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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END* + + + + + +The City of the Sun + +by Tommaso Campanells + + + + +A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights +Hospitallers and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest. + + +G.M. Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during +that voyage? + + +Capt. I have already told you how I wandered +over the whole earth. In the course of my journeying I came +to Taprobane, and was compelled to go ashore at a place, where +through fear of the inhabitants I remained in a wood. When I +stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain immediately +under the equator. + + +G.M. And what befell you here? + + +Capt. I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women, +many of whom did not understand our language, and they con- +ducted me forthwith to the City of the Sun. + + +G.M. Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it +is governed. + + +Capt. The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, +which rises from an extensive plain, but several of its circles +extend for some distance beyond the base of the hill, which is +of such a size that the diameter of the city is upward of two +miles, so that its circumference becomes about seven. On ac- +count of the humped shape of the mountain, however, the diam- +eter of the city is really more than if it were built on a plain. + + It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from +the seven planets, and the way from one to the other of these is +by four streets and through four gates, that look toward the +four points of the compass. Furthermore, it is so built that +if the first circle were stormed, it would of necessity entail a +double amount of energy to storm the second; still more to +storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength and +energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to +capture that city must, as it were, storm it seven times. For +my own part, however, I think that not even the first wall could +be occupied, so thick are the earthworks and so well fortified +is it with breastworks, towers, guns, and ditches. + + When I had been taken through the northern gate (which +is shut with an iron door so wrought that it can be raised and +let down, and locked in easily and strongly, its projections run- +ning into the grooves of the thick posts by a marvellous device), +I saw a level space seventy paces[1] wide between the first and +second walls. From hence can be seen large palaces, all joined +to the wall of the second circuit in such a manner as to appear +all one palace. Arches run on a level with the middle height +of the palaces, and are continued round the whole ring. There +are galleries for promenading upon these arches, which are +supported from beneath by thick and well-shaped columns, en- +closing arcades like peristyles, or cloisters of an abbey. + + But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the +inner or concave partition, from which one enters directly to +the lower parts of the building. The higher parts, however, +are reached by flights of marble steps, which lead to galleries +for promenading on the inside similar to those on the outside. +From these one enters the higher rooms, which are very beauti- +ful, and have windows on the concave and convex partitions. +These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated +walls. The convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight +spans thick; the concave, three; the intermediate walls are one, +or perhaps one and a half. Leaving this circle one gets to the +second plain, which is nearly three paces narrower than the +first. Then the first wall of the second ring is seen adorned +above and below with similar galleries for walking, and there +is on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing palaces. +It has also similar peristyles supported by columns in the lower +part, but above are excellent pictures, round the ways into the +upper houses. And so on afterward through similar spaces +and double walls, enclosing palaces, and adorned with galleries +for walking, extending along their outer side, and supported +by columns, till the last circuit is reached, the way being still +over a level plain. + + But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost +and the inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means +of steps so formed that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since +it proceeds in a slanting direction, and the steps succeed one +another at almost imperceptible heights. On the top of the +hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the midst of this there +rises a temple built with wondrous art. + + +G.M. Tell on, I pray you! Tell on! I am dying to hear +more. + + +Capt. The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not +girt with walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully +grouped. A very large dome, built with great care in the cen- +tre or pole, contains another small vault as it were rising out of +it, and in this is a spiracle, which is right over the altar. There +is but one altar in the middle of the temple, and this is hedged +round by columns. The temple itself is on a space of more +than 350 paces. Without it, arches measuring about eight +paces extend from the heads of the columns outward, whence +other columns rise about three paces from the thick, strong, and +erect wall. Between these and the former columns there are +galleries for walking, with beautiful pavements, and in the re- +cess of the wall, which is adorned with numerous large doors, +there are immovable seats, placed as it were between the inside +columns, supporting the temple. Portable chairs are not want- +ing, many and well adorned. Nothing is seen over the altar +but a large globe, upon which the heavenly bodies are painted, +and another globe upon which there is a representation of the +earth. Furthermore, in the vault of the dome there can be dis- +cerned representations of all the stars of heaven from the first +to the sixth magnitude, with their proper names and power to +influence terrestrial things marked in three little verses for each. +There are the poles and greater and lesser circles according to +the right latitude of the place, but these are not perfect because +there is no wall below. They seem, too, to be made in their re- +lation to the globes on the altar. The pavement of the temple +is bright with precious stones. Its seven golden lamps hang +always burning, and these bear the names of the seven planets. + + At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells +surround the small dome, and behind the level space above the +bands or arches of the exterior and interior columns there are +many cells, both small and large, where the priests and relig- +ious officers dwell to the number of forty-nine. + + A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this +shows in what quarter the wind is. The flag is marked with +figures up to thirty-six, and the priests know what sort of year +the different kinds of winds bring and what will be the changes +of weather on land and sea. Furthermore, under the flag a +book is always kept written with letters of gold. + + +G.M. I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole +system of government; for I am anxious to hear it. + + +Capt. The great ruler among them is a priest whom they +call by the name Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic. +He is head over all, in temporal and spiritual matters, and all +business and lawsuits are settled by him, as the supreme au- +thority. Three princes of equal power -- viz., Pon, Sin, and +Mor -- assist him, and these in our tongue we should call Power, +Wisdom, and Love. To Power belongs the care of all matters +relating to war and peace. He attends to the military arts, and, +next to Hoh, he is ruler in every affair of a warlike nature. +He governs the military magistrates and the soldiers, and has +the management of the munitions, the fortifications, the storm- +ing of places, the implements of war, the armories, the smiths +and workmen connected with matters of this sort. + + But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics, +of all sciences with their magistrates and doctors, and of the +discipline of the schools. As many doctors as there are, are +under his control. There is one doctor who is called Astrolo- +gus; a second, Cosmographus; a third, Arithmeticus; a fourth, +Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth, Poeta; a seventh, +Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus; a tenth, +Medicus; an eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a thir- +teenth, Moralis. They have but one book, which they call +Wisdom, and in it all the sciences are written with conciseness +and marvellous fluency of expression. This they read to the +people after the custom of the Pythagoreans. It is Wisdom +who causes the exterior and interior, the higher and lower walls +of the city to be adorned with the finest pictures, and to have +all the sciences painted upon them in an admirable manner. +On the walls of the temple and on the dome, which is let down +when the priest gives an address, lest the sounds of his voice, +being scattered, should fly away from his audience, there are +pictures of stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers +and motions of each, expressed separately in three little verses. + + On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical +figures are conspicuously painted -- figures more in number +than Archimedes or Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically, +and with the explanation of them neatly written and contained +each in a little verse. There are definitions and propositions, +etc. On the exterior convex wall is first an immense drawing +of the whole earth, given at one view. Following upon this, +there are tablets setting forth for every separate country the +customs both public and private, the laws, the origins and the +power of the inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people +use can be seen above that of the City of the Sun. + + On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second +ring of buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and com- +mon stones, of minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece +of the metal itself is also there with an apposite explanation +in two small verses for each metal or stone. On the outside +are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes, and streams which are +on the face of the earth; as are also the wines and the oils and +the different liquids, with the sources from which the last are +extracted, their qualities and strength. There are also vessels +built into the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids +from one to 300 years old, which cure all diseases. Hail and +snow, storms and thunder, and whatever else takes place in the +air, are represented with suitable figures and little verses. The +inhabitants even have the art of representing in stone all the +phenomena of the air, such as the wind, rain, thunder, the rain- +bow, etc. + + On the interior of the third circuit all the different families +of trees and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of +each plant in earthenware vessels placed upon the outer parti- +tion of the arches. With the specimens there are explanations +as to where they were first found, what are their powers and +natures, and resemblances to celestial things and to metals, to +parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and also as +to their uses in medicine, etc. On the exterior wall are all the +races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits +and values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the pur- +poses for which they exist in the world, and their uses to man. +Further, their resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things, +produced both by nature and art, are so given that I was as- +tonished when I saw a fish which was like a bishop, one like a +chain, another like a garment, a fourth like a nail, a fifth like +a star, and others like images of those things existing among +us, the relation in each case being completely manifest. There +are sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish and mus- +sels; and whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being +known is there fully shown in marvellous characters of paint- +ing and drawing. + + On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are +painted, with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of +living, etc.; and the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabi- +tants of this city. On the exterior are shown all the races of +creeping animals, serpents, dragons, and worms; the insects, +the flies, gnats, beetles, etc., in their different states, strength, +venoms, and uses, and a great deal more than you or I can think +of. + + On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the +earth, as many in number as would astonish you. We indeed +know not the thousandth part of them, for on the exterior wall +also a great many of immense size are also portrayed. To be +sure, of horses alone, how great a number of breeds there is and +how beautiful are the forms there cleverly displayed! + + On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with +the several instruments for each and their manner of use among +different nations. Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and +their several inventors are named. But on the exterior all the +inventors in science, in warfare, and in law are represented. +There I saw Moses, Osiris, Jupiter, Mercury, Lycurgus, Pom- +pilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon, Charondas, Phoroneus, +with very many others. They even have Mahomet, whom +nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator. In the +most dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ +and of the twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy +and hold to be great. Of the representations of men, I per- +ceived Caesar, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and Hannibal in the high- +est place; and other very renowned heroes in peace and war, +especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower positions, under +the galleries. And when I asked with astonishment whence +they had obtained our history, they told me that among them +there was a knowledge of all languages, and that by persever- +ance they continually send explorers and ambassadors over the +whole earth, who learn thoroughly the customs, forces, rule and +histories of the nations, bad and good alike. These they apply +all to their own republic, and with this they are well pleased. +I learned that cannon and typography were invented by the +Chinese before we knew of them. There are magistrates who +announce the meaning of the pictures, and boys are accustomed +to learn all the sciences, without toil and as if for pleasure; but +in the way of history only until they are ten years old. + + Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race. He +sees that men and women are so joined together, that they bring +forth the best offspring. Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit +a studious care for our breed of horses and dogs, but neglect +the breeding of human beings. Thus the education of the chil- +dren is under his rule. So also is the medicine that is sold, the +sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of trees, agri- +culture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the cook- +ing arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food, +clothing, and the intercourse of the sexes. Love himself is +ruler, but there are many male and female magistrates dedi- +cated to these arts. + + Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the +above-named matters, and even by himself alone nothing is +done; all business is discharged by the four together, but in +whatever Metaphysic inclines to the rest are sure to agree. + + +G.M. Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and +duties, of the education and mode of living, whether the gov- +ernment is a monarchy, a republic, or an aristocracy. + + +Capt. This race of men came there from India, flying from +the sword of the Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who +laid waste their country, and they determined to lead a philo- +sophic life in fellowship with one another. Although the com- +munity of wives is not instituted among the other inhabitants +of their province, among them it is in use after this manner: +All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by +the authority of the magistrates. Arts and honors and pleas- +ures are common, and are held in such a manner that no one +can appropriate anything to himself. + + They say that all private property is acquired and improved +for the reason that each one of us by himself has his own home +and wife and children. From this, self-love springs. For +when we raise a son to riches and dignities, and leave an heir to +much wealth, we become either ready to grasp at the property of +the State, if in any case fear should be removed from the power +which belongs to riches and rank; or avaricious, crafty, and +hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse, little strength, and +mean ancestry. But when we have taken away self-love, there +remains only love for the State. + + +G.M. Under such circumstances no one will be willing to +labor, while he expects others to work, on the fruit of whose +labors he can live, as Aristotle argues against Plato. + + +Capt. I do not know how to deal with that argument, but +I declare to you that they burn with so great a love for their +fatherland, as I could scarcely have believed possible; and in- +deed with much more than the histories tell us belonged to the +Romans, who fell willingly for their country, inasmuch as they +have to a greater extent surrendered their private property. +I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy of our coun- +try, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and +friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be +less fond of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity +toward all, as it was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a +great many cases. + + +G.M. St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this +race of men, friendship is worth nothing, since they have not +the chance of conferring mutual benefits on one another. + + +Capt. Nay, indeed. For it is worth the trouble to see that +no one can receive gifts from another. Whatever is necessary +they have, they receive it from the community, and the magis- +trate takes care that no one receives more than he deserves. Yet +nothing necessary is denied to anyone. Friendship is recog- +nized among them in war, in infirmity, in the art contests, by +which means they aid one another mutually by teaching. Some- +times they improve themselves mutually with praises, with con- +versation, with actions, and out of the things they need. All +those of the same age call one another brothers. They call all +over twenty-two years of age, fathers; those that are less than +twenty-two are named sons. Moreover, the magistrates gov- +ern well, so that no one in the fraternity can do injury to an- +other. + + +G.M. And how? + + +Capt. As many names of virtues as there are among us, so +many magistrates there are among them. There is a magis- +trate who is named Magnanimity, another Fortitude, a third +Chastity, a fourth Liberality, a fifth Criminal and Civil Justice, +a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an eighth Kindness, a tenth +Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth Exercise, a thir- +teenth Sobriety, etc. They are elected to duties of that kind, +each one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from +boyhood to be most suitable. Wherefore among them neither +robbery nor clever murders, nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or +other crimes of which we accuse one another, can be found. +They accuse themselves of ingratitude and malignity when any- +one denies a lawful satisfaction to another of indolence, of sad- +ness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander, and of lying, which +curseful thing they thoroughly hate. Accused persons under- +going punishment are deprived of the common table, and other +honors, until the judge thinks that they agree with their cor- +rection. + + +G.M. Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are +chosen. + + +Capt. You would not rightly understand this, unless you +first learned their manner of living. That you may know, then, +men and women wear the same kind of garment, suited for war. +The women wear the toga below the knee, but the men above; +and both sexes are instructed in all the arts together. When +this has been done as a start, and before their third year, the +boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by walk- +ing round them. They have four leaders, and four elders, the +first to direct them, the second to teach them, and these are men +approved beyond all others. After some time they exercise +themselves with gymnastics, running, quoits, and other games, +by means of which all their muscles are strengthened alike. +Their feet are always bare, and so are their heads as far as the +seventh ring. Afterward they lead them to the offices of the +trades, such as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working, carpentry, +painting, etc. In order to find out the bent of the genius of +each one, after their seventh year, when they have already gone +through the mathematics on the walls, they take them to the +readings of all the sciences; there are four lectures at each read- +ing, and in the course of four hours the four in their order ex- +plain everything. + + For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with pub- +lic services or functions, others apply themselves to reading. +Leaving these studies all are devoted to the more abstruse sub- +jects, to mathematics, to medicine, and to other sciences. There +are continual debate and studied argument among them, and +after a time they become magistrates of those sciences or me- +chanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for every- +one follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out +to the plains to the works of the field, and for the purpose of +becoming acquainted with the pasturage of the dumb animals. +And they consider him the more noble and renowned who has +dedicated himself to the study of the most arts and knows how +to practise them wisely. Wherefore they laugh at us in that we +consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to be noble who +have mastered no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many +slaves given over to their own pleasure and lasciviousness; and +thus, as it were, from a school of vices so many idle and wicked +fellows go forth for the ruin of the State. + + The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four +chiefs, Hoh, Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art +over which they are fit to preside. And these teachers know +well who is most suited for rule. Certain men are proposed +by the magistrates in council, they themselves not seeking to +become candidates, and he opposes who knows anything against +those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks in favor +of them. But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him +who knows the histories of the nations, and their customs and +sacrifices and laws, and their form of government, whether a +republic or a monarchy. He must also know the names of the +lawgivers and the inventors in science, and the laws and the +history of the earth and the heavenly bodies. They think it +also necessary that he should understand all the mechanical +arts, the physical sciences, astrology and mathematics. Near- +ly every two days they teach our mechanical art. They are not +allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent practice and the +paintings render learning easy to them. Not too much care +is given to the cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly +number of interpreters who are grammarians in the State. +But beyond everything else it is necessary that Hoh should +understand metaphysics and theology; that he should know +thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations of +all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things; +necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wis- +dom, and the love of things and of God; the stages of life and +its symbols; everything relating to the heavens, the earth, and +the sea; and the ideas of God, as much as mortal man can know +of him. He must also be well read in the prophets and in as- +trology. And thus they know long beforehand who will be +Hoh. He is not chosen to so great a dignity unless he has at- +tained his thirty-fifth year. And this office is perpetual, be- +cause it is not known who may be too wise for it or who too +skilled in ruling. + + +G.M. Who indeed can be so wise? If even anyone has a +knowledge of the sciences it seems that he must be unskilled +in ruling. + + +Capt. This very question I asked them and they replied +thus: "We, indeed, are more certain that such a very learned +man has the knowledge of governing, than you who place ig- +norant persons in authority, and consider them suitable merely +because they have sprung from rulers or have been chosen by a +powerful faction. But our Hoh, a man really the most capable +to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a tyrant, inas- +much as he possesses so much wisdom. This, moreover, is not +unknown to you, that the same argument cannot apply among +you, when you consider that man the most learned who knows +most of grammar, or logic, or of Aristotle or any other author. +For such knowledge as this of yours much servile labor and +memory work are required, so that a man is rendered unskilful, +since he has contemplated nothing but the words of books and +has given his mind with useless result to the consideration of +the dead signs of things. Hence he knows not in what way +God rules the universe, nor the ways and customs of nature and +the nations. Wherefore he is not equal to our Hoh. For that +one cannot know so many arts and sciences thoroughly, who is +not esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt at all things, and +therefore at ruling especially. This also is plain to us that he +who knows only one science, does not really know either that +or the others, and he who is suited for only one science and has +gathered his knowledge from books, is unlearned and unskilled. +But this is not the case with intellects prompt and expert in +every branch of knowledge and suitable for the consideration +of natural objects, as it is necessary that our Hoh should be. +Besides in our State the sciences are taught with a facility (as +you have seen) by which more scholars are turned out by us +in one year than by you in ten, or even fifteen. Make trial, I +pray you, of these boys." + + In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truth- +ful discourse and at the trial of their boys, who did not under- +stand my language well. Indeed it is necessary that three of +them should be skilled in our tongue, three in Arabic, three in +Polish, and three in each of the other languages, and no recrea- +tion is allowed them unless they become more learned. For +that they go out to the plain for the sake of running about and +hurling arrows and lances, and of firing harquebuses, and for +the sake of hunting the wild animals and getting a knowledge +of plants and stones, and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes +the band of boys does one thing, sometimes another. + + They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assist- +ing Hoh should know other than the arts having reference to +their rule, and so they have only a historical knowledge of the +arts which are common to all. But their own they know well, +to which certainly one is dedicated more than another. Thus +Power is the most learned in the equestrian art, in marshalling +the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture of +every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning +stratagems, and in every affair of a military nature. And for +these reasons, they consider it necessary that these chiefs +should have been philosophers, historians, politicians, and +physicists. Concerning the other two triumvirs, understand +remarks similar to those I have made about Power. + + +G.M. I really wish that you would recount all their public +duties, and would distinguish between them, and also that you +would tell clearly how they are all taught in common. + + +Capt. They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and +couches and other necessaries. But at the end of every six +months they are separated by the masters. Some shall sleep in +this ring, some in another; some in the first apartment, and +some in the second; and these apartments are marked by means +of the alphabet on the lintel. There are occupations, mechani- +cal and theoretical, common to both men and women, with this +difference, that the occupations which require more hard work, +and walking a long distance, are practised by men, such as +ploughing, sowing, gathering the fruits, working at the thresh- +ing-floor, and perchance at the vintage. But it is customary to +choose women for milking the cows and for making cheese. In +like manner, they go to the gardens near to the outskirts of the +city both for collecting the plants and for cultivating them. In +fact, all sedentary and stationary pursuits are practised by the +women, such as weaving, spinning, sewing, cutting the hair, +shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all kinds of gar- +ments. They are, however, excluded from working in wood +and the manufacture of arms. If a woman is fit to paint, she +is not prevented from doing so; nevertheless, music is given +over to the women alone, because they please the more, and of +a truth to boys also. But the women have not the practise of +the drum and the horn. + + And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the +following manner. It is the peculiar work of the boys and +girls under twenty to wait at the tables. In every ring there +are suitable kitchens, barns, and stores of utensils for eating +and drinking, and over every department an old man and an old +woman preside. These two have at once the command of those +who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing to be chas- +tised, those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also +examine and mark each one, both male and female, who excels +in his or her duties. + + All the young people wait upon the older ones who have +passed the age of forty, and in the evening when they go to +sleep the master and mistress command that those should be +sent to work in the morning, upon whom in succession the duty +falls, one or two to separate apartments. The young people, +however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some un- +willingness. They have first and second tables, and on both +sides there are seats. On one side sit the women, on the other +the men; and as in the refectories of the monks, there is no +noise. While they are eating a young man reads a book from +a platform, intoning distinctly and sonorously, and often the +magistrates question them upon the more important parts of +the reading. And truly it is pleasant to observe in what man- +ner these young people, so beautiful and clothed in garments +so suitable, attend to them, and to see at the same time so many +friends, brothers, sons, fathers, and mothers all in their turn +living together with so much honesty, propriety, and love. So +each one is given a napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of food. It +is the duty of the medical officers to tell the cooks what repasts +shall be prepared on each day, and what food for the old, what +for the young, and what for the sick. The magistrates receive +the full-grown and fatter portion, and they from their share +always distribute something to the boys at the table who have +shown themselves more studious in the morning at the lectures +and debates concerning wisdom and arms. And this is held +to be one of the most distinguished honors. For six days they +ordain to sing with music at table. Only a few, however, sing; +or there is one voice accompanying the lute and one for each +other instrument. And when all alike in service join their +hands, nothing is found to be wanting. The old men placed +at the head of the cooking business and of the refectories of the +servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the houses, the ves- +sels, the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses. + + They wear white under-garments to which adheres a cover- +ing, which is at once coat and legging, without wrinkles. The +borders of the fastenings are furnished with globular buttons, +extended round and caught up here and there by chains. The +coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and are continued +even to the heels. Then they cover the feet with large socks, +or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they +wear a half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are +clothed with a toga. And so aptly fitting are the garments, +that when the toga is destroyed, the different parts of the whole +body are straightway discerned, no part being concealed. They +change their clothes for different ones four times in the year, +that is when the sun enters respectively the constellations Aries, +Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and according to the circum- +stances and necessity as decided by the officer of health. The +keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to distribute +them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time as +many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some +slight, according to the weather. They all use white clothing, +and this is washed in each month with lye or soap, as are also +the workshops of the lower trades, the kitchens, the pantries +the barns, the store-houses, the armories, the refectories, and +the baths. + + Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peri- +styles, and the water is brought down by means of canals which +are continued as sewers. In every street of the different rings +there are suitable fountains, which send forth their water by +means of canals, the water being drawn up from nearly the bot- +tom of the mountain by the sole movement of a cleverly con- +trived handle. There is water in fountains and in cisterns, +whither the rain-water collected from the roofs of the houses +is brought through pipes full of sand. They wash their bodies +often, according as the doctor and master command. All the +mechanical arts are practised under the peristyles, but the spec- +ulative are carried on above in the walking galleries and ram- +parts where are the more splendid paintings, but the more sacred +ones are taught in the temple. In the halls and wings of the +rings there are solar time-pieces and bells, and hands by which +the hours and seasons are marked off. + + +G.M. Tell me about their children. + + +Capt. When their women have brought forth children, they +suckle and rear them in temples set apart for all. They give +milk for two years or more as the physician orders. After that +time the weaned child is given into the charge of the mistresses, +if it is a female, and to the masters, if it is a male. And then +with other young children they are pleasantly instructed in the +alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in running, +walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and in +languages; and they are adorned with a suitable garment of +different colors. After their sixth year they are taught natural +science, and then the mechanical sciences. The men who are +weak in intellect are sent to farms, and when they have become +more proficient some of them are received into the State. And +those of the same age and born under the same constellation +are especially like one another in strength and in appearance, +and hence arises much lasting concord in the State, these men +honoring one another with mutual love and help. Names are +given to them by Metaphysicus, and that not by chance, but de- +signedly, and according to each one's peculiarity, as was the +custom among the ancient Romans. Wherefore one is called +Beautiful (Pulcher), another the Big-nosed (Naso), another +the Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked (Torvus), an- +other Lean (Macer), and so on. But when they have become +very skilled in their professions and done any great deed in war +or in time of peace, a cognomen from art is given to them, such +as Beautiful the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor Magnus), the +Golden One (Aureus), the Excellent One (Excellens), or the +Strong (Strenuus); or from their deeds, such as Naso the +Brave (Nason Fortis), or the Cunning, or the Great, or Very +Great Conqueror; or from the enemy anyone has overcome, +Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if anyone has overcome +Manfred or Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or Tortelius, +and so on. All these cognomens are added by the higher mag- +istrates, and very often with a crown suitable to the deed or art, +and with the flourish of music. For gold and silver are reck- +oned of little value among them except as material for their +vessels and ornaments, which are common to all. + + +G.M. Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them +or disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a +magistracy, or to any other dignity to which he aspires? + + +Capt. Certainly not. For no one wants either necessaries +or luxuries. Moreover, the race is managed for the good of +the commonwealth, and not of private individuals, and the mag- +istrates must be obeyed. They deny what we hold -- viz., that it +is natural to man to recognize his offspring and to educate them, +and to use his wife and house and children as his own. For +they say that children are bred for the preservation of the +species and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also as- +serts. Therefore the breeding of children has reference to the +commonwealth, and not to individuals, except in so far as they +are constituents of the commonwealth. And since individuals +for the most part bring forth children wrongly and educate +them wrongly, they consider that they remove destruction from +the State, and therefore for this reason, with most sacred fear, +they commit the education of the children, who, as it were, are +the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates; for the +safety of the community is not that of a few. And thus they +distribute male and female breeders of the best natures accord- +ing to philosophical rules. Plato thinks that this distribution +ought to be made by lot, lest some men seeing that they are kept +away from the beautiful women, should rise up with anger and +hatred against the magistrates; and he thinks further that those +who do not deserve cohabitation with the more beautiful +women, should be deceived while the lots are being led out of +the city by the magistrates, so that at all times the women who +are suitable should fall to their lot, not those whom they desire. +This shrewdness, however, is not necessary among the inhab- +itants of the City of the Sun. For with them deformity is un- +known. When the women are exercised they get a clear com- +plexion, and become strong of limb, tall and agile, and with +them beauty consists in tallness and strength. Therefore, if +any woman dyes her face, so that it may become beautiful, or +uses high-heeled boots so that she may appear tall, or garments +with trains to cover her wooden shoes, she is condemned to cap- +ital punishment. But if the women should even desire them +they have no facility for doing these things. For who indeed +would give them this facility? Further, they assert that among +us abuses of this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women. +By these means they lose their color and have pale complexions, +and become feeble and small. For this reason they are without +proper complexions, use high sandals, and become beautiful not +from strength, but from slothful tenderness. And thus they +ruin their own tempers and natures, and consequently those of +their offspring. Furthermore, if at any time a man is taken +captive with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are al- +lowed to converse and joke together and to give one another +garlands of flowers or leaves, and to make verses. But if the +race is endangered, by no means is further union between them +permitted. Moreover, the love born of eager desire is not +known among them; only that born of friendship. + + Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, be- +cause, excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he +is in need of. To the heroes and heroines of the republic, it +is customary to give the pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful +wreaths, sweet food, or splendid clothes, while they are feast- +ing. In the daytime all use white garments within the city, but +at night or outside the city they use red garments either of wool +or silk. They hate black as they do dung, and therefore they +dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black. Pride they con- +sider the most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is +chastised with the most ruthless correction. Wherefore no +one thinks it lowering to wait at table or to work in the kitchen +or fields. All work they call discipline, and thus they say that +it is honorable to go on foot, to do any act of nature, to see with +the eye, and to speak with the tongue; and when there is need, +they distinguish philosophically between tears and spittle. + + Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty, +is considered very honorable. It is not the custom to keep +slaves. For they are enough, and more than enough, for them- +selves. But with us, alas! it is not so. In Naples there exist +70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely 10,000 or 15,000 do any +work, and they are always lean from overwork and are getting +weaker every day. The rest become a prey to idleness, avarice, +ill-health, lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and contam- +inate and corrupt very many families by holding them in servi- +tude for their own use, by keeping them in poverty and slavish- +ness, and by imparting to them their own vices. Therefore +public slavery ruins them; useful works, in the field, in military +service, and in arts, except those which are debasing, are not +cultivated, the few who do practise them doing so with much +aversion. + + But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are dis- +tributed among all, it only falls to each one to work for about +four hours every day. The remaining hours are spent in learn- +ing joyously, in debating, in reading, in reciting, in writing, in +walking, in exercising the mind and body, and with play. They +allow no game which is played while sitting, neither the single +die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these. But they play +with the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling, with +hurling at the stake. They say, moreover, that grinding poverty +renders men worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vag- +abonds, liars, false witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them +insolent, proud, ignorant, traitors, assumers of what they know +not, deceivers, boasters, wanting in affection, slanderers, etc. +But with them all the rich and poor together make up the com- +munity. They are rich because they want nothing, poor be- +cause they possess nothing; and consequently they are not +slaves to circumstances, but circumstances serve them. And on +this point they strongly recommend the religion of the Chris- +tians, and especially the life of the apostles. + + +G.M. This seems excellent and sacred, but the community +of women is a thing too difficult to attain. The holy Roman +Clement says that wives ought to be common in accordance with +the apostolic institution, and praises Plato and Socrates, who +thus teach, but the Glossary interprets this community with +regard to obedience. And Tertullian agrees with the Glossary, +that the first Christians had everything in common except +wives. + + +Capt. These things I know little of. But this I saw among +the inhabitants of the City of the Sun, that they did not make +this exception. And they defend themselves by the opinion of +Socrates, of Cato, of Plato, and of St. Clement; but, as you say, +they misunderstand the opinions of these thinkers. And the +inhabitants of the solar city ascribe this to their want of educa- +tion, since they are by no means learned in philosophy. Never- +theless, they send abroad to discover the customs of nations, +and the best of these they always adopt. Practice makes the +women suitable for war and other duties. Thus they agree with +Plato, in whom I have read these same things. The reasoning +of our Cajetan does not convince me, and least of all that of +Aristotle. This thing, however, existing among them is ex- +cellent and worthy of imitation -- viz., that no physical defect +renders a man incapable of being serviceable except the decrepi- +tude of old age, since even the deformed are useful for consulta- +tion. The lame serve as guards, watching with the eyes which +they possess. The blind card wool with their hands, separating +the down from the hairs, with which latter they stuff the +couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes and +hands give the use of their ears or their voice for the conven- +ience of the State, and if one has only one sense he uses it in the +farms. And these cripples are well treated, and some become +spies, telling the officers of the State what they have heard. + + +G.M. Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs. +Then you may explain their arts, ways of life and sciences, +and lastly their religion. + + +Capt. The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magis- +trates of arms, of artillery, of cavalry, of foot-soldiers, of archi- +tects, and of strategists; and the masters and many of the +most excellent workmen obey the magistrates, the men of each +art paying allegiance to their respective chiefs. Moreover, +Power is at the head of all the professors of gymnastics, who +teach military exercise, and who are prudent generals, advanced +in age. By these the boys are trained after their twelfth year. +Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to wres- +tling, running, throwing the weight, and other minor exercises, +under inferior masters. But at twelve they are taught how to +strike at the enemy, at horses and elephants, to handle the spear, +the sword, the arrow, and the sling; to manage the horse, to +advance and to retreat, to remain in order of battle, to help a +comrade in arms, to anticipate the enemy by cunning, and to +conquer. + + The women also are taught these arts under their own magis- +trates and mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to +render assistance to the males in battles near the city. They +are taught to watch the fortifications lest at some time a hasty +attack should suddenly be made. In this respect they praise the +Spartans and Amazons. The women know well also how to +let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead; how to +throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack. +They are accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether, +and that one is punished most severely who shows any fear. + + The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death, +because they all believe that the soul is immortal, and that when +it has left the body it is associated with other spirits, wicked or +good, according to the merits of this present life. Although +they are partly followers of Brahma and Pythagoras, they do +not believe in the transmigration of souls, except in some cases +by a distinct decree of God. They do not abstain from injuring +an enemy of the republic and of religion, who is unworthy of +pity. During the second month the army is reviewed, and every +day there is practice of arms, either in the cavalry plain or +within the walls. Nor are they ever without lectures on the +science of war. They take care that the accounts of Moses, of +Joshua, of David, of Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of Alexander, +of Scipio, of Hannibal, and other great soldiers should be read. +And then each one gives his own opinion as to whether these +generals acted well or ill, usefully or honorably, and then the +teacher answers and says who are right. + + +G.M. With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons, +since they are so prosperous? + + +Capt. Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exer- +cised in military tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they +should become effeminate and unprepared for any emergency. +Besides, there are four kingdoms in the island, which are very +envious of their prosperity, for this reason that the people de- +sire to live after the manner of the inhabitants of the City of +the Sun, and to be under their rule rather than that of their +own kings. Wherefore the State often makes war upon these +because, being neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously, +since they have not an object of worship and do not observe the +religion of other nations or of the Brahmins. And other +nations of India, to which formerly they were subject, rise up +as it were in rebellion, as also do the Taprobanese, whom they +wanted to join them at first. The warriors of the City of the +Sun, however, are always the victors. As soon as they suffered +from insult or disgrace or plunder, or when their allies have +been harassed, or a people have been oppressed by a tyrant of +the State (for they are always the advocates of liberty), they +go immediately to the Council for deliberation. After they +have knelt in the presence of God, that he might inspire their +consultation, they proceed to examine the merits of the busi- +ness, and thus war is decided on. Immediately after, a priest, +whom they call Forensic, is sent away. He demands from the +enemy the restitution of the plunder, asks that the allies should +be freed from oppression, or that the tyrant should be deposed. +If they deny these things war is declared by invoking the ven- +geance of God -- the God of Sabaoth -- for destruction of those +who maintain an unjust cause. But if the enemy refuse to re- +ply, the priest gives him the space of one hour for his answer, +if he is a king, but three if it is a republic, so that they cannot +escape giving a response. And in this manner is war under- +taken against the insolent enemies of natural rights and of re- +ligion. When war has been declared, the deputy of Power +performs everything, but Power, like the Roman dictator, plans +and wills everything, so that hurtful tardiness may be avoided. +And when anything of great moment arises he consults Hoh +and Wisdom and Love. + + Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of +making an expedition are declared by a herald in the great +Council. All from twenty years and upward are admitted to +this Council, and thus the necessaries are agreed upon. All +kinds of weapons stand in the armories, and these they use often +in sham fights. The exterior walls of each ring are full of +guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines for +hurling which are called cannons, and which they take into +battle upon mules and asses and carriages. When they have +arrived in an open plain they enclose in the middle the provis- +ions, engines of war, chariots, ladders, and machines, and all +fight courageously. Then each one returns to the standards, +and the enemy thinking that they are giving and preparing to +flee, are deceived and relax their order: then the warriors of +the City of the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on each +side, regain their breath and strength, and ordering the artillery +to discharge their bullets they resume the fight against a disor- +ganized host. And they observe many ruses of this kind. +They overcome all mortals with their stratagems and engines. +Their camp is fortified after the manner of the Romans. They +pitch their tents and fortify with wall and ditch with wonderful +quickness. The masters of works, of engines and hurling +machines, stand ready, and the soldiers understand the use of +the spade and the axe. + + Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and +in strategy consult together concerning the business of war, +and command their bands after consultation. It is their wont +to take out with them a body of boys, armed and on horses, so +that they may learn to fight, just as the whelps of lions and +wolves are accustomed to blood. And these in time of danger +betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many armed +women. After the battle the women and boys soothe and re- +lieve the pain of the warriors, and wait upon them and encour- +age them with embraces and pleasant words. How wonderful +a help is this! For the soldiers, in order that they may acquit +themselves as sturdy men in the eyes of their wives and off- +spring, endure hardships, and so love makes them conquerors. +He who in the fight first scales the enemy's walls receives after +the battle of a crown of grass, as a token of honor, and at the +presentation the women and boys applaud loudly; that one who +affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of oak-leaves; he who +kills a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and receives from +Hoh the cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain other +kinds of crowns. + + Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tem- +pered pistols, narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle. +And to get the barrels of their pistols narrow they pierce the +metal which they intend to convert into arms. Further, every +cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger. But the rest, who +form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel. For if the +foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make +swords, they attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him. +Two chains of six spans length hang from the club, and at the +end of these are iron balls, and when these are aimed at the +enemy they surround his neck and drag him to the ground; and +in order that they may be able to use the club more easily, they +do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them by means +of the feet. If perchance the reins are interchanged above the +trappings of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups +with buckles, and not to the feet. And the stirrups have an ar- +rangement for swift movement of the bridle, so that they draw +in or let out the rein with marvellous celerity. With the right +foot they turn the horse to the left, and with the left to the right. +This secret, moreover, is not known to the Tartars. For, al- +though they govern the reins with their feet, they are ignorant +nevertheless of turning them and drawing them in and letting +them out by means of the block of the stirrups. The light- +armed cavalry with them are the first to engage in battle, then +the men forming the phalanx with their spears, then the archers +for whose services a great price is paid, and who are accus- +tomed to fight in lines crossing one another as the threads of +cloth, some rushing forward in their turn and others receding. +They have a band of lancers strengthening the line of battle, +but they make trial of the swords only at the end. + + After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the +manner of the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way. +Prayers by the way of thank-offerings are made to God, and +then the general presents himself in the temple, and the deeds, +good and bad, are related by the poet or historian, who accord- +ing to custom was with the expedition. And the greatest chief, +Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes little gifts +and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some days +free from public duties. But this exemption from work is by +no means pleasing to them, since they know not what it is to be +at leisure, and so they help their companions. On the other +hand, they who have been conquered through their own fault, +or have lost the victory, are blamed; and they who were the first +to take to flight are in no way worthy to escape death, unless +when the whole army asks their lives, and each one takes upon +himself a part of their punishment. But this indulgence is +rarely granted, except when there are good reasons favoring it. +But he who did not bear help to an ally or friend is beaten with +rods. That one who did not obey orders is given to the beasts, +in an enclosure, to be devoured, and a staff is put in his hand, +and if he should conquer the lions and the bears that are there, +which is almost impossible, he is received into favor again. +The conquered States or those willingly delivered up to them, +forthwith have all things in common, and receive a garrison +and magistrates from the City of the Sun, and by degrees they +are accustomed to the ways of the city, the mistress of all, to +which they even send their sons to be taught without contribut- +ing anything for expense. + + It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and +their master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies, +both within and without the State, which you can of yourself +imagine. Since from childhood they are chosen according to +their inclination and the star under which they were born, +therefore each one working according to his natural propensity +does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally. The same +things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions. + + There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they +are placed at the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh +ring, above the breastworks and towers and inside mounds. +These places are guarded in the day by women, in the night by +men. And lest the guard should become weary of watching, +and in case of a surprise, they change them every three hours, +as is the custom with our soldiers. At sunset, when the drum +and symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed. Cav- +alry and infantry make use of hunting as the symbol of war +and practise games and hold festivities in the plains. Then +the music strikes up, and freely they pardon the offences and +faults of the enemy, and after the victories they are kind to +them, if it has been decreed that they should destroy the walls +of the enemy's city and take their lives. All these things are +done on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never +cease to load the conquered with favors, for they say that there +ought to be no fighting, except when the conquerors give up the +conquered, not when they kill them. If there is a dispute +among them concerning injury or any other matter (for they +themselves scarcely ever contend except in matters of honor), +the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused one secretly, +if he has done harm in deeds after he has been first angry. If +they wait until the time of the battle for the verbal decision, +they must give vent to their anger against the enemy, and he +who in battle shows the most daring deeds is considered to have +defended the better and truer cause in the struggle, and the +other yields, and they are punished justly. Nevertheless, they +are not allowed to come to single combat, since right is main- +tained by the tribunal, and because the unjust cause is often +apparent when the more just succumbs, and he who professes +to be the better man shows this in public fight. + + +G.M. This