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+Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanells
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+Title:  The City of the Sun
+
+Author:  Tommaso Campanells
+
+September, 2001  [Etext #2816]
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+Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanells
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+
+
+
+
+The City of the Sun
+
+by Tommaso Campanells
+
+
+
+
+A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights
+Hospitallers and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest.
+
+
+G.M.  Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during
+that voyage?
+
+
+Capt.  I have already told you how I wandered
+over the whole earth.  In the course of my journeying I came
+to Taprobane, and was compelled to go ashore at a place, where
+through fear of the inhabitants I remained in a wood.  When I
+stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain immediately
+under the equator.
+
+
+G.M.  And what befell you here?
+
+
+Capt.  I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women,
+many of whom did not understand our language, and they con-
+ducted me forthwith to the City of the Sun.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it
+is governed.
+
+
+Capt.  The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill,
+which rises from an extensive plain, but several of its circles
+extend for some distance beyond the base of the hill, which is
+of such a size that the diameter of the city is upward of two
+miles, so that its circumference becomes about seven.  On ac-
+count of the humped shape of the mountain, however, the diam-
+eter of the city is really more than if it were built on a plain.
+
+   It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from
+the seven planets, and the way from one to the other of these is
+by four streets and through four gates, that look toward the
+four points of the compass.  Furthermore, it is so built that
+if the first circle were stormed, it would of necessity entail a
+double amount of energy to storm the second; still more to
+storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength and
+energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to
+capture that city must, as it were, storm it seven times.  For
+my own part, however, I think that not even the first wall could
+be occupied, so thick are the earthworks and so well fortified
+is it with breastworks, towers, guns, and ditches.
+
+   When I had been taken through the northern gate (which
+is shut with an iron door so wrought that it can be raised and
+let down, and locked in easily and strongly, its projections run-
+ning into the grooves of the thick posts by a marvellous device),
+I saw a level space seventy paces[1] wide between the first and
+second walls.  From hence can be seen large palaces, all joined
+to the wall of the second circuit in such a manner as to appear
+all one palace.  Arches run on a level with the middle height
+of the palaces, and are continued round the whole ring.  There
+are galleries for promenading upon these arches, which are
+supported from beneath by thick and well-shaped columns, en-
+closing arcades like peristyles, or cloisters of an abbey.
+
+   But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the
+inner or concave partition, from which one enters directly to
+the lower parts of the building.  The higher parts, however,
+are reached by flights of marble steps, which lead to galleries
+for promenading on the inside similar to those on the outside.
+From these one enters the higher rooms, which are very beauti-
+ful, and have windows on the concave and convex partitions.
+These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated
+walls.  The convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight
+spans thick; the concave, three; the intermediate walls are one,
+or perhaps one and a half.  Leaving this circle one gets to the
+second plain, which is nearly three paces narrower than the
+first.  Then the first wall of the second ring is seen adorned
+above and below with similar galleries for walking, and there
+is on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing palaces.
+It has also similar peristyles supported by columns in the lower
+part, but above are excellent pictures, round the ways into the
+upper houses.  And so on afterward through similar spaces
+and double walls, enclosing palaces, and adorned with galleries
+for walking, extending along their outer side, and supported
+by columns, till the last circuit is reached, the way being still
+over a level plain.
+
+   But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost
+and the inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means
+of steps so formed that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since
+it proceeds in a slanting direction, and the steps succeed one
+another at almost imperceptible heights.  On the top of the
+hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the midst of this there
+rises a temple built with wondrous art.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell on, I pray you!  Tell on!  I am dying to hear
+more.
+
+
+Capt.  The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not
+girt with walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully
+grouped.  A very large dome, built with great care in the cen-
+tre or pole, contains another small vault as it were rising out of
+it, and in this is a spiracle, which is right over the altar.  There
+is but one altar in the middle of the temple, and this is hedged
+round by columns.  The temple itself is on a space of more
+than 350 paces.  Without it, arches measuring about eight
+paces extend from the heads of the columns outward, whence
+other columns rise about three paces from the thick, strong, and
+erect wall.  Between these and the former columns there are
+galleries for walking, with beautiful pavements, and in the re-
+cess of the wall, which is adorned with numerous large doors,
+there are immovable seats, placed as it were between the inside
+columns, supporting the temple.  Portable chairs are not want-
+ing, many and well adorned.  Nothing is seen over the altar
+but a large globe, upon which the heavenly bodies are painted,
+and another globe upon which there is a representation of the
+earth.  Furthermore, in the vault of the dome there can be dis-
+cerned representations of all the stars of heaven from the first
+to the sixth magnitude, with their proper names and power to
+influence terrestrial things marked in three little verses for each.
+There are the poles and greater and lesser circles according to
+the right latitude of the place, but these are not perfect because
+there is no wall below.  They seem, too, to be made in their re-
+lation to the globes on the altar.  The pavement of the temple
+is bright with precious stones.  Its seven golden lamps hang
+always burning, and these bear the names of the seven planets.
+
+   At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells
+surround the small dome, and behind the level space above the
+bands or arches of the exterior and interior columns there are
+many cells, both small and large, where the priests and relig-
+ious officers dwell to the number of forty-nine.
+
+   A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this
+shows in what quarter the wind is.  The flag is marked with
+figures up to thirty-six, and the priests know what sort of year
+the different kinds of winds bring and what will be the changes
+of weather on land and sea.  Furthermore, under the flag a
+book is always kept written with letters of gold.
+
+
+G.M.  I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole
+system of government; for I am anxious to hear it.
+
+
+Capt.  The great ruler among them is a priest whom they
+call by the name Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic.
+He is head over all, in temporal and spiritual matters, and all
+business and lawsuits are settled by him, as the supreme au-
+thority.  Three princes of equal power -- viz., Pon, Sin, and
+Mor -- assist him, and these in our tongue we should call Power,
+Wisdom, and Love.  To Power belongs the care of all matters
+relating to war and peace.  He attends to the military arts, and,
+next to Hoh, he is ruler in every affair of a warlike nature.
+He governs the military magistrates and the soldiers, and has
+the management of the munitions, the fortifications, the storm-
+ing of places, the implements of war, the armories, the smiths
+and workmen connected with matters of this sort.
+
+   But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics,
+of all sciences with their magistrates and doctors, and of the
+discipline of the schools.  As many doctors as there are, are
+under his control.  There is one doctor who is called Astrolo-
+gus; a second, Cosmographus; a third, Arithmeticus; a fourth,
+Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth, Poeta; a seventh,
+Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus; a tenth,
+Medicus; an eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a thir-
+teenth, Moralis.  They have but one book, which they call
+Wisdom, and in it all the sciences are written with conciseness
+and marvellous fluency of expression.  This they read to the
+people after the custom of the Pythagoreans.  It is Wisdom
+who causes the exterior and interior, the higher and lower walls
+of the city to be adorned with the finest pictures, and to have
+all the sciences painted upon them in an admirable manner.
+On the walls of the temple and on the dome, which is let down
+when the priest gives an address, lest the sounds of his voice,
+being scattered, should fly away from his audience, there are
+pictures of stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers
+and motions of each, expressed separately in three little verses.
+
+   On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical
+figures are conspicuously painted -- figures more in number
+than Archimedes or Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically,
+and with the explanation of them neatly written and contained
+each in a little verse.  There are definitions and propositions,
+etc.  On the exterior convex wall is first an immense drawing
+of the whole earth, given at one view.  Following upon this,
+there are tablets setting forth for every separate country the
+customs both public and private, the laws, the origins and the
+power of the inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people
+use can be seen above that of the City of the Sun.
+
+   On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second
+ring of buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and com-
+mon stones, of minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece
+of the metal itself is also there with an apposite explanation
+in two small verses for each metal or stone.  On the outside
+are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes, and streams which are
+on the face of the earth; as are also the wines and the oils and
+the different liquids, with the sources from which the last are
+extracted, their qualities and strength.  There are also vessels
+built into the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids
+from one to 300 years old, which cure all diseases.  Hail and
+snow, storms and thunder, and whatever else takes place in the
+air, are represented with suitable figures and little verses.  The
+inhabitants even have the art of representing in stone all the
+phenomena of the air, such as the wind, rain, thunder, the rain-
+bow, etc.
+
+   On the interior of the third circuit all the different families
+of trees and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of
+each plant in earthenware vessels placed upon the outer parti-
+tion of the arches.  With the specimens there are explanations
+as to where they were first found, what are their powers and
+natures, and resemblances to celestial things and to metals, to
+parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and also as
+to their uses in medicine, etc.  On the exterior wall are all the
+races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits
+and values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the pur-
+poses for which they exist in the world, and their uses to man.
+Further, their resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things,
+produced both by nature and art, are so given that I was as-
+tonished when I saw a fish which was like a bishop, one like a
+chain, another like a garment, a fourth like a nail, a fifth like
+a star, and others like images of those things existing among
+us, the relation in each case being completely manifest.  There
+are sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish and mus-
+sels; and whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being
+known is there fully shown in marvellous characters of paint-
+ing and drawing.
