes as far
+as it hath not already been received by Capt. Hill shall be paid unto
+him by the Ld Prop^rs Attorny out of the first profitts which shall be
+receivable to his Ldp * * * his Ldps Receiver shall accompt & pay unto
+Cap^t Edward Hill or his assignes the one halfe of his Ldps rents due
+at Christmas next in Lieu of the S^d rents of the yeare 1646 which
+were otherwise disposed of to his Ldps use." There is, however, one
+fact which must not be lost sight of in regard to Leonard Calvert's
+commission to Hill. If it was executed by a member of the council, and
+therefore was a forgery, for in the records Calvert's name is signed
+to it, and the place of the seal is noted, it is not at all likely
+that it would have been allowed by Calvert on his return, and by his
+immediate successors, to be preserved and copied into the records. If
+all other proof failed this last would establish the validity of
+Hill's commission.
+
+But Calvert, who, throughout his whole career as governor of Maryland,
+showed unchanging devotion to his brother's interests, gathered in
+Virginia a body of soldiers and returned at the end of 1646 to St.
+Mary's, where he easily repossessed himself of that part of the
+country, though Kent Island remained still in possession of
+Claiborne's forces. Thus was ended what has been called Ingle's
+rebellion, in which the loss of the lord proprietor's personal estate
+"was in truth so small as that it was not Considerable when it was
+come in Ballance with the Safety of the Province which as the then
+present Condition of things stood, hung upon so ticklish a pin as that
+unless such a disposition had been made thereof an absolute ruin and
+subversion of the whole Province would inevitably have followed."[62]
+Another proof of Hill's regular appointment is that Calvert on the
+29th of December, soon after his return, re-assembled the Assembly,
+which Hill had summoned and adjourned, and proceeded with it to enact
+laws.[63] Although a later Assembly in 1648 protested against the laws
+passed by this Assembly, the proprietor recognized them as valid, and
+wrote in 1649 that it had been "lawfully continued" by his brother
+"ffor although the first Sumons were issued by one who was not our
+Lawfull Lieutenant there, yet being afterwards approved of by one that
+was, it is all one, as to the proceedings afterward as if at first
+they had issued from a lawfull Governor."[64] The writer is no lawyer,
+but it seems, that, if the Assembly of Hill was "lawfully continued"
+and "approved" by Calvert, the recognition by Baltimore must have been
+legally retroactive, and, therefore, that the laws passed before
+Calvert's return must have been legally valid, saving of course the
+proprietor's dissent. Leonard Calvert having spent some months in
+settling the affairs of the province died, June 9th, 1647, and Greene
+ruled in his stead. In the following March, Ingle's name again appears
+in the records. The governor, on March 4th, 1648, proclaimed pardon to
+all except Richard Ingle, and in August of the same year the lord
+proprietor issued, besides his commissions to Governor Stone, to the
+council and to secretary Thomas Hatton, commissions, for the Great
+Seal, for muster master general, and for commander of the Isle of
+Kent. John Price was made muster master general for his "great
+Fidelity unto us in that Occasion of the late insurrection and
+Rebellion in our said province was begun there by that Notorious
+Villain Richard Ingle and his Complices," and Robert Vaughan was
+appointed commander of Kent for the same reason.[65] Then in 1650 was
+passed the act of Oblivion, excepting Ingle, Durford, and some of the
+Isle of Kent. In 1649, Baltimore granted to James Lindsey and Richard
+Willan certain lands, and directed that in the grants should be
+inserted the notice "of their singular and approved worth courage and
+fidelity (in Ingle's insurrection) to the end a memory of their merit
+and of his (the Proprietor) sense thereof may remain upon record to
+the honour of them and their posterity forever."[66]
+
+An investigation into Ingle's doings at this time may explain the
+bitter terms in which he is mentioned in the official records of
+Maryland, and also why upon him was foisted the chief responsibility
+for the disturbances. During the year 1646, Lord Baltimore was engaged
+in defending his charter, against the justice of which such grave
+charges had been brought by Ingle and others, in the winter of 1645/6.
