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diff --git a/26958.txt b/26958.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f98f5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/26958.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1725 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Captain Richard Ingle + The Maryland + +Author: Edward Ingle + +Release Date: October 18, 2008 [EBook #26958] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE *** + + + + +Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Sam W. and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +Letters following a carat (^) were superscripted in the original text. + + + + + CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE, + + The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel," + + 1642-1653. + + + [Illustration] + + + A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society, + + May 12th, 1884, + + BY + + EDWARD INGLE, A. B. + + BALTIMORE, 1884. + + + + +CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE, + +The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel," + +1642-1653. + + + + +RICHARD INGLE. + + + "Captain Richard Ingle, ... a pirate and a rebel, was + discovered hovering about the settlement."--_McSherry, + History of Maryland, p. 59._ + + "The destruction of the records by him [Ingle] has + involved this episode in impenetrable obscurity, + &c."--_Johnson, Foundation of Maryland, p. 99._ + + "Captain Ingle, the pirate, the man who gloried in the + name of 'The Reformation.'"--_Davis, "The Day Star," p. + 210._ + + "That Heinous Rebellion first put in Practice by that + Pirate Ingle."--_Acts of Assembly, 1638-64, p. 238._ + + "Those late troubles raised there by that ungrateful + Villaine Richard Ingle."--_Ibid., p. 270._ + + "I hold it that a little rebellion, now and then, is a + good thing and as necessary in the political world as + storms in the physical."--_Jefferson, Works, Vol. III, + p. 105._ + + + + +Fund-Publication, No. 19 + + +CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE, + +The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel," + +1642-1653. + + +[Illustration] + + +A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society, + +May 12th, 1884, + +BY + +EDWARD INGLE, A. B. + +BALTIMORE. 1884. + + + + + PEABODY PUBLICATION FUND. + + COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION. + + 1884-5. + + HENRY STOCKBRIDGE, + JOHN W. M. LEE, + BRADLEY T. JOHNSON. + + + PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO. + PRINTERS TO THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, + BALTIMORE, 1884. + + + + +CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE, + +THE MARYLAND "PIRATE AND REBEL." + + +In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the American colonies, +from Massachusetts to South Carolina, were at intervals subject to +visitations of pirates, who were wont to appear suddenly upon the +coasts, to pillage a settlement or attack trading vessels and as +suddenly to take flight to their strongholds. Captain Kidd was long +celebrated in prose and verse, and only within a few years have +credulous people ceased to seek his buried treasures. The +arch-villain, Blackbeard, was a terror to Virginians and Carolinians +until Spotswood, of "Horseshoe" fame, took the matter in hand, and +sent after him lieutenant Maynard, who, slaying the pirate in hand to +hand conflict, returned with his head at the bowsprit.[1] Lapse of +time has cast a romantic and semi-mythologic glamor around these +depredators, and it is in many instances at this day extremely +difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. The unprotected situation +of many settlements along the seaboard colonies rendered them an easy +prey to rapacious sea rovers, but it might have been expected that the +Maryland shores of the Chesapeake bay would be free from their +harassings. The province, however, it seems was not to enjoy such good +fortune, for in the _printed_ annals of her life appears the name of +one man, who has been handed down from generation to generation as a +"pirate," a "rebel" and an "ungrateful villain," and other equally +complimentary epithets have been applied to him. The original +historians of Maryland based their ideas about him upon some of the +statements made by those whom he had injured or attacked, and who +differed from him in political creed. The later history writers have +been satisfied to follow such authors as Bozman, McMahon and McSherry, +or to copy them directly, without consulting original records. To the +general reader, therefore, who relies upon these authorities, Richard +Ingle is "a pirate and rebel" still.[2] + +A thorough defence of him would be almost impossible in view of the +comparative scarcity of records and the complicated politics of his +time. In a review of his relations with Maryland, however, and by a +presentation of all the facts, some light may be thrown upon his +general character, and explanations, if not a defence, of his acts may +be made. + +Richard Ingle's name first appears in the records of Maryland under +date of March 23rd, 1641/2, when he petitioned the Assembly against +Giles Brent touching the serving of an execution by the sheriff. He +had come to the province a few weeks before, bringing in his vessel +Captain Thomas Cornwallis, one of the original council, the greatest +man in Maryland at that time, who had been spending some months in +England.[3] Between the time of his arrival and the date of his +petition Ingle had no doubt been plying his business, tobacco trading, +in the inlets and rivers of the province. No further record of him in +Maryland this year has been preserved, but Winthrop wrote that on May +3rd, 1642, "The ship Eleanor of London one Mr. || Inglee || master +arrived at Boston she was laden with tobacco from Virginia, and having +been about 14 days at sea she was taken with such a tempest, that +though all her sails were down and made up, yet they were blown from +the yards and she was laid over on one side two and a half hours, so +low as the water stood upon her deck and the sea over-raking her +continually and the day was as dark as if it had been night, and +though they had cut her masts, yet she righted not till the tempest +assuaged. She staid here till the 4th of the (4) and was well fitted +with masts, sails, rigging and victuals at such reasonable rates as +that the master was much affected with his entertainment and professed +that he never found the like usage in Virginia where he had traded +these ten years."[4] Although his name is given an additional _e_ and +there are some few seeming discrepancies, the facts taken together +point to the probability of his being Richard Ingle on his return +voyage to England. Next year he was again in Maryland, and, as +attorney for Mr. Penniston and partners, sued widow Cockshott for +debts incurred by her husband. The next entry in the "Provincial +Records" under this date, March 6th, 1642/3, is an attachment against +William Hardige in case of Captain Cornwallis.[5] This William +Hardige, who was afterward one of Ingle's chief accusers, was very +frequently involved in suits for debts to Cornwallis, and others. +About the middle of the month of January, 1643/4, the boatswain of +the "Reformation" brought against Hardige a suit for tobacco, +returnable February 1st. Three days afterward a warrant was issued to +William Hardige, a tailor, for the arrest of Ingle for high treason, +and Captain Cornwallis was bidden to aid Hardige, and the matter was +to be kept secret.[6] Ingle was arrested and given into the custody of +Edward Parker, the sheriff, by the lieutenant general of the province, +Giles Brent, who also seized Ingle's goods and ship, until he should +clear himself, and placed on board, under John Hampton, a guard +ordered to allow no one to come on the ship without a warrant from the +lieutenant general.[7] Then was published, and as the records seem to +show, fixed on the vessel's mainmast the following proclamation.[8] + +"These are to publish & pclaym to all psons as well seamen as others, +that Richard Ingle, m^r of his ship, is arrested upon highe treason to +his Ma^ty; & therefore to require all psons to be aiding & assisting +to his Lo^ps officers in the seizing of his ship, & not to offer any +resistance or contempt hereunto, nor be any otherwaise aiding or +assisting to the said Richard Ingle upon perl of highe treason to his +Ma^ty." + +Notwithstanding this proclamation Ingle escaped in the following +manner. Parker had no prison, and, consequently, had to keep personal +guard over his prisoner. He supposed, "from certain words spoken by +the Secretary," that Brent and the council had agreed to let Ingle go +on board his vessel, and when Captain Cornwallis and Mr. Neale came +from the council meeting and carried Ingle to the ship, he accompanied +them.