+
+   On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are
+painted, with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of
+living, etc.; and the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabi-
+tants of this city.  On the exterior are shown all the races of
+creeping animals, serpents, dragons, and worms; the insects,
+the flies, gnats, beetles, etc., in their different states, strength,
+venoms, and uses, and a great deal more than you or I can think
+of.
+
+   On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the
+earth, as many in number as would astonish you.  We indeed
+know not the thousandth part of them, for on the exterior wall
+also a great many of immense size are also portrayed.  To be
+sure, of horses alone, how great a number of breeds there is and
+how beautiful are the forms there cleverly displayed!
+
+   On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with
+the several instruments for each and their manner of use among
+different nations.  Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and
+their several inventors are named.  But on the exterior all the
+inventors in science, in warfare, and in law are represented.
+There I saw Moses, Osiris, Jupiter, Mercury, Lycurgus, Pom-
+pilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon, Charondas, Phoroneus,
+with very many others.  They even have Mahomet, whom
+nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator.  In the
+most dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ
+and of the twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy
+and hold to be great.  Of the representations of men, I per-
+ceived Caesar, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and Hannibal in the high-
+est place; and other very renowned heroes in peace and war,
+especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower positions, under
+the galleries.  And when I asked with astonishment whence
+they had obtained our history, they told me that among them
+there was a knowledge of all languages, and that by persever-
+ance they continually send explorers and ambassadors over the
+whole earth, who learn thoroughly the customs, forces, rule and
+histories of the nations, bad and good alike.  These they apply
+all to their own republic, and with this they are well pleased.
+I learned that cannon and typography were invented by the
+Chinese before we knew of them.  There are magistrates who
+announce the meaning of the pictures, and boys are accustomed
+to learn all the sciences, without toil and as if for pleasure; but
+in the way of history only until they are ten years old.
+
+   Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race.  He
+sees that men and women are so joined together, that they bring
+forth the best offspring.  Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit
+a studious care for our breed of horses and dogs, but neglect
+the breeding of human beings.  Thus the education of the chil-
+dren is under his rule.  So also is the medicine that is sold, the
+sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of trees, agri-
+culture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the cook-
+ing arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food,
+clothing, and the intercourse of the sexes.  Love himself is
+ruler, but there are many male and female magistrates dedi-
+cated to these arts.
+
+   Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the
+above-named matters, and even by himself alone nothing is
+done; all business is discharged by the four together, but in
+whatever Metaphysic inclines to the rest are sure to agree.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and
+duties, of the education and mode of living, whether the gov-
+ernment is a monarchy, a republic, or an aristocracy.
+
+
+Capt.  This race of men came there from India, flying from
+the sword of the Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who
+laid waste their country, and they determined to lead a philo-
+sophic life in fellowship with one another.  Although the com-
+munity of wives is not instituted among the other inhabitants
+of their province, among them it is in use after this manner:
+All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by
+the authority of the magistrates.  Arts and honors and pleas-
+ures are common, and are held in such a manner that no one
+can appropriate anything to himself.
+
+   They say that all private property is acquired and improved
+for the reason that each one of us by himself has his own home
+and wife and children.  From this, self-love springs.  For
+when we raise a son to riches and dignities, and leave an heir to
+much wealth, we become either ready to grasp at the property of
+the State, if in any case fear should be removed from the power
+which belongs to riches and rank; or avaricious, crafty, and
+hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse, little strength, and
+mean ancestry.  But when we have taken away self-love, there
+remains only love for the State.
+
+
+G.M.  Under such circumstances no one will be willing to
+labor, while he expects others to work, on the fruit of whose
+labors he can live, as Aristotle argues against Plato.
+
+
+Capt.  I do not know how to deal with that argument, but
+I declare to you that they burn with so great a love for their
+fatherland, as I could scarcely have believed possible; and in-
+deed with much more than the histories tell us belonged to the
+Romans, who fell willingly for their country, inasmuch as they
+have to a greater extent surrendered their private property.
+I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy of our coun-
+try, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and
+friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be
+less fond of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity
+toward all, as it was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a
+great many cases.
+
+
+G.M.  St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this
+race of men, friendship is worth nothing, since they have not
+the chance of conferring mutual benefits on one another.
+
+
+Capt.  Nay, indeed.  For it is worth the trouble to see that
+no one can receive gifts from another.  Whatever is necessary
+they have, they receive it from the community, and the magis-
+trate takes care that no one receives more than he deserves.  Yet
+nothing necessary is denied to anyone.  Friendship is recog-
+nized among them in war, in infirmity, in the art contests, by
+which means they aid one another mutually by teaching.  Some-
+times they improve themselves mutually with praises, with con-
+versation, with actions, and out of the things they need.  All
+those of the same age call one another brothers.  They call all
+over twenty-two years of age, fathers; those that are less than
+twenty-two are named sons.  Moreover, the magistrates gov-
+ern well, so that no one in the fraternity can do injury to an-
+other.
+
+
+G.M.  And how?
+
+
+Capt.  As many names of virtues as there are among us, so
+many magistrates there are among them.  There is a magis-
+trate who is named Magnanimity, another Fortitude, a third
+Chastity, a fourth Liberality, a fifth Criminal and Civil Justice,
+a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an eighth Kindness, a tenth
+Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth Exercise, a thir-
+teenth Sobriety, etc.  They are elected to duties of that kind,
+each one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from
+boyhood to be most suitable.  Wherefore among them neither
+robbery nor clever murders, nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or
+other crimes of which we accuse one another, can be found.
+They accuse themselves of ingratitude and malignity when any-
+one denies a lawful satisfaction to another of indolence, of sad-
+ness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander, and of lying, which
+curseful thing they thoroughly hate.  Accused persons under-
+going punishment are deprived of the common table, and other
+honors, until the judge thinks that they agree with their cor-
+rection.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are
+chosen.
+
+
+Capt.  You would not rightly understand this, unless you
+first learned their manner of living.  That you may know, then,
+men and women wear the same kind of garment, suited for war.
+The women wear the toga below the knee, but the men above;
+and both sexes are instructed in all the arts together.  When
+this has been done as a start, and before their third year, the
+boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by walk-
+ing round them.  They have four leaders, and four elders, the
+first to direct them, the second to teach them, and these are men
+approved beyond all others.  After some time they exercise
+themselves with gymnastics, running, quoits, and other games,
+by means of which all their muscles are strengthened alike.
+Their feet are always bare, and so are their heads as far as the
+seventh ring.  Afterward they lead them to the offices of the
+trades, such as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working, carpentry,
+painting, etc.  In order to find out the bent of the genius of
+each one, after their seventh year, when they have already gone
+through the mathematics on the walls, they take them to the
+readings of all the sciences; there are four lectures at each read-
+ing, and in the course of four hours the four in their order ex-
+plain everything.
+
+   For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with pub-
+lic services or functions, others apply themselves to reading.
+Leaving these studies all are devoted to the more abstruse sub-
+jects, to mathematics, to medicine, and to other sciences.  There
+are continual debate and studied argument among them, and
+after a time they become magistrates of those sciences or me-
+chanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for every-
+one follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out
+to the plains to the works of the field, and for the purpose of
+becoming acquainted with the pasturage of the dumb animals.
+And they consider him the more noble and renowned who has
+dedicated himself to the study of the most arts and knows how
+to practise them wisely.  Wherefore they laugh at us in that we
+consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to be noble who
+have mastered no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many
+slaves given over to their own pleasure and lasciviousness; and
+thus, as it were, from a school of vices so many idle and wicked
+fellows go forth for the ruin of the State.
+
+   The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four
+chiefs, Hoh, Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art
+over which they are fit to preside.  And these teachers know
+well who is most suited for rule.  Certain men are proposed
+by the magistrates in council, they themselves not seeking to
+become candidates, and he opposes who knows anything against
+those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks in favor
+of them.  But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him
+who knows the histories of the nations, and their customs and
+sacrifices and laws, and their form of government, whether a
+republic or a monarchy.  He must also know the names of the
+lawgivers and the inventors in science, and the laws and the
+history of the earth and the heavenly bodies.  They think it
+also necessary that he should understand all the mechanical
+arts, the physical sciences, astrology and mathematics.  Near-
+ly every two days they teach our mechanical art.  They are not
+allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent practice and the
+paintings render learning easy to them.  Not too much care
+is given to the cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly
+number of interpreters who are grammarians in the State.
+But beyond everything else it is necessary that Hoh should
+understand metaphysics and theology; that he should know
+thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations of
+all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things;
+necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wis-
+dom, and the love of things and of God; the stages of life and
+its symbols; everything relating to the heavens, the earth, and
+the sea; and the ideas of God, as much as mortal man can know
+of him.  He must also be well read in the prophets and in as-
+trology.  And thus they know long beforehand who will be
+Hoh.  He is not chosen to so great a dignity unless he has at-
+tained his thirty-fifth year.  And this office is perpetual, be-
+cause it is not known who may be too wise for it or who too
+skilled in ruling.
