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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: February 25, 2009 [EBook #28194]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{293} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 231.]
+SATURDAY, APRIL 1. 1854.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                              Page
+  Kennington Common, by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson      295
+  Life and Death                                         296
+  Battle of Trafalgar and Death of Nelson                297
+  Heraldic Anomaly                                       298
+  FOLK LORE:--Three Maids--Mother Russel's Post--Shrove
+  Tuesday Custom                                         299
+  Stornello                                              299
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Perspective--"That"--Corporation
+  Enactments--Jacobite Club--Dean Nowell's first Wife--
+  "Oxoniana"--An Epigram falsely ascribed to George
+  Herbert--Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library"         300
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Quotations wanted                                      301
+  Sir Edmund Plowden, by S. F. Streeter                  301
+  Ancient Clock, and Odevaere's History of it, by
+  Octavius Morgan                                        302
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--Spielberg, when built?--"Ded. Pavli"--
+  Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantleboard: Mantell and
+  Brace--Passage in Job--Provincial Glossaries--
+  Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster--A marvellous
+  Combat of Birds--Battle of the Gnats--Sandford of
+  Thorpe Salvine, co. York--"Outlines of the History of
+  Theology"--"Mawkin"--"Plain Dealer"--Hymn attributed
+  to Handel--Degrees in Arts--"Goloshes:"
+  "Kutchin-kutchu"--Cornwalls of London--Flasks for
+  Wine-bottles--Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus,
+  Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and Tounu or Tonnu          302
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Postmaster at Merton
+  College--"Lyra Apostolica"--East Dereham Manor--
+  Quakers executed in North America--Inscription in
+  Fulham Church--Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love"--
+  "Bothy"--"Children in the Wood"                        304
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Brydone the Tourist, by John Macray                    305
+  "The Red Cow"--Cromwell's Carriages, &c.               306
+  Fox-hunting, by F. M. Middleton                        307
+  Weather Rules, by E. MacCulloch, &c.                   307
+  Bingham's Antiquities                                  308
+  Ancient Tenure of Lands                                309
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Spots on Collodion
+  Pictures, &c.--The Double Iodide Solution--Mounting
+  Photographs                                            310
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Books on Bells--Medal in
+  Honour of Chevalier St. George--Dean Swift's
+  Suspension--"Vanitatem observare"--Ballina Castle,
+  Mayo--Dorset--Judicial Rank hereditary--Tolling the
+  Bell on leaving Church--Archpriest in the Diocese of
+  Exeter--Dogs in Monumental Brasses--The Last of the
+  Palæologi--Long Names, &c.                             310
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                    313
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                           314
+  Notices to Correspondents                              314
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s.,
+
+NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the
+"Microscopic Cabinet." By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.
+
+Also, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21s., or coloured, 36s.,
+
+A HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing
+Descriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of
+procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. By
+ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.
+
+    "There is no work extant in which so much valuable information
+    concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist
+    should add it to his library."--_Silliman's Journal._
+
+London: WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LATE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.
+
+Now ready, 2 vols. 8vo., 42s.
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+THE SPEECHES IN PARLIAMENT OF FIELD MARSHAL HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF
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+of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books.
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+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE STREETS OF DUBLIN, and CELTIC RECORDS OF IRELAND, ETC.
+
+For the Series of Papers illustrating the above, see Vols. I. II. and III.
+of the "Irish Quarterly Review." Price, bound, 11s. each.
+
+London: SIMPKIN & CO. Dublin: W. B. KELLY.
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+BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
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+CONDÉ'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF THE ARABS IN SPAIN. Translated from the
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+BOHN'S BRITISH CLASSICS FOR APRIL.
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+GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE, complete and unabridged, with variorum Notes,
+including, in addition to all the Author's own, those of Guizot, Wenck,
+Niebuhr, Hugo, Neander, and other foreign scholars. Edited by an ENGLISH
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+BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
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+THE WORKS OF TACITUS, literally translated, with Notes. In Two Volumes.
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+BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
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+HUNT'S POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of Nature.
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+BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
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+TASSO'S JERUSALEM DELIVERED, translated into English Spenserian verse, with
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+BURKE'S LANDED GENTRY. A New and Thoroughly Revised Edition of "HISTORY OF
+THE LANDED GENTRY," by SIR BERNARD BURKE, Ulster King of Arms, being in
+Preparation, it is earnestly requested that Communications with additional
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+
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+{294}
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
+{295}
+
+_LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 1, 1854._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes.
+
+KENNINGTON COMMON.
+
+Before all traces be lost of Kennington Common, so soon to be distinguished
+by the euphonious epithet of _Park_, let me put a Query to some of your
+antiquarian readers in relation thereunto; and suffer me to make the Query
+a peg, whereon to hang sundry and divers little notes. And pray let no one
+ridicule the idea that Kennington has its antiquities; albeit that wherever
+you look, new buildings, new bricks and mortar, plaster and cement, will
+meet your eye; yet, does not the manor figure in _Domesday Book?_ Is it not
+dignified by the stately name of _Chenintune?_ Was it not held by Theodoric
+of King Edward the Confessor? And did it not, in times gone by, possess a
+royal residence?
+
+Here, at a Danish marriage, died Hardi Knute in 1041. Here, Harold, son of
+Earl Godwin, who seized the crown after the death of the Confessor, is said
+to have placed it on his own head. Here, in 1231, King Henry III. held his
+court, and passed a solemn and a stately Christmas. And here, says Matthew
+Paris, was held a Parliament in the succeeding year. Hither, says good old
+Stow, anno 1376, came the Duke of Lancaster to escape the fury of the
+populace of London, on Friday, February 20, the day following that on which
+Wicliffe had been brought before the bishops at St. Paul's. The Duke was
+dining "with one John of Ipres" when the news arrived, borne by a
+breathless messenger, that the people sought his life. When the Duke "leapt
+so hastily from his oysters, that he hurt both his legges against the
+foarme: wine was offered to his oysters, but hee would not drinke for
+haste; he fledde with his fellowe Syr Henry Percy, no man following them;
+and entring the Thamis, neuer stinted rowing vntill they came to a house
+neere the manor of Kenington (besides Lambeth), where at that time the
+Princesse was, with the young Prince, before whom hee made his complaint."
+Doubtless, Lambeth Marsh was then what its name imports. Hither also came a
+deputation of the chiefest citizens to Richard II., June 21, 1377, "before
+the old King was departed," "to accept him for their true and lawfull King
+and Gouernor." But the royal residence was destroyed before 1607. "The last
+of the long succession of royal tenants who inhabited the ancient site,"
+says a writer in the _Illustrated London News_ not long since (I have the
+cutting, but neglected to note the date of the paper), "was Charles I.,
+when Prince of Wales: his lodging, a house built upon a part of the site of
+the old palace, is the only existing vestige, as represented in the
+accompanying engraving (in the _Illus. Lond. News_), unless earlier remains
+are to be found in the lower parts of the interior." But I believe that the
+identity of the site of this ancient mansion (which is situated on the
+western side of Lower Kennington Lane), with part of the site of the old
+palace, is not quite so certain as the writer appears to intimate. In 1720,
+however, the manor gave the title of Earl to William Augustus, Duke of
+Cumberland, second son to George II.
+
+Kennington Common acquired an unenviable notoriety from being the place of
+execution for malefactors tried in this part of the county. "After the
+suppression of the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, many of the insurgents
+having been convicted of treason at Southwark, here suffered the sentence
+of the law" (Dugdale's _England and Wales_, p. 1015.). "Seventeen officers
+of the rebel army were hanged, drawn, and quartered" on this spot.
+(Goldsmith's _History_, continued by Morell, 4to., 1807, vol. ii. p. 165.)
+
+    "One of the last executions which took place on Kennington Common was
+    that of seven men; three of whom belonged to a notorious gang of
+    housebreakers, eighteen in number. These men kept shops, and lived in
+    credit: of the three who were executed, one made over a sum of 2000l.
+    to a friend, previous to his trial. They confessed that the profits of
+    their practices, for the five years past, had been upwards of 1500l. a
+    year to each. This was in the year 1765."--From a cutting, sent me by a
+    friend, from the _Sunday Times'_ "Answers to Correspondents," March 13,
+    1853.
+
+Here too occurred the Chartist meeting, on the memorable 10th of April,
+1848.
+
+Now comes my Query. Was there ever a theatre on Kennington Common? In the
+_Biographia Dramatica_ of David Erskine Baker (edit. 1782, vol. ii. p.
+239.), we are told, that the "satyrical comical allegorical farce," _The
+Mock Preacher,_ published in 8vo. in 1739, was "Acted to a crowded audience
+at Kennington Common, and many other theatres, with the humours of the
+mob." Was it acted in a booth, or in a permanent theatre? The words, "many
+other theatres," almost give one the impression that the latter is
+indicated.
+
+Many more notes might be added, but I fear lest this paper should already
+be too local to interest general readers. Suffice it to say, that Clayton
+Street, close to the Common, takes its name from the Clayton family; one
+member of which, Sir Robert Clayton, was sometime Master of the Drapers'
+Company, in whose Hall a fine portrait of him is preserved. Bowling Green
+Street derives its name from a bowling green which existed not very many
+years since. And White Hart Street from a field, which was so called
+certainly as early as 1785. On the Common was "a bridge called Merton
+Bridge, which formerly was repaired by the Canons of Merton {296} Abbey,
+who had lands for that purpose." (Lysons' _Environs_, edit. 4to., 1792,
+vol. i. p. 327.)
+
+It is due to your readers to state, that the authorities for the statements
+made in the former part of this paper are these: Lysons' _Environs_, ut
+supra, vol. i. pp. 325. 327.; Manning and Bray's _Surrey_, Lond., 1809,
+fol., vol. iii. pp. 484-488.; Stow, _Annales_, edit. 4to., 1601, pp. 432,
+433.; and _Bibl. Top. Brit._, 4to., 1790, vol. ii. "History and Antiq. of
+Lambeth," p. 89.
+
+W. SPARROW SIMPSON.
+
+Kennington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIFE AND DEATH.
+
+I have thrown together a few parallel passages for your pages, which may
+prove acceptable.
+
+1. "_To die is better than to live._"
+
+    "I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which
+    are yet alive. Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet
+    been, who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the
+    sun."--_Eccles._ iv. 2, 3.
+
+    "Great travail is created for every man, and a heavy yoke upon the sons
+    of Adam, from the day that they go out of their _mother's womb_, till
+    the day that they return to the _mother of all things_."--_Ecclus._ xl.
+    1.: cf. 2 _Esdr._ vii. 12, 13.
+
+  "Never to have been born, the wise man first
+  Would wish; and, next, as soon as born to die."--_Anth.
+      Græc._(Posidippus).
+
+In the affecting story of Cleobis and Biton, as related by Herodotus, we
+read,--
+
+    "The _best end of life_ happened to them, and the Deity showed in their
+    case that _it is better for a man to die than to live_."
+
+    [Greek: Diedexe te en toutoisi ho Theos hôs ameinon eiê anthrôpôi
+    tethanai mallon ê zôein.]--Herod., [Greek: KLEIÔ]. i. 32.
+
+    "As for all other living creatures, there is not one but, by a secret
+    instinct of nature, knoweth his owne good and whereto he is made
+    able.... Man onely knoweth nothing unlesse hee be taught. He can
+    neither speake nor goe, nor eat, otherwise than he is trained to it:
+    and, to be short, apt and good at nothing he is naturally, but to pule
+    and crie. And hereupon it is that some have been of this opinion, _that
+    better it had been, and simply best, for a man never to have been born,
+    or else speedily to die_."--Pliny's _Nat. Hist._ by Holland, Intr. to
+    b. vii.
+
+  "_Happy the mortal man_, who now at last
+  Has through this doleful vale of misery passed;
+  Who to his destined stage has carry'd on
+  The tedious load, and laid his burden down;
+  Whom the cut brass or wounded marble shows
+  Victor o'er Life, and all her train of woes.
+  _He_, _happier yet_, who, privileged by Fate
+  To shorter labour and a lighter weight,
+  Received but yesterday the gift of breath,
+  Order'd to-morrow to return to death.
+  But O! beyond description, _happiest he_
+  Who ne'er must roll on life's tumultuous sea;
+  Who with bless'd freedom, from the general doom
+  Exempt, must never face the teeming womb,
+  Nor see the sun, nor sink into the tomb!
+  Who breathes must suffer; and who thinks must mourn;
+  _And he alone is blessed who ne'er was born_."--Prior's _Solomon_, b.
+      iii.
+
+The proverbs, "God takes those soonest whom He loveth best," and, "Whom the
+gods love die young," have been already illustrated in "N. & Q." (Vol.
+iii., pp. 302. 377.). "I have learned from religion, that an early death
+has often been the reward of piety," said the Emperor Julian on his
+death-bed. (See Gibbon, ch. xxiv.)
+
+2. "_Judge none blessed before his death_."[1]
+
+    "Ante mortem ne laudes hominem," saith the son of Sirach, xi. 28.
+
+Of this sentiment St. Chrysostom expresses his admiration, Hom. li. in. S.
+Eustath.; and heathen writers afford very close parallels:
+
+    [Greek: Prin d' an teleutêsê epischeein mêde kaleein kô olbion all'
+    eutuchea,] says Solon to Croesus (Herod., [Greek: KLEIÔ.] i. 32.): cf.
+    Aristot., _Eth. Nic._ ch. x., for a comment on this passage.
+
+Sophocles, in the last few lines of the _Oedipus Tyrannus_, thus draws the
+moral of his fearful tragedy:
+
+  "[Greek: Hôste thnêton ont', ekeinên TÊN TELEUTAIAN idein]
+  [Greek: HÊMERAN episkopounta, mêden' olbizein, PRIN AN]
+  [Greek: TERMA TOU BIOU perasêi, mêden algeinon pathôn.]"
+
+Elmsley, on this passage, gives the following references: Trach. I. Soph.
+Tereo, fr. 10.; ibid. Tyndar. fr. 1.; Agam., 937.; Androm., 100.; Troad.,
+509.; Heracl., 865.; Dionys. ap. Stob., ciii. p. 560.; Gesn., cv. p. 431.;
+Grot. To which I may add the oft-quoted lines,--
+
+                  "Ultima semper
+  Expectanda dies, homini dicique beatus
+  _Ante obitum_ nemo supremaque funera debet."
+
+In farther illustration of this passage from Ecclus., let us consider the
+_Death of the Righteous_.
+
+"Let me die _the death_ of the righteous, and let my _last end_ be like
+his," exclaims the truth-compelled and reluctant prophet, Numb. xxiii. 10.
+
+The royal Psalmist, after reflecting on the prosperity of the wicked in
+this world, adds:
+
+  "Then thought I to understand this,
+  But it was too hard for me,
+  Until I went into the sanctuary of God:
+  Then understood I the end of these men."--_Ps._ lxxiii.
+
+And again:
+
+  "I have seen the wicked in great power,
+  And spreading himself like a green bay-tree;
+  {297}
+  Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not;
+  Yea, I sought him, but he could not be found.
+    Mark the perfect man,
+  And behold the upright,
+  For _the end_ of that man is _peace_."--_Ps._ xxxvii. 35-37.: cf. the
+      Prayer-Book version.
+
+The prophet Isaiah declares:
+
+  "The righteous man is taken away because of the evil;
+  _He shall go in peace_, he shall rest in his bed;
+  Even the perfect man, he that walketh in the straight path."--Ch. lvii.,
+      Bp. Lowth's Trans.
+
+                      "Sure _the last end_
+  Of the good man is peace! How calm his exit!
+  Night-dews fall not more gently to the ground,
+  Nor weary worn-out winds expire so soft.
+  Behold him! in the evening tide of life,
+  A life well spent, whose early care it was
+  His riper years should not upbraid his green:
+  By unperceived degrees he wears away;
+  Yet, like the sun, seems larger at his setting!
+  High in his faith and hopes, look how he reaches
+  After the prize in view! and, like a bird
+  That's hamper'd, struggles hard to get away!
+  Whilst the glad gates of sight are wide expanded
+  To let new glories in, the first fair fruits
+  Of the fast-coming harvest."--Blair's _Grave_.
+
+  "How blest the righteous when he dies!
+    When sinks the weary soul to rest!
+  How mildly beam the closing eyes!
+    How gently heaves the expiring breast!
+
+  "So fades the summer cloud away;
+    So sinks the gale when storms are o'er;
+  So gently shuts the eye of day;
+    So dies a wave upon the shore.
+
+  "Life's duty done, as sinks the clay,
+    Light from its load the spirit flies;
+  While heaven and earth combine to say,
+    'How blest the righteous when he dies!'"--_Mrs. Barbauld._
+
+                          "An eve
+  Beautiful as the good man's quiet _end_,
+  When all of earthly now is passed away,
+  And heaven is in his face."--_Love's Trial._
+
+                          "He sets
+  As sets the Morning Star, which goes not down
+  Behind the darken'd West, nor hides obscured
+  Among the tempests of the sky, but melts away
+  Into the light of heaven."
+
+                      "As sweetly as a child,
+  Whom neither thought disturbs nor care encumbers,
+  Tired with long play, at close of summer's day
+  Lies down and slumbers."
+
+A holy life is the only preparation to a happy death, says Bishop Taylor.
+And we have seen how much importance even heathen minds attached to _peace
+at the last_. Truly, as Kettlewell said while expiring, "There is no _life_
+like a happy _death_."
+
+"Consider," says that excellent writer, Norris of Bemerton, "that _this_
+life is wholly in order to _another_, and that _time_ is that sole
+opportunity that God has given us for transacting the great business of
+_eternity_: that our work is great, and our day of working short; much of
+which also is lost and rendered useless through the cloudiness and darkness
+of the morning, and the thick vapours and unwholesome fogs of the evening;
+the ignorance and inadvertency of youth, and the disease and infirmities of
+old age: that our portion of time is not only _short_ as to its duration,
+but also _uncertain_ in the possession: that the loss of it is irreparable
+to the loser, and profitable to nobody else: that it shall be severely
+accounted for at the great judgment, and lamented in a sad eternity."--"Of
+the Care and Improvement of Time," _Miscel._, 6th edit., p. 118.
+
+EIRIONNACH.
+
+[Footnote 1: Cf. Sir Thos. Browne's _Christian Morals_, sect. ix.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR AND DEATH OF NELSON.
+
+The following unpublished letter, as a historical document, is worth
+preserving in the pages of "N. & Q." It relates to the important national
+events of the battle of Trafalgar and death of Nelson. The writer was, at
+the time, a signal midshipman in the service, and only about thirteen years
+of age. He was a native of Glasgow, and died many years since, much
+respected.
+
+      H.M.S. Defence,
+      At anchor off Cadiz, 28 Oct. 1805.
+
+    My dear Betty [the writer's sister],
+
+    I have now the pleasure of writing you, after a noble victory over the
+    French and Spanish fleets, on the 21st October, off Cape Spartel. We
+    have taken, burnt and sunk, gone on shore, &c., twenty-one sail of the
+    line. The names I will let [you] know after. On the 19[th] our frigates
+    made the signal; the Combined Fleets were coming out; so as we were
+    stationed between the frigate and our fleet, we repeated ditto to Lord
+    Nelson. It being calm we could not make much way, but in the course of
+    the night we got a strong breeze, and next morning our frigate made the
+    signal for them, being all at sea. So on the afternoon of the 20[th] we
+    saw them to leeward; but it was blowing fresh and very hazy, so Lord
+    Nelson made our signal for a captain; so our captain went on board, and
+    Lord Nelson told Captain Hope he expected he would keep sight of them
+    all night. So on the morning of the 21st we observed them to leeward
+    about two miles, so we made the signal to Lord Nelson how many the
+    bearings, and everything; so brave Nelson bore down immediately; and at
+    twelve o'clock Lord Nelson broke the south^d line, and brave Admiral
+    Collin[g]wood the north; and at two o'clock we were all in action. We
+    were the last station'd ship; so when we went down we had two Frenchmen
+    and one Spaniard on us at one time. We engag'd them forty-six minutes,
+    when the "Achille" and "Polyphemus" came up to our assistance. The
+    Spaniard ran away; we gave him chase, and fought him {298} one hour and
+    forty-six minutes, when he struck, and we boarded him, and have him
+    safe at anchor, as we have not had a good wind. I am sorry to say poor
+    Lord Nelson was wounded the second broadside. He went down and got his
+    wounds dress'd, and he was wound'd a second time, and he just lived to
+    hear of the victory. The ship we took, her name is the "San Ildifonzo,"
+    eighty-two guns, and a very fine ship, new. I don't think we will save
+    more than twelve sail of them: but we have sunk, burnt, drove on shore,
+    twenty-one sail of the line in all; and if we had not had a gale of
+    wind next day we would have taken every one of them. We were riding
+    close in shore with two anchors a-head, three cables on each bower, and
+    all our sails were shot to pieces, ditto our rudder and stern, and
+    mainmast, and everything; but, thank good, I am here safe, though there
+    was more shot at my quarters than any other part of the ship. We are
+    now at anchor, but expect to go to Gibraltar every day. I hope in good
+    you are all in health: I was never better in all my life. My comp^{ts}
+    to all friends [&c. ...] and my dear father and mother.
+
+      I am
+      Your affectionate brother,
+      (Signed) CHARLES REID.
+
+    You must excuse this letter, as half our hands are on board our prize,
+    and have had no time. I have been two days writing this; five minutes
+    one time and ten minutes another time, and so on. We are just getting
+    under way for Gibraltar.
+
+    Now for the French and Spanish ships taken, burnt, run on shore, &c.
+    &c.:
+
+      Bucentaure, 80, taken. French.
+      Santiss' Trinidada, 130, sunk. Spanish.
+      Santa, taken, but afterwards got into Cadiz.
+      Rayo, 110, sunk. French.
+      Bahama, 74, taken. French.
+      Argonauta, 80, sunk and burnt.
+      Neptuna, 90, on shore.
+      San Ildifonzo, 80, taken by the Defence.
+      Algazeras, 74, on shore; Swiftsure, 74, Gib.; Berwick, 74, Gib. All
+          English ships taken by the French last war.
+      Intrepid, 74, burnt.
+      Aigle, 80, on shore.
+      Tonguer, 80, on shore [MS. uncertain].
+      De ..., 74, Gibraltar [ditto].
+      Argonauta, 74, Gib.
+      Redoubtable, 74, sunk.
+      Achell, 74, burnt.
+      Manareo, 74, on shore.
+      San Augustino, 74, Gibraltar.
+
+    There is not one English ship lost, but a number lost their masts.
+    (Signed) C. R.
+
+The writer had a brother, Andrew Reid, who bore a commission in the ships
+of Captain Parry in the first Arctic expedition.
+
+G. N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERALDIC ANOMALY.
+
+I beg to call the attention of the heraldic readers of "N. & Q." to a
+singular custom of displaying their coats of arms, peculiar to the Knights
+of St. John, of the venerable Language of England.
+
+It is well known that the members of this valiant brotherhood, throughout
+Europe, bear their paternal shield alone, surmounted, as the badge of their
+profession, with the particular device of the order, that is, On a chief,
+gules, a cross argent. The English knights, with their paternal coat, bore
+also, party-per-pale, that of their mothers, with the chief of the order
+over both, a strange heraldic anomaly!
+
+I have somewhere read, but where, for lack of a "note," I cannot recollect,
+that in making their proofs of nobility previous to their admission into
+the order, unlike the other Languages, the cavalier of England gave in only
+the names of their father and mother, but at the same time it was requisite
+that these two names should be able to prove a nobility of two hundred
+years each.
+
+Perhaps the custom of bearing the paternal shield impaled with the maternal
+sprung from these proofs.
+
+In the British Museum, Harl. MSS. 1386., may be seen three examples of this
+custom, in a paper entitled, _A Note of certain Knights of Rhodes_, "in
+prioratû Sancti Johannis Jerusalem."
+
+1. Sir Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of England, A.D. 1504, a knight not more
+renowned as a valiant man-at-arms, "preux et hardi," than as a skilful
+diplomatist; and who, on the death of Fabricio Caretto, A.D. 1520-1, was
+thought worthy to be put in competition for the Grand Mastership with the
+celebrated Villiers de L'Isle Adam, and, as Vertot tells us, only lost that
+dignity by a very trifling majority. His paternal coat--Sable, a cheveron
+engrailed argent, between three plates, on each a pale, gules--is impaled
+with that of his mother, Alice, daughter of Thomas Green, of Gressingham,
+in Yorkshire; Argent, a bugle-horn sable, stringed gules, between three
+griffins' heads, erased, of the second; over all, the chief of the order.
+
+2. Sir Lancelot Docwra, near kinsman to Sir Thomas, and son of Robert
+Docwra, of Docwra-Hall, in Cumberland. His arms are impaled with--Or, a
+cross flory sable--the coat armour of his mother, Jane, daughter of Sir
+John Lamplugh, of Lamplugh, in the same county; one "of a race," as Denton
+says, "of valorous gentlemen, successively for their worthiness knighted in
+the field, all, or most part of them." The chief of the order also
+surmounts his shield.
+
+3. The third is the shield of Sir John Randon; Gules, a bend checquy or and
+azure, impaling Argent, a frette, and on a chief, gules, three escallops of
+the field; over all, the chief of the order. {299}
+
+If any readers of "N. & Q." could furnish me with more examples, I should
+be much obliged.
+
+JOHN O' THE FORD.
+
+Malta.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Three Maids._--There is a spot on the road from Winchester to Andover
+called the "Three Maids." They are I believe nameless. Tradition says that
+they poisoned their father, and were for that crime buried alive up to
+their necks. Travellers passing by were ordered not to feed them; but one
+compassionate horseman as he rode along threw the core of an apple to one,
+on which she subsisted for three days. Wonderful is it to state that three
+groups of firs sprung up miraculously from the graves of the three maids.
+Thus their memories have been perpetuated. The peasantry of Winchester and
+its neighbourhood for the most part accredit the story, and I see no reason
+for disbelieving the first part of it myself. Does any one know of a like
+punishment being awarded in olden times, when the tender mercies of the law
+were cruel and arbitrary?
+
+_Mother Russel's Post._--Whilst I am on the subject of folk lore I may as
+well add, that on the road to Kings Sombourn, of educational renown, there
+is a spot where four roads meet. Report says that a certain Mother Russel,
+who committed suicide, was buried there. A little girl in this village was
+afraid to pass the spot at night on account of the ghosts, which are
+supposed to haunt it in the hours of darkness. The rightful name of the
+place is "Mother Russel's Post."
+
+EUSTACE W. JACOB.
+
+Crawley.
+
+_Shrove Tuesday Custom_ (Vol. ix., p. 65.).--The Shrove Tuesday custom
+mentioned by MR. ELLIOTT as existing at Leicester, and an account of which
+he quotes from Hone's _Year-Book_, has been abolished within the last few
+years. There is, I believe, still a curious custom on that day at Ludlow,
+the origin and meaning of which has never, so far as I am aware, been
+discovered and stated.
+
+    "The corporation," I quote from a history of the town, "provide a rope,
+    three inches in thickness, and in length thirty-six yards, which is
+    given out at one of the windows of the Market House as the clock
+    strikes four, when a large body of the inhabitants, divided into two
+    parties, commence an arduous struggle, and as soon as either party
+    gains the victory by pulling the rope beyond the prescribed limits, the
+    pulling ceases, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Without doubt this singular custom is symbolical of some remarkable
+    event, and a remnant of that ancient language of visible signs, which,
+    says a celebrated writer, 'imperfectly supplies the want of letters to
+    perpetuate the remembrance of public or private transactions.' The sign
+    in this instance has survived the remembrance of the occurrence it was
+    designed to represent, and remains a profound mystery. It has been
+    insinuated that the real occasion of this custom is known to the
+    corporation, but that, for some reason or other, they are tenacious of
+    the secret."
+
+The local historian then mentions an "obscure tradition," but as it is not
+in agreement with my own opinion, I omit it.
+
+S. P. Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STORNELLO.
+
+Verses, the rhymes of which return after the fashion of those printed in
+"N. & Q." (Vol. vi., p. 603., and Vol. vii., p. 174.), are commonly current
+among the peasants of Tuscany, and in many instances form the materials of
+their popular songs. It is probable that this description of rhyme
+originated in the "bel paese la dove 'l si suona." They usually turn on a
+combination of _three_ words, as in those quoted in Vol vii. of "N. & Q."
+And the name _stornello_, as will be readily perceived, is derived from
+_tornare_, to return. I send you a specimen of one of them, which has a
+certain degree of historical interest attached to it, from its connexion
+with the movement of 1848. It was difficult to walk through the streets of
+Florence in those days without hearing it carolled forth by more than one
+Florentine Tyrtæus. _Now_, I need hardly say, "we never mention it--its
+name is never heard." The patriot-flag was a _tricolor_ of white, red, and
+green, a nosegay of which colours a youth has brought to his mistress. She
+sings as follows:
+
+  "E gli dirò che il verde, il rosso, il bianco
+  Gli stanno ben con una spada al fianco.
+  E gli dirò che il bianco, il verde, il rosso,
+  Vuol dir che Italia il duro giogo ha scosso.
+  E gli dirò che il rosso, il bianco, il verde
+  E un terno che si giuoca e non si perde."
+
+Of which the following rough version may serve to give a
+sufficiently-accurate idea of the meaning, for the benefit of your "country
+gentlemen" readers:
+
+  "And I'll tell him the green, and the red, and the white
+  Would look well by his side as a sword-knot so bright.
+  And I'll tell him the white, and the green, and the red
+  Mean, our country has flung the vile yoke from her head.
+  And I'll tell him the red, and the white, and the green
+  Is the prize that we play for, a prize that we'll win."
+
+"Un terno che si giuoca" is a phrase which refers to the system of the
+public lotteries, {300} established (so much to their shame) by the Italian
+governments; and a page of explanation of that system would be needful, to
+make any literal translation of it intelligible to an English reader.
+
+In conclusion I may say, in reply to the Query of HENRY H. BREEN, that the
+Popes alluded to in the epigram cited by him as above referred to (Vol.
+vi., p. 603.), seem evidently to have been Julius II. (Rovere), Leo X.
+(Medici), Clement VII. (Medici), and Paul III. (Farnese). And the epigram
+in question says no more than the truth, in asserting that they all four
+occasioned infinite mischief to France.
+
+T. A. T.
+
+Florence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Perspective._--There is a very common error in drawing walls, the plane of
+which is parallel to the plane of the picture. An instance of it occurs in
+the façade of Sennacherib's Palace, Layard's 2nd book on Nineveh,
+frontispiece. All the horizontal lines in the plane of the picture are
+drawn parallel. The fact is, that every line above or below the line of the
+horizon, though _really_ parallel to it, _apparently_ approaches it, as it
+is produced to the right or left. The reason is obvious. One point in the
+wall, viz. that on which you let fall a perpendicular from your eye, is
+nearest to your eye. The perpendicular height of the wall, as drawn through
+this point, must therefore appear greater than as drawn through any other
+point more to the right or left. The lines which are really parallel do
+therefore apparently converge on some point more or less distant, according
+to the distance of the wall from your eye. Every drawing in which this
+principle is not considered must, I think, appear out of perspective.
+
+G. T. HOARE.
+
+Tandridge.
+
+"_That._"--I lately met with the following grammatical puzzle among some
+old papers. I forget from what book I copied it many years ago. Perhaps it
+may be new to some of your readers.
+
+  "I'll prove the word that I have made my theme,
+  Is that that may be _doubled_ without blame,
+  And that that that thus _trebled_ I may use,
+  And that that that that critics may abuse,
+  May be correct.--Farther, the Dons to bother,
+  _Five_ thats may closely follow one another--
+  For, be it known that we may safely write
+  Or say that that that that that man writ was right;
+  Nay, e'en that that that that that that has followed
+  Through _six_ repeats, the grammar's rule has hallowed,
+  And that that that (that _that_ that that began),
+  Repeated _seven_ times is right! Deny't who can."
+
+McC.
+
+_Corporation Enactments._--In the town books of the Corporation of Youghal,
+co. Cork, among other singular enactments of that body are two which will
+now be regarded as curiosities. In the years 1680 and 1703, a cook and a
+barber received their freedom, on condition that they would respectively
+dress the mayor's feasts, and shave the Corporation, gratis!
+
+ABHBA.
+
+_Jacobite Club._--The adherents of the Stuarts are now nearly extinct; but
+I recollect a few years ago an old gentleman, in London, who was then
+upwards of eighty years of age, and who was a stanch Jacobite. I have heard
+him say that, "when he was a young man, his father belonged to a society in
+Aldersgate Street, called the 'Mourning Bush;' and this Bush was to be
+always in mourning until the Stuarts were restored." A member of this
+Society having been met in mourning when one of the reigning family had
+died, was asked by one of the members how it so happened? His reply was,
+that he was "not mourning for the dead, but for the living." The old
+gentleman was father of the Mercers' Company, and his brother of the
+Stationers' Company: they were bachelors, and citizens of the old school,
+hospitable, liberal, and charitable. An instance occurred, that the latter
+had a presentation to Christ's Hospital: he was applied to on behalf of a
+person who had a large family; but the father not being a freeman, he could
+not present it to the son. He immediately bought the freedom for the
+father, and gave the son the presentation! This is a rare act.
+
+The brothers have long gone to receive the reward of their goodness, and
+lie buried in the cemetery attached to Mercers' Hall, Cheapside.
+
+JAMES REED.
+
+Sunderland.
+
+_Dean Nowell's first Wife._--Churton, in his _Life of Alexander Nowell_,
+dean of St. Paul's, p. 368., is at a loss to know the name of the dean's
+first wife. He says:
+
+    "Of his first wife nothing farther is known but that he was married,
+    either to her or to his second wife, in or before the year 1561. His
+    surviving wife, Eliz. Nowell, had been twice married before, and had
+    children by both her former husbands. Laurence Ball appears to have
+    been her first husband, and Thomas Blount her second."
+
+The pedigree of Bowyer, in the _Visitation of Sussex_, in 1633-4, gives the
+name of the dean's first wife:
+
+  "Thomas    =  Jane, da. and heir of  =  Alexander Nowell,
+  Bowyer        Robert Merry, son         dean of St. Paul's.
+  of London.    of Thomas Merry           2nd husband."
+                of Hatfield.
+
+Y. S.
+
+"_Oxoniana._"--To your list of desirable reprints, I beg to add the very
+amusing work under this title, and originally published in four small {301}
+volumes about fifty years since, and now become scarce. Additions and
+corrections would add to the value and interest of a work which preserves
+many curious traits of past times and of Oxford Dons.
+
+ALPHA.
+
+_An Epigram falsely ascribed to George Herbert._--The recent editors of
+George Herbert have printed as his, among his Latin poems, the last two
+lines of the 76th epigram of Martial's eighth book:
+
+  "Vero verius ergo quid sit, audi:
+  Verum, Gallice, non libenter audis."
+
+J. E. B. MAYOR.
+
+_Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library."_--Will you kindly allow me to avail
+myself of your columns to correct an error in my translation of "Ingulph,"
+in Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_? In the note to page 2, the Abbey of
+_Bardney,_ in Lincolnshire, is confounded with _Partney,_ which was one of
+its cells. The mistake was not observed till, unfortunately, the sheet had
+been printed; and it was accidentally omitted among the _errata_. My
+authority had, I rather think, been misled by Camden.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+31. St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+QUOTATIONS WANTED.