[9] Arrived on board Cornwallis said "All is peace," and +persuaded the commanding officer to bid his men lay down their arms +and disperse, and then Ingle and his crew regained possession of the +ship. Under such circumstances the sheriff could not prevent his +escape, especially when a member of the council and the most +influential men in the province had assisted the deed by their acts or +presence. Besides it was afterwards said that William Durford, John +Durford, and Fred. Johnson, at the instigation of Ingle, beat and +wounded some of the guard, though this charge does not appear to have +been substantiated.[10] + +On January 20th, 1643/4, the following warrant was issued to the +sheriff.[11] + + "I doe hereby require (in his Ma^ties name) Richard + Ingle, mariner to yield his body to Rob Ellyson, Sheriff + of this County, before the first of ffebr next, to + answer to such crimes of treason, as on his Ma^ties + behalfe shalbe obiected ag^st him, upon his utmost perl, + of the Law in that behalfe. And I doe further require + all psons that can say or disclose any matter of treason + ag^st the said Richard Ingle to informe his Lo^ps + Attorny of it some time before the said Court to the end + it may be then & there prosequuted + + G. BRENT." + +Ingle, however, was not again arrested, though he still remained in +the neighborhood of St. Mary's, for on January 30th his vessel was +riding at anchor in St. George's river, and mention is made of him in +the records as being in the province. For nearly two months the Ingle +question was agitated and for the sake of clearness an account will be +given of the acts concerning him in the order of their occurrence. + +The information given by Hardige to Lewger which had caused Ingle's +arrest was: that in March or April, 1642, he heard Ingle, who was then +at Kent Island, and at other times in St. Mary's, say, that he was +"Captain of Gravesend for the Parliament against the King;" that he +heard Ingle say that in February of that year he had been bidden in +the King's name to come ashore at Accomac, in Virginia, but he, in +the parliament's name had refused to do so, and had threatened to cut +off the head of any one who should come on his ship.[12] On January +29th, Hardige and others were summoned to appear and to give evidence +of--here the pirate enters--"pyratical & treasonable offences" of +Ingle. On February 1st, the sheriff impannelled a jury of which Robert +Vaughan was chosen foreman, and witnesses were sworn, among them +Hardige who "being excepted at as infamous," by Capt. Cornwallis, "was +not found so."[13] John Lewger, the attorney-general, having stated +that the Court had power to take cognizance of treason out of the +province in order to determine where the offender should be tried, +presented three bills for the jury to consider. The first bill +included the second charge brought by Hardige, the second ordered the +jury to inquire "if on the 20th of November and some daies afore & +since in the 17 yea of his Ma^ties reigne at Gravesend in Comit Kent +in England" the accused "not having the feare of God before his eies, +but instigated thereunto by the instigation of the divill & example of +other traitors of his Ma^tie traiterously & as an enemy did levie war +& beare armes ag^st his ma^tie and accept & exercise the comand & +captainship of the town of Gravesend," and by the third bill they +were to inquire if Ingle did not, on April 5th in the eighteenth year +of Charles' reign, on his vessel in the Potomac river, near St. +Clement's island, say, "that Prince Rupert was a rogue or rascall." If +the rest of the testimony was no stronger or more conclusive than that +of Hardige, it is not surprising that the jury replied to all the +bills "_Ignoramus_."[14] Another jury was impannelled to investigate +the charge of Ingle's having broken from the sheriff, and they +returned a like finding. In the afternoon the first jury were given +two more bills, first, to find "whether in April 1643 Ingle, being +then at Mattapanian,[15] St. Clement's hundred, said 'that Prince +Rupert was Prince Traitor & Prince rogue and if he had him aboard his +ship he would whip him at the capstan.'" This bill met the fate of the +others, but the second charging him with saying "that the king +(meaning o^r Gover L. K. Charles) was no king neither would be no +king, nor could be no king unless he did ioine with the Parlam^t," +caused the jury to disagree and no verdict having been reached at 7 +P. M., they adjourned until the following Saturday.[16] On that day, +February 3rd, at the request of the attorney-general the jury were +discharged and the bill given to another jury who returned it +"_Ignoramus_."[17] In spite of the unanimity of all the juries in +finding no true indictment, another warrant was issued for the arrest, +by Parker or Ellyson, of Ingle for high treason, and after a fruitless +attempt to secure by another jury a different finding, Ingle was +impeached on February 8th, for having on January 20th, 1643/4, +committed assaults upon the vessels, guns, goods, and person of one +Bishop, and upon being reproached for these acts, having threatened to +beat down the dwellings of people and even of Giles Brent, and for +"the said crimes of pyracie, mutinie, trespasse, contempt & +misdemeanors & every of them severally."[18] If Ingle did commit these +depredations he was, no doubt instigated by the proceedings instituted +on that day against him, and moreover by the fact that Henry Bishop +had been among the witnesses to be summoned against him. + +Nothing more was done in the matter, for from a copy of a certificate +to Ingle under date of February 8th, it is learned that "Upon certaine +complaints exhibited by his Lo^ps attorny ag^st M^r R. Ingle the +attending & psequution whereof was like to cause great demurrage to +the ship & other damages & encumbrances in the gathering of his debts +it was demanded by his Lo^ps said attorny on his Lo^ps behalfe that +the said R. I. deposite in the country to his Lo^ps use one barrell of +powder & 400 l of shott to remaine as a pledge that the said R. I. +shall by himself or his attorny appeare at his Lo^ps Co^rt at S. +Maries on or afore the first of ffebr next to answere to all such +matters as shalbe then and there obiected ag^st him * * * * and upon +his appearance the said powder & shott or the full value of it at the +then rate of the country to be delivered to him his attorny or assigne +upon demand."[19] + +What a change of policy, from charging a man with treason, the penalty +for which was death, to offering him the right of bail for the +appearance of his attorney, if necessary, to meet indefinite charges! +In view of all the facts, it seems probable that the Maryland +authorities were committed to the King's cause by the commission +granted by him to Leonard Calvert in 1643, and by their action in +seizing Ingle; that after his arrest it was thought to be injudicious +to go to extremes, and that they made little resistance to, if they +did not connive at, his escape. Certainly, efforts to recapture him +must have been very feeble, for when the sheriff demanded the tobacco +and cask due him from the defendant for summoning juries, witnesses, +&c., it was found that Ingle had left in the hands of the Secretary +the required amount.[20] In arresting Ingle for uttering treasonable +words, the palatine government was not only placing itself upon the +side of King Charles, but was preparing to do what he had been +prevented from doing a few months before. For when at his command some +persons who had acted treasonably were condemned to death, parliament +declared that "all such indictments and proceedings thereon were +unjust and illegal; and that if any man was executed or suffered hurt, +for any thing he had done by their order, the like punishment should +be inflicted by death or otherwise, upon such prisoners as were, or +should be, taken by their forces," and their lives were saved.[21] The +authorities of Maryland themselves show why Ingle was allowed to +escape. On March 16th, Lewger showed that "whereas Richard Ingle was +obnoxious to divers suits & complaints of his Lo^p for divers and +sundry crimes all w^ch upon composition for the publique good & safety +were suspended ag^st the said Richard Ingle assuming to leave in the +country to the publique need at this time," powder and shot, but he +had not paid the composition and had left without paying custom dues, +which were required for the proper discharge of his ship "by the law & +custom of all Ports," he prayed that all of Ingle's goods, debts, +&c., might be sequestered until he should clear himself.[22] Under the +circumstances, the grave charges pending against him, as there is no +proof that he had known the terms of composition, a crew and vessel +being at his command, it is not surprising that he sailed away from +danger, without attending to the formality of clearing, and leaving +unpaid debts, for Lewger claimed 600 pounds of tobacco from him, as +payment for some plate and a scimitar, for which Cornwallis went +security.