+
+
+G.M.  Who indeed can be so wise?  If even anyone has a
+knowledge of the sciences it seems that he must be unskilled
+in ruling.
+
+
+Capt.  This very question I asked them and they replied
+thus: "We, indeed, are more certain that such a very learned
+man has the knowledge of governing, than you who place ig-
+norant persons in authority, and consider them suitable merely
+because they have sprung from rulers or have been chosen by a
+powerful faction.  But our Hoh, a man really the most capable
+to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a tyrant, inas-
+much as he possesses so much wisdom.  This, moreover, is not
+unknown to you, that the same argument cannot apply among
+you, when you consider that man the most learned who knows
+most of grammar, or logic, or of Aristotle or any other author.
+For such knowledge as this of yours much servile labor and
+memory work are required, so that a man is rendered unskilful,
+since he has contemplated nothing but the words of books and
+has given his mind with useless result to the consideration of
+the dead signs of things.  Hence he knows not in what way
+God rules the universe, nor the ways and customs of nature and
+the nations.  Wherefore he is not equal to our Hoh.  For that
+one cannot know so many arts and sciences thoroughly, who is
+not esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt at all things, and
+therefore at ruling especially.  This also is plain to us that he
+who knows only one science, does not really know either that
+or the others, and he who is suited for only one science and has
+gathered his knowledge from books, is unlearned and unskilled.
+But this is not the case with intellects prompt and expert in
+every branch of knowledge and suitable for the consideration
+of natural objects, as it is necessary that our Hoh should be.
+Besides in our State the sciences are taught with a facility (as
+you have seen) by which more scholars are turned out by us
+in one year than by you in ten, or even fifteen.  Make trial, I
+pray you, of these boys."
+
+   In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truth-
+ful discourse and at the trial of their boys, who did not under-
+stand my language well.  Indeed it is necessary that three of
+them should be skilled in our tongue, three in Arabic, three in
+Polish, and three in each of the other languages, and no recrea-
+tion is allowed them unless they become more learned.  For
+that they go out to the plain for the sake of running about and
+hurling arrows and lances, and of firing harquebuses, and for
+the sake of hunting the wild animals and getting a knowledge
+of plants and stones, and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes
+the band of boys does one thing, sometimes another.
+
+   They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assist-
+ing Hoh should know other than the arts having reference to
+their rule, and so they have only a historical knowledge of the
+arts which are common to all.  But their own they know well,
+to which certainly one is dedicated more than another.  Thus
+Power is the most learned in the equestrian art, in marshalling
+the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture of
+every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning
+stratagems, and in every affair of a military nature.  And for
+these reasons, they consider it necessary that these chiefs
+should have been philosophers, historians, politicians, and
+physicists.  Concerning the other two triumvirs, understand
+remarks similar to those I have made about Power.
+
+
+G.M.  I really wish that you would recount all their public
+duties, and would distinguish between them, and also that you
+would tell clearly how they are all taught in common.
+
+
+Capt.  They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and
+couches and other necessaries.  But at the end of every six
+months they are separated by the masters.  Some shall sleep in
+this ring, some in another; some in the first apartment, and
+some in the second; and these apartments are marked by means
+of the alphabet on the lintel.  There are occupations, mechani-
+cal and theoretical, common to both men and women, with this
+difference, that the occupations which require more hard work,
+and walking a long distance, are practised by men, such as
+ploughing, sowing, gathering the fruits, working at the thresh-
+ing-floor, and perchance at the vintage.  But it is customary to
+choose women for milking the cows and for making cheese.  In
+like manner, they go to the gardens near to the outskirts of the
+city both for collecting the plants and for cultivating them.  In
+fact, all sedentary and stationary pursuits are practised by the
+women, such as weaving, spinning, sewing, cutting the hair,
+shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all kinds of gar-
+ments.  They are, however, excluded from working in wood
+and the manufacture of arms.  If a woman is fit to paint, she
+is not prevented from doing so; nevertheless, music is given
+over to the women alone, because they please the more, and of
+a truth to boys also.  But the women have not the practise of
+the drum and the horn.
+
+   And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the
+following manner.  It is the peculiar work of the boys and
+girls under twenty to wait at the tables.  In every ring there
+are suitable kitchens, barns, and stores of utensils for eating
+and drinking, and over every department an old man and an old
+woman preside.  These two have at once the command of those
+who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing to be chas-
+tised, those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also
+examine and mark each one, both male and female, who excels
+in his or her duties.
+
+   All the young people wait upon the older ones who have
+passed the age of forty, and in the evening when they go to
+sleep the master and mistress command that those should be
+sent to work in the morning, upon whom in succession the duty
+falls, one or two to separate apartments.  The young people,
+however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some un-
+willingness.  They have first and second tables, and on both
+sides there are seats.  On one side sit the women, on the other
+the men; and as in the refectories of the monks, there is no
+noise.  While they are eating a young man reads a book from
+a platform, intoning distinctly and sonorously, and often the
+magistrates question them upon the more important parts of
+the reading.  And truly it is pleasant to observe in what man-
+ner these young people, so beautiful and clothed in garments
+so suitable, attend to them, and to see at the same time so many
+friends, brothers, sons, fathers, and mothers all in their turn
+living together with so much honesty, propriety, and love.  So
+each one is given a napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of food.  It
+is the duty of the medical officers to tell the cooks what repasts
+shall be prepared on each day, and what food for the old, what
+for the young, and what for the sick.  The magistrates receive
+the full-grown and fatter portion, and they from their share
+always distribute something to the boys at the table who have
+shown themselves more studious in the morning at the lectures
+and debates concerning wisdom and arms.  And this is held
+to be one of the most distinguished honors.  For six days they
+ordain to sing with music at table.  Only a few, however, sing;
+or there is one voice accompanying the lute and one for each
+other instrument.  And when all alike in service join their
+hands, nothing is found to be wanting.  The old men placed
+at the head of the cooking business and of the refectories of the
+servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the houses, the ves-
+sels, the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses.
+
+   They wear white under-garments to which adheres a cover-
+ing, which is at once coat and legging, without wrinkles.  The
+borders of the fastenings are furnished with globular buttons,
+extended round and caught up here and there by chains.  The
+coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and are continued
+even to the heels.  Then they cover the feet with large socks,
+or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they
+wear a half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are
+clothed with a toga.  And so aptly fitting are the garments,
+that when the toga is destroyed, the different parts of the whole
+body are straightway discerned, no part being concealed.  They
+change their clothes for different ones four times in the year,
+that is when the sun enters respectively the constellations Aries,
+Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and according to the circum-
+stances and necessity as decided by the officer of health.  The
+keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to distribute
+them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time as
+many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some
+slight, according to the weather.  They all use white clothing,
+and this is washed in each month with lye or soap, as are also
+the workshops of the lower trades, the kitchens, the pantries
+the barns, the store-houses, the armories, the refectories, and
+the baths.
+
+   Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peri-
+styles, and the water is brought down by means of canals which
+are continued as sewers.  In every street of the different rings
+there are suitable fountains, which send forth their water by
+means of canals, the water being drawn up from nearly the bot-
+tom of the mountain by the sole movement of a cleverly con-
+trived handle.  There is water in fountains and in cisterns,
+whither the rain-water collected from the roofs of the houses
+is brought through pipes full of sand.  They wash their bodies
+often, according as the doctor and master command.  All the
+mechanical arts are practised under the peristyles, but the spec-
+ulative are carried on above in the walking galleries and ram-
+parts where are the more splendid paintings, but the more sacred
+ones are taught in the temple.  In the halls and wings of the
+rings there are solar time-pieces and bells, and hands by which
+the hours and seasons are marked off.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell me about their children.
+
+
+Capt.  When their women have brought forth children, they
+suckle and rear them in temples set apart for all.  They give
+milk for two years or more as the physician orders.  After that
+time the weaned child is given into the charge of the mistresses,
+if it is a female, and to the masters, if it is a male.  And then
+with other young children they are pleasantly instructed in the
+alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in running,
+walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and in
+languages; and they are adorned with a suitable garment of
+different colors.  After their sixth year they are taught natural
+science, and then the mechanical sciences.  The men who are
+weak in intellect are sent to farms, and when they have become
+more proficient some of them are received into the State.  And
+those of the same age and born under the same constellation
+are especially like one another in strength and in appearance,
+and hence arises much lasting concord in the State, these men
+honoring one another with mutual love and help.  Names are
+given to them by Metaphysicus, and that not by chance, but de-
+signedly, and according to each one's peculiarity, as was the
+custom among the ancient Romans.  Wherefore one is called
+Beautiful (Pulcher), another the Big-nosed (Naso), another
+the Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked (Torvus), an-
+other Lean (Macer), and so on.  But when they have become
+very skilled in their professions and done any great deed in war
+or in time of peace, a cognomen from art is given to them, such
+as Beautiful the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor Magnus), the
+Golden One (Aureus), the Excellent One (Excellens), or the
+Strong (Strenuus); or from their deeds, such as Naso the
+Brave (Nason Fortis), or the Cunning, or the Great, or Very
+Great Conqueror; or from the enemy anyone has overcome,
+Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if anyone has overcome
+Manfred or Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or Tortelius,
+and so on.  All these cognomens are added by the higher mag-
+istrates, and very often with a crown suitable to the deed or art,
+and with the flourish of music.  For gold and silver are reck-
+oned of little value among them except as material for their
+vessels and ornaments, which are common to all.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them
+or disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a
+magistracy, or to any other dignity to which he aspires?