+On January 23rd, 1646/7, application in Baltimore's behalf, was made
+to the House of Lords, that the depositions of witnesses made before
+the Admiralty Court in regard to Maryland should be read. In a few
+weeks Baltimore begged that the actions looking to the repeal of his
+charter might be delayed, and on the same day certain merchants in
+London, who were interested in the Virginia trade, requested that the
+ordinance should be sent to the Commons, for Baltimore's petition was
+intended only to cause delay.[67] The matter was stayed for the time,
+but by December, 1649, Ingle had sent to the Council of State a
+petition and remonstrance against the government of Lord Baltimore's
+colony. The hearing, which was referred to the Committee of the
+Admiralty, was postponed until January 10th, 1650, when Baltimore's
+agent requested it to be deferred until the 16th. Witnesses were
+summoned and upon Baltimore's appearance, he was ordered to make
+answer in writing to Ingle by the 30th. On January 29th the matter was
+again postponed until February 6th, "in respect of extraordinary
+occasions not permitting them to hear the same to-morrow." Delay
+followed delay until March 1st, when Ingle was "unprovided to prove"
+the charges against Lord Baltimore for misconduct in the government
+of Maryland, but on the 15th of the same month, "after several debates
+of the business depending between Capt. Ingle and Lord Baltimore,
+touching a commission granted to Leonard Calvert, * * * by the late
+King at Oxford in 1643" the advocate for the State and the attorney
+general were directed to examine the validity of the original charter
+to Cecil, Lord Baltimore. Allusion to this matter was again made in
+the records, but nothing showing its result unless it be the order of
+the Council of State, of December 23d, 1651, that Lord Baltimore
+should be allowed to "pursue his cause according to law."[68]
+
+Ingle seems to have been at this time in the service of what was once
+a parliament, but which had been reduced in 1648, by Pride's purge, to
+about sixty members. In February, 1650, he informed the Council of
+State that on board two ships, the "'Flower de Luce' and the 'Thomas
+and John,' were persons bound to Virginia, who were enemies of the
+Commonwealth." The vessels were stayed for over a month, when they
+were allowed to sail down to Gravesend, where, before they left for
+Virginia, the mayor and justices were to "take the superscription of
+passengers and mariners not to engage against the Commonwealth."[69]
+In April of this year the Council of State ordered the payment to
+Ingle of L30 sterling for services and care in keeping Captain
+Gardner, who had been arrested for treason, in having tried to betray
+Portland Castle.[70] He again comes into notice in 1653, by some
+letters written by him to Edward Marston. He had been cast away by
+shipwreck in the Downs, and was then at Dover, where he had been very
+ill. Having heard that two prizes which he had helped to secure, had
+been condemned and that the rest of the men had obtained their shares,
+he wrote to secure the eleven shares due him, and told Marston to send
+one part to his wife, and the other to him. On November 14th, he again
+wrote that he had received no answer although "I have written you
+every post these 3 weeks, having been sick my want of money is
+great."[71] This is the last fact, which can at present be found,
+about Richard Ingle, who first came into notice demanding tobacco
+debts, and is discovered, at last demanding prize money. These two
+acts were typical of the man, he was always on the lookout for gain
+and yet remained a staunch adherent to the Long Parliament, which did
+so much to strengthen English liberties, but whose acts led to such
+extreme measures as those which culminated in the execution of the
+self-willed unfortunate Charles I.
+
+By a careful consideration of all the facts, it will be seen that the
+acts of Richard Ingle are in some cases legendary, and as such
+naturally have become more heinous with every successive account. The
+endeavor has been in this paper to give an unprejudiced historical
+account of his life, but in view of the mis-statements about him, it
+still remains to sum up, and examine the specific charges against him.
+He is accused of having stolen the silver seal of the province. Lord
+Baltimore's own statements, however, concerning it are doubtful.
+"Whereas our great seal of the said province of Maryland was
+treacherously and violently taken away from thence by Richard Ingle or
+his complices in or about February,[72] 1644/5," he wrote in August,
+1648. Nothing had been said according to the records up to that time
+in Maryland about the loss of the seal. On the contrary, in a
+commission given by Governor Greene on July 4th, 1647, over a year
+before the proprietor's commission for the great seal, are the words,
+"Given under my hand and the Seal of the province."[73] and in the
+proclamation of March 4th, 1648, Greene promised pardon "under my
+hand and the seal of the province,"[74] to all out of the province
+except Ingle, who should confess their faults before a certain date.