[23] There is a touch of seeming sarcasm in the suggestion +that the deposit by Ingle of ammunition would have relieved the public +need, for he would have been that much less dangerous, and the +government would have been so much the more prepared to resist him. + +But how were those who assisted him treated? On January 30th, Thomas +Cornwallis, James Neale, Edward Parker and John Hampton, were +impeached for having rescued him, and thereby of being accessories to +high treason. Cornwallis made answer, "that he did well understand the +matters charged ag^st the said Richard Ingle to be of no importance +but suggested of mean malice of the ---- William hardige, as hath +appeared since in that the grand enquest found not so much +probability in the accusations, as that it was fitt to putt him to his +triall" and "he supposed & understood no other but that the said rich. +Ingle went aboard w^th the licence and consent of the L. G. & Counsell +& of the officer in whose custody he was & as to the escape & rescuous +in manner as is charged he is no way accessory to it & therefore +prayeth to be dismissed."[24] The judgment was delayed, but Cornwallis +was anxious to be at once discharged. The lieutenant general and the +attorney general, therefore, having consulted together, found +Cornwallis guilty, and fined him one thousand pounds of tobacco, +though at the request of the accused the fine was respited until the +last day of the month, when Brent ordered the sheriff "to levie 1000 +lbs tob. on any goods or debts" of Capt. Tho. Cornwallis "for so much +adjudged by way of fine unto the Lord Propriet^r ag^st him at the +Court held on the 9^th ffeb last."[25] This fine, which was to be +given to the attorney of Tho. Wyatt, commander of Kent Island, in +payment of Lord Baltimore's debt to him, Cornwallis afterward +acknowledged he had paid.[26] + +Neale did not make his appearance before the court, though he seems to +have been in St. Mary's, and was suspended from the council for his +contempt. On February 11th, being accused of having begged Ingle from +the sheriff, he denied all the charges, and in a few days was restored +to his seat in the council, upon the eve of Brent's departure for Kent +Island.[27] Parker said Ingle had escaped against his will, and he was +discharged, while Hampton escaped prosecution, presumably, for there +is no further record of action in the case against him.[28] + +But it would have been bad policy for the authorities to allow the +matter to drop without apparent effort on their part to punish +somebody, and Cornwallis had to bear the brunt of their attacks. The +feeling against him was so strong, according to his own statements, +that besides paying a fine, the highest "that could by law be laid +upon him," he was compelled for personal safety to take ship with +Ingle for England, where the doughty captain testified before a +parliamentary committee of Cornwallis' devotion to its cause, and of +the losses he had sustained in its behalf.[29] + +The lieutenant governor, and council, may have congratulated +themselves about the departure of Ingle and Cornwallis, but that +mariner and trader was preparing to return to Maryland. On August +26th, 1644, certain persons trading to Virginia petitioned the House +of Commons to allow them to transport ammunition, clothes, and +victuals, custom free, to the plantations of the Chesapeake, which +were at that time loosely classed under the one name--Virginia. The +Commons granted to the eight[30] vessels mentioned in the petition, +the right of carrying victuals, clothes, arms, ammunition, and other +commodities, "for the supply and Defence and Relief of the Planters," +and referred the latter part of the petition, asking power to +interrupt the Hollanders and other strange traders, to the House of +Lords.[31] It is hardly necessary to say at this point that the +planters to be relieved and defended by the cargoes of the vessels, +were planters not at enmity with the parliament. For vessels from +London were used in the interests of parliament, while those from +Bristol were the King's ships. De Vries, the celebrated Dutchman, who +has left such acute observations about the early colonists, wrote that +while visiting Virginia in 1644 he saw two London ships chase a +fly-boat to capture it, and it was reported in Massachusetts that a +captured Indian had given as a reason for the Indian massacre, on +April 18th, 1644, "that they did it because they saw the English took +up all their lands, * * * and they took this season for that they +understood that they were at war in England, and began to go to war +among themselves, for they had seen a fight in the river between a +London ship, which was for the parliament, and a Bristol ship, which +was for the King."[32] + +Among the ships commissioned by the parliament, which were armed, was +the "Reformation," of which Ingle was still master. He was in London +in October, 1644, receiving cargo, and Cornwallis entrusted to him +goods, valued at 200 pounds sterling.[33] The vessel soon afterwards +sailed, and was in Maryland in February. In the province, at that +time, affairs were in a very unsettled condition. The energetic +Claiborne, who was also called by Maryland authorities a pirate and a +rebel, but who was a much better man than is generally supposed, and +whose life ought to be especially studied, was still pushing his +claims to Kent Island, and Leonard Calvert had been compelled to visit +Virginia more than once during the winter in trying to prevent his +actions. The Indians were aroused and prone to take advantage of +disputes between the factions in the province, while the colonists +themselves were in a state of unrest. At this juncture Ingle +appeared. Streeter wrote of his coming, "several vessels appeared in +the harbor, from which an armed force disembarked, (Feb. 14, 1645,) +under the command of Capt. Richard Ingle, St. Mary's was taken; many +of the members were prisoners; the Governor was a fugitive in +Virginia; and the Province in the hands of a force, professing to act, +and probably acting, under authority of Parliament."[34] There is no +authority given for the first part of this statement, though it is not +improbable, and is partly substantiated by the exaggerated charges +against Ingle, made by the Assembly of 1649, and the references to him +in proclamations. There is no mention in the provincial records of +Calvert's having being forced out of the province, but, on the +contrary, Calvert in his commission to Hill in 1646 stated that "at +this present, I have occasion, for his lordship's service to be absent +out the said province," and says nothing at all about Ingle. The +rebellion has been called "Claiborne's and Ingle's," and, although +association with Claiborne would not have been dishonorable to any +one, historical accuracy seems to call for a distinction. In Greene's +proclamation of pardon given in March, 1647/8; in the letter written +by the Assembly to Lord Baltimore in April, 1649; in the Proprietor's +commissions for the great seal, for muster master general, for +commander of Kent Island, respectively, in 1648; and in his letter to +Stone in 1649, the rebellion is attributed to the instigation of +Ingle.[35] In the commission to Governor Stone, of August, 1648, is +the statement, "so as such pardon or pardons extend not to the +pardoning of William Clayborne heretofore of the isle of Kent in our +said province of Maryland and now or late of Virginia or of his +complices in their late rebellion against our rights and dominion in +and over the said province nor of Richard Ingle nor John Durford +mariner," and in the act of Oblivion, in April, 1650, pardon is +granted to all excepting "Richard Ingle and John Darford Marryners, +and such others of the Isle of Kent" as were not pardoned by Leonard +Calvert.[36] In these two instances alone is any kind of an +opportunity offered for connecting the two names, even here they are +separated, and the distinction is made greater by the fact that in a +commission concerning Hill, also of August, 1648, and in other places, +Claiborne is mentioned with no reference at all to Ingle.[37] It is +probable, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that Ingle and +Claiborne never planned any concerted action, but that each took +advantage of the other's deeds, to further his own interests. + +To return to the year 1645. The rebellion supposed to have been +originated by Ingle, was according to statements of the Assembly of +1649, continued by his accomplices, and during it "most of your +Lordships Royal friends here were spoiled of their whole Estate and +sent away as banished persons out of the Province those few that +remained were plundered and deprived in a manner of all Livelyhood and +subsistance only Breathing under that intollerable Yoke which they +were forced to bear under those Rebells."[38] The people were tendered +an oath against Lord Baltimore, which all the Roman Catholics refused +to take, except William Thompson, about whom there is some doubt.