+
+  "Quid levius calamo? Pulvis. Quid pulvere? Ventus.
+  Quid vento? Meretrix. Quid meretrice? Nihil."
+
+  "What is lighter than a feather?
+  Dust. The wind more light than either.
+  What is lighter than the wind?
+  Airy, fickle, womankind.
+  What than womankind is lighter?
+  Nothing, nothing--but the writer."
+
+X. Y.
+
+  "The knights are dust,
+  Their good swords are rust,
+  Their souls are with the saint, we trust."
+
+C. M. O'CAOIMH.
+
+  "Circles are prized, not that abound
+  In greatness, but the exactly round.
+  Thus men are honoured, who excel,
+  Not in high state, but doing well."
+
+G. C. H.
+
+  "Ill habits gather by unseen degrees,
+  As brooks to rivers, rivers run to seas."
+
+S.
+
+  "The clanging trumpet sounds to arms,
+  And calls me forth to battle:
+  Our banners float 'midst war's alarms,
+  The signal cannons rattle."
+
+T. W.
+
+  "Of whose omniscient and all-spreading love,
+  Aught to implore were impotence of mind."
+
+Q.
+
+  "He no longer shall dwell
+    Upon that dirty ball,
+  But to heaven shall come,
+    And make punch for us all."
+
+A SEPTUAGENARIAN.
+
+  "Sometimes, indeed, an acre's breadth half green,
+  And half strewed o'er with rubbish, may be seen.
+  When lo! a board, with quadrilateral grace,
+  Stands stiff in the phenomenon of space,
+  Proposing still the neighbourhood's increase,
+  By, 'Ground to let upon a building lease.'"
+
+H. W.
+
+  "Then what remains, but well our parts to chuse,
+  And keep good humour whatsoe'er we lose."
+
+F. W. J.
+
+  "Bachelors of every station,
+  Listen to my true relation."
+
+Also a ballad describing the visit of a countryman and his wife to Oxford.
+Both of Berkshire origin.
+
+L.
+
+"A fellow feeling makes us wond'rous kind."
+
+W. V.
+
+"Sir John once said a good thing."
+
+[Greek: Xanthos].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN.
+
+In your publication (Vol. iv., p. 319.), one of your correspondents has
+given some interesting particulars relative to Sir Edmund Plowden, New
+Albion, &c., and expresses the hope that Americans will hereafter do
+justice to the memory of one really deserving their respect. I am desirous
+of doing something to vindicate his memory and claims; and to this end
+should be greatly obliged if your correspondent would favour me with some
+additional facts. To get at these, I will put some of them in the
+interrogative form.
+
+When and where was Sir Edmund born?
+
+What is the evidence that he was in America from 1620 to 1630? If so, where
+(in what localities), and what capacity?
+
+He says that his sister married a son of Secretary Lake, _then_ in office;
+but Lake was turned out several years before 1630, and Lord Baltimore took
+his place, I think. Nor was Wentworth made Earl of Strafford till after the
+time of the petition.
+
+He is said to have served five years in Ireland: in what capacity?
+
+Who were Viscount Musherry, Lord Monson, Sir Thomas Denby, (Claiborne I
+know of), Capt. Balls; besides Sir John Laurence, Sir Bowyer {302}
+Worstley, Barrett, &c.? Where did these parties "die, in America," in 1634?
+
+Is the _Latin_ original of the character in existence? There is an omission
+in the bounds given in the paper referred to: can I get an extract from the
+original entry of limits?
+
+Did the charter ever pass the _Great Seal_?
+
+Would it be valid, if only passed under the private seal?
+
+Can the date of the grant to Danby be ascertained?
+
+Are there any memoranda of Plowden's six years' residence as Governor of
+New Albion (I have some of his residence in Virginia)?
+
+Can I get more definite facts about the misconduct of Francis?
+
+The license for alienation, &c. is stated to have been obtained 15th of
+Charles, 1646; but the 15th of Charles was 1640. When did he arrive to
+attend to his property, and when was he imprisoned in the Fleet?
+
+Who was Beauchamp Plantagenet, the author of the tract on _New Albion_,
+published in 1648?
+
+Who were Robert Evelin, Captain Young, and Master Miles, mentioned in that
+tract?
+
+Can you give me any additional facts, _dates_ especially, of events and
+births, deaths, &c.?
+
+I know not into whose hands these Queries will come; but I can say that, if
+they are answered, the cause of historic truth and justice will be served;
+and I shall have the aid I want towards correcting the misrepresentations
+and errors that have been accumulating for years on this point.
+
+S. F. STREETER, Sec. Md. Hist. Soc.
+
+Baltimore Md., March 2, 1854.
+
+P. S.--I should like to inquire, through your publication, if any one can
+give me the family of Mr. Claiborne; and any facts in his history not
+stated in our works?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANCIENT CLOCK, AND ODEVAERE'S HISTORY OF IT.
+
+As a portion of the history of the magnificent clock, which came into my
+possession last year, is connected with Holland, I think it probable that I
+may, through the means of "N. & Q." and the _Navorscher_, be able to obtain
+the information respecting it which I desire. I shall therefore be very
+much obliged if you will give this communication a place.
+
+It will be necessary to give a brief description of the clock, so as to
+enable parties on the other side of the water to recognise and identify it.
+The clock, which is of copper richly gilt, and elaborately engraved, stands
+about four feet high, independent of the pedestal. It is of architectural
+design, and is divided into three stories, having detached columns at each
+corner. The two lower stories contain the dials in the front. The upper
+story exhibits the groups of moving silver figures, which strike the
+quarters, hours, and move in procession whilst a tune is played by a chime
+of bells. The whole is surmounted by a dome, on which is placed a silver
+cock, which flaps his wings and crows when the clock strikes. It was made
+by Isaac Hahrecht (the artist who made the great clock in the cathedral at
+Strasburg), according to the inscription on it, in the year 1589: and is
+evidently a model of that celebrated work condensed into a single tower,
+since it performs all the feats of that clock. Its reputed history, as
+given in a printed account of it, is, that it was made for Pope Sixtus V.,
+and was for more than two hundred years in the possession of the Court of
+Rome. It afterwards came into the possession of William I., King of the
+Netherlands, who authorised Odevaere the antiquary, now deceased, to
+investigate everything concerning it, and to give a description of it. What
+I should wish to know is, who was this Odevaere, and where is his
+description of it to be found? With regard to the history of the clock, I
+should wish to know the authority for the statement of its having been made
+for the Pope, when and how it came to leave the Vatican; how it became the
+property of the King of Holland; when and why it ceased to belong to the
+crown of Holland; and under what circumstances it came over to this
+country, where it was exhibited in 1850?
+
+If any of the readers of "N. & Q.," or the _Navorscher_, can give me any
+information respecting it, I shall feel greatly obliged.
+
+OCTAVIUS MORGAN.
+
+9. Pall Mall.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Spielberg, when built?_--When and by whom was the prison of Spielberg, in
+Moravia, built? Has it been used exclusively as a state prison?
+
+M. J. S.
+
+_"Ded. Pavli."_--Can you give me any information respecting a tract
+entitled--
+
+    "Ded. Pavli Antiquarius, Theologia, et contra Perciocas Thologo
+    Rvmætatis nostræ scholas Philippi Melanchthonis declamativncvla. Et
+    quædam alia lectv dignissima."
+
+F. COLEMAN.
+
+16. Great St. Helens.
+
+_Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantelboard: Mantell and Brace._--What is the
+origin of this word, and whence came the thing? It must originally have had
+a use and a meaning, before it became a haven of rest for hyacinth-glasses,
+china monsters, Bohemian glass vases, and a thousand nick-nacks and odds
+and ends of drawing-room {303} furniture, as it _now_ is with us. It had,
+no doubt, some real work to do before it became what we are pleased to term
+_ornamental_.
+
+C. D. LAMONT.
+
+Greenock.
+
+_Passage in Job._--The REV. MOSES MARGOLIOUTH will much oblige the writer,
+and some of his friends, by giving in "N. & Q." a literal translation of
+Job xix. 26. The authorised version is:
+
+    "And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh I
+    shall see God."
+
+The marginal reference gives:
+
+    "After I shall awake, though this body be destroyed, yet out of my
+    flesh shall I see God."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_Provincial Glossaries._--In an article in the 79th volume of the
+_Edinburgh Review_, on the provincialisms of the European languages, the
+writer says:
+
+    "There are some very copious early English vocabularies lying in
+    manuscript in the Cathedral libraries of Durham, Winchester, and
+    Canterbury; in the British Museum, King's College, and other
+    depositories, deserving collection."
+
+Will any of your learned readers inform me of the dates of the MSS.
+referred to, and by whom the collections were made? I would recommend them
+to the notice of the Camden Society.
+
+FRA. MEWBURN.
+
+_Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster._--What crest did this family bear,
+and when did the family become extinct?
+
+J. B.
+
+_A marvellous Combat of Birds._--In the _Phoenix Britannicus_, by J.
+Morgan, London, 4to., p. 250.[2], there is an account of--
+
+    "The wonderful battle of stares (or starlings), fought at Cork on
+    Saturday 12th, and Monday 14th, October, 1621."
+
+And this narration relates, that on the Sunday, October 13, the intervening
+day, the starlings absented themselves to fight at Woolwich, in Kent!!
+
+Without vouching for the fact, or calling in question the prowess of this
+"Irish Brigade," I leave it to be confirmed or refuted by any reader of the
+"N. & Q."--_comme bon lui semblera_.
+
+[Greek: S].
+
+P. S.--I would, _à propos_ to the above subject, thank any reader of your
+miscellany to point out to me a work by a M. Hanhart (I believe is the
+name), which I think is upon _Les Moeurs des Fourmis indigènes_, in which
+are given some particulars of regular conflicts between ants. I am not
+aware of the exact title of the book, but I have seen an account of it in
+some Edinburgh periodical, if I am not mistaken.
+
+[Footnote 2: At p. 252. of the same article is an account of the battle of
+the gnats, noticed by MR. E. W. JACOB.--ED.]
+
+_Battle of the Gnats._--In reading Stowe's _Chronicles of England_, I hit
+upon the following passage recorded in the reign of King Richard II., p.
+509.:
+
+    "A fighting among gnats at the King's Maner of _Shine_, where they were
+    so thicke gathered, that the ayre was darkned with them: they fought
+    and made a great battaile. Two partes of them being slayne, fel downe
+    to the grounde; the thirde parte hauing got the victorie, flew away, no
+    man knew whither. The number of the deade was such that might be swepte
+    uppe with besomes, and bushels filled weyth them."
+
+This is a curious incident, and I have never heard of anything of the sort
+taking place in modern times. Would some of your readers who study natural
+history be good enough to give me another instance? I am at present
+inclined to think that the account is one of the many myths which Stow
+doubtless believed.
+
+EUSTACE W. JACOB.
+
+_Sandford of Thorpe Salvine, Co. York._--Wanted, the arms and crest of the
+Sandfords of Thorpe Salvine. Also any particulars of the family, from the
+commencement of their residence at High Ashes, in the parish of
+Ashton-under-Lyne, co. Lancashire, until the termination of that residence.
+Were they of the same family with Sandford, Baron Mount Sandford?
+
+J. B.
+
+"_Outlines of the History of Theology_," 8vo., London, 1844, said to be
+privately printed. Any information as to the author, &c. will oblige
+
+JOHN MARTIN.
+
+Woburn Abbey.
+
+_"Mawkin."_--Is this word, which signifies here "a scarecrow," merely a
+Norfolk pronunciation of _mocking_? i. e. an imitation of a man--composed
+of coat, hat, &c. hung upon a cross bar of wood?
+
+J. L. S.
+
+_"Plain Dealer."_--Can any one of your readers inform me where I can see a
+copy of Aaron Hill's _Plain Dealer_, as originally published, and before it
+was collected and printed in two volumes?
+
+D.
+
+_Hymn attributed to Handel._--Can any of your readers give information
+concerning a hymn which commences thus:
+
+  "We'll proclaim the wond'rous story
+    Of the mercies we receive,
+  From the day-spring's dawn in glory,
+    To the fading hour of eve."
+
+It has been attributed to Handel. On what authority?
+
+W. P. STORER.
+
+Olney, Bucks.
+
+{304}
+
+_Degrees in Arts._--In the diploma of Master of Arts which I obtained from
+the University of Edinburgh, occur the words:
+
+    "Cunctaque consecutum esse Privilegia, Immunitates, Jura, quæ hic aut
+    usquam alibi Bonarum Artium Magistris concedi solent."
+
+What are (or rather _were_, for I suppose they do not now exist) these
+_privilegia_, _immunitates_, and _jura_?
+
+ANNANDALE.
+
+_"Goloshes"--"Kutchin-kutchu."_--What is the origin of _goloshes_, as the
+name of water-proof shoes? It is, of course, of American derivation. But
+has it any connexion with the tribe of North American Indians, the
+Goloshes? They are the immediate neighbours of those tribes of Esquimaux
+who form water-proof boats and dresses from the entrails of the seal; and a
+confusion of names may easily have occurred.
+
+The expedition of Sir John Richardson to the Arctic shores, which suggests
+the above Query, also gives rise to another. Did any of your readers ever
+amuse themselves, as children, by performing the dance known as _kutchin
+kutchu_-ing; which consists in jumping about with the legs bent in a
+sitting posture? If so, have they not been struck with a philological
+mania, on seeing his picture of the Kutchin-Kutcha Indians dancing; in
+which the principal performer is actually figuring in the midst of the wild
+circle in the way described. Is not the nursery term something more than a
+mere coincidence?
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+_Cornwalls of London._--Perhaps some reader of "N. & Q." may be able to
+inform me what were the arms, crest, and motto of the Cornwalls of London?
+One of the family, John Cornwall, was a Director of the Bank of England in
+1769.
+
+F. C.
+
+Beverley.
+
+_Flasks for Wine-bottles._--When, and under what circumstances, did the
+common use of flasks in this country, for holding wine, go out? Hogarth
+died in 1764, and in none of his pictures, I believe, is the wine-bottle,
+in its present shape, to be seen. On the other hand, I have never found any
+person able to remember the use of flasks, or indeed any other than the
+wine-bottle in its present shape. The change must have been rapidly
+effected between 1760 and 1790. Of course I am aware that certain wines,
+Greek, I believe, are still imported in flasks.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+_Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus, Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and Tounu or
+Tonnu._--Can any of your correspondents suggest the meaning of these words,
+or either them? They are not in the recent Paris edition of Ducange.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Postmaster at Merton College._--Can you tell me whether there is any known
+derivation for the term "Postmaster," as applied to part of the members on
+the Foundation of Merton College, Oxford? Also, What connexion there is
+between this word and the Latin for it, which is seen on the college plate,
+in the words "In usum Portionistarum?"
+
+J. G. T.
+
+Ch. Ch.
+
+    [It seems probable that these postmasters formerly occupied one of the
+    postern gates of the college. Hence we find Anthony à Wood, in his
+    Life, August 1, 1635, says, "A fine of 30_li._ was set by the warden
+    and fellowes of Merton College. When his father renewed his lease of
+    the old stone-house, wherein his son A. Wood was borne (called
+    antiently Portionists' or Postmasters' Hall), for forty yeares," &c.
+    Again, April 13, 1664: "A meeting of the warden and fellowes of Merton
+    College, where the renewing of the leases belonging to the family,
+    concerning the housing (Portionists' Hall and its appurtenances)
+    against Merton College, was by them proposed." Fuller, in his _Church
+    Hist._, book III. cent. xiii. sect. 8., has given the origin of
+    postmasters. "There is," says he, "a by-foundation in Merton College, a
+    kind of college in the college, and this tradition goeth of their
+    original:--Anciently there was, over against Merton College, a small
+    unendowed hall, whose scholars had so run in arrears, that their
+    opposite neighbours, out of charity, took them into their college (then
+    but nine in number) to wait on the fellows. But since, they are freed
+    from any attendance, and endowed with plentiful maintenance.... Bishop
+    Jewel was a postmaster, before removed hence to be fellow of Corpus
+    Christi." Consult also Oxoniana, vol. ii. pp. 15-22. The _Portionistæ_,
+    or Postmasters, did not reside in the college till the latter end of
+    the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but in a hall opposite to it, which had
+    been provided for the use of the college by Peter de Habinton, or
+    Habendon, the first warden. It afterwards became the property of the
+    father of Anthony à Wood, and beneath its roof that distinguished
+    antiquary was born, December 17, 1632. The second brother of Anthony
+    became one of the postmasters of Merton College.]
+
+_"Lyra Apostolica."_--Can you inform me who were the writers in the _Lyra
+Apostolica_ who assumed the letters [alpha], [beta], [gamma], [delta],
+[epsilon], [zeta]?
+
+TYRO.
+
+    [We have heard the initials attributed to the following
+    writers:--[alpha], Bowden; [beta], R. H. Froude; [gamma], John Keble;
+    [delta], J. H. Newman; [epsilon], Isaac Williams; [zeta], Wilberforce.]
+
+_East Dereham Manor._--Is it true that "the manor of East Dereham of the
+Queen" was wrested from the See of Ely by Queen Elizabeth's celebrated
+threat of "unfrocking?"
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+    [The memorable unique epistle from the maiden Majesty of England only
+    deprived Dr. Cox, at that time, of his town-house and fair gardens,
+    called Ely {305} Place, on Holborn Hill, reserving to himself and his
+    successors free access, through the gate-house, of walking in the
+    garden, and leave to gather twenty bushels of roses yearly therein!
+    During the life of Dr. Cox an attempt was made by Elizabeth on some of
+    the best manors belonging to the See of Ely; but it was not till that
+    of his successor, Dr. Martin Heton, that Dereham Grange, with other
+    manors, were alienated to the Crown. See Dugdale's _Monasticon_, vol.
+    i. p. 466.]
+
+_Quakers executed in North America._--Were there not several Quakers hanged
+in North America on account of their religious opinions? And can you inform
+me where an account of the circumstances attending this persecution (if
+there ever was such an one) can be found?
+
+ALFRED CONDER.
+
+    [Three Quakers were executed at Boston in 1659, viz. William Robinson,
+    merchant of London; Marmaduke Stevenson of Yorkshire; and Mary Dyar. An
+    account of the cruelties inflicted upon them is given in Sewell's
+    _History of the Quakers_, edit. 1725, pp. 219-227.; also in a pamphlet
+    entitled _A Declaration of the sad and great Persecution and Martyrdom
+    of the People of God, called Quakers, in New England, for the
+    Worshipping of God_: London, printed for Robert Wilson, in
+    Martin's-le-Grand, 1661. It will be found among the King's Pamphlets in
+    the British Museum.]
+
+_Inscription in Fulham Church._--I should esteem it a favour if any one of
+your numerous correspondents would furnish me with a correct copy of the
+inscription to the memory of the son of Colonel Wm. Carlos, who so nobly
+defended Charles II. at the battle of Worcester.
+
+J. B. WHITBORNE.
+
+    ["Here lieth William Carlos of Stafford, who departed this life, in the
+    twenty-fifth yeare of his age, the 19th day of May, 1668.
+
+      'Tis not bare names that noble fathers give
+      To worthy sonnes: though dead, in them they live;
+      For in his progeny, 'tis Heaven's decree,
+      Man only can on earth immortall bee;
+      But Heaven gives soules w^h grace doth sometymes bend
+      Early to God their rice and Soveraigne end.
+      Thus, whilst that earth, concern'd, did hope to see
+      Thy noble father living still in thee,
+      Careless of earth, to heaven thou didst aspire,
+      And we on earth, Carlos in thee desire."
+
+    Arms: an oak on a fesse, three regal crowns.]
+
+_Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love."_--Was Sir John Bolle, of Thorpe Hall,
+near Louth, the hero of the _Spanish Lady's Love_? The Bolle pedigree is in
+Illingworth's _History of Scampton_.
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+    [According to Ormerod's _Cheshire_, vol. iii. p. 333., Sir Urian Legh,
+    of Adlington, disputes the fact of being the hero of that romantic
+    affair. "Sir Urian Legh was knighted by the Earl of Essex at the siege
+    of Cadiz, and during that expedition is traditionally said to have been
+    engaged in an adventure which gave rise to the well-known ballad of
+    'The Spanish Lady's Love.' A fine original portrait of Sir Urian, in a
+    Spanish dress, is preserved at Bramall, which has been copied for the
+    family at Adlington." So that between these two chivalrous knights it
+    is difficult to decide which is the famed gallant. From the care
+    exercised by Mr. Illingworth in collecting all the anecdotes and
+    notices of the Bolle family, the presumptive evidence seems to favour
+    his hero.]
+
+_"Bothy."_--In the March Number of _Blackwood's Magazine_, 1854, the word
+"bothy" is frequently used in an article called "News from the Farm." Will
+some one of your numerous correspondents give me a little account of "the
+bothy system?"
+
+F. M. MIDDLETON.
+
+    [A bothy is a cottage or hut where labouring servants are lodged, and
+    is sometimes built of wood, as we read in the _Jacobite Relics_, ii.
+    189.:
+
+      "Fare thee well, my native cot,
+        _Bothy_ of the birken tree!
+      Sair the heart, and hard the lot,
+        O' the lad that parts wi' thee."
+
+    Bothies, or detached houses, in which the unmarried farm-servants sleep
+    and prepare their victuals, and of which there is a considerable number
+    in Perthshire, though convenient and beneficial in some respects, have
+    not, certainly, contributed to the formation of virtuous habits. These
+    servants are often migratory, removing frequently at the expiration of
+    the year, according as humour or caprice may dictate, and, like birds
+    of passage, taking their departure to other lands.]
+
+_"Children in the Wood."_--Was Weyland Wood in Norfolk the scene of the
+"Children in the Wood?"
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+    [The following account of this tradition is given in _Beauties of
+    England and Wales_, vol. xi. p. 269., Norfolk:--"Near the town of
+    Watton is Weyland Wood, vulgarly called _Wailing_ Wood, from a
+    tradition that two infants were basely murdered in it by their uncle;
+    and which furnished the story of a beautifully pathetic and well-known
+    ancient ballad, entitled "The Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk
+    Gentleman's Last Will and Testament," preserved in Percy's _Reliques_.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+BRYDONE THE TOURIST.
+
+(Vol. ix., pp. 138. 255.)
+
+In reply to H. R. NÉE F., I beg to state that the writer of the remarks
+alluded to, on Brydone's _Tour in Sicily and Malta_, was the Rev. Robert
+Finch, M.A., formerly of Balliol College in this University, and who died
+about the year 1830. When I met with Mr. Finch's honest and somewhat blunt
+expression of opinion, recorded in a {306} copy which once belonged to him,
+of Brydone's _Tour_, I was quite ignorant of the hostile criticisms that
+had appeared at different times on that once popular work; but knowing Mr.
+Finch's high character for scholarship, and a knowledge of Italy, I thought
+his remark worth sending to a publication intended, like "N. & Q.," as "A
+Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, Antiquaries," &c., who are
+well able to examine a Note of the kind; and either to accept it as valid,
+or to reject it as untenable. On referring now to some standard works, in
+order to discover the opinions of learned men respecting Mr. Brydone's
+_Tour_, the first work I looked into was the _Biographie Universelle_ (in
+eighty-three volumes, and not yet completed, Paris, 1811-1853), in vol.
+lix. of which the following observations occur, under the name of BRYDONE
+(Patrice):
+
+    "On lui a reproché d'avoir sacrifié la vérité au plaisir de raconter
+    des choses piquantes. On l'avait accusé aussi d'avoir, par son
+    indiscretion, suscité à l'Abbé Recupero, Chanoine de Catane, une
+    persécution de la part de son évêque. Cette indiscretion n'eut pas
+    heureusement un résultat aussi facheux; mais ses erreurs sur plusieurs
+    points sont évidentes; il donne 4000 toises de hauteur à l'Etna qui
+    n'en a que 1662; il commet d'autres fautes qui ont été relevées par les
+    voyageurs venus après lui. Bartels (_Briefe über Kalabrien und
+    Sicilien_, 2te Auflage, 3 Bd., 8vo., Götting. 1791-92) est même
+    persuadé que le voyage au sommet de l'Etna, chef-d'oeuvre de narration,
+    n'est qu'un roman, et cet avis est partagé par d'autres."
+
+Göthe says (_Werke_, Band xxviii. pp. 189, 190.: Stuttgart, 1830) that when
+he inquired at Catania respecting the best method of ascending Mount Etna,
+Chevalier Gioeni, the professor of natural history there, gave him the
+following advice and information:
+
+    "Als wir den Ritter um die Mittel befragten wie man sich benehmen müsse
+    um den Aetna zu besteigen, wollte er von einer Wagniss nach dem Gipfel,
+    besonders in der gegenwärtigen Jahreszeit gar nichts hören. Ueberhaupt,
+    sagte er, nachdem er uns um Verzeihung gebeten, die hier ankommenden
+    Fremden sehen die Sache für allzuleicht an; wir andern Nachbarn des
+    Berges sind schon zufrieden, wenn wir ein paarmal in unserm Leben die
+    beste Gelegenheit abgepasst und den Gipfel erreicht haben. Brydone, der
+    zuerst durch seine Beschreibung die Lust nach diesem Feuergipfel
+    entzündet, ist gar nicht hinauf gekommen."
+
+From these quotations it is evident, that Mr. Finch was not singular in the
+belief he entertained; and certainly the scepticism of men so eminent as
+Professor Gioeni, Dr. Barthels, and Messrs. Eyriès and Parisot (the French
+writers whose names are attached to the Memoir in the _Biog. Univ._), must
+be grounded on reasons deserving of attention. An ordinary reader of
+Brydone would accept the account of his ascent with implicit confidence;
+but when veteran professors, scientific men, and experienced travellers and
+scholars refuse to believe that he reached the summit of Etna, the most
+probable mode of accounting for their incredulity is, perhaps to suppose,
+that in their opinion he had mistaken some other part of the mountain for
+the real summit. Not having met with any detail of their reasons for
+disbelief, I am only able to state their bare assertion. In my opinion, the
+beautifully glowing and poetical description of the magic scene beheld by
+Brydone from the mountain--a description, the perusal of which, in youth,
+remains for ever after imprinted on the memory, like a passage from Addison
+or Gibbon, could only have been written by an actual spectator.
+
+JOHN MACRAY.
+
+Oxford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE RED COW"--CROMWELL'S CARRIAGES, ETC.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 87.)
+
+I have known "The Red Cow," at the top of Granham Hill, near Marlborough,
+for fifty years, but do not recollect ever to have heard of any particular
+origin for the sign.
+
+The old carriages at Manton were built about a century and a half ago,
+perhaps not so much, for one of the Baskerville family, on the occasion of
+his being sheriff of the county to which he belonged, probably Wilts or
+Hereford. There are two of them: one a square coach, and the other a very
+high phaeton. The Baskerville arms--Ar. a chevron gu. between three hurts,
+impaling, quarterly, one and four, or, a cross moline az, two and three,
+gu. a chevron ar. between three mallets or--are painted on the panels. As I
+have no ordinary of arms at hand, I cannot ascribe this impalement; but
+will trust to some more learned herald among your correspondents to
+determine who the lady was? When her name, perhaps Moleyns or Molyneaux, is
+ascertained, reference to a Baskerville pedigree would probably determine
+the husband, and the precise date of the carriages, which could not have
+belonged to the Protector.
+
+O. Cromwell's arms were, Sable, a lion rampant ar. There were also two
+families styled Williams _alias_ Cromwell: one of which bore, Gu. three
+cheverons ar. between as many lions rampant or; the other, Sa. a lion
+rampant ar., the same as Oliver's coat, and probably derived by him from
+the Williams family.
+
+I have wandered from "The Red Cow," but I will not omit to hazard an idea
+for the consideration of GLYWYSYDD. Marlborough has changed its armorial
+bearings several times; but the present coat, containing a white bull, was
+granted by Harvey, Clarenceux in A.D. 1565. Cromwell was attached to
+Cowbridge and its cow by family {307} descent; so he was to Marlborough by
+congeniality of sentiment with the burghers. Query, Whether, in affection
+to the latter, he granted to the town a new coat, some such as the
+following: Gules, a bull passant argent, armed or, impaling a cow passant
+regardant gules: and so might originate "The Red Cow" upon Granham Hill.
+History is entirely silent upon this point; but if such a combination were
+ever given to Marlborough, it is quite certain that Harvey's grant was
+resumed at the Restoration. I have quite forgotten to remark, that there is
+a suburb at Marlborough called Cowbridge--a fact which seems to strengthen
+my hypothesis.
+
+A cow may be borne by some name, but at present I only recollect that of
+Vach: to which is accorded, Ar. three cows' heads erased sable. Bulls and
+oxen occur frequently; as in Fitz-Geffrey, Cowley, Bull, Oxley, Oxcliffe,
+Oxendon, &c. Bulls' heads belong to the families of Bullock, Hillesdon,
+Fleming, Barbor, Frend, Gornay, Bullman, and Williams, a baronet, &c.
+
+PATONCE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOX-HUNTING.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 172.)
+
+As no answer to the Query on "Fox-hunting" has yet appeared in "N. & Q.," I
+venture to send the following extracts from an article in the _Quarterly
+Review_, March 1832, on "The Management of Hounds and Horses," by Nimrod.
+It appears that "the first public notice of fox-hunting" occurs in the
+reign of Richard II., who gave permission to the Abbot of Peterborough to
+hunt the fox:
+
+    "In Twice's _Treatise on the Craft of Hunting_, Reynard is thus
+    classed:
+
+      'And for to sette young hunterys in the way
+        To venery, I cast me fyrst to go;
+      Of which four bestes be, that is to say,
+        The Hare, the Herte, the Wulf, and the wild Boar:
+      But there ben other bestes, five of the chase,
+        The Buck the first, the seconde is the Do;
+      The _Fox_ the third, which hath hard grace,
+        The ferthe the Martyn, and the last the Roe.'
+
+    "It is indeed quite apparent, that until at most a hundred and fifty
+    years ago, the fox was considered as an inferior animal of the chase;
+    the stag, buck, and even hare, ranking before him. Previously to that
+    period, he was generally taken in nets or hays, set on the outside of
+    his earth: when he _was_ hunted, it was among rocks and crags, or woods
+    inaccessible to horseman: such a scene in short, or nearly so, as we
+    have drawn to the life in Dandie Dinmont's primitive _chasse_ in _Guy
+    Mannering_. It is difficult to determine when the first regularly
+    appointed pack of hounds appeared among us. Dan Chaucer gives the thing
+    in _embryo_:
+
+      'Aha, the fox! and after him they ran;
+      And eke with staves many another man.
+      Ran Coll our dogge, and Talbot, and Gerlond,
+      And Malkin with her distaff in her hond.
+      Ran cow and calf, and eke the very hogges,
+      So fered were for the barking of the dogges,
+      And shouting of the men and women eke,
+      They ronnen so, hem thought her hertes brake.'
+
+    "At the next stage, no doubt, neighbouring farmers kept one or two
+    hounds each; and, on stated days, met for the purpose of destroying a
+    fox that had been doing damage to their poultry yards. By and bye, a
+    few couple of strong hounds seem to have been kept by the small country
+    esquires or yeomen who could afford the expense, and they joined packs.
+    Such were called _trencher_ hounds, implying that they ran loose about
+    the house, and were not confined in kennel."
+
+These are but short extracts, but they comprise the whole of what is said
+on the first origin of fox-hunting. The rest of the article treats of the
+quality and breed of horses and hounds.
+
+FREDERICK M. MIDDLETON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WEATHER RULES.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 50. 535.)
+
+_St. Vincent's Day, Jan. 22._--In Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, Bohn's
+edition, vol. i. p. 38., is to be found the following notice of this day:
+
+    "Mr. Douce's manuscript notes say: 'Vincenti festo si Sol radiet, memor
+    esto;' thus Englished by Abraham Fleming:
+
+      'Remember on St Vincent's Day,
+      If that the Sun his beams display.'
+
+    "[Dr. Foster is at a loss to account for the origin of this command,
+    &c.]"
+
+It is probable that the concluding part of the precept has been lost; but a
+curious old manuscript, which fell into my hands some years since, seems to
+supply the deficiency. The manuscript in question is a sort of household
+book, kept by a family of small landed proprietors in the island of
+Guernsey between the years 1505 and 1569. It contains memoranda, copies of
+wills, settlements of accounts, recipes, scraps of songs and parts of hymns
+and prayers; some Romanist, some Anglican, some of the Reformed Church in
+France. Among the scraps of poetry I find the following rhymes on St.
+Vincent's Day; the first three lines of which are evidently a translation
+of the Latin verse above quoted, the last containing the to be remembered:
+
+  "Prens garde au jour St. Vincent,
+  Car sy ce jour tu vois et sent
+  Que le soleil soiet cler et biau,
+  Nous érons du vin plus que d'eau."
+
+These lines follow immediately after the rhymed prognostications to be
+drawn from the state of the weather on St. Paul's Day, Jan. 28. As these
+{308} verses differ from those quoted in Brand, from an _Almanack_ printed
+at Basle in 1672, I here give the Guernsey copy:
+
+  "Je te donneray ugne doctryne
+  Qui te vauldra d'or ugne myne;
+  Et sordement sur moy te fonde,
+  Car je dure autant que ce monde:
+  Et sy te veulx byen advertir
+  Et que je ne veulx point mentir.
+  De mortaylle guerre ou chertey,
+  [A line appears to be lost here]
+  Si le jour St. Paul le convers
+  Se trouve byaucob descouvert,
+  L'on aura pour celle sayson
+  Du bled et du foyn à foyson;
+  Et sy se jour fait vant sur terre,
+  Ce nous synyfye guerre;
+  S'yl pleut ou nège sans fallir
+  Le chier tans nous doet asalir;
+  Si de nyelle faict, brunes ou brouillars,
+  Selon le dyt de nos vyellars,
+  Mortalitey nous est ouverte."
+
+Another line appears to be omitted here; then follow immediately the lines
+on St. Vincent's Day.
+
+EDGAR MACCULLOCH.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+The following is copied from an old manuscript collection of curiosities in
+my possession. I should be glad to know the author's name, and that of the
+book[3] from which it is taken:--
+
+    "_Observations on Remarkable Days, to know how the whole Year will
+    succeed in Weather, Plenty, &c._
+
+    "If it be lowering or wet on Childermas or Innocence Day, it threatens
+    scarcity and mortality among the weaker sort of young people; but if
+    the day be very fair, it promiseth plenty.
+
+    "If New Year's Day, in the morning, open with dusky red clouds, it
+    denotes strifes and debates among great ones, and many robberies to
+    happen that year.
+
+    "It is remarkable on Shrove Tuesday, that as the sun shine little or
+    much on that day, or as other weather happens, so shall every day
+    participate more or less of such weather till the end of Lent.
+
+    "If the sun shines clear on Palm Sunday, or Easter Day, or either of
+    them, there will be great store of fair weather, plenty of corn, and
+    other fruits of the earth.