+
+It may be urged against these facts that "under my hand and the seal
+of the province," was mere legal phraseology. But those which have
+been given are the only two instances of the use of the term from 1646
+to 1648, and are both preceded and followed by commissions, &c.,
+ending "and this shall be your commission," or "given at St. Mary's,"
+in which, if the term was merely technical language, why was it not
+more frequently used? Again, it may be said that it was a temporary
+seal. If it were, it is strange that no mention is made of the fact in
+the records of the province, or in Lord Baltimore's commission for the
+new seal. It was hoped and desired that in this paper no occasion
+would arise to make accusations against any of Ingle's opponents, but
+historic truth now requires it to be done. It must be remembered that
+Baltimore was in constant danger of losing his charter, in a great
+measure, on account of Ingle's activity against him. Upon his
+authority alone is based the charge against Ingle about the seal, but
+of how much value is the authority of one who, at the very same time
+and in a commission sent out with that of the seal, wrote that Leonard
+Calvert "was limited by our commission to him not to appoint" any
+person governor "unless such person were of our privy council
+there,"[75] although no such limitation as to the governor's right was
+made in any of the commissions to Leonard Calvert so this clause in
+the lord proprietor's commission resolves itself into a Machiavellian
+statement. It is hardly credible that Lord Baltimore could have made
+such a statement from ignorance, for no one knew the commission better
+than the author of it. But notwithstanding the evidence against Lord
+Baltimore, the writer has too high an opinion of his character to
+attribute to him the diplomatic lie. Lord Baltimore was no doubt
+influenced a great deal, by what was reported to him concerning
+Maryland, so the blame must rest upon his informers. Still if these
+persons would resort to such methods in one case, they would be likely
+to do so in other instances. Whoever was the author of the statement,
+it throws doubt upon other supposed facts of this period, and leads to
+the conclusion that the commission for a new seal was one of the
+reconstructive acts of the proprietor, on a par with the treatment of
+Hill.
+
+Ingle has been charged with the destruction of the records of the
+province. What was Baltimore's opinion? "We understand" he wrote in
+1651, "that in the late Rebellion there One thousand Six hundred
+Forty and four most of the Records of that province being then lost or
+embezzled."[76] This hearsay statement of Lord Baltimore may have been
+based upon the testimony in 1649, of Thomas Hatton, Secretary of the
+province, of the receipt of books from Mr. Bretton, who "delivered to
+me this Book, and another lesser Book with a Parchment Cover, divers
+of the Leaves thereof being cut or torn out, and many of them being
+lost and much worn out and defaced together with divers other Papers
+and Writings bound together in a Bundle,"[77] and swore that they were
+all the documents belonging to the secretary or register which could
+be found, "except some Warrants, and some Draughts of Mr. _Hill's_
+Time." All the records, therefore, were not destroyed, but in 1649,
+there were in existence papers belonging to the Hill regime. But
+greater proofs against the vandalism of Ingle are the records
+themselves, or the copies of them, which could not have been made if
+the originals had been destroyed, and which have at last been
+deposited where thieves do not break through nor steal. There have
+been preserved among the records up to 1647, the original proprietary
+record books, liber Z., 1637-1644 and liber P. R., 1642 to February
+12, 1645. The Council Proceedings, 1636-1657, the Assembly
+Proceedings, 1638-1658, and liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records,
+have been handed down in copies. The loss of liber F., 1636-1642, can
+no more be attributed to Ingle than can the loss of liber K.,
+1692-1694, which was made fifty years after Ingle's time. Both of
+these, as well as records of later years, have been preserved in
+copies only, but a brief study of the Calendar of State Archives,
+prefixed to the Acts of Assembly, will demonstrate that the
+destruction of records by Ingle could not have been so great as has
+been supposed. But did he destroy any? There are gaps in the records,
+that exist between February 14, 1645, when the rebellion occurred, and
+December, 1646, when Calvert returned, but it is not likely that under
+the existing circumstances very great care was taken of the records of
+these twenty-two months, and moreover there is no proof that Ingle was
+in the province after 1645, for he was probably in London in December
+of that year, and certainly in the following February. His appointing
+Cornwallis his attorney for collecting Maryland and Virginia debts
+would also lead one to believe that he did not return to the province.
+Some of the records of the Hill government, however, were in existence
+in 1649, but as far as is known have since disappeared. Ingle
+certainly did not destroy them, and indeed to a man engaged in the
+tobacco trade, there were few inducements to waste his time, and that
+of his men cutting up records.