+
+
+Capt.  Certainly not.  For no one wants either necessaries
+or luxuries.  Moreover, the race is managed for the good of
+the commonwealth, and not of private individuals, and the mag-
+istrates must be obeyed.  They deny what we hold -- viz., that it
+is natural to man to recognize his offspring and to educate them,
+and to use his wife and house and children as his own.  For
+they say that children are bred for the preservation of the
+species and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also as-
+serts.  Therefore the breeding of children has reference to the
+commonwealth, and not to individuals, except in so far as they
+are constituents of the commonwealth.  And since individuals
+for the most part bring forth children wrongly and educate
+them wrongly, they consider that they remove destruction from
+the State, and therefore for this reason, with most sacred fear,
+they commit the education of the children, who, as it were, are
+the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates; for the
+safety of the community is not that of a few.  And thus they
+distribute male and female breeders of the best natures accord-
+ing to philosophical rules.  Plato thinks that this distribution
+ought to be made by lot, lest some men seeing that they are kept
+away from the beautiful women, should rise up with anger and
+hatred against the magistrates; and he thinks further that those
+who do not deserve cohabitation with the more beautiful
+women, should be deceived while the lots are being led out of
+the city by the magistrates, so that at all times the women who
+are suitable should fall to their lot, not those whom they desire.
+This shrewdness, however, is not necessary among the inhab-
+itants of the City of the Sun.  For with them deformity is un-
+known.  When the women are exercised they get a clear com-
+plexion, and become strong of limb, tall and agile, and with
+them beauty consists in tallness and strength.  Therefore, if
+any woman dyes her face, so that it may become beautiful, or
+uses high-heeled boots so that she may appear tall, or garments
+with trains to cover her wooden shoes, she is condemned to cap-
+ital punishment.  But if the women should even desire them
+they have no facility for doing these things.  For who indeed
+would give them this facility?  Further, they assert that among
+us abuses of this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women.
+By these means they lose their color and have pale complexions,
+and become feeble and small.  For this reason they are without
+proper complexions, use high sandals, and become beautiful not
+from strength, but from slothful tenderness.  And thus they
+ruin their own tempers and natures, and consequently those of
+their offspring.  Furthermore, if at any time a man is taken
+captive with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are al-
+lowed to converse and joke together and to give one another
+garlands of flowers or leaves, and to make verses.  But if the
+race is endangered, by no means is further union between them
+permitted.  Moreover, the love born of eager desire is not
+known among them; only that born of friendship.
+
+   Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, be-
+cause, excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he
+is in need of.  To the heroes and heroines of the republic, it
+is customary to give the pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful
+wreaths, sweet food, or splendid clothes, while they are feast-
+ing.  In the daytime all use white garments within the city, but
+at night or outside the city they use red garments either of wool
+or silk.  They hate black as they do dung, and therefore they
+dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black.  Pride they con-
+sider the most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is
+chastised with the most ruthless correction.  Wherefore no
+one thinks it lowering to wait at table or to work in the kitchen
+or fields.  All work they call discipline, and thus they say that
+it is honorable to go on foot, to do any act of nature, to see with
+the eye, and to speak with the tongue; and when there is need,
+they distinguish philosophically between tears and spittle.
+
+   Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty,
+is considered very honorable.  It is not the custom to keep
+slaves.  For they are enough, and more than enough, for them-
+selves.  But with us, alas! it is not so.  In Naples there exist
+70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely 10,000 or 15,000 do any
+work, and they are always lean from overwork and are getting
+weaker every day.  The rest become a prey to idleness, avarice,
+ill-health, lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and contam-
+inate and corrupt very many families by holding them in servi-
+tude for their own use, by keeping them in poverty and slavish-
+ness, and by imparting to them their own vices.  Therefore
+public slavery ruins them; useful works, in the field, in military
+service, and in arts, except those which are debasing, are not
+cultivated, the few who do practise them doing so with much
+aversion.
+
+   But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are dis-
+tributed among all, it only falls to each one to work for about
+four hours every day.  The remaining hours are spent in learn-
+ing joyously, in debating, in reading, in reciting, in writing, in
+walking, in exercising the mind and body, and with play.  They
+allow no game which is played while sitting, neither the single
+die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these.  But they play
+with the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling, with
+hurling at the stake.  They say, moreover, that grinding poverty
+renders men worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vag-
+abonds, liars, false witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them
+insolent, proud, ignorant, traitors, assumers of what they know
+not, deceivers, boasters, wanting in affection, slanderers, etc.
+But with them all the rich and poor together make up the com-
+munity.  They are rich because they want nothing, poor be-
+cause they possess nothing; and consequently they are not
+slaves to circumstances, but circumstances serve them.  And on
+this point they strongly recommend the religion of the Chris-
+tians, and especially the life of the apostles.
+
+
+G.M.  This seems excellent and sacred, but the community
+of women is a thing too difficult to attain.  The holy Roman
+Clement says that wives ought to be common in accordance with
+the apostolic institution, and praises Plato and Socrates, who
+thus teach, but the Glossary interprets this community with
+regard to obedience.  And Tertullian agrees with the Glossary,
+that the first Christians had everything in common except
+wives.
+
+
+Capt.  These things I know little of.  But this I saw among
+the inhabitants of the City of the Sun, that they did not make
+this exception.  And they defend themselves by the opinion of
+Socrates, of Cato, of Plato, and of St. Clement; but, as you say,
+they misunderstand the opinions of these thinkers.  And the
+inhabitants of the solar city ascribe this to their want of educa-
+tion, since they are by no means learned in philosophy.  Never-
+theless, they send abroad to discover the customs of nations,
+and the best of these they always adopt.  Practice makes the
+women suitable for war and other duties.  Thus they agree with
+Plato, in whom I have read these same things.  The reasoning
+of our Cajetan does not convince me, and least of all that of
+Aristotle.  This thing, however, existing among them is ex-
+cellent and worthy of imitation -- viz., that no physical defect
+renders a man incapable of being serviceable except the decrepi-
+tude of old age, since even the deformed are useful for consulta-
+tion.  The lame serve as guards, watching with the eyes which
+they possess.  The blind card wool with their hands, separating
+the down from the hairs, with which latter they stuff the
+couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes and
+hands give the use of their ears or their voice for the conven-
+ience of the State, and if one has only one sense he uses it in the
+farms.  And these cripples are well treated, and some become
+spies, telling the officers of the State what they have heard.
+
+
+G.M.  Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs.
+Then you may explain their arts, ways of life and sciences,
+and lastly their religion.
+
+
+Capt.  The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magis-
+trates of arms, of artillery, of cavalry, of  foot-soldiers, of archi-
+tects, and of strategists; and the masters and many of the
+most excellent workmen obey the magistrates, the men of each
+art paying allegiance to their respective chiefs.  Moreover,
+Power is at the head of all the professors of gymnastics, who
+teach military exercise, and who are prudent generals, advanced
+in age.  By these the boys are trained after their twelfth year.
+Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to wres-
+tling, running, throwing the weight, and other minor exercises,
+under inferior masters.  But at twelve they are taught how to
+strike at the enemy, at horses and elephants, to handle the spear,
+the sword, the arrow, and the sling; to manage the horse, to
+advance and to retreat, to remain in order of battle, to help a
+comrade in arms, to anticipate the enemy by cunning, and to
+conquer.
+
+   The women also are taught these arts under their own magis-
+trates and mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to
+render assistance to the males in battles near the city.  They
+are taught to watch the fortifications lest at some time a hasty
+attack should suddenly be made.  In this respect they praise the
+Spartans and Amazons.  The women know well also how to
+let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead; how to
+throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack.
+They are accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether,
+and that one is punished most severely who shows any fear.
+
+   The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death,
+because they all believe that the soul is immortal, and that when
+it has left the body it is associated with other spirits, wicked or
+good, according to the merits of this present life.  Although
+they are partly followers of Brahma and Pythagoras, they do
+not believe in the transmigration of souls, except in some cases
+by a distinct decree of God.  They do not abstain from injuring
+an enemy of the republic and of religion, who is unworthy of
+pity.  During the second month the army is reviewed, and every
+day there is practice of arms, either in the cavalry plain or
+within the walls.  Nor are they ever without lectures on the
+science of war.  They take care that the accounts of Moses, of
+Joshua, of David, of Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of Alexander,
+of Scipio, of Hannibal, and other great soldiers should be read.