+
+    "If it rains on Ascension Day, though never so little, it foretells a
+    scarcity to ensue that year, and sickness particularly among cattle;
+    but if it be fair and pleasant, then to the contrary, and pleasant
+    weather mostly till Michaelmas.
+
+    "If it happen to rain on Whitsunday, much thunder and lightning will
+    follow, blasts, mildews, &c. But if it be fair, great plenty of corn.
+
+    "If Midsummer Day be never so little rainy, the hazel and walnut will
+    be scarce, corn smitten in many places; but apples, pear and plums will
+    not be hurt.
+
+    "If on St. Swithin's Day it proves fair, a temperate winter will
+    follow; but if rainy, stormy, or windy, then the contrary.
+
+    "If St. Bartholomew Day be misty, the morning beginning with a hoar
+    frost, then cold weather will soon ensue, and a sharp winter attended
+    with many biting frosts.
+
+    "If Michaelmas Day be fair, the sun will shine much in the winter;
+    though the wind at north-east will frequently reign long, and be very
+    sharp, and nipping."
+
+RUBY.
+
+[Footnote 3: _The Shepherd's Kalendar_, by Thomas Passenger. See "N. & Q."
+Vol. viii., p. 50., where many of his observations are quoted.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BINGHAM'S ANTIQUITIES.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 197.)
+
+I beg to send to your correspondent MR. RICHARD BINGHAM the following
+replies to his seven Queries.
+
+1. If there be any use in verifying so slight a verbal reference to
+Panormitan, one of whose huge folios, Venet. 1473, I have examined in vain,
+perhaps the object might be attained by the assistance of such a book as
+Thomassin's _Vetus et Nova Ecclesiæ Disciplina_, in the chapter "De
+Episcopis Titularibus," tom. i.
+
+2. Bishop Bale's description of the monks of Bangor is to be found in his
+_Scriptor. Britann. Catal._ Compare Richard Broughton's _True Memorial of
+the ancient State of Great Britain_, pp. 39. 40, ed. an. 1650.
+
+3. I should think in his _Colloquies_, and most probably in the
+_Peregrinatio Religionis ergo_. Erasmus, in his _Modus orandi Deum_, also
+observes that "quidam in concionibus implorant opem Virginis," and condemns
+the "vestigia veteris Paganismi." (sigg. _u_ and _s_ 2, Basil, 1551.)
+
+4. Respecting the existence of what is called the Epistle of St. Athanasius
+to Eustathius, Cardinal Bona was right and Bingham in error. Vide St.
+Athan., _Opp._ ii. 560, ed. Bened.
+
+5. Bingham was seriously astray in consequence of his misunderstanding
+Bona, who does not by any means refer to Pamelius, but to the anonymous
+author of the _Antiquitatum Liturgicarum Syntagma_, who is believed to have
+been Florentius Vanderhaer. If Pamelius is to be introduced at all, the
+reference in Bingham should be, not to "tom. iii. p. 307.," but to i.
+328-30. I would remark too that, in the heading of one of the extracts
+subjoined, "ex Vita Ambrosiana," should be "ex Ritu Ambrosiano."
+
+6. Joannes Semeca did not flourish A.D. 1250, but died in 1243. Suicer
+wrongly refers to "Dist. IV. cap. iv.," and Harding, more inaccurately, to
+"Dist. IV. _can._ iv." (Bp. Jewel's _Works_, {309} ed. Jelf, i. 419.) Cap.
+xxviii. is the one intended, and there is no corruption whatsoever.
+
+7. Joseph Bingham was only closely following Barrow. The first edition of
+De la Bigne's _Bibliotheca Patrum_, tom. i., also has the evidently
+senseless reading, "ista quidam _ego_," instead of "_nego_," about which
+see Comber's _Roman Forgeries_, ii. 187. For MSS. of the Epistles of Pope
+Symmachus, your correspondent may consult the Carmelite Lud. Jacob à S.
+Carolo's _Bibliotheca Pontifica_, p. 216.; or, much more successfully, De
+Montfaucon's _Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum Manuscriptorum_, Paris, 1739.
+
+R. G.
+
+Should MR. RICHARD BINGHAM not yet have verified the reference to Erasmus,
+I beg to furnish him with the means of doing so but I am tolerably certain
+that I recollect having met with another place in which this admirable
+writer more fully censures those preachers of his Church who, at the
+commencement of their sermons, called upon the Virgin Mary for assistance,
+in a manner somewhat similar to that in which heathen poets used to invoke
+the Muses. The following passage, however, may be quite sufficient for your
+correspondent's purpose:
+
+    "Sed si est fons gratiæ, quid opus est illi dicere Ora pro nobis? Non
+    est probabile eam consuetudinem à gravibus viris inductam, sed ab
+    inepto quopiam, qui, quòd didicerat apud Poëtas propositioni succedere
+    invocationem, pro Musa supposuit Mariam."--Des. Erasmi Roterod.
+    _Apologia adversus Rhapsodias calumniosarum querimoniarum Alberti Pii,
+    quondam Carporum Principis_, p. 168. Basil. in off. Froben. 1531.
+
+R. G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT TENURE OF LANDS.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 173.)
+
+About the close of the tenth century (and perhaps much earlier) there began
+to arise two distinct modes of holding or possessing land: the one a
+_feud_, _i.e._ a stipendiary estate; the other _allodium_, the phrase
+applied to that species of property which had become vested by allotment in
+the conquerors of the country. The stipendiary held of a superior; the
+allodialist of no one, but enjoyed his land as free and independent
+property. The interest of the stipendiary did not originally extend beyond
+his own life, but in course of time it acquired an hereditary character
+which led to the practice of subinfeudation; for the stipendiary or
+feudatory, considering himself as substantially the owner, began to imitate
+the example of his lord by carving out portions of the feud to be held of
+himself by some other person, on the terms and conditions similar to those
+of the original grant. Here B. must be looked upon as only vassal to A.,
+his superior or lord; and although feuds did not originally extend beyond
+the life of the first vassal, yet in process of time they were extended to
+his heirs, so that when the feudatory died, his male descendants were
+admitted to the succession, and in default of them, then such of his male
+collateral kindred as were of the blood of the first feudatory, but no
+others; therefore, in default of these, it would consequently revert to A.,
+who had a reversionary interest in the feud capable of taking effect as
+soon as B.'s interest should determine. If the subinfeudatory lord
+alienated, it would operate as a forfeiture to the person in immediate
+reversion.
+
+W. T. T.
+
+As a very brief reply to the queries of J. B., permit me to make the
+following observations.
+
+The Queen is lady paramount of all the lands in England; every estate in
+land being holden, immediately or mediately, of the crown. This doctrine
+was settled shortly after the Norman Conquest, and is still an axiom of
+law.
+
+Until the statute _Quia Emptores_, 18 Edw. I., a tenant in fee simple might
+grant lands to be holden by the grantee and his heirs _of the grantor and
+his heirs_, subject to feudal services and to escheat; and by such
+subinfeudation manors were created.
+
+The above-named statute forbade the future subinfeudation of lands, and
+consequently hindered the further creation of manors. Since the statute a
+seller of the fee can but transfer his tenure. There are instances in which
+one manor is holden of another, both having been created before the
+statute.
+
+In the instance mentioned by J. B. it is presumed that the hamlet escheated
+to the heirs of A. on failure of the heirs of B. (See the statute _De Donis
+Conditionalibus_, 13 Edw. I.)
+
+It is not, and never was, necessary, or even possible, that the lord of a
+manor should be the owner of all the lands therein; on the contrary, if he
+were, there would be no manor; for a manor cannot subsist without a court
+baron, and there can be no such court unless there are _freehold_ tenants
+(at least two in number) holding of the lord. The land retained by the lord
+consists of his own demesne and the wastes, which last comprise the
+highways and commons. If the lord should alienate all the lands, but retain
+his lordship, the latter becomes a _seignory in gross_.
+
+Such was and is the tenure of lands in England, so far as concerns the
+queries of J. B. He will find the subject lucidly explained at great length
+in the second volume of Blackstone's _Commentaries_.
+
+I. CTUS.
+
+Lincoln's Inn.
+
+I think that J. B. will find in Blackstone, or any elementary book on the
+law of real property, all the information which he requires. The case which
+he puts was, I suppose, the common case {310} of subinfeudation before the
+statute of _Quia Emptores_, 18 Edw. I. A., the feoffor, reserved to himself
+no estate or reversion in the land, but the seignory only, with the rent
+and services, by virtue of which he might again become entitled to the land
+by escheat, as for want of heirs of the feoffee, or by forfeiture, as for
+felony. If the feoffment were in tail, the land would then, as now, revert
+on failure of issue, unless the entail had been previously barred. The
+right of alienation was gradually acquired; the above statute of _Quia
+Emptores_ was the most important enactment in that behalf. With this
+exception, and the right to devise and to bar entails, the lords of manors
+have the same interest in the land held by freeholders of the manor that
+they had in times of subinfeudation. (Blackstone's _Comm._, vol. ii. ch.
+287., may be carefully consulted.)
+
+H. P.
+
+Lincoln's Inn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Spots on Collodion Pictures, &c._--The principal difficulty I experience
+in the collodion process is occasioned by the appearance of numberless very
+minute spots or points over the whole extent of the picture. These
+occurring on the whites of my pictures (positives) give them a rough,
+rubbed, appearance and want of _density_, which I should feel obliged if
+any of your correspondents can teach me how to overcome.
+
+One of your photographic querists inquires the remedy for his calotype
+negatives darkening all over before the minor details are brought out. I
+had for a long time been troubled in the same way, but by diminishing the
+aperture of my three-inch lens to half an inch, and reducing the strength
+of my sensitising solution to that given by DR. DIAMOND, and, in addition,
+by developing with gallic acid alone until the picture became tolerably
+distinct in all its parts, and then applying the gallo-nitrate, I have
+quite succeeded in obtaining first-rate negatives. It is well to prepare
+only a small quantity of aceto-nitrate at once, as the acetic acid is of a
+sufficiently volatile nature to escape from the solution, which is a not
+unfrequent cause of the general darkening of the picture. It would be well
+to substitute a more fixed acid for the acetic if this be practicable, as
+it is in the collodion process, where tartaric is recommended.
+
+H. C. COWLEY.
+
+Devizes, Wilts.
+
+_The Double Iodide Solution._--The great difference in the quantity of
+iodide of potassium ordered by different persons, to dissolve a given
+weight of iodide of silver in a given volume of water, has induced me to
+make some experiments on the subject. I find that using pure nitrate of
+silver, and perfectly pure iodide of potassium (part of a parcel for which
+Mr. Arnold, who manufactures iodine on a large scale in this island, got a
+medal at the Exhibition of 1851), the quantity of iodide of potassium
+required varies, _cæteris paribus_, to the extent of 15 per cent., with the
+quantity of water added to the iodide of silver before adding the iodide of
+potassium; the minimum required being when the two salts act on each other
+in as dry a form as possible. Take the precipitate of iodide of silver, got
+by decomposing 100 grains of nitrate of silver with 97.66 grains of iodide
+of potassium; drain off the last water completely, so that the precipitate
+occupies not more than five or six drachms by measure; throw on it 640
+grains of iodide of potassium; rapid solution ensues; when perfectly clear,
+add water up to four ounces: the solution remains unclouded. But if two or
+three ounces of water had been first poured on the iodide of silver, 680
+grains, as I stated in my former paper, would have been required, and
+perhaps 734. The _rationale_ is, I suppose, that in a concentrated form the
+salts act on each other with greater energy, and a smaller quantity of the
+solvent is required than if it is diluted. Many analogous cases occur in
+chemistry. I hope this little experiment will be useful to others, as a
+saving of 15 per cent. on the iodide of potassium is gained. As a large
+body of precipitated iodide of silver can be more completely drained than a
+smaller quantity, in practice it will be found that small precipitates
+require a few grains more than I have stated: thus, throw on the
+precipitate of iodide of silver (got from 150 grains of nitrate), drained
+dry, 960 grains of iodide of potassium; solution rapidly ensues, which,
+being made up to six ounces, the whole remains perfectly clear; whereas the
+iodide of silver thrown down from 50 grains of nitrate, similarly treated
+with 320 grains of iodide of potassium, and made up to two ounces (the
+proportional quantities), will probably require 10 or 15 grains more of
+iodide to effect perfect solution, the reason being that it contained a
+greater quantity of water _pro ratâ_ than the first.
+
+The following table, showing the exact quantities of iodide of potassium
+required to decompose 50, 100, and 150 grains of nitrate of silver, the
+resulting weight of iodide of silver, and the weight of iodide of potassium
+to make a clear solution up to 2, 4, and 6 ounces, will often be found
+useful:
+
+                        _Grs._       _Grs._      _Grs._
+  Nitrate of silver       50          100         150
+  Iodide of potassium     48.83        97.66      146.49
+  Iodide of silver        68.82       137.64      206.46
+  Iodide of potassium    320          640         960
+  Water up to            2 oz.        4 oz.       6 oz.
+
+T. L. MANSELL, A.B., M.D.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+_Mounting Photographs_ (Vol. ix., p. 282.).--J. L. S. will find the
+"Indian-rubber glue," which is sold in tin cases, the simplest and cleanest
+substance for mounting positives; it also possesses the advantage of being
+free from the attacks of insects.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Books on Bells_ (Vol. ix., p. 240.).--Add to MR. ELLACOMBE'S curious list
+of books on bells the following:
+
+    "Duo Vota consultiva, unum de Campanis, alterum de Coemeteriis. In
+    quibus de utriusque antiquitate, {311} consecratione, usu et effectibus
+    plenè agitur, pluraque scitu dignissima ad propositi casus, aliorumque
+    in praxi, hac de re occurrentium decisionem, non injucunde adducuntur.
+    Auctore D. Augustino Barbosa, Protonotario Apostolico, Eminentissimorum
+    DD. Cardinalium Sacræ Congregationis Indicis Consultore, Abbate de
+    Mentrestido, ac insignis Ecclesiæ Vimarensis Thesaurario majore."
+    [4to., no place nor date.]
+
+I have here given the full title of a pamphlet of 112 pages, exclusive of
+title, which I purchased about twenty years since of Rodd, the honourable
+and intelligent bookseller of Great Newport Street. It came from the
+library of Professor J. F. Vandevelde of Louvaine. Some former possessor
+has written before the title, "Quamvis tantum libellus tamen rarissimus,"
+and it is, perhaps, the only copy in this country. It is not in the
+Bodleian catalogue, nor was it in Mr. Douce's library.
+
+P. B.
+
+_Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George_ (Vol. ix., p. 105).--A. S.
+inquires about a medal supposed to have been struck in honour of Prince
+James (Chevalier St. George); but his account of it is so vague, that I am
+unable to answer his question. If he will describe the medal, or state the
+grounds upon which he supposes such a medal to have existed, I will
+endeavour to solve his doubts.
+
+H.
+
+_Dean Swift's Suspension_ (Vol. ix., p. 244).--I am surprised that ABHBA
+should express a belief that the circumstances of Swift's college
+punishment have not been noticed by _any of his biographers_, when every
+syllable of his communication is detailed (with original documentary
+proofs) in Dr. Barrett's _Early Life of Swift_, and is in substance
+repeated in Sir Walter Scott's _Life_, prefixed to Swift's works.
+
+C.
+
+"_Vanitatem observare_" (Vol. ix., p. 247).--I am sorry to have given your
+correspondent F. C. H. a wrong reference, and I am not _quite_ sure about
+the right one; but I think it is to a Latin translation of the Council of
+Laodicea, A.D. 366, c. 36.
+
+R. H. G.
+
+_Ballina Castle, Mayo_ (Vol. viii., p. 411.).--I have no idea to what place
+O. L. R. G. can allude as Ballina Castle; there is no place, ancient or
+modern, about that town, that has that name; and the only place with the
+title of castle in the neighborhood, is a gentleman's modern residence of
+no great pretensions either as to size or beauty. He perhaps alludes to
+Belleck Abbey, which is a fine building; but, notwithstanding its title, is
+of still more modern date than the so-called castle. I am not aware of any
+recent historical or descriptive work on the county generally. Cæsar Otway,
+Maxwell, and the _Saxon in Ireland_, have confined their descriptions to
+the "Wild West;" and the crowd of tourists appear to follow in their track,
+leaving the far finer central and eastern districts untouched. The
+first-named tourist appears to have projected another work on the county,
+but never published it.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Dorset_ (Vol. ix., p. 247.).--NARES gives various spellings, as _douset_,
+_dowset_, _doulcet_, but in all equally derived from _dulcet_, "sweet;" and
+Halliwell has "doucet drinkes;" so that the great Manchester philosopher
+had probably been indulging in a too copious libation of some sweet wine,
+which he styles "foolish Dorset."
+
+F. R. R.
+
+Dorchester beer had acquired a very great name, and was sent about England.
+Out of the shire it was called "Dorset Beer," or "Dorset." That town has
+lost its fame for brewing beer.
+
+G. R. L.
+
+_Judicial Rank hereditary_ (Vol. viii., p. 384.).--Such a list as your
+correspondent gives is not easily paralleled, it is true, in the judicial
+annals of England or Ireland; but in Scotland he might have found cases in
+considerable number to equal or surpass those which he mentions: for
+instance, in the family of Dundas of Arniston, respecting which I find the
+following note in the _Quarterly Review_, vol. lvii. p. 462.:
+
+    "The series is so remarkable, that we subjoin the details:--Sir James
+    Dundas, judge of the Court of Session, 1662; Robert Dundas, son of Sir
+    James, judge of the Court of Session from 1689 to 1727; Robert Dundas,
+    son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, M.P.
+    for the county of Edinburgh, judge of the Court of Session 1737, Lord
+    President 1748, died in 1753 (father of Henry, Viscount Melville);
+    Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord
+    Advocate, and member for the county, Lord President from 1760 to 1787;
+    Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord
+    Advocate, Lord Chief Baron from 1801 to 1819; all these judges, except
+    the Chief Baron, had been known in Scotland by the title of Lord
+    Arniston. They were, we need hardly add, all men of talents, but the
+    two Lords President Arniston were of superior eminence in legal and
+    constitutional learning."
+
+The Hope family, and some other Scottish ones, present as numerous a
+display of legal dignitaries as the above; but the hereditary succession
+from father to son is perhaps not equalled, certainly not excelled, in any
+age or country. In fact, let the opponents of hereditary honours say what
+they will, there is no description of talent except the poetical that has
+not frequently remained in the same family for several generations
+unabated.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Tolling the Bell on leaving Church_ (Vol. ix., p. 125.).--In reply to
+J. H. M.'s Query, I beg to state that the chief reason for tolling the bell
+while the congregation is leaving church, is to {312} inform the
+parishioners who have not been able to attend in the morning, divine
+service will be celebrated in the afternoon. In scattered villages, or
+where a single clergyman had to perform the duties of more than one church,
+this was formerly quite requisite. At a neighbouring village of Tytherly,
+the custom is still observed, though no longer necessary.
+
+W. S.
+
+There is little doubt that priests in olden times were fond of hot dinners,
+and the bell at the conclusion of the service must have been intended as a
+warning to their cooks (and many others) to make ready the repast. This is
+merely a supposition; but I shall cherish the idea in the want of a better
+explanation. The custom has been, until very lately, observed in our little
+country church. There are other customs which are still kept up, namely,
+that of tolling the church bell at eight o'clock on Sunday morning, and
+again at nine, as well as that of ringing a small bell when the clergyman
+enters the reading-desk.
+
+E. W. J.
+
+Crawley, Winchester.
+
+I believe that the custom of tolling the bell when the congregation is
+leaving the church, is to notify that there will be another service in the
+day. This is certainly the reason in this parish (in Leicestershire); for
+after the second service the bell is not tolled, nor if, on any account,
+there is no afternoon service.
+
+S. S. S.
+
+When I was Lecturer of St. Andrew's, Enfield, the bells rang out a short
+peculiar peal immediately after Sunday Morning Prayer. I always thought it
+was probably designed to give notice to approaching funeral processions
+that the church service was over, as in the country burials--usually there
+always on Sundays--immediately follow the celebration of morning service.
+
+MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.
+
+I beg to inform your correspondent J. H. M. that this is often done at
+Bray, near Maidenhead.
+
+NEWBURIENSIS.
+
+The custom observed at Olney Church after the morning service, I have
+heard, is to apprize the congregation of a vesper service to follow.
+
+W. P. STORER.
+
+Olney, Bucks.
+
+_Archpriest in the Diocese of Exeter_ (Vol. ix., p. 185.).--Besides the
+archpriest of Haccombe, there were others in the same diocese; but, to
+quote the words of Dr. Oliver, in his _Monasticon, Dioc. Exon._, p. 287.,
+
+    "He would claim no peculiar exemption from the jurisdiction of his
+    ordinary, nor of his archdeacon; he was precisely on the same footing
+    as the superiors of the archpresbyteries at Penkivell, Beerferris, and
+    Whitchurch, which were instituted in this diocese in the early part of
+    the fourteenth century. The foundation deed of the last was the model
+    in founding that of Haccombe."
+
+In the same work copies of the foundation deeds of the archipresbytery of
+Haccombe and Beer are printed.
+
+One would suppose that wherever there was a collegiate body of clergymen
+established for the purposes of the daily and nightly offices of the
+church, as chantry priests, that one of them would be considered the
+superior, or archipresbyter.
+
+Godolphin, in _Rep. Can._, 56., says that by the canon law, he that is
+archipresbyter is also called _dean_. Query, Would he then be other than
+"Primus inter pares?"
+
+Prince, in his _Worthies_, calls the Rector of Haccombe "a kind of
+chorepiscopus;" and in a note refers to Dr. Field _Of the Church_, lib. v.
+c. 37.
+
+With regard to the Vicar of Bibury (quoted by MR. SANSOM, "N. & Q.," Vol.
+ix., p. 185.), he founded his exemption from spiritual jurisdiction, I
+believe, upon his holding a _Peculiar_, and not as an archpriest.
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Clyst St. George.
+
+_Dogs in Monumental Brasses_ (Vol. ix., p. 126.).--I have always understood
+(but I cannot say on any authority) that the dogs at the feet of monumental
+effigies of knights were symbolical of _fidelity_. That signification would
+certainly be very appropriate in monuments of _crusaders_, where, I
+believe, they are generally found. And I would suggest to MR. ALFORD, that
+the idea might not have been confined to fidelity in keeping the vow of the
+Cross, but might have been extended to other religious vows: in which case
+the ladies undoubtedly might sometimes claim the canine appendage to their
+effigies. The lion might perhaps symbolise _courage_, in which ladies are
+not commonly supposed to excel.
+
+M. H. R.
+
+_The Last of the Palæologi_ (Vol. v., pp. 173. 280. 357.).--The following
+scrap of information may be useful to L. L. L. and others, if too long a
+time has not gone by since the subject was under discussion. In _The List
+of the Army raised under the Command of his Excellency Robert Earle of
+Essex_, &c.: London, printed for John Partridge, 1642, of which I have seen
+a manuscript copy, the name of Theo. Palioligus occurs as Lieutenant in
+"The Lord Saint John's Regiment."
+
+EDWARD PEACOCK.
+
+Bottesford Moors, Kirton in Lindsey.
+
+_Long Names_ (Vol. viii., pp. 539. 651.).--Allow me to add the following
+polysyllabic names to those supplied by your
+correspondents:--_Llanvairpwllgwyngyll_, a living in the diocese of Bangor,
+became vacant in March, 1850, by the death of its incumbent, the Rev.
+Richard Prichard, æt. {313} ninety-three. The labour of writing the name of
+his benefice does not seem to have shortened his days.
+
+The following are the names of two _employés_ in the finance department at
+Madrid:--_Don Epifanio Mirurzururdundua y Zengotita_; _Don Juan Nepomuceno
+de Burionagonatotorecagogeazcoecha_.
+
+There was, until 1851, a major in the British army named _Teyoninhokarawen_
+(one single name).
+
+G. L. S.
+
+_Elizabeth Seymour_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--According to Collins,--
+
+    "Sir E. Seymour, first baronet, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
+    Arthur Champeirion, of Dartington, co. Devon, by whom he had, besides
+    other issue, a daughter Elizabeth, who married George Cary, of
+    Cockington, co. Devon. Sir Edward Seymour, third baronet, married Anne,
+    daughter of Sir William Portman, and left, besides sons, a daughter,
+    also named Elizabeth, who married Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tregony in
+    Cornwall, Knight."
+
+These two ladies, whose similarity of name probably caused the confusion,
+must have lived at least half a century apart.
+
+A. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+Those who share the well-grounded opinion of Mr. Petit, that we cannot
+fully enter into the character of English architecture unless we give some
+attention also to French, German, and Italian, will gladly turn to the very
+profusely and handsomely-illustrated volume which he has just issued, under
+the modest title of _Architectural Studies in France_, by the Rev. J. L.
+Petit, M.A., F.S.A., _with Illustrations from Drawings_ by the Author and
+P. H. Delamotte. It is of course impossible, within the limits of our brief
+notice, to enter into any examination of Mr. Petit's views upon the subject
+of Gothic architecture, the principles of which he believes to have been
+more completely developed at an early period in England than anywhere else;
+and we must therefore content ourselves with directing attention to the
+book itself, which will in no small degree supply to the architectural
+student desirous of studying French buildings, the opportunity of doing so;
+and that too under the guidance of one well qualified to direct his steps.
+Mr. Petit has long been known to the antiquarian world as one of our
+greatest authorities on the subject of Gothic architecture; and his various
+papers, illustrated by his own bold yet effective sketches in the
+_Archæological Journal_, may have prepared some of our readers for a volume
+of great importance; yet we think even they will be surprised at the
+interest and beauty of the present book. Mr. Petit, who has had on this
+occasion the assistance of Mr. Delamotte as a draughtsman, expresses his
+hope that at some future time he may avail himself of that gentleman's
+skill as a photographer.
+
+There is, perhaps, no man of letters, no man of science, of whom the world
+possesses so unsatisfactory an account as Jerome Cardan. The author of
+_Palissy the Potter_ has therefore done good service, and executed a task
+worthy of himself, by _The life of Girolamo Cardano, of Milan, Physician_.
+In two small readable volumes, rich in all the characteristics of his own
+peculiar mode of treatment, Mr. Morley has given us not only a clear view
+of the life and character of Cardan, based on a diligent and careful
+examination of his voluminous writings--for Cardan reckoned that he had
+published one hundred and thirty-one books, and left in MS. nearly as
+many--but also a striking picture of the age in which he lived; and the
+work, which is one of great interest to the general reader, is made still
+more valuable to the literary antiquary by the accuracy with which Mr.
+Morley quotes his authorities.
+
+Some interesting manuscripts were sold by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson on
+Wednesday, the 22nd ultimo, including original letters by Blake, Penn,
+Monk, Nelson, and other of our most renowned admirals; and of Charles I.
+and Charles II., Oliver and Richard Cromwell, Desborough; and numerous
+autographs of Commonwealth celebrities. The chief lot was a letter from
+Cromwell to Pastor Cotton, in New England, written shortly after the battle
+of Worcester, in which he alludes to the difficulties he has experienced in
+treating with some of the Scotch party. Mr. Carlyle had not seen the
+original, but used the copy among the Arundel MSS. It was knocked down to
+Mr. Stevens, the American agent, for 36l. A printed broadsheet of the Peace
+of Breda sold for 3l. 7s. A letter of Richard Cromwell brought 4l. An
+autograph of Queen Bess brought 2l.; and one of Edward VI. brought 2l. 8s.
+Autographs of Mary are less common: one in this collection realised 3l. 7s.
+One of Nelson's letters to Lady Hamilton brought 2l. 2s. Altogether, the
+prices realised were good.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Lives of The Queens of England_, by Agnes Strickland,
+Vol. III. This new volume of the cheaper edition of Miss Strickland's
+popular regal biographies comprises the Lives of Jane Seymour, Anne of
+Cleves, Katherine Howard, Katherine Parr, and Mary.--_The Works of the Rt.
+Hon. Joseph Addison, with Notes by Bishop Hurd_, Vol. II., is the new
+volume of Bohn's _British Classics_, and comprises Addison's contributions
+to the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_.--In the same publisher's _Standard
+Library_, we have the third volume of his edition of Southey's _Works and
+Correspondence of Cowper_, which embraces his Letters between the years
+1783 and 1788.--_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, Part XVIII., which extends
+from _Shepherd (Rev. E. J.)_ to _Surtees (Rev. Scott F.)_.--_Whitaker's
+Educational Register_, 1854. The work, which has undergone some
+modifications, is now confined altogether to Educational Statistics, of
+which it is a most valuable compendium.--_Remains of Pagan Saxondom_, by
+J. Y. Ackerman, Parts VIII. and IX. The contents of these numbers
+are:--Fragments from a Tumulus at Caenby, Lincolnshire; Fibula from
+Ingarsby, Leicestershire; Glass Drinking-vessels from Cemeteries in Kent;
+Fibulæ from Rugby, Warwickshire. The great peculiarity of this Series is,
+that the objects are drawn of the size of the originals; thus affording
+great facilities for comparing them with remains of similar character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{314}
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+The Volume of the LONDON POLYGLOTT which contains the Prophets.
+Imperfection in other parts of no consequence.
+
+CARLISLE ON GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.
+
+THE CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. London, 1828. 12mo. Two copies.
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the
+gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are
+given for that purpose:
+
+ALLISTER'S PARADIGMA CHESS OPENINGS.
+
+NATT'S SERMONS PREACHED AT ST. SEPULCHRE.
+
+ARMYTAGE'S (Rev. J., of Tidenham) SERMONS.
+
+MAYHEW'S LONDON LIFE AND LABOUR. Complete.
+
+NICHOLSON'S LECTURES ON HEZEKIAH.
+
+WALTON AND COTTON'S ANGLER. Edited by Sir H. Nicolas.
+
+  Wanted by _Mr. Hayward_, Bookseller, Bath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA. Part 92. (For September, 1840.)
+
+  Wanted by _A. Baden, Jun._, 1. Old Broad Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. 44 various Numbers, several of many of
+them.
+
+KNIGHT'S NATIONAL CYCLOPÆDIA. 32 Parts.
+
+ALMANACK OF THE MONTH, by Gilbert A. A'Beckett. Jan., Feb., June, Sept.,
+and Dec., 1846.
+
+  Wanted by _Geo. Newbold_, 8. Regent Street, Vauxhall Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN ESSAY EXPLANATORY OF THE TEMPEST PROGNOSTICATOR IN THE BUILDING OF GREAT
+EXHIBITION. The last edition.
+
+  Wanted by _J. T. C._, care of Messrs. McGee & Co., Nassau Street, Dublin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FAMILY INSTRUCTOR, by De Foe. 2 Vols. 1841. Oxford,   Talboys.
+
+ALLAN RAMSAY'S TEA-TABLE MISCELLANY. 1724.
+
+HAZLITT'S SELECT POETS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 1825.
+
+THE LADY'S POETICAL MAGAZINE, or Beauties of British Poets. 4 Vols. London,
+1781.
+
+THE HIVE, containing Vol. I. _First_ Edition. (3 Vols.)
+
+THE HIVE. Vol. III. 4th Edition. (Edition in 4 Vols.)
+
+LONDON MAGAZINE. Vols. after the year 1763.
+
+  Wanted by _Fred. Dinsdale_, Esq., Leamington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EVANS'S OLD BALLADS. Vol. I. 1810.
+
+Any of the Sermons, Tracts, &c., by the late Rev. A. G. Jewitt.
+
+HISTORY OF LINCOLN, by A. Jewitt.
+
+HOWITT'S GIPSY KING, and other Poems. Either one or two copies.
+
+  Wanted by _R. Keene_, Bookseller, Irongate, Derby.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE EPICURE'S ALMANACK FOR 1815.
+
+  Wanted by _George R. Corner_, 19. Tooley Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+A. J. N. (Birmingham). _Will this Correspondent let us see the papers
+respecting_ John Henderson?
+
+J. C. K. _The coin is a penny of Henry III., struck in London._
+
+MR. PINKERTON'_s letter has been forwarded to_ EIRIONNACH.
+
+F. C. J. _We cannot discover that James Murray, the second and last Earl of
+Annandale, was executed. The Earl joined Montrose after the battle of
+Kilsyth, and upon that heroic chieftain's defeat retired to England, where
+he died in 1658. At his death the titles of Annandale, Annand, and Murray
+of Lochmaben, became extinct, and those of Stormont and Scoon devolved on
+David, second Lord Balvaird, who married the Earl's widow. See the_ Earldom
+of Mansfield _in Burke's_ Peerage.
+
+SANDER'S HISTORY OF SHENSTONE.--_Will any reader of_ "N. & Q." _oblige me
+by lending me a copy of Sander's_ History of Shenstone? _Of course I would
+pay the carriage and expenses. A letter would find me directed_, CID, _Post
+Office, Stourbridge, Worcestershire._
+
+B. H. A. _For the derivation of_ Czar, _see our_ last Volume, pp. 150. 226.
+422.
+
+T. H. _On the Lord Mayor being a Privy Councillor, see our_ Fourth Volume
+passim.
+
+S. C. (Norwich). _The line_--
+
+  "When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug of war"
+
+--_is from Lee's_ Alexander the Great.
+
+PISCATOR _will find ample illustration of_ "ampers and _and the character_
+&" _in our_ last Volume (8th), pp. 173. 223. 254. 327. 376. 524.
+
+A. BADEN, Jun., _will find that his Query respecting the pronunciation of_
+Tea _in Queen Anne's time, has already been treated of in the curious
+discussion on_ Irish Rhymes _in our_ 6th, 7th, and 8th Volumes.
+
+X. Y. Z. _Brother-german is a brother by the father's or mother's side, in
+contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother only._
+
+E. H. McL. _Some examples of _wage_, the singular of _wages_, are given in
+Todd's_ Johnson: _consult also Richardson_, s. v.
+
+GALLO-NITRATE.--1. _We advise you to try the formula given in our former
+Number_ (Vol. vii., p. 324.) _for positives; 30 grains of nitrate of silver
+may do, but it is not very active._ 2. _A glass rod is inappropriate; it
+works up the albumen into a lather._ 3. _Towgood's paper will take the
+albumen very excellently. As we have often said before, when you may obtain
+certain excellent results from_ known good _formulæ, why waste your time
+upon uncertainties?_
+
+T. D. L. _If your bath contains the smallest portion of hypo., or any salt
+of iron, it is useless. Precipitate the silver with salt; collect and
+reduce it to its metallic state._
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GROSJEAN'S
+
+CELEBRATED TROWSERS,
+
+16s. per Pair.
+
+109. REGENT STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ONE THOUSAND BEDSTEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.--HEAL & SON'S Stock comprises
+handsomely Japanned and Brass-mounted Iron Bedsteads, Children's Cribs and
+Cots of new and elegant designs, Mahogany, Birch, and Walnut-tree
+Bedsteads, of the soundest and best Manufacture, many of them fitted with
+Furnitures, complete. A large Assortment of Servants' and Portable
+Bedsteads. They have also every variety of Furniture for the complete
+furnishing of a Bed Room.
+
+HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED AND PRICED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING,
+sent Free by Post.
+
+HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of
+upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
+Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
+other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on
+receipt of Two Stamps.