+
+It is difficult to understand why Lord Baltimore should have called
+Ingle an "ungrateful villain," for the reception the latter met at St.
+Mary's in 1644, was not calculated to inspire one with gratitude. The
+compensation offered Ingle might have been deemed liberal, but the
+Maryland authorities acknowledged that they had to make this offer for
+the public good and safety, and, therefore, no particular credit can
+be given them for kindness towards the troublesome mariner. But the
+relations between Ingle and Cornwallis are rather perplexing. The
+latter accused Ingle of not returning the value of goods entrusted to
+him, and also of landing, during his absence, "some men near his
+house," and rifling "him to the value of 2,500 l at least."[78] All
+this was done after Cornwallis had showed his devotion to Parliament,
+by releasing Ingle. It must be remembered in connection with the
+devotion to Parliament, that Ingle was doing the great carrying trade
+for Cornwallis. Besides, after Ingle had made him his attorney, he
+went to Maryland and there sued three men for the pillage and
+destruction of his property, without implicating Ingle. In the absence
+of full records concerning these two men, it is unfair to judge either
+of them harshly in this matter.
+
+The indefinite allusion to Ingle's piracy in 1644 was not sustained,
+but in 1649 he was again called "pirate." The definition of piracy has
+undergone many changes within the past three hundred years. From
+robbery committed upon the high seas, it has come to mean, "acts of
+violence done upon the ocean or unappropriated lands or within the
+territory of a state through descent from the sea, by a body of men
+acting independently of any political or organized society."[79] The
+pirate has also been held as an enemy, whom the whole human race can
+oppress. These definitions are from the international standpoint. What
+was the English law at the time of Ingle? The treatment of pirates was
+regulated by the Act of Parliament, made in the reign of Henry
+VIII.,[80] and Sir Leoline Jenkins, on September 2d, 1668, at a
+session of the Admiralty, said, "now robbery as 'tis distinguished
+from thieving or larceny, implies not only the actual taking away of
+my goods, while I am, as we say, in peace, but also the putting me in
+fear, by taking them away by force and arms out of my hands, or in my
+sight and presence, when this is done upon the sea, without a lawful
+commission of war or reprisals, it is downright Piracy."[81] In the
+Assembly of March, 1638, piracy was defined as follows: "William
+dawson with divers others did assault the vessels of Capt. Thomas
+Cornwaleys his company feloniously and as pyrates & robbers to take
+the said vessels and did discharge divers peices charged wi^th
+bulletts & shott against the said Thomas Cornwaleys, &c."[82] Granted,
+although it is doubtful, that Ingle seized the pinnace, riding in St.
+Inigoes' creek, he was not, therefore, a pirate. According to the
+testimony, he used no force, for the one in charge of the pinnace
+allowed him to take it; and the act was not committed on the high
+seas. For the acts committed on the land, Ingle acknowledged himself
+to have been responsible; for in his petition he wrote, that he "did
+venture his life and fortune in landing his men and assisting the said
+well-affected Protestants (_i. e._, such as adhered to Parliament)"
+against the government, the papists and malignants. His acts on the
+land were rather contradictory, if one reads the testimony. In 1647,
+for instance, a certain Walter Beane[83] at the request of Cuthbert
+Fenwick, said that during the plundering time, with the consent of
+Fenwick, he paid Ingle some tobacco, which was due Fenwick or
+Cornwallis. Ingle then gave him the following, "Received of Walter
+Beane five hund^r Thirty Eight pounds of Tob for a debt th^t the s^d
+Walter Beane did owe to Cuthbert ffenwick. Witness my hand,
+
+    RICH^D. INGLE."
+
+Beane stated also that sometime before Ingle came, he paid six
+hogsheads of tobacco to Fenwick for Cornwallis, and that Ingle, upon
+his arrival, sent eleven men to fetch the hogsheads and other tobacco;
+that when Beane refused to give them up, Ingle was notified, and sent
+a note threatening extreme measures, and Beane was thus forced to give
+up the tobacco. Does it not seem curious that Ingle should give a
+receipt for one batch of tobacco, and within a short time have other
+tobacco forcibly seized? Of course the authorities of Maryland might
+have considered such acts piratical. But they were not. Ingle had a
+commission from Parliament, to relieve the planters in Maryland, by
+furnishing them arms, &c. He found the government of Maryland at
+enmity with Parliament, which was the actual government of England at
+that time, and assisted the friends of Parliament in Maryland. Even if
+he exceeded the provisions of his letter of marque he was responsible
+to Parliament alone.[84] That the English authorities did not
+disapprove of his conduct is shown by the weight attached to his
+statements, and by the fact that he was afterwards in the service of
+the Commonwealth.