is worth while, so that factions should not be +cherished for the harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars +might not occur, for by means of these a tyrant often arises, as +the examples of Rome and Athens show. Now, I pray you, +tell me of their works and matter connected therewith. + + +Capt. I believe that you have already heard about their +military affairs and about their agricultural and pastoral life, +and in what way these are common to them, and how they +honor with the first grade of nobility whoever is considered to +have knowledge of these. They who are skilful in more arts +than these they consider still nobler, and they set that one apart +for teaching the art in which he is most skilful. The occupa- +tions which require the most labor, such as working in metals +and building, are the most praiseworthy among them. No +one declines to go to these occupations, for the reason that from +the beginning their propensities are well known, and among +them, on account of the distribution of labor, no one does work +harmful to him, but only that which is necessary for him. The +occupations entailing less labor belong to the women. All of +them are expected to know how to swim, and for this reason +ponds are dug outside the walls of the city and within them +near to the fountains. + + Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of +money, and they count for the use of their ambassadors and ex- +plorers, so that with it they may have the means of living. +They receive merchants into their States from the different +countries of the world, and these buy the superfluous goods of +the city. The people of the City of the Sun refuse to take +money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things +of which they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money; +and the young people in the City of the Sun are much amused +when they see that for a small price they receive so many things +in exchange. The old men, however, do not laugh. They are +unwilling that the State should be corrupted by the vicious cus- +toms of slaves and foreigners. Therefore they do business at +the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in war or keep +them for digging ditches and other hard work without the city, +and for this reason they always send four bands of soldiers to +take care of the fields, and with them there are the laborers. +They go out of the four gates from which roads with walls on +both sides of them lead to the sea, so that goods might easily +be carried over them and foreigners might not meet with diffi- +culty on their way. + + To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for +three days at the public expense; after they have first washed +their feet, they show them their city and its customs, and they +honor them with a seat at the Council and public table, and +there are men whose duty it is to take care of and guard the +guests. But if strangers should wish to become citizens of +their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and for +another month in the city, then they decide concerning them, +and admit them with certain ceremonies and oaths. + + Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a +span of earth without cultivation, and they observe the winds +and propitious stars. With the exception of a few left in the +city all go out armed, and with flags and drums and trumpets +sounding, to the fields, for the purposes of ploughing, sowing, +digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and grapes; and they +set in order everything, and do their work in a very few hours +and with much care. They use wagons fitted with sails which +are borne along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the +marvellous contrivance of wheels within wheels. + + And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart, +which is a grand sight. + + The guardians of the land move about in the meantime, +armed and always in their proper turn. They do not use dung +and filth for manuring the fields, thinking that the fruit con- +tracts something of their rottenness, and when eaten gives a +short and poor subsistence, as women who are beautiful with +rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble offspring. +Wherefore they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig it up +well and use secret remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and +multiplies, and is not destroyed. They have a book for this +work, which they call the Georgics. As much of the land as is +necessary is cultivated, and the rest is used for the pasturage of +cattle. + + The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses, +oxen, sheep, dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals +is in the highest esteem among them as it was in the time of +Abraham. And the animals are led so to pair that they may +be able to breed well. + + Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are +placed before them. They do not turn out horses with mares +to feed, but at the proper time they bring them together in an +enclosure of the stables in their fields. And this is done when +they observe that the constellation Archer is in favorable con- +junction with Mars and Jupiter. For the oxen they observe +the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance with +art. Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks +and geese, which are driven out by the women to feed near the +city. The women only do this when it is a pleasure to them. +There are also places enclosed, where they make cheese, butter, +and milk-food. They also keep capons, fruit, and other things, +and for all these matters there is a book which they call the +Bucolics. They have an abundance of all things, since every- +one likes to be industrious, their labors being slight and profita- +ble. They are docile, and that one among them who is head +of the rest in duties of this kind they call king. For they say +that this is the proper name of the leaders, and it does not be- +long to ignorant persons. It is wonderful to see how men and +women march together collectively, and always in obedience +to the voice of the king. Nor do they regard him with loath- +ing as we do, for they know that although he is greater than +themselves, he is for all that their father and brother. They +keep groves and woods for wild animals, and they often hunt. + + The science of navigation is considered very dignified by +them, and they possess rafts and triremes, which go over the +waters without rowers or the force of the wind, but by a mar- +vellous contrivance. And other vessels they have which are +moved by the winds. They have a correct knowledge of the +stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide. They navigate for +the sake of becoming acquainted with nations and different +countries and things. They injure nobody, and they do not +put up with injury, and they never go to battle unless when +provoked. They assert that the whole earth will in time come +to live in accordance with their customs, and consequently they +always find out whether there be a nation whose manner of liv- +ing is better and more approved than the rest. They admire +the Christian institutions and look for a realization of the apos- +tolic life in vogue among themselves and in us. There are +treaties between them and the Chinese and many other nations, +both insular and continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which +they are only just able to explore. Furthermore, they have +artificial fires, battles on sea and land, and many strategic se- +crets. Therefore they are nearly always victorious. + + +G.M. Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what +foods and drinks they are nourished, and in what way and for +how long they live. + + +Capt. Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese, +garden herbs, and vegetables of various kinds. They were +unwilling at first to slay animals, because it seemed cruel; but +thinking afterward that is was also cruel to destroy herbs which +have a share of sensitive feeling, they saw that they would +perish from hunger unless they did an unjustifiable action for +the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they all eat meat. +Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals, such as +oxen and horses. They observe the difference between useful +and harmful foods, and for this they employ the science of med- +icine. They always change their food. First they eat flesh, +then fish, then afterward they go back to flesh, and nature is +never incommoded or weakened. The old people use the more +digestible kind of food, and take three meals a day, eating only +a little. But the general community eat twice, and the boys +four times, that they may satisfy nature. The length of their +lives is generally 100 years, but often they reach 200. + + As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate. Wine +is never given to young people until they are ten years old, un- +less the state of their health demands it. After their tenth year +they take it diluted with water, and so do the women, but the +old men of fifty and upward use little or no water. They eat +the most healthy things, according to the time of the year. + + They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God, +except when there has been abuse by taking too much. And +therefore in the summer they feed on fruits, because they are +moist and juicy and cool, and counteract the heat and dryness. +In the winter they feed on dry articles, and in the autumn they +eat grapes, since they are given by God to remove melancholy +and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a great degree. +In the morning, when they have all risen they comb their hair +and wash their faces and hands with cold water. Then they +chew thyme or rock-parsley or fennel, or rub their hands with +these plants. The old men make incense, and with their faces +to the east repeat the short prayer which Jesus Christ taught +us. After this they go to wait upon the old men, some go +to the dance, and others to the duties of the State. Later on +they meet at the early lectures, then in the temple, then for +bodily exercise. Then for a little while they sit down to rest, +and at length they go to dinner. + + Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor ca- +tarrh, nor sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard +breathing. For these diseases are caused by indigestion and +flatulency, and by frugality and exercise they remove every +humor and spasm. Therefore it is unseemly in the extreme +to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they say that this is a sign +either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth, or of drunkenness, +or gluttony. They suffer rather from swellings or from the +dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy +food. They heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk- +food, and with a pleasant habitation in the country and by grad- +ual exercise. Unclean diseases cannot be prevalent with them +because they often clean their bodies by bathing in wine, and +soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the sweat of exercise they +diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the blood and the +marrow. They do suffer a little from consumption, because +they cannot perspire at the breast, but they never have asthma, +for the humid nature of which a heavy man is required. They +cure hot fevers with cold potations of water, but slight ones +with sweet smells, with cheese-bread or sleep, with music or +dancing. Tertiary fevers are cured by bleeding, by rhubarb +or by a similar drawing remedy, or by water soaked in the roots +of plants, with purgative and sharp-tasting qualities. But it +is rarely that they take purgative medicines. Fevers occurring +every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly startling the un- +prepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects op- +posite to the humors of this fever. All these secrets they told +me in opposition to their own wishes. They take more diligent +pains to cure the lasting fevers, which they fear more, and they +strive to counteract these by the observation of stars and of +plants, and by prayers to God. Fevers recurring every fifth, +sixth, eighth or more days, you never find whenever heavy +humors are wanting. + + They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones accord- +ing to the Roman custom, and they make use also of olive oil. +They have found out, too, a great many secret cures for the +preservation of cleanliness and health. And in other ways they +labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are often troubled. + + +G.M. A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for +from it Hercules, Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet +have suffered. + + +Capt. They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by +strengthening the head, by acids, by planned gymnastics, and +with fat cheese-bread sprinkled with the flour of wheaten corn. +They are very skilled in making dishes, and in them they put +spice, honey, butter, and many highly strengthening spices, +and they temper their richness with acids, so that they never +vomit. They do not drink ice-cold drinks nor artificial hot +drinks, as the Chinese do; for they are not without aid against +the humors of the body, on account of the help they get from +the natural heat of the water; but they strengthen it with +crushed garlic, with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and +with basil, in the summer or in time of special heaviness. They +know also a secret for renovating life after about the seventieth +year, and for ridding it of affliction, and this they do by a pleas- +ing and indeed wonderful art. + + +G.M. Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sci- +ences and magistrates. + + +Capt. Undoubtedly I have But since you are so curious +I will add more. Both when it is new moon and full moon they +call a council after a sacrifice. To this all from twenty years +upward are admitted, and each one is asked separately to say +what is wanting in the State, and which of the magistrates have +discharged their duties rightly and which wrongly. Then +after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh first, +and with him Power, Wisdom, and Love. Each one of the +three last has three magistrates under him, making in all thir- +teen, and they consider the affairs of the arts pertaining to each +one of them: Power, of war; Wisdom, of the sciences; Love, +of food, clothing, education, and breeding. The masters of all +the bands, who are captains of tens, of fifties, of hundreds, also +assemble, the women first and then the men. They argue about +those things which are for the welfare of the State, and they +choose the magistrates from among those who have already +been named in the great Council. In this manner they assemble +daily, Hoh and his three princes, and they correct, confirm, and +execute the matters passing to them, as decisions in the elec- +tions; other necessary questions they provide of themselves. +They do not use lots unless when they are altogether doubtful +how to decide. The eight magistrates under Hoh, Power, +Wisdom, and Love are changed according to the wish of the +people, but the first four are never changed, unless they, tak- +ing counsel with themselves, give up the dignity of one to an- +other, whom among them they know to be wiser, more re- +nowned, and more nearly perfect. And then they are obedient +and honorable, since they yield willingly to the wiser man and +are taught by him. This, however, rarely happens. The prin- +cipals of the sciences, except Metaphysic, who is Hoh himself, +and is, as it were, the architect of all science, having rule over +all, are attached to Wisdom. Hoh is ashamed to be ignorant +of any possible thing. Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar, +Logic, Physics, Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, +Cosmography, Music, Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhet- +oric, Painting, Sculpture. Under the triumvir Love are Breed- +ing, Agriculture, Education, Medicine, Clothing, Pasturage, +Coining. + + +G.M. What about their judges? + + +Capt. This is the point I was just thinking of explaining. +Everyone is judged by the first master of his trade, and thus +all the head artificers are judges. They punish with exile, with +flogging, with blame, with deprivation of the common table, +with exclusion from the church and from the company of +women. When there is a case in which great injury has been +done, it is punished with death, and they repay an eye with an +eye, a nose for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so on, according +to the law of retaliation. If the offence is wilful the Council +decides. When there is strife and it takes place undesignedly, +the sentence is mitigated; nevertheless, not by the judge but by +the triumvirate, from whom even it may be referred to Hoh, not +on account of justice but of mercy, for Hoh is able to pardon. +They have no prisons, except one tower for shutting up rebel- +lious enemies, and there is no written statement of a case, which +we commonly call a lawsuit. But the accusation and witnesses +are produced in the presence of the judge and Power; the ac- +cused person makes his defence, and he is immediately acquit- +ted or condemned by the judge; and if he appeals to the trium- +virate, on the following day he is acquitted or condemned. On +the third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency +of Hoh, or receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence. An +accused person is reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses, +as it were, with the medicine of his complaint, that is, with em- +bracing and kissing. + + No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people, +the accuser and the witnesses beginning first. For they have +no executioners and lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin. +The choice of death is given to the rest of the people, who en- +close the lifeless remains in little bags and burn them by the +application of fire, while exhorters are present for the purpose +of advising concerning a good death. Nevertheless, the whole +nation laments and beseeches God that his anger may be ap- +peased, being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut off +a rotten member of the State. Certain officers talk to and con- +vince the accused man by means of arguments until he him- +self acquiesces in the sentence of death passed upon him, or else +he does not die. But if a crime has been committed against +the liberty of the republic, or against God, or against the su- +preme magistrates, there is immediate censure without pity. +These only are punished with death. He who is about to +die is compelled to state in the presence of the people and with +religious scrupulousness the reasons for which he does not de- +serve death, and also the sins of the others who ought to die +instead of him, and further the mistakes of the magistrates. +If, moreover, it should seem right to the person thus asserting, +he must say why the accused ones are deserving of less punish- +ment than he. And if by his arguments he gains the victory he +is sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers +and sacrifices and good life ensuing. They do not torture those +named by the accused person, but they warn them. Sins of +frailty and ignorance are punished only with blaming, and with +compulsory continuation as learners under the law and disci- +pline of those sciences or arts against which they have sinned. +And all these things they have mutually among themselves, +since they seem to be in very truth members of the same body, +and one of another. + + This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor, +without waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before +a magistrate, accusing himself and seeking to make amends, +that one is liberated from the punishment of a secret crime, and +since he has not been accused of such a crime, his punishment +is changed into another. They take special care that no one +should invent slander, and if this should happen they meet the +offence with the punishment of retaliation. Since they always +walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for +the conviction of a transgressor. If the case is otherwise, after +having threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath +as the warrant of good conduct. Or if he is accused a second +or third time, his increased punishment rests on the testimony +of three or two witnesses. They have but few laws, and these +short and plain, and written upon a flat table and hanging to +the doors of the temple, that is between the columns. And on +single columns can be seen the essences of things described in +the very terse style of Metaphysic -- viz., the essences of God, of +the angels, of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of virtue, all +done with great wisdom. The definitions of all the virtues are +also delineated here, and here is the tribunal, where the judges +of all the virtues have their seat. The definition of a certain +virtue is written under that column where the judges for the +aforesaid virtue sit, and when a judge gives judgment he sits +and speaks thus: O son, thou hast sinned against this sacred +definition of beneficence, or of magnanimity, or of another vir- +tue, as the case may be. And after discussion the judge legally +condemns him to the punishment for the crime of which he is +accused -- viz., for injury, for despondency, for pride, for in- +gratitude, for sloth, etc. But the sentences are certain and true +correctives, savoring more of clemency than of actual punish- +ment. + + +G.M. Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their +sacrifices, their religion, and their belief. + + +Capt. The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the +superior magistrates to pardon sins. Therefore the whole +State by secret confession, which we also use, tell their sins to +the magistrates, who at once purge their souls and teach those +that are inimical to the people. Then the sacred magistrates +themselves confess their own sinfulness to the three supreme +chiefs, and together they confess the faults of one another, +though no special one is named, and they confess especially the +heavier faults and those harmful to the State. At length the +triumvirs confess their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forth- +with recognizes the kinds of sins that are harmful to the State, +and succors with timely remedies. Then he offers sacrifices +and prayers to God. And before this he confesses the sins of +the whole people, in the presence of God, and publicly in the +temple, above the altar, as often as it had been necessary that +the fault should be corrected. Nevertheless, no transgressor +is spoken of by his name. In this manner he absolves the peo- +ple by advising them that they should beware of sins of the +aforesaid kind. Afterward he offers sacrifice to God, that he +should pardon the State and absolve it of its sins, and to teach +and defend it. Once in every year the chief priests of each +separate subordinate State confess their sins in the presence +of Hoh. Thus he is not ignorant of the wrongdoings of the +provinces, and forthwith he removes them with all human and +heavenly remedies. + + Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh +asks the people which one among them wishes to give himself +as a sacrifice to God for the sake of his fellows. He is then +placed upon the fourth table, with ceremonies and the offering +up of prayers: the table is hung up in a wonderful manner by +means of four ropes passing through four cords attached to +firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple. This done +they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering, +not of a beast as among the heathen, but of a human being. +Then Hoh orders the ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is +pulled up above to the centre of the small dome, and there it +dedicates