+
+MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles
+of the kind ever produced.
+
+J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SURPLICES.
+
+GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply
+of SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.
+
+PARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE EMPRESS OF CHINA'S TEA.--Recommended by the Faculty for its purity, by
+the nobility and gentry for its choice quality (which is always the same)
+and by the trade for its general superiority and moderate price.
+
+MOORE & CO., 14. Little Tower Street. London. Sold retail at 27. COVENTRY
+ST., HAYMARKET, and by their Agents throughout the kingdom. Price 4s. 4d.
+per lb., in tins of various sizes. Agents wanted (tea-dealers only) where
+none are appointed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{315}
+
+ARCHER'S REGISTERED FOLDING CAMERA.--This new form of Camera combines
+portability with the power of expansion, and is capable of taking pictures
+from 3×4 to 10×8, in the open air without a tent.
+
+It is made to contain the lens, baths, bottles, &c., necessary for an
+excursion, packed up and ready for use in an upright position.
+
+It is applicable to all the known processes in Photography.
+
+Further particulars can be obtained of Mr. Archer, 105. Great Russell
+Street, Bloomsbury, who supplies all other Apparatus necessary in
+Photography, Collodion, pure Chemicals, &c. Portraits on Glass.
+
+An assortment of Prints on Sale, Works of Art copied, &c. &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY--Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan,
+with every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and have also
+at their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the Standard Operas,
+Italian, German, French, and English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental
+Music. During the Term of Subscription, each Subscriber has the privilege
+of selecting--for his own property--from 100,000 different pieces, 3
+Guineas' worth of Music. Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.
+
+JULLIEN & CO., 214. Regent Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 30 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square
+(established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25
+Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these
+pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial,
+signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:--"We, the
+undersigned members of the musical profession, having fully examined the
+Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great
+pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears
+to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a
+richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while
+the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the
+library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R.
+Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby,
+E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F.
+Hassé, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F.
+Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H.
+Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry
+Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E.
+Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c.
+
+D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes,
+cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on
+application.
+
+CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool;
+16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.
+
+THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental
+Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.
+
+                                            £  s. d.
+  A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent
+    Process                                 1  1  0
+  Additional Copies (each)                  0  5  0
+  A Coloured Portrait, highly finished
+    (small size)                            3  3  0
+  A Coloured Portrait, highly finished
+    (larger size)                           5  5  0
+
+Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed
+and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions,
+Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.
+
+Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and
+Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.
+
+Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.--Second-hand Camera for Sale, with Ross's 2½ inch lens,
+capable of taking pictures 8½ by 6½. Two double Shutters for paper, and one
+for Collodion, adjusting Front, &c. Price, 7l. 10s. For further particulars
+apply to MR. DIXEY, King's Road, Brighton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have,
+by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,
+they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any
+other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and
+appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.
+
+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per
+Post, 1s. 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty
+by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and
+uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most
+faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent
+in the hands of the photographer.
+
+Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a
+minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire.
+
+Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.
+
+Instruction in the Processes.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative
+Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.
+
+*** Catalogues sent on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety
+of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury
+to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively
+employed by
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.-MESSRS. A. MARION & CO. beg to inform the Artists and Amateurs
+that they are now ready to supply them with papers manufactured expressly
+for Photographic purposes; since it has been tried it has received the
+unanimous good opinion of the most successful operators.
+
+Positive and Negative (not prepared), Simple Salted, and Salted Albumenized
+Positive, Simple Waxed, and Waxed Iodized Negative, Gummed Paper, and Cards
+for Mounting Proofs.
+
+PAPETERIE MARION, 152. Regent Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHS Mounted and Framed in every Style, by E. FOX, 75A. Little
+Britain, City, Mounter to the Photographic Society, Polytechnic, and
+Photographic Institutions.
+
+E. F. begs to inform the Profession and Amateurs that from his great
+experience in Photograph Mounting, Framing, &c., he can guarantee perfect
+satisfaction both as regards Style and Price.
+
+Mounts and Passepartouts of every description.
+
+Price Lists sent on application.
+
+Gentlemen waited on at their residences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.
+
+KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of
+the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's
+Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and
+pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art.
+Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.
+
+Instructions given in every branch of the Art.
+
+An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.
+
+GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Directors._
+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,
+      Esq.
+  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to
+suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in
+the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+  Age       £   s.  d.
+   17       1  14   4
+   22       1  18   8
+   27       2   4   5
+   32       2  10   8
+   37       2  18   6
+   42       3   8   2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING
+SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in
+the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a
+Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR
+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
+Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{316}
+
+WORKS PRINTED FOR WALTON & MABERLY,
+
+28. UPPER GOWER STREET, and 27. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMPLETION OF A VOLUME.
+
+Now ready, VOLUME I., price 1s. 6d., in handsome boards,
+
+LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.--A Miscellany of Instructive and
+Amusing Tracts on the Physical Sciences, and on their Application to the
+Uses of Life. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.
+
+          CONTENTS.
+
+      PART I., price 5d.
+  1. The Planets; Are they Inhabited Globes?
+  2. Weather Prognostics.
+  3. The Planets. Chap. II.
+  4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.
+
+      PART II., price 5d.
+  5. Latitudes and Longitudes.
+  6. The Planets. Chap. III.
+  7. Lunar Influences.
+  8. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. I.
+
+      PART III., price 6d.
+  9. Railway Accidents. Chap. I.
+  10. The Planets. Chap. IV.
+  11. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. II.
+  12. Railway Accidents. Chap. II.
+  13. Light.
+
+*** Continued in Weekly Numbers, Monthly Parts, and Quarterly Volumes.
+
+    "This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on
+    scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought
+    to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of 'common things'
+    which Lord Ashburton and every well-wisher of his kind are anxious to
+    promote."--_The Times_, Feb. 9, 1854.
+
+    "A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive.
+    The papers combine subjects of importance with great scientific
+    knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of
+    treatment."--_Spectator._
+
+Also, PART IV., price 5d., containing,
+
+  14. Common Things. Air.
+  15. Locomotion in America. Chap. I.
+  16. Cometary Influences. Chap. I.
+  17. Locomotion in America. Chap. II.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIRD COURSE OF DR. LARDNER'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
+
+This Day, 1 vol., 37 Plates, and 200 Woodcuts, price 16s. 6d.
+
+DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOK of ASTRONOMY and METEOROLOGY. Being the Third Course
+of the "Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy."
+
+By the same Author.
+
+FIRST COURSE: MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, SOUND,
+OPTICS. 400 Woodcuts. Price 12s. 6d.
+
+SECOND COURSE: HEAT, COMMON ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY.
+200 Woodcuts. 8s. 6d.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW WORK ON ARITHMETIC.
+
+12mo., 5s. cloth.
+
+A COURSE OF ARITHMETIC AS TAUGHT IN THE PESTALLOZZIAN SCHOOL, WORKSOP. By
+J. L. ELLENBERGER.
+
+    "A happy combination of theory and practice, containing explanation and
+    demonstration enough to afford wholesome mental discipline, and yet not
+    too difficult to be understood by pupils of average ability. In every
+    case the reason why a particular process is adopted in order to obtain
+    the desired result is clearly set forth."--_Athenæum._
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PROFESSOR BOOLE'S NEW WORK.
+
+Just published, 8vo., 14s.,
+
+THE LAWS OF THOUGHT, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of
+Logic and Probabilities. By GEORGE BOOLE, Professor of Mathematics in
+Queen's College, Cork.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just published, fcp. 8vo., 1s. 9d.,
+
+EUCLID EXPLAINED.--The First Book of Euclid Explained to Beginners. By
+C. P. MASON, B.A., Fellow of University College, and Principal of Denmark
+Hill Grammar School.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
+
+Just published, crown 8vo., 1s. sewed, 1s. 6d. cloth,
+
+BUSINESS AS IT IS AND AS IT MIGHT BE. By JOSEPH LYNDALL.
+
+This work obtained the prize of fifty guineas offered by the Young Men's
+Christian Association for the best Essay on the Evils of the Present System
+of Business, and the Difficulties they present to the Attainment and
+Development of Personal Piety, with Suggestions for their Removal.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Second Edition, 500 Woodcuts, 2l. 2s.,
+
+DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By various
+Writers. Medium 8vo.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+500 Woodcuts, 3 vols. medium 8vo., 5l. 15s. 6d.,
+
+DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. By
+various Writers.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. QUAIN'S NEW WORK.
+
+Now ready, crown 8vo., with coloured Plates, 7s. 6d., cloth,
+
+DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. By RICHARD QUAIN, F.R.S., Professor of Clinical
+Surgery in University College, and Surgeon to University College Hospital.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF DR. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY.
+
+Just completed, Volume I., price 1l. 16s., cloth, lettered,
+
+A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. By Various Writers. Edited by
+DR. WILLIAM SMITH. Illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. To form two
+volumes. 8vo.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane; and JOHN
+MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
+
+Just published, royal 18mo., price 3s. 6d. cloth,
+
+FIRST ITALIAN COURSE; being a Practical and Easy Method of Learning the
+Elements of the Italian Language. By W. BROWNRIGG SMITH, M.A., Second
+Classical Master of the City of London Schools.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheap Issue.--Fourth Edition.
+
+BOOK OF GENESIS IN ENGLISH HEBREW; accompanied by an Interlinear
+Translation, substantially the same as the authorised English version:
+Philological Notes and Grammatical Introduction. By W. GREENFIELD, M.R.A.S.
+8vo., 4s. 6d., cloth. With the original Text in Hebrew Characters at the
+end. 8vo., 6s. 6d., cloth.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NIEBUHR'S NEW LECTURES.
+
+Just published, 2 vols. 8vo., 1l. 1s.
+
+NIEBUHR'S LECTURES on ANCIENT ETHNOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY; comprising Greece
+and her Colonies, Italy, the Islands of the Mediterranean, Spain, Gaul,
+Britain, Northern Africa, and Phoenicia. By DR. LEONHARD SCHMITZ, Rector of
+the High School of Edinburgh.
+
+  By the same Author,
+
+Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History: the Asiatic Nations, the Egyptians,
+Greeks, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. By Dr. L. Schmitz. 3 vols. 8vo.,
+1l. 11s. 6d.
+
+Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History. By Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D. New and
+Cheaper Edition. 3 vols. 8vo., 24s.
+
+Niebuhr's History of Rome. By Bishop Thirlwall, Archdeacon Hare, Dr. W.
+Smith, and Dr. Schmitz. Fourth and cheaper edition, 3 vols., 8vo., 36s.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+*** MESSRS. W. & M.'S CATALOGUE will be sent by Post (Free) to any one
+writing for it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London: and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, April 1.
+1854.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 296, "a few parallel passages": 'paralled' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 231, April
+1, 1854, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+              Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: February 25, 2009 [EBook #28194]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. They
+appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 293 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page293"></a>{293}</span></p>
+
+<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1>
+
+<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2>
+
+<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>&mdash;<span class="sc">Captain Cuttle</span>.</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:25%">
+      <p><b>No. 231.</b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:center; width:50%">
+      <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, April 1. 1854.</span></b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:25%">
+      <p><b>Price Fourpence.<br />Stamped Edition 5<i>d.</i></b></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:94%">
+      <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:5%">
+      <p>Page</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Kennington Common, by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page295">295</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Life and Death</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page296">296</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Battle of Trafalgar and Death of Nelson</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page297">297</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Heraldic Anomaly</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page298">298</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Folk Lore</span>:&mdash;Three Maids&mdash;Mother
+      Russel's Post&mdash;Shrove Tuesday Custom</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page299">299</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Stornello</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page299">299</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor
+      Notes</span>:&mdash;Perspective&mdash;"That"&mdash;Corporation
+      Enactments&mdash;Jacobite Club&mdash;Dean Nowell's first
+      Wife&mdash;"Oxoniana"&mdash;An Epigram falsely ascribed to George
+      Herbert&mdash;Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page300">300</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Quotations wanted</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page301">301</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Sir Edmund Plowden, by S. F. Streeter</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page301">301</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Ancient Clock, and Odevaere's History of it, by Octavius
+      Morgan</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page302">302</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries</span>:&mdash;Spielberg, when
+      built?&mdash;"Ded. Pavli"&mdash;Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf:
+      Mantleboard: Mantell and Brace&mdash;Passage in Job&mdash;Provincial
+      Glossaries&mdash;Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster&mdash;A
+      marvellous Combat of Birds&mdash;Battle of the Gnats&mdash;Sandford
+      of Thorpe Salvine, co. York&mdash;"Outlines of the History of
+      Theology"&mdash;"Mawkin"&mdash;"Plain Dealer"&mdash;Hymn attributed
+      to Handel&mdash;Degrees in Arts&mdash;"Goloshes:"
+      "Kutchin-kutchu"&mdash;Cornwalls of London&mdash;Flasks for
+      Wine-bottles&mdash;Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus, Tuleus, Candos,
+      Gracianus, and Tounu or Tonnu</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page302">302</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries with
+      Answers</span>:&mdash;Postmaster at Merton College&mdash;"Lyra
+      Apostolica"&mdash;East Dereham Manor&mdash;Quakers executed in North
+      America&mdash;Inscription in Fulham Church&mdash;Hero of the "Spanish
+      Lady's Love"&mdash;"Bothy"&mdash;"Children in the Wood"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Brydone the Tourist, by John Macray</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page305">305</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>"The Red Cow"&mdash;Cromwell's Carriages, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page306">306</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Fox-hunting, by F. M. Middleton</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page307">307</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Weather Rules, by E. MacCulloch, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page307">307</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Bingham's Antiquities</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page308">308</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Ancient Tenure of Lands</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page309">309</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Photographic Correspondence</span>:&mdash;Spots
+      on Collodion Pictures, &amp;c.&mdash;The Double Iodide
+      Solution&mdash;Mounting Photographs</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page310">310</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor Queries</span>:&mdash;Books on
+      Bells&mdash;Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George&mdash;Dean
+      Swift's Suspension&mdash;"Vanitatem observare"&mdash;Ballina Castle,
+      Mayo&mdash;Dorset&mdash;Judicial Rank hereditary&mdash;Tolling the
+      Bell on leaving Church&mdash;Archpriest in the Diocese of
+      Exeter&mdash;Dogs in Monumental Brasses&mdash;The Last of the
+      Palæologi&mdash;Long Names, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page310">310</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notes on Books, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page313">313</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page314">314</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notices to Correspondents</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page314">314</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5<i>s.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected
+  from the "Microscopic Cabinet." By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.</p>
+
+  <p>Also, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21<i>s.</i>, or coloured,
+  36<i>s.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>A HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing
+  Descriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of
+  procuring and viewing them, &amp;c., illustrated by numerous Engravings.
+  By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"There is no work extant in which so much valuable information
+  concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist
+  should add it to his library."&mdash;<i>Silliman's Journal.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>London: WHITTAKER &amp; CO., Ave Maria Lane.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>THE LATE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, 2 vols. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>THE SPEECHES IN PARLIAMENT OF FIELD MARSHAL HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF
+  WELLINGTON. Collected and arranged.</p>
+
+  <p>Also, a New Edition, 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>COL. GURWOOD'S SELECTION from the WELLINGTON DESPATCHES AND GENERAL
+  ORDERS, arranged as a convenient TRAVELLING VOLUME for OFFICERS.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. CLXXXVIII. ADVERTISEMENTS for the
+  forthcoming Number must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 6th, and
+  BILLS for Insertion by the 8th APRIL.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Now ready, No. VI., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, published Quarterly.</p>
+
+  <p>RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series); consisting of Criticisms upon,
+  Analyses of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old
+  Books.</p>
+
+  <p>Vol. I., 8vo., pp. 436, cloth 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, is also
+  ready.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE STREETS OF DUBLIN, and CELTIC RECORDS OF IRELAND,
+  ETC.</p>
+
+  <p>For the Series of Papers illustrating the above, see Vols. I. II. and
+  III. of the "Irish Quarterly Review." Price, bound, 11<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+  <p>London: SIMPKIN &amp; CO. Dublin: W. B. KELLY.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Bohn's Standard Library for April.</span></p>
+
+  <p>CONDÉ'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF THE ARABS IN SPAIN. Translated from
+  the Spanish by MRS. FOSTER. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. with Frontispiece.
+  Post 8vo. cloth. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &amp; 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Bohn's British Classics for April.</span></p>
+
+  <p>GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE, complete and unabridged, with variorum Notes,
+  including, in addition to all the Author's own, those of Guizot, Wenck,
+  Niebuhr, Hugo, Neander, and other foreign scholars. Edited by an ENGLISH
+  CHURCHMAN. In Six Volumes. Vol. III., with fine Map of the Western
+  Empire. Post 8vo. cloth. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &amp; 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Bohn's Classical Library for April.</span></p>
+
+  <p>THE WORKS OF TACITUS, literally translated, with Notes. In Two
+  Volumes. Vol. II., containing THE HISTORY, GERMANIA, AGRICOLA, &amp;c.
+  With a very complete Index. Post 8vo. cloth. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &amp;6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Bohn's Scientific Library for April.</span></p>
+
+  <p>HUNT'S POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of
+  Nature. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. Post 8vo. cloth.
+  5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &amp; 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Bohn's Illustrated Library for April.</span></p>
+
+  <p>TASSO'S JERUSALEM DELIVERED, translated into English Spenserian verse,
+  with a Life of the Author, by J.&nbsp;H. WIFFEN. Fourth Edition, with
+  Twenty-four Engravings on wood by Thurston, and Eight Engravings on
+  steel. Post 8vo. cloth. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &amp; 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>NOTICE.</h3>
+
+  <p>BURKE'S LANDED GENTRY. A New and Thoroughly Revised Edition of
+  "HISTORY OF THE LANDED GENTRY," by SIR BERNARD BURKE, Ulster King of
+  Arms, being in Preparation, it is earnestly requested that Communications
+  with additional Genealogies, or Corrections of the former Work, may be
+  addressed as soon as possible to</p>
+
+  <p>SIR B. BURKE, care of MR. COLBURN, 13. Great Marlborough Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 294 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page294"></a>{294}</span></p>
+
+  <p>ANNOTATED EDITION OF THE ENGLISH POETS. By ROBERT BELL.</p>
+
+  <p>In Monthly Volumes, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, in cloth.</p>
+
+  <p>This Day, the First Volume of</p>
+
+  <p>COWPER'S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+  <p>Already published.</p>
+
+  <p>DRYDEN. Vols. I and II.</p>
+
+  <p>SURREY, MINOR CONTEMPORANEOUS POETS, and SACKVILLE, LORD
+  BUCKHURST.</p>
+
+  <p>On the First of May, the Third and Concluding Volume of</p>
+
+  <p>DRYDEN'S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+  <p>London: JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>THE ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN'S SERMONS.</p>
+
+  <p>This Day, Third and Cheaper Edition. Octavo, 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SERMONS on some of the PRINCIPAL FESTIVALS, and on other Occasions. By
+  RICHARD WHATELY, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.</p>
+
+  <p>London: JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>This Day, Sixth And Cheaper Edition, 450 pages, foolscap octavo, with
+  118 Woodcuts, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>FAMILIAR HISTORY OF BIRDS: their Nature, Habits, and Instincts. By
+  EDWARD STANLEY, D.D., Bishop of Norwich.</p>
+
+  <p>London: JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>SMALL BOOKS ON GREAT SUBJECTS.</p>
+
+  <p>Now Ready,</p>
+
+  <p>PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES AND PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIENCE, being No. I. of
+  Small Books on Great Subjects. Third Edition, with a New Preface.
+  3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>EXPOSITION OF VULGAR AND COMMON ERRORS, being No. VIII. of Small Books
+  on Great Subjects. Second Edition. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>ON THE STATE OF MAN SUBSEQUENT TO THE PROMULGATION OF CHRISTIANITY.
+  Part IV., being No. XXII. of Small Books on Great Subjects. 4<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>London: JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>This Day, Cheaper Edition. Collated, and Enlarged, 10<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>CHARICLES: Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks.
+  With Notes and Excursuses. From the German of PROFESSOR BECKER.</p>
+
+  <p>Also, Second Edition, Enlarged, with additional Illustrations,
+  12<i>s.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>BECKER'S GALLUS: Scenes of the Times of Augustus. With Notes and
+  Excursuses, illustrative of the Manners and Customs of the Romans.</p>
+
+  <p>London: JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Just published, in royal 8vo., cloth, with Engravings, price
+  5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>THE HOMERIC DESIGN OF THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES. By W. WATKISS LLOYD.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WILLIAMS &amp; NORGATE, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>POPERY AND THE ROMISH CONTROVERSY.&mdash;The want of a Periodical
+  Collection of the numerous FACTS AND DOCUMENTS bearing on the Progress of
+  Popery and the Controversy with Rome, which appear in the Journals and
+  Periodicals of the Day, has long been felt by every earnest Protestant.
+  To remedy this deficiency, the Proprietors of</p>
+
+  <p>THE "BRITANNIA" NEWSPAPER</p>
+
+  <p>have arranged to issue from time to time a SUPPLEMENT (GRATIS),
+  exclusively devoted to the republication of this important and
+  interesting matter, without editorial comment, and so arranged as to be
+  capable of being bound up at the close of the year in a convenient Quarto
+  Volume, with a complete Index to its contents.</p>
+
+  <p>The FIRST NUMBER appeared on SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 25th, and
+  contained,</p>
+
+  <p>"THE CENSUS OF ROMANISM." Price SIXPENCE.</p>
+
+  <p>141. STRAND, LONDON.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the
+  possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his
+  Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen
+  engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to
+  undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum,
+  Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch
+  of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which
+  he has had considerable experience.</p>
+
+  <p>1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Patronised by the Royal Family.</p>
+
+  <p>TWO THOUSAND POUNDS for any person producing Articles superior to the
+  following:</p>
+
+  <p>THE HAIR RESTORED AND GREYNESS PREVENTED.</p>
+
+  <p>BEETHAM'S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual
+  article for Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and
+  fine effectually preventing falling or turning grey, and for restoring
+  its natural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it
+  imparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its
+  astonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; double size,
+  4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> equal to 4 small; 11s. to 6
+  small; 21<i>s.</i> to 13 small. The most perfect beautifier ever
+  invented.</p>
+
+  <p>SUPERFLUOUS HAIR REMOVED.</p>
+
+  <p>BEETHAM'S VEGETABLE EXTRACT does not cause pain or injury to the skin.
+  Its effect is unerring, and it is now patronised by royalty and hundreds
+  of the first families. Bottles, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BEETHAM'S PLASTER is the only effectual remover of Corns and Bunions.
+  It also reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If
+  space allowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals,
+  during the last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1<i>s.</i>;
+  Boxes, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Sent Free by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham,
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+
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+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>This day is Published,</p>
+
+  <p>HISTORY OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES, FROM THE REVOCATION OF THE
+  EDICT OF NANTES. By CHARLES WEISS, Professor of History in the Lycée
+  Buonaparte. Translated, with the assistance of the Author, by FREDERICK
+  HARDMAN. In demy octavo, price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+<hr class="full" />
+
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+
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+  prepared from the celebrated Vienna Map in 21 sheets, IS NOW PUBLISHED.
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+  vol. Sammes' Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, curious Engravings, folio,
+  calf, 12<i>s.</i> Boutell's Monumental Brasses, large paper Copy, on
+  drawing paper, folio, half morocco, cloth sides, perfectly clean,
+  2<i>l.</i>, published at 3<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>CHEAP BOOKS of a Miscellaneous Character, including long Articles on
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+  &amp; TURNER'S CATALOGUE of BOOKS. SENT FREE on Application to</p>
+
+  <p>114. CHANCERY LANE.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 295 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page295"></a>{295}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 1, 1854.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>Notes.</h2>
+
+<h3>KENNINGTON COMMON.</h3>
+
+  <p>Before all traces be lost of Kennington Common, so soon to be
+  distinguished by the euphonious epithet of <i>Park</i>, let me put a
+  Query to some of your antiquarian readers in relation thereunto; and
+  suffer me to make the Query a peg, whereon to hang sundry and divers
+  little notes. And pray let no one ridicule the idea that Kennington has
+  its antiquities; albeit that wherever you look, new buildings, new bricks
+  and mortar, plaster and cement, will meet your eye; yet, does not the
+  manor figure in <i>Domesday Book?</i> Is it not dignified by the stately
+  name of <i>Chenintune?</i> Was it not held by Theodoric of King Edward
+  the Confessor? And did it not, in times gone by, possess a royal
+  residence?</p>
+
+  <p>Here, at a Danish marriage, died Hardi Knute in 1041. Here, Harold,
+  son of Earl Godwin, who seized the crown after the death of the
+  Confessor, is said to have placed it on his own head. Here, in 1231, King
+  Henry III. held his court, and passed a solemn and a stately Christmas.
+  And here, says Matthew Paris, was held a Parliament in the succeeding
+  year. Hither, says good old Stow, anno 1376, came the Duke of Lancaster
+  to escape the fury of the populace of London, on Friday, February 20, the
+  day following that on which Wicliffe had been brought before the bishops
+  at St. Paul's. The Duke was dining "with one John of Ipres" when the news
+  arrived, borne by a breathless messenger, that the people sought his
+  life. When the Duke "leapt so hastily from his oysters, that he hurt both
+  his legges against the foarme: wine was offered to his oysters, but hee
+  would not drinke for haste; he fledde with his fellowe Syr Henry Percy,
+  no man following them; and entring the Thamis, neuer stinted rowing
+  vntill they came to a house neere the manor of Kenington (besides
+  Lambeth), where at that time the Princesse was, with the young Prince,
+  before whom hee made his complaint." Doubtless, Lambeth Marsh was then
+  what its name imports. Hither also came a deputation of the chiefest
+  citizens to Richard II., June 21, 1377, "before the old King was
+  departed," "to accept him for their true and lawfull King and Gouernor."
+  But the royal residence was destroyed before 1607. "The last of the long
+  succession of royal tenants who inhabited the ancient site," says a
+  writer in the <i>Illustrated London News</i> not long since (I have the
+  cutting, but neglected to note the date of the paper), "was Charles I.,
+  when Prince of Wales: his lodging, a house built upon a part of the site
+  of the old palace, is the only existing vestige, as represented in the
+  accompanying engraving (in the <i>Illus. Lond. News</i>), unless earlier
+  remains are to be found in the lower parts of the interior." But I
+  believe that the identity of the site of this ancient mansion (which is
+  situated on the western side of Lower Kennington Lane), with part of the
+  site of the old palace, is not quite so certain as the writer appears to
+  intimate. In 1720, however, the manor gave the title of Earl to William
+  Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, second son to George II.</p>
+
+  <p>Kennington Common acquired an unenviable notoriety from being the
+  place of execution for malefactors tried in this part of the county.
+  "After the suppression of the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, many of the
+  insurgents having been convicted of treason at Southwark, here suffered
+  the sentence of the law" (Dugdale's <i>England and Wales</i>, p. 1015.).
+  "Seventeen officers of the rebel army were hanged, drawn, and quartered"
+  on this spot. (Goldsmith's <i>History</i>, continued by Morell, 4to.,
+  1807, vol. ii. p. 165.)</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"One of the last executions which took place on Kennington Common was
+  that of seven men; three of whom belonged to a notorious gang of
+  housebreakers, eighteen in number. These men kept shops, and lived in
+  credit: of the three who were executed, one made over a sum of
+  2000<i>l.</i> to a friend, previous to his trial. They confessed that the
+  profits of their practices, for the five years past, had been upwards of
+  1500<i>l.</i> a year to each. This was in the year 1765."&mdash;From a
+  cutting, sent me by a friend, from the <i>Sunday Times'</i> "Answers to
+  Correspondents," March 13, 1853.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Here too occurred the Chartist meeting, on the memorable 10th of
+  April, 1848.</p>
+
+  <p>Now comes my Query. Was there ever a theatre on Kennington Common? In
+  the <i>Biographia Dramatica</i> of David Erskine Baker (edit. 1782, vol.
+  ii. p. 239.), we are told, that the "satyrical comical allegorical
+  farce," <i>The Mock Preacher,</i> published in 8vo. in 1739, was "Acted
+  to a crowded audience at Kennington Common, and many other theatres, with
+  the humours of the mob." Was it acted in a booth, or in a permanent
+  theatre? The words, "many other theatres," almost give one the impression
+  that the latter is indicated.</p>
+
+  <p>Many more notes might be added, but I fear lest this paper should
+  already be too local to interest general readers. Suffice it to say, that
+  Clayton Street, close to the Common, takes its name from the Clayton
+  family; one member of which, Sir Robert Clayton, was sometime Master of
+  the Drapers' Company, in whose Hall a fine portrait of him is preserved.
+  Bowling Green Street derives its name from a bowling green which existed
+  not very many years since. And White Hart Street from a field, which was
+  so called certainly as early as 1785. On the Common was "a bridge called
+  Merton Bridge, which formerly was repaired by the Canons of Merton <!--
+  Page 296 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page296"></a>{296}</span>Abbey, who had lands for that purpose."
+  (Lysons' <i>Environs</i>, edit. 4to., 1792, vol. i. p. 327.)</p>
+
+  <p>It is due to your readers to state, that the authorities for the
+  statements made in the former part of this paper are these: Lysons'
+  <i>Environs</i>, ut supra, vol. i. pp. 325. 327.; Manning and Bray's
+  <i>Surrey</i>, Lond., 1809, fol., vol. iii. pp. 484-488.; Stow,
+  <i>Annales</i>, edit. 4to., 1601, pp. 432, 433.; and <i>Bibl. Top.
+  Brit.</i>, 4to., 1790, vol. ii. "History and Antiq. of Lambeth," p.
+  89.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Sparrow Simpson.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Kennington.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>LIFE AND DEATH.</h3>
+
+  <p>I have thrown together a few <span class="correction" title="Original reads `paralled'."
+  >parallel</span> passages for your pages, which may prove acceptable.</p>
+
+  <p>1. "<i>To die is better than to live.</i>"</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which
+  are yet alive. Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been,
+  who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the
+  sun."&mdash;<i>Eccles.</i> iv. 2, 3.</p>
+
+  <p>"Great travail is created for every man, and a heavy yoke upon the
+  sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their <i>mother's
+  womb</i>, till the day that they return to the <i>mother of all
+  things</i>."&mdash;<i>Ecclus.</i> xl. 1.: cf. 2 <i>Esdr.</i> vii. 12,
+  13.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Never to have been born, the wise man first</p>
+      <p>Would wish; and, next, as soon as born to die."&mdash;<i>Anth. Græc.</i>(Posidippus).</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In the affecting story of Cleobis and Biton, as related by Herodotus,
+  we read,&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The <i>best end of life</i> happened to them, and the Deity showed in
+  their case that <i>it is better for a man to die than to live</i>."</p>
+
+  <p><span title="'Diedexe te en toutoisi ho Theos hôs ameinon eiê anthrôpôi tethanai mallon ê zôein.'" class="grk"
+  >"&Delta;&iota;&#x1F73;&delta;&epsilon;&xi;&#x1F73; &tau;&epsilon;
+  &#x1F10;&nu; &tau;&omicron;&#x1F7B;&tau;&omicron;&iota;&sigma;&iota;
+  &#x1F41; &Theta;&epsilon;&#x1F78;&sigmaf; &#x1F61;&sigmaf;
+  &#x1F04;&mu;&epsilon;&iota;&nu;&omicron;&nu; &epsilon;&#x1F34;&eta;
+  &#x1F00;&nu;&theta;&rho;&#x1F7D;&pi;&#x1FF3;
+  &tau;&epsilon;&theta;&#x1F71;&nu;&alpha;&iota;
+  &mu;&#x1FB6;&lambda;&lambda;&omicron;&nu; &#x1F22;
+  &zeta;&#x1F7D;&epsilon;&iota;&nu;."</span>&mdash;Herod., <span
+  title="KLEIÔ" class="grk">&Kappa;&Lambda;&Epsilon;&Iota;&Omega;</span>.
+  i. 32.</p>
+
+  <p>"As for all other living creatures, there is not one but, by a secret
+  instinct of nature, knoweth his owne good and whereto he is made able....
+  Man onely knoweth nothing unlesse hee be taught. He can neither speake
+  nor goe, nor eat, otherwise than he is trained to it: and, to be short,
+  apt and good at nothing he is naturally, but to pule and crie. And
+  hereupon it is that some have been of this opinion, <i>that better it had
+  been, and simply best, for a man never to have been born, or else
+  speedily to die</i>."&mdash;Pliny's <i>Nat. Hist.</i> by Holland, Intr.
+  to b. vii.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>Happy the mortal man</i>, who now at last</p>
+      <p>Has through this doleful vale of misery passed;</p>
+      <p>Who to his destined stage has carry'd on</p>
+      <p>The tedious load, and laid his burden down;</p>
+      <p>Whom the cut brass or wounded marble shows</p>
+      <p>Victor o'er Life, and all her train of woes.</p>
+      <p><i>He</i>, <i>happier yet</i>, who, privileged by Fate</p>
+      <p>To shorter labour and a lighter weight,</p>
+      <p>Received but yesterday the gift of breath,</p>
+      <p>Order'd to-morrow to return to death.</p>
+      <p>But O! beyond description, <i>happiest he</i></p>
+      <p>Who ne'er must roll on life's tumultuous sea;</p>
+      <p>Who with bless'd freedom, from the general doom</p>
+      <p>Exempt, must never face the teeming womb,</p>
+      <p>Nor see the sun, nor sink into the tomb!</p>
+      <p>Who breathes must suffer; and who thinks must mourn;</p>
+      <p><i>And he alone is blessed who ne'er was born</i>."&mdash;Prior's <i>Solomon</i>, b. iii.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The proverbs, "God takes those soonest whom He loveth best," and,
+  "Whom the gods love die young," have been already illustrated in "N.
+  &amp; Q." (Vol. iii., pp. 302. 377.). "I have learned from religion, that
+  an early death has often been the reward of piety," said the Emperor
+  Julian on his death-bed. (See Gibbon, ch. xxiv.)</p>
+
+  <p>2. "<i>Judge none blessed before his death</i>."<a name="footnotetag1"
+  href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ante mortem ne laudes hominem," saith the son of Sirach, xi. 28.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Of this sentiment St. Chrysostom expresses his admiration, Hom. li.