+And then each one gives his own opinion as to whether these
+generals acted well or ill, usefully or honorably, and then the
+teacher answers and says who are right.
+
+
+G.M.  With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons,
+since they are so prosperous?
+
+
+Capt.  Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exer-
+cised in military tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they
+should become effeminate and unprepared for any emergency.
+Besides, there are four kingdoms in the island, which are very
+envious of their prosperity, for this reason that the people de-
+sire to live after the manner of the inhabitants of the City of
+the Sun, and to be under their rule rather than that of their
+own kings.  Wherefore the State often makes war upon these
+because, being neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously,
+since they have not an object of worship and do not observe the
+religion of other nations or of the Brahmins.  And other
+nations of India, to which formerly they were subject, rise up
+as it were in rebellion, as also do the Taprobanese, whom they
+wanted to join them at first.  The warriors of the City of the
+Sun, however, are always the victors.  As soon as they suffered
+from insult or disgrace or plunder, or when their allies have
+been harassed, or a people have been oppressed by a tyrant of
+the State (for they are always the advocates of liberty), they
+go immediately to the Council for deliberation.  After they
+have knelt in the presence of God, that he might inspire their
+consultation, they proceed to examine the merits of the busi-
+ness, and thus war is decided on.  Immediately after, a priest,
+whom they call Forensic, is sent away.  He demands from the
+enemy the restitution of the plunder, asks that the allies should
+be freed from oppression, or that the tyrant should be deposed.
+If they deny these things war is declared by invoking the ven-
+geance of God -- the God of Sabaoth -- for destruction of those
+who maintain an unjust cause.  But if the enemy refuse to re-
+ply, the priest gives him the space of one hour for his answer,
+if he is a king, but three if it is a republic, so that they cannot
+escape giving a response.  And in this manner is war under-
+taken against the insolent enemies of natural rights and of re-
+ligion.  When war has been declared, the deputy of Power
+performs everything, but Power, like the Roman dictator, plans
+and wills everything, so that hurtful tardiness may be avoided.
+And when anything of great moment arises he consults Hoh
+and Wisdom and Love.
+
+   Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of
+making an expedition are declared by a herald in the great
+Council.  All from twenty years and upward are admitted to
+this Council, and thus the necessaries are agreed upon.  All
+kinds of weapons stand in the armories, and these they use often
+in sham fights.  The exterior walls of each ring are full of
+guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines for
+hurling which are called cannons, and which they take into
+battle upon mules and asses and carriages.  When they have
+arrived in an open plain they enclose in the middle the provis-
+ions, engines of war, chariots, ladders, and machines, and all
+fight courageously.  Then each one returns to the standards,
+and the enemy thinking that they are giving and preparing to
+flee, are deceived and relax their order: then the warriors of
+the City of the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on each
+side, regain their breath and strength, and ordering the artillery
+to discharge their bullets they resume the fight against a disor-
+ganized host.  And they observe many ruses of this kind.
+They overcome all mortals with their stratagems and engines.
+Their camp is fortified after the manner of the Romans.  They
+pitch their tents and fortify with wall and ditch with wonderful
+quickness.  The masters of works, of engines and hurling
+machines, stand ready, and the soldiers understand the use of
+the spade and the axe.
+
+   Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and
+in strategy consult together concerning the business of war,
+and command their bands after consultation.  It is their wont
+to take out with them a body of boys, armed and on horses, so
+that they may learn to fight, just as the whelps of lions and
+wolves are accustomed to blood.  And these in time of danger
+betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many armed
+women.  After the battle the women and boys soothe and re-
+lieve the pain of the warriors, and wait upon them and encour-
+age them with embraces and pleasant words.  How wonderful
+a help is this!  For the soldiers, in order that they may acquit
+themselves as sturdy men in the eyes of their wives and off-
+spring, endure hardships, and so love makes them conquerors.
+He who in the fight first scales the enemy's walls receives after
+the battle of a crown of grass, as a token of honor, and at the
+presentation the women and boys applaud loudly; that one who
+affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of oak-leaves; he who
+kills a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and receives from
+Hoh the cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain other
+kinds of crowns.
+
+   Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tem-
+pered pistols, narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle.
+And to get the barrels of their pistols narrow they pierce the
+metal which they intend to convert into arms.  Further, every
+cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger.  But the rest, who
+form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel.  For if the
+foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make
+swords, they attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him.
+Two chains of six spans length hang from the club, and at the
+end of these are iron balls, and when these are aimed at the
+enemy they surround his neck and drag him to the ground; and
+in order that they may be able to use the club more easily, they
+do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them by means
+of the feet.  If perchance the reins are interchanged above the
+trappings of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups
+with buckles, and not to the feet.  And the stirrups have an ar-
+rangement for swift movement of the bridle, so that they draw
+in or let out the rein with marvellous celerity.  With the right
+foot they turn the horse to the left, and with the left to the right.
+This secret, moreover, is not known to the Tartars.  For, al-
+though they govern the reins with their feet, they are ignorant
+nevertheless of turning them and drawing them in and letting
+them out by means of the block of the stirrups.  The light-
+armed cavalry with them are the first to engage in battle, then
+the men forming the phalanx with their spears, then the archers
+for whose services a great price is paid, and who are accus-
+tomed to fight in lines crossing one another as the threads of
+cloth, some rushing forward in their turn and others receding.
+They have a band of lancers strengthening the line of battle,
+but they make trial of the swords only at the end.
+
+   After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the
+manner of the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way.
+Prayers by the way of thank-offerings are made to God, and
+then the general presents himself in the temple, and the deeds,
+good and bad, are related by the poet or historian, who accord-
+ing to custom was with the expedition.  And the greatest chief,
+Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes little gifts
+and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some days
+free from public duties.  But this exemption from work is by
+no means pleasing to them, since they know not what it is to be
+at leisure, and so they help their companions.  On the other
+hand, they who have been conquered through their own fault,
+or have lost the victory, are blamed; and they who were the first
+to take to flight are in no way worthy to escape death, unless
+when the whole army asks their lives, and each one takes upon
+himself a part of their punishment.  But this indulgence is
+rarely granted, except when there are good reasons favoring it.
+But he who did not bear help to an ally or friend is beaten with
+rods.  That one who did not obey orders is given to the beasts,
+in an enclosure, to be devoured, and a staff is put in his hand,
+and if he should conquer the lions and the bears that are there,
+which is almost impossible, he is received into favor again.
+The conquered States or those willingly delivered up to them,
+forthwith have all things in common, and receive a garrison
+and magistrates from the City of the Sun, and by degrees they
+are accustomed to the ways of the city, the mistress of all, to
+which they even send their sons to be taught without contribut-
+ing anything for expense.
+
+   It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and
+their master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies,
+both within and without the State, which you can of yourself
+imagine.  Since from childhood they are chosen according to
+their inclination and the star under which they were born,
+therefore each one working according to his natural propensity
+does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally.  The same
+things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions.
+
+   There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they
+are placed at the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh
+ring, above the breastworks and towers and inside mounds.
+These places are guarded in the day by women, in the night by
+men.  And lest the guard should become weary of watching,
+and in case of a surprise, they change them every three hours,
+as is the custom with our soldiers.  At sunset, when the drum
+and symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed.  Cav-
+alry and infantry make use of hunting as the symbol of war
+and practise games and hold festivities in the plains.  Then
+the music strikes up, and freely they pardon the offences and
+faults of the enemy, and after the victories they are kind to
+them, if it has been decreed that they should destroy the walls
+of the enemy's city and take their lives.  All these things are
+done on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never
+cease to load the conquered with favors, for they say that there
+ought to be no fighting, except when the conquerors give up the
+conquered, not when they kill them.  If there is a dispute
+among them concerning injury or any other matter (for they
+themselves scarcely ever contend except in matters of honor),
+the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused one secretly,
+if he has done harm in deeds after he has been first angry.  If
+they wait until the time of the battle for the verbal decision,
+they must give vent to their anger against the enemy, and he
+who in battle shows the most daring deeds is considered to have
+defended the better and truer cause in the struggle, and the
+other yields, and they are punished justly.  Nevertheless, they
+are not allowed to come to single combat, since right is main-
+tained by the tribunal, and because the unjust cause is often
+apparent when the more just succumbs, and he who professes
+to be the better man shows this in public fight.
+
+
+G.M.  This is worth while, so that factions should not be
+cherished for the harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars
+might not occur, for by means of these a tyrant often arises, as
+the examples of Rome and Athens show.  Now, I pray you,
+tell me of their works and matter connected therewith.