itself with the most fervent supplications. Food is +given to it through a window by the priests, who live around +the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it has atoned +for the sins of the State. There with prayer and fasting he +cries to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offer- +ing. And after twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being +appeased, the sacrifice becomes a priest, or sometimes, though +rarely, returns below by means of the outer way for the priests. +Ever after, this man is treated with great benevolence and much +honor, for the reason that he offered himself unto death for the +sake of his country. But God does not require death. + + The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from +their places in the top of the temple. This they do in the mid- +dle of the night, at noon, in the morning and in the evening, to +wit, four times a day they sing their chants in the presence of +God. It is also their work to observe the stars and to note with +the astrolabe their motions and influences upon human things, +and to find out their powers. Thus they know in what part of +the earth any change has been or will be, and at what time it has +taken place, and they send to find whether the matter be as they +have it. They make a note of predictions, true and false, so +that they may be able from experience to predict most correctly. +The priests, moreover, determine the hours for breeding and +the days for sowing, reaping, and gathering the vintage, and +are, as it were, the ambassadors and intercessors and connection +between God and man. And it is from among them mostly that +Hoh is elected. They write very learned treatises and search +into the sciences. Below they never descend, unless for their +dinner and supper, so that the essence of their heads do not +descend to the stomachs and liver. Only very seldom, and that +as a cure for the ills of solitude, do they have converse with +women. On certain days Hoh goes up to them and deliberates +with them concerning the matters which he has lately investi- +gated for the benefit of the State and all the nations of the +world. + + In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar +praying for the people, and at the end of every hour another +succeeds him, just as we are accustomed in solemn prayer to +change every fourth hour. And this method of supplication +they call perpetual prayer. After a meal they return thanks +to God. Then they sing the deeds of the Christian, Jewish, +and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this +is very delightful to them. Forsooth, no one is envious of an- +other. They sing a hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one +each to all the other virtues, and this they do under the direc- +tion of the ruler of each virtue. Each one takes the woman he +loves most, and they dance for exercise with propriety and +stateliness under the peristyles. The women wear their long +hair all twisted together and collected into one knot on the +crown of the head, but in rolling it they leave one curl. The +men, however, have one curl only and the rest of their hair +around the head is shaven off. Further, they wear a slight +covering, and above this a round hat a little larger than the size +of their head. In the fields they use caps, but at home each one +wears a biretta, white, red, or another color according to his +trade or occupation. Moreover, the magistrates use grander +and more imposing-looking coverings for the head. + + They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four car- +dinal points of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Li- +bra, Capricorn, and Aries. On these occasions they have very +learned, splendid, and, as it were, comic performances. They +celebrate also every full and every new moon with a festival, +as also they do the anniversaries of the founding of the city, +and of the days when they have won victories or done any other +great achievement. The celebrations take place with the music +of female voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the +firing of salutations. The poets sing the praises of the most +renowned leaders and the victories. Nevertheless, if any of +them should deceive even by disparaging a foreign hero, he is +punished. No one can exercise the function of a poet who in- +vents that which is not true, and a license like this they think +to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it puts a premium +upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons, either +from fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice. + + For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his +death; but while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very +useful secrets, or who has rendered great service to the State +either at home or on the battle-field, his name is written in the +book of heroes. They do not bury dead bodies, but burn them, so +that a plague may not arise from them, and so that they may be +converted into fire, a very noble and powerful thing, which has +its coming from the sun and returns to it. And for the above +reasons no chance is given for idolatry. The statues and pict- +ures of the heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women +set apart to become mothers often look at them. Prayers are +made from the State to the four horizontal corners of the +world -- in the morning to the rising sun, then to the setting +sun, then to the south, and lastly to the north; and in the con- +trary order in the evening, first to the setting sun, to the rising +sun, to the north, and at length to the south. They repeat but +one prayer, which asks for health of body and of mind, and +happiness for themselves and all people, and they conclude it +with the petition "As it seems best to God." The public prayer +for all is long, and it is poured forth to heaven. For this rea- +son the altar is round and is divided crosswise by ways at right +angles to one another. By these ways Hoh enters after he has +repeated the four prayers, and he prays looking up to heaven. +And then a great mystery is seen by them. The priestly vest- +ments are of a beauty and meaning like to those of Aaron. +They resemble nature and they surpass Art. + + They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the +sun, and not of the stars, and they observe yearly by how much +time the one precedes the other. They hold that the sun ap- +proaches nearer and nearer, and therefore by ever-lessening cir- +cles reaches the tropics and the equator every year a little +sooner. They measure months by the course of the moon, +years by that of the sun. They praise Ptolemy, admire Coper- +nicus, but place Aristarchus and Philolaus before him. They +take great pains in endeavoring to understand the construction +of the world, and whether or not it will perish, and at what time. +They believe that the true oracle of Jesus Christ is by the signs +in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars, which signs do not thus +appear to many of us foolish ones. Therefore they wait for +the renewing of the age, and perchance for its end. + + They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made +from nothing, or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos, +but they certainly think that it was made, and did not exist +from eternity. Therefore they disbelieve in Aristotle, whom +they consider a logican and not a philosopher. From analo- +gies, they can draw many arguments against the eternity of the +world. The sun and the stars they, so to speak, regard as the +living representatives and signs of God, as the temples and holy +living altars, and they honor but do not worship them. Be- +yond all other things they venerate the sun, but they consider +no created thing worthy the adoration of worship. This they +give to God alone, and thus they serve Him, that they may not +come into the power of a tyrant and fall into misery by undergo- +ing punishment by creatures of revenge. They contemplate and +know God under the image of the Sun, and they call it the sign +of God, His face and living image, by means of which light, +heat, life, and the making of all things good and bad proceed. +Therefore they have built an altar like to the sun in shape, and +the priests praise God in the sun and in the stars, as it were His +altars, and in the heavens, His temple as it were; and they pray +to good angels, who are, so to speak, the intercessors living in +the stars, their strong abodes. For God long since set signs of +their beauty in heaven, and of His glory in the sun. They say +there is but one heaven, and that the planets move and rise of +themselves when they approach the sun or are in conjunction +with it. + + They assert two principles of the physics of things below, +namely, that the sun is the father, and the earth the mother; +the air is an impure part of the heavens; all fire is derived from +the sun. The sea is the sweat of earth, or the fluid of earth +combusted, and fused within its bowels, but is the bond of +union between air and earth, as the blood is of the spirit and +flesh of animals. The world is a great animal, and we live +within it as worms live within us. Therefore we do not belong +to the system of stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in +respect to them which seek only to amplify themselves, we are +born and live by chance; but in respect to God, whose instru- +ments we are, we are formed by prescience and design, and for +a high end. Therefore we are bound to no father but God, and +receive all things from Him. They hold as beyond question the +immortality of souls, and that these associate with good angels +after death, or with bad angels, according as they have likened +themselves in this life to either. For all things seek their like. +They differ little from us as to places of reward and punish- +ment. They are in doubt whether there are other worlds be- +yond ours, and account it madness to say there is nothing. +Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite entity of God. They +lay down two principles of metaphysics, entity which is the +highest God, and nothingness which is the defect of entity. +Evil and sin come of the propensity to nothingness; the sin +having its cause not efficient, but in deficiency. Deficiency is, +they say, of power, wisdom, or will. Sin they place in the last +of these three, because he who knows and has the power to do +good is bound also to have the will, for will arises out of them. +They worship God in trinity, saying God is the Supreme +Power, whence proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same +with God, and from these comes Love, which is both power +and wisdom; but they do not distinguish persons by name, as +in our Christian law, which has not been revealed to them. +This religion, when its abuses have been removed, will be the +future mistress of the world, as great theologians teach and +hope. Therefore Spain found the New World (though its +first discoverer, Columbus, greatest of heroes, was a Genoese), +that all nations should be gathered under one law. We know +not what we do, but God knows, whose instruments we are. +They sought new regions for lust of gold and riches, but God +works to a higher end. The sun strives to burn up the earth, +not to produce plants and men, but God guides the battle to +great issues. His the praise, to Him the glory! + + +G.M. Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the com- +ing age, and of our age, that has in it more history within 100 +years than all the world had in 4,000 years before! of the won- +derful inventions of printing and guns, and the use of the mag- +net, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars, the Moon, and the +Scorpion! + + +Capt. Ah, well! God gives all in His good time. They +astrologize too much. + + + +[1] A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanells + diff --git a/old/tcots10.zip b/old/tcots10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1011f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/tcots10.zip |