+  in. S. Eustath.; and heathen writers afford very close parallels:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p><span title="'Prin d' an teleutêsê epischeein mêde kaleein kô olbion all' eutuchea,'" class="grk"
+  >"&Pi;&rho;&#x1F76;&nu; &delta;' &#x1F02;&nu;
+  &tau;&epsilon;&lambda;&epsilon;&upsilon;&tau;&#x1F75;&sigma;&eta;
+  &#x1F10;&pi;&iota;&sigma;&chi;&#x1F73;&epsilon;&iota;&nu;
+  &mu;&eta;&delta;&#x1F72;
+  &kappa;&alpha;&lambda;&#x1F73;&epsilon;&iota;&nu; &kappa;&omega;
+  &#x1F44;&lambda;&beta;&iota;&omicron;&nu; &#x1F00;&lambda;&lambda;'
+  &epsilon;&#x1F50;&tau;&upsilon;&chi;&#x1F73;&alpha;,"</span> says Solon
+  to Cr&oelig;sus (Herod., <span title="KLEIÔ." class="grk"
+  >&Kappa;&Lambda;&Epsilon;&Iota;&Omega;.</span> i. 32.): cf. Aristot.,
+  <i>Eth. Nic.</i> ch. x., for a comment on this passage.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Sophocles, in the last few lines of the <i>&OElig;dipus Tyrannus</i>,
+  thus draws the moral of his fearful tragedy:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<span title="Hôste thnêton ont', ekeinên tên teleutaian idein" class="grk">&#x1F6D;&sigma;&tau;&epsilon; &theta;&nu;&eta;&tau;&#x1F78;&nu; &#x1F44;&nu;&tau;', &#x1F10;&kappa;&epsilon;&#x1F77;&nu;&eta;&nu; <b>&tau;&#x1F74;&nu; &tau;&epsilon;&lambda;&epsilon;&upsilon;&tau;&alpha;&#x1F77;&alpha;&nu;</b> &#x1F30;&delta;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&nu;</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Hêmeran episkopounta, mêden' olbizein, prin an" class="grk"><b>&#x1F29;&mu;&#x1F73;&rho;&alpha;&nu;</b> &#x1F10;&pi;&iota;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&omicron;&#x1FE6;&nu;&tau;&alpha;, &mu;&eta;&delta;&#x1F73;&nu;' &#x1F40;&lambda;&beta;&#x1F77;&zeta;&epsilon;&iota;&nu;, <b>&pi;&rho;&#x1F76;&nu; &#x1F02;&nu;</b></span></p>
+      <p><span title="Terma tou biou perasêi, mêden algeinon pathôn." class="grk"><b>&Tau;&#x1F73;&rho;&mu;&alpha; &tau;&omicron;&#x1FE6; &beta;&#x1F77;&omicron;&upsilon;</b> &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;&sigma;&#x1FC3;, &mu;&eta;&delta;&#x1F72;&nu; &#x1F00;&lambda;&gamma;&epsilon;&iota;&nu;&#x1F78;&nu; &pi;&alpha;&theta;&#x1F7D;&nu;.</span>"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Elmsley, on this passage, gives the following references: Trach. I.
+  Soph. Tereo, fr. 10.; ibid. Tyndar. fr. 1.; Agam., 937.; Androm., 100.;
+  Troad., 509.; Heracl., 865.; Dionys. ap. Stob., ciii. p. 560.; Gesn., cv.
+  p. 431.; Grot. To which I may add the oft-quoted lines,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8hg3">"Ultima semper</p>
+      <p>Expectanda dies, homini dicique beatus</p>
+      <p><i>Ante obitum</i> nemo supremaque funera debet."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In farther illustration of this passage from Ecclus., let us consider
+  the <i>Death of the Righteous</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>"Let me die <i>the death</i> of the righteous, and let my <i>last
+  end</i> be like his," exclaims the truth-compelled and reluctant prophet,
+  Numb. xxiii. 10.</p>
+
+  <p>The royal Psalmist, after reflecting on the prosperity of the wicked
+  in this world, adds:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Then thought I to understand this,</p>
+      <p>But it was too hard for me,</p>
+      <p>Until I went into the sanctuary of God:</p>
+      <p>Then understood I the end of these men."&mdash;<i>Ps.</i> lxxiii.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>And again:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"I have seen the wicked in great power,</p>
+      <p>And spreading himself like a green bay-tree;</p>
+<!-- Page 297 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page297"></a>{297}</span>
+      <p>Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not;</p>
+      <p>Yea, I sought him, but he could not be found.</p>
+      <p class="i1">Mark the perfect man,</p>
+      <p>And behold the upright,</p>
+      <p>For <i>the end</i> of that man is <i>peace</i>."&mdash;<i>Ps.</i> xxxvii. 35-37.: cf. the Prayer-Book version.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The prophet Isaiah declares:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The righteous man is taken away because of the evil;</p>
+      <p><i>He shall go in peace</i>, he shall rest in his bed;</p>
+      <p>Even the perfect man, he that walketh in the straight path."&mdash;Ch. lvii., Bp. Lowth's Trans.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i10hg3">"Sure <i>the last end</i></p>
+      <p>Of the good man is peace! How calm his exit!</p>
+      <p>Night-dews fall not more gently to the ground,</p>
+      <p>Nor weary worn-out winds expire so soft.</p>
+      <p>Behold him! in the evening tide of life,</p>
+      <p>A life well spent, whose early care it was</p>
+      <p>His riper years should not upbraid his green:</p>
+      <p>By unperceived degrees he wears away;</p>
+      <p>Yet, like the sun, seems larger at his setting!</p>
+      <p>High in his faith and hopes, look how he reaches</p>
+      <p>After the prize in view! and, like a bird</p>
+      <p>That's hamper'd, struggles hard to get away!</p>
+      <p>Whilst the glad gates of sight are wide expanded</p>
+      <p>To let new glories in, the first fair fruits</p>
+      <p>Of the fast-coming harvest."&mdash;Blair's <i>Grave</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"How blest the righteous when he dies!</p>
+      <p class="i1">When sinks the weary soul to rest!</p>
+      <p>How mildly beam the closing eyes!</p>
+      <p class="i1">How gently heaves the expiring breast!</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"So fades the summer cloud away;</p>
+      <p class="i1">So sinks the gale when storms are o'er;</p>
+      <p>So gently shuts the eye of day;</p>
+      <p class="i1">So dies a wave upon the shore.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Life's duty done, as sinks the clay,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Light from its load the spirit flies;</p>
+      <p>While heaven and earth combine to say,</p>
+      <p class="i1hg1">'How blest the righteous when he dies!'"&mdash;<i>Mrs. Barbauld.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i12hg3">"An eve</p>
+      <p>Beautiful as the good man's quiet <i>end</i>,</p>
+      <p>When all of earthly now is passed away,</p>
+      <p>And heaven is in his face."&mdash;<i>Love's Trial.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i12hg3">"He sets</p>
+      <p>As sets the Morning Star, which goes not down</p>
+      <p>Behind the darken'd West, nor hides obscured</p>
+      <p>Among the tempests of the sky, but melts away</p>
+      <p>Into the light of heaven."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i10hg3">"As sweetly as a child,</p>
+      <p>Whom neither thought disturbs nor care encumbers,</p>
+      <p>Tired with long play, at close of summer's day</p>
+      <p>Lies down and slumbers."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>A holy life is the only preparation to a happy death, says Bishop
+  Taylor. And we have seen how much importance even heathen minds attached
+  to <i>peace at the last</i>. Truly, as Kettlewell said while expiring,
+  "There is no <i>life</i> like a happy <i>death</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>"Consider," says that excellent writer, Norris of Bemerton, "that
+  <i>this</i> life is wholly in order to <i>another</i>, and that
+  <i>time</i> is that sole opportunity that God has given us for
+  transacting the great business of <i>eternity</i>: that our work is
+  great, and our day of working short; much of which also is lost and
+  rendered useless through the cloudiness and darkness of the morning, and
+  the thick vapours and unwholesome fogs of the evening; the ignorance and
+  inadvertency of youth, and the disease and infirmities of old age: that
+  our portion of time is not only <i>short</i> as to its duration, but also
+  <i>uncertain</i> in the possession: that the loss of it is irreparable to
+  the loser, and profitable to nobody else: that it shall be severely
+  accounted for at the great judgment, and lamented in a sad
+  eternity."&mdash;"Of the Care and Improvement of Time," <i>Miscel.</i>,
+  6th edit., p. 118.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Eirionnach.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+  <p>Cf. Sir Thos. Browne's <i>Christian Morals</i>, sect. ix.</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR AND DEATH OF NELSON.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following unpublished letter, as a historical document, is worth
+  preserving in the pages of "N. &amp; Q." It relates to the important
+  national events of the battle of Trafalgar and death of Nelson. The
+  writer was, at the time, a signal midshipman in the service, and only
+  about thirteen years of age. He was a native of Glasgow, and died many
+  years since, much respected.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p class="author">H.M.S. Defence,<br />At anchor off Cadiz, 28 Oct. 1805.</p>
+
+  <p>My dear Betty [the writer's sister],</p>
+
+  <p>I have now the pleasure of writing you, after a noble victory over the
+  French and Spanish fleets, on the 21st October, off Cape Spartel. We have
+  taken, burnt and sunk, gone on shore, &amp;c., twenty-one sail of the
+  line. The names I will let [you] know after. On the 19[th] our frigates
+  made the signal; the Combined Fleets were coming out; so as we were
+  stationed between the frigate and our fleet, we repeated ditto to Lord
+  Nelson. It being calm we could not make much way, but in the course of
+  the night we got a strong breeze, and next morning our frigate made the
+  signal for them, being all at sea. So on the afternoon of the 20[th] we
+  saw them to leeward; but it was blowing fresh and very hazy, so Lord
+  Nelson made our signal for a captain; so our captain went on board, and
+  Lord Nelson told Captain Hope he expected he would keep sight of them all
+  night. So on the morning of the 21st we observed them to leeward about
+  two miles, so we made the signal to Lord Nelson how many the bearings,
+  and everything; so brave Nelson bore down immediately; and at twelve
+  o'clock Lord Nelson broke the south<sup>d</sup> line, and brave Admiral
+  Collin[g]wood the north; and at two o'clock we were all in action. We
+  were the last station'd ship; so when we went down we had two Frenchmen
+  and one Spaniard on us at one time. We engag'd them forty-six minutes,
+  when the "Achille" and "Polyphemus" came up to our assistance. The
+  Spaniard ran away; we gave him chase, and fought him <!-- Page 298
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page298"></a>{298}</span>one hour and
+  forty-six minutes, when he struck, and we boarded him, and have him safe
+  at anchor, as we have not had a good wind. I am sorry to say poor Lord
+  Nelson was wounded the second broadside. He went down and got his wounds
+  dress'd, and he was wound'd a second time, and he just lived to hear of
+  the victory. The ship we took, her name is the "San Ildifonzo,"
+  eighty-two guns, and a very fine ship, new. I don't think we will save
+  more than twelve sail of them: but we have sunk, burnt, drove on shore,
+  twenty-one sail of the line in all; and if we had not had a gale of wind
+  next day we would have taken every one of them. We were riding close in
+  shore with two anchors a-head, three cables on each bower, and all our
+  sails were shot to pieces, ditto our rudder and stern, and mainmast, and
+  everything; but, thank good, I am here safe, though there was more shot
+  at my quarters than any other part of the ship. We are now at anchor, but
+  expect to go to Gibraltar every day. I hope in good you are all in
+  health: I was never better in all my life. My comp<sup>ts</sup> to all
+  friends [&amp;c. ...] and my dear father and mother.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">I am<br />
+Your affectionate brother,<br />
+(Signed) <span class="sc">Charles Reid</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>You must excuse this letter, as half our hands are on board our prize,
+  and have had no time. I have been two days writing this; five minutes one
+  time and ten minutes another time, and so on. We are just getting under
+  way for Gibraltar.</p>
+
+  <p>Now for the French and Spanish ships taken, burnt, run on shore,
+  &amp;c. &amp;c.:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Bucentaure, 80, taken. French.</p>
+      <p>Santiss' Trinidada, 130, sunk. Spanish.</p>
+      <p>Santa, taken, but afterwards got into Cadiz.</p>
+      <p>Rayo, 110, sunk. French.</p>
+      <p>Bahama, 74, taken. French.</p>
+      <p>Argonauta, 80, sunk and burnt.</p>
+      <p>Neptuna, 90, on shore.</p>
+      <p>San Ildifonzo, 80, taken by the Defence.</p>
+      <p>Algazeras, 74, on shore; Swiftsure, 74, Gib.; Berwick, 74, Gib. All English ships taken by the French last war.</p>
+      <p>Intrepid, 74, burnt.</p>
+      <p>Aigle, 80, on shore.</p>
+      <p>Tonguer, 80, on shore [MS. uncertain].</p>
+      <p>De ..., 74, Gibraltar [ditto].</p>
+      <p>Argonauta, 74, Gib.</p>
+      <p>Redoubtable, 74, sunk.</p>
+      <p>Achell, 74, burnt.</p>
+      <p>Manareo, 74, on shore.</p>
+      <p>San Augustino, 74, Gibraltar.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>There is not one English ship lost, but a number lost their masts.
+  (Signed) C.&nbsp;R.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The writer had a brother, Andrew Reid, who bore a commission in the
+  ships of Captain Parry in the first Arctic expedition.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">G. N.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>HERALDIC ANOMALY.</h3>
+
+  <p>I beg to call the attention of the heraldic readers of "N. &amp; Q."
+  to a singular custom of displaying their coats of arms, peculiar to the
+  Knights of St. John, of the venerable Language of England.</p>
+
+  <p>It is well known that the members of this valiant brotherhood,
+  throughout Europe, bear their paternal shield alone, surmounted, as the
+  badge of their profession, with the particular device of the order, that
+  is, On a chief, gules, a cross argent. The English knights, with their
+  paternal coat, bore also, party-per-pale, that of their mothers, with the
+  chief of the order over both, a strange heraldic anomaly!</p>
+
+  <p>I have somewhere read, but where, for lack of a "note," I cannot
+  recollect, that in making their proofs of nobility previous to their
+  admission into the order, unlike the other Languages, the cavalier of
+  England gave in only the names of their father and mother, but at the
+  same time it was requisite that these two names should be able to prove a
+  nobility of two hundred years each.</p>
+
+  <p>Perhaps the custom of bearing the paternal shield impaled with the
+  maternal sprung from these proofs.</p>
+
+  <p>In the British Museum, Harl. MSS. 1386., may be seen three examples of
+  this custom, in a paper entitled, <i>A Note of certain Knights of
+  Rhodes</i>, "in prioratû Sancti Johannis Jerusalem."</p>
+
+  <p>1. Sir Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of England, <span
+  class="scac">A.D.</span> 1504, a knight not more renowned as a valiant
+  man-at-arms, "preux et hardi," than as a skilful diplomatist; and who, on
+  the death of Fabricio Caretto, <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1520-1, was
+  thought worthy to be put in competition for the Grand Mastership with the
+  celebrated Villiers de L'Isle Adam, and, as Vertot tells us, only lost
+  that dignity by a very trifling majority. His paternal coat&mdash;Sable,
+  a cheveron engrailed argent, between three plates, on each a pale,
+  gules&mdash;is impaled with that of his mother, Alice, daughter of Thomas
+  Green, of Gressingham, in Yorkshire; Argent, a bugle-horn sable, stringed
+  gules, between three griffins' heads, erased, of the second; over all,
+  the chief of the order.</p>
+
+  <p>2. Sir Lancelot Docwra, near kinsman to Sir Thomas, and son of Robert
+  Docwra, of Docwra-Hall, in Cumberland. His arms are impaled
+  with&mdash;Or, a cross flory sable&mdash;the coat armour of his mother,
+  Jane, daughter of Sir John Lamplugh, of Lamplugh, in the same county; one
+  "of a race," as Denton says, "of valorous gentlemen, successively for
+  their worthiness knighted in the field, all, or most part of them." The
+  chief of the order also surmounts his shield.</p>
+
+  <p>3. The third is the shield of Sir John Randon; Gules, a bend checquy
+  or and azure, impaling Argent, a frette, and on a chief, gules, three
+  escallops of the field; over all, the chief of the order. <!-- Page 299
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page299"></a>{299}</span></p>
+
+  <p>If any readers of "N. &amp; Q." could furnish me with more examples, I
+  should be much obliged.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John o' the Ford.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Malta.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Three Maids.</i>&mdash;There is a spot on the road from Winchester
+  to Andover called the "Three Maids." They are I believe nameless.
+  Tradition says that they poisoned their father, and were for that crime
+  buried alive up to their necks. Travellers passing by were ordered not to
+  feed them; but one compassionate horseman as he rode along threw the core
+  of an apple to one, on which she subsisted for three days. Wonderful is
+  it to state that three groups of firs sprung up miraculously from the
+  graves of the three maids. Thus their memories have been perpetuated. The
+  peasantry of Winchester and its neighbourhood for the most part accredit
+  the story, and I see no reason for disbelieving the first part of it
+  myself. Does any one know of a like punishment being awarded in olden
+  times, when the tender mercies of the law were cruel and arbitrary?</p>
+
+  <p><i>Mother Russel's Post.</i>&mdash;Whilst I am on the subject of folk
+  lore I may as well add, that on the road to Kings Sombourn, of
+  educational renown, there is a spot where four roads meet. Report says
+  that a certain Mother Russel, who committed suicide, was buried there. A
+  little girl in this village was afraid to pass the spot at night on
+  account of the ghosts, which are supposed to haunt it in the hours of
+  darkness. The rightful name of the place is "Mother Russel's Post."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Eustace W. Jacob.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Crawley.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Shrove Tuesday Custom</i> (Vol. ix., p. 65.).&mdash;The Shrove
+  Tuesday custom mentioned by <span class="sc">Mr. Elliott</span> as
+  existing at Leicester, and an account of which he quotes from Hone's
+  <i>Year-Book</i>, has been abolished within the last few years. There is,
+  I believe, still a curious custom on that day at Ludlow, the origin and
+  meaning of which has never, so far as I am aware, been discovered and
+  stated.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The corporation," I quote from a history of the town, "provide a
+  rope, three inches in thickness, and in length thirty-six yards, which is
+  given out at one of the windows of the Market House as the clock strikes
+  four, when a large body of the inhabitants, divided into two parties,
+  commence an arduous struggle, and as soon as either party gains the
+  victory by pulling the rope beyond the prescribed limits, the pulling
+  ceases, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>"Without doubt this singular custom is symbolical of some remarkable
+  event, and a remnant of that ancient language of visible signs, which,
+  says a celebrated writer, 'imperfectly supplies the want of letters to
+  perpetuate the remembrance of public or private transactions.' The sign
+  in this instance has survived the remembrance of the occurrence it was
+  designed to represent, and remains a profound mystery. It has been
+  insinuated that the real occasion of this custom is known to the
+  corporation, but that, for some reason or other, they are tenacious of
+  the secret."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The local historian then mentions an "obscure tradition," but as it is
+  not in agreement with my own opinion, I omit it.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. P. Q.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>STORNELLO.</h3>
+
+  <p>Verses, the rhymes of which return after the fashion of those printed
+  in "N. &amp; Q." (Vol. vi., p. 603., and Vol. vii., p. 174.), are
+  commonly current among the peasants of Tuscany, and in many instances
+  form the materials of their popular songs. It is probable that this
+  description of rhyme originated in the "bel paese la dove 'l si suona."
+  They usually turn on a combination of <i>three</i> words, as in those
+  quoted in Vol vii. of "N. &amp; Q." And the name <i>stornello</i>, as
+  will be readily perceived, is derived from <i>tornare</i>, to return. I
+  send you a specimen of one of them, which has a certain degree of
+  historical interest attached to it, from its connexion with the movement
+  of 1848. It was difficult to walk through the streets of Florence in
+  those days without hearing it carolled forth by more than one Florentine
+  Tyrtæus. <i>Now</i>, I need hardly say, "we never mention it&mdash;its
+  name is never heard." The patriot-flag was a <i>tricolor</i> of white,
+  red, and green, a nosegay of which colours a youth has brought to his
+  mistress. She sings as follows:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"E gli dirò che il verde, il rosso, il bianco</p>
+      <p>Gli stanno ben con una spada al fianco.</p>
+      <p>E gli dirò che il bianco, il verde, il rosso,</p>
+      <p>Vuol dir che Italia il duro giogo ha scosso.</p>
+      <p>E gli dirò che il rosso, il bianco, il verde</p>
+      <p>E un terno che si giuoca e non si perde."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Of which the following rough version may serve to give a
+  sufficiently-accurate idea of the meaning, for the benefit of your
+  "country gentlemen" readers:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"And I'll tell him the green, and the red, and the white</p>
+      <p>Would look well by his side as a sword-knot so bright.</p>
+      <p>And I'll tell him the white, and the green, and the red</p>
+      <p>Mean, our country has flung the vile yoke from her head.</p>
+      <p>And I'll tell him the red, and the white, and the green</p>
+      <p>Is the prize that we play for, a prize that we'll win."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"Un terno che si giuoca" is a phrase which refers to the system of the
+  public lotteries, <!-- Page 300 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page300"></a>{300}</span>established (so much to their shame) by
+  the Italian governments; and a page of explanation of that system would
+  be needful, to make any literal translation of it intelligible to an
+  English reader.</p>
+
+  <p>In conclusion I may say, in reply to the Query of <span
+  class="sc">Henry H. Breen</span>, that the Popes alluded to in the
+  epigram cited by him as above referred to (Vol. vi., p. 603.), seem
+  evidently to have been Julius II. (Rovere), Leo X. (Medici), Clement VII.
+  (Medici), and Paul III. (Farnese). And the epigram in question says no
+  more than the truth, in asserting that they all four occasioned infinite
+  mischief to France.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">T. A. T.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Florence.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Minor Notes.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Perspective.</i>&mdash;There is a very common error in drawing
+  walls, the plane of which is parallel to the plane of the picture. An
+  instance of it occurs in the façade of Sennacherib's Palace, Layard's 2nd
+  book on Nineveh, frontispiece. All the horizontal lines in the plane of
+  the picture are drawn parallel. The fact is, that every line above or
+  below the line of the horizon, though <i>really</i> parallel to it,
+  <i>apparently</i> approaches it, as it is produced to the right or left.
+  The reason is obvious. One point in the wall, viz. that on which you let
+  fall a perpendicular from your eye, is nearest to your eye. The
+  perpendicular height of the wall, as drawn through this point, must
+  therefore appear greater than as drawn through any other point more to
+  the right or left. The lines which are really parallel do therefore
+  apparently converge on some point more or less distant, according to the
+  distance of the wall from your eye. Every drawing in which this principle
+  is not considered must, I think, appear out of perspective.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">G. T. Hoare.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Tandridge.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>That.</i>"&mdash;I lately met with the following grammatical
+  puzzle among some old papers. I forget from what book I copied it many
+  years ago. Perhaps it may be new to some of your readers.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"I'll prove the word that I have made my theme,</p>
+      <p>Is that that may be <i>doubled</i> without blame,</p>
+      <p>And that that that thus <i>trebled</i> I may use,</p>
+      <p>And that that that that critics may abuse,</p>
+      <p>May be correct.&mdash;Farther, the Dons to bother,</p>
+      <p><i>Five</i> thats may closely follow one another&mdash;</p>
+      <p>For, be it known that we may safely write</p>
+      <p>Or say that that that that that man writ was right;</p>
+      <p>Nay, e'en that that that that that that has followed</p>
+      <p>Through <i>six</i> repeats, the grammar's rule has hallowed,</p>
+      <p>And that that that (that <i>that</i> that that began),</p>
+      <p>Repeated <i>seven</i> times is right! Deny't who can."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">McC.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Corporation Enactments.</i>&mdash;In the town books of the
+  Corporation of Youghal, co. Cork, among other singular enactments of that
+  body are two which will now be regarded as curiosities. In the years 1680
+  and 1703, a cook and a barber received their freedom, on condition that
+  they would respectively dress the mayor's feasts, and shave the
+  Corporation, gratis!</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Abhba.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Jacobite Club.</i>&mdash;The adherents of the Stuarts are now
+  nearly extinct; but I recollect a few years ago an old gentleman, in
+  London, who was then upwards of eighty years of age, and who was a stanch
+  Jacobite. I have heard him say that, "when he was a young man, his father
+  belonged to a society in Aldersgate Street, called the 'Mourning Bush;'
+  and this Bush was to be always in mourning until the Stuarts were
+  restored." A member of this Society having been met in mourning when one
+  of the reigning family had died, was asked by one of the members how it
+  so happened? His reply was, that he was "not mourning for the dead, but
+  for the living." The old gentleman was father of the Mercers' Company,
+  and his brother of the Stationers' Company: they were bachelors, and
+  citizens of the old school, hospitable, liberal, and charitable. An
+  instance occurred, that the latter had a presentation to Christ's
+  Hospital: he was applied to on behalf of a person who had a large family;
+  but the father not being a freeman, he could not present it to the son.
+  He immediately bought the freedom for the father, and gave the son the
+  presentation! This is a rare act.</p>
+
+  <p>The brothers have long gone to receive the reward of their goodness,
+  and lie buried in the cemetery attached to Mercers' Hall, Cheapside.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">James Reed.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Sunderland.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dean Nowell's first Wife.</i>&mdash;Churton, in his <i>Life of
+  Alexander Nowell</i>, dean of St. Paul's, p. 368., is at a loss to know
+  the name of the dean's first wife. He says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Of his first wife nothing farther is known but that he was married,
+  either to her or to his second wife, in or before the year 1561. His
+  surviving wife, Eliz. Nowell, had been twice married before, and had
+  children by both her former husbands. Laurence Ball appears to have been
+  her first husband, and Thomas Blount her second."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The pedigree of Bowyer, in the <i>Visitation of Sussex</i>, in 1633-4,
+  gives the name of the dean's first wife:</p>
+
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Pedigree of Bowyer" title="Pedigree of Bowyer">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left">
+      <p>"Thomas<br />
+      Bowyer<br />
+      of London.</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left">
+      <p>=</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left">
+      <p>Jane, da. and heir of<br />
+      Robert Merry, son<br />
+      of Thomas Merry<br />
+      of Hatfield.</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left">
+      <p>=</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left">
+      <p>Alexander Nowell,<br />
+      dean of St. Paul's.<br />
+      2nd husband."</p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p class="author">Y. S.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Oxoniana.</i>"&mdash;To your list of desirable reprints, I beg to
+  add the very amusing work under this title, and originally published in
+  four small <!-- Page 301 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page301"></a>{301}</span>volumes about fifty years since, and now
+  become scarce. Additions and corrections would add to the value and
+  interest of a work which preserves many curious traits of past times and
+  of Oxford Dons.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Alpha.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>An Epigram falsely ascribed to George Herbert.</i>&mdash;The recent
+  editors of George Herbert have printed as his, among his Latin poems, the
+  last two lines of the 76th epigram of Martial's eighth book:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Vero verius ergo quid sit, audi:</p>
+      <p>Verum, Gallice, non libenter audis."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. E. B. Mayor.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library."</i>&mdash;Will you kindly
+  allow me to avail myself of your columns to correct an error in my
+  translation of "Ingulph," in Bohn's <i>Antiquarian Library</i>? In the
+  note to page 2, the Abbey of <i>Bardney,</i> in Lincolnshire, is
+  confounded with <i>Partney,</i> which was one of its cells. The mistake
+  was not observed till, unfortunately, the sheet had been printed; and it
+  was accidentally omitted among the <i>errata</i>. My authority had, I
+  rather think, been misled by Camden.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry T. Riley.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">31. St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Queries.</h2>
+
+<h3>QUOTATIONS WANTED.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Quid levius calamo? Pulvis. Quid pulvere? Ventus.</p>
+      <p>Quid vento? Meretrix. Quid meretrice? Nihil."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"What is lighter than a feather?</p>
+      <p>Dust. The wind more light than either.</p>
+      <p>What is lighter than the wind?</p>
+      <p>Airy, fickle, womankind.</p>
+      <p>What than womankind is lighter?</p>
+      <p>Nothing, nothing&mdash;but the writer."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">X. Y.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The knights are dust,</p>
+      <p>Their good swords are rust,</p>
+      <p>Their souls are with the saint, we trust."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. M. O'Caoimh.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Circles are prized, not that abound</p>
+      <p>In greatness, but the exactly round.</p>
+      <p>Thus men are honoured, who excel,</p>
+      <p>Not in high state, but doing well."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">G. C. H.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Ill habits gather by unseen degrees,</p>
+      <p>As brooks to rivers, rivers run to seas."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">S.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The clanging trumpet sounds to arms,</p>
+      <p>And calls me forth to battle:</p>
+      <p>Our banners float 'midst war's alarms,</p>
+      <p>The signal cannons rattle."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">T. W.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Of whose omniscient and all-spreading love,</p>
+      <p>Aught to implore were impotence of mind."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">Q.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"He no longer shall dwell</p>
+      <p class="i1">Upon that dirty ball,</p>
+      <p>But to heaven shall come,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And make punch for us all."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Septuagenarian.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Sometimes, indeed, an acre's breadth half green,</p>
+      <p>And half strewed o'er with rubbish, may be seen.</p>
+      <p>When lo! a board, with quadrilateral grace,</p>
+      <p>Stands stiff in the phenomenon of space,</p>
+      <p>Proposing still the neighbourhood's increase,</p>
+      <p>By, 'Ground to let upon a building lease.'"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">H. W.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Then what remains, but well our parts to chuse,</p>
+      <p>And keep good humour whatsoe'er we lose."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="author">F. W. J.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Bachelors of every station,</p>
+      <p>Listen to my true relation."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Also a ballad describing the visit of a countryman and his wife to
+  Oxford. Both of Berkshire origin.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">L.</p>
+
+  <p>"A fellow feeling makes us wond'rous kind."</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. V.</p>
+
+  <p>"Sir John once said a good thing."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span title="Xanthos" class="grk">&Xi;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN.</h3>
+
+  <p>In your publication (Vol. iv., p. 319.), one of your correspondents
+  has given some interesting particulars relative to Sir Edmund Plowden,
+  New Albion, &amp;c., and expresses the hope that Americans will hereafter
+  do justice to the memory of one really deserving their respect. I am
+  desirous of doing something to vindicate his memory and claims; and to
+  this end should be greatly obliged if your correspondent would favour me
+  with some additional facts. To get at these, I will put some of them in
+  the interrogative form.</p>
+
+  <p>When and where was Sir Edmund born?</p>
+
+  <p>What is the evidence that he was in America from 1620 to 1630? If so,
+  where (in what localities), and what capacity?</p>
+
+  <p>He says that his sister married a son of Secretary Lake, <i>then</i>
+  in office; but Lake was turned out several years before 1630, and Lord
+  Baltimore took his place, I think. Nor was Wentworth made Earl of
+  Strafford till after the time of the petition.</p>
+
+  <p>He is said to have served five years in Ireland: in what capacity?</p>
+
+  <p>Who were Viscount Musherry, Lord Monson, Sir Thomas Denby, (Claiborne
+  I know of), Capt. Balls; besides Sir John Laurence, Sir Bowyer <!-- Page
+  302 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page302"></a>{302}</span>Worstley,
+  Barrett, &amp;c.? Where did these parties "die, in America," in 1634?</p>
+
+  <p>Is the <i>Latin</i> original of the character in existence? There is
+  an omission in the bounds given in the paper referred to: can I get an
+  extract from the original entry of limits?</p>
+
+  <p>Did the charter ever pass the <i>Great Seal</i>?</p>
+
+  <p>Would it be valid, if only passed under the private seal?</p>
+
+  <p>Can the date of the grant to Danby be ascertained?</p>
+
+  <p>Are there any memoranda of Plowden's six years' residence as Governor
+  of New Albion (I have some of his residence in Virginia)?</p>
+
+  <p>Can I get more definite facts about the misconduct of Francis?</p>
+
+  <p>The license for alienation, &amp;c. is stated to have been obtained
+  15th of Charles, 1646; but the 15th of Charles was 1640. When did he
+  arrive to attend to his property, and when was he imprisoned in the
+  Fleet?</p>
+
+  <p>Who was Beauchamp Plantagenet, the author of the tract on <i>New
+  Albion</i>, published in 1648?</p>
+
+  <p>Who were Robert Evelin, Captain Young, and Master Miles, mentioned in
+  that tract?</p>
+
+  <p>Can you give me any additional facts, <i>dates</i> especially, of
+  events and births, deaths, &amp;c.?</p>
+
+  <p>I know not into whose hands these Queries will come; but I can say
+  that, if they are answered, the cause of historic truth and justice will
+  be served; and I shall have the aid I want towards correcting the
+  misrepresentations and errors that have been accumulating for years on
+  this point.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">S. F. Streeter</span>, Sec. Md. Hist. Soc.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Baltimore Md., March 2, 1854.</p>
+
+  <p>P. S.&mdash;I should like to inquire, through your publication, if any
+  one can give me the family of Mr. Claiborne; and any facts in his history
+  not stated in our works?</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>ANCIENT CLOCK, AND ODEVAERE'S HISTORY OF IT.</h3>
+
+  <p>As a portion of the history of the magnificent clock, which came into
+  my possession last year, is connected with Holland, I think it probable
+  that I may, through the means of "N. &amp; Q." and the <i>Navorscher</i>,
+  be able to obtain the information respecting it which I desire. I shall
+  therefore be very much obliged if you will give this communication a
+  place.</p>
+
+  <p>It will be necessary to give a brief description of the clock, so as
+  to enable parties on the other side of the water to recognise and
+  identify it. The clock, which is of copper richly gilt, and elaborately
+  engraved, stands about four feet high, independent of the pedestal. It is
+  of architectural design, and is divided into three stories, having
+  detached columns at each corner. The two lower stories contain the dials
+  in the front. The upper story exhibits the groups of moving silver
+  figures, which strike the quarters, hours, and move in procession whilst
+  a tune is played by a chime of bells. The whole is surmounted by a dome,
+  on which is placed a silver cock, which flaps his wings and crows when
+  the clock strikes. It was made by Isaac Hahrecht (the artist who made the
+  great clock in the cathedral at Strasburg), according to the inscription
+  on it, in the year 1589: and is evidently a model of that celebrated work
+  condensed into a single tower, since it performs all the feats of that
+  clock. Its reputed history, as given in a printed account of it, is, that
+  it was made for Pope Sixtus V., and was for more than two hundred years
+  in the possession of the Court of Rome. It afterwards came into the
+  possession of William I., King of the Netherlands, who authorised
+  Odevaere the antiquary, now deceased, to investigate everything
+  concerning it, and to give a description of it. What I should wish to
+  know is, who was this Odevaere, and where is his description of it to be
+  found? With regard to the history of the clock, I should wish to know the
+  authority for the statement of its having been made for the Pope, when
+  and how it came to leave the Vatican; how it became the property of the
+  King of Holland; when and why it ceased to belong to the crown of
+  Holland; and under what circumstances it came over to this country, where
+  it was exhibited in 1850?</p>
+
+  <p>If any of the readers of "N. &amp; Q.," or the <i>Navorscher</i>, can
+  give me any information respecting it, I shall feel greatly obliged.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Octavius Morgan.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">9. Pall Mall.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Spielberg, when built?</i>&mdash;When and by whom was the prison of
+  Spielberg, in Moravia, built? Has it been used exclusively as a state
+  prison?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. J. S.</p>
+
+  <p><i>"Ded. Pavli."</i>&mdash;Can you give me any information respecting
+  a tract entitled&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ded. Pavli Antiquarius, Theologia, et contra Perciocas Thologo
+  Rvmætatis nostræ scholas Philippi Melanchthonis declamativncvla. Et
+  quædam alia lectv dignissima."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">F. Coleman.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">16. Great St. Helens.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantelboard: Mantell and
+  Brace.</i>&mdash;What is the origin of this word, and whence came the
+  thing? It must originally have had a use and a meaning, before it became
+  a haven of rest for hyacinth-glasses, china monsters, Bohemian glass
+  vases, and a thousand nick-nacks and odds and ends of drawing-room <!--
+  Page 303 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page303"></a>{303}</span>furniture, as it <i>now</i> is with us. It
+  had, no doubt, some real work to do before it became what we are pleased
+  to term <i>ornamental</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. D. Lamont.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Greenock.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Passage in Job.</i>&mdash;The <span class="sc">Rev. Moses
+  Margoliouth</span> will much oblige the writer, and some of his friends,
+  by giving in "N. &amp; Q." a literal translation of Job xix. 26. The
+  authorised version is:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh I
+  shall see God."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The marginal reference gives:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"After I shall awake, though this body be destroyed, yet out of my
+  flesh shall I see God."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Birmingham.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Provincial Glossaries.</i>&mdash;In an article in the 79th volume
+  of the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, on the provincialisms of the European
+  languages, the writer says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"There are some very copious early English vocabularies lying in
+  manuscript in the Cathedral libraries of Durham, Winchester, and
+  Canterbury; in the British Museum, King's College, and other
+  depositories, deserving collection."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Will any of your learned readers inform me of the dates of the MSS.