+
+As to Ingle's having been a "rebel," the facts all point to his
+participation in the beginning of a rebellion, caused probably, by
+those dissatisfied with Leonard Calvert's rule, more probably by the
+influence of William Claiborne, who in spite of condemnatory acts by
+the Maryland Assembly, and the vacillating measures of Charles I.,
+insisted for many years upon his right to Kent Island. But rebellion
+is viewed in different ways: by those against whom it is made, with
+horror and detestation; by those who make it, with pride and ofttimes
+with devotion. If Ingle led on the rebellion, he was acting in
+Maryland, only as Cromwell afterwards did on a larger scale, in
+England, and as Bacon, the brave and noble, did in Virginia, and to be
+placed in the same category with many, who will be handed down to
+future generations as rebels, will be no discredit to the first
+Maryland rebel.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Spotswood Letters, Brock, p. 12.
+
+[2] Rev. Edw. D. Neill, to whom I am indebted for valuable references,
+was the first to attempt any kind of a defence of Ingle, but Dr. Wm.
+Hand Browne, who also has greatly aided me, has omitted the pirate and
+rebel clause in the history which he is preparing for the Commonwealth
+Series.
+
+[3] Assembly Proceedings, 1638-1664, p. 120, Land Office Records, Vol.
+I., p. 582. In the Maryland records the name is spelled Cornwaleys,
+but in this paper the rule has been adopted of spelling it Cornwallis,
+as it is known to history.
+
+[4] Winthrop's History of New England, Vol. II., p. 75. Winthrop gave
+another spelling, "Jugle," no doubt obtained from the signature, as
+has been done with the name more than once in modern times. In a bill
+sent to the grand jury at St. Mary's, Maryland, February 1st, 1643/4,
+it was stated that Ingle's ship in 1642 was the "Reformation." The
+bill was, however, returned "Ignoramus," and the use of the name was
+probably anachronous.
+
+[5] Proprietary Records, Liber P. R., p. 85.
+
+[6] Ibid., p. 124.
+
+[7] Ibid., p. 137.
+
+[8] Ibid., p. 124. Council Proceedings, 1636-1657. Bozman, in his
+History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 271, not knowing evidently that more
+than one warrant was issued for Ingle's arrest, transposed this
+proclamation, making it follow Jan. 20; but in P. R. it is under date
+of Jan. 18, 1643/4.
+
+[9] P. R., p. 146.
+
+[10] Ibid., pp. 125, 138.
+
+[11] C. P., p. 111, P. R., p. 125.
+
+[12] Ibid., p. 125.
+
+[13] Ibid., pp. 129, 130.
+
+[14] Ibid.
+
+[15] This was on the south side of the Patuxent river. At one time the
+Jesuits used a building there for a storehouse. There was the favorite
+dwelling of Charles, third Lord Baltimore, which afterward belonged to
+Mr. Henry Sewall, and there Col. Darnall took refuge during the Coode
+uprising.
+
+[16] P. R., p. 131.
+
+[17] Ibid., p. 134.
+
+[18] Ibid., pp. 137, 139.
+
+[19] Ibid., p. 141.
+
+[20] Ibid., p. 148.
+
+[21] Bozman: History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 272.
+
+[22] P. R., p. 149.
+
+[23] Ibid., p. 150.
+
+[24] Ibid., p. 131.
+
+[25] Ibid., pp. 139, 145.
+
+[26] Sixth Report of the Historical Commission to Parliament, p. 101.
+
+[27] P. R., pp. 140, 141, 146.
+
+[28] Ibid., p. 146.
+
+[29] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[30] The absence of punctuation between the "Elizabeth and Ellen"
+leads one to conjecture that there were but seven vessels.
+
+[31] Journal of the House of Commons, 1642-44, p. 607. This may be
+found in the Congressional Library, Washington, D. C.
