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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/2816-h.zip b/2816-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8074a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2816-h.zip diff --git a/2816-h/2816-h.htm b/2816-h/2816-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e3484e --- /dev/null +++ b/2816-h/2816-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The City of the Sun + +Author: Tommaso Campanella + +Release Date: January 4, 2009 [EBook #2816] +Last Updated: January 26, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN *** + + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer, and David Widger + + + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE CITY OF THE SUN + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Tommaso Campanells + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers and + a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest. + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + G.M. Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during that voyage? + </p> + <p> + Capt. I have already told you how I wandered over the whole earth. In the + course of my journeying I came to Taprobane, and was compelled to go + ashore at a place, where through fear of the inhabitants I remained in a + wood. When I stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain + immediately under the equator. + </p> + <p> + G.M. And what befell you here? + </p> + <p> + Capt. I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women, many of whom did + not understand our language, and they conducted me forthwith to the City + of the Sun. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it is governed. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, which rises + from an extensive plain, but several of its circles extend for some + distance beyond the base of the hill, which is of such a size that the + diameter of the city is upward of two miles, so that its circumference + becomes about seven. On account of the humped shape of the mountain, + however, the diameter of the city is really more than if it were built on + a plain. + </p> + <p> + It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from the seven + planets, and the way from one to the other of these is by four streets and + through four gates, that look toward the four points of the compass. + Furthermore, it is so built that if the first circle were stormed, it + would of necessity entail a double amount of energy to storm the second; + still more to storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength + and energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to capture that + city must, as it were, storm it seven times. For my own part, however, I + think that not even the first wall could be occupied, so thick are the + earthworks and so well fortified is it with breastworks, towers, guns, and + ditches. + </p> + <p> + When I had been taken through the northern gate (which is shut with an + iron door so wrought that it can be raised and let down, and locked in + easily and strongly, its projections running into the grooves of the thick + posts by a marvellous device), I saw a level space seventy paces (1) wide + between the first and second walls. From hence can be seen large palaces, + all joined to the wall of the second circuit in such a manner as to appear + all one palace. Arches run on a level with the middle height of the + palaces, and are continued round the whole ring. There are galleries for + promenading upon these arches, which are supported from beneath by thick + and well-shaped columns, enclosing arcades like peristyles, or cloisters + of an abbey. + </p> + <p> + But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the inner or + concave partition, from which one enters directly to the lower parts of + the building. The higher parts, however, are reached by flights of marble + steps, which lead to galleries for promenading on the inside similar to + those on the outside. From these one enters the higher rooms, which are + very beautiful, and have windows on the concave and convex partitions. + These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated walls. The + convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight spans thick; the concave, + three; the intermediate walls are one, or perhaps one and a half. Leaving + this circle one gets to the second plain, which is nearly three paces + narrower than the first. Then the first wall of the second ring is seen + adorned above and below with similar galleries for walking, and there is + on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing palaces. It has also + similar peristyles supported by columns in the lower part, but above are + excellent pictures, round the ways into the upper houses. And so on + afterward through similar spaces and double walls, enclosing palaces, and + adorned with galleries for walking, extending along their outer side, and + supported by columns, till the last circuit is reached, the way being + still over a level plain. + </p> + <p> + But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost and the + inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means of steps so formed + that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since it proceeds in a slanting + direction, and the steps succeed one another at almost imperceptible + heights. On the top of the hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the + midst of this there rises a temple built with wondrous art. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell on, I pray you! Tell on! I am dying to hear more. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not girt with + walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully grouped. A very large + dome, built with great care in the centre or pole, contains another small + vault as it were rising out of it, and in this is a spiracle, which is + right over the altar. There is but one altar in the middle of the temple, + and this is hedged round by columns. The temple itself is on a space of + more than 350 paces. Without it, arches measuring about eight paces extend + from the heads of the columns outward, whence other columns rise about + three paces from the thick, strong, and erect wall. Between these and the + former columns there are galleries for walking, with beautiful pavements, + and in the recess of the wall, which is adorned with numerous large doors, + there are immovable seats, placed as it were between the inside columns, + supporting the temple. Portable chairs are not wanting, many and well + adorned. Nothing is seen over the altar but a large globe, upon which the + heavenly bodies are painted, and another globe upon which there is a + representation of the earth. Furthermore, in the vault of the dome there + can be discerned representations of all the stars of heaven from the first + to the sixth magnitude, with their proper names and power to influence + terrestrial things marked in three little verses for each. There are the + poles and greater and lesser circles according to the right latitude of + the place, but these are not perfect because there is no wall below. They + seem, too, to be made in their relation to the globes on the altar. The + pavement of the temple is bright with precious stones. Its seven golden + lamps hang always burning, and these bear the names of the seven planets. + </p> + <p> + At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells surround the + small dome, and behind the level space above the bands or arches of the + exterior and interior columns there are many cells, both small and large, + where the priests and religious officers dwell to the number of + forty-nine. + </p> + <p> + A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this shows in what + quarter the wind is. The flag is marked with figures up to thirty-six, and + the priests know what sort of year the different kinds of winds bring and + what will be the changes of weather on land and sea. Furthermore, under + the flag a book is always kept written with letters of gold. + </p> + <p> + G.M. I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole system of + government; for I am anxious to hear it. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The great ruler among them is a priest whom they call by the name + Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic. He is head over all, in + temporal and spiritual matters, and all business and lawsuits are settled + by him, as the supreme authority. Three princes of equal power—viz., + Pon, Sin, and Mor—assist him, and these in our tongue we should call + Power, Wisdom, and Love. To Power belongs the care of all matters relating + to war and peace. He attends to the military arts, and, next to Hoh, he is + ruler in every affair of a warlike nature. He governs the military + magistrates and the soldiers, and has the management of the munitions, the + fortifications, the storming of places, the implements of war, the + armories, the smiths and workmen connected with matters of this sort. + </p> + <p> + But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics, of all sciences + with their magistrates and doctors, and of the discipline of the schools. + As many doctors as there are, are under his control. There is one doctor + who is called Astrologus; a second, Cosmographus; a third, Arithmeticus; a + fourth, Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth, Poeta; a seventh, + Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus; a tenth, Medicus; an + eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a thirteenth, Moralis. They + have but one book, which they call Wisdom, and in it all the sciences are + written with conciseness and marvellous fluency of expression. This they + read to the people after the custom of the Pythagoreans. It is Wisdom who + causes the exterior and interior, the higher and lower walls of the city + to be adorned with the finest pictures, and to have all the sciences + painted upon them in an admirable manner. On the walls of the temple and + on the dome, which is let down when the priest gives an address, lest the + sounds of his voice, being scattered, should fly away from his audience, + there are pictures of stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers + and motions of each, expressed separately in three little verses. + </p> + <p> + On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical figures are + conspicuously painted—figures more in number than Archimedes or + Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically, and with the explanation of them + neatly written and contained each in a little verse. There are definitions + and propositions, etc. On the exterior convex wall is first an immense + drawing of the whole earth, given at one view. Following upon this, there + are tablets setting forth for every separate country the customs both + public and private, the laws, the origins and the power of the + inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people use can be seen above + that of the City of the Sun. + </p> + <p> + On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second ring of + buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and common stones, of + minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece of the metal itself is + also there with an apposite explanation in two small verses for each metal + or stone. On the outside are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes, and + streams which are on the face of the earth; as are also the wines and the + oils and the different liquids, with the sources from which the last are + extracted, their qualities and strength. There are also vessels built into + the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids from one to 300 + years old, which cure all diseases. Hail and snow, storms and thunder, and + whatever else takes place in the air, are represented with suitable + figures and little verses. The inhabitants even have the art of + representing in stone all the phenomena of the air, such as the wind, + rain, thunder, the rainbow, etc. + </p> + <p> + On the interior of the third circuit all the different families of trees + and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of each plant in + earthenware vessels placed upon the outer partition of the arches. With + the specimens there are explanations as to where they were first found, + what are their powers and natures, and resemblances to celestial things + and to metals, to parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and + also as to their uses in medicine, etc. On the exterior wall are all the + races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits and + values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the purposes for which + they exist in the world, and their uses to man. Further, their + resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things, produced both by nature + and art, are so given that I was astonished when I saw a fish which was + like a bishop, one like a chain, another like a garment, a fourth like a + nail, a fifth like a star, and others like images of those things existing + among us, the relation in each case being completely manifest. There are + sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish and mussels; and + whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being known is there fully + shown in marvellous characters of painting and drawing. + </p> + <p> + On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are painted, + with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of living, etc.; and + the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabitants of this city. On the + exterior are shown all the races of creeping animals, serpents, dragons, + and worms; the insects, the flies, gnats, beetles, etc., in their + different states, strength, venoms, and uses, and a great deal more than + you or I can think of. + </p> + <p> + On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the earth, as + many in number as would astonish you. We indeed know not the thousandth + part of them, for on the exterior wall also a great many of immense size + are also portrayed. To be sure, of horses alone, how great a number of + breeds there is and how beautiful are the forms there cleverly displayed! + </p> + <p> + On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with the + several instruments for each and their manner of use among different + nations. Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and their several + inventors are named. But on the exterior all the inventors in science, in + warfare, and in law are represented. There I saw Moses, Osiris, Jupiter, + Mercury, Lycurgus, Pompilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon, Charondas, + Phoroneus, with very many others. They even have Mahomet, whom + nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator. In the most + dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ and of the + twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy and hold to be great. Of + the representations of men, I perceived Caesar, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and + Hannibal in the highest place; and other very renowned heroes in peace and + war, especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower positions, under the + galleries. And when I asked with astonishment whence they had obtained our + history, they told me that among them there was a knowledge of all + languages, and that by perseverance they continually send explorers and + ambassadors over the whole earth, who learn thoroughly the customs, + forces, rule and histories of the nations, bad and good alike. These they + apply all to their own republic, and with this they are well pleased. I + learned that cannon and typography were invented by the Chinese before we + knew of them. There are magistrates who announce the meaning of the + pictures, and boys are accustomed to learn all the sciences, without toil + and as if for pleasure; but in the way of history only until they are ten + years old. + </p> + <p> + Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race. He sees that men + and women are so joined together, that they bring forth the best + offspring. Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit a studious care for our + breed of horses and dogs, but neglect the breeding of human beings. Thus + the education of the children is under his rule. So also is the medicine + that is sold, the sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of + trees, agriculture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the + cooking arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food, clothing, + and the intercourse of the sexes. Love himself is ruler, but there are + many male and female magistrates dedicated to these arts. + </p> + <p> + Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the above-named + matters, and even by himself alone nothing is done; all business is + discharged by the four together, but in whatever Metaphysic inclines to + the rest are sure to agree. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and duties, of + the education and mode of living, whether the government is a monarchy, a + republic, or an aristocracy. + </p> + <p> + Capt. This race of men came there from India, flying from the sword of the + Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who laid waste their country, and + they determined to lead a philosophic life in fellowship with one another. + Although the community of wives is not instituted among the other + inhabitants of their province, among them it is in use after this manner: + All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by the + authority of the magistrates. Arts and honors and pleasures are common, + and are held in such a manner that no one can appropriate anything to + himself. + </p> + <p> + They say that all private property is acquired and improved for the reason + that each one of us by himself has his own home and wife and children. + From this, self-love springs. For when we raise a son to riches and + dignities, and leave an heir to much wealth, we become either ready to + grasp at the property of the State, if in any case fear should be removed + from the power which belongs to riches and rank; or avaricious, crafty, + and hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse, little strength, and mean + ancestry. But when we have taken away self-love, there remains only love + for the State. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Under such circumstances no one will be willing to labor, while he + expects others to work, on the fruit of whose labors he can live, as + Aristotle argues against Plato. + </p> + <p> + Capt. I do not know how to deal with that argument, but I declare to you + that they burn with so great a love for their fatherland, as I could + scarcely have believed possible; and indeed with much more than the + histories tell us belonged to the Romans, who fell willingly for their + country, inasmuch as they have to a greater extent surrendered their + private property. I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy of + our country, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and + friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be less fond + of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity toward all, as it + was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a great many cases. + </p> + <p> + G.M. St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this race of men, + friendship is worth nothing, since they have not the chance of conferring + mutual benefits on one another. + </p> + <p> + Capt. Nay, indeed. For it is worth the trouble to see that no one can + receive gifts from another. Whatever is necessary they have, they receive + it from the community, and the magistrate takes care that no one receives + more than he deserves. Yet nothing necessary is denied to anyone. + Friendship is recognized among them in war, in infirmity, in the art + contests, by which means they aid one another mutually by teaching. + Sometimes they improve themselves mutually with praises, with + conversation, with actions, and out of the things they need. All those of + the same age call one another brothers. They call all over twenty-two + years of age, fathers; those that are less than twenty-two are named sons. + Moreover, the magistrates govern well, so that no one in the fraternity + can do injury to another. + </p> + <p> + G.M. And how? + </p> + <p> + Capt. As many names of virtues as there are among us, so many magistrates + there are among them. There is a magistrate who is named Magnanimity, + another Fortitude, a third Chastity, a fourth Liberality, a fifth Criminal + and Civil Justice, a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an eighth Kindness, a + tenth Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth Exercise, a + thirteenth Sobriety, etc. They are elected to duties of that kind, each + one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from boyhood to be + most suitable. Wherefore among them neither robbery nor clever murders, + nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or other crimes of which we accuse one + another, can be found. They accuse themselves of ingratitude and malignity + when anyone denies a lawful satisfaction to another of indolence, of + sadness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander, and of lying, which curseful + thing they thoroughly hate. Accused persons undergoing punishment are + deprived of the common table, and other honors, until the judge thinks + that they agree with their correction. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are chosen. + </p> + <p> + Capt. You would not rightly understand this, unless you first learned + their manner of living. That you may know, then, men and women wear the + same kind of garment, suited for war. The women wear the toga below the + knee, but the men above; and both sexes are instructed in all the arts + together. When this has been done as a start, and before their third year, + the boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by walking round + them. They have four leaders, and four elders, the first to direct them, + the second to teach them, and these are men approved beyond all others. + After some time they exercise themselves with gymnastics, running, quoits, + and other games, by means of which all their muscles are strengthened + alike. Their feet are always bare, and so are their heads as far as the + seventh ring. Afterward they lead them to the offices of the trades, such + as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working, carpentry, painting, etc. In order + to find out the bent of the genius of each one, after their seventh year, + when they have already gone through the mathematics on the walls, they + take them to the readings of all the sciences; there are four lectures at + each reading, and in the course of four hours the four in their order + explain everything. + </p> + <p> + For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with public services or + functions, others apply themselves to reading. Leaving these studies all + are devoted to the more abstruse subjects, to mathematics, to medicine, + and to other sciences. There are continual debate and studied argument + among them, and after a time they become magistrates of those sciences or + mechanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for everyone + follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out to the plains to + the works of the field, and for the purpose of becoming acquainted with + the pasturage of the dumb animals. And they consider him the more noble + and renowned who has dedicated himself to the study of the most arts and + knows how to practise them wisely. Wherefore they laugh at us in that we + consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to be noble who have mastered + no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many slaves given over to their + own pleasure and lasciviousness; and thus, as it were, from a school of + vices so many idle and wicked fellows go forth for the ruin of the State. + </p> + <p> + The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four chiefs, Hoh, + Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art over which they are fit + to preside. And these teachers know well who is most suited for rule. + Certain men are proposed by the magistrates in council, they themselves + not seeking to become candidates, and he opposes who knows anything + against those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks in favor of + them. But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him who knows the + histories of the nations, and their customs and sacrifices and laws, and + their form of government, whether a republic or a monarchy. He must also + know the names of the lawgivers and the inventors in science, and the laws + and the history of the earth and the heavenly bodies. They think it also + necessary that he should understand all the mechanical arts, the physical + sciences, astrology and mathematics. Nearly every two days they teach our + mechanical art. They are not allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent + practice and the paintings render learning easy to them. Not too much care + is given to the cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly number of + interpreters who are grammarians in the State. But beyond everything else + it is necessary that Hoh should understand metaphysics and theology; that + he should know thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations + of all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things; + necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wisdom, and the + love of things and of God; the stages of life and its symbols; everything + relating to the heavens, the earth, and the sea; and the ideas of God, as + much as mortal man can know of him. He must also be well read in the + prophets and in astrology. And thus they know long beforehand who will be + Hoh. He is not chosen to so great a dignity unless he has attained his + thirty-fifth year. And this office is perpetual, because it is not known + who may be too wise for it or who too skilled in ruling. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Who indeed can be so wise? If even anyone has a knowledge of the + sciences it seems that he must be unskilled in ruling. + </p> + <p> + Capt. This very question I asked them and they replied thus: "We, indeed, + are more certain that such a very learned man has the knowledge of + governing, than you who place ignorant persons in authority, and consider + them suitable merely because they have sprung from rulers or have been + chosen by a powerful faction. But our Hoh, a man really the most capable + to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a tyrant, inasmuch as + he possesses so much wisdom. This, moreover, is not unknown to you, that + the same argument cannot apply among you, when you consider that man the + most learned who knows most of grammar, or logic, or of Aristotle or any + other author. For such knowledge as this of yours much servile labor and + memory work are required, so that a man is rendered unskilful, since he + has contemplated nothing but the words of books and has given his mind + with useless result to the consideration of the dead signs of things. + Hence he knows not in what way God rules the universe, nor the ways and + customs of nature and the nations. Wherefore he is not equal to our Hoh. + For that one cannot know so many arts and sciences thoroughly, who is not + esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt at all things, and therefore at + ruling especially. This also is plain to us that he who knows only one + science, does not really know either that or the others, and he who is + suited for only one science and has gathered his knowledge from books, is + unlearned and unskilled. But this is not the case with intellects prompt + and expert in every branch of knowledge and suitable for the consideration + of natural objects, as it is necessary that our Hoh should be. Besides in + our State the sciences are taught with a facility (as you have seen) by + which more scholars are turned out by us in one year than by you in ten, + or even fifteen. Make trial, I pray you, of these boys." + </p> + <p> + In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truthful discourse + and at the trial of their boys, who did not understand my language well. + Indeed it is necessary that three of them should be skilled in our tongue, + three in Arabic, three in Polish, and three in each of the other + languages, and no recreation is allowed them unless they become more + learned. For that they go out to the plain for the sake of running about + and hurling arrows and lances, and of firing harquebuses, and for the sake + of hunting the wild animals and getting a knowledge of plants and stones, + and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes the band of boys does one thing, + sometimes another. + </p> + <p> + They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assisting Hoh + should know other than the arts having reference to their rule, and so + they have only a historical knowledge of the arts which are common to all. + But their own they know well, to which certainly one is dedicated more + than another. Thus Power is the most learned in the equestrian art, in + marshalling the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture of + every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning stratagems, and + in every affair of a military nature. And for these reasons, they consider + it necessary that these chiefs should have been philosophers, historians, + politicians, and physicists. Concerning the other two triumvirs, + understand remarks similar to those I have made about Power. + </p> + <p> + G.M. I really wish that you would recount all their public duties, and + would distinguish between them, and also that you would tell clearly how + they are all taught in common. + </p> + <p> + Capt. They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and couches and other + necessaries. But at the end of every six months they are separated by the + masters. Some shall sleep in this ring, some in another; some in the first + apartment, and some in the second; and these apartments are marked by + means of the alphabet on the lintel. There are occupations, mechanical and + theoretical, common to both men and women, with this difference, that the + occupations which require more hard work, and walking a long distance, are + practised by men, such as ploughing, sowing, gathering the fruits, working + at the threshing-floor, and perchance at the vintage. But it is customary + to choose women for milking the cows and for making cheese. In like + manner, they go to the gardens near to the outskirts of the city both for + collecting the plants and for cultivating them. In fact, all sedentary and + stationary pursuits are practised by the women, such as weaving, spinning, + sewing, cutting the hair, shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all + kinds of garments. They are, however, excluded from working in wood and + the manufacture of arms. If a woman is fit to paint, she is not prevented + from doing so; nevertheless, music is given over to the women alone, + because they please the more, and of a truth to boys also. But the women + have not the practise of the drum and the horn. + </p> + <p> + And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the following + manner. It is the peculiar work of the boys and girls under twenty to wait + at the tables. In every ring there are suitable kitchens, barns, and + stores of utensils for eating and drinking, and over every department an + old man and an old woman preside. These two have at once the command of + those who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing to be chastised, + those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also examine and mark + each one, both male and female, who excels in his or her duties. + </p> + <p> + All the young people wait upon the older ones who have passed the age of + forty, and in the evening when they go to sleep the master and mistress + command that those should be sent to work in the morning, upon whom in + succession the duty falls, one or two to separate apartments. The young + people, however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some + unwillingness. They have first and second tables, and on both sides there + are seats. On one side sit the women, on the other the men; and as in the + refectories of the monks, there is no noise. While they are eating a young + man reads a book from a platform, intoning distinctly and sonorously, and + often the magistrates question them upon the more important parts of the + reading. And truly it is pleasant to observe in what manner these young + people, so beautiful and clothed in garments so suitable, attend to them, + and to see at the same time so many friends, brothers, sons, fathers, and + mothers all in their turn living together with so much honesty, propriety, + and love. So each one is given a napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of + food. It is the duty of the medical officers to tell the cooks what + repasts shall be prepared on each day, and what food for the old, what for + the young, and what for the sick. The magistrates receive the full-grown + and fatter portion, and they from their share always distribute something + to the boys at the table who have shown themselves more studious in the + morning at the lectures and debates concerning wisdom and arms. And this + is held to be one of the most distinguished honors. For six days they + ordain to sing with music at table. Only a few, however, sing; or there is + one voice accompanying the lute and one for each other instrument. And + when all alike in service join their hands, nothing is found to be + wanting. The old men placed at the head of the cooking business and of the + refectories of the servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the + houses, the vessels, the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses. + </p> + <p> + They wear white under-garments to which adheres a covering, which is at + once coat and legging, without wrinkles. The borders of the fastenings are + furnished with globular buttons, extended round and caught up here and + there by chains. The coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and are + continued even to the heels. Then they cover the feet with large socks, + or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they wear a + half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are clothed with a + toga. And so aptly fitting are the garments, that when the toga is + destroyed, the different parts of the whole body are straightway + discerned, no part being concealed. They change their clothes for + different ones four times in the year, that is when the sun enters + respectively the constellations Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and + according to the circumstances and necessity as decided by the officer of + health. The keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to + distribute them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time as + many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some slight, according + to the weather. They all use white clothing, and this is washed in each + month with lye or soap, as are also the workshops of the lower trades, the + kitchens, the pantries the barns, the store-houses, the armories, the + refectories, and the baths. + </p> + <p> + Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peristyles, and the + water is brought down by means of canals which are continued as sewers. In + every street of the different rings there are suitable fountains, which + send forth their water by means of canals, the water being drawn up from + nearly the bottom of the mountain by the sole movement of a cleverly + contrived handle. There is water in fountains and in cisterns, whither the + rain-water collected from the roofs of the houses is brought through pipes + full of sand. They wash their bodies often, according as the doctor and + master command. All the mechanical arts are practised under the + peristyles, but the speculative are carried on above in the walking + galleries and ramparts where are the more splendid paintings, but the more + sacred ones are taught in the temple. In the halls and wings of the rings + there are solar time-pieces and bells, and hands by which the hours and + seasons are marked off. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me about their children. + </p> + <p> + Capt. When their women have brought forth children, they suckle and rear + them in temples set apart for all. They give milk for two years or more as + the physician orders. After that time the weaned child is given into the + charge of the mistresses, if it is a female, and to the masters, if it is + a male. And then with other young children they are pleasantly instructed + in the alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in running, + walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and in languages; + and they are adorned with a suitable garment of different colors. After + their sixth year they are taught natural science, and then the mechanical + sciences. The men who are weak in intellect are sent to farms, and when + they have become more proficient some of them are received into the State. + And those of the same age and born under the same constellation are + especially like one another in strength and in appearance, and hence + arises much lasting concord in the State, these men honoring one another + with mutual love and help. Names are given to them by Metaphysicus, and + that not by chance, but designedly, and according to each one's + peculiarity, as was the custom among the ancient Romans. Wherefore one is + called Beautiful (Pulcher), another the Big-nosed (Naso), another the + Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked (Torvus), another Lean (Macer), and + so on. But when they have become very skilled in their professions and + done any great deed in war or in time of peace, a cognomen from art is + given to them, such as Beautiful the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor + Magnus), the Golden One (Aureus), the Excellent One (Excellens), or the + Strong (Strenuus); or from their deeds, such as Naso the Brave (Nason + Fortis), or the Cunning, or the Great, or Very Great Conqueror; or from + the enemy anyone has overcome, Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if + anyone has overcome Manfred or Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or + Tortelius, and so on. All these cognomens are added by the higher + magistrates, and very often with a crown suitable to the deed or art, and + with the flourish of music. For gold and silver are reckoned of little + value among them except as material for their vessels and ornaments, which + are common to all. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them or + disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a magistracy, or to + any other dignity to which he aspires? + </p> + <p> + Capt. Certainly not. For no one wants either necessaries or luxuries. + Moreover, the race is managed for the good of the commonwealth, and not of + private individuals, and the magistrates must be obeyed. They deny what we + hold—viz., that it is natural to man to recognize his offspring and + to educate them, and to use his wife and house and children as his own. + For they say that children are bred for the preservation of the species + and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also asserts. Therefore the + breeding of children has reference to the commonwealth, and not to + individuals, except in so far as they are constituents of the + commonwealth. And since individuals for the most part bring forth children + wrongly and educate them wrongly, they consider that they remove + destruction from the State, and therefore for this reason, with most + sacred fear, they commit the education of the children, who, as it were, + are the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates; for the + safety of the community is not that of a few. And thus they distribute + male and female breeders of the best natures according to philosophical + rules. Plato thinks that this distribution ought to be made by lot, lest + some men seeing that they are kept away from the beautiful women, should + rise up with anger and hatred against the magistrates; and he thinks + further that those who do not deserve cohabitation with the more beautiful + women, should be deceived while the lots are being led out of the city by + the magistrates, so that at all times the women who are suitable should + fall to their lot, not those whom they desire. This shrewdness, however, + is not necessary among the inhabitants of the City of the Sun. For with + them deformity is unknown. When the women are exercised they get a clear + complexion, and become strong of limb, tall and agile, and with them + beauty consists in tallness and strength. Therefore, if any woman dyes her + face, so that it may become beautiful, or uses high-heeled boots so that + she may appear tall, or garments with trains to cover her wooden shoes, + she is condemned to capital punishment. But if the women should even + desire them they have no facility for doing these things. For who indeed + would give them this facility? Further, they assert that among us abuses + of this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women. By these means + they lose their color and have pale complexions, and become feeble and + small. For this reason they are without proper complexions, use high + sandals, and become beautiful not from strength, but from slothful + tenderness. And thus they ruin their own tempers and natures, and + consequently those of their offspring. Furthermore, if at any time a man + is taken captive with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are allowed + to converse and joke together and to give one another garlands of flowers + or leaves, and to make verses. But if the race is endangered, by no means + is further union between them permitted. Moreover, the love born of eager + desire is not known among them; only that born of friendship. + </p> + <p> + Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, because, + excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he is in need of. To + the heroes and heroines of the republic, it is customary to give the + pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful wreaths, sweet food, or splendid + clothes, while they are feasting. In the daytime all use white garments + within the city, but at night or outside the city they use red garments + either of wool or silk. They hate black as they do dung, and therefore + they dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black. Pride they consider the + most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is chastised with the most + ruthless correction. Wherefore no one thinks it lowering to wait at table + or to work in the kitchen or fields. All work they call discipline, and + thus they say that it is honorable to go on foot, to do any act of nature, + to see with the eye, and to speak with the tongue; and when there is need, + they distinguish philosophically between tears and spittle. + </p> + <p> + Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty, is considered + very honorable. It is not the custom to keep slaves. For they are enough, + and more than enough, for themselves. But with us, alas! it is not so. In + Naples there exist 70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely 10,000 or + 15,000 do any work, and they are always lean from overwork and are getting + weaker every day. The rest become a prey to idleness, avarice, ill-health, + lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and contaminate and corrupt very + many families by holding them in servitude for their own use, by keeping + them in poverty and slavishness, and by imparting to them their own vices. + Therefore public slavery ruins them; useful works, in the field, in + military service, and in arts, except those which are debasing, are not + cultivated, the few who do practise them doing so with much aversion. + </p> + <p> + But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are distributed among all, + it only falls to each one to work for about four hours every day. The + remaining hours are spent in learning joyously, in debating, in reading, + in reciting, in writing, in walking, in exercising the mind and body, and + with play. They allow no game which is played while sitting, neither the + single die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these. But they play with + the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling, with hurling at + the stake. They say, moreover, that grinding poverty renders men + worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vagabonds, liars, false + witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them insolent, proud, ignorant, + traitors, assumers of what they know not, deceivers, boasters, wanting in + affection, slanderers, etc. But with them all the rich and poor together + make up the community. They are rich because they want nothing, poor + because they possess nothing; and consequently they are not slaves to + circumstances, but circumstances serve them. And on this point they + strongly recommend the religion of the Christians, and especially the life + of the apostles. + </p> + <p> + G.M. This seems excellent and sacred, but the community of women is a + thing too difficult to attain. The holy Roman Clement says that wives + ought to be common in accordance with the apostolic institution, and + praises Plato and Socrates, who thus teach, but the Glossary interprets + this community with regard to obedience. And Tertullian agrees with the + Glossary, that the first Christians had everything in common except wives. + </p> + <p> + Capt. These things I know little of. But this I saw among the inhabitants + of the City of the Sun, that they did not make this exception. And they + defend themselves by the opinion of Socrates, of Cato, of Plato, and of + St. Clement; but, as you say, they misunderstand the opinions of these + thinkers. And the inhabitants of the solar city ascribe this to their want + of education, since they are by no means learned in philosophy. + Nevertheless, they send abroad to discover the customs of nations, and the + best of these they always adopt. Practice makes the women suitable for war + and other duties. Thus they agree with Plato, in whom I have read these + same things. The reasoning of our Cajetan does not convince me, and least + of all that of Aristotle. This thing, however, existing among them is + excellent and worthy of imitation—viz., that no physical defect + renders a man incapable of being serviceable except the decrepitude of old + age, since even the deformed are useful for consultation. The lame serve + as guards, watching with the eyes which they possess. The blind card wool + with their hands, separating the down from the hairs, with which latter + they stuff the couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes + and hands give the use of their ears or their voice for the convenience of + the State, and if one has only one sense he uses it in the farms. And + these cripples are well treated, and some become spies, telling the + officers of the State what they have heard. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs. Then you may + explain their arts, ways of life and sciences, and lastly their religion. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magistrates of arms, of + artillery, of cavalry, of foot-soldiers, of architects, and of + strategists; and the masters and many of the most excellent workmen obey + the magistrates, the men of each art paying allegiance to their respective + chiefs. Moreover, Power is at the head of all the professors of + gymnastics, who teach military exercise, and who are prudent generals, + advanced in age. By these the boys are trained after their twelfth year. + Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to wrestling, running, + throwing the weight, and other minor exercises, under inferior masters. + But at twelve they are taught how to strike at the enemy, at horses and + elephants, to handle the spear, the sword, the arrow, and the sling; to + manage the horse, to advance and to retreat, to remain in order of battle, + to help a comrade in arms, to anticipate the enemy by cunning, and to + conquer. + </p> + <p> + The women also are taught these arts under their own magistrates and + mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to render assistance to + the males in battles near the city. They are taught to watch the + fortifications lest at some time a hasty attack should suddenly be made. + In this respect they praise the Spartans and Amazons. The women know well + also how to let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead; how to + throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack. They are + accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether, and that one is + punished most severely who shows any fear. + </p> + <p> + The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death, because they all + believe that the soul is immortal, and that when it has left the body it + is associated with other spirits, wicked or good, according to the merits + of this present life. Although they are partly followers of Brahma and + Pythagoras, they do not believe in the transmigration of souls, except in + some cases by a distinct decree of God. They do not abstain from injuring + an enemy of the republic and of religion, who is unworthy of pity. During + the second month the army is reviewed, and every day there is practice of + arms, either in the cavalry plain or within the walls. Nor are they ever + without lectures on the science of war. They take care that the accounts + of Moses, of Joshua, of David, of Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of + Alexander, of Scipio, of Hannibal, and other great soldiers should be + read. And then each one gives his own opinion as to whether these generals + acted well or ill, usefully or honorably, and then the teacher answers and + says who are right. + </p> + <p> + G.M. With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons, since they are so + prosperous? + </p> + <p> + Capt. Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exercised in military + tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they should become effeminate and + unprepared for any emergency. Besides, there are four kingdoms in the + island, which are very envious of their prosperity, for this reason that + the people desire to live after the manner of the inhabitants of the City + of the Sun, and to be under their rule rather than that of their own + kings. Wherefore the State often makes war upon these because, being + neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously, since they have not an + object of worship and do not observe the religion of other nations or of + the Brahmins. And other nations of India, to which formerly they were + subject, rise up as it were in rebellion, as also do the Taprobanese, whom + they wanted to join them at first. The warriors of the City of the Sun, + however, are always the victors. As soon as they suffered from insult or + disgrace or plunder, or when their allies have been harassed, or a people + have been oppressed by a tyrant of the State (for they are always the + advocates of liberty), they go immediately to the Council for + deliberation. After they have knelt in the presence of God, that he might + inspire their consultation, they proceed to examine the merits of the + business, and thus war is decided on. Immediately after, a priest, whom + they call Forensic, is sent away. He demands from the enemy the + restitution of the plunder, asks that the allies should be freed from + oppression, or that the tyrant should be deposed. If they deny these + things war is declared by invoking the vengeance of God—the God of + Sabaoth—for destruction of those who maintain an unjust cause. But + if the enemy refuse to reply, the priest gives him the space of one hour + for his answer, if he is a king, but three if it is a republic, so that + they cannot escape giving a response. And in this manner is war undertaken + against the insolent enemies of natural rights and of religion. When war + has been declared, the deputy of Power performs everything, but Power, + like the Roman dictator, plans and wills everything, so that hurtful + tardiness may be avoided. And when anything of great moment arises he + consults Hoh and Wisdom and Love. + </p> + <p> + Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of making an + expedition are declared by a herald in the great Council. All from twenty + years and upward are admitted to this Council, and thus the necessaries + are agreed upon. All kinds of weapons stand in the armories, and these + they use often in sham fights. The exterior walls of each ring are full of + guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines for hurling + which are called cannons, and which they take into battle upon mules and + asses and carriages. When they have arrived in an open plain they enclose + in the middle the provisions, engines of war, chariots, ladders, and + machines, and all fight courageously. Then each one returns to the + standards, and the enemy thinking that they are giving and preparing to + flee, are deceived and relax their order: then the warriors of the City of + the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on each side, regain their breath + and strength, and ordering the artillery to discharge their bullets they + resume the fight against a disorganized host. And they observe many ruses + of this kind. They overcome all mortals with their stratagems and engines. + Their camp is fortified after the manner of the Romans. They pitch their + tents and fortify with wall and ditch with wonderful quickness. The + masters of works, of engines and hurling machines, stand ready, and the + soldiers understand the use of the spade and the axe. + </p> + <p> + Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and in strategy + consult together concerning the business of war, and command their bands + after consultation. It is their wont to take out with them a body of boys, + armed and on horses, so that they may learn to fight, just as the whelps + of lions and wolves are accustomed to blood. And these in time of danger + betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many armed women. After + the battle the women and boys soothe and relieve the pain of the warriors, + and wait upon them and encourage them with embraces and pleasant words. + How wonderful a help is this! For the soldiers, in order that they may + acquit themselves as sturdy men in the eyes of their wives and offspring, + endure hardships, and so love makes them conquerors. He who in the fight + first scales the enemy's walls receives after the battle of a crown of + grass, as a token of honor, and at the presentation the women and boys + applaud loudly; that one who affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of + oak-leaves; he who kills a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and + receives from Hoh the cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain + other kinds of crowns. + </p> + <p> + Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tempered pistols, + narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle. And to get the barrels of + their pistols narrow they pierce the metal which they intend to convert + into arms. Further, every cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger. But + the rest, who form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel. For if + the foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make swords, they + attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him. Two chains of six spans + length hang from the club, and at the end of these are iron balls, and + when these are aimed at the enemy they surround his neck and drag him to + the ground; and in order that they may be able to use the club more + easily, they do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them by means + of the feet. If perchance the reins are interchanged above the trappings + of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups with buckles, and not + to the feet. And the stirrups have an arrangement for swift movement of + the bridle, so that they draw in or let out the rein with marvellous + celerity. With the right foot they turn the horse to the left, and with + the left to the right. This secret, moreover, is not known to the Tartars. + For, although they govern the reins with their feet, they are ignorant + nevertheless of turning them and drawing them in and letting them out by + means of the block of the stirrups. The light-armed cavalry with them are + the first to engage in battle, then the men forming the phalanx with their + spears, then the archers for whose services a great price is paid, and who + are accustomed to fight in lines crossing one another as the threads of + cloth, some rushing forward in their turn and others receding. They have a + band of lancers strengthening the line of battle, but they make trial of + the swords only at the end. + </p> + <p> + After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the manner of + the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way. Prayers by the way of + thank-offerings are made to God, and then the general presents himself in + the temple, and the deeds, good and bad, are related by the poet or + historian, who according to custom was with the expedition. And the + greatest chief, Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes little + gifts and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some days free + from public duties. But this exemption from work is by no means pleasing + to them, since they know not what it is to be at leisure, and so they help + their companions. On the other hand, they who have been conquered through + their own fault, or have lost the victory, are blamed; and they who were + the first to take to flight are in no way worthy to escape death, unless + when the whole army asks their lives, and each one takes upon himself a + part of their punishment. But this indulgence is rarely granted, except + when there are good reasons favoring it. But he who did not bear help to + an ally or friend is beaten with rods. That one who did not obey orders is + given to the beasts, in an enclosure, to be devoured, and a staff is put + in his hand, and if he should conquer the lions and the bears that are + there, which is almost impossible, he is received into favor again. The + conquered States or those willingly delivered up to them, forthwith have + all things in common, and receive a garrison and magistrates from the City + of the Sun, and by degrees they are accustomed to the ways of the city, + the mistress of all, to which they even send their sons to be taught + without contributing anything for expense. + </p> + <p> + It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and their + master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies, both within and + without the State, which you can of yourself imagine. Since from childhood + they are chosen according to their inclination and the star under which + they were born, therefore each one working according to his natural + propensity does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally. The same + things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions. + </p> + <p> + There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they are placed at + the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh ring, above the + breastworks and towers and inside mounds. These places are guarded in the + day by women, in the night by men. And lest the guard should become weary + of watching, and in case of a surprise, they change them every three + hours, as is the custom with our soldiers. At sunset, when the drum and + symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed. Cavalry and infantry + make use of hunting as the symbol of war and practise games and hold + festivities in the plains. Then the music strikes up, and freely they + pardon the offences and faults of the enemy, and after the victories they + are kind to them, if it has been decreed that they should destroy the + walls of the enemy's city and take their lives. All these things are done + on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never cease to load the + conquered with favors, for they say that there ought to be no fighting, + except when the conquerors give up the conquered, not when they kill them. + If there is a dispute among them concerning injury or any other matter + (for they themselves scarcely ever contend except in matters of honor), + the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused one secretly, if he has + done harm in deeds after he has been first angry. If they wait until the + time of the battle for the verbal decision, they must give vent to their + anger against the enemy, and he who in battle shows the most daring deeds + is considered to have defended the better and truer cause in the struggle, + and the other yields, and they are punished justly. Nevertheless, they are + not allowed to come to single combat, since right is maintained by the + tribunal, and because the unjust cause is often apparent when the more + just succumbs, and he who professes to be the better man shows this in + public fight. + </p> + <p> + G.M. This is worth while, so that factions should not be cherished for the + harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars might not occur, for by + means of these a tyrant often arises, as the examples of Rome and Athens + show. Now, I pray you, tell me of their works and matter connected + therewith. + </p> + <p> + Capt. I believe that you have already heard about their military affairs + and about their agricultural and pastoral life, and in what way these are + common to them, and how they honor with the first grade of nobility + whoever is considered to have knowledge of these. They who are skilful in + more arts than these they consider still nobler, and they set that one + apart for teaching the art in which he is most skilful. The occupations + which require the most labor, such as working in metals and building, are + the most praiseworthy among them. No one declines to go to these + occupations, for the reason that from the beginning their propensities are + well known, and among them, on account of the distribution of labor, no + one does work harmful to him, but only that which is necessary for him. + The occupations entailing less labor belong to the women. All of them are + expected to know how to swim, and for this reason ponds are dug outside + the walls of the city and within them near to the fountains. + </p> + <p> + Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of money, and + they count for the use of their ambassadors and explorers, so that with it + they may have the means of living. They receive merchants into their + States from the different countries of the world, and these buy the + superfluous goods of the city. The people of the City of the Sun refuse to + take money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things of which + they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money; and the young people + in the City of the Sun are much amused when they see that for a small + price they receive so many things in exchange. The old men, however, do + not laugh. They are unwilling that the State should be corrupted by the + vicious customs of slaves and foreigners. Therefore they do business at + the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in war or keep them for + digging ditches and other hard work without the city, and for this reason + they always send four bands of soldiers to take care of the fields, and + with them there are the laborers. They go out of the four gates from which + roads with walls on both sides of them lead to the sea, so that goods + might easily be carried over them and foreigners might not meet with + difficulty on their way. + </p> + <p> + To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for three days at + the public expense; after they have first washed their feet, they show + them their city and its customs, and they honor them with a seat at the + Council and public table, and there are men whose duty it is to take care + of and guard the guests. But if strangers should wish to become citizens + of their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and for another + month in the city, then they decide concerning them, and admit them with + certain ceremonies and oaths. + </p> + <p> + Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a span of earth + without cultivation, and they observe the winds and propitious stars. With + the exception of a few left in the city all go out armed, and with flags + and drums and trumpets sounding, to the fields, for the purposes of + ploughing, sowing, digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and grapes; + and they set in order everything, and do their work in a very few hours + and with much care. They use wagons fitted with sails which are borne + along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the marvellous contrivance + of wheels within wheels. + </p> + <p> + And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart, which is a + grand sight. + </p> + <p> + The guardians of the land move about in the meantime, armed and always in + their proper turn. They do not use dung and filth for manuring the fields, + thinking that the fruit contracts something of their rottenness, and when + eaten gives a short and poor subsistence, as women who are beautiful with + rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble offspring. Wherefore + they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig it up well and use secret + remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and multiplies, and is not + destroyed. They have a book for this work, which they call the Georgics. + As much of the land as is necessary is cultivated, and the rest is used + for the pasturage of cattle. + </p> + <p> + The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses, oxen, sheep, + dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals is in the highest esteem + among them as it was in the time of Abraham. And the animals are led so to + pair that they may be able to breed well. + </p> + <p> + Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are placed before + them. They do not turn out horses with mares to feed, but at the proper + time they bring them together in an enclosure of the stables in their + fields. And this is done when they observe that the constellation Archer + is in favorable conjunction with Mars and Jupiter. For the oxen they + observe the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance with art. + Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks and geese, which + are driven out by the women to feed near the city. The women only do this + when it is a pleasure to them. There are also places enclosed, where they + make cheese, butter, and milk-food. They also keep capons, fruit, and + other things, and for all these matters there is a book which they call + the Bucolics. They have an abundance of all things, since everyone likes + to be industrious, their labors being slight and profitable. They are + docile, and that one among them who is head of the rest in duties of this + kind they call king. For they say that this is the proper name of the + leaders, and it does not belong to ignorant persons. It is wonderful to + see how men and women march together collectively, and always in obedience + to the voice of the king. Nor do they regard him with loathing as we do, + for they know that although he is greater than themselves, he is for all + that their father and brother. They keep groves and woods for wild + animals, and they often hunt. + </p> + <p> + The science of navigation is considered very dignified by them, and they + possess rafts and triremes, which go over the waters without rowers or the + force of the wind, but by a marvellous contrivance. And other vessels they + have which are moved by the winds. They have a correct knowledge of the + stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide. They navigate for the sake of + becoming acquainted with nations and different countries and things. They + injure nobody, and they do not put up with injury, and they never go to + battle unless when provoked. They assert that the whole earth will in time + come to live in accordance with their customs, and consequently they + always find out whether there be a nation whose manner of living is better + and more approved than the rest. They admire the Christian institutions + and look for a realization of the apostolic life in vogue among themselves + and in us. There are treaties between them and the Chinese and many other + nations, both insular and continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which + they are only just able to explore. Furthermore, they have artificial + fires, battles on sea and land, and many strategic secrets. Therefore they + are nearly always victorious. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what foods and drinks + they are nourished, and in what way and for how long they live. + </p> + <p> + Capt. Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese, garden herbs, + and vegetables of various kinds. They were unwilling at first to slay + animals, because it seemed cruel; but thinking afterward that is was also + cruel to destroy herbs which have a share of sensitive feeling, they saw + that they would perish from hunger unless they did an unjustifiable action + for the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they all eat meat. + Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals, such as oxen and + horses. They observe the difference between useful and harmful foods, and + for this they employ the science of medicine. They always change their + food. First they eat flesh, then fish, then afterward they go back to + flesh, and nature is never incommoded or weakened. The old people use the + more digestible kind of food, and take three meals a day, eating only a + little. But the general community eat twice, and the boys four times, that + they may satisfy nature. The length of their lives is generally 100 years, + but often they reach 200. + </p> + <p> + As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate. Wine is never given to + young people until they are ten years old, unless the state of their + health demands it. After their tenth year they take it diluted with water, + and so do the women, but the old men of fifty and upward use little or no + water. They eat the most healthy things, according to the time of the + year. + </p> + <p> + They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God, except when + there has been abuse by taking too much. And therefore in the summer they + feed on fruits, because they are moist and juicy and cool, and counteract + the heat and dryness. In the winter they feed on dry articles, and in the + autumn they eat grapes, since they are given by God to remove melancholy + and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a great degree. In the + morning, when they have all risen they comb their hair and wash their + faces and hands with cold water. Then they chew thyme or rock-parsley or + fennel, or rub their hands with these plants. The old men make incense, + and with their faces to the east repeat the short prayer which Jesus + Christ taught us. After this they go to wait upon the old men, some go to + the dance, and others to the duties of the State. Later on they meet at + the early lectures, then in the temple, then for bodily exercise. Then for + a little while they sit down to rest, and at length they go to dinner. + </p> + <p> + Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor catarrh, nor + sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard breathing. For + these diseases are caused by indigestion and flatulency, and by frugality + and exercise they remove every humor and spasm. Therefore it is unseemly + in the extreme to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they say that this + is a sign either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth, or of + drunkenness, or gluttony. They suffer rather from swellings or from the + dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy food. They + heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk-food, and with a pleasant + habitation in the country and by gradual exercise. Unclean diseases cannot + be prevalent with them because they often clean their bodies by bathing in + wine, and soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the sweat of exercise they + diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the blood and the marrow. They + do suffer a little from consumption, because they cannot perspire at the + breast, but they never have asthma, for the humid nature of which a heavy + man is required. They cure hot fevers with cold potations of water, but + slight ones with sweet smells, with cheese-bread or sleep, with music or + dancing. Tertiary fevers are cured by bleeding, by rhubarb or by a similar + drawing remedy, or by water soaked in the roots of plants, with purgative + and sharp-tasting qualities. But it is rarely that they take purgative + medicines. Fevers occurring every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly + startling the unprepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects + opposite to the humors of this fever. All these secrets they told me in + opposition to their own wishes. They take more diligent pains to cure the + lasting fevers, which they fear more, and they strive to counteract these + by the observation of stars and of plants, and by prayers to God. Fevers + recurring every fifth, sixth, eighth or more days, you never find whenever + heavy humors are wanting. + </p> + <p> + They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones according to the Roman + custom, and they make use also of olive oil. They have found out, too, a + great many secret cures for the preservation of cleanliness and health. + And in other ways they labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are + often troubled. + </p> + <p> + G.M. A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for from it Hercules, + Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet have suffered. + </p> + <p> + Capt. They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by strengthening the head, + by acids, by planned gymnastics, and with fat cheese-bread sprinkled with + the flour of wheaten corn. They are very skilled in making dishes, and in + them they put spice, honey, butter, and many highly strengthening spices, + and they temper their richness with acids, so that they never vomit. They + do not drink ice-cold drinks nor artificial hot drinks, as the Chinese do; + for they are not without aid against the humors of the body, on account of + the help they get from the natural heat of the water; but they strengthen + it with crushed garlic, with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and with + basil, in the summer or in time of special heaviness. They know also a + secret for renovating life after about the seventieth year, and for + ridding it of affliction, and this they do by a pleasing and indeed + wonderful art. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sciences and + magistrates. + </p> + <p> + Capt. Undoubtedly I have But since you are so curious I will add more. + Both when it is new moon and full moon they call a council after a + sacrifice. To this all from twenty years upward are admitted, and each one + is asked separately to say what is wanting in the State, and which of the + magistrates have discharged their duties rightly and which wrongly. Then + after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh first, and with + him Power, Wisdom, and Love. Each one of the three last has three + magistrates under him, making in all thirteen, and they consider the + affairs of the arts pertaining to each one of them: Power, of war; Wisdom, + of the sciences; Love, of food, clothing, education, and breeding. The + masters of all the bands, who are captains of tens, of fifties, of + hundreds, also assemble, the women first and then the men. They argue + about those things which are for the welfare of the State, and they choose + the magistrates from among those who have already been named in the great + Council. In this manner they assemble daily, Hoh and his three princes, + and they correct, confirm, and execute the matters passing to them, as + decisions in the elections; other necessary questions they provide of + themselves. They do not use lots unless when they are altogether doubtful + how to decide. The eight magistrates under Hoh, Power, Wisdom, and Love + are changed according to the wish of the people, but the first four are + never changed, unless they, taking counsel with themselves, give up the + dignity of one to another, whom among them they know to be wiser, more + renowned, and more nearly perfect. And then they are obedient and + honorable, since they yield willingly to the wiser man and are taught by + him. This, however, rarely happens. The principals of the sciences, except + Metaphysic, who is Hoh himself, and is, as it were, the architect of all + science, having rule over all, are attached to Wisdom. Hoh is ashamed to + be ignorant of any possible thing. Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar, + Logic, Physics, Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, Cosmography, + Music, Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhetoric, Painting, Sculpture. + Under the triumvir Love are Breeding, Agriculture, Education, Medicine, + Clothing, Pasturage, Coining. + </p> + <p> + G.M. What about their judges? + </p> + <p> + Capt. This is the point I was just thinking of explaining. Everyone is + judged by the first master of his trade, and thus all the head artificers + are judges. They punish with exile, with flogging, with blame, with + deprivation of the common table, with exclusion from the church and from + the company of women. When there is a case in which great injury has been + done, it is punished with death, and they repay an eye with an eye, a nose + for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so on, according to the law of + retaliation. If the offence is wilful the Council decides. When there is + strife and it takes place undesignedly, the sentence is mitigated; + nevertheless, not by the judge but by the triumvirate, from whom even it + may be referred to Hoh, not on account of justice but of mercy, for Hoh is + able to pardon. They have no prisons, except one tower for shutting up + rebellious enemies, and there is no written statement of a case, which we + commonly call a lawsuit. But the accusation and witnesses are produced in + the presence of the judge and Power; the accused person makes his defence, + and he is immediately acquitted or condemned by the judge; and if he + appeals to the triumvirate, on the following day he is acquitted or + condemned. On the third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency + of Hoh, or receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence. An accused + person is reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses, as it were, with + the medicine of his complaint, that is, with embracing and kissing. + </p> + <p> + No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people, the accuser + and the witnesses beginning first. For they have no executioners and + lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin. The choice of death is + given to the rest of the people, who enclose the lifeless remains in + little bags and burn them by the application of fire, while exhorters are + present for the purpose of advising concerning a good death. Nevertheless, + the whole nation laments and beseeches God that his anger may be appeased, + being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut off a rotten member + of the State. Certain officers talk to and convince the accused man by + means of arguments until he himself acquiesces in the sentence of death + passed upon him, or else he does not die. But if a crime has been + committed against the liberty of the republic, or against God, or against + the supreme magistrates, there is immediate censure without pity. These + only are punished with death. He who is about to die is compelled to state + in the presence of the people and with religious scrupulousness the + reasons for which he does not deserve death, and also the sins of the + others who ought to die instead of him, and further the mistakes of the + magistrates. If, moreover, it should seem right to the person thus + asserting, he must say why the accused ones are deserving of less + punishment than he. And if by his arguments he gains the victory he is + sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers and sacrifices + and good life ensuing. They do not torture those named by the accused + person, but they warn them. Sins of frailty and ignorance are punished + only with blaming, and with compulsory continuation as learners under the + law and discipline of those sciences or arts against which they have + sinned. And all these things they have mutually among themselves, since + they seem to be in very truth members of the same body, and one of + another. + </p> + <p> + This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor, without + waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before a magistrate, + accusing himself and seeking to make amends, that one is liberated from + the punishment of a secret crime, and since he has not been accused of + such a crime, his punishment is changed into another. They take special + care that no one should invent slander, and if this should happen they + meet the offence with the punishment of retaliation. Since they always + walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for the + conviction of a transgressor. If the case is otherwise, after having + threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath as the warrant + of good conduct. Or if he is accused a second or third time, his increased + punishment rests on the testimony of three or two witnesses. They have but + few laws, and these short and plain, and written upon a flat table and + hanging to the doors of the temple, that is between the columns. And on + single columns can be seen the essences of things described in the very + terse style of Metaphysic—viz., the essences of God, of the angels, + of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of virtue, all done with + great wisdom. The definitions of all the virtues are also delineated here, + and here is the tribunal, where the judges of all the virtues have their + seat. The definition of a certain virtue is written under that column + where the judges for the aforesaid virtue sit, and when a judge gives + judgment he sits and speaks thus: O son, thou hast sinned against this + sacred definition of beneficence, or of magnanimity, or of another virtue, + as the case may be. And after discussion the judge legally condemns him to + the punishment for the crime of which he is accused—viz., for + injury, for despondency, for pride, for ingratitude, for sloth, etc. But + the sentences are certain and true correctives, savoring more of clemency + than of actual punishment. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their sacrifices, their + religion, and their belief. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the superior + magistrates to pardon sins. Therefore the whole State by secret + confession, which we also use, tell their sins to the magistrates, who at + once purge their souls and teach those that are inimical to the people. + Then the sacred magistrates themselves confess their own sinfulness to the + three supreme chiefs, and together they confess the faults of one another, + though no special one is named, and they confess especially the heavier + faults and those harmful to the State. At length the triumvirs confess + their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forthwith recognizes the kinds of + sins that are harmful to the State, and succors with timely remedies. Then + he offers sacrifices and prayers to God. And before this he confesses the + sins of the whole people, in the presence of God, and publicly in the + temple, above the altar, as often as it had been necessary that the fault + should be corrected. Nevertheless, no transgressor is spoken of by his + name. In this manner he absolves the people by advising them that they + should beware of sins of the aforesaid kind. Afterward he offers sacrifice + to God, that he should pardon the State and absolve it of its sins, and to + teach and defend it. Once in every year the chief priests of each separate + subordinate State confess their sins in the presence of Hoh. Thus he is + not ignorant of the wrongdoings of the provinces, and forthwith he removes + them with all human and heavenly remedies. + </p> + <p> + Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh asks the people + which one among them wishes to give himself as a sacrifice to God for the + sake of his fellows. He is then placed upon the fourth table, with + ceremonies and the offering up of prayers: the table is hung up in a + wonderful manner by means of four ropes passing through four cords + attached to firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple. This done + they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering, not of a + beast as among the heathen, but of a human being. Then Hoh orders the + ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is pulled up above to the centre of + the small dome, and there it dedicates itself with the most fervent + supplications. Food is given to it through a window by the priests, who + live around the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it has + atoned for the sins of the State. There with prayer and fasting he cries + to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offering. And after + twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being appeased, the sacrifice + becomes a priest, or sometimes, though rarely, returns below by means of + the outer way for the priests. Ever after, this man is treated with great + benevolence and much honor, for the reason that he offered himself unto + death for the sake of his country. But God does not require death. + </p> + <p> + The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from their places + in the top of the temple. This they do in the middle of the night, at + noon, in the morning and in the evening, to wit, four times a day they + sing their chants in the presence of God. It is also their work to observe + the stars and to note with the astrolabe their motions and influences upon + human things, and to find out their powers. Thus they know in what part of + the earth any change has been or will be, and at what time it has taken + place, and they send to find whether the matter be as they have it. They + make a note of predictions, true and false, so that they may be able from + experience to predict most correctly. The priests, moreover, determine the + hours for breeding and the days for sowing, reaping, and gathering the + vintage, and are, as it were, the ambassadors and intercessors and + connection between God and man. And it is from among them mostly that Hoh + is elected. They write very learned treatises and search into the + sciences. Below they never descend, unless for their dinner and supper, so + that the essence of their heads do not descend to the stomachs and liver. + Only very seldom, and that as a cure for the ills of solitude, do they + have converse with women. On certain days Hoh goes up to them and + deliberates with them concerning the matters which he has lately + investigated for the benefit of the State and all the nations of the + world. + </p> + <p> + In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar praying for + the people, and at the end of every hour another succeeds him, just as we + are accustomed in solemn prayer to change every fourth hour. And this + method of supplication they call perpetual prayer. After a meal they + return thanks to God. Then they sing the deeds of the Christian, Jewish, + and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this is very + delightful to them. Forsooth, no one is envious of another. They sing a + hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one each to all the other virtues, and + this they do under the direction of the ruler of each virtue. Each one + takes the woman he loves most, and they dance for exercise with propriety + and stateliness under the peristyles. The women wear their long hair all + twisted together and collected into one knot on the crown of the head, but + in rolling it they leave one curl. The men, however, have one curl only + and the rest of their hair around the head is shaven off. Further, they + wear a slight covering, and above this a round hat a little larger than + the size of their head. In the fields they use caps, but at home each one + wears a biretta, white, red, or another color according to his trade or + occupation. Moreover, the magistrates use grander and more + imposing-looking coverings for the head. + </p> + <p> + They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four cardinal points + of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Libra, Capricorn, and + Aries. On these occasions they have very learned, splendid, and, as it + were, comic performances. They celebrate also every full and every new + moon with a festival, as also they do the anniversaries of the founding of + the city, and of the days when they have won victories or done any other + great achievement. The celebrations take place with the music of female + voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the firing of + salutations. The poets sing the praises of the most renowned leaders and + the victories. Nevertheless, if any of them should deceive even by + disparaging a foreign hero, he is punished. No one can exercise the + function of a poet who invents that which is not true, and a license like + this they think to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it puts a + premium upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons, either from + fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice. + </p> + <p> + For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his death; but + while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very useful secrets, or + who has rendered great service to the State either at home or on the + battle-field, his name is written in the book of heroes. They do not bury + dead bodies, but burn them, so that a plague may not arise from them, and + so that they may be converted into fire, a very noble and powerful thing, + which has its coming from the sun and returns to it. And for the above + reasons no chance is given for idolatry. The statues and pictures of the + heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women set apart to become + mothers often look at them. Prayers are made from the State to the four + horizontal corners of the world—in the morning to the rising sun, + then to the setting sun, then to the south, and lastly to the north; and + in the contrary order in the evening, first to the setting sun, to the + rising sun, to the north, and at length to the south. They repeat but one + prayer, which asks for health of body and of mind, and happiness for + themselves and all people, and they conclude it with the petition "As it + seems best to God." The public prayer for all is long, and it is poured + forth to heaven. For this reason the altar is round and is divided + crosswise by ways at right angles to one another. By these ways Hoh enters + after he has repeated the four prayers, and he prays looking up to heaven. + And then a great mystery is seen by them. The priestly vestments are of a + beauty and meaning like to those of Aaron. They resemble nature and they + surpass Art. + </p> + <p> + They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the sun, and not of + the stars, and they observe yearly by how much time the one precedes the + other. They hold that the sun approaches nearer and nearer, and therefore + by ever-lessening circles reaches the tropics and the equator every year a + little sooner. They measure months by the course of the moon, years by + that of the sun. They praise Ptolemy, admire Copernicus, but place + Aristarchus and Philolaus before him. They take great pains in endeavoring + to understand the construction of the world, and whether or not it will + perish, and at what time. They believe that the true oracle of Jesus + Christ is by the signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars, which + signs do not thus appear to many of us foolish ones. Therefore they wait + for the renewing of the age, and perchance for its end. + </p> + <p> + They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made from nothing, + or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos, but they certainly think + that it was made, and did not exist from eternity. Therefore they + disbelieve in Aristotle, whom they consider a logican and not a + philosopher. From analogies, they can draw many arguments against the + eternity of the world. The sun and the stars they, so to speak, regard as + the living representatives and signs of God, as the temples and holy + living altars, and they honor but do not worship them. Beyond all other + things they venerate the sun, but they consider no created thing worthy + the adoration of worship. This they give to God alone, and thus they serve + Him, that they may not come into the power of a tyrant and fall into + misery by undergoing punishment by creatures of revenge. They contemplate + and know God under the image of the Sun, and they call it the sign of God, + His face and living image, by means of which light, heat, life, and the + making of all things good and bad proceed. Therefore they have built an + altar like to the sun in shape, and the priests praise God in the sun and + in the stars, as it were His altars, and in the heavens, His temple as it + were; and they pray to good angels, who are, so to speak, the intercessors + living in the stars, their strong abodes. For God long since set signs of + their beauty in heaven, and of His glory in the sun. They say there is but + one heaven, and that the planets move and rise of themselves when they + approach the sun or are in conjunction with it. + </p> + <p> + They assert two principles of the physics of things below, namely, that + the sun is the father, and the earth the mother; the air is an impure part + of the heavens; all fire is derived from the sun. The sea is the sweat of + earth, or the fluid of earth combusted, and fused within its bowels, but + is the bond of union between air and earth, as the blood is of the spirit + and flesh of animals. The world is a great animal, and we live within it + as worms live within us. Therefore we do not belong to the system of + stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in respect to them which seek + only to amplify themselves, we are born and live by chance; but in respect + to God, whose instruments we are, we are formed by prescience and design, + and for a high end. Therefore we are bound to no father but God, and + receive all things from Him. They hold as beyond question the immortality + of souls, and that these associate with good angels after death, or with + bad angels, according as they have likened themselves in this life to + either. For all things seek their like. They differ little from us as to + places of reward and punishment. They are in doubt whether there are other + worlds beyond ours, and account it madness to say there is nothing. + Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite entity of God. They lay down + two principles of metaphysics, entity which is the highest God, and + nothingness which is the defect of entity. Evil and sin come of the + propensity to nothingness; the sin having its cause not efficient, but in + deficiency. Deficiency is, they say, of power, wisdom, or will. Sin they + place in the last of these three, because he who knows and has the power + to do good is bound also to have the will, for will arises out of them. + They worship God in trinity, saying God is the Supreme Power, whence + proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same with God, and from these + comes Love, which is both power and wisdom; but they do not distinguish + persons by name, as in our Christian law, which has not been revealed to + them. This religion, when its abuses have been removed, will be the future + mistress of the world, as great theologians teach and hope. Therefore + Spain found the New World (though its first discoverer, Columbus, greatest + of heroes, was a Genoese), that all nations should be gathered under one + law. We know not what we do, but God knows, whose instruments we are. They + sought new regions for lust of gold and riches, but God works to a higher + end. The sun strives to burn up the earth, not to produce plants and men, + but God guides the battle to great issues. His the praise, to Him the + glory! + </p> + <p> + G.M. Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the coming age, and of + our age, that has in it more history within 100 years than all the world + had in 4,000 years before! of the wonderful inventions of printing and + guns, and the use of the magnet, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars, + the Moon, and the Scorpion! + </p> + <p> + Capt. Ah, well! God gives all in His good time. They astrologize too much. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN *** + +***** This file should be named 2816-h.htm or 2816-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/1/2816/ + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The City of the Sun + +Author: Tommaso Campanella + +Posting Date: January 4, 2009 [EBook #2816] +Release Date: September, 2001 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN *** + + + + + + + + + + +THE CITY OF THE SUN + +By Tommaso Campanella + + + + +A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers +and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest. + + +G.M. Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during that voyage? + + +Capt. I have already told you how I wandered over the whole earth. In +the course of my journeying I came to Taprobane, and was compelled to go +ashore at a place, where through fear of the inhabitants I remained in +a wood. When I stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain +immediately under the equator. + + +G.M. And what befell you here? + + +Capt. I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women, many of whom did +not understand our language, and they conducted me forthwith to the City +of the Sun. + + +G.M. Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it is governed. + + +Capt. The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, which +rises from an extensive plain, but several of its circles extend for +some distance beyond the base of the hill, which is of such a size +that the diameter of the city is upward of two miles, so that its +circumference becomes about seven. On account of the humped shape of the +mountain, however, the diameter of the city is really more than if it +were built on a plain. + +It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from the seven +planets, and the way from one to the other of these is by four streets +and through four gates, that look toward the four points of the compass. +Furthermore, it is so built that if the first circle were stormed, it +would of necessity entail a double amount of energy to storm the second; +still more to storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength +and energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to capture +that city must, as it were, storm it seven times. For my own part, +however, I think that not even the first wall could be occupied, so +thick are the earthworks and so well fortified is it with breastworks, +towers, guns, and ditches. + +When I had been taken through the northern gate (which is shut with an +iron door so wrought that it can be raised and let down, and locked in +easily and strongly, its projections running into the grooves of +the thick posts by a marvellous device), I saw a level space seventy +paces (1) wide between the first and second walls. From hence can be seen +large palaces, all joined to the wall of the second circuit in such +a manner as to appear all one palace. Arches run on a level with the +middle height of the palaces, and are continued round the whole ring. +There are galleries for promenading upon these arches, which are +supported from beneath by thick and well-shaped columns, enclosing +arcades like peristyles, or cloisters of an abbey. + +But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the inner or +concave partition, from which one enters directly to the lower parts +of the building. The higher parts, however, are reached by flights of +marble steps, which lead to galleries for promenading on the inside +similar to those on the outside. From these one enters the higher rooms, +which are very beautiful, and have windows on the concave and convex +partitions. These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated +walls. The convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight spans thick; +the concave, three; the intermediate walls are one, or perhaps one and a +half. Leaving this circle one gets to the second plain, which is nearly +three paces narrower than the first. Then the first wall of the second +ring is seen adorned above and below with similar galleries for walking, +and there is on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing +palaces. It has also similar peristyles supported by columns in the +lower part, but above are excellent pictures, round the ways into the +upper houses. And so on afterward through similar spaces and double +walls, enclosing palaces, and adorned with galleries for walking, +extending along their outer side, and supported by columns, till the +last circuit is reached, the way being still over a level plain. + +But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost and the +inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means of steps so formed +that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since it proceeds in a slanting +direction, and the steps succeed one another at almost imperceptible +heights. On the top of the hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the +midst of this there rises a temple built with wondrous art. + + +G.M. Tell on, I pray you! Tell on! I am dying to hear more. + + +Capt. The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not girt with +walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully grouped. A very large +dome, built with great care in the centre or pole, contains another +small vault as it were rising out of it, and in this is a spiracle, +which is right over the altar. There is but one altar in the middle of +the temple, and this is hedged round by columns. The temple itself is on +a space of more than 350 paces. Without it, arches measuring about eight +paces extend from the heads of the columns outward, whence other columns +rise about three paces from the thick, strong, and erect wall. Between +these and the former columns there are galleries for walking, with +beautiful pavements, and in the recess of the wall, which is adorned +with numerous large doors, there are immovable seats, placed as it were +between the inside columns, supporting the temple. Portable chairs are +not wanting, many and well adorned. Nothing is seen over the altar but +a large globe, upon which the heavenly bodies are painted, and another +globe upon which there is a representation of the earth. Furthermore, in +the vault of the dome there can be discerned representations of all the +stars of heaven from the first to the sixth magnitude, with their proper +names and power to influence terrestrial things marked in three little +verses for each. There are the poles and greater and lesser circles +according to the right latitude of the place, but these are not perfect +because there is no wall below. They seem, too, to be made in their +relation to the globes on the altar. The pavement of the temple is +bright with precious stones. Its seven golden lamps hang always burning, +and these bear the names of the seven planets. + +At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells surround +the small dome, and behind the level space above the bands or arches of +the exterior and interior columns there are many cells, both small and +large, where the priests and religious officers dwell to the number of +forty-nine. + +A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this shows in what +quarter the wind is. The flag is marked with figures up to thirty-six, +and the priests know what sort of year the different kinds of winds +bring and what will be the changes of weather on land and sea. +Furthermore, under the flag a book is always kept written with letters +of gold. + + +G.M. I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole system of +government; for I am anxious to hear it. + + +Capt. The great ruler among them is a priest whom they call by the +name Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic. He is head over all, +in temporal and spiritual matters, and all business and lawsuits +are settled by him, as the supreme authority. Three princes of equal +power--viz., Pon, Sin, and Mor--assist him, and these in our tongue we +should call Power, Wisdom, and Love. To Power belongs the care of all +matters relating to war and peace. He attends to the military arts, and, +next to Hoh, he is ruler in every affair of a warlike nature. He governs +the military magistrates and the soldiers, and has the management of the +munitions, the fortifications, the storming of places, the implements of +war, the armories, the smiths and workmen connected with matters of this +sort. + +But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics, of all +sciences with their magistrates and doctors, and of the discipline of +the schools. As many doctors as there are, are under his control. There +is one doctor who is called Astrologus; a second, Cosmographus; a third, +Arithmeticus; a fourth, Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth, +Poeta; a seventh, Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus; +a tenth, Medicus; an eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a +thirteenth, Moralis. They have but one book, which they call Wisdom, +and in it all the sciences are written with conciseness and marvellous +fluency of expression. This they read to the people after the custom of +the Pythagoreans. It is Wisdom who causes the exterior and interior, +the higher and lower walls of the city to be adorned with the finest +pictures, and to have all the sciences painted upon them in an admirable +manner. On the walls of the temple and on the dome, which is let down +when the priest gives an address, lest the sounds of his voice, being +scattered, should fly away from his audience, there are pictures of +stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers and motions of +each, expressed separately in three little verses. + +On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical figures +are conspicuously painted--figures more in number than Archimedes or +Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically, and with the explanation of +them neatly written and contained each in a little verse. There are +definitions and propositions, etc. On the exterior convex wall is first +an immense drawing of the whole earth, given at one view. Following upon +this, there are tablets setting forth for every separate country the +customs both public and private, the laws, the origins and the power of +the inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people use can be seen +above that of the City of the Sun. + +On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second ring +of buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and common stones, of +minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece of the metal itself +is also there with an apposite explanation in two small verses for each +metal or stone. On the outside are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes, +and streams which are on the face of the earth; as are also the wines +and the oils and the different liquids, with the sources from which the +last are extracted, their qualities and strength. There are also vessels +built into the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids from +one to 300 years old, which cure all diseases. Hail and snow, storms and +thunder, and whatever else takes place in the air, are represented with +suitable figures and little verses. The inhabitants even have the art +of representing in stone all the phenomena of the air, such as the wind, +rain, thunder, the rainbow, etc. + +On the interior of the third circuit all the different families of trees +and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of each plant in +earthenware vessels placed upon the outer partition of the arches. With +the specimens there are explanations as to where they were first found, +what are their powers and natures, and resemblances to celestial things +and to metals, to parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and +also as to their uses in medicine, etc. On the exterior wall are all +the races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits +and values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the purposes +for which they exist in the world, and their uses to man. Further, +their resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things, produced both +by nature and art, are so given that I was astonished when I saw a fish +which was like a bishop, one like a chain, another like a garment, a +fourth like a nail, a fifth like a star, and others like images of those +things existing among us, the relation in each case being completely +manifest. There are sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish +and mussels; and whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being +known is there fully shown in marvellous characters of painting and +drawing. + +On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are +painted, with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of living, +etc.; and the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabitants of +this city. On the exterior are shown all the races of creeping animals, +serpents, dragons, and worms; the insects, the flies, gnats, beetles, +etc., in their different states, strength, venoms, and uses, and a great +deal more than you or I can think of. + +On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the earth, as +many in number as would astonish you. We indeed know not the thousandth +part of them, for on the exterior wall also a great many of immense size +are also portrayed. To be sure, of horses alone, how great a number +of breeds there is and how beautiful are the forms there cleverly +displayed! + +On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with the +several instruments for each and their manner of use among different +nations. Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and their several +inventors are named. But on the exterior all the inventors in science, +in warfare, and in law are represented. There I saw Moses, Osiris, +Jupiter, Mercury, Lycurgus, Pompilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon, +Charondas, Phoroneus, with very many others. They even have Mahomet, +whom nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator. In the +most dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ and +of the twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy and hold to be +great. Of the representations of men, I perceived Caesar, Alexander, +Pyrrhus, and Hannibal in the highest place; and other very renowned +heroes in peace and war, especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower +positions, under the galleries. And when I asked with astonishment +whence they had obtained our history, they told me that among them +there was a knowledge of all languages, and that by perseverance they +continually send explorers and ambassadors over the whole earth, who +learn thoroughly the customs, forces, rule and histories of the nations, +bad and good alike. These they apply all to their own republic, and with +this they are well pleased. I learned that cannon and typography were +invented by the Chinese before we knew of them. There are magistrates +who announce the meaning of the pictures, and boys are accustomed to +learn all the sciences, without toil and as if for pleasure; but in the +way of history only until they are ten years old. + +Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race. He sees that +men and women are so joined together, that they bring forth the best +offspring. Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit a studious care for our +breed of horses and dogs, but neglect the breeding of human beings. Thus +the education of the children is under his rule. So also is the medicine +that is sold, the sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of +trees, agriculture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the +cooking arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food, clothing, +and the intercourse of the sexes. Love himself is ruler, but there are +many male and female magistrates dedicated to these arts. + +Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the above-named +matters, and even by himself alone nothing is done; all business is +discharged by the four together, but in whatever Metaphysic inclines to +the rest are sure to agree. + + +G.M. Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and duties, of +the education and mode of living, whether the government is a monarchy, +a republic, or an aristocracy. + + +Capt. This race of men came there from India, flying from the sword of +the Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who laid waste their country, +and they determined to lead a philosophic life in fellowship with one +another. Although the community of wives is not instituted among the +other inhabitants of their province, among them it is in use after this +manner: All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by +the authority of the magistrates. Arts and honors and pleasures are +common, and are held in such a manner that no one can appropriate +anything to himself. + +They say that all private property is acquired and improved for the +reason that each one of us by himself has his own home and wife and +children. From this, self-love springs. For when we raise a son to +riches and dignities, and leave an heir to much wealth, we become either +ready to grasp at the property of the State, if in any case fear +should be removed from the power which belongs to riches and rank; or +avaricious, crafty, and hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse, +little strength, and mean ancestry. But when we have taken away +self-love, there remains only love for the State. + + +G.M. Under such circumstances no one will be willing to labor, while +he expects others to work, on the fruit of whose labors he can live, as +Aristotle argues against Plato. + + +Capt. I do not know how to deal with that argument, but I declare to +you that they burn with so great a love for their fatherland, as I could +scarcely have believed possible; and indeed with much more than the +histories tell us belonged to the Romans, who fell willingly for their +country, inasmuch as they have to a greater extent surrendered their +private property. I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy +of our country, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and +friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be less +fond of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity toward all, +as it was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a great many cases. + + +G.M. St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this race of +men, friendship is worth nothing, since they have not the chance of +conferring mutual benefits on one another. + + +Capt. Nay, indeed. For it is worth the trouble to see that no one +can receive gifts from another. Whatever is necessary they have, they +receive it from the community, and the magistrate takes care that no +one receives more than he deserves. Yet nothing necessary is denied to +anyone. Friendship is recognized among them in war, in infirmity, in the +art contests, by which means they aid one another mutually by +teaching. Sometimes they improve themselves mutually with praises, with +conversation, with actions, and out of the things they need. All those +of the same age call one another brothers. They call all over twenty-two +years of age, fathers; those that are less than twenty-two are named +sons. Moreover, the magistrates govern well, so that no one in the +fraternity can do injury to another. + + +G.M. And how? + + +Capt. As many names of virtues as there are among us, so many +magistrates there are among them. There is a magistrate who is named +Magnanimity, another Fortitude, a third Chastity, a fourth Liberality, +a fifth Criminal and Civil Justice, a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an +eighth Kindness, a tenth Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth +Exercise, a thirteenth Sobriety, etc. They are elected to duties of that +kind, each one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from +boyhood to be most suitable. Wherefore among them neither robbery nor +clever murders, nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or other crimes of +which we accuse one another, can be found. They accuse themselves of +ingratitude and malignity when anyone denies a lawful satisfaction to +another of indolence, of sadness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander, +and of lying, which curseful thing they thoroughly hate. Accused persons +undergoing punishment are deprived of the common table, and other +honors, until the judge thinks that they agree with their correction. + + +G.M. Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are chosen. + + +Capt. You would not rightly understand this, unless you first learned +their manner of living. That you may know, then, men and women wear the +same kind of garment, suited for war. The women wear the toga below the +knee, but the men above; and both sexes are instructed in all the arts +together. When this has been done as a start, and before their third +year, the boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by +walking round them. They have four leaders, and four elders, the first +to direct them, the second to teach them, and these are men approved +beyond all others. After some time they exercise themselves with +gymnastics, running, quoits, and other games, by means of which all +their muscles are strengthened alike. Their feet are always bare, and so +are their heads as far as the seventh ring. Afterward they lead them to +the offices of the trades, such as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working, +carpentry, painting, etc. In order to find out the bent of the genius of +each one, after their seventh year, when they have already gone through +the mathematics on the walls, they take them to the readings of all the +sciences; there are four lectures at each reading, and in the course of +four hours the four in their order explain everything. + +For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with public services +or functions, others apply themselves to reading. Leaving these studies +all are devoted to the more abstruse subjects, to mathematics, to +medicine, and to other sciences. There are continual debate and studied +argument among them, and after a time they become magistrates of those +sciences or mechanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for +everyone follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out to +the plains to the works of the field, and for the purpose of becoming +acquainted with the pasturage of the dumb animals. And they consider him +the more noble and renowned who has dedicated himself to the study of +the most arts and knows how to practise them wisely. Wherefore they +laugh at us in that we consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to +be noble who have mastered no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many +slaves given over to their own pleasure and lasciviousness; and thus, as +it were, from a school of vices so many idle and wicked fellows go forth +for the ruin of the State. + +The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four chiefs, Hoh, +Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art over which they are +fit to preside. And these teachers know well who is most suited for +rule. Certain men are proposed by the magistrates in council, they +themselves not seeking to become candidates, and he opposes who knows +anything against those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks +in favor of them. But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him +who knows the histories of the nations, and their customs and sacrifices +and laws, and their form of government, whether a republic or a +monarchy. He must also know the names of the lawgivers and the inventors +in science, and the laws and the history of the earth and the heavenly +bodies. They think it also necessary that he should understand all +the mechanical arts, the physical sciences, astrology and mathematics. +Nearly every two days they teach our mechanical art. They are not +allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent practice and the paintings +render learning easy to them. Not too much care is given to the +cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly number of interpreters +who are grammarians in the State. But beyond everything else it is +necessary that Hoh should understand metaphysics and theology; that he +should know thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations +of all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things; +necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wisdom, +and the love of things and of God; the stages of life and its symbols; +everything relating to the heavens, the earth, and the sea; and the +ideas of God, as much as mortal man can know of him. He must also be +well read in the prophets and in astrology. And thus they know long +beforehand who will be Hoh. He is not chosen to so great a dignity +unless he has attained his thirty-fifth year. And this office is +perpetual, because it is not known who may be too wise for it or who too +skilled in ruling. + + +G.M. Who indeed can be so wise? If even anyone has a knowledge of the +sciences it seems that he must be unskilled in ruling. + + +Capt. This very question I asked them and they replied thus: "We, +indeed, are more certain that such a very learned man has the knowledge +of governing, than you who place ignorant persons in authority, and +consider them suitable merely because they have sprung from rulers or +have been chosen by a powerful faction. But our Hoh, a man really the +most capable to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a +tyrant, inasmuch as he possesses so much wisdom. This, moreover, is not +unknown to you, that the same argument cannot apply among you, when you +consider that man the most learned who knows most of grammar, or logic, +or of Aristotle or any other author. For such knowledge as this of +yours much servile labor and memory work are required, so that a man is +rendered unskilful, since he has contemplated nothing but the words of +books and has given his mind with useless result to the consideration of +the dead signs of things. Hence he knows not in what way God rules the +universe, nor the ways and customs of nature and the nations. Wherefore +he is not equal to our Hoh. For that one cannot know so many arts and +sciences thoroughly, who is not esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt +at all things, and therefore at ruling especially. This also is plain to +us that he who knows only one science, does not really know either +that or the others, and he who is suited for only one science and has +gathered his knowledge from books, is unlearned and unskilled. But this +is not the case with intellects prompt and expert in every branch of +knowledge and suitable for the consideration of natural objects, as it +is necessary that our Hoh should be. Besides in our State the sciences +are taught with a facility (as you have seen) by which more scholars are +turned out by us in one year than by you in ten, or even fifteen. Make +trial, I pray you, of these boys." + +In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truthful +discourse and at the trial of their boys, who did not understand my +language well. Indeed it is necessary that three of them should be +skilled in our tongue, three in Arabic, three in Polish, and three in +each of the other languages, and no recreation is allowed them unless +they become more learned. For that they go out to the plain for the +sake of running about and hurling arrows and lances, and of firing +harquebuses, and for the sake of hunting the wild animals and getting a +knowledge of plants and stones, and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes +the band of boys does one thing, sometimes another. + +They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assisting Hoh +should know other than the arts having reference to their rule, and so +they have only a historical knowledge of the arts which are common to +all. But their own they know well, to which certainly one is dedicated +more than another. Thus Power is the most learned in the equestrian art, +in marshalling the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture +of every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning stratagems, +and in every affair of a military nature. And for these reasons, they +consider it necessary that these chiefs should have been philosophers, +historians, politicians, and physicists. Concerning the other two +triumvirs, understand remarks similar to those I have made about Power. + + +G.M. I really wish that you would recount all their public duties, and +would distinguish between them, and also that you would tell clearly how +they are all taught in common. + + +Capt. They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and couches and +other necessaries. But at the end of every six months they are separated +by the masters. Some shall sleep in this ring, some in another; some in +the first apartment, and some in the second; and these apartments are +marked by means of the alphabet on the lintel. There are occupations, +mechanical and theoretical, common to both men and women, with this +difference, that the occupations which require more hard work, and +walking a long distance, are practised by men, such as ploughing, +sowing, gathering the fruits, working at the threshing-floor, and +perchance at the vintage. But it is customary to choose women for +milking the cows and for making cheese. In like manner, they go to the +gardens near to the outskirts of the city both for collecting the plants +and for cultivating them. In fact, all sedentary and stationary pursuits +are practised by the women, such as weaving, spinning, sewing, cutting +the hair, shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all kinds of +garments. They are, however, excluded from working in wood and the +manufacture of arms. If a woman is fit to paint, she is not prevented +from doing so; nevertheless, music is given over to the women alone, +because they please the more, and of a truth to boys also. But the women +have not the practise of the drum and the horn. + +And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the following +manner. It is the peculiar work of the boys and girls under twenty to +wait at the tables. In every ring there are suitable kitchens, +barns, and stores of utensils for eating and drinking, and over every +department an old man and an old woman preside. These two have at once +the command of those who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing +to be chastised, those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also +examine and mark each one, both male and female, who excels in his or +her duties. + +All the young people wait upon the older ones who have passed the age of +forty, and in the evening when they go to sleep the master and mistress +command that those should be sent to work in the morning, upon whom in +succession the duty falls, one or two to separate apartments. The +young people, however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some +unwillingness. They have first and second tables, and on both sides +there are seats. On one side sit the women, on the other the men; and +as in the refectories of the monks, there is no noise. While they are +eating a young man reads a book from a platform, intoning distinctly +and sonorously, and often the magistrates question them upon the more +important parts of the reading. And truly it is pleasant to observe in +what manner these young people, so beautiful and clothed in garments so +suitable, attend to them, and to see at the same time so many friends, +brothers, sons, fathers, and mothers all in their turn living together +with so much honesty, propriety, and love. So each one is given a +napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of food. It is the duty of the medical +officers to tell the cooks what repasts shall be prepared on each day, +and what food for the old, what for the young, and what for the sick. +The magistrates receive the full-grown and fatter portion, and they from +their share always distribute something to the boys at the table who +have shown themselves more studious in the morning at the lectures and +debates concerning wisdom and arms. And this is held to be one of the +most distinguished honors. For six days they ordain to sing with music +at table. Only a few, however, sing; or there is one voice accompanying +the lute and one for each other instrument. And when all alike in +service join their hands, nothing is found to be wanting. The old men +placed at the head of the cooking business and of the refectories of the +servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the houses, the vessels, +the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses. + +They wear white under-garments to which adheres a covering, which is at +once coat and legging, without wrinkles. The borders of the fastenings +are furnished with globular buttons, extended round and caught up here +and there by chains. The coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and +are continued even to the heels. Then they cover the feet with large +socks, or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they +wear a half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are clothed +with a toga. And so aptly fitting are the garments, that when the toga +is destroyed, the different parts of the whole body are straightway +discerned, no part being concealed. They change their clothes for +different ones four times in the year, that is when the sun enters +respectively the constellations Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and +according to the circumstances and necessity as decided by the officer +of health. The keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to +distribute them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time +as many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some slight, +according to the weather. They all use white clothing, and this is +washed in each month with lye or soap, as are also the workshops of the +lower trades, the kitchens, the pantries the barns, the store-houses, +the armories, the refectories, and the baths. + +Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peristyles, and +the water is brought down by means of canals which are continued as +sewers. In every street of the different rings there are suitable +fountains, which send forth their water by means of canals, the water +being drawn up from nearly the bottom of the mountain by the sole +movement of a cleverly contrived handle. There is water in fountains +and in cisterns, whither the rain-water collected from the roofs of the +houses is brought through pipes full of sand. They wash their bodies +often, according as the doctor and master command. All the mechanical +arts are practised under the peristyles, but the speculative are carried +on above in the walking galleries and ramparts where are the more +splendid paintings, but the more sacred ones are taught in the temple. +In the halls and wings of the rings there are solar time-pieces and +bells, and hands by which the hours and seasons are marked off. + + +G.M. Tell me about their children. + + +Capt. When their women have brought forth children, they suckle and rear +them in temples set apart for all. They give milk for two years or more +as the physician orders. After that time the weaned child is given into +the charge of the mistresses, if it is a female, and to the masters, +if it is a male. And then with other young children they are pleasantly +instructed in the alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in +running, walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and +in languages; and they are adorned with a suitable garment of different +colors. After their sixth year they are taught natural science, and then +the mechanical sciences. The men who are weak in intellect are sent +to farms, and when they have become more proficient some of them are +received into the State. And those of the same age and born under the +same constellation are especially like one another in strength and in +appearance, and hence arises much lasting concord in the State, these +men honoring one another with mutual love and help. Names are given +to them by Metaphysicus, and that not by chance, but designedly, and +according to each one's peculiarity, as was the custom among the +ancient Romans. Wherefore one is called Beautiful (Pulcher), another +the Big-nosed (Naso), another the Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked +(Torvus), another Lean (Macer), and so on. But when they have become +very skilled in their professions and done any great deed in war or in +time of peace, a cognomen from art is given to them, such as Beautiful +the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor Magnus), the Golden One (Aureus), +the Excellent One (Excellens), or the Strong (Strenuus); or from their +deeds, such as Naso the Brave (Nason Fortis), or the Cunning, or the +Great, or Very Great Conqueror; or from the enemy anyone has overcome, +Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if anyone has overcome Manfred or +Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or Tortelius, and so on. All these +cognomens are added by the higher magistrates, and very often with a +crown suitable to the deed or art, and with the flourish of music. +For gold and silver are reckoned of little value among them except as +material for their vessels and ornaments, which are common to all. + + +G.M. Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them or +disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a magistracy, or +to any other dignity to which he aspires? + + +Capt. Certainly not. For no one wants either necessaries or luxuries. +Moreover, the race is managed for the good of the commonwealth, and not +of private individuals, and the magistrates must be obeyed. They deny +what we hold--viz., that it is natural to man to recognize his offspring +and to educate them, and to use his wife and house and children as his +own. For they say that children are bred for the preservation of the +species and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also asserts. +Therefore the breeding of children has reference to the commonwealth, +and not to individuals, except in so far as they are constituents of +the commonwealth. And since individuals for the most part bring forth +children wrongly and educate them wrongly, they consider that they +remove destruction from the State, and therefore for this reason, with +most sacred fear, they commit the education of the children, who, as it +were, are the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates; +for the safety of the community is not that of a few. And thus they +distribute male and female breeders of the best natures according to +philosophical rules. Plato thinks that this distribution ought to be +made by lot, lest some men seeing that they are kept away from the +beautiful women, should rise up with anger and hatred against the +magistrates; and he thinks further that those who do not deserve +cohabitation with the more beautiful women, should be deceived while the +lots are being led out of the city by the magistrates, so that at all +times the women who are suitable should fall to their lot, not those +whom they desire. This shrewdness, however, is not necessary among the +inhabitants of the City of the Sun. For with them deformity is unknown. +When the women are exercised they get a clear complexion, and become +strong of limb, tall and agile, and with them beauty consists in +tallness and strength. Therefore, if any woman dyes her face, so that it +may become beautiful, or uses high-heeled boots so that she may +appear tall, or garments with trains to cover her wooden shoes, she is +condemned to capital punishment. But if the women should even desire +them they have no facility for doing these things. For who indeed would +give them this facility? Further, they assert that among us abuses of +this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women. By these means they +lose their color and have pale complexions, and become feeble and small. +For this reason they are without proper complexions, use high sandals, +and become beautiful not from strength, but from slothful tenderness. +And thus they ruin their own tempers and natures, and consequently those +of their offspring. Furthermore, if at any time a man is taken captive +with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are allowed to converse +and joke together and to give one another garlands of flowers or leaves, +and to make verses. But if the race is endangered, by no means is +further union between them permitted. Moreover, the love born of eager +desire is not known among them; only that born of friendship. + +Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, because, +excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he is in need of. +To the heroes and heroines of the republic, it is customary to give +the pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful wreaths, sweet food, or splendid +clothes, while they are feasting. In the daytime all use white garments +within the city, but at night or outside the city they use red garments +either of wool or silk. They hate black as they do dung, and therefore +they dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black. Pride they consider +the most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is chastised with the +most ruthless correction. Wherefore no one thinks it lowering to wait +at table or to work in the kitchen or fields. All work they call +discipline, and thus they say that it is honorable to go on foot, to do +any act of nature, to see with the eye, and to speak with the tongue; +and when there is need, they distinguish philosophically between tears +and spittle. + +Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty, is considered +very honorable. It is not the custom to keep slaves. For they are +enough, and more than enough, for themselves. But with us, alas! it is +not so. In Naples there exist 70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely +10,000 or 15,000 do any work, and they are always lean from overwork +and are getting weaker every day. The rest become a prey to idleness, +avarice, ill-health, lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and +contaminate and corrupt very many families by holding them in servitude +for their own use, by keeping them in poverty and slavishness, and by +imparting to them their own vices. Therefore public slavery ruins them; +useful works, in the field, in military service, and in arts, except +those which are debasing, are not cultivated, the few who do practise +them doing so with much aversion. + +But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are distributed among +all, it only falls to each one to work for about four hours every day. +The remaining hours are spent in learning joyously, in debating, in +reading, in reciting, in writing, in walking, in exercising the mind and +body, and with play. They allow no game which is played while sitting, +neither the single die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these. But +they play with the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling, +with hurling at the stake. They say, moreover, that grinding poverty +renders men worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vagabonds, +liars, false witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them insolent, +proud, ignorant, traitors, assumers of what they know not, deceivers, +boasters, wanting in affection, slanderers, etc. But with them all the +rich and poor together make up the community. They are rich because they +want nothing, poor because they possess nothing; and consequently they +are not slaves to circumstances, but circumstances serve them. And on +this point they strongly recommend the religion of the Christians, and +especially the life of the apostles. + + +G.M. This seems excellent and sacred, but the community of women is a +thing too difficult to attain. The holy Roman Clement says that wives +ought to be common in accordance with the apostolic institution, and +praises Plato and Socrates, who thus teach, but the Glossary interprets +this community with regard to obedience. And Tertullian agrees with +the Glossary, that the first Christians had everything in common except +wives. + + +Capt. These things I know little of. But this I saw among the +inhabitants of the City of the Sun, that they did not make this +exception. And they defend themselves by the opinion of Socrates, of +Cato, of Plato, and of St. Clement; but, as you say, they misunderstand +the opinions of these thinkers. And the inhabitants of the solar city +ascribe this to their want of education, since they are by no means +learned in philosophy. Nevertheless, they send abroad to discover the +customs of nations, and the best of these they always adopt. Practice +makes the women suitable for war and other duties. Thus they agree +with Plato, in whom I have read these same things. The reasoning of our +Cajetan does not convince me, and least of all that of Aristotle. +This thing, however, existing among them is excellent and worthy of +imitation--viz., that no physical defect renders a man incapable of +being serviceable except the decrepitude of old age, since even the +deformed are useful for consultation. The lame serve as guards, watching +with the eyes which they possess. The blind card wool with their hands, +separating the down from the hairs, with which latter they stuff the +couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes and hands give +the use of their ears or their voice for the convenience of the State, +and if one has only one sense he uses it in the farms. And these +cripples are well treated, and some become spies, telling the officers +of the State what they have heard. + + +G.M. Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs. Then you +may explain their arts, ways of life and sciences, and lastly their +religion. + + +Capt. The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magistrates of arms, +of artillery, of cavalry, of foot-soldiers, of architects, and of +strategists; and the masters and many of the most excellent workmen +obey the magistrates, the men of each art paying allegiance to their +respective chiefs. Moreover, Power is at the head of all the professors +of gymnastics, who teach military exercise, and who are prudent +generals, advanced in age. By these the boys are trained after their +twelfth year. Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to +wrestling, running, throwing the weight, and other minor exercises, +under inferior masters. But at twelve they are taught how to strike at +the enemy, at horses and elephants, to handle the spear, the sword, the +arrow, and the sling; to manage the horse, to advance and to retreat, to +remain in order of battle, to help a comrade in arms, to anticipate the +enemy by cunning, and to conquer. + +The women also are taught these arts under their own magistrates and +mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to render assistance +to the males in battles near the city. They are taught to watch the +fortifications lest at some time a hasty attack should suddenly be made. +In this respect they praise the Spartans and Amazons. The women know +well also how to let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead; +how to throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack. +They are accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether, and that +one is punished most severely who shows any fear. + +The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death, because they +all believe that the soul is immortal, and that when it has left the +body it is associated with other spirits, wicked or good, according to +the merits of this present life. Although they are partly followers +of Brahma and Pythagoras, they do not believe in the transmigration of +souls, except in some cases by a distinct decree of God. They do not +abstain from injuring an enemy of the republic and of religion, who +is unworthy of pity. During the second month the army is reviewed, and +every day there is practice of arms, either in the cavalry plain or +within the walls. Nor are they ever without lectures on the science of +war. They take care that the accounts of Moses, of Joshua, of David, of +Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of Alexander, of Scipio, of Hannibal, and +other great soldiers should be read. And then each one gives his own +opinion as to whether these generals acted well or ill, usefully or +honorably, and then the teacher answers and says who are right. + + +G.M. With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons, since they are so +prosperous? + + +Capt. Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exercised in +military tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they should become +effeminate and unprepared for any emergency. Besides, there are four +kingdoms in the island, which are very envious of their prosperity, +for this reason that the people desire to live after the manner of the +inhabitants of the City of the Sun, and to be under their rule rather +than that of their own kings. Wherefore the State often makes war upon +these because, being neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously, +since they have not an object of worship and do not observe the religion +of other nations or of the Brahmins. And other nations of India, to +which formerly they were subject, rise up as it were in rebellion, as +also do the Taprobanese, whom they wanted to join them at first. The +warriors of the City of the Sun, however, are always the victors. As +soon as they suffered from insult or disgrace or plunder, or when their +allies have been harassed, or a people have been oppressed by a tyrant +of the State (for they are always the advocates of liberty), they go +immediately to the Council for deliberation. After they have knelt in +the presence of God, that he might inspire their consultation, they +proceed to examine the merits of the business, and thus war is decided +on. Immediately after, a priest, whom they call Forensic, is sent away. +He demands from the enemy the restitution of the plunder, asks that the +allies should be freed from oppression, or that the tyrant should be +deposed. If they deny these things war is declared by invoking the +vengeance of God--the God of Sabaoth--for destruction of those who +maintain an unjust cause. But if the enemy refuse to reply, the priest +gives him the space of one hour for his answer, if he is a king, but +three if it is a republic, so that they cannot escape giving a response. +And in this manner is war undertaken against the insolent enemies of +natural rights and of religion. When war has been declared, the deputy +of Power performs everything, but Power, like the Roman dictator, plans +and wills everything, so that hurtful tardiness may be avoided. And when +anything of great moment arises he consults Hoh and Wisdom and Love. + +Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of making +an expedition are declared by a herald in the great Council. All from +twenty years and upward are admitted to this Council, and thus the +necessaries are agreed upon. All kinds of weapons stand in the armories, +and these they use often in sham fights. The exterior walls of each ring +are full of guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines +for hurling which are called cannons, and which they take into battle +upon mules and asses and carriages. When they have arrived in an +open plain they enclose in the middle the provisions, engines of war, +chariots, ladders, and machines, and all fight courageously. Then each +one returns to the standards, and the enemy thinking that they are +giving and preparing to flee, are deceived and relax their order: then +the warriors of the City of the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on +each side, regain their breath and strength, and ordering the artillery +to discharge their bullets they resume the fight against a disorganized +host. And they observe many ruses of this kind. They overcome all +mortals with their stratagems and engines. Their camp is fortified after +the manner of the Romans. They pitch their tents and fortify with wall +and ditch with wonderful quickness. The masters of works, of engines and +hurling machines, stand ready, and the soldiers understand the use of +the spade and the axe. + +Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and in +strategy consult together concerning the business of war, and command +their bands after consultation. It is their wont to take out with them a +body of boys, armed and on horses, so that they may learn to fight, just +as the whelps of lions and wolves are accustomed to blood. And these in +time of danger betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many +armed women. After the battle the women and boys soothe and relieve +the pain of the warriors, and wait upon them and encourage them with +embraces and pleasant words. How wonderful a help is this! For the +soldiers, in order that they may acquit themselves as sturdy men in the +eyes of their wives and offspring, endure hardships, and so love makes +them conquerors. He who in the fight first scales the enemy's walls +receives after the battle of a crown of grass, as a token of honor, +and at the presentation the women and boys applaud loudly; that one who +affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of oak-leaves; he who kills +a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and receives from Hoh the +cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain other kinds of crowns. + +Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tempered pistols, +narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle. And to get the barrels of +their pistols narrow they pierce the metal which they intend to convert +into arms. Further, every cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger. But +the rest, who form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel. For if +the foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make swords, +they attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him. Two chains of six +spans length hang from the club, and at the end of these are iron balls, +and when these are aimed at the enemy they surround his neck and drag +him to the ground; and in order that they may be able to use the club +more easily, they do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them +by means of the feet. If perchance the reins are interchanged above +the trappings of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups with +buckles, and not to the feet. And the stirrups have an arrangement for +swift movement of the bridle, so that they draw in or let out the rein +with marvellous celerity. With the right foot they turn the horse to +the left, and with the left to the right. This secret, moreover, is not +known to the Tartars. For, although they govern the reins with their +feet, they are ignorant nevertheless of turning them and drawing them +in and letting them out by means of the block of the stirrups. The +light-armed cavalry with them are the first to engage in battle, then the +men forming the phalanx with their spears, then the archers for whose +services a great price is paid, and who are accustomed to fight in lines +crossing one another as the threads of cloth, some rushing forward +in their turn and others receding. They have a band of lancers +strengthening the line of battle, but they make trial of the swords only +at the end. + +After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the manner +of the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way. Prayers by the way of +thank-offerings are made to God, and then the general presents himself +in the temple, and the deeds, good and bad, are related by the poet +or historian, who according to custom was with the expedition. And the +greatest chief, Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes +little gifts and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some +days free from public duties. But this exemption from work is by no +means pleasing to them, since they know not what it is to be at leisure, +and so they help their companions. On the other hand, they who have been +conquered through their own fault, or have lost the victory, are blamed; +and they who were the first to take to flight are in no way worthy to +escape death, unless when the whole army asks their lives, and each one +takes upon himself a part of their punishment. But this indulgence is +rarely granted, except when there are good reasons favoring it. But he +who did not bear help to an ally or friend is beaten with rods. That one +who did not obey orders is given to the beasts, in an enclosure, to be +devoured, and a staff is put in his hand, and if he should conquer the +lions and the bears that are there, which is almost impossible, he +is received into favor again. The conquered States or those willingly +delivered up to them, forthwith have all things in common, and receive +a garrison and magistrates from the City of the Sun, and by degrees they +are accustomed to the ways of the city, the mistress of all, to which +they even send their sons to be taught without contributing anything for +expense. + +It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and their +master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies, both within +and without the State, which you can of yourself imagine. Since from +childhood they are chosen according to their inclination and the star +under which they were born, therefore each one working according to his +natural propensity does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally. +The same things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions. + +There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they are placed +at the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh ring, above the +breastworks and towers and inside mounds. These places are guarded in +the day by women, in the night by men. And lest the guard should become +weary of watching, and in case of a surprise, they change them every +three hours, as is the custom with our soldiers. At sunset, when the +drum and symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed. Cavalry and +infantry make use of hunting as the symbol of war and practise games and +hold festivities in the plains. Then the music strikes up, and freely +they pardon the offences and faults of the enemy, and after the +victories they are kind to them, if it has been decreed that they should +destroy the walls of the enemy's city and take their lives. All these +things are done on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never +cease to load the conquered with favors, for they say that there ought +to be no fighting, except when the conquerors give up the conquered, not +when they kill them. If there is a dispute among them concerning injury +or any other matter (for they themselves scarcely ever contend except +in matters of honor), the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused +one secretly, if he has done harm in deeds after he has been first +angry. If they wait until the time of the battle for the verbal +decision, they must give vent to their anger against the enemy, and he +who in battle shows the most daring deeds is considered to have defended +the better and truer cause in the struggle, and the other yields, and +they are punished justly. Nevertheless, they are not allowed to come to +single combat, since right is maintained by the tribunal, and because +the unjust cause is often apparent when the more just succumbs, and he +who professes to be the better man shows this in public fight. + + +G.M. This is worth while, so that factions should not be cherished for +the harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars might not occur, for +by means of these a tyrant often arises, as the examples of Rome +and Athens show. Now, I pray you, tell me of their works and matter +connected therewith. + + +Capt. I believe that you have already heard about their military affairs +and about their agricultural and pastoral life, and in what way these +are common to them, and how they honor with the first grade of nobility +whoever is considered to have knowledge of these. They who are skilful +in more arts than these they consider still nobler, and they set +that one apart for teaching the art in which he is most skilful. The +occupations which require the most labor, such as working in metals and +building, are the most praiseworthy among them. No one declines to go +to these occupations, for the reason that from the beginning their +propensities are well known, and among them, on account of the +distribution of labor, no one does work harmful to him, but only that +which is necessary for him. The occupations entailing less labor belong +to the women. All of them are expected to know how to swim, and for this +reason ponds are dug outside the walls of the city and within them near +to the fountains. + +Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of money, and +they count for the use of their ambassadors and explorers, so that with +it they may have the means of living. They receive merchants into their +States from the different countries of the world, and these buy the +superfluous goods of the city. The people of the City of the Sun refuse +to take money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things of +which they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money; and the young +people in the City of the Sun are much amused when they see that for +a small price they receive so many things in exchange. The old men, +however, do not laugh. They are unwilling that the State should be +corrupted by the vicious customs of slaves and foreigners. Therefore +they do business at the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in +war or keep them for digging ditches and other hard work without the +city, and for this reason they always send four bands of soldiers to +take care of the fields, and with them there are the laborers. They go +out of the four gates from which roads with walls on both sides of them +lead to the sea, so that goods might easily be carried over them and +foreigners might not meet with difficulty on their way. + +To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for three days at +the public expense; after they have first washed their feet, they show +them their city and its customs, and they honor them with a seat at the +Council and public table, and there are men whose duty it is to take +care of and guard the guests. But if strangers should wish to become +citizens of their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and +for another month in the city, then they decide concerning them, and +admit them with certain ceremonies and oaths. + +Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a span of earth +without cultivation, and they observe the winds and propitious stars. +With the exception of a few left in the city all go out armed, and with +flags and drums and trumpets sounding, to the fields, for the purposes +of ploughing, sowing, digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and +grapes; and they set in order everything, and do their work in a very +few hours and with much care. They use wagons fitted with sails which +are borne along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the marvellous +contrivance of wheels within wheels. + +And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart, which is a +grand sight. + +The guardians of the land move about in the meantime, armed and always +in their proper turn. They do not use dung and filth for manuring the +fields, thinking that the fruit contracts something of their rottenness, +and when eaten gives a short and poor subsistence, as women who are +beautiful with rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble +offspring. Wherefore they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig +it up well and use secret remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and +multiplies, and is not destroyed. They have a book for this work, +which they call the Georgics. As much of the land as is necessary is +cultivated, and the rest is used for the pasturage of cattle. + +The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses, oxen, sheep, +dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals is in the highest +esteem among them as it was in the time of Abraham. And the animals are +led so to pair that they may be able to breed well. + +Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are placed +before them. They do not turn out horses with mares to feed, but at the +proper time they bring them together in an enclosure of the stables in +their fields. And this is done when they observe that the constellation +Archer is in favorable conjunction with Mars and Jupiter. For the oxen +they observe the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance +with art. Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks and +geese, which are driven out by the women to feed near the city. The +women only do this when it is a pleasure to them. There are also places +enclosed, where they make cheese, butter, and milk-food. They also keep +capons, fruit, and other things, and for all these matters there is a +book which they call the Bucolics. They have an abundance of all things, +since everyone likes to be industrious, their labors being slight and +profitable. They are docile, and that one among them who is head of the +rest in duties of this kind they call king. For they say that this +is the proper name of the leaders, and it does not belong to ignorant +persons. It is wonderful to see how men and women march together +collectively, and always in obedience to the voice of the king. Nor do +they regard him with loathing as we do, for they know that although he +is greater than themselves, he is for all that their father and brother. +They keep groves and woods for wild animals, and they often hunt. + +The science of navigation is considered very dignified by them, and they +possess rafts and triremes, which go over the waters without rowers +or the force of the wind, but by a marvellous contrivance. And other +vessels they have which are moved by the winds. They have a correct +knowledge of the stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide. They +navigate for the sake of becoming acquainted with nations and different +countries and things. They injure nobody, and they do not put up with +injury, and they never go to battle unless when provoked. They assert +that the whole earth will in time come to live in accordance with their +customs, and consequently they always find out whether there be a nation +whose manner of living is better and more approved than the rest. They +admire the Christian institutions and look for a realization of the +apostolic life in vogue among themselves and in us. There are treaties +between them and the Chinese and many other nations, both insular and +continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which they are only just able +to explore. Furthermore, they have artificial fires, battles on sea +and land, and many strategic secrets. Therefore they are nearly always +victorious. + + +G.M. Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what foods and drinks +they are nourished, and in what way and for how long they live. + + +Capt. Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese, garden herbs, +and vegetables of various kinds. They were unwilling at first to slay +animals, because it seemed cruel; but thinking afterward that is was +also cruel to destroy herbs which have a share of sensitive feeling, +they saw that they would perish from hunger unless they did an +unjustifiable action for the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they +all eat meat. Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals, +such as oxen and horses. They observe the difference between useful and +harmful foods, and for this they employ the science of medicine. +They always change their food. First they eat flesh, then fish, then +afterward they go back to flesh, and nature is never incommoded or +weakened. The old people use the more digestible kind of food, and take +three meals a day, eating only a little. But the general community eat +twice, and the boys four times, that they may satisfy nature. The length +of their lives is generally 100 years, but often they reach 200. + +As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate. Wine is never given +to young people until they are ten years old, unless the state of their +health demands it. After their tenth year they take it diluted with +water, and so do the women, but the old men of fifty and upward use +little or no water. They eat the most healthy things, according to the +time of the year. + +They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God, except when +there has been abuse by taking too much. And therefore in the summer +they feed on fruits, because they are moist and juicy and cool, +and counteract the heat and dryness. In the winter they feed on dry +articles, and in the autumn they eat grapes, since they are given by God +to remove melancholy and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a +great degree. In the morning, when they have all risen they comb their +hair and wash their faces and hands with cold water. Then they chew +thyme or rock-parsley or fennel, or rub their hands with these plants. +The old men make incense, and with their faces to the east repeat the +short prayer which Jesus Christ taught us. After this they go to wait +upon the old men, some go to the dance, and others to the duties of the +State. Later on they meet at the early lectures, then in the temple, +then for bodily exercise. Then for a little while they sit down to rest, +and at length they go to dinner. + +Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor catarrh, nor +sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard breathing. +For these diseases are caused by indigestion and flatulency, and by +frugality and exercise they remove every humor and spasm. Therefore it +is unseemly in the extreme to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they +say that this is a sign either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth, +or of drunkenness, or gluttony. They suffer rather from swellings or +from the dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy +food. They heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk-food, and with +a pleasant habitation in the country and by gradual exercise. Unclean +diseases cannot be prevalent with them because they often clean their +bodies by bathing in wine, and soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the +sweat of exercise they diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the +blood and the marrow. They do suffer a little from consumption, because +they cannot perspire at the breast, but they never have asthma, for the +humid nature of which a heavy man is required. They cure hot fevers +with cold potations of water, but slight ones with sweet smells, with +cheese-bread or sleep, with music or dancing. Tertiary fevers are cured +by bleeding, by rhubarb or by a similar drawing remedy, or by water +soaked in the roots of plants, with purgative and sharp-tasting +qualities. But it is rarely that they take purgative medicines. Fevers +occurring every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly startling the +unprepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects opposite to +the humors of this fever. All these secrets they told me in opposition +to their own wishes. They take more diligent pains to cure the lasting +fevers, which they fear more, and they strive to counteract these by +the observation of stars and of plants, and by prayers to God. Fevers +recurring every fifth, sixth, eighth or more days, you never find +whenever heavy humors are wanting. + +They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones according to the Roman +custom, and they make use also of olive oil. They have found out, too, a +great many secret cures for the preservation of cleanliness and health. +And in other ways they labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are +often troubled. + + +G.M. A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for from it +Hercules, Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet have suffered. + + +Capt. They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by strengthening the +head, by acids, by planned gymnastics, and with fat cheese-bread +sprinkled with the flour of wheaten corn. They are very skilled in +making dishes, and in them they put spice, honey, butter, and many +highly strengthening spices, and they temper their richness with +acids, so that they never vomit. They do not drink ice-cold drinks nor +artificial hot drinks, as the Chinese do; for they are not without aid +against the humors of the body, on account of the help they get from the +natural heat of the water; but they strengthen it with crushed garlic, +with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and with basil, in the summer +or in time of special heaviness. They know also a secret for renovating +life after about the seventieth year, and for ridding it of affliction, +and this they do by a pleasing and indeed wonderful art. + + +G.M. Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sciences and +magistrates. + + +Capt. Undoubtedly I have But since you are so curious I will add more. +Both when it is new moon and full moon they call a council after a +sacrifice. To this all from twenty years upward are admitted, and each +one is asked separately to say what is wanting in the State, and which +of the magistrates have discharged their duties rightly and which +wrongly. Then after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh +first, and with him Power, Wisdom, and Love. Each one of the three +last has three magistrates under him, making in all thirteen, and they +consider the affairs of the arts pertaining to each one of them: Power, +of war; Wisdom, of the sciences; Love, of food, clothing, education, +and breeding. The masters of all the bands, who are captains of tens, of +fifties, of hundreds, also assemble, the women first and then the men. +They argue about those things which are for the welfare of the State, +and they choose the magistrates from among those who have already been +named in the great Council. In this manner they assemble daily, Hoh and +his three princes, and they correct, confirm, and execute the matters +passing to them, as decisions in the elections; other necessary +questions they provide of themselves. They do not use lots unless when +they are altogether doubtful how to decide. The eight magistrates under +Hoh, Power, Wisdom, and Love are changed according to the wish of +the people, but the first four are never changed, unless they, taking +counsel with themselves, give up the dignity of one to another, whom +among them they know to be wiser, more renowned, and more nearly +perfect. And then they are obedient and honorable, since they yield +willingly to the wiser man and are taught by him. This, however, rarely +happens. The principals of the sciences, except Metaphysic, who is Hoh +himself, and is, as it were, the architect of all science, having rule +over all, are attached to Wisdom. Hoh is ashamed to be ignorant of any +possible thing. Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar, Logic, Physics, +Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, Cosmography, Music, +Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhetoric, Painting, Sculpture. Under +the triumvir Love are Breeding, Agriculture, Education, Medicine, +Clothing, Pasturage, Coining. + + +G.M. What about their judges? + + +Capt. This is the point I was just thinking of explaining. Everyone +is judged by the first master of his trade, and thus all the head +artificers are judges. They punish with exile, with flogging, with +blame, with deprivation of the common table, with exclusion from the +church and from the company of women. When there is a case in which +great injury has been done, it is punished with death, and they repay +an eye with an eye, a nose for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so +on, according to the law of retaliation. If the offence is wilful the +Council decides. When there is strife and it takes place undesignedly, +the sentence is mitigated; nevertheless, not by the judge but by the +triumvirate, from whom even it may be referred to Hoh, not on account of +justice but of mercy, for Hoh is able to pardon. They have no prisons, +except one tower for shutting up rebellious enemies, and there is no +written statement of a case, which we commonly call a lawsuit. But the +accusation and witnesses are produced in the presence of the judge +and Power; the accused person makes his defence, and he is immediately +acquitted or condemned by the judge; and if he appeals to the +triumvirate, on the following day he is acquitted or condemned. On the +third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency of Hoh, or +receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence. An accused person is +reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses, as it were, with the +medicine of his complaint, that is, with embracing and kissing. + +No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people, the +accuser and the witnesses beginning first. For they have no executioners +and lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin. The choice of death +is given to the rest of the people, who enclose the lifeless remains in +little bags and burn them by the application of fire, while exhorters +are present for the purpose of advising concerning a good death. +Nevertheless, the whole nation laments and beseeches God that his anger +may be appeased, being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut +off a rotten member of the State. Certain officers talk to and convince +the accused man by means of arguments until he himself acquiesces in +the sentence of death passed upon him, or else he does not die. But if a +crime has been committed against the liberty of the republic, or against +God, or against the supreme magistrates, there is immediate censure +without pity. These only are punished with death. He who is about to die +is compelled to state in the presence of the people and with religious +scrupulousness the reasons for which he does not deserve death, and also +the sins of the others who ought to die instead of him, and further the +mistakes of the magistrates. If, moreover, it should seem right to the +person thus asserting, he must say why the accused ones are deserving of +less punishment than he. And if by his arguments he gains the victory +he is sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers and +sacrifices and good life ensuing. They do not torture those named by the +accused person, but they warn them. Sins of frailty and ignorance are +punished only with blaming, and with compulsory continuation as learners +under the law and discipline of those sciences or arts against which +they have sinned. And all these things they have mutually among +themselves, since they seem to be in very truth members of the same +body, and one of another. + +This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor, without +waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before a magistrate, +accusing himself and seeking to make amends, that one is liberated from +the punishment of a secret crime, and since he has not been accused of +such a crime, his punishment is changed into another. They take special +care that no one should invent slander, and if this should happen they +meet the offence with the punishment of retaliation. Since they always +walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for the +conviction of a transgressor. If the case is otherwise, after having +threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath as the +warrant of good conduct. Or if he is accused a second or third time, his +increased punishment rests on the testimony of three or two witnesses. +They have but few laws, and these short and plain, and written upon a +flat table and hanging to the doors of the temple, that is between +the columns. And on single columns can be seen the essences of things +described in the very terse style of Metaphysic--viz., the essences +of God, of the angels, of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of +virtue, all done with great wisdom. The definitions of all the virtues +are also delineated here, and here is the tribunal, where the judges of +all the virtues have their seat. The definition of a certain virtue is +written under that column where the judges for the aforesaid virtue sit, +and when a judge gives judgment he sits and speaks thus: O son, thou +hast sinned against this sacred definition of beneficence, or of +magnanimity, or of another virtue, as the case may be. And after +discussion the judge legally condemns him to the punishment for the +crime of which he is accused--viz., for injury, for despondency, for +pride, for ingratitude, for sloth, etc. But the sentences are certain +and true correctives, savoring more of clemency than of actual +punishment. + + +G.M. Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their sacrifices, +their religion, and their belief. + + +Capt. The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the superior +magistrates to pardon sins. Therefore the whole State by secret +confession, which we also use, tell their sins to the magistrates, +who at once purge their souls and teach those that are inimical to +the people. Then the sacred magistrates themselves confess their own +sinfulness to the three supreme chiefs, and together they confess the +faults of one another, though no special one is named, and they confess +especially the heavier faults and those harmful to the State. At length +the triumvirs confess their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forthwith +recognizes the kinds of sins that are harmful to the State, and succors +with timely remedies. Then he offers sacrifices and prayers to God. And +before this he confesses the sins of the whole people, in the presence +of God, and publicly in the temple, above the altar, as often as it +had been necessary that the fault should be corrected. Nevertheless, no +transgressor is spoken of by his name. In this manner he absolves the +people by advising them that they should beware of sins of the aforesaid +kind. Afterward he offers sacrifice to God, that he should pardon the +State and absolve it of its sins, and to teach and defend it. Once in +every year the chief priests of each separate subordinate State confess +their sins in the presence of Hoh. Thus he is not ignorant of the +wrongdoings of the provinces, and forthwith he removes them with all +human and heavenly remedies. + +Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh asks the people +which one among them wishes to give himself as a sacrifice to God for +the sake of his fellows. He is then placed upon the fourth table, with +ceremonies and the offering up of prayers: the table is hung up in +a wonderful manner by means of four ropes passing through four cords +attached to firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple. This +done they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering, not +of a beast as among the heathen, but of a human being. Then Hoh orders +the ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is pulled up above to the centre +of the small dome, and there it dedicates itself with the most fervent +supplications. Food is given to it through a window by the priests, who +live around the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it +has atoned for the sins of the State. There with prayer and fasting he +cries to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offering. +And after twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being appeased, the +sacrifice becomes a priest, or sometimes, though rarely, returns below +by means of the outer way for the priests. Ever after, this man is +treated with great benevolence and much honor, for the reason that he +offered himself unto death for the sake of his country. But God does not +require death. + +The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from their +places in the top of the temple. This they do in the middle of the +night, at noon, in the morning and in the evening, to wit, four times a +day they sing their chants in the presence of God. It is also their work +to observe the stars and to note with the astrolabe their motions and +influences upon human things, and to find out their powers. Thus they +know in what part of the earth any change has been or will be, and at +what time it has taken place, and they send to find whether the matter +be as they have it. They make a note of predictions, true and false, +so that they may be able from experience to predict most correctly. The +priests, moreover, determine the hours for breeding and the days for +sowing, reaping, and gathering the vintage, and are, as it were, the +ambassadors and intercessors and connection between God and man. And it +is from among them mostly that Hoh is elected. They write very learned +treatises and search into the sciences. Below they never descend, unless +for their dinner and supper, so that the essence of their heads do not +descend to the stomachs and liver. Only very seldom, and that as a cure +for the ills of solitude, do they have converse with women. On certain +days Hoh goes up to them and deliberates with them concerning the +matters which he has lately investigated for the benefit of the State +and all the nations of the world. + +In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar praying +for the people, and at the end of every hour another succeeds him, just +as we are accustomed in solemn prayer to change every fourth hour. And +this method of supplication they call perpetual prayer. After a meal +they return thanks to God. Then they sing the deeds of the Christian, +Jewish, and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this +is very delightful to them. Forsooth, no one is envious of another. +They sing a hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one each to all the other +virtues, and this they do under the direction of the ruler of each +virtue. Each one takes the woman he loves most, and they dance for +exercise with propriety and stateliness under the peristyles. The women +wear their long hair all twisted together and collected into one knot on +the crown of the head, but in rolling it they leave one curl. The men, +however, have one curl only and the rest of their hair around the head +is shaven off. Further, they wear a slight covering, and above this a +round hat a little larger than the size of their head. In the fields +they use caps, but at home each one wears a biretta, white, red, or +another color according to his trade or occupation. Moreover, the +magistrates use grander and more imposing-looking coverings for the +head. + +They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four cardinal points +of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Libra, Capricorn, and +Aries. On these occasions they have very learned, splendid, and, as it +were, comic performances. They celebrate also every full and every new +moon with a festival, as also they do the anniversaries of the founding +of the city, and of the days when they have won victories or done any +other great achievement. The celebrations take place with the music of +female voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the firing of +salutations. The poets sing the praises of the most renowned leaders +and the victories. Nevertheless, if any of them should deceive even +by disparaging a foreign hero, he is punished. No one can exercise the +function of a poet who invents that which is not true, and a license +like this they think to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it +puts a premium upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons, +either from fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice. + +For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his death; but +while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very useful secrets, +or who has rendered great service to the State either at home or on the +battle-field, his name is written in the book of heroes. They do not +bury dead bodies, but burn them, so that a plague may not arise from +them, and so that they may be converted into fire, a very noble and +powerful thing, which has its coming from the sun and returns to it. And +for the above reasons no chance is given for idolatry. The statues and +pictures of the heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women set +apart to become mothers often look at them. Prayers are made from the +State to the four horizontal corners of the world--in the morning to the +rising sun, then to the setting sun, then to the south, and lastly +to the north; and in the contrary order in the evening, first to the +setting sun, to the rising sun, to the north, and at length to the +south. They repeat but one prayer, which asks for health of body and of +mind, and happiness for themselves and all people, and they conclude it +with the petition "As it seems best to God." The public prayer for all +is long, and it is poured forth to heaven. For this reason the altar is +round and is divided crosswise by ways at right angles to one another. +By these ways Hoh enters after he has repeated the four prayers, and he +prays looking up to heaven. And then a great mystery is seen by them. +The priestly vestments are of a beauty and meaning like to those of +Aaron. They resemble nature and they surpass Art. + +They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the sun, and not +of the stars, and they observe yearly by how much time the one precedes +the other. They hold that the sun approaches nearer and nearer, and +therefore by ever-lessening circles reaches the tropics and the equator +every year a little sooner. They measure months by the course of the +moon, years by that of the sun. They praise Ptolemy, admire Copernicus, +but place Aristarchus and Philolaus before him. They take great pains in +endeavoring to understand the construction of the world, and whether or +not it will perish, and at what time. They believe that the true oracle +of Jesus Christ is by the signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the +stars, which signs do not thus appear to many of us foolish ones. +Therefore they wait for the renewing of the age, and perchance for its +end. + +They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made from +nothing, or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos, but they +certainly think that it was made, and did not exist from eternity. +Therefore they disbelieve in Aristotle, whom they consider a logican and +not a philosopher. From analogies, they can draw many arguments against +the eternity of the world. The sun and the stars they, so to speak, +regard as the living representatives and signs of God, as the temples +and holy living altars, and they honor but do not worship them. Beyond +all other things they venerate the sun, but they consider no created +thing worthy the adoration of worship. This they give to God alone, and +thus they serve Him, that they may not come into the power of a tyrant +and fall into misery by undergoing punishment by creatures of revenge. +They contemplate and know God under the image of the Sun, and they call +it the sign of God, His face and living image, by means of which light, +heat, life, and the making of all things good and bad proceed. Therefore +they have built an altar like to the sun in shape, and the priests +praise God in the sun and in the stars, as it were His altars, and in +the heavens, His temple as it were; and they pray to good angels, who +are, so to speak, the intercessors living in the stars, their strong +abodes. For God long since set signs of their beauty in heaven, and of +His glory in the sun. They say there is but one heaven, and that the +planets move and rise of themselves when they approach the sun or are in +conjunction with it. + +They assert two principles of the physics of things below, namely, that +the sun is the father, and the earth the mother; the air is an impure +part of the heavens; all fire is derived from the sun. The sea is the +sweat of earth, or the fluid of earth combusted, and fused within its +bowels, but is the bond of union between air and earth, as the blood is +of the spirit and flesh of animals. The world is a great animal, and we +live within it as worms live within us. Therefore we do not belong to +the system of stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in respect +to them which seek only to amplify themselves, we are born and live by +chance; but in respect to God, whose instruments we are, we are formed +by prescience and design, and for a high end. Therefore we are bound to +no father but God, and receive all things from Him. They hold as beyond +question the immortality of souls, and that these associate with good +angels after death, or with bad angels, according as they have likened +themselves in this life to either. For all things seek their like. They +differ little from us as to places of reward and punishment. They are in +doubt whether there are other worlds beyond ours, and account it madness +to say there is nothing. Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite +entity of God. They lay down two principles of metaphysics, entity which +is the highest God, and nothingness which is the defect of entity. Evil +and sin come of the propensity to nothingness; the sin having its cause +not efficient, but in deficiency. Deficiency is, they say, of power, +wisdom, or will. Sin they place in the last of these three, because he +who knows and has the power to do good is bound also to have the will, +for will arises out of them. They worship God in trinity, saying God is +the Supreme Power, whence proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same +with God, and from these comes Love, which is both power and wisdom; but +they do not distinguish persons by name, as in our Christian law, which +has not been revealed to them. This religion, when its abuses have been +removed, will be the future mistress of the world, as great theologians +teach and hope. Therefore Spain found the New World (though its first +discoverer, Columbus, greatest of heroes, was a Genoese), that all +nations should be gathered under one law. We know not what we do, but +God knows, whose instruments we are. They sought new regions for lust of +gold and riches, but God works to a higher end. The sun strives to burn +up the earth, not to produce plants and men, but God guides the battle +to great issues. His the praise, to Him the glory! + + +G.M. Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the coming age, and of +our age, that has in it more history within 100 years than all the world +had in 4,000 years before! of the wonderful inventions of printing and +guns, and the use of the magnet, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars, +the Moon, and the Scorpion! + + +Capt. Ah, well! God gives all in His good time. They astrologize too +much. + + + + (1) A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN *** + +***** This file should be named 2816.txt or 2816.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/1/2816/ + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END* + + + + + +The City of the Sun + +by Tommaso Campanells + + + + +A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights +Hospitallers and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest. + + +G.M. Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during +that voyage? + + +Capt. I have already told you how I wandered +over the whole earth. In the course of my journeying I came +to Taprobane, and was compelled to go ashore at a place, where +through fear of the inhabitants I remained in a wood. When I +stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain immediately +under the equator. + + +G.M. And what befell you here? + + +Capt. I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women, +many of whom did not understand our language, and they con- +ducted me forthwith to the City of the Sun. + + +G.M. Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it +is governed. + + +Capt. The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, +which rises from an extensive plain, but several of its circles +extend for some distance beyond the base of the hill, which is +of such a size that the diameter of the city is upward of two +miles, so that its circumference becomes about seven. On ac- +count of the humped shape of the mountain, however, the diam- +eter of the city is really more than if it were built on a plain. + + It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from +the seven planets, and the way from one to the other of these is +by four streets and through four gates, that look toward the +four points of the compass. Furthermore, it is so built that +if the first circle were stormed, it would of necessity entail a +double amount of energy to storm the second; still more to +storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength and +energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to +capture that city must, as it were, storm it seven times. For +my own part, however, I think that not even the first wall could +be occupied, so thick are the earthworks and so well fortified +is it with breastworks, towers, guns, and ditches. + + When I had been taken through the northern gate (which +is shut with an iron door so wrought that it can be raised and +let down, and locked in easily and strongly, its projections run- +ning into the grooves of the thick posts by a marvellous device), +I saw a level space seventy paces[1] wide between the first and +second walls. From hence can be seen large palaces, all joined +to the wall of the second circuit in such a manner as to appear +all one palace. Arches run on a level with the middle height +of the palaces, and are continued round the whole ring. There +are galleries for promenading upon these arches, which are +supported from beneath by thick and well-shaped columns, en- +closing arcades like peristyles, or cloisters of an abbey. + + But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the +inner or concave partition, from which one enters directly to +the lower parts of the building. The higher parts, however, +are reached by flights of marble steps, which lead to galleries +for promenading on the inside similar to those on the outside. +From these one enters the higher rooms, which are very beauti- +ful, and have windows on the concave and convex partitions. +These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated +walls. The convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight +spans thick; the concave, three; the intermediate walls are one, +or perhaps one and a half. Leaving this circle one gets to the +second plain, which is nearly three paces narrower than the +first. Then the first wall of the second ring is seen adorned +above and below with similar galleries for walking, and there +is on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing palaces. +It has also similar peristyles supported by columns in the lower +part, but above are excellent pictures, round the ways into the +upper houses. And so on afterward through similar spaces +and double walls, enclosing palaces, and adorned with galleries +for walking, extending along their outer side, and supported +by columns, till the last circuit is reached, the way being still +over a level plain. + + But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost +and the inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means +of steps so formed that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since +it proceeds in a slanting direction, and the steps succeed one +another at almost imperceptible heights. On the top of the +hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the midst of this there +rises a temple built with wondrous art. + + +G.M. Tell on, I pray you! Tell on! I am dying to hear +more. + + +Capt. The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not +girt with walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully +grouped. A very large dome, built with great care in the cen- +tre or pole, contains another small vault as it were rising out of +it, and in this is a spiracle, which is right over the altar. There +is but one altar in the middle of the temple, and this is hedged +round by columns. The temple itself is on a space of more +than 350 paces. Without it, arches measuring about eight +paces extend from the heads of the columns outward, whence +other columns rise about three paces from the thick, strong, and +erect wall. Between these and the former columns there are +galleries for walking, with beautiful pavements, and in the re- +cess of the wall, which is adorned with numerous large doors, +there are immovable seats, placed as it were between the inside +columns, supporting the temple. Portable chairs are not want- +ing, many and well adorned. Nothing is seen over the altar +but a large globe, upon which the heavenly bodies are painted, +and another globe upon which there is a representation of the +earth. Furthermore, in the vault of the dome there can be dis- +cerned representations of all the stars of heaven from the first +to the sixth magnitude, with their proper names and power to +influence terrestrial things marked in three little verses for each. +There are the poles and greater and lesser circles according to +the right latitude of the place, but these are not perfect because +there is no wall below. They seem, too, to be made in their re- +lation to the globes on the altar. The pavement of the temple +is bright with precious stones. Its seven golden lamps hang +always burning, and these bear the names of the seven planets. + + At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells +surround the small dome, and behind the level space above the +bands or arches of the exterior and interior columns there are +many cells, both small and large, where the priests and relig- +ious officers dwell to the number of forty-nine. + + A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this +shows in what quarter the wind is. The flag is marked with +figures up to thirty-six, and the priests know what sort of year +the different kinds of winds bring and what will be the changes +of weather on land and sea. Furthermore, under the flag a +book is always kept written with letters of gold. + + +G.M. I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole +system of government; for I am anxious to hear it. + + +Capt. The great ruler among them is a priest whom they +call by the name Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic. +He is head over all, in temporal and spiritual matters, and all +business and lawsuits are settled by him, as the supreme au- +thority. Three princes of equal power -- viz., Pon, Sin, and +Mor -- assist him, and these in our tongue we should call Power, +Wisdom, and Love. To Power belongs the care of all matters +relating to war and peace. He attends to the military arts, and, +next to Hoh, he is ruler in every affair of a warlike nature. +He governs the military magistrates and the soldiers, and has +the management of the munitions, the fortifications, the storm- +ing of places, the implements of war, the armories, the smiths +and workmen connected with matters of this sort. + + But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics, +of all sciences with their magistrates and doctors, and of the +discipline of the schools. As many doctors as there are, are +under his control. There is one doctor who is called Astrolo- +gus; a second, Cosmographus; a third, Arithmeticus; a fourth, +Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth, Poeta; a seventh, +Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus; a tenth, +Medicus; an eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a thir- +teenth, Moralis. They have but one book, which they call +Wisdom, and in it all the sciences are written with conciseness +and marvellous fluency of expression. This they read to the +people after the custom of the Pythagoreans. It is Wisdom +who causes the exterior and interior, the higher and lower walls +of the city to be adorned with the finest pictures, and to have +all the sciences painted upon them in an admirable manner. +On the walls of the temple and on the dome, which is let down +when the priest gives an address, lest the sounds of his voice, +being scattered, should fly away from his audience, there are +pictures of stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers +and motions of each, expressed separately in three little verses. + + On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical +figures are conspicuously painted -- figures more in number +than Archimedes or Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically, +and with the explanation of them neatly written and contained +each in a little verse. There are definitions and propositions, +etc. On the exterior convex wall is first an immense drawing +of the whole earth, given at one view. Following upon this, +there are tablets setting forth for every separate country the +customs both public and private, the laws, the origins and the +power of the inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people +use can be seen above that of the City of the Sun. + + On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second +ring of buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and com- +mon stones, of minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece +of the metal itself is also there with an apposite explanation +in two small verses for each metal or stone. On the outside +are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes, and streams which are +on the face of the earth; as are also the wines and the oils and +the different liquids, with the sources from which the last are +extracted, their qualities and strength. There are also vessels +built into the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids +from one to 300 years old, which cure all diseases. Hail and +snow, storms and thunder, and whatever else takes place in the +air, are represented with suitable figures and little verses. The +inhabitants even have the art of representing in stone all the +phenomena of the air, such as the wind, rain, thunder, the rain- +bow, etc. + + On the interior of the third circuit all the different families +of trees and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of +each plant in earthenware vessels placed upon the outer parti- +tion of the arches. With the specimens there are explanations +as to where they were first found, what are their powers and +natures, and resemblances to celestial things and to metals, to +parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and also as +to their uses in medicine, etc. On the exterior wall are all the +races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits +and values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the pur- +poses for which they exist in the world, and their uses to man. +Further, their resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things, +produced both by nature and art, are so given that I was as- +tonished when I saw a fish which was like a bishop, one like a +chain, another like a garment, a fourth like a nail, a fifth like +a star, and others like images of those things existing among +us, the relation in each case being completely manifest. There +are sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish and mus- +sels; and whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being +known is there fully shown in marvellous characters of paint- +ing and drawing. + + On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are +painted, with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of +living, etc.; and the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabi- +tants of this city. On the exterior are shown all the races of +creeping animals, serpents, dragons, and worms; the insects, +the flies, gnats, beetles, etc., in their different states, strength, +venoms, and uses, and a great deal more than you or I can think +of. + + On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the +earth, as many in number as would astonish you. We indeed +know not the thousandth part of them, for on the exterior wall +also a great many of immense size are also portrayed. To be +sure, of horses alone, how great a number of breeds there is and +how beautiful are the forms there cleverly displayed! + + On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with +the several instruments for each and their manner of use among +different nations. Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and +their several inventors are named. But on the exterior all the +inventors in science, in warfare, and in law are represented. +There I saw Moses, Osiris, Jupiter, Mercury, Lycurgus, Pom- +pilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon, Charondas, Phoroneus, +with very many others. They even have Mahomet, whom +nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator. In the +most dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ +and of the twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy +and hold to be great. Of the representations of men, I per- +ceived Caesar, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and Hannibal in the high- +est place; and other very renowned heroes in peace and war, +especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower positions, under +the galleries. And when I asked with astonishment whence +they had obtained our history, they told me that among them +there was a knowledge of all languages, and that by persever- +ance they continually send explorers and ambassadors over the +whole earth, who learn thoroughly the customs, forces, rule and +histories of the nations, bad and good alike. These they apply +all to their own republic, and with this they are well pleased. +I learned that cannon and typography were invented by the +Chinese before we knew of them. There are magistrates who +announce the meaning of the pictures, and boys are accustomed +to learn all the sciences, without toil and as if for pleasure; but +in the way of history only until they are ten years old. + + Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race. He +sees that men and women are so joined together, that they bring +forth the best offspring. Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit +a studious care for our breed of horses and dogs, but neglect +the breeding of human beings. Thus the education of the chil- +dren is under his rule. So also is the medicine that is sold, the +sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of trees, agri- +culture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the cook- +ing arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food, +clothing, and the intercourse of the sexes. Love himself is +ruler, but there are many male and female magistrates dedi- +cated to these arts. + + Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the +above-named matters, and even by himself alone nothing is +done; all business is discharged by the four together, but in +whatever Metaphysic inclines to the rest are sure to agree. + + +G.M. Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and +duties, of the education and mode of living, whether the gov- +ernment is a monarchy, a republic, or an aristocracy. + + +Capt. This race of men came there from India, flying from +the sword of the Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who +laid waste their country, and they determined to lead a philo- +sophic life in fellowship with one another. Although the com- +munity of wives is not instituted among the other inhabitants +of their province, among them it is in use after this manner: +All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by +the authority of the magistrates. Arts and honors and pleas- +ures are common, and are held in such a manner that no one +can appropriate anything to himself. + + They say that all private property is acquired and improved +for the reason that each one of us by himself has his own home +and wife and children. From this, self-love springs. For +when we raise a son to riches and dignities, and leave an heir to +much wealth, we become either ready to grasp at the property of +the State, if in any case fear should be removed from the power +which belongs to riches and rank; or avaricious, crafty, and +hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse, little strength, and +mean ancestry. But when we have taken away self-love, there +remains only love for the State. + + +G.M. Under such circumstances no one will be willing to +labor, while he expects others to work, on the fruit of whose +labors he can live, as Aristotle argues against Plato. + + +Capt. I do not know how to deal with that argument, but +I declare to you that they burn with so great a love for their +fatherland, as I could scarcely have believed possible; and in- +deed with much more than the histories tell us belonged to the +Romans, who fell willingly for their country, inasmuch as they +have to a greater extent surrendered their private property. +I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy of our coun- +try, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and +friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be +less fond of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity +toward all, as it was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a +great many cases. + + +G.M. St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this +race of men, friendship is worth nothing, since they have not +the chance of conferring mutual benefits on one another. + + +Capt. Nay, indeed. For it is worth the trouble to see that +no one can receive gifts from another. Whatever is necessary +they have, they receive it from the community, and the magis- +trate takes care that no one receives more than he deserves. Yet +nothing necessary is denied to anyone. Friendship is recog- +nized among them in war, in infirmity, in the art contests, by +which means they aid one another mutually by teaching. Some- +times they improve themselves mutually with praises, with con- +versation, with actions, and out of the things they need. All +those of the same age call one another brothers. They call all +over twenty-two years of age, fathers; those that are less than +twenty-two are named sons. Moreover, the magistrates gov- +ern well, so that no one in the fraternity can do injury to an- +other. + + +G.M. And how? + + +Capt. As many names of virtues as there are among us, so +many magistrates there are among them. There is a magis- +trate who is named Magnanimity, another Fortitude, a third +Chastity, a fourth Liberality, a fifth Criminal and Civil Justice, +a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an eighth Kindness, a tenth +Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth Exercise, a thir- +teenth Sobriety, etc. They are elected to duties of that kind, +each one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from +boyhood to be most suitable. Wherefore among them neither +robbery nor clever murders, nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or +other crimes of which we accuse one another, can be found. +They accuse themselves of ingratitude and malignity when any- +one denies a lawful satisfaction to another of indolence, of sad- +ness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander, and of lying, which +curseful thing they thoroughly hate. Accused persons under- +going punishment are deprived of the common table, and other +honors, until the judge thinks that they agree with their cor- +rection. + + +G.M. Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are +chosen. + + +Capt. You would not rightly understand this, unless you +first learned their manner of living. That you may know, then, +men and women wear the same kind of garment, suited for war. +The women wear the toga below the knee, but the men above; +and both sexes are instructed in all the arts together. When +this has been done as a start, and before their third year, the +boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by walk- +ing round them. They have four leaders, and four elders, the +first to direct them, the second to teach them, and these are men +approved beyond all others. After some time they exercise +themselves with gymnastics, running, quoits, and other games, +by means of which all their muscles are strengthened alike. +Their feet are always bare, and so are their heads as far as the +seventh ring. Afterward they lead them to the offices of the +trades, such as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working, carpentry, +painting, etc. In order to find out the bent of the genius of +each one, after their seventh year, when they have already gone +through the mathematics on the walls, they take them to the +readings of all the sciences; there are four lectures at each read- +ing, and in the course of four hours the four in their order ex- +plain everything. + + For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with pub- +lic services or functions, others apply themselves to reading. +Leaving these studies all are devoted to the more abstruse sub- +jects, to mathematics, to medicine, and to other sciences. There +are continual debate and studied argument among them, and +after a time they become magistrates of those sciences or me- +chanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for every- +one follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out +to the plains to the works of the field, and for the purpose of +becoming acquainted with the pasturage of the dumb animals. +And they consider him the more noble and renowned who has +dedicated himself to the study of the most arts and knows how +to practise them wisely. Wherefore they laugh at us in that we +consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to be noble who +have mastered no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many +slaves given over to their own pleasure and lasciviousness; and +thus, as it were, from a school of vices so many idle and wicked +fellows go forth for the ruin of the State. + + The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four +chiefs, Hoh, Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art +over which they are fit to preside. And these teachers know +well who is most suited for rule. Certain men are proposed +by the magistrates in council, they themselves not seeking to +become candidates, and he opposes who knows anything against +those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks in favor +of them. But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him +who knows the histories of the nations, and their customs and +sacrifices and laws, and their form of government, whether a +republic or a monarchy. He must also know the names of the +lawgivers and the inventors in science, and the laws and the +history of the earth and the heavenly bodies. They think it +also necessary that he should understand all the mechanical +arts, the physical sciences, astrology and mathematics. Near- +ly every two days they teach our mechanical art. They are not +allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent practice and the +paintings render learning easy to them. Not too much care +is given to the cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly +number of interpreters who are grammarians in the State. +But beyond everything else it is necessary that Hoh should +understand metaphysics and theology; that he should know +thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations of +all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things; +necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wis- +dom, and the love of things and of God; the stages of life and +its symbols; everything relating to the heavens, the earth, and +the sea; and the ideas of God, as much as mortal man can know +of him. He must also be well read in the prophets and in as- +trology. And thus they know long beforehand who will be +Hoh. He is not chosen to so great a dignity unless he has at- +tained his thirty-fifth year. And this office is perpetual, be- +cause it is not known who may be too wise for it or who too +skilled in ruling. + + +G.M. Who indeed can be so wise? If even anyone has a +knowledge of the sciences it seems that he must be unskilled +in ruling. + + +Capt. This very question I asked them and they replied +thus: "We, indeed, are more certain that such a very learned +man has the knowledge of governing, than you who place ig- +norant persons in authority, and consider them suitable merely +because they have sprung from rulers or have been chosen by a +powerful faction. But our Hoh, a man really the most capable +to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a tyrant, inas- +much as he possesses so much wisdom. This, moreover, is not +unknown to you, that the same argument cannot apply among +you, when you consider that man the most learned who knows +most of grammar, or logic, or of Aristotle or any other author. +For such knowledge as this of yours much servile labor and +memory work are required, so that a man is rendered unskilful, +since he has contemplated nothing but the words of books and +has given his mind with useless result to the consideration of +the dead signs of things. Hence he knows not in what way +God rules the universe, nor the ways and customs of nature and +the nations. Wherefore he is not equal to our Hoh. For that +one cannot know so many arts and sciences thoroughly, who is +not esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt at all things, and +therefore at ruling especially. This also is plain to us that he +who knows only one science, does not really know either that +or the others, and he who is suited for only one science and has +gathered his knowledge from books, is unlearned and unskilled. +But this is not the case with intellects prompt and expert in +every branch of knowledge and suitable for the consideration +of natural objects, as it is necessary that our Hoh should be. +Besides in our State the sciences are taught with a facility (as +you have seen) by which more scholars are turned out by us +in one year than by you in ten, or even fifteen. Make trial, I +pray you, of these boys." + + In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truth- +ful discourse and at the trial of their boys, who did not under- +stand my language well. Indeed it is necessary that three of +them should be skilled in our tongue, three in Arabic, three in +Polish, and three in each of the other languages, and no recrea- +tion is allowed them unless they become more learned. For +that they go out to the plain for the sake of running about and +hurling arrows and lances, and of firing harquebuses, and for +the sake of hunting the wild animals and getting a knowledge +of plants and stones, and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes +the band of boys does one thing, sometimes another. + + They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assist- +ing Hoh should know other than the arts having reference to +their rule, and so they have only a historical knowledge of the +arts which are common to all. But their own they know well, +to which certainly one is dedicated more than another. Thus +Power is the most learned in the equestrian art, in marshalling +the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture of +every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning +stratagems, and in every affair of a military nature. And for +these reasons, they consider it necessary that these chiefs +should have been philosophers, historians, politicians, and +physicists. Concerning the other two triumvirs, understand +remarks similar to those I have made about Power. + + +G.M. I really wish that you would recount all their public +duties, and would distinguish between them, and also that you +would tell clearly how they are all taught in common. + + +Capt. They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and +couches and other necessaries. But at the end of every six +months they are separated by the masters. Some shall sleep in +this ring, some in another; some in the first apartment, and +some in the second; and these apartments are marked by means +of the alphabet on the lintel. There are occupations, mechani- +cal and theoretical, common to both men and women, with this +difference, that the occupations which require more hard work, +and walking a long distance, are practised by men, such as +ploughing, sowing, gathering the fruits, working at the thresh- +ing-floor, and perchance at the vintage. But it is customary to +choose women for milking the cows and for making cheese. In +like manner, they go to the gardens near to the outskirts of the +city both for collecting the plants and for cultivating them. In +fact, all sedentary and stationary pursuits are practised by the +women, such as weaving, spinning, sewing, cutting the hair, +shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all kinds of gar- +ments. They are, however, excluded from working in wood +and the manufacture of arms. If a woman is fit to paint, she +is not prevented from doing so; nevertheless, music is given +over to the women alone, because they please the more, and of +a truth to boys also. But the women have not the practise of +the drum and the horn. + + And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the +following manner. It is the peculiar work of the boys and +girls under twenty to wait at the tables. In every ring there +are suitable kitchens, barns, and stores of utensils for eating +and drinking, and over every department an old man and an old +woman preside. These two have at once the command of those +who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing to be chas- +tised, those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also +examine and mark each one, both male and female, who excels +in his or her duties. + + All the young people wait upon the older ones who have +passed the age of forty, and in the evening when they go to +sleep the master and mistress command that those should be +sent to work in the morning, upon whom in succession the duty +falls, one or two to separate apartments. The young people, +however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some un- +willingness. They have first and second tables, and on both +sides there are seats. On one side sit the women, on the other +the men; and as in the refectories of the monks, there is no +noise. While they are eating a young man reads a book from +a platform, intoning distinctly and sonorously, and often the +magistrates question them upon the more important parts of +the reading. And truly it is pleasant to observe in what man- +ner these young people, so beautiful and clothed in garments +so suitable, attend to them, and to see at the same time so many +friends, brothers, sons, fathers, and mothers all in their turn +living together with so much honesty, propriety, and love. So +each one is given a napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of food. It +is the duty of the medical officers to tell the cooks what repasts +shall be prepared on each day, and what food for the old, what +for the young, and what for the sick. The magistrates receive +the full-grown and fatter portion, and they from their share +always distribute something to the boys at the table who have +shown themselves more studious in the morning at the lectures +and debates concerning wisdom and arms. And this is held +to be one of the most distinguished honors. For six days they +ordain to sing with music at table. Only a few, however, sing; +or there is one voice accompanying the lute and one for each +other instrument. And when all alike in service join their +hands, nothing is found to be wanting. The old men placed +at the head of the cooking business and of the refectories of the +servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the houses, the ves- +sels, the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses. + + They wear white under-garments to which adheres a cover- +ing, which is at once coat and legging, without wrinkles. The +borders of the fastenings are furnished with globular buttons, +extended round and caught up here and there by chains. The +coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and are continued +even to the heels. Then they cover the feet with large socks, +or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they +wear a half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are +clothed with a toga. And so aptly fitting are the garments, +that when the toga is destroyed, the different parts of the whole +body are straightway discerned, no part being concealed. They +change their clothes for different ones four times in the year, +that is when the sun enters respectively the constellations Aries, +Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and according to the circum- +stances and necessity as decided by the officer of health. The +keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to distribute +them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time as +many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some +slight, according to the weather. They all use white clothing, +and this is washed in each month with lye or soap, as are also +the workshops of the lower trades, the kitchens, the pantries +the barns, the store-houses, the armories, the refectories, and +the baths. + + Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peri- +styles, and the water is brought down by means of canals which +are continued as sewers. In every street of the different rings +there are suitable fountains, which send forth their water by +means of canals, the water being drawn up from nearly the bot- +tom of the mountain by the sole movement of a cleverly con- +trived handle. There is water in fountains and in cisterns, +whither the rain-water collected from the roofs of the houses +is brought through pipes full of sand. They wash their bodies +often, according as the doctor and master command. All the +mechanical arts are practised under the peristyles, but the spec- +ulative are carried on above in the walking galleries and ram- +parts where are the more splendid paintings, but the more sacred +ones are taught in the temple. In the halls and wings of the +rings there are solar time-pieces and bells, and hands by which +the hours and seasons are marked off. + + +G.M. Tell me about their children. + + +Capt. When their women have brought forth children, they +suckle and rear them in temples set apart for all. They give +milk for two years or more as the physician orders. After that +time the weaned child is given into the charge of the mistresses, +if it is a female, and to the masters, if it is a male. And then +with other young children they are pleasantly instructed in the +alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in running, +walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and in +languages; and they are adorned with a suitable garment of +different colors. After their sixth year they are taught natural +science, and then the mechanical sciences. The men who are +weak in intellect are sent to farms, and when they have become +more proficient some of them are received into the State. And +those of the same age and born under the same constellation +are especially like one another in strength and in appearance, +and hence arises much lasting concord in the State, these men +honoring one another with mutual love and help. Names are +given to them by Metaphysicus, and that not by chance, but de- +signedly, and according to each one's peculiarity, as was the +custom among the ancient Romans. Wherefore one is called +Beautiful (Pulcher), another the Big-nosed (Naso), another +the Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked (Torvus), an- +other Lean (Macer), and so on. But when they have become +very skilled in their professions and done any great deed in war +or in time of peace, a cognomen from art is given to them, such +as Beautiful the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor Magnus), the +Golden One (Aureus), the Excellent One (Excellens), or the +Strong (Strenuus); or from their deeds, such as Naso the +Brave (Nason Fortis), or the Cunning, or the Great, or Very +Great Conqueror; or from the enemy anyone has overcome, +Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if anyone has overcome +Manfred or Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or Tortelius, +and so on. All these cognomens are added by the higher mag- +istrates, and very often with a crown suitable to the deed or art, +and with the flourish of music. For gold and silver are reck- +oned of little value among them except as material for their +vessels and ornaments, which are common to all. + + +G.M. Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them +or disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a +magistracy, or to any other dignity to which he aspires? + + +Capt. Certainly not. For no one wants either necessaries +or luxuries. Moreover, the race is managed for the good of +the commonwealth, and not of private individuals, and the mag- +istrates must be obeyed. They deny what we hold -- viz., that it +is natural to man to recognize his offspring and to educate them, +and to use his wife and house and children as his own. For +they say that children are bred for the preservation of the +species and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also as- +serts. Therefore the breeding of children has reference to the +commonwealth, and not to individuals, except in so far as they +are constituents of the commonwealth. And since individuals +for the most part bring forth children wrongly and educate +them wrongly, they consider that they remove destruction from +the State, and therefore for this reason, with most sacred fear, +they commit the education of the children, who, as it were, are +the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates; for the +safety of the community is not that of a few. And thus they +distribute male and female breeders of the best natures accord- +ing to philosophical rules. Plato thinks that this distribution +ought to be made by lot, lest some men seeing that they are kept +away from the beautiful women, should rise up with anger and +hatred against the magistrates; and he thinks further that those +who do not deserve cohabitation with the more beautiful +women, should be deceived while the lots are being led out of +the city by the magistrates, so that at all times the women who +are suitable should fall to their lot, not those whom they desire. +This shrewdness, however, is not necessary among the inhab- +itants of the City of the Sun. For with them deformity is un- +known. When the women are exercised they get a clear com- +plexion, and become strong of limb, tall and agile, and with +them beauty consists in tallness and strength. Therefore, if +any woman dyes her face, so that it may become beautiful, or +uses high-heeled boots so that she may appear tall, or garments +with trains to cover her wooden shoes, she is condemned to cap- +ital punishment. But if the women should even desire them +they have no facility for doing these things. For who indeed +would give them this facility? Further, they assert that among +us abuses of this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women. +By these means they lose their color and have pale complexions, +and become feeble and small. For this reason they are without +proper complexions, use high sandals, and become beautiful not +from strength, but from slothful tenderness. And thus they +ruin their own tempers and natures, and consequently those of +their offspring. Furthermore, if at any time a man is taken +captive with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are al- +lowed to converse and joke together and to give one another +garlands of flowers or leaves, and to make verses. But if the +race is endangered, by no means is further union between them +permitted. Moreover, the love born of eager desire is not +known among them; only that born of friendship. + + Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, be- +cause, excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he +is in need of. To the heroes and heroines of the republic, it +is customary to give the pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful +wreaths, sweet food, or splendid clothes, while they are feast- +ing. In the daytime all use white garments within the city, but +at night or outside the city they use red garments either of wool +or silk. They hate black as they do dung, and therefore they +dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black. Pride they con- +sider the most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is +chastised with the most ruthless correction. Wherefore no +one thinks it lowering to wait at table or to work in the kitchen +or fields. All work they call discipline, and thus they say that +it is honorable to go on foot, to do any act of nature, to see with +the eye, and to speak with the tongue; and when there is need, +they distinguish philosophically between tears and spittle. + + Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty, +is considered very honorable. It is not the custom to keep +slaves. For they are enough, and more than enough, for them- +selves. But with us, alas! it is not so. In Naples there exist +70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely 10,000 or 15,000 do any +work, and they are always lean from overwork and are getting +weaker every day. The rest become a prey to idleness, avarice, +ill-health, lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and contam- +inate and corrupt very many families by holding them in servi- +tude for their own use, by keeping them in poverty and slavish- +ness, and by imparting to them their own vices. Therefore +public slavery ruins them; useful works, in the field, in military +service, and in arts, except those which are debasing, are not +cultivated, the few who do practise them doing so with much +aversion. + + But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are dis- +tributed among all, it only falls to each one to work for about +four hours every day. The remaining hours are spent in learn- +ing joyously, in debating, in reading, in reciting, in writing, in +walking, in exercising the mind and body, and with play. They +allow no game which is played while sitting, neither the single +die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these. But they play +with the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling, with +hurling at the stake. They say, moreover, that grinding poverty +renders men worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vag- +abonds, liars, false witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them +insolent, proud, ignorant, traitors, assumers of what they know +not, deceivers, boasters, wanting in affection, slanderers, etc. +But with them all the rich and poor together make up the com- +munity. They are rich because they want nothing, poor be- +cause they possess nothing; and consequently they are not +slaves to circumstances, but circumstances serve them. And on +this point they strongly recommend the religion of the Chris- +tians, and especially the life of the apostles. + + +G.M. This seems excellent and sacred, but the community +of women is a thing too difficult to attain. The holy Roman +Clement says that wives ought to be common in accordance with +the apostolic institution, and praises Plato and Socrates, who +thus teach, but the Glossary interprets this community with +regard to obedience. And Tertullian agrees with the Glossary, +that the first Christians had everything in common except +wives. + + +Capt. These things I know little of. But this I saw among +the inhabitants of the City of the Sun, that they did not make +this exception. And they defend themselves by the opinion of +Socrates, of Cato, of Plato, and of St. Clement; but, as you say, +they misunderstand the opinions of these thinkers. And the +inhabitants of the solar city ascribe this to their want of educa- +tion, since they are by no means learned in philosophy. Never- +theless, they send abroad to discover the customs of nations, +and the best of these they always adopt. Practice makes the +women suitable for war and other duties. Thus they agree with +Plato, in whom I have read these same things. The reasoning +of our Cajetan does not convince me, and least of all that of +Aristotle. This thing, however, existing among them is ex- +cellent and worthy of imitation -- viz., that no physical defect +renders a man incapable of being serviceable except the decrepi- +tude of old age, since even the deformed are useful for consulta- +tion. The lame serve as guards, watching with the eyes which +they possess. The blind card wool with their hands, separating +the down from the hairs, with which latter they stuff the +couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes and +hands give the use of their ears or their voice for the conven- +ience of the State, and if one has only one sense he uses it in the +farms. And these cripples are well treated, and some become +spies, telling the officers of the State what they have heard. + + +G.M. Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs. +Then you may explain their arts, ways of life and sciences, +and lastly their religion. + + +Capt. The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magis- +trates of arms, of artillery, of cavalry, of foot-soldiers, of archi- +tects, and of strategists; and the masters and many of the +most excellent workmen obey the magistrates, the men of each +art paying allegiance to their respective chiefs. Moreover, +Power is at the head of all the professors of gymnastics, who +teach military exercise, and who are prudent generals, advanced +in age. By these the boys are trained after their twelfth year. +Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to wres- +tling, running, throwing the weight, and other minor exercises, +under inferior masters. But at twelve they are taught how to +strike at the enemy, at horses and elephants, to handle the spear, +the sword, the arrow, and the sling; to manage the horse, to +advance and to retreat, to remain in order of battle, to help a +comrade in arms, to anticipate the enemy by cunning, and to +conquer. + + The women also are taught these arts under their own magis- +trates and mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to +render assistance to the males in battles near the city. They +are taught to watch the fortifications lest at some time a hasty +attack should suddenly be made. In this respect they praise the +Spartans and Amazons. The women know well also how to +let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead; how to +throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack. +They are accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether, +and that one is punished most severely who shows any fear. + + The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death, +because they all believe that the soul is immortal, and that when +it has left the body it is associated with other spirits, wicked or +good, according to the merits of this present life. Although +they are partly followers of Brahma and Pythagoras, they do +not believe in the transmigration of souls, except in some cases +by a distinct decree of God. They do not abstain from injuring +an enemy of the republic and of religion, who is unworthy of +pity. During the second month the army is reviewed, and every +day there is practice of arms, either in the cavalry plain or +within the walls. Nor are they ever without lectures on the +science of war. They take care that the accounts of Moses, of +Joshua, of David, of Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of Alexander, +of Scipio, of Hannibal, and other great soldiers should be read. +And then each one gives his own opinion as to whether these +generals acted well or ill, usefully or honorably, and then the +teacher answers and says who are right. + + +G.M. With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons, +since they are so prosperous? + + +Capt. Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exer- +cised in military tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they +should become effeminate and unprepared for any emergency. +Besides, there are four kingdoms in the island, which are very +envious of their prosperity, for this reason that the people de- +sire to live after the manner of the inhabitants of the City of +the Sun, and to be under their rule rather than that of their +own kings. Wherefore the State often makes war upon these +because, being neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously, +since they have not an object of worship and do not observe the +religion of other nations or of the Brahmins. And other +nations of India, to which formerly they were subject, rise up +as it were in rebellion, as also do the Taprobanese, whom they +wanted to join them at first. The warriors of the City of the +Sun, however, are always the victors. As soon as they suffered +from insult or disgrace or plunder, or when their allies have +been harassed, or a people have been oppressed by a tyrant of +the State (for they are always the advocates of liberty), they +go immediately to the Council for deliberation. After they +have knelt in the presence of God, that he might inspire their +consultation, they proceed to examine the merits of the busi- +ness, and thus war is decided on. Immediately after, a priest, +whom they call Forensic, is sent away. He demands from the +enemy the restitution of the plunder, asks that the allies should +be freed from oppression, or that the tyrant should be deposed. +If they deny these things war is declared by invoking the ven- +geance of God -- the God of Sabaoth -- for destruction of those +who maintain an unjust cause. But if the enemy refuse to re- +ply, the priest gives him the space of one hour for his answer, +if he is a king, but three if it is a republic, so that they cannot +escape giving a response. And in this manner is war under- +taken against the insolent enemies of natural rights and of re- +ligion. When war has been declared, the deputy of Power +performs everything, but Power, like the Roman dictator, plans +and wills everything, so that hurtful tardiness may be avoided. +And when anything of great moment arises he consults Hoh +and Wisdom and Love. + + Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of +making an expedition are declared by a herald in the great +Council. All from twenty years and upward are admitted to +this Council, and thus the necessaries are agreed upon. All +kinds of weapons stand in the armories, and these they use often +in sham fights. The exterior walls of each ring are full of +guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines for +hurling which are called cannons, and which they take into +battle upon mules and asses and carriages. When they have +arrived in an open plain they enclose in the middle the provis- +ions, engines of war, chariots, ladders, and machines, and all +fight courageously. Then each one returns to the standards, +and the enemy thinking that they are giving and preparing to +flee, are deceived and relax their order: then the warriors of +the City of the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on each +side, regain their breath and strength, and ordering the artillery +to discharge their bullets they resume the fight against a disor- +ganized host. And they observe many ruses of this kind. +They overcome all mortals with their stratagems and engines. +Their camp is fortified after the manner of the Romans. They +pitch their tents and fortify with wall and ditch with wonderful +quickness. The masters of works, of engines and hurling +machines, stand ready, and the soldiers understand the use of +the spade and the axe. + + Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and +in strategy consult together concerning the business of war, +and command their bands after consultation. It is their wont +to take out with them a body of boys, armed and on horses, so +that they may learn to fight, just as the whelps of lions and +wolves are accustomed to blood. And these in time of danger +betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many armed +women. After the battle the women and boys soothe and re- +lieve the pain of the warriors, and wait upon them and encour- +age them with embraces and pleasant words. How wonderful +a help is this! For the soldiers, in order that they may acquit +themselves as sturdy men in the eyes of their wives and off- +spring, endure hardships, and so love makes them conquerors. +He who in the fight first scales the enemy's walls receives after +the battle of a crown of grass, as a token of honor, and at the +presentation the women and boys applaud loudly; that one who +affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of oak-leaves; he who +kills a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and receives from +Hoh the cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain other +kinds of crowns. + + Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tem- +pered pistols, narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle. +And to get the barrels of their pistols narrow they pierce the +metal which they intend to convert into arms. Further, every +cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger. But the rest, who +form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel. For if the +foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make +swords, they attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him. +Two chains of six spans length hang from the club, and at the +end of these are iron balls, and when these are aimed at the +enemy they surround his neck and drag him to the ground; and +in order that they may be able to use the club more easily, they +do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them by means +of the feet. If perchance the reins are interchanged above the +trappings of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups +with buckles, and not to the feet. And the stirrups have an ar- +rangement for swift movement of the bridle, so that they draw +in or let out the rein with marvellous celerity. With the right +foot they turn the horse to the left, and with the left to the right. +This secret, moreover, is not known to the Tartars. For, al- +though they govern the reins with their feet, they are ignorant +nevertheless of turning them and drawing them in and letting +them out by means of the block of the stirrups. The light- +armed cavalry with them are the first to engage in battle, then +the men forming the phalanx with their spears, then the archers +for whose services a great price is paid, and who are accus- +tomed to fight in lines crossing one another as the threads of +cloth, some rushing forward in their turn and others receding. +They have a band of lancers strengthening the line of battle, +but they make trial of the swords only at the end. + + After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the +manner of the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way. +Prayers by the way of thank-offerings are made to God, and +then the general presents himself in the temple, and the deeds, +good and bad, are related by the poet or historian, who accord- +ing to custom was with the expedition. And the greatest chief, +Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes little gifts +and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some days +free from public duties. But this exemption from work is by +no means pleasing to them, since they know not what it is to be +at leisure, and so they help their companions. On the other +hand, they who have been conquered through their own fault, +or have lost the victory, are blamed; and they who were the first +to take to flight are in no way worthy to escape death, unless +when the whole army asks their lives, and each one takes upon +himself a part of their punishment. But this indulgence is +rarely granted, except when there are good reasons favoring it. +But he who did not bear help to an ally or friend is beaten with +rods. That one who did not obey orders is given to the beasts, +in an enclosure, to be devoured, and a staff is put in his hand, +and if he should conquer the lions and the bears that are there, +which is almost impossible, he is received into favor again. +The conquered States or those willingly delivered up to them, +forthwith have all things in common, and receive a garrison +and magistrates from the City of the Sun, and by degrees they +are accustomed to the ways of the city, the mistress of all, to +which they even send their sons to be taught without contribut- +ing anything for expense. + + It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and +their master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies, +both within and without the State, which you can of yourself +imagine. Since from childhood they are chosen according to +their inclination and the star under which they were born, +therefore each one working according to his natural propensity +does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally. The same +things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions. + + There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they +are placed at the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh +ring, above the breastworks and towers and inside mounds. +These places are guarded in the day by women, in the night by +men. And lest the guard should become weary of watching, +and in case of a surprise, they change them every three hours, +as is the custom with our soldiers. At sunset, when the drum +and symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed. Cav- +alry and infantry make use of hunting as the symbol of war +and practise games and hold festivities in the plains. Then +the music strikes up, and freely they pardon the offences and +faults of the enemy, and after the victories they are kind to +them, if it has been decreed that they should destroy the walls +of the enemy's city and take their lives. All these things are +done on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never +cease to load the conquered with favors, for they say that there +ought to be no fighting, except when the conquerors give up the +conquered, not when they kill them. If there is a dispute +among them concerning injury or any other matter (for they +themselves scarcely ever contend except in matters of honor), +the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused one secretly, +if he has done harm in deeds after he has been first angry. If +they wait until the time of the battle for the verbal decision, +they must give vent to their anger against the enemy, and he +who in battle shows the most daring deeds is considered to have +defended the better and truer cause in the struggle, and the +other yields, and they are punished justly. Nevertheless, they +are not allowed to come to single combat, since right is