+  referred to, and by whom the collections were made? I would recommend
+  them to the notice of the Camden Society.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Fra. Mewburn.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster.</i>&mdash;What crest did
+  this family bear, and when did the family become extinct?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. B.</p>
+
+  <p><i>A marvellous Combat of Birds.</i>&mdash;In the <i>Ph&oelig;nix
+  Britannicus</i>, by J. Morgan, London, 4to., p. 250.<a
+  name="footnotetag2" href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, there is an
+  account of&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The wonderful battle of stares (or starlings), fought at Cork on
+  Saturday 12th, and Monday 14th, October, 1621."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>And this narration relates, that on the Sunday, October 13, the
+  intervening day, the starlings absented themselves to fight at Woolwich,
+  in Kent!!</p>
+
+  <p>Without vouching for the fact, or calling in question the prowess of
+  this "Irish Brigade," I leave it to be confirmed or refuted by any reader
+  of the "N. &amp; Q."&mdash;<i>comme bon lui semblera</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span title="S" class="grk">&Sigma;</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>P. S.&mdash;I would, <i>à propos</i> to the above subject, thank any
+  reader of your miscellany to point out to me a work by a M. Hanhart (I
+  believe is the name), which I think is upon <i>Les M&oelig;urs des
+  Fourmis indigènes</i>, in which are given some particulars of regular
+  conflicts between ants. I am not aware of the exact title of the book,
+  but I have seen an account of it in some Edinburgh periodical, if I am
+  not mistaken.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+  <p>At p. 252. of the same article is an account of the battle of the
+  gnats, noticed by <span class="sc">Mr. E.&nbsp;W. Jacob.</span>&mdash;<span
+  class="sc">Ed.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+  <p><i>Battle of the Gnats.</i>&mdash;In reading Stowe's <i>Chronicles of
+  England</i>, I hit upon the following passage recorded in the reign of
+  King Richard II., p. 509.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A fighting among gnats at the King's Maner of <i>Shine</i>, where
+  they were so thicke gathered, that the ayre was darkned with them: they
+  fought and made a great battaile. Two partes of them being slayne, fel
+  downe to the grounde; the thirde parte hauing got the victorie, flew
+  away, no man knew whither. The number of the deade was such that might be
+  swepte uppe with besomes, and bushels filled weyth them."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This is a curious incident, and I have never heard of anything of the
+  sort taking place in modern times. Would some of your readers who study
+  natural history be good enough to give me another instance? I am at
+  present inclined to think that the account is one of the many myths which
+  Stow doubtless believed.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Eustace W. Jacob.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Sandford of Thorpe Salvine, Co. York.</i>&mdash;Wanted, the arms
+  and crest of the Sandfords of Thorpe Salvine. Also any particulars of the
+  family, from the commencement of their residence at High Ashes, in the
+  parish of Ashton-under-Lyne, co. Lancashire, until the termination of
+  that residence. Were they of the same family with Sandford, Baron Mount
+  Sandford?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. B.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Outlines of the History of Theology</i>," 8vo., London, 1844, said
+  to be privately printed. Any information as to the author, &amp;c. will
+  oblige</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Martin.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Woburn Abbey.</p>
+
+  <p><i>"Mawkin."</i>&mdash;Is this word, which signifies here "a
+  scarecrow," merely a Norfolk pronunciation of <i>mocking</i>? i. e. an
+  imitation of a man&mdash;composed of coat, hat, &amp;c. hung upon a cross
+  bar of wood?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. L. S.</p>
+
+  <p><i>"Plain Dealer."</i>&mdash;Can any one of your readers inform me
+  where I can see a copy of Aaron Hill's <i>Plain Dealer</i>, as originally
+  published, and before it was collected and printed in two volumes?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">D.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Hymn attributed to Handel.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers give
+  information concerning a hymn which commences thus:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"We'll proclaim the wond'rous story</p>
+      <p class="i1">Of the mercies we receive,</p>
+      <p>From the day-spring's dawn in glory,</p>
+      <p class="i1">To the fading hour of eve."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>It has been attributed to Handel. On what authority?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. P. Storer.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Olney, Bucks.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 304 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page304"></a>{304}</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Degrees in Arts.</i>&mdash;In the diploma of Master of Arts which I
+  obtained from the University of Edinburgh, occur the words:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Cunctaque consecutum esse Privilegia, Immunitates, Jura, quæ hic aut
+  usquam alibi Bonarum Artium Magistris concedi solent."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>What are (or rather <i>were</i>, for I suppose they do not now exist)
+  these <i>privilegia</i>, <i>immunitates</i>, and <i>jura</i>?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Annandale.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>"Goloshes"&mdash;"Kutchin-kutchu."</i>&mdash;What is the origin of
+  <i>goloshes</i>, as the name of water-proof shoes? It is, of course, of
+  American derivation. But has it any connexion with the tribe of North
+  American Indians, the Goloshes? They are the immediate neighbours of
+  those tribes of Esquimaux who form water-proof boats and dresses from the
+  entrails of the seal; and a confusion of names may easily have
+  occurred.</p>
+
+  <p>The expedition of Sir John Richardson to the Arctic shores, which
+  suggests the above Query, also gives rise to another. Did any of your
+  readers ever amuse themselves, as children, by performing the dance known
+  as <i>kutchin kutchu</i>-ing; which consists in jumping about with the
+  legs bent in a sitting posture? If so, have they not been struck with a
+  philological mania, on seeing his picture of the Kutchin-Kutcha Indians
+  dancing; in which the principal performer is actually figuring in the
+  midst of the wild circle in the way described. Is not the nursery term
+  something more than a mere coincidence?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Seleucus.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Cornwalls of London.</i>&mdash;Perhaps some reader of "N. &amp; Q."
+  may be able to inform me what were the arms, crest, and motto of the
+  Cornwalls of London? One of the family, John Cornwall, was a Director of
+  the Bank of England in 1769.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">F. C.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Beverley.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Flasks for Wine-bottles.</i>&mdash;When, and under what
+  circumstances, did the common use of flasks in this country, for holding
+  wine, go out? Hogarth died in 1764, and in none of his pictures, I
+  believe, is the wine-bottle, in its present shape, to be seen. On the
+  other hand, I have never found any person able to remember the use of
+  flasks, or indeed any other than the wine-bottle in its present shape.
+  The change must have been rapidly effected between 1760 and 1790. Of
+  course I am aware that certain wines, Greek, I believe, are still
+  imported in flasks.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry T. Riley.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus, Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and
+  Tounu or Tonnu.</i>&mdash;Can any of your correspondents suggest the
+  meaning of these words, or either them? They are not in the recent Paris
+  edition of Ducange.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry T. Riley.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Postmaster at Merton College.</i>&mdash;Can you tell me whether
+  there is any known derivation for the term "Postmaster," as applied to
+  part of the members on the Foundation of Merton College, Oxford? Also,
+  What connexion there is between this word and the Latin for it, which is
+  seen on the college plate, in the words "In usum Portionistarum?"</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. G. T.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Ch. Ch.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[It seems probable that these postmasters formerly occupied one of the
+  postern gates of the college. Hence we find Anthony à Wood, in his Life,
+  August 1, 1635, says, "A fine of 30<i>li.</i> was set by the warden and
+  fellowes of Merton College. When his father renewed his lease of the old
+  stone-house, wherein his son A. Wood was borne (called antiently
+  Portionists' or Postmasters' Hall), for forty yeares," &amp;c. Again,
+  April 13, 1664: "A meeting of the warden and fellowes of Merton College,
+  where the renewing of the leases belonging to the family, concerning the
+  housing (Portionists' Hall and its appurtenances) against Merton College,
+  was by them proposed." Fuller, in his <i>Church Hist.</i>, book <span
+  class="scac">III</span>. cent. xiii. sect. 8., has given the origin of
+  postmasters. "There is," says he, "a by-foundation in Merton College, a
+  kind of college in the college, and this tradition goeth of their
+  original:&mdash;Anciently there was, over against Merton College, a small
+  unendowed hall, whose scholars had so run in arrears, that their opposite
+  neighbours, out of charity, took them into their college (then but nine
+  in number) to wait on the fellows. But since, they are freed from any
+  attendance, and endowed with plentiful maintenance.... Bishop Jewel was a
+  postmaster, before removed hence to be fellow of Corpus Christi." Consult
+  also Oxoniana, vol. ii. pp. 15-22. The <i>Portionistæ</i>, or
+  Postmasters, did not reside in the college till the latter end of the
+  reign of Queen Elizabeth, but in a hall opposite to it, which had been
+  provided for the use of the college by Peter de Habinton, or Habendon,
+  the first warden. It afterwards became the property of the father of
+  Anthony à Wood, and beneath its roof that distinguished antiquary was
+  born, December 17, 1632. The second brother of Anthony became one of the
+  postmasters of Merton College.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>"Lyra Apostolica."</i>&mdash;Can you inform me who were the writers
+  in the <i>Lyra Apostolica</i> who assumed the letters <span
+  class="grk">&alpha;</span>, <span class="grk">&beta;</span>, <span
+  class="grk">&gamma;</span>, <span class="grk">&delta;</span>, <span
+  class="grk">&epsilon;</span>, <span class="grk">&zeta;</span>?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tyro.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[We have heard the initials attributed to the following
+  writers:&mdash;<span class="grk">&alpha;</span>, Bowden; <span
+  class="grk">&beta;</span>, R.&nbsp;H. Froude; <span
+  class="grk">&gamma;</span>, John Keble; <span class="grk">&delta;</span>,
+  J.&nbsp;H. Newman; <span class="grk">&epsilon;</span>, Isaac Williams; <span
+  class="grk">&zeta;</span>, Wilberforce.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>East Dereham Manor.</i>&mdash;Is it true that "the manor of East
+  Dereham of the Queen" was wrested from the See of Ely by Queen
+  Elizabeth's celebrated threat of "unfrocking?"</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. Z. Z. S.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[The memorable unique epistle from the maiden Majesty of England only
+  deprived Dr. Cox, at that time, of his town-house and fair gardens,
+  called Ely <!-- Page 305 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page305"></a>{305}</span>Place, on Holborn Hill, reserving to
+  himself and his successors free access, through the gate-house, of
+  walking in the garden, and leave to gather twenty bushels of roses yearly
+  therein! During the life of Dr. Cox an attempt was made by Elizabeth on
+  some of the best manors belonging to the See of Ely; but it was not till
+  that of his successor, Dr. Martin Heton, that Dereham Grange, with other
+  manors, were alienated to the Crown. See Dugdale's <i>Monasticon</i>,
+  vol. i. p. 466.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Quakers executed in North America.</i>&mdash;Were there not several
+  Quakers hanged in North America on account of their religious opinions?
+  And can you inform me where an account of the circumstances attending
+  this persecution (if there ever was such an one) can be found?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Alfred Conder.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Three Quakers were executed at Boston in 1659, viz. William Robinson,
+  merchant of London; Marmaduke Stevenson of Yorkshire; and Mary Dyar. An
+  account of the cruelties inflicted upon them is given in Sewell's
+  <i>History of the Quakers</i>, edit. 1725, pp. 219-227.; also in a
+  pamphlet entitled <i>A Declaration of the sad and great Persecution and
+  Martyrdom of the People of God, called Quakers, in New England, for the
+  Worshipping of God</i>: London, printed for Robert Wilson, in
+  Martin's-le-Grand, 1661. It will be found among the King's Pamphlets in
+  the British Museum.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Inscription in Fulham Church.</i>&mdash;I should esteem it a favour
+  if any one of your numerous correspondents would furnish me with a
+  correct copy of the inscription to the memory of the son of Colonel Wm.
+  Carlos, who so nobly defended Charles II. at the battle of Worcester.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. B. Whitborne.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>["Here lieth William Carlos of Stafford, who departed this life, in
+  the twenty-fifth yeare of his age, the 19th day of May, 1668.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Tis not bare names that noble fathers give</p>
+      <p>To worthy sonnes: though dead, in them they live;</p>
+      <p>For in his progeny, 'tis Heaven's decree,</p>
+      <p>Man only can on earth immortall bee;</p>
+      <p>But Heaven gives soules w<sup>h</sup> grace doth sometymes bend</p>
+      <p>Early to God their rice and Soveraigne end.</p>
+      <p>Thus, whilst that earth, concern'd, did hope to see</p>
+      <p>Thy noble father living still in thee,</p>
+      <p>Careless of earth, to heaven thou didst aspire,</p>
+      <p>And we on earth, Carlos in thee desire."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms: an oak on a fesse, three regal crowns.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love."</i>&mdash;Was Sir John Bolle, of
+  Thorpe Hall, near Louth, the hero of the <i>Spanish Lady's Love</i>? The
+  Bolle pedigree is in Illingworth's <i>History of Scampton</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. Z. Z. S.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[According to Ormerod's <i>Cheshire</i>, vol. iii. p. 333., Sir Urian
+  Legh, of Adlington, disputes the fact of being the hero of that romantic
+  affair. "Sir Urian Legh was knighted by the Earl of Essex at the siege of
+  Cadiz, and during that expedition is traditionally said to have been
+  engaged in an adventure which gave rise to the well-known ballad of 'The
+  Spanish Lady's Love.' A fine original portrait of Sir Urian, in a Spanish
+  dress, is preserved at Bramall, which has been copied for the family at
+  Adlington." So that between these two chivalrous knights it is difficult
+  to decide which is the famed gallant. From the care exercised by Mr.
+  Illingworth in collecting all the anecdotes and notices of the Bolle
+  family, the presumptive evidence seems to favour his hero.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>"Bothy."</i>&mdash;In the March Number of <i>Blackwood's
+  Magazine</i>, 1854, the word "bothy" is frequently used in an article
+  called "News from the Farm." Will some one of your numerous
+  correspondents give me a little account of "the bothy system?"</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">F. M. Middleton.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[A bothy is a cottage or hut where labouring servants are lodged, and
+  is sometimes built of wood, as we read in the <i>Jacobite Relics</i>, ii.
+  189.:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Fare thee well, my native cot,</p>
+      <p class="i1"><i>Bothy</i> of the birken tree!</p>
+      <p>Sair the heart, and hard the lot,</p>
+      <p class="i1">O' the lad that parts wi' thee."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Bothies, or detached houses, in which the unmarried farm-servants
+  sleep and prepare their victuals, and of which there is a considerable
+  number in Perthshire, though convenient and beneficial in some respects,
+  have not, certainly, contributed to the formation of virtuous habits.
+  These servants are often migratory, removing frequently at the expiration
+  of the year, according as humour or caprice may dictate, and, like birds
+  of passage, taking their departure to other lands.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>"Children in the Wood."</i>&mdash;Was Weyland Wood in Norfolk the
+  scene of the "Children in the Wood?"</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. Z. Z. S.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[The following account of this tradition is given in <i>Beauties of
+  England and Wales</i>, vol. xi. p. 269., Norfolk:&mdash;"Near the town of
+  Watton is Weyland Wood, vulgarly called <i>Wailing</i> Wood, from a
+  tradition that two infants were basely murdered in it by their uncle; and
+  which furnished the story of a beautifully pathetic and well-known
+  ancient ballad, entitled "The Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk
+  Gentleman's Last Will and Testament," preserved in Percy's
+  <i>Reliques</i>.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Replies.</h2>
+
+<h3>BRYDONE THE TOURIST.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. ix., pp. 138. 255.)</p>
+
+  <p>In reply to H. R. <span class="scac">NÉE</span> F., I beg to state
+  that the writer of the remarks alluded to, on Brydone's <i>Tour in Sicily
+  and Malta</i>, was the Rev. Robert Finch, M.A., formerly of Balliol
+  College in this University, and who died about the year 1830. When I met
+  with Mr. Finch's honest and somewhat blunt expression of opinion,
+  recorded in a <!-- Page 306 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page306"></a>{306}</span>copy which once belonged to him, of
+  Brydone's <i>Tour</i>, I was quite ignorant of the hostile criticisms
+  that had appeared at different times on that once popular work; but
+  knowing Mr. Finch's high character for scholarship, and a knowledge of
+  Italy, I thought his remark worth sending to a publication intended, like
+  "N. &amp; Q.," as "A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men,
+  Antiquaries," &amp;c., who are well able to examine a Note of the kind;
+  and either to accept it as valid, or to reject it as untenable. On
+  referring now to some standard works, in order to discover the opinions
+  of learned men respecting Mr. Brydone's <i>Tour</i>, the first work I
+  looked into was the <i>Biographie Universelle</i> (in eighty-three
+  volumes, and not yet completed, Paris, 1811-1853), in vol. lix. of which
+  the following observations occur, under the name of <span
+  class="sc">Brydone</span> (Patrice):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"On lui a reproché d'avoir sacrifié la vérité au plaisir de raconter
+  des choses piquantes. On l'avait accusé aussi d'avoir, par son
+  indiscretion, suscité à l'Abbé Recupero, Chanoine de Catane, une
+  persécution de la part de son évêque. Cette indiscretion n'eut pas
+  heureusement un résultat aussi facheux; mais ses erreurs sur plusieurs
+  points sont évidentes; il donne 4000 toises de hauteur à l'Etna qui n'en
+  a que 1662; il commet d'autres fautes qui ont été relevées par les
+  voyageurs venus après lui. Bartels (<i>Briefe über Kalabrien und
+  Sicilien</i>, 2te Auflage, 3 Bd., 8vo., Götting. 1791-92) est même
+  persuadé que le voyage au sommet de l'Etna, chef-d'&oelig;uvre de
+  narration, n'est qu'un roman, et cet avis est partagé par d'autres."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Göthe says (<i>Werke</i>, Band xxviii. pp. 189, 190.: Stuttgart, 1830)
+  that when he inquired at Catania respecting the best method of ascending
+  Mount Etna, Chevalier Gioeni, the professor of natural history there,
+  gave him the following advice and information:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Als wir den Ritter um die Mittel befragten wie man sich benehmen
+  müsse um den Aetna zu besteigen, wollte er von einer Wagniss nach dem
+  Gipfel, besonders in der gegenwärtigen Jahreszeit gar nichts hören.
+  Ueberhaupt, sagte er, nachdem er uns um Verzeihung gebeten, die hier
+  ankommenden Fremden sehen die Sache für allzuleicht an; wir andern
+  Nachbarn des Berges sind schon zufrieden, wenn wir ein paarmal in unserm
+  Leben die beste Gelegenheit abgepasst und den Gipfel erreicht haben.
+  Brydone, der zuerst durch seine Beschreibung die Lust nach diesem
+  Feuergipfel entzündet, ist gar nicht hinauf gekommen."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>From these quotations it is evident, that Mr. Finch was not singular
+  in the belief he entertained; and certainly the scepticism of men so
+  eminent as Professor Gioeni, Dr. Barthels, and Messrs. Eyriès and Parisot
+  (the French writers whose names are attached to the Memoir in the
+  <i>Biog. Univ.</i>), must be grounded on reasons deserving of attention.
+  An ordinary reader of Brydone would accept the account of his ascent with
+  implicit confidence; but when veteran professors, scientific men, and
+  experienced travellers and scholars refuse to believe that he reached the
+  summit of Etna, the most probable mode of accounting for their
+  incredulity is, perhaps to suppose, that in their opinion he had mistaken
+  some other part of the mountain for the real summit. Not having met with
+  any detail of their reasons for disbelief, I am only able to state their
+  bare assertion. In my opinion, the beautifully glowing and poetical
+  description of the magic scene beheld by Brydone from the
+  mountain&mdash;a description, the perusal of which, in youth, remains for
+  ever after imprinted on the memory, like a passage from Addison or
+  Gibbon, could only have been written by an actual spectator.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Macray.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Oxford.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>"THE RED COW"&mdash;CROMWELL'S CARRIAGES, ETC.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. ix., p. 87.)</p>
+
+  <p>I have known "The Red Cow," at the top of Granham Hill, near
+  Marlborough, for fifty years, but do not recollect ever to have heard of
+  any particular origin for the sign.</p>
+
+  <p>The old carriages at Manton were built about a century and a half ago,
+  perhaps not so much, for one of the Baskerville family, on the occasion
+  of his being sheriff of the county to which he belonged, probably Wilts
+  or Hereford. There are two of them: one a square coach, and the other a
+  very high phaeton. The Baskerville arms&mdash;Ar. a chevron gu. between
+  three hurts, impaling, quarterly, one and four, or, a cross moline az,
+  two and three, gu. a chevron ar. between three mallets or&mdash;are
+  painted on the panels. As I have no ordinary of arms at hand, I cannot
+  ascribe this impalement; but will trust to some more learned herald among
+  your correspondents to determine who the lady was? When her name, perhaps
+  Moleyns or Molyneaux, is ascertained, reference to a Baskerville pedigree
+  would probably determine the husband, and the precise date of the
+  carriages, which could not have belonged to the Protector.</p>
+
+  <p>O. Cromwell's arms were, Sable, a lion rampant ar. There were also two
+  families styled Williams <i>alias</i> Cromwell: one of which bore, Gu.
+  three cheverons ar. between as many lions rampant or; the other, Sa. a
+  lion rampant ar., the same as Oliver's coat, and probably derived by him
+  from the Williams family.</p>
+
+  <p>I have wandered from "The Red Cow," but I will not omit to hazard an
+  idea for the consideration of <span class="sc">Glywysydd</span>.
+  Marlborough has changed its armorial bearings several times; but the
+  present coat, containing a white bull, was granted by Harvey, Clarenceux
+  in <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1565. Cromwell was attached to
+  Cowbridge and its cow by family <!-- Page 307 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page307"></a>{307}</span>descent; so he was to Marlborough by
+  congeniality of sentiment with the burghers. Query, Whether, in affection
+  to the latter, he granted to the town a new coat, some such as the
+  following: Gules, a bull passant argent, armed or, impaling a cow passant
+  regardant gules: and so might originate "The Red Cow" upon Granham Hill.
+  History is entirely silent upon this point; but if such a combination
+  were ever given to Marlborough, it is quite certain that Harvey's grant
+  was resumed at the Restoration. I have quite forgotten to remark, that
+  there is a suburb at Marlborough called Cowbridge&mdash;a fact which
+  seems to strengthen my hypothesis.</p>
+
+  <p>A cow may be borne by some name, but at present I only recollect that
+  of Vach: to which is accorded, Ar. three cows' heads erased sable. Bulls
+  and oxen occur frequently; as in Fitz-Geffrey, Cowley, Bull, Oxley,
+  Oxcliffe, Oxendon, &amp;c. Bulls' heads belong to the families of
+  Bullock, Hillesdon, Fleming, Barbor, Frend, Gornay, Bullman, and
+  Williams, a baronet, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Patonce.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>FOX-HUNTING.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 172.)</p>
+
+  <p>As no answer to the Query on "Fox-hunting" has yet appeared in "N.
+  &amp; Q.," I venture to send the following extracts from an article in
+  the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, March 1832, on "The Management of Hounds and
+  Horses," by Nimrod. It appears that "the first public notice of
+  fox-hunting" occurs in the reign of Richard II., who gave permission to
+  the Abbot of Peterborough to hunt the fox:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In Twice's <i>Treatise on the Craft of Hunting</i>, Reynard is thus
+  classed:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'And for to sette young hunterys in the way</p>
+      <p class="i1">To venery, I cast me fyrst to go;</p>
+      <p>Of which four bestes be, that is to say,</p>
+      <p class="i1">The Hare, the Herte, the Wulf, and the wild Boar:</p>
+      <p>But there ben other bestes, five of the chase,</p>
+      <p class="i1">The Buck the first, the seconde is the Do;</p>
+      <p>The <i>Fox</i> the third, which hath hard grace,</p>
+      <p class="i1">The ferthe the Martyn, and the last the Roe.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"It is indeed quite apparent, that until at most a hundred and fifty
+  years ago, the fox was considered as an inferior animal of the chase; the
+  stag, buck, and even hare, ranking before him. Previously to that period,
+  he was generally taken in nets or hays, set on the outside of his earth:
+  when he <i>was</i> hunted, it was among rocks and crags, or woods
+  inaccessible to horseman: such a scene in short, or nearly so, as we have
+  drawn to the life in Dandie Dinmont's primitive <i>chasse</i> in <i>Guy
+  Mannering</i>. It is difficult to determine when the first regularly
+  appointed pack of hounds appeared among us. Dan Chaucer gives the thing
+  in <i>embryo</i>:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Aha, the fox! and after him they ran;</p>
+      <p>And eke with staves many another man.</p>
+      <p>Ran Coll our dogge, and Talbot, and Gerlond,</p>
+      <p>And Malkin with her distaff in her hond.</p>
+      <p>Ran cow and calf, and eke the very hogges,</p>
+      <p>So fered were for the barking of the dogges,</p>
+      <p>And shouting of the men and women eke,</p>
+      <p>They ronnen so, hem thought her hertes brake.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"At the next stage, no doubt, neighbouring farmers kept one or two
+  hounds each; and, on stated days, met for the purpose of destroying a fox
+  that had been doing damage to their poultry yards. By and bye, a few
+  couple of strong hounds seem to have been kept by the small country
+  esquires or yeomen who could afford the expense, and they joined packs.
+  Such were called <i>trencher</i> hounds, implying that they ran loose
+  about the house, and were not confined in kennel."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>These are but short extracts, but they comprise the whole of what is
+  said on the first origin of fox-hunting. The rest of the article treats
+  of the quality and breed of horses and hounds.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Frederick M. Middleton.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>WEATHER RULES.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., pp. 50. 535.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>St. Vincent's Day, Jan. 22.</i>&mdash;In Brand's <i>Popular
+  Antiquities</i>, Bohn's edition, vol. i. p. 38., is to be found the
+  following notice of this day:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Mr. Douce's manuscript notes say: 'Vincenti festo si Sol radiet,
+  memor esto;' thus Englished by Abraham Fleming:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Remember on St Vincent's Day,</p>
+      <p>If that the Sun his beams display.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"[Dr. Foster is at a loss to account for the origin of this command,
+  &amp;c.]"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>It is probable that the concluding part of the precept has been lost;
+  but a curious old manuscript, which fell into my hands some years since,
+  seems to supply the deficiency. The manuscript in question is a sort of
+  household book, kept by a family of small landed proprietors in the
+  island of Guernsey between the years 1505 and 1569. It contains
+  memoranda, copies of wills, settlements of accounts, recipes, scraps of
+  songs and parts of hymns and prayers; some Romanist, some Anglican, some
+  of the Reformed Church in France. Among the scraps of poetry I find the
+  following rhymes on St. Vincent's Day; the first three lines of which are
+  evidently a translation of the Latin verse above quoted, the last
+  containing the to be remembered:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Prens garde au jour St. Vincent,</p>
+      <p>Car sy ce jour tu vois et sent</p>
+      <p>Que le soleil soiet cler et biau,</p>
+      <p>Nous érons du vin plus que d'eau."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>These lines follow immediately after the rhymed prognostications to be
+  drawn from the state of the weather on St. Paul's Day, Jan. 28. As these
+  <!-- Page 308 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page308"></a>{308}</span>verses differ from those quoted in Brand,
+  from an <i>Almanack</i> printed at Basle in 1672, I here give the
+  Guernsey copy:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Je te donneray ugne doctryne</p>
+      <p>Qui te vauldra d'or ugne myne;</p>
+      <p>Et sordement sur moy te fonde,</p>
+      <p>Car je dure autant que ce monde:</p>
+      <p>Et sy te veulx byen advertir</p>
+      <p>Et que je ne veulx point mentir.</p>
+      <p>De mortaylle guerre ou chertey,</p>
+      <p>[A line appears to be lost here]</p>
+      <p>Si le jour St. Paul le convers</p>
+      <p>Se trouve byaucob descouvert,</p>
+      <p>L'on aura pour celle sayson</p>
+      <p>Du bled et du foyn à foyson;</p>
+      <p>Et sy se jour fait vant sur terre,</p>
+      <p>Ce nous synyfye guerre;</p>
+      <p>S'yl pleut ou nège sans fallir</p>
+      <p>Le chier tans nous doet asalir;</p>
+      <p>Si de nyelle faict, brunes ou brouillars,</p>
+      <p>Selon le dyt de nos vyellars,</p>
+      <p>Mortalitey nous est ouverte."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Another line appears to be omitted here; then follow immediately the
+  lines on St. Vincent's Day.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edgar MacCulloch.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Guernsey.</p>
+
+  <p>The following is copied from an old manuscript collection of
+  curiosities in my possession. I should be glad to know the author's name,
+  and that of the book<a name="footnotetag3"
+  href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> from which it is taken:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+<p class="cenhead">"<i>Observations on Remarkable Days, to know how the
+whole Year will succeed in Weather, Plenty, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"If it be lowering or wet on Childermas or Innocence Day, it threatens
+  scarcity and mortality among the weaker sort of young people; but if the
+  day be very fair, it promiseth plenty.</p>
+
+  <p>"If New Year's Day, in the morning, open with dusky red clouds, it
+  denotes strifes and debates among great ones, and many robberies to
+  happen that year.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is remarkable on Shrove Tuesday, that as the sun shine little or
+  much on that day, or as other weather happens, so shall every day
+  participate more or less of such weather till the end of Lent.</p>
+
+  <p>"If the sun shines clear on Palm Sunday, or Easter Day, or either of
+  them, there will be great store of fair weather, plenty of corn, and
+  other fruits of the earth.</p>
+
+  <p>"If it rains on Ascension Day, though never so little, it foretells a
+  scarcity to ensue that year, and sickness particularly among cattle; but
+  if it be fair and pleasant, then to the contrary, and pleasant weather
+  mostly till Michaelmas.</p>
+
+  <p>"If it happen to rain on Whitsunday, much thunder and lightning will
+  follow, blasts, mildews, &amp;c. But if it be fair, great plenty of
+  corn.</p>
+
+  <p>"If Midsummer Day be never so little rainy, the hazel and walnut will
+  be scarce, corn smitten in many places; but apples, pear and plums will
+  not be hurt.</p>
+
+  <p>"If on St. Swithin's Day it proves fair, a temperate winter will
+  follow; but if rainy, stormy, or windy, then the contrary.</p>
+
+  <p>"If St. Bartholomew Day be misty, the morning beginning with a hoar
+  frost, then cold weather will soon ensue, and a sharp winter attended
+  with many biting frosts.</p>
+
+  <p>"If Michaelmas Day be fair, the sun will shine much in the winter;
+  though the wind at north-east will frequently reign long, and be very
+  sharp, and nipping."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ruby.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+  <p><i>The Shepherd's Kalendar</i>, by Thomas Passenger. See "N. &amp; Q."
+  Vol. viii., p. 50., where many of his observations are
+  quoted.&mdash;<span class="sc">Ed.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>BINGHAM'S ANTIQUITIES.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. ix., p. 197.)</p>
+
+  <p>I beg to send to your correspondent <span class="sc">Mr. Richard
+  Bingham</span> the following replies to his seven Queries.</p>
+
+  <p>1. If there be any use in verifying so slight a verbal reference to
+  Panormitan, one of whose huge folios, Venet. 1473, I have examined in
+  vain, perhaps the object might be attained by the assistance of such a
+  book as Thomassin's <i>Vetus et Nova Ecclesiæ Disciplina</i>, in the
+  chapter "De Episcopis Titularibus," tom. i.</p>
+
+  <p>2. Bishop Bale's description of the monks of Bangor is to be found in
+  his <i>Scriptor. Britann. Catal.</i> Compare Richard Broughton's <i>True
+  Memorial of the ancient State of Great Britain</i>, pp. 39. 40, ed. an.
+  1650.</p>
+
+  <p>3. I should think in his <i>Colloquies</i>, and most probably in the
+  <i>Peregrinatio Religionis ergo</i>. Erasmus, in his <i>Modus orandi
+  Deum</i>, also observes that "quidam in concionibus implorant opem
+  Virginis," and condemns the "vestigia veteris Paganismi." (sigg. <i>u</i>
+  and <i>s</i> 2, Basil, 1551.)</p>
+
+  <p>4. Respecting the existence of what is called the Epistle of St.
+  Athanasius to Eustathius, Cardinal Bona was right and Bingham in error.
+  Vide St. Athan., <i>Opp.</i> ii. 560, ed. Bened.</p>
+
+  <p>5. Bingham was seriously astray in consequence of his misunderstanding
+  Bona, who does not by any means refer to Pamelius, but to the anonymous
+  author of the <i>Antiquitatum Liturgicarum Syntagma</i>, who is believed
+  to have been Florentius Vanderhaer. If Pamelius is to be introduced at
+  all, the reference in Bingham should be, not to "tom. iii. p. 307.," but
+  to i. 328-30. I would remark too that, in the heading of one of the
+  extracts subjoined, "ex Vita Ambrosiana," should be "ex Ritu
+  Ambrosiano."</p>
+
+  <p>6. Joannes Semeca did not flourish <span class="scac">A.D.</span>
+  1250, but died in 1243. Suicer wrongly refers to "Dist. IV. cap. iv.,"
+  and Harding, more inaccurately, to "Dist. IV. <i>can.</i> iv." (Bp.
+  Jewel's <i>Works</i>, <!-- Page 309 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page309"></a>{309}</span>ed. Jelf, i. 419.) Cap. xxviii. is the one
+  intended, and there is no corruption whatsoever.</p>
+
+  <p>7. Joseph Bingham was only closely following Barrow. The first edition
+  of De la Bigne's <i>Bibliotheca Patrum</i>, tom. i., also has the
+  evidently senseless reading, "ista quidam <i>ego</i>," instead of
+  "<i>nego</i>," about which see Comber's <i>Roman Forgeries</i>, ii. 187.