+
+
+Capt.  I believe that you have already heard about their
+military affairs and about their agricultural and pastoral life,
+and in what way these are common to them, and how they
+honor with the first grade of nobility whoever is considered to
+have knowledge of these.  They who are skilful in more arts
+than these they consider still nobler, and they set that one apart
+for teaching the art in which he is most skilful.  The occupa-
+tions which require the most labor, such as working in metals
+and building, are the most praiseworthy among them.  No
+one declines to go to these occupations, for the reason that from
+the beginning their propensities are well known, and among
+them, on account of the distribution of labor, no one does work
+harmful to him, but only that which is necessary for him.  The
+occupations entailing less labor belong to the women.  All of
+them are expected to know how to swim, and for this reason
+ponds are dug outside the walls of the city and within them
+near to the fountains.
+
+   Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of
+money, and they count for the use of their ambassadors and ex-
+plorers, so that with it they may have the means of living.
+They receive merchants into their States from the different
+countries of the world, and these buy the superfluous goods of
+the city.  The people of the City of the Sun refuse to take
+money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things
+of which they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money;
+and the young people in the City of the Sun are much amused
+when they see that for a small price they receive so many things
+in exchange.  The old men, however, do not laugh.  They are
+unwilling that the State should be corrupted by the vicious cus-
+toms of slaves and foreigners.  Therefore they do business at
+the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in war or keep
+them for digging ditches and other hard work without the city,
+and for this reason they always send four bands of soldiers to
+take care of the fields, and with them there are the laborers.
+They go out of the four gates from which roads with walls on
+both sides of them lead to the sea, so that goods might easily
+be carried over them and foreigners might not meet with diffi-
+culty on their way.
+
+   To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for
+three days at the public expense; after they have first washed
+their feet, they show them their city and its customs, and they
+honor them with a seat at the Council and public table, and
+there are men whose duty it is to take care of and guard the
+guests.  But if strangers should wish to become citizens of
+their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and for
+another month in the city, then they decide concerning them,
+and admit them with certain ceremonies and oaths.
+
+   Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a
+span of earth without cultivation, and they observe the winds
+and propitious stars.  With the exception of a few left in the
+city all go out armed, and with flags and drums and trumpets
+sounding, to the fields, for the purposes of ploughing, sowing,
+digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and grapes; and they
+set in order everything, and do their work in a very few hours
+and with much care.  They use wagons fitted with sails which
+are borne along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the
+marvellous contrivance of wheels within wheels.
+
+   And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart,
+which is a grand sight.
+
+   The guardians of the land move about in the meantime,
+armed and always in their proper turn.  They do not use dung
+and filth for manuring the fields, thinking that the fruit con-
+tracts something of their rottenness, and when eaten gives a
+short and poor subsistence, as women who are beautiful with
+rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble offspring.
+Wherefore they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig it up
+well and use secret remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and
+multiplies, and is not destroyed.  They have a book for this
+work, which they call the Georgics.  As much of the land as is
+necessary is cultivated, and the rest is used for the pasturage of
+cattle.
+
+   The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses,
+oxen, sheep, dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals
+is in the highest esteem among them as it was in the time of
+Abraham.  And the animals are led so to pair that they may
+be able to breed well.
+
+   Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are
+placed before them.  They do not turn out horses with mares
+to feed, but at the proper time they bring them together in an
+enclosure of the stables in their fields.  And this is done when
+they observe that the constellation Archer is in favorable con-
+junction with Mars and Jupiter.  For the oxen they observe
+the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance with
+art.  Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks
+and geese, which are driven out by the women to feed near the
+city.  The women only do this when it is a pleasure to them.
+There are also places enclosed, where they make cheese, butter,
+and milk-food.  They also keep capons, fruit, and other things,
+and for all these matters there is a book which they call the
+Bucolics.  They have an abundance of all things, since every-
+one likes to be industrious, their labors being slight and profita-
+ble.  They are docile, and that one among them who is head
+of the rest in duties of this kind they call king.  For they say
+that this is the proper name of the leaders, and it does not be-
+long to ignorant persons.  It is wonderful to see how men and
+women march together collectively, and always in obedience
+to the voice of the king.  Nor do they regard him with loath-
+ing as we do, for they know that although he is greater than
+themselves, he is for all that their father and brother.  They
+keep groves and woods for wild animals, and they often hunt.
+
+   The science of navigation is considered very dignified by
+them, and they possess rafts and triremes, which go over the
+waters without rowers or the force of the wind, but by a mar-
+vellous contrivance.  And other vessels they have which are
+moved by the winds.  They have a correct knowledge of the
+stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide.  They navigate for
+the sake of becoming acquainted with nations and different
+countries and things.  They injure nobody, and they do not
+put up with injury, and they never go to battle unless when
+provoked.  They assert that the whole earth will in time come
+to live in accordance with their customs, and consequently they
+always find out whether there be a nation whose manner of liv-
+ing is better and more approved than the rest.  They admire
+the Christian institutions and look for a realization of the apos-
+tolic life in vogue among themselves and in us.  There are
+treaties between them and the Chinese and many other nations,
+both insular and continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which
+they are only just able to explore.  Furthermore, they have
+artificial fires, battles on sea and land, and many strategic se-
+crets.  Therefore they are nearly always victorious.
+
+
+G.M.  Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what
+foods and drinks they are nourished, and in what way and for
+how long they live.
+
+
+Capt.  Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese,
+garden herbs, and vegetables of various kinds.  They were
+unwilling at first to slay animals, because it seemed cruel; but
+thinking afterward that is was also cruel to destroy herbs which
+have a share of sensitive feeling, they saw that they would
+perish from hunger unless they did an unjustifiable action for
+the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they all eat meat.
+Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals, such as
+oxen and horses.  They observe the difference between useful
+and harmful foods, and for this they employ the science of med-
+icine.  They always change their food.  First they eat flesh,
+then fish, then afterward they go back to flesh, and nature is
+never incommoded or weakened.  The old people use the more
+digestible kind of food, and take three meals a day, eating only
+a little.  But the general community eat twice, and the boys
+four times, that they may satisfy nature.  The length of their
+lives is generally 100 years, but often they reach 200.
+
+   As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate.  Wine
+is never given to young people until they are ten years old, un-
+less the state of their health demands it.  After their tenth year
+they take it diluted with water, and so do the women, but the
+old men of fifty and upward use little or no water.  They eat
+the most healthy things, according to the time of the year.
+
+   They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God,
+except when there has been abuse by taking too much.  And
+therefore in the summer they feed on fruits, because they are
+moist and juicy and cool, and counteract the heat and dryness.
+In the winter they feed on dry articles, and in the autumn they
+eat grapes, since they are given by God to remove melancholy
+and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a great degree.
+In the morning, when they have all risen they comb their hair
+and wash their faces and hands with cold water.  Then they
+chew thyme or rock-parsley or fennel, or rub their hands with
+these plants.  The old men make incense, and with their faces
+to the east repeat the short prayer which Jesus Christ taught
+us.  After this they go to wait upon the old men, some go
+to the dance, and others to the duties of the State.  Later on
+they meet at the early lectures, then in the temple, then for
+bodily exercise.  Then for a little while they sit down to rest,
+and at length they go to dinner.
+
+   Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor ca-
+tarrh, nor sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard
+breathing.  For these diseases are caused by indigestion and
+flatulency, and by frugality and exercise they remove every
+humor and spasm.  Therefore it is unseemly in the extreme
+to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they say that this is a sign
+either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth, or of drunkenness,
+or gluttony.  They suffer rather from swellings or from the
+dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy
+food.  They heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk-
+food, and with a pleasant habitation in the country and by grad-
+ual exercise.  Unclean diseases cannot be prevalent with them
+because they often clean their bodies by bathing in wine, and
+soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the sweat of exercise they
+diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the blood and the
+marrow.  They do suffer a little from consumption, because
+they cannot perspire at the breast, but they never have asthma,
+for the humid nature of which a heavy man is required.  They
+cure hot fevers with cold potations of water, but slight ones
+with sweet smells, with cheese-bread or sleep, with music or
+dancing.  Tertiary fevers are cured by bleeding, by rhubarb
+or by a similar drawing remedy, or by water soaked in the roots
+of plants, with purgative and sharp-tasting qualities.  But it
+is rarely that they take purgative medicines.  Fevers occurring
+every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly startling the un-
+prepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects op-
+posite to the humors of this fever.  All these secrets they told
+me in opposition to their own wishes.  They take more diligent
+pains to cure the lasting fevers, which they fear more, and they
+strive to counteract these by the observation of stars and of
+plants, and by prayers to God.  Fevers recurring every fifth,
+sixth, eighth or more days, you never find whenever heavy
+humors are wanting.
+
+   They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones accord-
+ing to the Roman custom, and they make use also of olive oil.
+They have found out, too, a great many secret cures for the
+preservation of cleanliness and health.  And in other ways they
+labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are often troubled.
+
+
+G.M.  A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for
+from it Hercules, Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet
+have suffered.