+
+[32] Collections N. Y. Historical Society, Series II., Vol. III., p.
+126. Winthrop: History of New England, Vol. II., p. 198.
+
+[33] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 224; Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[34] Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland, by S. F.
+Streeter, p. 267.
+
+[35] C. P., pp. 166, 201, 204; A. P., 238, 270.
+
+[36] C. P., p. 175; A. P., p. 301.
+
+[37] C. P., p. 209.
+
+[38] A. P., p. 238.
+
+[39] Ibid., pp. 238, 270, 271. At the request of the Assembly,
+Baltimore forgave Thompson for acts which he might have committed by
+reason of ignorance or through a mistake.
+
+[40] Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam, p. 95.
+
+[41] Records of the Eng. Prov. Society of Jesus, Series V., VI., VII.,
+VIII., pp. 337, 389.
+
+[42] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 432.
+
+[43] Ibid., p. 572.
+
+[44] Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.
+
+[45] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 584.
+
+[46] Now Port Tobacco, Charles Co. Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.
+
+[47] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 433. Most of the testimony against Ingle in
+Maryland was by those whom he had held prisoners.
+
+[48] Ibid., Vol. I., pp. 432, 433.
+
+[49] Ibid.
+
+[50] Terra Mariae, Neill, pp. 110, 111.
+
+[51] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[52] Rev. E. D. Neill has given the full draft of this petition. See
+Founders of Maryland, pp. 75-77.
+
+[53] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 378.
+
+[54] Father White and Father Fisher were carried to England and
+imprisoned. The former was, after some months, released upon the
+condition of his leaving England. He went to Belgium, and afterwards
+returned to England, but never again to Maryland. "Thirsting for the
+salvation of his beloved Marylanders he sought every opportunity of
+returning secretly to that mission, earnestly begging the favor of his
+Superiors; but, as the good Father was then upwards of sixty-five
+years of age and his constitution broken down, they would not
+consent." R. P. S. J., p. 337. Fisher was released and returned to
+Maryland.
+
+[55] Hening: Statutes, Vol. I., p. 321.
+
+[56] C. P., pp. 17, 77.
+
+[57] Ibid., p. 136; L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 203.
+
+[58] C. P., p. 135.
+
+[59] Ibid., p. 209.
+
+[60] Ibid., p. 154-161.
+
+[61] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 328.
+
+[62] A. P., p. 242.
+
+[63] Ibid., pp. 209-210.
+
+[64] Ibid., 266.
+
+[65] C. P., pp. 204-205.
+
+[66] Kilty. Landholder's Assistant, pp. 79-80; L. O. R., Vol. II., p.
+410.
+
+[67] Seventh Report His. Com., pp. 54, 162.
+
+[68] Sainsbury: Calendar State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, pp.
+331-337, 368.
+
+[69] Ibid.
+
+[70] Ibid., Domestic, 1650, pp. 64, 79, 572.
+
+[71] Ibid., 1653-1654, pp. 235, 251, 278.
+
+[72] C. P., 201.
+
+[73] Ibid., 162.
+
+[74] Ibid., 166.
+
+[75] Ibid., p. 209.
+
+[76] A. P., p. 329.
+
+[77] C. P., 219.
+
+[78] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[79] Hall: International Law, p. 218.
+
+[80] 28 Henry VIII., C. 15. See p. 124, Vol. VI., Evan's Collection of
+Statutes.
+
+[81] Quoted by Phillimore. See International Law, Vol. I., p. 414.
+
+[82] A. P., pp. 17-18.
+
+[83] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 312.
+
+[84] Phillimore, Vol. I., p. 425.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Archaic and variable spelling and capitalisation has been preserved in
+the quoted material as printed. Asterisks are used instead of periods
+in ellipses. Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Where the
+letter l (representing pounds) is preceded by a number, a space has
+been inserted between number and l for clarity.
+
+The following amendments have been made:
+
+    Page 14--Febuary amended to February--"... a copy of a
+    certificate to Ingle under date of February 8th, ..."
+
+    Page 20--masacre amended to massacre--"... had given as
+    a reason for the Indian massacre, ..."
+
+    Page 33--Corwallis amended to Cornwallis--"A
+    consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and ..."
+
+    Page 47--proprietory amended to proprietary--"... and
+    liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records, have been
+    handed down ..."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
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