[39] +Ingle, himself, said that he had been able to take some places from +the papists and malignants, and with goods taken from them had +relieved the well-affected to parliament. Further on in this paper it +will be seen that Roman Catholics' property was attacked under Ingle's +auspices, but that the bad treatment of them did not continue long and +was not very severe, may be inferred from the fact that in 1646, there +were enough members of the council, who were Roman Catholics, in the +province to elect Hill governor. In this connection ought to be +mentioned the report, by an uncertain author, concerning the Maryland +mission, written in 1670. The report is devoted principally to an +account of a miracle which, strange to say, had not been recorded, as +far as is known, although twenty-four years had elapsed since it had +occurred. "It has been established by custom and usage of the +Catholics," the uncertain author wrote, "who live in Maryland, during +the whole night of the 31st of July following the festival of St. +Ignatius, to honor with a salute of cannon their tutelar guardian and +patron saint. Therefore, in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn +custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended, they wished +the night also consecrated to the honor of the same, by the continual +discharge of artillery. At the time, there were in the neighborhood +certain soldiers, unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth, of +the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before with a fleet, had +invaded with arms, almost the entire colony, had plundered, burnt, and +finally, having abducted the priests and driven the Governor himself +into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude. These had +protection in a certain fortified citadel, built for their own +defence, situated about five miles from the others; but now, aroused +by the nocturnal report of the cannon, the day after, that is on the +first of August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses of the +Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of arms or powder."[40] Now +this statement bears upon the face of it a contradiction, for the +restriction upon the Roman Catholics could not have been very great, +since they were allowed to retain, up to August, 1646, the powder and +cannon necessary to fire continual salutes, moreover, when next day +the soldiers came to their dwellings, nothing seems to have been taken +except the ammunition, and this was done no doubt to prevent any +further alarm, that a body of troops situated as they were might +reasonably have felt at hearing artillery discharges five miles away. + +Many writers have stated that good Fathers White and Fisher were +carried off to England by Ingle, but from the records of the Jesuits +at Stonyhurst, it is learned that Father White was seized "by a band +of soldiers," "and carried to England in chains," and also that in +"1645 This year the colony was attacked by a party of 'rowdies' or +marauders and the missioners were carried off to Virginia."[41] These +extracts serve to show what was the confusion existing in the minds of +contemporaries of Ingle, and the extreme difficulty, therefore, of +finding the real truth. But in the sworn statements preserved in the +Maryland records, some facts may be found. Within a few days of the +events at St. Mary's resulting in partial subversion of Baltimore's +government, the "Reformation" was riding at the mouth of St. Inigoes' +creek, near which was situated the "Cross," the manor house of +Cornwallis, who, when he had been obliged in 1644 to leave Maryland, +had left his house and property in the hands of Cuthbert Fenwick, his +attorney.[42] Fenwick was intending to go to Accomac, Virginia, and +sent Thomas Harrison, a servant, who had been bought from Ingle by +Cornwallis, and a fellow servant, Edw. Matthews, to help Andrew Monroe +to bring a small pinnace nearer the house.[43] In the pinnace were +clothes, bedding, and other goods, the property of Fenwick. Monroe +refused to bring the pinnace, and waited until Ingle came into the +creek;[44] and allowed the pinnace to be captured, (if that may be +called a capture to which consent was given,) and plundered. Fenwick +said that the pinnace was plundered by "Richard Ingle or his +associates;"[45] another witness said that Ingle "seized or plundered" +the pinnace, and Monroe was employed by him in his acts against the +province, and while in command of another pinnace assisted in the +pillaging of Copley's house at Portoback.[46] Matthews as well as +other servants were held captives on the "Reformation," and Harrison +took up arms for Ingle and afterwards left the province and fled to +Accomac. Fenwick went on board, no doubt to protest against such acts, +and when he returned to the shore was seized by a party of men under +John Sturman, who seems to have been a leader in the rebellion, and +carried back to the vessel where he was kept prisoner.[47] In the +meantime Thomas Sturman, John Sturman, coopers, and William Hardwick, +a tailor, led a party to sack the dwelling of Cornwallis, who, in a +petition to the Governor and Council in 1652, described it as "a +Competent Dwelling house, furnished with plate, Linnen hangings, +beding brass pewter and all manner of Household Stuff worth at least a +thousand pounds." In the same petition he said that the party +"plundered and Carryed away all things in It, pulled downe and burnt +the pales about it, killed and destroyed all the Swine and Goates and +killed or mismarked allmost all the Cattle, tooke or dispersed all the +Servants, Carryed away a Great quantity of Sawn Boards from the pitts, +and ript up Some floors of the house. And having by these Violent and +unlawfull Courses forst away my Said Attorny the Said Thomas and John +Sturman possest themselves of the Complts house as theire owne, dwelt +in it Soe long as they please and at their departing tooke the locks +from the doors and y^e Glass from the windowes and in fine ruined his +whole Estate to the damage of the Complt at least two or three +thousand pounds."[48] It may be well to bear in mind that Cornwallis +in this petition, which was against the two Sturmans and Hardwick, who +did not deny the allegations, but claimed the statute of limitation, +no mention is made of Ingle, save that on his ship Fenwick was +detained.[49] + +In the latter part of the year 1645 began the era of petitions, which +should be taken with allowance, for the age has been characterized as +one of perjury, and in the representations by both parties in Maryland +politics, advantage was taken of every slight point to strengthen +their respective positions, and from internal evidence it seems that +some statements were garbled, to say the least about them. The opening +of this era was marked by the presentation, December 25th, 1645, by +the committee of plantations, to the House of Lords, the following +statements and suggestions, viz: that many had complained of the +tyranny of recusants in Maryland, "who have seduced and forced many of +his Majesty's subjects from their religion;" that by a certificate +from the Judge of the Admiralty grounded upon the deposition of +witnesses taken in that Court: Leonard Calvert, late Governor there, +had a commission from Oxford to seize such persons, ships and goods as +belonged to any of London; which he registered, proclaimed, and +endeavored to put in execution at Virginia; and that one Brent, his +deputy Governor, had seized upon a ship, empowered under a commission +derived from the Parliament, because she was of London, and afterward +not only tampered with the crew thereof to carry her to Bristol, then +in hostility against the Parliament, but also tendered them an oath +against the Parliament; the committee under these circumstances +recommended that the province should be settled in the hands of +protestants.[50] This was the first part of the determined effort to +deprive the great Cecil Calvert of his charter of Maryland, which +Richard Ingle continued so vigorously in after years. He was probably +in England at that time, for he refers to the action of the Lords in +regard to the settling of the Maryland government, in his petition of +February 24th, 1645/6, to the House of Lords. To this petition was +appended a statement on behalf of Cornwallis, which will explain it. +Cornwallis said that on Ingle's return to England, to cover up his +defalcation in the matter of 200 pounds worth of goods, he had +complained to the committee for examinations against Cornwallis as an +enemy to the State. The matter was given a full hearing, and when it +was left to the law and the defendant was granted the right of having +witnesses in Maryland examined, Ingle had him arrested upon two +feigned actions to the value of 15,000 pounds sterling. Some friends +succeeded in rescuing him from prison, and then Ingle sent the +following petition to the House of Lords, which had the effect of +stopping for the time proceedings against him.[51] Having done so he +carried the prosecution no further. The petition is somewhat lengthy, +but it should be read as it is eminently characteristic of the +man.