+
+
+Capt.  They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by
+strengthening the head, by acids, by planned gymnastics, and
+with fat cheese-bread sprinkled with the flour of wheaten corn.
+They are very skilled in making dishes, and in them they put
+spice, honey, butter, and many highly strengthening spices,
+and they temper their richness with acids, so that they never
+vomit.  They do not drink ice-cold drinks nor artificial hot
+drinks, as the Chinese do; for they are not without aid against
+the humors of the body, on account of the help they get from
+the natural heat of the water; but they strengthen it with
+crushed garlic, with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and
+with basil, in the summer or in time of special heaviness.  They
+know also a secret for renovating life after about the seventieth
+year, and for ridding it of affliction, and this they do by a pleas-
+ing and indeed wonderful art.
+
+
+G.M.  Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sci-
+ences and magistrates.
+
+
+Capt.  Undoubtedly I have  But since you are so curious
+I will add more.  Both when it is new moon and full moon they
+call a council after a sacrifice.  To this all from twenty years
+upward are admitted, and each one is asked separately to say
+what is wanting in the State, and which of the magistrates have
+discharged their duties rightly and which wrongly.  Then
+after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh first,
+and with him Power, Wisdom, and Love.  Each one of the
+three last has three magistrates under him, making in all thir-
+teen, and they consider the affairs of the arts pertaining to each
+one of them: Power, of war; Wisdom, of the sciences; Love,
+of food, clothing, education, and breeding.  The masters of all
+the bands, who are captains of tens, of fifties, of hundreds, also
+assemble, the women first and then the men.  They argue about
+those things which are for the welfare of the State, and they
+choose the magistrates from among those who have already
+been named in the great Council.  In this manner they assemble
+daily, Hoh and his three princes, and they correct, confirm, and
+execute the matters passing to them, as decisions in the elec-
+tions; other necessary questions they provide of themselves.
+They do not use lots unless when they are altogether doubtful
+how to decide.  The eight magistrates under Hoh, Power,
+Wisdom, and Love are changed according to the wish of the
+people, but the first four are never changed, unless they, tak-
+ing counsel with themselves, give up the dignity of one to an-
+other, whom among them they know to be wiser, more re-
+nowned, and more nearly perfect.  And then they are obedient
+and honorable, since they yield willingly to the wiser man and
+are taught by him.  This, however, rarely happens.  The prin-
+cipals of the sciences, except Metaphysic, who is Hoh himself,
+and is, as it were, the architect of all science, having rule over
+all, are attached to Wisdom.  Hoh is ashamed to be ignorant
+of any possible thing.  Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar,
+Logic, Physics, Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry,
+Cosmography, Music, Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhet-
+oric, Painting, Sculpture.  Under the triumvir Love are Breed-
+ing, Agriculture, Education, Medicine, Clothing, Pasturage,
+Coining.
+
+
+G.M.  What about their judges?
+
+
+Capt.  This is the point I was just thinking of explaining.
+Everyone is judged by the first master of his trade, and thus
+all the head artificers are judges.  They punish with exile, with
+flogging, with blame, with deprivation of the common table,
+with exclusion from the church and from the company of
+women.  When there is a case in which great injury has been
+done, it is punished with death, and they repay an eye with an
+eye, a nose for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so on, according
+to the law of retaliation.  If the offence is wilful the Council
+decides.  When there is strife and it takes place undesignedly,
+the sentence is mitigated; nevertheless, not by the judge but by
+the triumvirate, from whom even it may be referred to Hoh, not
+on account of justice but of mercy, for Hoh is able to pardon.
+They have no prisons, except one tower for shutting up rebel-
+lious enemies, and there is no written statement of a case, which
+we commonly call a lawsuit.  But the accusation and witnesses
+are produced in the presence of the judge and Power; the ac-
+cused person makes his defence, and he is immediately acquit-
+ted or condemned by the judge; and if he appeals to the trium-
+virate, on the following day he is acquitted or condemned.  On
+the third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency
+of Hoh, or receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence.  An
+accused person is reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses,
+as it were, with the medicine of his complaint, that is, with em-
+bracing and kissing.
+
+   No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people,
+the accuser and the witnesses beginning first.  For they have
+no executioners and lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin.
+The choice of death is given to the rest of the people, who en-
+close the lifeless remains in little bags and burn them by the
+application of fire, while exhorters are present for the purpose
+of advising concerning a good death.  Nevertheless, the whole
+nation laments and beseeches God that his anger may be ap-
+peased, being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut off
+a rotten member of the State.  Certain officers talk to and con-
+vince the accused man by means of arguments until he him-
+self acquiesces in the sentence of death passed upon him, or else
+he does not die.  But if a crime has been committed against
+the liberty of the republic, or against God, or against the su-
+preme magistrates, there is immediate censure without pity.
+These only are punished with death.  He who is about to
+die is compelled to state in the presence of the people and with
+religious scrupulousness the reasons for which he does not de-
+serve death, and also the sins of the others who ought to die
+instead of him, and further the mistakes of the magistrates.
+If, moreover, it should seem right to the person thus asserting,
+he must say why the accused ones are deserving of less punish-
+ment than he.  And if by his arguments he gains the victory he
+is sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers
+and sacrifices and good life ensuing.  They do not torture those
+named by the accused person, but they warn them.  Sins of
+frailty and ignorance are punished only with blaming, and with
+compulsory continuation as learners under the law and disci-
+pline of those sciences or arts against which they have sinned.
+And all these things they have mutually among themselves,
+since they seem to be in very truth members of the same body,
+and one of another.
+
+   This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor,
+without waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before
+a magistrate, accusing himself and seeking to make amends,
+that one is liberated from the punishment of a secret crime, and
+since he has not been accused of such a crime, his punishment
+is changed into another.  They take special care that no one
+should invent slander, and if this should happen they meet the
+offence with the punishment of retaliation.  Since they always
+walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for
+the conviction of a transgressor.  If the case is otherwise, after
+having threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath
+as the warrant of good conduct.  Or if he is accused a second
+or third time, his increased punishment rests on the testimony
+of three or two witnesses.  They have but few laws, and these
+short and plain, and written upon a flat table and hanging to
+the doors of the temple, that is between the columns.  And on
+single columns can be seen the essences of things described in
+the very terse style of Metaphysic -- viz., the essences of God, of
+the angels, of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of virtue, all
+done with great wisdom.  The definitions of all the virtues are
+also delineated here, and here is the tribunal, where the judges
+of all the virtues have their seat.  The definition of a certain
+virtue is written under that column where the judges for the
+aforesaid virtue sit, and when a judge gives judgment he sits
+and speaks thus:  O son, thou hast sinned against this sacred
+definition of beneficence, or of magnanimity, or of another vir-
+tue, as the case may be.  And after discussion the judge legally
+condemns him to the punishment for the crime of which he is
+accused -- viz., for injury, for despondency, for pride, for in-
+gratitude, for sloth, etc.  But the sentences are certain and true
+correctives, savoring more of clemency than of actual punish-
+ment.
+
+
+G.M.  Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their
+sacrifices, their religion, and their belief.
+
+
+Capt.  The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the
+superior magistrates to pardon sins.  Therefore the whole
+State by secret confession, which we also use, tell their sins to
+the magistrates, who at once purge their souls and teach those
+that are inimical to the people.  Then the sacred magistrates
+themselves confess their own sinfulness to the three supreme
+chiefs, and together they confess the faults of one another,
+though no special one is named, and they confess especially the
+heavier faults and those harmful to the State.  At length the
+triumvirs confess their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forth-
+with recognizes the kinds of sins that are harmful to the State,
+and succors with timely remedies.  Then he offers sacrifices
+and prayers to God.  And before this he confesses the sins of
+the whole people, in the presence of God, and publicly in the
+temple, above the altar, as often as it had been necessary that
+the fault should be corrected.  Nevertheless, no transgressor
+is spoken of by his name.  In this manner he absolves the peo-
+ple by advising them that they should beware of sins of the
+aforesaid kind.  Afterward he offers sacrifice to God, that he
+should pardon the State and absolve it of its sins, and to teach
+and defend it.  Once in every year the chief priests of each
+separate subordinate State confess their sins in the presence
+of Hoh.  Thus he is not ignorant of the wrongdoings of the
+provinces, and forthwith he removes them with all human and
+heavenly remedies.
+
+   Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh
+asks the people which one among them wishes to give himself
+as a sacrifice to God for the sake of his fellows.  He is then
+placed upon the fourth table, with ceremonies and the offering
+up of prayers: the table is hung up in a wonderful manner by
+means of four ropes passing through four cords attached to
+firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple.  This done
+they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering,
+not of a beast as among the heathen, but of a human being.
+Then Hoh orders the ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is
+pulled up above to the centre of the small dome, and there it
+dedicates itself with the most fervent supplications.  Food is
+given to it through a window by the priests, who live around
+the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it has atoned
+for the sins of the State.  There with prayer and fasting he
+cries to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offer-
+ing.  And after twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being
+appeased, the sacrifice becomes a priest, or sometimes, though
+rarely, returns below by means of the outer way for the priests.