main- +tained by the tribunal, and because the unjust cause is often +apparent when the more just succumbs, and he who professes +to be the better man shows this in public fight. + + +G.M. This is worth while, so that factions should not be +cherished for the harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars +might not occur, for by means of these a tyrant often arises, as +the examples of Rome and Athens show. Now, I pray you, +tell me of their works and matter connected therewith. + + +Capt. I believe that you have already heard about their +military affairs and about their agricultural and pastoral life, +and in what way these are common to them, and how they +honor with the first grade of nobility whoever is considered to +have knowledge of these. They who are skilful in more arts +than these they consider still nobler, and they set that one apart +for teaching the art in which he is most skilful. The occupa- +tions which require the most labor, such as working in metals +and building, are the most praiseworthy among them. No +one declines to go to these occupations, for the reason that from +the beginning their propensities are well known, and among +them, on account of the distribution of labor, no one does work +harmful to him, but only that which is necessary for him. The +occupations entailing less labor belong to the women. All of +them are expected to know how to swim, and for this reason +ponds are dug outside the walls of the city and within them +near to the fountains. + + Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of +money, and they count for the use of their ambassadors and ex- +plorers, so that with it they may have the means of living. +They receive merchants into their States from the different +countries of the world, and these buy the superfluous goods of +the city. The people of the City of the Sun refuse to take +money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things +of which they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money; +and the young people in the City of the Sun are much amused +when they see that for a small price they receive so many things +in exchange. The old men, however, do not laugh. They are +unwilling that the State should be corrupted by the vicious cus- +toms of slaves and foreigners. Therefore they do business at +the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in war or keep +them for digging ditches and other hard work without the city, +and for this reason they always send four bands of soldiers to +take care of the fields, and with them there are the laborers. +They go out of the four gates from which roads with walls on +both sides of them lead to the sea, so that goods might easily +be carried over them and foreigners might not meet with diffi- +culty on their way. + + To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for +three days at the public expense; after they have first washed +their feet, they show them their city and its customs, and they +honor them with a seat at the Council and public table, and +there are men whose duty it is to take care of and guard the +guests. But if strangers should wish to become citizens of +their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and for +another month in the city, then they decide concerning them, +and admit them with certain ceremonies and oaths. + + Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a +span of earth without cultivation, and they observe the winds +and propitious stars. With the exception of a few left in the +city all go out armed, and with flags and drums and trumpets +sounding, to the fields, for the purposes of ploughing, sowing, +digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and grapes; and they +set in order everything, and do their work in a very few hours +and with much care. They use wagons fitted with sails which +are borne along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the +marvellous contrivance of wheels within wheels. + + And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart, +which is a grand sight. + + The guardians of the land move about in the meantime, +armed and always in their proper turn. They do not use dung +and filth for manuring the fields, thinking that the fruit con- +tracts something of their rottenness, and when eaten gives a +short and poor subsistence, as women who are beautiful with +rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble offspring. +Wherefore they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig it up +well and use secret remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and +multiplies, and is not destroyed. They have a book for this +work, which they call the Georgics. As much of the land as is +necessary is cultivated, and the rest is used for the pasturage of +cattle. + + The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses, +oxen, sheep, dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals +is in the highest esteem among them as it was in the time of +Abraham. And the animals are led so to pair that they may +be able to breed well. + + Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are +placed before them. They do not turn out horses with mares +to feed, but at the proper time they bring them together in an +enclosure of the stables in their fields. And this is done when +they observe that the constellation Archer is in favorable con- +junction with Mars and Jupiter. For the oxen they observe +the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance with +art. Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks +and geese, which are driven out by the women to feed near the +city. The women only do this when it is a pleasure to them. +There are also places enclosed, where they make cheese, butter, +and milk-food. They also keep capons, fruit, and other things, +and for all these matters there is a book which they call the +Bucolics. They have an abundance of all things, since every- +one likes to be industrious, their labors being slight and profita- +ble. They are docile, and that one among them who is head +of the rest in duties of this kind they call king. For they say +that this is the proper name of the leaders, and it does not be- +long to ignorant persons. It is wonderful to see how men and +women march together collectively, and always in obedience +to the voice of the king. Nor do they regard him with loath- +ing as we do, for they know that although he is greater than +themselves, he is for all that their father and brother. They +keep groves and woods for wild animals, and they often hunt. + + The science of navigation is considered very dignified by +them, and they possess rafts and triremes, which go over the +waters without rowers or the force of the wind, but by a mar- +vellous contrivance. And other vessels they have which are +moved by the winds. They have a correct knowledge of the +stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide. They navigate for +the sake of becoming acquainted with nations and different +countries and things. They injure nobody, and they do not +put up with injury, and they never go to battle unless when +provoked. They assert that the whole earth will in time come +to live in accordance with their customs, and consequently they +always find out whether there be a nation whose manner of liv- +ing is better and more approved than the rest. They admire +the Christian institutions and look for a realization of the apos- +tolic life in vogue among themselves and in us. There are +treaties between them and the Chinese and many other nations, +both insular and continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which +they are only just able to explore. Furthermore, they have +artificial fires, battles on sea and land, and many strategic se- +crets. Therefore they are nearly always victorious. + + +G.M. Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what +foods and drinks they are nourished, and in what way and for +how long they live. + + +Capt. Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese, +garden herbs, and vegetables of various kinds. They were +unwilling at first to slay animals, because it seemed cruel; but +thinking afterward that is was also cruel to destroy herbs which +have a share of sensitive feeling, they saw that they would +perish from hunger unless they did an unjustifiable action for +the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they all eat meat. +Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals, such as +oxen and horses. They observe the difference between useful +and harmful foods, and for this they employ the science of med- +icine. They always change their food. First they eat flesh, +then fish, then afterward they go back to flesh, and nature is +never incommoded or weakened. The old people use the more +digestible kind of food, and take three meals a day, eating only +a little. But the general community eat twice, and the boys +four times, that they may satisfy nature. The length of their +lives is generally 100 years, but often they reach 200. + + As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate. Wine +is never given to young people until they are ten years old, un- +less the state of their health demands it. After their tenth year +they take it diluted with water, and so do the women, but the +old men of fifty and upward use little or no water. They eat +the most healthy things, according to the time of the year. + + They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God, +except when there has been abuse by taking too much. And +therefore in the summer they feed on fruits, because they are +moist and juicy and cool, and counteract the heat and dryness. +In the winter they feed on dry articles, and in the autumn they +eat grapes, since they are given by God to remove melancholy +and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a great degree. +In the morning, when they have all risen they comb their hair +and wash their faces and hands with cold water. Then they +chew thyme or rock-parsley or fennel, or rub their hands with +these plants. The old men make incense, and with their faces +to the east repeat the short prayer which Jesus Christ taught +us. After this they go to wait upon the old men, some go +to the dance, and others to the duties of the State. Later on +they meet at the early lectures, then in the temple, then for +bodily exercise. Then for a little while they sit down to rest, +and at length they go to dinner. + + Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor ca- +tarrh, nor sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard +breathing. For these diseases are caused by indigestion and +flatulency, and by frugality and exercise they remove every +humor and spasm. Therefore it is unseemly in the extreme +to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they say that this is a sign +either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth, or of drunkenness, +or gluttony. They suffer rather from swellings or from the +dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy +food. They heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk- +food, and with a pleasant habitation in the country and by grad- +ual exercise. Unclean diseases cannot be prevalent with them +because they often clean their bodies by bathing in wine, and +soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the sweat of exercise they +diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the blood and the +marrow. They do suffer a little from consumption, because +they cannot perspire at the breast, but they never have asthma, +for the humid nature of which a heavy man is required. They +cure hot fevers with cold potations of water, but slight ones +with sweet smells, with cheese-bread or sleep, with music or +dancing. Tertiary fevers are cured by bleeding, by rhubarb +or by a similar drawing remedy, or by water soaked in the roots +of plants, with purgative and sharp-tasting qualities. But it +is rarely that they take purgative medicines. Fevers occurring +every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly startling the un- +prepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects op- +posite to the humors of this fever. All these secrets they told +me in opposition to their own wishes. They take more diligent +pains to cure the lasting fevers, which they fear more, and they +strive to counteract these by the observation of stars and of +plants, and by prayers to God. Fevers recurring every fifth, +sixth, eighth or more days, you never find whenever heavy +humors are wanting. + + They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones accord- +ing to the Roman custom, and they make use also of olive oil. +They have found out, too, a great many secret cures for the +preservation of cleanliness and health. And in other ways they +labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are often troubled. + + +G.M. A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for +from it Hercules, Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet +have suffered. + + +Capt. They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by +strengthening the head, by acids, by planned gymnastics, and +with fat cheese-bread sprinkled with the flour of wheaten corn. +They are very skilled in making dishes, and in them they put +spice, honey, butter, and many highly strengthening spices, +and they temper their richness with acids, so that they never +vomit. They do not drink ice-cold drinks nor artificial hot +drinks, as the Chinese do; for they are not without aid against +the humors of the body, on account of the help they get from +the natural heat of the water; but they strengthen it with +crushed garlic, with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and +with basil, in the summer or in time of special heaviness. They +know also a secret for renovating life after about the seventieth +year, and for ridding it of affliction, and this they do by a pleas- +ing and indeed wonderful art. + + +G.M. Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sci- +ences and magistrates. + + +Capt. Undoubtedly I have But since you are so curious +I will add more. Both when it is new moon and full moon they +call a council after a sacrifice. To this all from twenty years +upward are admitted, and each one is asked separately to say +what is wanting in the State, and which of the magistrates have +discharged their duties rightly and which wrongly. Then +after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh first, +and with him Power, Wisdom, and Love. Each one of the +three last has three magistrates under him, making in all thir- +teen, and they consider the affairs of the arts pertaining to each +one of them: Power, of war; Wisdom, of the sciences; Love, +of food, clothing, education, and breeding. The masters of all +the bands, who are captains of tens, of fifties, of hundreds, also +assemble, the women first and then the men. They argue about +those things which are for the welfare of the State, and they +choose the magistrates from among those who have already +been named in the great Council. In this manner they assemble +daily, Hoh and his three princes, and they correct, confirm, and +execute the matters passing to them, as decisions in the elec- +tions; other necessary questions they provide of themselves. +They do not use lots unless when they are altogether doubtful +how to decide. The eight magistrates under Hoh, Power, +Wisdom, and Love are changed according to the wish of the +people, but the first four are never changed, unless they, tak- +ing counsel with themselves, give up the dignity of one to an- +other, whom among them they know to be wiser, more re- +nowned, and more nearly perfect. And then they are obedient +and honorable, since they yield willingly to the wiser man and +are taught by him. This, however, rarely happens. The prin- +cipals of the sciences, except Metaphysic, who is Hoh himself, +and is, as it were, the architect of all science, having rule over +all, are attached to Wisdom. Hoh is ashamed to be ignorant +of any possible thing. Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar, +Logic, Physics, Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, +Cosmography, Music, Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhet- +oric, Painting, Sculpture. Under the triumvir Love are Breed- +ing, Agriculture, Education, Medicine, Clothing, Pasturage, +Coining. + + +G.M. What about their judges? + + +Capt. This is the point I was just thinking of explaining. +Everyone is judged by the first master of his trade, and thus +all the head artificers are judges. They punish with exile, with +flogging, with blame, with deprivation of the common table, +with exclusion from the church and from the company of +women. When there is a case in which great injury has been +done, it is punished with death, and they repay an eye with an +eye, a nose for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so on, according +to the law of retaliation. If the offence is wilful the Council +decides. When there is strife and it takes place undesignedly, +the sentence is mitigated; nevertheless, not by the judge but by +the triumvirate, from whom even it may be referred to Hoh, not +on account of justice but of mercy, for Hoh is able to pardon. +They have no prisons, except one tower for shutting up rebel- +lious enemies, and there is no written statement of a case, which +we commonly call a lawsuit. But the accusation and witnesses +are produced in the presence of the judge and Power; the ac- +cused person makes his defence, and he is immediately acquit- +ted or condemned by the judge; and if he appeals to the trium- +virate, on the following day he is acquitted or condemned. On +the third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency +of Hoh, or receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence. An +accused person is reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses, +as it were, with the medicine of his complaint, that is, with em- +bracing and kissing. + + No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people, +the accuser and the witnesses beginning first. For they have +no executioners and lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin. +The choice of death is given to the rest of the people, who en- +close the lifeless remains in little bags and burn them by the +application of fire, while exhorters are present for the purpose +of advising concerning a good death. Nevertheless, the whole +nation laments and beseeches God that his anger may be ap- +peased, being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut off +a rotten member of the State. Certain officers talk to and con- +vince the accused man by means of arguments until he him- +self acquiesces in the sentence of death passed upon him, or else +he does not die. But if a crime has been committed against +the liberty of the republic, or against God, or against the su- +preme magistrates, there is immediate censure without pity. +These only are punished with death. He who is about to +die is compelled to state in the presence of the people and with +religious scrupulousness the reasons for which he does not de- +serve death, and also the sins of the others who ought to die +instead of him, and further the mistakes of the magistrates. +If, moreover, it should seem right to the person thus asserting, +he must say why the accused ones are deserving of less punish- +ment than he. And if by his arguments he gains the victory he +is sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers +and sacrifices and good life ensuing. They do not torture those +named by the accused person, but they warn them. Sins of +frailty and ignorance are punished only with blaming, and with +compulsory continuation as learners under the law and disci- +pline of those sciences or arts against which they have sinned. +And all these things they have mutually among themselves, +since they seem to be in very truth members of the same body, +and one of another. + + This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor, +without waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before +a magistrate, accusing himself and seeking to make amends, +that one is liberated from the punishment of a secret crime, and +since he has not been accused of such a crime, his punishment +is changed into another. They take special care that no one +should invent slander, and if this should happen they meet the +offence with the punishment of retaliation. Since they always +walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for +the conviction of a transgressor. If the case is otherwise, after +having threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath +as the warrant of good conduct. Or if he is accused a second +or third time, his increased punishment rests on the testimony +of three or two witnesses. They have but few laws, and these +short and plain, and written upon a flat table and hanging to +the doors of the temple, that is between the columns. And on +single columns can be seen the essences of things described in +the very terse style of Metaphysic -- viz., the essences of God, of +the angels, of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of virtue, all +done with great wisdom. The definitions of all the virtues are +also delineated here, and here is the tribunal, where the judges +of all the virtues have their seat. The definition of a certain +virtue is written under that column where the judges for the +aforesaid virtue sit, and when a judge gives judgment he sits +and speaks thus: O son, thou hast sinned against this sacred +definition of beneficence, or of magnanimity, or of another vir- +tue, as the case may be. And after discussion the judge legally +condemns him to the punishment for the crime of which he is +accused -- viz., for injury, for despondency, for pride, for in- +gratitude, for sloth, etc. But the sentences are certain and true +correctives, savoring more of clemency than of actual punish- +ment. + + +G.M. Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their +sacrifices, their religion, and their belief. + + +Capt. The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the +superior magistrates to pardon sins. Therefore the whole +State by secret confession, which we also use, tell their sins to +the magistrates, who at once purge their souls and teach those +that are inimical to the people. Then the sacred magistrates +themselves confess their own sinfulness to the three supreme +chiefs, and together they confess the faults of one another, +though no special one is named, and they confess especially the +heavier faults and those harmful to the State. At length the +triumvirs confess their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forth- +with recognizes the kinds of sins that are harmful to the State, +and succors with timely remedies. Then he offers sacrifices +and prayers to God. And before this he confesses the sins of +the whole people, in the presence of God, and publicly in the +temple, above the altar, as often as it had been necessary that +the fault should be corrected. Nevertheless, no transgressor +is spoken of by his name. In this manner he absolves the peo- +ple by advising them that they should beware of sins of the +aforesaid kind. Afterward he offers sacrifice to God, that he +should pardon the State and absolve it of its sins, and to teach +and defend it. Once in every year the chief priests of each +separate subordinate State confess their sins in the presence +of Hoh. Thus he is not ignorant of the wrongdoings of the +provinces, and forthwith he removes them with all human and +heavenly remedies. + + Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh +asks the people which one among them wishes to give himself +as a sacrifice to God for the sake of his fellows. He is then +placed upon the fourth table, with ceremonies and the offering +up of prayers: the table is hung up in a wonderful manner by +means of four ropes passing through four cords attached to +firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple. This done +they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering, +not of a beast as among the heathen, but of a human being. +Then Hoh orders the ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is +pulled up above to the centre of the small dome, and there it +dedicates itself with the most fervent supplications. Food is +given to it through a window by the priests, who live around +the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it has atoned +for the sins of the State. There with prayer and fasting he +cries to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offer- +ing. And after twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being +appeased, the sacrifice becomes a priest, or sometimes, though +rarely, returns below by means of the outer way for the priests. +Ever after, this man is treated with great benevolence and much +honor, for the reason that he offered himself unto death for the +sake of his country. But God does not require death. + + The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from +their places in the top of the temple. This they do in the mid- +dle of the night, at noon, in the morning and in the evening, to +wit, four times a day they sing their chants in the presence of +God. It is also their work to observe the stars and to note with +the astrolabe their motions and influences upon human things, +and to find out their powers. Thus they know in what part of +the earth any change has been or will be, and at what time it has +taken place, and they send to find whether the matter be as they +have it. They make a note of predictions, true and false, so +that they may be able from experience to predict most correctly. +The priests, moreover, determine the hours for breeding and +the days for sowing, reaping, and gathering the vintage, and +are, as it were, the ambassadors and intercessors and connection +between God and man. And it is from among them mostly that +Hoh is elected. They write very learned treatises and search +into the sciences. Below they never descend, unless for their +dinner and supper, so that the essence of their heads do not +descend to the stomachs and liver. Only very seldom, and that +as a cure for the ills of solitude, do they have converse with +women. On certain days Hoh goes up to them and deliberates +with them concerning the matters which he has lately investi- +gated for the benefit of the State and all the nations of the +world. + + In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar +praying for the people, and at the end of every hour another +succeeds him, just as we are accustomed in solemn prayer to +change every fourth hour. And this method of supplication +they call perpetual prayer. After a meal they return thanks +to God. Then they sing the deeds of the Christian, Jewish, +and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this +is very delightful to them. Forsooth, no one is envious of an- +other. They sing a hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one +each to all the other virtues, and this they do under the direc- +tion of the ruler of each virtue. Each one takes the woman he +loves most, and they dance for exercise with propriety and +stateliness under the peristyles. The women wear their long +hair all twisted together and collected into one knot on the +crown of the head, but in rolling it they leave one curl. The +men, however, have one curl only and the rest of their hair +around the head is shaven off. Further, they wear a slight +covering, and above this a round hat a little larger than the size +of their head. In the fields they use caps, but at home each one +wears a biretta, white, red, or another color according to his +trade or occupation. Moreover, the magistrates use grander +and more imposing-looking coverings for the head. + + They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four car- +dinal points of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Li- +bra, Capricorn, and Aries. On these occasions they have very +learned, splendid, and, as it were, comic performances. They +celebrate also every full and every new moon with a festival, +as also they do the anniversaries of the founding of the city, +and of the days when they have won victories or done any other +great achievement. The celebrations take place with the music +of female voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the +firing of salutations. The poets sing the praises of the most +renowned leaders and the victories. Nevertheless, if any of +them should deceive even by disparaging a foreign hero, he is +punished. No one can exercise the function of a poet who in- +vents that which is not true, and a license like this they think +to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it puts a premium +upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons, either +from fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice. + + For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his +death; but while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very +useful secrets, or who has rendered great service to the State +either at home or on the battle-field, his name is written in the +book of heroes. They do not bury dead bodies, but burn them, so +that a plague may not arise from them, and so that they may be +converted into fire, a very noble and powerful thing, which has +its coming from the sun and returns to it. And for the above +reasons no chance is given for idolatry. The statues and pict- +ures of the heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women +set apart to become mothers often look at them. Prayers are +made from the State to the four horizontal corners of the +world -- in the morning to the rising sun, then to the setting +sun, then to the south, and lastly to the north; and in the con- +trary order in the evening, first to the setting sun, to the rising +sun, to the north, and at length to the south. They repeat but +one prayer, which asks for health of body and of mind, and +happiness for themselves and all people, and they conclude it +with the petition "As it seems best to God." The public prayer +for all is long, and it is poured forth to heaven. For this rea- +son the altar is round and is divided crosswise by ways at right +angles to one another. By these ways Hoh enters after he has +repeated the four prayers, and he prays looking up to heaven. +And then a great mystery is seen by them. The priestly vest- +ments are of a beauty and meaning like to those of Aaron. +They resemble nature and they surpass Art. + + They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the +sun, and not of the stars, and they observe yearly by how much +time the one precedes the other. They hold that the sun ap- +proaches nearer and nearer, and therefore by ever-lessening cir- +cles reaches the tropics and the equator every year a little +sooner. They measure months by the course of the moon, +years by that of the sun. They praise Ptolemy, admire Coper- +nicus, but place Aristarchus and Philolaus before him. They +take great pains in endeavoring to understand the construction +of the world, and whether or not it will perish, and at what time. +They believe that the true oracle of Jesus Christ is by the signs +in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars, which signs do not thus +appear to many of us foolish ones. Therefore they wait for +the renewing of the age, and perchance for its end. + + They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made +from nothing, or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos, +but they certainly think that it was made, and did not exist +from eternity. Therefore they disbelieve in Aristotle, whom +they consider a logican and not a philosopher. From analo- +gies, they can draw many arguments against the eternity of the +world. The sun and the stars they, so to speak, regard as the +living representatives and signs of God, as the temples and holy +living altars, and they honor but do not worship them. Be- +yond all other things they venerate the sun, but they consider +no created thing worthy the adoration of worship. This they +give to God alone, and thus they serve Him, that they may not +come into the power of a tyrant and fall into misery by undergo- +ing punishment by creatures of revenge. They contemplate and +know God under the image of the Sun, and they call it the sign +of God, His face and living image, by means of which light, +heat, life, and the making of all things good and bad proceed. +Therefore they have built an altar like to the sun in shape, and +the priests praise God in the sun and in the stars, as it were His +altars, and in the heavens, His temple as it were; and they pray +to good angels, who are, so to speak, the intercessors living in +the stars, their strong abodes. For God long since set signs of +their beauty in heaven, and of His glory in the sun. They say +there is but one heaven, and that the planets move and rise of +themselves when they approach the sun or are in conjunction +with it. + + They assert two principles of the physics of things below, +namely, that the sun is the father, and the earth the mother; +the air is an impure part of the heavens; all fire is derived from +the sun. The sea is the sweat of earth, or the fluid of earth +combusted, and fused within its bowels, but is the bond of +union between air and earth, as the blood is of the spirit and +flesh of animals. The world is a great animal, and we live +within it as worms live within us. Therefore we do not belong +to the system of stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in +respect to them which seek only to amplify themselves, we are +born and live by chance; but in respect to God, whose instru- +ments we are, we are formed by prescience and design, and for +a high end. Therefore we are bound to no father but God, and +receive all things from Him. They hold as beyond question the +immortality of souls, and that these associate with good angels +after death, or with bad angels, according as they have likened +themselves in this life to either. For all things seek their like. +They differ little from us as to places of reward and punish- +ment. They are in doubt whether there are other worlds be- +yond ours, and account it madness to say there is nothing. +Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite entity of God. They +lay down two principles of metaphysics, entity which is the +highest God, and nothingness which is the defect of entity. +Evil and sin come of the propensity to nothingness; the sin +having its cause not efficient, but in deficiency. Deficiency is, +they say, of power, wisdom, or will. Sin they place in the last +of these three, because he who knows and has the power to do +good is bound also to have the will, for will arises out of them. +They worship God in trinity, saying God is the Supreme +Power, whence proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same +with God, and from these comes Love, which is both power +and wisdom; but they do not distinguish persons by name, as +in our Christian law, which has not been revealed to them. +This religion, when its abuses have been removed, will be the +future mistress of the world, as great theologians teach and +hope. Therefore Spain found the New World (though its +first discoverer, Columbus, greatest of heroes, was a Genoese), +that all nations should be gathered under one law. We know +not what we do, but God knows, whose instruments we are. +They sought new regions for lust of gold and riches, but God +works to a higher end. The sun strives to burn up the earth, +not to produce plants and men, but God guides the battle to +great issues. His the praise, to Him the glory! + + +G.M. Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the com- +ing age, and of our age, that has in it more history within 100 +years than all the world had in 4,000 years before! of the won- +derful inventions of printing and guns, and the use of the mag- +net, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars, the Moon, and the +Scorpion! + + +Capt. Ah, well! God gives all in His good time. They +astrologize too much. + + + +[1] A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanells + diff --git a/old/tcots10.zip b/old/tcots10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1011f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/tcots10.zip |