[52] + +"The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing That whereas the +petitioner, having taken the covenant, and going out with letters of +marque, as Captain of the ship Reformation, of London, and sailing to +Maryland, where, finding the Governor of that Province to have +received a commission from Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to +London, and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants, and +such as adhered to the Parliament, and to press wicked oaths upon +them, and to endeavor their extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving +himself, not only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the +Parliament, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their +assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing his men and +assisting the said well affected Protestants against the said +tyrannical government and the Papists and malignants. It pleased God +to enable him to take divers places from them, and to make him a +support to the said well affected. But since his return to England, +the said Papists and malignants, conspiring together, have brought +fictitious acts against him, at the common law, in the name of Thomas +Cornwallis and others for pretended trespass, in taking away their +goods, in the parish of St. Christopher's, London, which are the very +goods that were by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these +wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with which he relieved +the poor distressed Protestants there, who otherwise must have +starved, and been rooted out. + +"Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament of State, by the order +annexed, were pleased to direct an ordinance to be framed for the +settlement of the said province of Maryland, under the Committee of +Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it, and for that +such false and feigned actions for matters of war acted in foreign +parts, are not tryable at common law, but, if at all, before the Court +and Marshall; and for that it would be a dangerous example to permit +Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or otherwise +against the well affected for fighting for the Parliament. + +"The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lordships to be pleased to +direct that this business may be heard before your Lordships at the +bar, or to refer it to a committee to report the true state of the +case and to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the +common law may be staid, and no further proceeded in." + +It is not known how this matter was settled, but in 1647, September +8th, Ingle transferred to Cornwallis "for divers good and valuable +causes" the debts, bills, &c., belonging to him, and made him his +attorney to collect the same. Among the items in the inventory +appended to the power of attorney were "A Bill and note of John +Sturman's, the one dated the 10th of April 1645 for Satisfaction of +tenn pounds of powder the other dated the 4th of April 1645 for 900 l +of Tob & Caske," and "an acknowledgem^t of Cap^t William Stone dated +the 10th of April 1645 for a receipt of a Bill of Argall Yardley's +Esq, for 9860 l of Tobacco and Caske,"[53] which show that the +mercantile interests of Ingle were not subservient to his supposed +warlike measures. A consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and +of those by Ingle, proves that the latter must have had considerable +influence in the Parliament, and that he was prepared to stand by and +defend all his actions, and the similarity to his petition of ideas +and even of words in certain places, would safely allow the conjecture +that Ingle had something to do in the report of 1645 already +mentioned. It is curious also to compare his reference to the +ill-treatment of the Protestants, and the mention of the hardships of +Baltimore's adherents, made by the Assembly of 1649. There is no +record of the presence of Ingle in Maryland after the spring of 1645, +though the rebellion which he was accused of instigating continued +some months longer.[54] For continuity, a rapid sketch of the history +of Maryland during the next two years must be given. + +For fourteen months the province was without a settled government. In +March, 1645/6, the Virginian Assembly in view of the secret flight +into Maryland of Lieutenant Stillwell, and others, enacted that "Capt. +Tho. Willoughby, Esq., and Capt. Edward Hill be hereby authorized to +go to Maryland or Kent to demand the return of such persons who are +alreadie departed from the colony. And to follow such further +instructions as shall be given them by the Governor and Council."[55] +After Hill had arrived in Maryland he was elected governor by the +members of the council, who, notwithstanding Ingle's rebellion, were +in the province. The right of the council to elect Hill was afterwards +disputed, but one word must be said in regard to this. The reason for +disputing the right was that the councilors could elect only a member +of the council to be governor. In the commission to Leonard Calvert in +1637, no such restriction was made,[56] in the commission of 1642 the +restriction occurs, and in the commission of 1644, which has been +preserved in two copies, the same provision was made.[57] As Lord +Baltimore himself had confused ideas about this commission, it is not +surprising that the council thought they were doing right in electing +Hill. Even if the council had no right to act thus, Hill had stronger +claims to the governorship. In Lord Baltimore's commission to Leonard +Calvert, of September 18th, 1644, is the provision:[58] "and lastly +whereas our said Lieutenant may happen to dye or be absent from time +to time out of the said province of Maryland, before we can have +notice to depute another in his place we do therefore hereby grant +unto him full power and Authority from time to time in such Cases to +Nominate elect and appoint such an able person inhabiting and residing +within our said province of Maryl^d, as he in his discretion shall +make choice of & think fit to be our Lieutenant Governor, &c." Such is +the command as recorded in the Council Proceedings of Maryland. But +Baltimore, in 1648, in a commission to the Governor and council in +Maryland, wrote that Leonard Calvert had no right to appoint any +person in his stead "unless such persons were of our privy council +there,"[59] although he recognized the validity of Leonard's death-bed +appointment by witnesses of Governor Greene. He, to be sure, was a +member of the council, but this fact was not mentioned in the preamble +of the commission, in which the words, with some slight changes in +tense and mood, are almost identical with those in the preamble of the +commission of July 30th, 1646, from Calvert to Hill, which, +notwithstanding doubts to the contrary, must have been genuine. For +Lord Baltimore, in the commission of 1648 seems to have acknowledged +that his brother had granted the commission to Hill,[60] who, in a +letter to Calvert, said that he had promised him one-half the customs +and rents, the remuneration stipulated in his commission. Hill, not +knowing that Calvert was dead, wrote him a letter, dated June 18th, +1647, urging the payment of his dues, and the next day Greene, the new +Governor, replied that he did not understand the matter, but that if +Hill would send an attorney "full satisfaction should be given him." +When Hill wrote next he waived the authority of Calvert, and based his +claim upon the right of the council to elect him, and in this way +placed himself upon an illegal footing, which circumstance was taken +advantage of for a time by the Maryland authorities. But finally at a +court held June 10th, 1648,[61] one year after Calvert's death, a +claim from Hill was presented "for Arrears of what consideration was +Covenanted unto him by Leonard Calvert, Esq., for his Service in the +office of Governor of this Province, being the half of his Ldps rents +for the year 1646 & the half of the Customes for the Same yeare." It +was ordered by the court, "that ye half of that yeares Customes as far +as it hath not already been received by Capt. Hill shall be paid unto +him by the Ld Prop^rs Attorny out of the first profitts which shall be +receivable to his Ldp * * * his Ldps Receiver shall accompt & pay unto +Cap^t Edward Hill or his assignes the one halfe of his Ldps rents due +at Christmas next in Lieu of the S^d rents of the yeare 1646 which +were otherwise disposed of to his Ldps use." There is, however, one +fact which must not be lost sight of in regard to Leonard Calvert's +commission to Hill. If it was executed by a member of the council, and +therefore was a forgery, for in the records Calvert's name is signed +to it, and the place of the seal is noted, it is not at all likely +that it would have been allowed by Calvert on his return, and by his +immediate successors, to be preserved and copied into the records. If +all other proof failed this last would establish the validity of +Hill's commission. + +But Calvert, who, throughout his whole career as governor of Maryland, +showed unchanging devotion to his brother's interests, gathered in +Virginia a body of soldiers and returned at the end of 1646 to St. +Mary's, where he easily repossessed himself of that part of the +country, though Kent Island remained still in possession of +Claiborne's forces. Thus was ended what has been called Ingle's +rebellion, in which the loss of the lord proprietor's personal estate +"was in truth so small as that it was not Considerable when it was +come in Ballance with the Safety of the Province which as the then +present Condition of things stood, hung upon so ticklish a pin as that +unless such a disposition had been made thereof an absolute ruin and +subversion of the whole Province would inevitably have followed."