+Ever after, this man is treated with great benevolence and much
+honor, for the reason that he offered himself unto death for the
+sake of his country.  But God does not require death.
+
+   The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from
+their places in the top of the temple.  This they do in the mid-
+dle of the night, at noon, in the morning and in the evening, to
+wit, four times a day they sing their chants in the presence of
+God.  It is also their work to observe the stars and to note with
+the astrolabe their motions and influences upon human things,
+and to find out their powers.  Thus they know in what part of
+the earth any change has been or will be, and at what time it has
+taken place, and they send to find whether the matter be as they
+have it.  They make a note of predictions, true and false, so
+that they may be able from experience to predict most correctly.
+The priests, moreover, determine the hours for breeding and
+the days for sowing, reaping, and gathering the vintage, and
+are, as it were, the ambassadors and intercessors and connection
+between God and man.  And it is from among them mostly that
+Hoh is elected.  They write very learned treatises and search
+into the sciences.  Below they never descend, unless for their
+dinner and supper, so that the essence of their heads do not
+descend to the stomachs and liver.  Only very seldom, and that
+as a cure for the ills of solitude, do they have converse with
+women.  On certain days Hoh goes up to them and deliberates
+with them concerning the matters which he has lately investi-
+gated for the benefit of the State and all the nations of the
+world.
+
+   In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar
+praying for the people, and at the end of every hour another
+succeeds him, just as we are accustomed in solemn prayer to
+change every fourth hour.  And this method of supplication
+they call perpetual prayer.  After a meal they return thanks
+to God.  Then they sing the deeds of the Christian, Jewish,
+and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this
+is very delightful to them.  Forsooth, no one is envious of an-
+other.  They sing a hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one
+each to all the other virtues, and this they do under the direc-
+tion of the ruler of each virtue.  Each one takes the woman he
+loves most, and they dance for exercise with propriety and
+stateliness under the peristyles.  The women wear their long
+hair all twisted together and collected into one knot on the
+crown of the head, but in rolling it they leave one curl.  The
+men, however, have one curl only and the rest of their hair
+around the head is shaven off.  Further, they wear a slight
+covering, and above this a round hat a little larger than the size
+of their head.  In the fields they use caps, but at home each one
+wears a biretta, white, red, or another color according to his
+trade or occupation.  Moreover, the magistrates use grander
+and more imposing-looking coverings for the head.
+
+   They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four car-
+dinal points of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Li-
+bra, Capricorn, and Aries.  On these occasions they have very
+learned, splendid, and, as it were, comic performances.  They
+celebrate also every full and every new moon with a festival,
+as also they do the anniversaries of the founding of the city,
+and of the days when they have won victories or done any other
+great achievement.  The celebrations take place with the music
+of female voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the
+firing of salutations.  The poets sing the praises of the most
+renowned leaders and the victories.  Nevertheless, if any of
+them should deceive even by disparaging a foreign hero, he is
+punished.  No one can exercise the function of a poet who in-
+vents that which is not true, and a license like this they think
+to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it puts a premium
+upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons, either
+from fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice.
+
+   For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his
+death; but while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very
+useful secrets, or who has rendered great service to the State
+either at home or on the battle-field, his name is written in the
+book of heroes.  They do not bury dead bodies, but burn them, so
+that a plague may not arise from them, and so that they may be
+converted into fire, a very noble and powerful thing, which has
+its coming from the sun and returns to it.  And for the above
+reasons no chance is given for idolatry.  The statues and pict-
+ures of the heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women
+set apart to become mothers often look at them.  Prayers are
+made from the State to the four horizontal corners of the
+world -- in the morning to the rising sun, then to the setting
+sun, then to the south, and lastly to the north; and in the con-
+trary order in the evening, first to the setting sun, to the rising
+sun, to the north, and at length to the south.  They repeat but
+one prayer, which asks for health of body and of mind, and
+happiness for themselves and all people, and they conclude it
+with the petition "As it seems best to God."  The public prayer
+for all is long, and it is poured forth to heaven.  For this rea-
+son the altar is round and is divided crosswise by ways at right
+angles to one another.  By these ways Hoh enters after he has
+repeated the four prayers, and he prays looking up to heaven.
+And then a great mystery is seen by them.  The priestly vest-
+ments are of a beauty and meaning like to those of Aaron.
+They resemble nature and they surpass Art.
+
+   They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the
+sun, and not of the stars, and they observe yearly by how much
+time the one precedes the other.  They hold that the sun ap-
+proaches nearer and nearer, and therefore by ever-lessening cir-
+cles reaches the tropics and the equator every year a little
+sooner.  They measure months by the course of the moon,
+years by that of the sun.  They praise Ptolemy, admire Coper-
+nicus, but place Aristarchus and Philolaus before him.  They
+take great pains in endeavoring to understand the construction
+of the world, and whether or not it will perish, and at what time.
+They believe that the true oracle of Jesus Christ is by the signs
+in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars, which signs do not thus
+appear to many of us foolish ones.  Therefore they wait for
+the renewing of the age, and perchance for its end.
+
+   They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made
+from nothing, or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos,
+but they certainly think that it was made, and did not exist
+from eternity.  Therefore they disbelieve in Aristotle, whom
+they consider a logican and not a philosopher.  From analo-
+gies, they can draw many arguments against the eternity of the
+world.  The sun and the stars they, so to speak, regard as the
+living representatives and signs of God, as the temples and holy
+living altars, and they honor but do not worship them.  Be-
+yond all other things they venerate the sun, but they consider
+no created thing worthy the adoration of worship.  This they
+give to God alone, and thus they serve Him, that they may not
+come into the power of a tyrant and fall into misery by undergo-
+ing punishment by creatures of revenge.  They contemplate and
+know God under the image of the Sun, and they call it the sign
+of God, His face and living image, by means of which light,
+heat, life, and the making of all things good and bad proceed.
+Therefore they have built an altar like to the sun in shape, and
+the priests praise God in the sun and in the stars, as it were His
+altars, and in the heavens, His temple as it were; and they pray
+to good angels, who are, so to speak, the intercessors living in
+the stars, their strong abodes.  For God long since set signs of
+their beauty in heaven, and of His glory in the sun.  They say
+there is but one heaven, and that the planets move and rise of
+themselves when they approach the sun or are in conjunction
+with it.
+
+   They assert two principles of the physics of things below,
+namely, that the sun is the father, and the earth the mother;
+the air is an impure part of the heavens; all fire is derived from
+the sun.  The sea is the sweat of earth, or the fluid of earth
+combusted, and fused within its bowels, but is the bond of
+union between air and earth, as the blood is of the spirit and
+flesh of animals.  The world is a great animal, and we live
+within it as worms live within us.  Therefore we do not belong
+to the system of stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in
+respect to them which seek only to amplify themselves, we are
+born and live by chance; but in respect to God, whose instru-
+ments we are, we are formed by prescience and design, and for
+a high end.  Therefore we are bound to no father but God, and
+receive all things from Him.  They hold as beyond question the
+immortality of souls, and that these associate with good angels
+after death, or with bad angels, according as they have likened
+themselves in this life to either.  For all things seek their like.
+They differ little from us as to places of reward and punish-
+ment.  They are in doubt whether there are other worlds be-
+yond ours, and account it madness to say there is nothing.
+Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite entity of God.  They
+lay down two principles of metaphysics, entity which is the
+highest God, and nothingness which is the defect of entity.
+Evil and sin come of the propensity to nothingness; the sin
+having its cause not efficient, but in deficiency.  Deficiency is,
+they say, of power, wisdom, or will.  Sin they place in the last
+of these three, because he who knows and has the power to do
+good is bound also to have the will, for will arises out of them.
+They worship God in trinity, saying God is the Supreme
+Power, whence proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same
+with God, and from these comes Love, which is both power
+and wisdom; but they do not distinguish persons by name, as
+in our Christian law, which has not been revealed to them.
+This religion, when its abuses have been removed, will be the
+future mistress of the world, as great theologians teach and
+hope.  Therefore Spain found the New World (though its
+first discoverer, Columbus, greatest of heroes, was a Genoese),
+that all nations should be gathered under one law.  We know
+not what we do, but God knows, whose instruments we are.
+They sought new regions for lust of gold and riches, but God
+works to a higher end.  The sun strives to burn up the earth,
+not to produce plants and men, but God guides the battle to
+great issues.  His the praise, to Him the glory!
+
+
+G.M.  Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the com-
+ing age, and of our age, that has in it more history within 100
+years than all the world had in 4,000 years before! of the won-
+derful inventions of printing and guns, and the use of the mag-
+net, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars, the Moon, and the
+Scorpion!
+
+
+Capt.  Ah, well!  God gives all in His good time.  They
+astrologize too much.
+
+
+
+[1] A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanells
+
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