+  For MSS. of the Epistles of Pope Symmachus, your correspondent may
+  consult the Carmelite Lud. Jacob à S. Carolo's <i>Bibliotheca
+  Pontifica</i>, p. 216.; or, much more successfully, De Montfaucon's
+  <i>Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum Manuscriptorum</i>, Paris, 1739.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">R. G.</p>
+
+  <p>Should <span class="sc">Mr. Richard Bingham</span> not yet have
+  verified the reference to Erasmus, I beg to furnish him with the means of
+  doing so but I am tolerably certain that I recollect having met with
+  another place in which this admirable writer more fully censures those
+  preachers of his Church who, at the commencement of their sermons, called
+  upon the Virgin Mary for assistance, in a manner somewhat similar to that
+  in which heathen poets used to invoke the Muses. The following passage,
+  however, may be quite sufficient for your correspondent's purpose:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Sed si est fons gratiæ, quid opus est illi dicere Ora pro nobis? Non
+  est probabile eam consuetudinem à gravibus viris inductam, sed ab inepto
+  quopiam, qui, quòd didicerat apud Poëtas propositioni succedere
+  invocationem, pro Musa supposuit Mariam."&mdash;Des. Erasmi Roterod.
+  <i>Apologia adversus Rhapsodias calumniosarum querimoniarum Alberti Pii,
+  quondam Carporum Principis</i>, p. 168. Basil. in off. Froben. 1531.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">R. G.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>ANCIENT TENURE OF LANDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. ix., p. 173.)</p>
+
+  <p>About the close of the tenth century (and perhaps much earlier) there
+  began to arise two distinct modes of holding or possessing land: the one
+  a <i>feud</i>, <i>i.e.</i> a stipendiary estate; the other
+  <i>allodium</i>, the phrase applied to that species of property which had
+  become vested by allotment in the conquerors of the country. The
+  stipendiary held of a superior; the allodialist of no one, but enjoyed
+  his land as free and independent property. The interest of the
+  stipendiary did not originally extend beyond his own life, but in course
+  of time it acquired an hereditary character which led to the practice of
+  subinfeudation; for the stipendiary or feudatory, considering himself as
+  substantially the owner, began to imitate the example of his lord by
+  carving out portions of the feud to be held of himself by some other
+  person, on the terms and conditions similar to those of the original
+  grant. Here B. must be looked upon as only vassal to A., his superior or
+  lord; and although feuds did not originally extend beyond the life of the
+  first vassal, yet in process of time they were extended to his heirs, so
+  that when the feudatory died, his male descendants were admitted to the
+  succession, and in default of them, then such of his male collateral
+  kindred as were of the blood of the first feudatory, but no others;
+  therefore, in default of these, it would consequently revert to A., who
+  had a reversionary interest in the feud capable of taking effect as soon
+  as B.'s interest should determine. If the subinfeudatory lord alienated,
+  it would operate as a forfeiture to the person in immediate
+  reversion.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. T. T.</p>
+
+  <p>As a very brief reply to the queries of J.&nbsp;B., permit me to make the
+  following observations.</p>
+
+  <p>The Queen is lady paramount of all the lands in England; every estate
+  in land being holden, immediately or mediately, of the crown. This
+  doctrine was settled shortly after the Norman Conquest, and is still an
+  axiom of law.</p>
+
+  <p>Until the statute <i>Quia Emptores</i>, 18 Edw. I., a tenant in fee
+  simple might grant lands to be holden by the grantee and his heirs <i>of
+  the grantor and his heirs</i>, subject to feudal services and to escheat;
+  and by such subinfeudation manors were created.</p>
+
+  <p>The above-named statute forbade the future subinfeudation of lands,
+  and consequently hindered the further creation of manors. Since the
+  statute a seller of the fee can but transfer his tenure. There are
+  instances in which one manor is holden of another, both having been
+  created before the statute.</p>
+
+  <p>In the instance mentioned by J.&nbsp;B. it is presumed that the hamlet
+  escheated to the heirs of A. on failure of the heirs of B. (See the
+  statute <i>De Donis Conditionalibus</i>, 13 Edw. I.)</p>
+
+  <p>It is not, and never was, necessary, or even possible, that the lord
+  of a manor should be the owner of all the lands therein; on the contrary,
+  if he were, there would be no manor; for a manor cannot subsist without a
+  court baron, and there can be no such court unless there are
+  <i>freehold</i> tenants (at least two in number) holding of the lord. The
+  land retained by the lord consists of his own demesne and the wastes,
+  which last comprise the highways and commons. If the lord should alienate
+  all the lands, but retain his lordship, the latter becomes a <i>seignory
+  in gross</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Such was and is the tenure of lands in England, so far as concerns the
+  queries of J.&nbsp;B. He will find the subject lucidly explained at great
+  length in the second volume of Blackstone's <i>Commentaries</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">I. Ctus.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Lincoln's Inn.</p>
+
+  <p>I think that J.&nbsp;B. will find in Blackstone, or any elementary book on
+  the law of real property, all the information which he requires. The case
+  which he puts was, I suppose, the common case <!-- Page 310 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page310"></a>{310}</span>of subinfeudation
+  before the statute of <i>Quia Emptores</i>, 18 Edw. I. A., the feoffor,
+  reserved to himself no estate or reversion in the land, but the seignory
+  only, with the rent and services, by virtue of which he might again
+  become entitled to the land by escheat, as for want of heirs of the
+  feoffee, or by forfeiture, as for felony. If the feoffment were in tail,
+  the land would then, as now, revert on failure of issue, unless the
+  entail had been previously barred. The right of alienation was gradually
+  acquired; the above statute of <i>Quia Emptores</i> was the most
+  important enactment in that behalf. With this exception, and the right to
+  devise and to bar entails, the lords of manors have the same interest in
+  the land held by freeholders of the manor that they had in times of
+  subinfeudation. (Blackstone's <i>Comm.</i>, vol. ii. ch. 287., may be
+  carefully consulted.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. P.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Lincoln's Inn.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Spots on Collodion Pictures, &amp;c.</i>&mdash;The principal
+  difficulty I experience in the collodion process is occasioned by the
+  appearance of numberless very minute spots or points over the whole
+  extent of the picture. These occurring on the whites of my pictures
+  (positives) give them a rough, rubbed, appearance and want of
+  <i>density</i>, which I should feel obliged if any of your correspondents
+  can teach me how to overcome.</p>
+
+  <p>One of your photographic querists inquires the remedy for his calotype
+  negatives darkening all over before the minor details are brought out. I
+  had for a long time been troubled in the same way, but by diminishing the
+  aperture of my three-inch lens to half an inch, and reducing the strength
+  of my sensitising solution to that given by <span class="sc">Dr.
+  Diamond</span>, and, in addition, by developing with gallic acid alone
+  until the picture became tolerably distinct in all its parts, and then
+  applying the gallo-nitrate, I have quite succeeded in obtaining
+  first-rate negatives. It is well to prepare only a small quantity of
+  aceto-nitrate at once, as the acetic acid is of a sufficiently volatile
+  nature to escape from the solution, which is a not unfrequent cause of
+  the general darkening of the picture. It would be well to substitute a
+  more fixed acid for the acetic if this be practicable, as it is in the
+  collodion process, where tartaric is recommended.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. C. Cowley.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Devizes, Wilts.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Double Iodide Solution.</i>&mdash;The great difference in the
+  quantity of iodide of potassium ordered by different persons, to dissolve
+  a given weight of iodide of silver in a given volume of water, has
+  induced me to make some experiments on the subject. I find that using
+  pure nitrate of silver, and perfectly pure iodide of potassium (part of a
+  parcel for which Mr. Arnold, who manufactures iodine on a large scale in
+  this island, got a medal at the Exhibition of 1851), the quantity of
+  iodide of potassium required varies, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, to the
+  extent of 15 per cent., with the quantity of water added to the iodide of
+  silver before adding the iodide of potassium; the minimum required being
+  when the two salts act on each other in as dry a form as possible. Take
+  the precipitate of iodide of silver, got by decomposing 100 grains of
+  nitrate of silver with 97.66 grains of iodide of potassium; drain off the
+  last water completely, so that the precipitate occupies not more than
+  five or six drachms by measure; throw on it 640 grains of iodide of
+  potassium; rapid solution ensues; when perfectly clear, add water up to
+  four ounces: the solution remains unclouded. But if two or three ounces
+  of water had been first poured on the iodide of silver, 680 grains, as I
+  stated in my former paper, would have been required, and perhaps 734. The
+  <i>rationale</i> is, I suppose, that in a concentrated form the salts act
+  on each other with greater energy, and a smaller quantity of the solvent
+  is required than if it is diluted. Many analogous cases occur in
+  chemistry. I hope this little experiment will be useful to others, as a
+  saving of 15 per cent. on the iodide of potassium is gained. As a large
+  body of precipitated iodide of silver can be more completely drained than
+  a smaller quantity, in practice it will be found that small precipitates
+  require a few grains more than I have stated: thus, throw on the
+  precipitate of iodide of silver (got from 150 grains of nitrate), drained
+  dry, 960 grains of iodide of potassium; solution rapidly ensues, which,
+  being made up to six ounces, the whole remains perfectly clear; whereas
+  the iodide of silver thrown down from 50 grains of nitrate, similarly
+  treated with 320 grains of iodide of potassium, and made up to two ounces
+  (the proportional quantities), will probably require 10 or 15 grains more
+  of iodide to effect perfect solution, the reason being that it contained
+  a greater quantity of water <i>pro ratâ</i> than the first.</p>
+
+  <p>The following table, showing the exact quantities of iodide of
+  potassium required to decompose 50, 100, and 150 grains of nitrate of
+  silver, the resulting weight of iodide of silver, and the weight of
+  iodide of potassium to make a clear solution up to 2, 4, and 6 ounces,
+  will often be found useful:</p>
+
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Proportions for the Double Iodide Solution" title="Proportions for the Double Iodide Solution">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p><i>Grs.</i></p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p><i>Grs.</i></p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p><i>Grs.</i></p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Nitrate of silver</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>&nbsp; 50</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>100</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>150</p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Iodide of potassium</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>&nbsp; 48.83</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>&nbsp; 97.66</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>146.49</p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Iodide of silver</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>&nbsp; 68.82</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>137.64</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>206.46</p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Iodide of potassium</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>320</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>640</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>960</p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Water up to</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>2 oz.</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>4 oz.</p>
+
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>6 oz.</p>
+
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. L. Mansell, A.B., M.D.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Guernsey.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Mounting Photographs</i> (Vol. ix., p. 282.).&mdash;J. L. S. will
+  find the "Indian-rubber glue," which is sold in tin cases, the simplest
+  and cleanest substance for mounting positives; it also possesses the
+  advantage of being free from the attacks of insects.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Seleucus.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Books on Bells</i> (Vol. ix., p. 240.).&mdash;Add to <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Ellacombe's</span> curious list of books on bells the
+  following:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Duo Vota consultiva, unum de Campanis, alterum de C&oelig;meteriis.
+  In quibus de utriusque antiquitate, <!-- Page 311 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page311"></a>{311}</span>consecratione, usu et
+  effectibus plenè agitur, pluraque scitu dignissima ad propositi casus,
+  aliorumque in praxi, hac de re occurrentium decisionem, non injucunde
+  adducuntur. Auctore D. Augustino Barbosa, Protonotario Apostolico,
+  Eminentissimorum DD. Cardinalium Sacræ Congregationis Indicis Consultore,
+  Abbate de Mentrestido, ac insignis Ecclesiæ Vimarensis Thesaurario
+  majore." [4to., no place nor date.]</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I have here given the full title of a pamphlet of 112 pages, exclusive
+  of title, which I purchased about twenty years since of Rodd, the
+  honourable and intelligent bookseller of Great Newport Street. It came
+  from the library of Professor J.&nbsp;F. Vandevelde of Louvaine. Some former
+  possessor has written before the title, "Quamvis tantum libellus tamen
+  rarissimus," and it is, perhaps, the only copy in this country. It is not
+  in the Bodleian catalogue, nor was it in Mr. Douce's library.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">P. B.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George</i> (Vol. ix., p.
+  105).&mdash;A.&nbsp;S. inquires about a medal supposed to have been struck in
+  honour of Prince James (Chevalier St. George); but his account of it is
+  so vague, that I am unable to answer his question. If he will describe
+  the medal, or state the grounds upon which he supposes such a medal to
+  have existed, I will endeavour to solve his doubts.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dean Swift's Suspension</i> (Vol. ix., p. 244).&mdash;I am
+  surprised that <span class="sc">Abhba</span> should express a belief that
+  the circumstances of Swift's college punishment have not been noticed by
+  <i>any of his biographers</i>, when every syllable of his communication
+  is detailed (with original documentary proofs) in Dr. Barrett's <i>Early
+  Life of Swift</i>, and is in substance repeated in Sir Walter Scott's
+  <i>Life</i>, prefixed to Swift's works.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Vanitatem observare</i>" (Vol. ix., p. 247).&mdash;I am sorry to
+  have given your correspondent F.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;H. a wrong reference, and I am not
+  <i>quite</i> sure about the right one; but I think it is to a Latin
+  translation of the Council of Laodicea, <span class="scac">A.D.</span>
+  366, c. 36.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">R. H. G.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Ballina Castle, Mayo</i> (Vol. viii., p. 411.).&mdash;I have no
+  idea to what place O.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;G. can allude as Ballina Castle; there is no
+  place, ancient or modern, about that town, that has that name; and the
+  only place with the title of castle in the neighborhood, is a gentleman's
+  modern residence of no great pretensions either as to size or beauty. He
+  perhaps alludes to Belleck Abbey, which is a fine building; but,
+  notwithstanding its title, is of still more modern date than the
+  so-called castle. I am not aware of any recent historical or descriptive
+  work on the county generally. Cæsar Otway, Maxwell, and the <i>Saxon in
+  Ireland</i>, have confined their descriptions to the "Wild West;" and the
+  crowd of tourists appear to follow in their track, leaving the far finer
+  central and eastern districts untouched. The first-named tourist appears
+  to have projected another work on the county, but never published it.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Dorset</i> (Vol. ix., p. 247.).&mdash;<span class="sc">Nares</span>
+  gives various spellings, as <i>douset</i>, <i>dowset</i>, <i>doulcet</i>,
+  but in all equally derived from <i>dulcet</i>, "sweet;" and Halliwell has
+  "doucet drinkes;" so that the great Manchester philosopher had probably
+  been indulging in a too copious libation of some sweet wine, which he
+  styles "foolish Dorset."</p>
+
+  <p class="author">F. R. R.</p>
+
+  <p>Dorchester beer had acquired a very great name, and was sent about
+  England. Out of the shire it was called "Dorset Beer," or "Dorset." That
+  town has lost its fame for brewing beer.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">G. R. L.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Judicial Rank hereditary</i> (Vol. viii., p. 384.).&mdash;Such a
+  list as your correspondent gives is not easily paralleled, it is true, in
+  the judicial annals of England or Ireland; but in Scotland he might have
+  found cases in considerable number to equal or surpass those which he
+  mentions: for instance, in the family of Dundas of Arniston, respecting
+  which I find the following note in the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, vol.
+  lvii. p. 462.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The series is so remarkable, that we subjoin the details:&mdash;Sir
+  James Dundas, judge of the Court of Session, 1662; Robert Dundas, son of
+  Sir James, judge of the Court of Session from 1689 to 1727; Robert
+  Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord
+  Advocate, M.P. for the county of Edinburgh, judge of the Court of Session
+  1737, Lord President 1748, died in 1753 (father of Henry, Viscount
+  Melville); Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General
+  and Lord Advocate, and member for the county, Lord President from 1760 to
+  1787; Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and
+  Lord Advocate, Lord Chief Baron from 1801 to 1819; all these judges,
+  except the Chief Baron, had been known in Scotland by the title of Lord
+  Arniston. They were, we need hardly add, all men of talents, but the two
+  Lords President Arniston were of superior eminence in legal and
+  constitutional learning."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The Hope family, and some other Scottish ones, present as numerous a
+  display of legal dignitaries as the above; but the hereditary succession
+  from father to son is perhaps not equalled, certainly not excelled, in
+  any age or country. In fact, let the opponents of hereditary honours say
+  what they will, there is no description of talent except the poetical
+  that has not frequently remained in the same family for several
+  generations unabated.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Tolling the Bell on leaving Church</i> (Vol. ix., p.
+  125.).&mdash;In reply to J.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;M.'s Query, I beg to state that the chief
+  reason for tolling the bell while the congregation is leaving church, is
+  to <!-- Page 312 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page312"></a>{312}</span>inform the parishioners who have not been
+  able to attend in the morning, divine service will be celebrated in the
+  afternoon. In scattered villages, or where a single clergyman had to
+  perform the duties of more than one church, this was formerly quite
+  requisite. At a neighbouring village of Tytherly, the custom is still
+  observed, though no longer necessary.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. S.</p>
+
+  <p>There is little doubt that priests in olden times were fond of hot
+  dinners, and the bell at the conclusion of the service must have been
+  intended as a warning to their cooks (and many others) to make ready the
+  repast. This is merely a supposition; but I shall cherish the idea in the
+  want of a better explanation. The custom has been, until very lately,
+  observed in our little country church. There are other customs which are
+  still kept up, namely, that of tolling the church bell at eight o'clock
+  on Sunday morning, and again at nine, as well as that of ringing a small
+  bell when the clergyman enters the reading-desk.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. W. J.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Crawley, Winchester.</p>
+
+  <p>I believe that the custom of tolling the bell when the congregation is
+  leaving the church, is to notify that there will be another service in
+  the day. This is certainly the reason in this parish (in Leicestershire);
+  for after the second service the bell is not tolled, nor if, on any
+  account, there is no afternoon service.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. S. S.</p>
+
+  <p>When I was Lecturer of St. Andrew's, Enfield, the bells rang out a
+  short peculiar peal immediately after Sunday Morning Prayer. I always
+  thought it was probably designed to give notice to approaching funeral
+  processions that the church service was over, as in the country
+  burials&mdash;usually there always on Sundays&mdash;immediately follow
+  the celebration of morning service.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Mackenzie Walcott, M.A.</span></p>
+
+  <p>I beg to inform your correspondent J.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;M. that this is often done at
+  Bray, near Maidenhead.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Newburiensis.</span></p>
+
+  <p>The custom observed at Olney Church after the morning service, I have
+  heard, is to apprize the congregation of a vesper service to follow.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. P. Storer.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Olney, Bucks.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Archpriest in the Diocese of Exeter</i> (Vol. ix., p.
+  185.).&mdash;Besides the archpriest of Haccombe, there were others in the
+  same diocese; but, to quote the words of Dr. Oliver, in his
+  <i>Monasticon, Dioc. Exon.</i>, p. 287.,</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"He would claim no peculiar exemption from the jurisdiction of his
+  ordinary, nor of his archdeacon; he was precisely on the same footing as
+  the superiors of the archpresbyteries at Penkivell, Beerferris, and
+  Whitchurch, which were instituted in this diocese in the early part of
+  the fourteenth century. The foundation deed of the last was the model in
+  founding that of Haccombe."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In the same work copies of the foundation deeds of the archipresbytery
+  of Haccombe and Beer are printed.</p>
+
+  <p>One would suppose that wherever there was a collegiate body of
+  clergymen established for the purposes of the daily and nightly offices
+  of the church, as chantry priests, that one of them would be considered
+  the superior, or archipresbyter.</p>
+
+  <p>Godolphin, in <i>Rep. Can.</i>, 56., says that by the canon law, he
+  that is archipresbyter is also called <i>dean</i>. Query, Would he then
+  be other than "Primus inter pares?"</p>
+
+  <p>Prince, in his <i>Worthies</i>, calls the Rector of Haccombe "a kind
+  of chorepiscopus;" and in a note refers to Dr. Field <i>Of the
+  Church</i>, lib. v. c. 37.</p>
+
+  <p>With regard to the Vicar of Bibury (quoted by <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Sansom</span>, "N. &amp; Q.," Vol. ix., p. 185.), he founded his
+  exemption from spiritual jurisdiction, I believe, upon his holding a
+  <i>Peculiar</i>, and not as an archpriest.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Ellacombe.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Clyst St. George.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dogs in Monumental Brasses</i> (Vol. ix., p. 126.).&mdash;I have
+  always understood (but I cannot say on any authority) that the dogs at
+  the feet of monumental effigies of knights were symbolical of
+  <i>fidelity</i>. That signification would certainly be very appropriate
+  in monuments of <i>crusaders</i>, where, I believe, they are generally
+  found. And I would suggest to <span class="sc">Mr. Alford</span>, that
+  the idea might not have been confined to fidelity in keeping the vow of
+  the Cross, but might have been extended to other religious vows: in which
+  case the ladies undoubtedly might sometimes claim the canine appendage to
+  their effigies. The lion might perhaps symbolise <i>courage</i>, in which
+  ladies are not commonly supposed to excel.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. H. R.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Last of the Palæologi</i> (Vol. v., pp. 173. 280.
+  357.).&mdash;The following scrap of information may be useful to L.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;L.
+  and others, if too long a time has not gone by since the subject was
+  under discussion. In <i>The List of the Army raised under the Command of
+  his Excellency Robert Earle of Essex</i>, &amp;c.: London, printed for
+  John Partridge, 1642, of which I have seen a manuscript copy, the name of
+  Theo. Palioligus occurs as Lieutenant in "The Lord Saint John's
+  Regiment."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward Peacock.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Bottesford Moors, Kirton in Lindsey.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Long Names</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 539. 651.).&mdash;Allow me to add
+  the following polysyllabic names to those supplied by your
+  correspondents:&mdash;<i>Llanvairpwllgwyngyll</i>, a living in the
+  diocese of Bangor, became vacant in March, 1850, by the death of its
+  incumbent, the Rev. Richard Prichard, æt. <!-- Page 313 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page313"></a>{313}</span>ninety-three. The
+  labour of writing the name of his benefice does not seem to have
+  shortened his days.</p>
+
+  <p>The following are the names of two <i>employés</i> in the finance
+  department at Madrid:&mdash;<i>Don Epifanio Mirurzururdundua y
+  Zengotita</i>; <i>Don Juan Nepomuceno de
+  Burionagonatotorecagogeazcoecha</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>There was, until 1851, a major in the British army named
+  <i>Teyoninhokarawen</i> (one single name).</p>
+
+  <p class="author">G. L. S.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Elizabeth Seymour</i> (Vol. ix., p. 174.).&mdash;According to
+  Collins,&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Sir E. Seymour, first baronet, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
+  Arthur Champeirion, of Dartington, co. Devon, by whom he had, besides
+  other issue, a daughter Elizabeth, who married George Cary, of
+  Cockington, co. Devon. Sir Edward Seymour, third baronet, married Anne,
+  daughter of Sir William Portman, and left, besides sons, a daughter, also
+  named Elizabeth, who married Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tregony in
+  Cornwall, Knight."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>These two ladies, whose similarity of name probably caused the
+  confusion, must have lived at least half a century apart.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. B.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3>
+
+  <p>Those who share the well-grounded opinion of Mr. Petit, that we cannot
+  fully enter into the character of English architecture unless we give
+  some attention also to French, German, and Italian, will gladly turn to
+  the very profusely and handsomely-illustrated volume which he has just
+  issued, under the modest title of <i>Architectural Studies in France</i>,
+  by the Rev. J.&nbsp;L. Petit, M.A., F.S.A., <i>with Illustrations from
+  Drawings</i> by the Author and P.&nbsp;H. Delamotte. It is of course
+  impossible, within the limits of our brief notice, to enter into any
+  examination of Mr. Petit's views upon the subject of Gothic architecture,
+  the principles of which he believes to have been more completely
+  developed at an early period in England than anywhere else; and we must
+  therefore content ourselves with directing attention to the book itself,
+  which will in no small degree supply to the architectural student
+  desirous of studying French buildings, the opportunity of doing so; and
+  that too under the guidance of one well qualified to direct his steps.
+  Mr. Petit has long been known to the antiquarian world as one of our
+  greatest authorities on the subject of Gothic architecture; and his
+  various papers, illustrated by his own bold yet effective sketches in the
+  <i>Archæological Journal</i>, may have prepared some of our readers for a
+  volume of great importance; yet we think even they will be surprised at
+  the interest and beauty of the present book. Mr. Petit, who has had on
+  this occasion the assistance of Mr. Delamotte as a draughtsman, expresses
+  his hope that at some future time he may avail himself of that
+  gentleman's skill as a photographer.</p>
+
+  <p>There is, perhaps, no man of letters, no man of science, of whom the
+  world possesses so unsatisfactory an account as Jerome Cardan. The author
+  of <i>Palissy the Potter</i> has therefore done good service, and
+  executed a task worthy of himself, by <i>The life of Girolamo Cardano, of
+  Milan, Physician</i>. In two small readable volumes, rich in all the
+  characteristics of his own peculiar mode of treatment, Mr. Morley has
+  given us not only a clear view of the life and character of Cardan, based
+  on a diligent and careful examination of his voluminous
+  writings&mdash;for Cardan reckoned that he had published one hundred and
+  thirty-one books, and left in MS. nearly as many&mdash;but also a
+  striking picture of the age in which he lived; and the work, which is one
+  of great interest to the general reader, is made still more valuable to
+  the literary antiquary by the accuracy with which Mr. Morley quotes his
+  authorities.</p>
+
+  <p>Some interesting manuscripts were sold by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson
+  on Wednesday, the 22nd ultimo, including original letters by Blake, Penn,
+  Monk, Nelson, and other of our most renowned admirals; and of Charles I.
+  and Charles II., Oliver and Richard Cromwell, Desborough; and numerous
+  autographs of Commonwealth celebrities. The chief lot was a letter from
+  Cromwell to Pastor Cotton, in New England, written shortly after the
+  battle of Worcester, in which he alludes to the difficulties he has
+  experienced in treating with some of the Scotch party. Mr. Carlyle had
+  not seen the original, but used the copy among the Arundel MSS. It was
+  knocked down to Mr. Stevens, the American agent, for 36<i>l.</i> A
+  printed broadsheet of the Peace of Breda sold for 3<i>l.</i> 7<i>s.</i> A
+  letter of Richard Cromwell brought 4<i>l.</i> An autograph of Queen Bess
+  brought 2<i>l.</i>; and one of Edward VI. brought 2<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i>
+  Autographs of Mary are less common: one in this collection realised
+  3<i>l.</i> 7<i>s.</i> One of Nelson's letters to Lady Hamilton brought
+  2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i> Altogether, the prices realised were good.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Books Received.</span>&mdash;<i>Lives of The Queens
+  of England</i>, by Agnes Strickland, Vol. III. This new volume of the
+  cheaper edition of Miss Strickland's popular regal biographies comprises
+  the Lives of Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, Katherine
+  Parr, and Mary.&mdash;<i>The Works of the Rt. Hon. Joseph Addison, with
+  Notes by Bishop Hurd</i>, Vol. II., is the new volume of Bohn's
+  <i>British Classics</i>, and comprises Addison's contributions to the
+  <i>Tatler</i> and <i>Spectator</i>.&mdash;In the same publisher's
+  <i>Standard Library</i>, we have the third volume of his edition of
+  Southey's <i>Works and Correspondence of Cowper</i>, which embraces his
+  Letters between the years 1783 and 1788.&mdash;<i>Cyclopædia
+  Bibliographica</i>, Part XVIII., which extends from <i>Shepherd (Rev.
+  E.&nbsp;J.)</i> to <i>Surtees (Rev. Scott F.)</i>.&mdash;<i>Whitaker's
+  Educational Register</i>, 1854. The work, which has undergone some
+  modifications, is now confined altogether to Educational Statistics, of
+  which it is a most valuable compendium.&mdash;<i>Remains of Pagan
+  Saxondom</i>, by J.&nbsp;Y. Ackerman, Parts VIII. and IX. The contents of
+  these numbers are:&mdash;Fragments from a Tumulus at Caenby,
+  Lincolnshire; Fibula from Ingarsby, Leicestershire; Glass
+  Drinking-vessels from Cemeteries in Kent; Fibulæ from Rugby,
+  Warwickshire. The great peculiarity of this Series is, that the objects
+  are drawn of the size of the originals; thus affording great facilities
+  for comparing them with remains of similar character.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 314 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page314"></a>{314}</span></p>
+
+<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Volume of the <span class="sc">London Polyglott</span> which
+  contains the Prophets. Imperfection in other parts of no consequence.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Carlisle on Grammar Schools</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Circle of the Seasons</span>. London, 1828. 12mo.
+  Two copies.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage
+  free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of
+  "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+  <p>Particulars of Price, &amp;c. of the following Books to be sent direct
+  to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses
+  are given for that purpose:</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Allister's Paradigma Chess Openings</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Natt's Sermons preached at St. Sepulchre</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Armytage's</span> (Rev. J., of Tidenham) <span
+  class="sc">Sermons</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mayhew's London Life and Labour</span>. Complete.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Nicholson's Lectures on Hezekiah</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Walton and Cotton's Angler</span>. Edited by Sir H.
+  Nicolas.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>Mr. Hayward</i>, Bookseller, Bath.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Penny Cyclopædia</span>. Part 92. (For September,
+  1840.)</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>A. Baden, Jun.</i>, 1. Old Broad Street.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">London Labour and the London Poor</span>. 44 various
+  Numbers, several of many of them.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Knight's National Cyclopædia</span>. 32 Parts.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Almanack of the Month</span>, by Gilbert A.
+  A'Beckett. Jan., Feb., June, Sept., and Dec., 1846.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>Geo. Newbold</i>, 8. Regent Street, Vauxhall Road.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">An Essay Explanatory of the Tempest Prognosticator in
+  the Building of Great Exhibition</span>. The last edition.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>J. T. C.</i>, care of Messrs. M<sup>c</sup>Gee &amp; Co., Nassau Street, Dublin.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Family Instructor</span>, by De Foe. 2 Vols.
+  1841. Oxford,   Talboys.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Allan Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany</span>. 1724.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Hazlitt's Select Poets of Great Britain</span>.
+  1825.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Lady's Poetical Magazine</span>, or Beauties of
+  British Poets. 4 Vols. London, 1781.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Hive</span>, containing Vol. I. <i>First</i>
+  Edition. (3 Vols.)</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Hive</span>. Vol. III. 4th Edition. (Edition in 4
+  Vols.)</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">London Magazine</span>. Vols. after the year
+  1763.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>Fred. Dinsdale</i>, Esq., Leamington.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Evans's Old Ballads</span>. Vol. I. 1810.</p>
+
+  <p>Any of the Sermons, Tracts, &amp;c., by the late Rev. A.&nbsp;G.
+  Jewitt.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">History of Lincoln</span>, by A. Jewitt.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Howitt's Gipsy King</span>, and other Poems. Either
+  one or two copies.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>R. Keene</i>, Bookseller, Irongate, Derby.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Epicure's Almanack for 1815</span>.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wanted by <i>George R. Corner</i>, 19. Tooley Street.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3>
+
+  <p>A. J. N. (Birmingham). <i>Will this Correspondent let us see the
+  papers respecting</i> John Henderson?</p>
+
+  <p>J. C. K. <i>The coin is a penny of Henry III., struck in
+  London.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Pinkerton</span>'<i>s letter has been forwarded
+  to</i> <span class="sc">Eirionnach</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>F. C. J. <i>We cannot discover that James Murray, the second and last
+  Earl of Annandale, was executed. The Earl joined Montrose after the
+  battle of Kilsyth, and upon that heroic chieftain's defeat retired to
+  England, where he died in 1658. At his death the titles of Annandale,
+  Annand, and Murray of Lochmaben, became extinct, and those of Stormont
+  and Scoon devolved on David, second Lord Balvaird, who married the Earl's
+  widow. See the</i> Earldom of Mansfield <i>in Burke's</i> Peerage.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Sander's History of Shenstone</span>.&mdash;<i>Will
+  any reader of</i> "N. &amp; Q." <i>oblige me by lending me a copy of
+  Sander's</i> History of Shenstone? <i>Of course I would pay the carriage
+  and expenses. A letter would find me directed</i>, <span
+  class="sc">Cid</span>, <i>Post Office, Stourbridge,
+  Worcestershire.</i></p>
+
+  <p>B. H. A. <i>For the derivation of</i> Czar, <i>see our</i> last
+  Volume, pp. 150. 226. 422.</p>
+
+  <p>T. H. <i>On the Lord Mayor being a Privy Councillor, see our</i>
+  Fourth Volume passim.</p>
+
+  <p>S. C. (Norwich). <i>The line</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug of war"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>&mdash;<i>is from Lee's</i> Alexander the Great.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Piscator</span> <i>will find ample illustration
+  of</i> "ampers and <i>and the character</i> &amp;" <i>in our</i> last
+  Volume (8th), pp. 173. 223. 254. 327. 376. 524.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">A. Baden</span>, Jun., <i>will find that his Query
+  respecting the pronunciation of</i> Tea <i>in Queen Anne's time, has
+  already been treated of in the curious discussion on</i> Irish Rhymes
+  <i>in our</i> 6th, 7th, and 8th Volumes.</p>
+
+  <p>X. Y. Z. <i>Brother-german is a brother by the father's or mother's
+  side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother
+  only.</i></p>
+
+  <p>E. H. M<sup>c</sup>L. <i>Some examples of </i>wage<i>, the singular of
+  </i>wages<i>, are given in Todd's</i> Johnson: <i>consult also
+  Richardson</i>, s. v.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Gallo-Nitrate</span>.&mdash;1. <i>We advise you to
+  try the formula given in our former Number</i> (Vol. vii., p. 324.)
+  <i>for positives; 30 grains of nitrate of silver may do, but it is not
+  very active.</i> 2. <i>A glass rod is inappropriate; it works up the
+  albumen into a lather.</i> 3. <i>Towgood's paper will take the albumen
+  very excellently. As we have often said before, when you may obtain
+  certain excellent results from</i> known good <i>formulæ, why waste your
+  time upon uncertainties?</i></p>
+
+  <p>T. D. L. <i>If your bath contains the smallest portion of hypo., or
+  any salt of iron, it is useless. Precipitate the silver with salt;
+  collect and reduce it to its metallic state.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on
+  Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
+  night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
+  Saturday.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>GROSJEAN'S</p>
+
+  <p>CELEBRATED TROWSERS,</p>
+
+  <p>16<i>s.</i> per Pair.</p>
+
+  <p>109. REGENT STREET.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>ONE THOUSAND BEDSTEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.&mdash;HEAL &amp; SON'S Stock
+  comprises handsomely Japanned and Brass-mounted Iron Bedsteads,
+  Children's Cribs and Cots of new and elegant designs, Mahogany, Birch,
+  and Walnut-tree Bedsteads, of the soundest and best Manufacture, many of
+  them fitted with Furnitures, complete. A large Assortment of Servants'
+  and Portable Bedsteads. They have also every variety of Furniture for the
+  complete furnishing of a Bed Room.</p>
+
+  <p>HEAL &amp; SON'S ILLUSTRATED AND PRICED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS AND
+  BEDDING, sent Free by Post.</p>
+
+  <p>HEAL &amp; SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description
+  of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
+  Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
+  other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post
+  on receipt of Two Stamps.</p>
+
+  <p>MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+  Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+  Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best
+  articles of the kind ever produced.</p>
+
+  <p>J. W. &amp; T. ALLEN, 18. &amp; 22. West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>SURPLICES.</p>
+
+  <p>GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large
+  Supply of SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.</p>
+
+  <p>PARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>THE EMPRESS OF CHINA'S TEA.&mdash;Recommended by the Faculty for its
+  purity, by the nobility and gentry for its choice quality (which is
+  always the same) and by the trade for its general superiority and
+  moderate price.</p>
+
+  <p>MOORE &amp; CO., 14. Little Tower Street. London. Sold retail at 27.