[62] +Another proof of Hill's regular appointment is that Calvert on the +29th of December, soon after his return, re-assembled the Assembly, +which Hill had summoned and adjourned, and proceeded with it to enact +laws.[63] Although a later Assembly in 1648 protested against the laws +passed by this Assembly, the proprietor recognized them as valid, and +wrote in 1649 that it had been "lawfully continued" by his brother +"ffor although the first Sumons were issued by one who was not our +Lawfull Lieutenant there, yet being afterwards approved of by one that +was, it is all one, as to the proceedings afterward as if at first +they had issued from a lawfull Governor."[64] The writer is no lawyer, +but it seems, that, if the Assembly of Hill was "lawfully continued" +and "approved" by Calvert, the recognition by Baltimore must have been +legally retroactive, and, therefore, that the laws passed before +Calvert's return must have been legally valid, saving of course the +proprietor's dissent. Leonard Calvert having spent some months in +settling the affairs of the province died, June 9th, 1647, and Greene +ruled in his stead. In the following March, Ingle's name again appears +in the records. The governor, on March 4th, 1648, proclaimed pardon to +all except Richard Ingle, and in August of the same year the lord +proprietor issued, besides his commissions to Governor Stone, to the +council and to secretary Thomas Hatton, commissions, for the Great +Seal, for muster master general, and for commander of the Isle of +Kent. John Price was made muster master general for his "great +Fidelity unto us in that Occasion of the late insurrection and +Rebellion in our said province was begun there by that Notorious +Villain Richard Ingle and his Complices," and Robert Vaughan was +appointed commander of Kent for the same reason.[65] Then in 1650 was +passed the act of Oblivion, excepting Ingle, Durford, and some of the +Isle of Kent. In 1649, Baltimore granted to James Lindsey and Richard +Willan certain lands, and directed that in the grants should be +inserted the notice "of their singular and approved worth courage and +fidelity (in Ingle's insurrection) to the end a memory of their merit +and of his (the Proprietor) sense thereof may remain upon record to +the honour of them and their posterity forever."[66] + +An investigation into Ingle's doings at this time may explain the +bitter terms in which he is mentioned in the official records of +Maryland, and also why upon him was foisted the chief responsibility +for the disturbances. During the year 1646, Lord Baltimore was engaged +in defending his charter, against the justice of which such grave +charges had been brought by Ingle and others, in the winter of 1645/6. +On January 23rd, 1646/7, application in Baltimore's behalf, was made +to the House of Lords, that the depositions of witnesses made before +the Admiralty Court in regard to Maryland should be read. In a few +weeks Baltimore begged that the actions looking to the repeal of his +charter might be delayed, and on the same day certain merchants in +London, who were interested in the Virginia trade, requested that the +ordinance should be sent to the Commons, for Baltimore's petition was +intended only to cause delay.[67] The matter was stayed for the time, +but by December, 1649, Ingle had sent to the Council of State a +petition and remonstrance against the government of Lord Baltimore's +colony. The hearing, which was referred to the Committee of the +Admiralty, was postponed until January 10th, 1650, when Baltimore's +agent requested it to be deferred until the 16th. Witnesses were +summoned and upon Baltimore's appearance, he was ordered to make +answer in writing to Ingle by the 30th. On January 29th the matter was +again postponed until February 6th, "in respect of extraordinary +occasions not permitting them to hear the same to-morrow." Delay +followed delay until March 1st, when Ingle was "unprovided to prove" +the charges against Lord Baltimore for misconduct in the government +of Maryland, but on the 15th of the same month, "after several debates +of the business depending between Capt. Ingle and Lord Baltimore, +touching a commission granted to Leonard Calvert, * * * by the late +King at Oxford in 1643" the advocate for the State and the attorney +general were directed to examine the validity of the original charter +to Cecil, Lord Baltimore. Allusion to this matter was again made in +the records, but nothing showing its result unless it be the order of +the Council of State, of December 23d, 1651, that Lord Baltimore +should be allowed to "pursue his cause according to law."[68] + +Ingle seems to have been at this time in the service of what was once +a parliament, but which had been reduced in 1648, by Pride's purge, to +about sixty members. In February, 1650, he informed the Council of +State that on board two ships, the "'Flower de Luce' and the 'Thomas +and John,' were persons bound to Virginia, who were enemies of the +Commonwealth." The vessels were stayed for over a month, when they +were allowed to sail down to Gravesend, where, before they left for +Virginia, the mayor and justices were to "take the superscription of +passengers and mariners not to engage against the Commonwealth."[69] +In April of this year the Council of State ordered the payment to +Ingle of L30 sterling for services and care in keeping Captain +Gardner, who had been arrested for treason, in having tried to betray +Portland Castle.[70] He again comes into notice in 1653, by some +letters written by him to Edward Marston. He had been cast away by +shipwreck in the Downs, and was then at Dover, where he had been very +ill. Having heard that two prizes which he had helped to secure, had +been condemned and that the rest of the men had obtained their shares, +he wrote to secure the eleven shares due him, and told Marston to send +one part to his wife, and the other to him. On November 14th, he again +wrote that he had received no answer although "I have written you +every post these 3 weeks, having been sick my want of money is +great."[71] This is the last fact, which can at present be found, +about Richard Ingle, who first came into notice demanding tobacco +debts, and is discovered, at last demanding prize money. These two +acts were typical of the man, he was always on the lookout for gain +and yet remained a staunch adherent to the Long Parliament, which did +so much to strengthen English liberties, but whose acts led to such +extreme measures as those which culminated in the execution of the +self-willed unfortunate Charles I. + +By a careful consideration of all the facts, it will be seen that the +acts of Richard Ingle are in some cases legendary, and as such +naturally have become more heinous with every successive account. The +endeavor has been in this paper to give an unprejudiced historical +account of his life, but in view of the mis-statements about him, it +still remains to sum up, and examine the specific charges against him. +He is accused of having stolen the silver seal of the province. Lord +Baltimore's own statements, however, concerning it are doubtful. +"Whereas our great seal of the said province of Maryland was +treacherously and violently taken away from thence by Richard Ingle or +his complices in or about February,[72] 1644/5," he wrote in August, +1648. Nothing had been said according to the records up to that time +in Maryland about the loss of the seal. On the contrary, in a +commission given by Governor Greene on July 4th, 1647, over a year +before the proprietor's commission for the great seal, are the words, +"Given under my hand and the Seal of the province."[73] and in the +proclamation of March 4th, 1648, Greene promised pardon "under my +hand and the seal of the province,"[74] to all out of the province +except Ingle, who should confess their faults before a certain date. + +It may be urged against these facts that "under my hand and the seal +of the province," was mere legal phraseology. But those which have +been given are the only two instances of the use of the term from 1646 +to 1648, and are both preceded and followed by commissions, &c., +ending "and this shall be your commission," or "given at St. Mary's," +in which, if the term was merely technical language, why was it not +more frequently used? Again, it may be said that it was a temporary +seal. If it were, it is strange that no mention is made of the fact in +the records of the province, or in Lord Baltimore's commission for the +new seal. It was hoped and desired that in this paper no occasion +would arise to make accusations against any of Ingle's opponents, but +historic truth now requires it to be done. It must be remembered that +Baltimore was in constant danger of losing his charter, in a great +measure, on account of Ingle's activity against him. Upon his +authority alone is based the charge against Ingle about the seal, but +of how much value is the authority of one who, at the very same time +and in a commission sent out with that of the seal, wrote that Leonard +Calvert "was limited by our commission to him not to appoint" any +person governor "unless such person were of our privy council +there,"[75] although no such limitation as to the governor's right was +made in any of the commissions to Leonard Calvert so this clause in +the lord proprietor's commission resolves itself into a Machiavellian +statement. It is hardly credible that Lord Baltimore could have made +such a statement from ignorance, for no one knew the commission better +than the author of it. But notwithstanding the evidence against Lord +Baltimore, the writer has too high an opinion of his character to +attribute to him the diplomatic lie. Lord Baltimore was no doubt +influenced a great deal, by what was reported to him concerning +Maryland, so the blame must rest upon his informers. Still if these +persons would resort to such methods in one case, they would be likely +to do so in other instances. Whoever was the author of the statement, +it throws doubt upon other supposed facts of this period, and leads to +the conclusion that the commission for a new seal was one of the +reconstructive acts of the proprietor, on a par with the treatment of +Hill. + +Ingle has been charged with the destruction of the records of the +province. What was Baltimore's opinion? "We understand" he wrote in +1651, "that in the late Rebellion there One thousand Six hundred +Forty and four most of the Records of that province being then lost or +embezzled."[76] This hearsay statement of Lord Baltimore may have been +based upon the testimony in 1649, of Thomas Hatton, Secretary of the +province, of the receipt of books from Mr. Bretton, who "delivered to +me this Book, and another lesser Book with a Parchment Cover, divers +of the Leaves thereof being cut or torn out, and many of them being +lost and much worn out and defaced together with divers other Papers +and Writings bound together in a Bundle,"[77] and swore that they were +all the documents belonging to the secretary or register which could +be found, "except some Warrants, and some Draughts of Mr. _Hill's_ +Time." All the records, therefore, were not destroyed, but in 1649, +there were in existence papers belonging to the Hill regime. But +greater proofs against the vandalism of Ingle are the records +themselves, or the copies of them, which could not have been made if +the originals had been destroyed, and which have at last been +deposited where thieves do not break through nor steal. There have +been preserved among the records up to 1647, the original proprietary +record books, liber Z., 1637-1644 and liber P. R., 1642 to February +12, 1645. The Council Proceedings, 1636-1657, the Assembly +Proceedings, 1638-1658, and liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records, +have been handed down in copies. The loss of liber F., 1636-1642, can +no more be attributed to Ingle than can the loss of liber K., +1692-1694, which was made fifty years after Ingle's time. Both of +these, as well as records of later years, have been preserved in +copies only, but a brief study of the Calendar of State Archives, +prefixed to the Acts of Assembly, will demonstrate that the +destruction of records by Ingle could not have been so great as has +been supposed. But did he destroy any? There are gaps in the records, +that exist between February 14, 1645, when the rebellion occurred, and +December, 1646, when Calvert returned, but it is not likely that under +the existing circumstances very great care was taken of the records of +these twenty-two months, and moreover there is no proof that Ingle was +in the province after 1645, for he was probably in London in December +of that year, and certainly in the following February. His appointing +Cornwallis his attorney for collecting Maryland and Virginia debts +would also lead one to believe that he did not return to the province. +Some of the records of the Hill government, however, were in existence +in 1649, but as far as is known have since disappeared. Ingle +certainly did not destroy them, and indeed to a man engaged in the +tobacco trade, there were few inducements to waste his time, and that +of his men cutting up records. + +It is difficult to understand why Lord Baltimore should have called +Ingle an "ungrateful villain," for the reception the latter met at St. +Mary's in 1644, was not calculated to inspire one with gratitude. The +compensation offered Ingle might have been deemed liberal, but the +Maryland authorities acknowledged that they had to make this offer for +the public good and safety, and, therefore, no particular credit can +be given them for kindness towards the troublesome mariner. But the +relations between Ingle and Cornwallis are rather perplexing. The +latter accused Ingle of not returning the value of goods entrusted to +him, and also of landing, during his absence, "some men near his +house," and rifling "him to the value of 2,500 l at least."[78] All +this was done after Cornwallis had showed his devotion to Parliament, +by releasing Ingle. It must be remembered in connection with the +devotion to Parliament, that Ingle was doing the great carrying trade +for Cornwallis. Besides, after Ingle had made him his attorney, he +went to Maryland and there sued three men for the pillage and +destruction of his property, without implicating Ingle. In the absence +of full records concerning these two men, it is unfair to judge either +of them harshly in this matter. + +The indefinite allusion to Ingle's piracy in 1644 was not sustained, +but in 1649 he was again called "pirate." The definition of piracy has +undergone many changes within the past three hundred years. From +robbery committed upon the high seas, it has come to mean, "acts of +violence done upon the ocean or unappropriated lands or within the +territory of a state through descent from the sea, by a body of men +acting independently of any political or organized society."[79] The +pirate has also been held as an enemy, whom the whole human race can +oppress. These definitions are from the international standpoint. What +was the English law at the time of Ingle? The treatment of pirates was +regulated by the Act of Parliament, made in the reign of Henry +VIII.,[80] and Sir Leoline Jenkins, on September 2d, 1668, at a +session of the Admiralty, said, "now robbery as 'tis distinguished +from thieving or larceny, implies not only the actual taking away of +my goods, while I am, as we say, in peace, but also the putting me in +fear, by taking them away by force and arms out of my hands, or in my +sight and presence, when this is done upon the sea, without a lawful +commission of war or reprisals, it is downright Piracy."[81] In the +Assembly of March, 1638, piracy was defined as follows: "William +dawson with divers others did assault the vessels of Capt. Thomas +Cornwaleys his company feloniously and as pyrates & robbers to take +the said vessels and did discharge divers peices charged wi^th +bulletts & shott against the said Thomas Cornwaleys, &c."[82] Granted, +although it is doubtful, that Ingle seized the pinnace, riding in St. +Inigoes' creek, he was not, therefore, a pirate. According to the +testimony, he used no force, for the one in charge of the pinnace +allowed him to take it; and the act was not committed on the high +seas. For the acts committed on the land, Ingle acknowledged himself +to have been responsible; for in his petition he wrote, that he "did +venture his life and fortune in landing his men and assisting the said +well-affected Protestants (_i. e._, such as adhered to Parliament)" +against the government, the papists and malignants. His acts on the +land were rather contradictory, if one reads the testimony. In 1647, +for instance, a certain Walter Beane[83] at the request of Cuthbert +Fenwick, said that during the plundering time, with the consent of +Fenwick, he paid Ingle some tobacco, which was due Fenwick or +Cornwallis. Ingle then gave him the following, "Received of Walter +Beane five hund^r Thirty Eight pounds of Tob for a debt th^t the s^d +Walter Beane did owe to Cuthbert ffenwick. Witness my hand, + + RICH^D. INGLE." + +Beane stated also that sometime before Ingle came, he paid six +hogsheads of tobacco to Fenwick for Cornwallis, and that Ingle, upon +his arrival, sent eleven men to fetch the hogsheads and other tobacco; +that when Beane refused to give them up, Ingle was notified, and sent +a note threatening extreme measures, and Beane was thus forced to give +up the tobacco. Does it not seem curious that Ingle should give a +receipt for one batch of tobacco, and within a short time have other +tobacco forcibly seized? Of course the authorities of Maryland might +have considered such acts piratical. But they were not. Ingle had a +commission from Parliament, to relieve the planters in Maryland, by +furnishing them arms, &c. He found the government of Maryland at +enmity with Parliament, which was the actual government of England at +that time, and assisted the friends of Parliament in Maryland. Even if +he exceeded the provisions of his letter of marque he was responsible +to Parliament alone.[84] That the English authorities did not +disapprove of his conduct is shown by the weight attached to his +statements, and by the fact that he was afterwards in the service of +the Commonwealth. + +As to Ingle's having been a "rebel," the facts all point to his +participation in the beginning of a rebellion, caused probably, by +those dissatisfied with Leonard Calvert's rule, more probably by the +influence of William Claiborne, who in spite of condemnatory acts by +the Maryland Assembly, and the vacillating measures of Charles I., +insisted for many years upon his right to Kent Island. But rebellion +is viewed in different ways: by those against whom it is made, with +horror and detestation; by those who make it, with pride and ofttimes +with devotion. If Ingle led on the rebellion, he was acting in +Maryland, only as Cromwell afterwards did on a larger scale, in +England, and as Bacon, the brave and noble, did in Virginia, and to be +placed in the same category with many, who will be handed down to +future generations as rebels, will be no discredit to the first +Maryland rebel. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Spotswood Letters, Brock, p. 12. + +[2] Rev. Edw. D. Neill, to whom I am indebted for valuable references, +was the first to attempt any kind of a defence of Ingle, but Dr. Wm. +Hand Browne, who also has greatly aided me, has omitted the pirate and +rebel clause in the history which he is preparing for the Commonwealth +Series. + +[3] Assembly Proceedings, 1638-1664, p. 120, Land Office Records, Vol. +I., p. 582. In the Maryland records the name is spelled Cornwaleys, +but in this paper the rule has been adopted of spelling it Cornwallis, +as it is known to history. + +[4] Winthrop's History of New England, Vol. II., p. 75. Winthrop gave +another spelling, "Jugle," no doubt obtained from the signature, as +has been done with the name more than once in modern times. In a bill +sent to the grand jury at St. Mary's, Maryland, February 1st, 1643/4, +it was stated that Ingle's ship in 1642 was the "Reformation." The +bill was, however, returned "Ignoramus," and the use of the name was +probably anachronous. + +[5] Proprietary Records, Liber P. R., p. 85. + +[6] Ibid., p. 124. + +[7] Ibid., p. 137. + +[8] Ibid., p. 124. Council Proceedings, 1636-1657. Bozman, in his +History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 271, not knowing evidently that more +than one warrant was issued for Ingle's arrest, transposed this +proclamation, making it follow Jan. 20; but in P. R. it is under date +of Jan. 18, 1643/4. + +[9] P. R., p. 146. + +[10] Ibid., pp. 125, 138. + +[11] C. P., p. 111, P. R., p. 125. + +[12] Ibid., p. 125. + +[13] Ibid., pp. 129, 130. + +[14] Ibid. + +[15] This was on the south side of the Patuxent river. At one time the +Jesuits used a building there for a storehouse. There was the favorite +dwelling of Charles, third Lord Baltimore, which afterward belonged to +Mr. Henry Sewall, and there Col. Darnall took refuge during the Coode +uprising. + +[16] P. R., p. 131. + +[17] Ibid., p. 134. + +[18] Ibid., pp. 137, 139. + +[19] Ibid., p. 141. + +[20] Ibid., p. 148. + +[21] Bozman: History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 272. + +[22] P. R., p. 149. + +[23] Ibid., p. 150. + +[24] Ibid., p. 131. + +[25] Ibid., pp. 139, 145. + +[26] Sixth Report of the Historical Commission to Parliament, p. 101. + +[27] P. R., pp. 140, 141, 146. + +[28] Ibid., p. 146. + +[29] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101. + +[30] The absence of punctuation between the "Elizabeth and Ellen" +leads one to conjecture that there were but seven vessels. + +[31] Journal of the House of Commons, 1642-44, p. 607. This may be +found in the Congressional Library, Washington, D. C. + +[32] Collections N. Y. Historical Society, Series II., Vol. III., p. +126. Winthrop: History of New England, Vol. II., p. 198. + +[33] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 224; Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101. + +[34] Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland, by S. F. +Streeter, p. 267. + +[35] C. P., pp. 166, 201, 204; A. P., 238, 270. + +[36] C. P., p. 175; A. P., p. 301. + +[37] C. P., p. 209. + +[38] A. P., p. 238. + +[39] Ibid., pp. 238, 270, 271. At the request of the Assembly, +Baltimore forgave Thompson for acts which he might have committed by +reason of ignorance or through a mistake. + +[40] Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam, p. 95. + +[41] Records of the Eng. Prov. Society of Jesus, Series V., VI., VII., +VIII., pp. 337, 389. + +[42] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 432. + +[43] Ibid., p. 572. + +[44] Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354. + +[45] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 584. + +[46] Now Port Tobacco, Charles Co. Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354. + +[47] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 433. Most of the testimony against Ingle in +Maryland was by those whom he had held prisoners. + +[48] Ibid., Vol. I., pp. 432, 433. + +[49] Ibid. + +[50] Terra Mariae, Neill, pp. 110, 111. + +[51] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101. + +[52] Rev. E. D. Neill has given the full draft of this petition. See +Founders of Maryland, pp. 75-77. + +[53] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 378. + +[54] Father White and Father Fisher were carried to England and +imprisoned. The former was, after some months, released upon the +condition of his leaving England. He went to Belgium, and afterwards +returned to England, but never again to Maryland. "Thirsting for the +salvation of his beloved Marylanders he sought every opportunity of +returning secretly to that mission, earnestly begging the favor of his +Superiors; but, as the good Father was then upwards of sixty-five +years of age and his constitution broken down, they would not +consent." R. P. S. J., p. 337. Fisher was released and returned to +Maryland. + +[55] Hening: Statutes, Vol. I., p. 321. + +[56] C. P., pp. 17, 77. + +[57] Ibid., p. 136; L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 203. + +[58] C. P., p. 135. + +[59] Ibid., p. 209. + +[60] Ibid., p. 154-161. + +[61] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 328. + +[62] A. P., p. 242. + +[63] Ibid., pp. 209-210. + +[64] Ibid., 266. + +[65] C. P., pp. 204-205. + +[66] Kilty. Landholder's Assistant, pp. 79-80; L. O. R., Vol. II., p. +410. + +[67] Seventh Report His. Com., pp. 54, 162. + +[68] Sainsbury: Calendar State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, pp. +331-337, 368. + +[69] Ibid. + +[70] Ibid., Domestic, 1650, pp. 64, 79, 572. + +[71] Ibid., 1653-1654, pp. 235, 251, 278. + +[72] C. P., 201. + +[73] Ibid., 162. + +[74] Ibid., 166. + +[75] Ibid., p. 209. + +[76] A. P., p. 329. + +[77] C. P., 219. + +[78] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101. + +[79] Hall: International Law, p. 218. + +[80] 28 Henry VIII., C. 15. See p. 124, Vol. VI., Evan's Collection of +Statutes. + +[81] Quoted by Phillimore. See International Law, Vol. I., p. 414. + +[82] A. P., pp. 17-18. + +[83] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 312. + +[84] Phillimore, Vol. I., p. 425. + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +Archaic and variable spelling and capitalisation has been preserved in +the quoted material as printed. Asterisks are used instead of periods +in ellipses. Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Where the +letter l (representing pounds) is preceded by a number, a space has +been inserted between number and l for clarity. + +The following amendments have been made: + + Page 14--Febuary amended to February--"... a copy of a + certificate to Ingle under date of February 8th, ..." + + Page 20--masacre amended to massacre--"... had given as + a reason for the Indian massacre, ..." + + Page 33--Corwallis amended to Cornwallis--"A + consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and ..." + + Page 47--proprietory amended to proprietary--"... and + liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records, have been + handed down ..." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE *** + +***** This file should be named 26958.txt or 26958.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/9/5/26958/ + +Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Sam W. and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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