+  COVENTRY ST., HAYMARKET, and by their Agents throughout the kingdom.
+  Price 4<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> per lb., in tins of various sizes. Agents
+  wanted (tea-dealers only) where none are appointed.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 315 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page315"></a>{315}</span></p>
+
+  <p>ARCHER'S REGISTERED FOLDING CAMERA.&mdash;This new form of Camera
+  combines portability with the power of expansion, and is capable of
+  taking pictures from 3×4 to 10×8, in the open air without a tent.</p>
+
+  <p>It is made to contain the lens, baths, bottles, &amp;c., necessary for
+  an excursion, packed up and ready for use in an upright position.</p>
+
+  <p>It is applicable to all the known processes in Photography.</p>
+
+  <p>Further particulars can be obtained of Mr. Archer, 105. Great Russell
+  Street, Bloomsbury, who supplies all other Apparatus necessary in
+  Photography, Collodion, pure Chemicals, &amp;c. Portraits on Glass.</p>
+
+  <p>An assortment of Prints on Sale, Works of Art copied, &amp;c.
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>CLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY&mdash;Subscribers are liberally supplied, on
+  loan, with every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and
+  have also at their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the
+  Standard Operas, Italian, German, French, and English Songs, and all
+  kinds of Instrumental Music. During the Term of Subscription, each
+  Subscriber has the privilege of selecting&mdash;for his own
+  property&mdash;from 100,000 different pieces, 3 Guineas' worth of Music.
+  Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.</p>
+
+  <p>JULLIEN &amp; CO., 214. Regent Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class
+  X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
+  Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
+  London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
+  Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
+  10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior
+  Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's
+  Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 30 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
+  skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers,
+  2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i> Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i>
+  each.</p>
+
+  <p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
+  the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.&mdash;D'ALMAINE &amp; CO., 20. Soho
+  Square (established <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1785), sole
+  manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 Guineas each. Every
+  instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these pianofortes are
+  best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the
+  majority of the leading musicians of the age:&mdash;"We, the undersigned
+  members of the musical profession, having fully examined the Royal
+  Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE &amp; CO., have great
+  pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It
+  appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size
+  possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal
+  temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a
+  handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed)
+  J.&nbsp;L. Abel, F. Benedict, H.&nbsp;R. Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T.&nbsp;P.
+  Chipp, P. Delavanti, C.&nbsp;H. Dolby, E.&nbsp;F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen
+  Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H.&nbsp;F. Hassé, J.&nbsp;L. Hatton, Catherine
+  Hayes, W.&nbsp;H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G.&nbsp;F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza,
+  Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E.&nbsp;J. Loder, W.&nbsp;H. Montgomery, S. Nelson,
+  G.&nbsp;A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, F. Praegar, E.&nbsp;F.
+  Rimbault, Frank Romer, G.&nbsp;H. Rodwell, E. Rockel, Sims Reeves, J.
+  Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T.&nbsp;H. Wright," &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>D'ALMAINE &amp; CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof
+  safes, cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had
+  on application.</p>
+
+  <p>CHUBB &amp; SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street,
+  Liverpool; 16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields,
+  Wolverhampton.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.</p>
+
+  <p>THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and
+  Continental Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free
+  Admission.</p>
+
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Prices." title="Prices.">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>£</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p><i>s.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p><i>d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent Process</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>0</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Additional Copies (each)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>0</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>0</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (small size)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>3</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>3</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>0</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (larger size)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>0</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings,
+  Photographed and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country
+  Mansions, Churches, &amp;c., taken at a short notice.</p>
+
+  <p>Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and
+  Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.</p>
+
+  <p>Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of
+  Apparatus.</p>
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.&mdash;Second-hand Camera for Sale, with Ross's 2½
+  inch lens, capable of taking pictures 8½ by 6½. Two double Shutters for
+  paper, and one for Collodion, adjusting Front, &amp;c. Price, 7<i>l.</i>
+  10<i>s.</i> For further particulars apply to MR. DIXEY, King's Road,
+  Brighton.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.&mdash;J. B. HOCKIN &amp; CO., Chemists, 289.
+  Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
+  Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of
+  Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the
+  keeping properties and appreciation of half-tint for which their
+  manufacture has been esteemed.</p>
+
+  <p>Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice
+  of Photography. Instruction in the Art.</p>
+
+  <p>THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price
+  1<i>s.</i>, per Post, 1<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and
+  certainty by using BLAND &amp; LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton;
+  certainty and uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined
+  with the most faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a
+  most valuable agent in the hands of the photographer.</p>
+
+  <p>Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving
+  a minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5<i>s.</i> per
+  Quire.</p>
+
+  <p>Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.</p>
+
+  <p>Instruction in the Processes.</p>
+
+  <p>BLAND &amp; LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and
+  Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Catalogues sent on application.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every
+  variety of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually
+  prevents Injury to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and
+  is extensively employed by</p>
+
+  <p>BLAND &amp; LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.&mdash;HORNE &amp; CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
+  Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
+  according to light.</p>
+
+  <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
+  choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
+  Establishment.</p>
+
+  <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &amp;c. &amp;c. used
+  in this beautiful Art.&mdash;123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.-MESSRS. A. MARION &amp; CO. beg to inform the Artists and
+  Amateurs that they are now ready to supply them with papers manufactured
+  expressly for Photographic purposes; since it has been tried it has
+  received the unanimous good opinion of the most successful operators.</p>
+
+  <p>Positive and Negative (not prepared), Simple Salted, and Salted
+  Albumenized Positive, Simple Waxed, and Waxed Iodized Negative, Gummed
+  Paper, and Cards for Mounting Proofs.</p>
+
+  <p>PAPETERIE MARION, 152. Regent Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHS Mounted and Framed in every Style, by E. FOX, 75<span
+  class="scac">A.</span> Little Britain, City, Mounter to the Photographic
+  Society, Polytechnic, and Photographic Institutions.</p>
+
+  <p>E. F. begs to inform the Profession and Amateurs that from his great
+  experience in Photograph Mounting, Framing, &amp;c., he can guarantee
+  perfect satisfaction both as regards Style and Price.</p>
+
+  <p>Mounts and Passepartouts of every description.</p>
+
+  <p>Price Lists sent on application.</p>
+
+  <p>Gentlemen waited on at their residences.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.</p>
+
+  <p>KNIGHT &amp; SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and
+  Price of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and
+  Son's Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various
+  Materials, and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the
+  Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.</p>
+
+  <p>Instructions given in every branch of the Art.</p>
+
+  <p>An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic
+  Specimens.</p>
+
+  <p>GEORGE KNIGHT &amp; SONS, Foster Lane, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE
+AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Founded A.D. 1842.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Directors.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.</p>
+      <p>G. H. Drew, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Evans, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Freeman, Esq.</p>
+      <p>F. Fuller, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Hunt, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.</p>
+      <p>E. Lucas, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Lys Seager, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. B. White, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Trustees.</i>&mdash;W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p><i>Physician.</i>&mdash;William Rich. Basham, M.D.</p>
+      <p><i>Bankers.</i>&mdash;Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p class="cenhead">VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</p>
+
+  <p>POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+  difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
+  to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
+  in the Prospectus.</p>
+
+  <p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l.</i>, with a Share
+  in three-fourths of the Profits:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table class="nob" summary="Specimens of Rates" title="Specimens of Rates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Age</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p><i>£</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p><i>s.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p><i>d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>17</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>14</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>22</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>27</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>32</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>10</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>37</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>6</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>42</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>3</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition, with material
+  additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON
+  BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
+  Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building
+  Companies, &amp;c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
+  Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
+  Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 316 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page316"></a>{316}</span></p>
+
+<h3>WORKS PRINTED FOR WALTON &amp; MABERLY,</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">28. UPPER GOWER STREET, and 27. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>COMPLETION OF A VOLUME.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, VOLUME I., price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, in handsome
+  boards,</p>
+
+  <p>LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.&mdash;A Miscellany of Instructive
+  and Amusing Tracts on the Physical Sciences, and on their Application to
+  the Uses of Life. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Contents.</span></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2">PART I., price 5<i>d.</i></p>
+      <p>1. The Planets; Are they Inhabited Globes?</p>
+      <p>2. Weather Prognostics.</p>
+      <p>3. The Planets. Chap. II.</p>
+      <p>4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2">PART II., price 5<i>d.</i></p>
+      <p>5. Latitudes and Longitudes.</p>
+      <p>6. The Planets. Chap. III.</p>
+      <p>7. Lunar Influences.</p>
+      <p>8. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. I.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2">PART III., price 6<i>d.</i></p>
+      <p>9. Railway Accidents. Chap. I.</p>
+      <p>10. The Planets. Chap. IV.</p>
+      <p>11. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. II.</p>
+      <p>12. Railway Accidents. Chap. II.</p>
+      <p>13. Light.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>*** Continued in Weekly Numbers, Monthly Parts, and Quarterly
+  Volumes.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on
+  scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought to
+  be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of 'common things' which
+  Lord Ashburton and every well-wisher of his kind are anxious to
+  promote."&mdash;<i>The Times</i>, Feb. 9, 1854.</p>
+
+  <p>"A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive.
+  The papers combine subjects of importance with great scientific
+  knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of
+  treatment."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Also, PART IV., price 5<i>d.</i>, containing,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>14. Common Things. Air.</p>
+      <p>15. Locomotion in America. Chap. I.</p>
+      <p>16. Cometary Influences. Chap. I.</p>
+      <p>17. Locomotion in America. Chap. II.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>THIRD COURSE OF DR. LARDNER'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.</p>
+
+  <p>This Day, 1 vol., 37 Plates, and 200 Woodcuts, price 16<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOK of ASTRONOMY and METEOROLOGY. Being the Third
+  Course of the "Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy."</p>
+
+  <p>By the same Author.</p>
+
+  <p>FIRST COURSE: MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, SOUND,
+  OPTICS. 400 Woodcuts. Price 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SECOND COURSE: HEAT, COMMON ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC
+  ELECTRICITY. 200 Woodcuts. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>NEW WORK ON ARITHMETIC.</p>
+
+  <p>12mo., 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+  <p>A COURSE OF ARITHMETIC AS TAUGHT IN THE PESTALLOZZIAN SCHOOL, WORKSOP.
+  By J.&nbsp;L. ELLENBERGER.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A happy combination of theory and practice, containing explanation
+  and demonstration enough to afford wholesome mental discipline, and yet
+  not too difficult to be understood by pupils of average ability. In every
+  case the reason why a particular process is adopted in order to obtain
+  the desired result is clearly set forth."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>PROFESSOR BOOLE'S NEW WORK.</p>
+
+  <p>Just published, 8vo., 14<i>s.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>THE LAWS OF THOUGHT, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of
+  Logic and Probabilities. By GEORGE BOOLE, Professor of Mathematics in
+  Queen's College, Cork.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>Just published, fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>EUCLID EXPLAINED.&mdash;The First Book of Euclid Explained to
+  Beginners. By C.&nbsp;P. MASON, B.A., Fellow of University College, and
+  Principal of Denmark Hill Grammar School.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.</p>
+
+  <p>Just published, crown 8vo., 1s. sewed, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+  cloth,</p>
+
+  <p>BUSINESS AS IT IS AND AS IT MIGHT BE. By JOSEPH LYNDALL.</p>
+
+  <p>This work obtained the prize of fifty guineas offered by the Young
+  Men's Christian Association for the best Essay on the Evils of the
+  Present System of Business, and the Difficulties they present to the
+  Attainment and Development of Personal Piety, with Suggestions for their
+  Removal.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>Second Edition, 500 Woodcuts, 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By various
+  Writers. Medium 8vo.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>500 Woodcuts, 3 vols. medium 8vo., 5<i>l.</i> 15<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.
+  By various Writers.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>MR. QUAIN'S NEW WORK.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, crown 8vo., with coloured Plates, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>,
+  cloth,</p>
+
+  <p>DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. By RICHARD QUAIN, F.R.S., Professor of
+  Clinical Surgery in University College, and Surgeon to University College
+  Hospital.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF DR. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF
+  GEOGRAPHY.</p>
+
+  <p>Just completed, Volume I., price 1<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i>, cloth,
+  lettered,</p>
+
+  <p>A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. By Various Writers. Edited
+  by DR. WILLIAM SMITH. Illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. To form
+  two volumes. 8vo.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane; and
+  JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>ITALIAN LANGUAGE.</p>
+
+  <p>Just published, royal 18mo., price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth,</p>
+
+  <p>FIRST ITALIAN COURSE; being a Practical and Easy Method of Learning
+  the Elements of the Italian Language. By W. BROWNRIGG SMITH, M.A., Second
+  Classical Master of the City of London Schools.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>Cheap Issue.&mdash;Fourth Edition.</p>
+
+  <p>BOOK OF GENESIS IN ENGLISH HEBREW; accompanied by an Interlinear
+  Translation, substantially the same as the authorised English version:
+  Philological Notes and Grammatical Introduction. By W. GREENFIELD,
+  M.R.A.S. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, cloth. With the original Text in
+  Hebrew Characters at the end. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, cloth.</p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>NIEBUHR'S NEW LECTURES.</p>
+
+  <p>Just published, 2 vols. 8vo., 1<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>NIEBUHR'S LECTURES on ANCIENT ETHNOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY; comprising
+  Greece and her Colonies, Italy, the Islands of the Mediterranean, Spain,
+  Gaul, Britain, Northern Africa, and Ph&oelig;nicia. By DR. LEONHARD
+  SCHMITZ, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>By the same Author,</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History: the Asiatic Nations, the
+  Egyptians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. By Dr. L. Schmitz. 3
+  vols. 8vo., 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History. By Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D. New
+  and Cheaper Edition. 3 vols. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Niebuhr's History of Rome. By Bishop Thirlwall, Archdeacon Hare, Dr.
+  W. Smith, and Dr. Schmitz. Fourth and cheaper edition, 3 vols., 8vo.,
+  36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>London: WALTON &amp; MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+  Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>*** MESSRS. W. &amp; M.'S CATALOGUE will be sent by Post (Free) to any
+  one writing for it.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10.
+  Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New
+  Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London: and
+  published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet
+  Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London,
+  Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.&mdash;Saturday, April 1.
+  1854.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 231, April
+1, 1854, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/28194.txt b/28194.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/28194.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3841 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: February 25, 2009 [EBook #28194]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{293} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 231.]
+SATURDAY, APRIL 1. 1854.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                              Page
+  Kennington Common, by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson      295
+  Life and Death                                         296
+  Battle of Trafalgar and Death of Nelson                297
+  Heraldic Anomaly                                       298
+  FOLK LORE:--Three Maids--Mother Russel's Post--Shrove
+  Tuesday Custom                                         299
+  Stornello                                              299
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Perspective--"That"--Corporation
+  Enactments--Jacobite Club--Dean Nowell's first Wife--
+  "Oxoniana"--An Epigram falsely ascribed to George
+  Herbert--Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library"         300
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Quotations wanted                                      301
+  Sir Edmund Plowden, by S. F. Streeter                  301
+  Ancient Clock, and Odevaere's History of it, by
+  Octavius Morgan                                        302
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--Spielberg, when built?--"Ded. Pavli"--
+  Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantleboard: Mantell and
+  Brace--Passage in Job--Provincial Glossaries--
+  Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster--A marvellous
+  Combat of Birds--Battle of the Gnats--Sandford of
+  Thorpe Salvine, co. York--"Outlines of the History of
+  Theology"--"Mawkin"--"Plain Dealer"--Hymn attributed
+  to Handel--Degrees in Arts--"Goloshes:"
+  "Kutchin-kutchu"--Cornwalls of London--Flasks for
+  Wine-bottles--Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus,
+  Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and Tounu or Tonnu          302
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Postmaster at Merton
+  College--"Lyra Apostolica"--East Dereham Manor--
+  Quakers executed in North America--Inscription in
+  Fulham Church--Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love"--
+  "Bothy"--"Children in the Wood"                        304
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Brydone the Tourist, by John Macray                    305
+  "The Red Cow"--Cromwell's Carriages, &c.               306
+  Fox-hunting, by F. M. Middleton                        307
+  Weather Rules, by E. MacCulloch, &c.                   307
+  Bingham's Antiquities                                  308
+  Ancient Tenure of Lands                                309
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Spots on Collodion
+  Pictures, &c.--The Double Iodide Solution--Mounting
+  Photographs                                            310
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Books on Bells--Medal in
+  Honour of Chevalier St. George--Dean Swift's
+  Suspension--"Vanitatem observare"--Ballina Castle,
+  Mayo--Dorset--Judicial Rank hereditary--Tolling the
+  Bell on leaving Church--Archpriest in the Diocese of
+  Exeter--Dogs in Monumental Brasses--The Last of the
+  Palaeologi--Long Names, &c.                             310
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                    313
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                           314
+  Notices to Correspondents                              314
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s.,
+
+NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the
+"Microscopic Cabinet." By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.
+
+Also, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21s., or coloured, 36s.,
+
+A HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing
+Descriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of
+procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. By
+ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.
+
+    "There is no work extant in which so much valuable information
+    concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist
+    should add it to his library."--_Silliman's Journal._
+
+London: WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LATE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.
+
+Now ready, 2 vols. 8vo., 42s.
+
+THE SPEECHES IN PARLIAMENT OF FIELD MARSHAL HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF
+WELLINGTON. Collected and arranged.
+
+Also, a New Edition, 8vo., 18s.
+
+COL. GURWOOD'S SELECTION from the WELLINGTON DESPATCHES AND GENERAL ORDERS,
+arranged as a convenient TRAVELLING VOLUME for OFFICERS.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. CLXXXVIII. ADVERTISEMENTS for the forthcoming
+Number must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 6th, and BILLS for
+Insertion by the 8th APRIL.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, No. VI., 2s. 6d., published Quarterly.
+
+RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series); consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses
+of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books.
+
+Vol. I., 8vo., pp. 436, cloth 10s. 6d., is also ready.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE STREETS OF DUBLIN, and CELTIC RECORDS OF IRELAND, ETC.
+
+For the Series of Papers illustrating the above, see Vols. I. II. and III.
+of the "Irish Quarterly Review." Price, bound, 11s. each.
+
+London: SIMPKIN & CO. Dublin: W. B. KELLY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
+
+CONDE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF THE ARABS IN SPAIN. Translated from the
+Spanish by MRS. FOSTER. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. with Frontispiece. Post
+8vo. cloth. 3s. 6d.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S BRITISH CLASSICS FOR APRIL.
+
+GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE, complete and unabridged, with variorum Notes,
+including, in addition to all the Author's own, those of Guizot, Wenck,
+Niebuhr, Hugo, Neander, and other foreign scholars. Edited by an ENGLISH
+CHURCHMAN. In Six Volumes. Vol. III., with fine Map of the Western Empire.
+Post 8vo. cloth. 3s. 6d.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
+
+THE WORKS OF TACITUS, literally translated, with Notes. In Two Volumes.
+Vol. II., containing THE HISTORY, GERMANIA, AGRICOLA, &c. With a very
+complete Index. Post 8vo. cloth. 5s.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
+
+HUNT'S POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of Nature.
+Third Edition, revised and enlarged. Post 8vo. cloth. 5s.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY FOR APRIL.
+
+TASSO'S JERUSALEM DELIVERED, translated into English Spenserian verse, with
+a Life of the Author, by J. H. WIFFEN. Fourth Edition, with Twenty-four
+Engravings on wood by Thurston, and Eight Engravings on steel. Post 8vo.
+cloth. 5s.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTICE.
+
+BURKE'S LANDED GENTRY. A New and Thoroughly Revised Edition of "HISTORY OF
+THE LANDED GENTRY," by SIR BERNARD BURKE, Ulster King of Arms, being in
+Preparation, it is earnestly requested that Communications with additional
+Genealogies, or Corrections of the former Work, may be addressed as soon as
+possible to
+
+SIR B. BURKE, care of MR. COLBURN, 13. Great Marlborough Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{294}
+
+ANNOTATED EDITION OF THE ENGLISH POETS. By ROBERT BELL.
+
+In Monthly Volumes, 2s. 6d. each, in cloth.
+
+This Day, the First Volume of
+
+COWPER'S POETICAL WORKS.
+
+Already published.
+
+DRYDEN. Vols. I and II.
+
+SURREY, MINOR CONTEMPORANEOUS POETS, and SACKVILLE, LORD BUCKHURST.
+
+On the First of May, the Third and Concluding Volume of
+
+DRYDEN'S POETICAL WORKS.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN'S SERMONS.
+
+This Day, Third and Cheaper Edition. Octavo, 8s. 6d.
+
+SERMONS on some of the PRINCIPAL FESTIVALS, and on other Occasions. By
+RICHARD WHATELY, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This Day, Sixth And Cheaper Edition, 450 pages, foolscap octavo, with 118
+Woodcuts, 3s. 6d.
+
+FAMILIAR HISTORY OF BIRDS: their Nature, Habits, and Instincts. By EDWARD
+STANLEY, D.D., Bishop of Norwich.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SMALL BOOKS ON GREAT SUBJECTS.
+
+Now Ready,
+
+PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES AND PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIENCE, being No. I. of Small
+Books on Great Subjects. Third Edition, with a New Preface. 3s. 6d.
+
+EXPOSITION OF VULGAR AND COMMON ERRORS, being No. VIII. of Small Books on
+Great Subjects. Second Edition. 3s. 6d.
+
+ON THE STATE OF MAN SUBSEQUENT TO THE PROMULGATION OF CHRISTIANITY. Part
+IV., being No. XXII. of Small Books on Great Subjects. 4s. 6d.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This Day, Cheaper Edition. Collated, and Enlarged, 10s. 6d.,
+
+CHARICLES: Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. With
+Notes and Excursuses. From the German of PROFESSOR BECKER.
+
+Also, Second Edition, Enlarged, with additional Illustrations, 12s.,
+
+BECKER'S GALLUS: Scenes of the Times of Augustus. With Notes and
+Excursuses, illustrative of the Manners and Customs of the Romans.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, in royal 8vo., cloth, with Engravings, price 5s.
+
+THE HOMERIC DESIGN OF THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES. By W. WATKISS LLOYD.
+
+London: WILLIAMS & NORGATE, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POPERY AND THE ROMISH CONTROVERSY.--The want of a Periodical Collection of
+the numerous FACTS AND DOCUMENTS bearing on the Progress of Popery and the
+Controversy with Rome, which appear in the Journals and Periodicals of the
+Day, has long been felt by every earnest Protestant. To remedy this
+deficiency, the Proprietors of
+
+THE "BRITANNIA" NEWSPAPER
+
+have arranged to issue from time to time a SUPPLEMENT (GRATIS), exclusively
+devoted to the republication of this important and interesting matter,
+without editorial comment, and so arranged as to be capable of being bound
+up at the close of the year in a convenient Quarto Volume, with a complete
+Index to its contents.
+
+The FIRST NUMBER appeared on SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 25th, and contained,
+
+"THE CENSUS OF ROMANISM." Price SIXPENCE.
+
+141. STRAND, LONDON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of
+Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are
+greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in
+Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches
+among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or
+other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,
+History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had
+considerable experience.
+
+1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Patronised by the Royal Family.
+
+TWO THOUSAND POUNDS for any person producing Articles superior to the
+following:
+
+THE HAIR RESTORED AND GREYNESS PREVENTED.
+
+BEETHAM'S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual article
+for Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and fine
+effectually preventing falling or turning grey, and for restoring its
+natural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it
+imparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its
+astonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2s. 6d.; double size, 4s. 6d.; 7s. 6d. equal
+to 4 small; 11s. to 6 small; 21s. to 13 small. The most perfect beautifier
+ever invented.
+
+SUPERFLUOUS HAIR REMOVED.
+
+BEETHAM'S VEGETABLE EXTRACT does not cause pain or injury to the skin. Its
+effect is unerring, and it is now patronised by royalty and hundreds of the
+first families. Bottles, 5s.
+
+BEETHAM'S PLASTER is the only effectual remover of Corns and Bunions. It
+also reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If space
+allowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals, during
+the last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1s.; Boxes, 2s. 6d. Sent
+Free by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham, for 14 or 36 Post Stamps.
+
+Sold by PRING, 30. Westmorland Street; JACKSON, 9 Westland Row; BEWLEY &
+EVANS, Dublin; GOULDING, 108. Patrick Street, Cork; BARRY, 9. Main Street,
+Kinsale; GRATTAN, Belfast; MURDOCK, BROTHERS, Glasgow; DUNCAN & FLOCKHART,
+Edinburgh. SANGER, 150. Oxford Street; PROUT, 229. Strand; KEATING, St.
+Paul's Churchyard; SAVORY & MOORE, Bond Street; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street;
+London. All Chemists and Perfumers will procure them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is Published,
+
+HISTORY OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES, FROM THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT
+OF NANTES. By CHARLES WEISS, Professor of History in the Lycee Buonaparte.
+Translated, with the assistance of the Author, by FREDERICK HARDMAN. In
+demy octavo, price 14s.
+
+WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RUSSIA AND TURKEY.
+
+A FRENCH MAP OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE, AND TURKEY, comprising the Baltic and
+Black Seas, with the adjacent Countries, IS NOW PUBLISHED. Price 5s. in
+sheet, case 8s., per post 6d. additional.
+
+London: EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross, who will forward on application
+a List of Maps of the Seat of War.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS.
+
+THE ADMIRALTY CHARTS of these Seas are NOW PUBLISHED. Price, plain. 2s. 6d.
+each; in case, 5s. Coloured, 3s. 6d.; case, 6s., per post 6d. additional.
+
+London: EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross, who will forward on application
+(Gratis) a List of Admiralty Charts of the Coasts and Harbours of these
+Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES.
+
+A MAP OF THIS DISTRICT, on the the scale of 9 miles to the inch, prepared
+from the celebrated Vienna Map in 21 sheets, IS NOW PUBLISHED. Price, in 6
+sheets coloured, 12s.; case or rollers, 21s.
+
+London: EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross; and all Map and Booksellers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO ETHNOLOGISTS.--MESSRS. TRUeBNER & CO. are preparing for immediate
+Publication, in one volume, 4to., 650 pp. profusely illustrated price 1l.
+12s., GLIDDON'S TYPES OF MANKIND; or Ethnological Researches, based upon
+the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon
+their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History. By J. C.
+NOTT, M.D., and G. R. GLIDDON, formerly U. S. Consul at Cairo.
+
+Gentlemen desirous of becoming Subscribers are requested to send their
+Names in as early as possible.
+
+Illustrated Prospectus to be had on application.
+
+TRUeBNER & CO., 12. Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CATALOGUES of 5000 Vols. of Second-hand Books GRATIS, on application (Post
+Free for 4 Stamps).
+
+W. BROUGH, 22. Paradise Street, Birmingham.
+
+Books of every Description purchased. On Sale:--Grose's Antiquities of
+England and Wales, 8 vols. folio, coloured Plates, half russia, neat,
+clean, sound Copy, 5l. 15s. 6d. Clarendon's Rebellion, 6 vols. royal 8vo.,
+calf, very neat, 25s. Camden Society's Publications, 24 vols., 2s. to 4s.
+per vol. Sammes' Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, curious Engravings, folio,
+calf, 12s. Boutell's Monumental Brasses, large paper Copy, on drawing
+paper, folio, half morocco, cloth sides, perfectly clean, 2l., published at
+3l. 5s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHEAP BOOKS of a Miscellaneous Character, including long Articles on
+Natural History, Biography, &c., are to be seen in No. 36. of REEVES &
+TURNER'S CATALOGUE of BOOKS. SENT FREE on Application to
+
+114. CHANCERY LANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{295}
+
+_LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 1, 1854._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes.
+
+KENNINGTON COMMON.
+
+Before all traces be lost of Kennington Common, so soon to be distinguished
+by the euphonious epithet of _Park_, let me put a Query to some of your
+antiquarian readers in relation thereunto; and suffer me to make the Query
+a peg, whereon to hang sundry and divers little notes. And pray let no one
+ridicule the idea that Kennington has its antiquities; albeit that wherever
+you look, new buildings, new bricks and mortar, plaster and cement, will
+meet your eye; yet, does not the manor figure in _Domesday Book?_ Is it not
+dignified by the stately name of _Chenintune?_ Was it not held by Theodoric
+of King Edward the Confessor? And did it not, in times gone by, possess a
+royal residence?
+
+Here, at a Danish marriage, died Hardi Knute in 1041. Here, Harold, son of
+Earl Godwin, who seized the crown after the death of the Confessor, is said
+to have placed it on his own head. Here, in 1231, King Henry III. held his
+court, and passed a solemn and a stately Christmas. And here, says Matthew
+Paris, was held a Parliament in the succeeding year. Hither, says good old
+Stow, anno 1376, came the Duke of Lancaster to escape the fury of the
+populace of London, on Friday, February 20, the day following that on which
+Wicliffe had been brought before the bishops at St. Paul's. The Duke was
+dining "with one John of Ipres" when the news arrived, borne by a
+breathless messenger, that the people sought his life. When the Duke "leapt
+so hastily from his oysters, that he hurt both his legges against the
+foarme: wine was offered to his oysters, but hee would not drinke for
+haste; he fledde with his fellowe Syr Henry Percy, no man following them;
+and entring the Thamis, neuer stinted rowing vntill they came to a house
+neere the manor of Kenington (besides Lambeth), where at that time the
+Princesse was, with the young Prince, before whom hee made his complaint."
+Doubtless, Lambeth Marsh was then what its name imports. Hither also came a
+deputation of the chiefest citizens to Richard II., June 21, 1377, "before
+the old King was departed," "to accept him for their true and lawfull King
+and Gouernor." But the royal residence was destroyed before 1607. "The last
+of the long succession of royal tenants who inhabited the ancient site,"
+says a writer in the _Illustrated London News_ not long since (I have the
+cutting, but neglected to note the date of the paper), "was Charles I.,
+when Prince of Wales: his lodging, a house built upon a part of the site of
+the old palace, is the only existing vestige, as represented in the
+accompanying engraving (in the _Illus. Lond. News_), unless earlier remains
+are to be found in the lower parts of the interior." But I believe that the
+identity of the site of this ancient mansion (which is situated on the
+western side of Lower Kennington Lane), with part of the site of the old
+palace, is not quite so certain as the writer appears to intimate. In 1720,
+however, the manor gave the title of Earl to William Augustus, Duke of
+Cumberland, second son to George II.
+
+Kennington Common acquired an unenviable notoriety from being the place of
+execution for malefactors tried in this part of the county. "After the
+suppression of the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, many of the insurgents
+having been convicted of treason at Southwark, here suffered the sentence
+of the law" (Dugdale's _England and Wales_, p. 1015.). "Seventeen officers
+of the rebel army were hanged, drawn, and quartered" on this spot.
+(Goldsmith's _History_, continued by Morell, 4to., 1807, vol. ii. p. 165.)
+
+    "One of the last executions which took place on Kennington Common was
+    that of seven men; three of whom belonged to a notorious gang of
+    housebreakers, eighteen in number. These men kept shops, and lived in
+    credit: of the three who were executed, one made over a sum of 2000l.
+    to a friend, previous to his trial. They confessed that the profits of
+    their practices, for the five years past, had been upwards of 1500l. a
+    year to each. This was in the year 1765."--From a cutting, sent me by a
+    friend, from the _Sunday Times'_ "Answers to Correspondents," March 13,
+    1853.
+
+Here too occurred the Chartist meeting, on the memorable 10th of April,
+1848.
+
+Now comes my Query. Was there ever a theatre on Kennington Common? In the
+_Biographia Dramatica_ of David Erskine Baker (edit. 1782, vol. ii. p.
+239.), we are told, that the "satyrical comical allegorical farce," _The
+Mock Preacher,_ published in 8vo. in 1739, was "Acted to a crowded audience
+at Kennington Common, and many other theatres, with the humours of the
+mob." Was it acted in a booth, or in a permanent theatre? The words, "many
+other theatres," almost give one the impression that the latter is
+indicated.
+
+Many more notes might be added, but I fear lest this paper should already
+be too local to interest general readers. Suffice it to say, that Clayton
+Street, close to the Common, takes its name from the Clayton family; one
+member of which, Sir Robert Clayton, was sometime Master of the Drapers'
+Company, in whose Hall a fine portrait of him is preserved. Bowling Green
+Street derives its name from a bowling green which existed not very many
+years since. And White Hart Street from a field, which was so called
+certainly as early as 1785. On the Common was "a bridge called Merton
+Bridge, which formerly was repaired by the Canons of Merton {296} Abbey,
+who had lands for that purpose." (Lysons' _Environs_, edit. 4to., 1792,
+vol. i. p. 327.)
+
+It is due to your readers to state, that the authorities for the statements
+made in the former part of this paper are these: Lysons' _Environs_, ut
+supra, vol. i. pp. 325. 327.; Manning and Bray's _Surrey_, Lond., 1809,
+fol., vol. iii. pp. 484-488.; Stow, _Annales_, edit. 4to., 1601, pp. 432,
+433.; and _Bibl. Top. Brit._, 4to., 1790, vol. ii. "History and Antiq. of
+Lambeth," p. 89.
+
+W. SPARROW SIMPSON.
+
+Kennington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIFE AND DEATH.
+
+I have thrown together a few parallel passages for your pages, which may
+prove acceptable.
+
+1. "_To die is better than to live._"
+
+    "I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which
+    are yet alive. Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet
+    been, who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the
+    sun."--_Eccles._ iv. 2, 3.
+
+    "Great travail is created for every man, and a heavy yoke upon the sons
+    of Adam, from the day that they go out of their _mother's womb_, till
+    the day that they return to the _mother of all things_."--_Ecclus._ xl.
+    1.: cf. 2 _Esdr._ vii. 12, 13.
+
+  "Never to have been born, the wise man first
+  Would wish; and, next, as soon as born to die."--_Anth.
+      Graec._(Posidippus).
+
+In the affecting story of Cleobis and Biton, as related by Herodotus, we
+read,--
+
+    "The _best end of life_ happened to them, and the Deity showed in their
+    case that _it is better for a man to die than to live_."
+
+    [Greek: Diedexe te en toutoisi ho Theos hos ameinon eie anthropoi
+    tethanai mallon e zoein.]--Herod., [Greek: KLEIO]. i. 32.
+
+    "As for all other living creatures, there is not one but, by a secret
+    instinct of nature, knoweth his owne good and whereto he is made
+    able.... Man onely knoweth nothing unlesse hee be taught. He can
+    neither speake nor goe, nor eat, otherwise than he is trained to it:
+    and, to be short, apt and good at nothing he is naturally, but to pule
+    and crie. And hereupon it is that some have been of this opinion, _that
+    better it had been, and simply best, for a man never to have been born,
+    or else speedily to die_."--Pliny's _Nat. Hist._ by Holland, Intr. to
+    b. vii.
+
+  "_Happy the mortal man_, who now at last
+  Has through this doleful vale of misery passed;
+  Who to his destined stage has carry'd on
+  The tedious load, and laid his burden down;
+  Whom the cut brass or wounded marble shows
+  Victor o'er Life, and all her train of woes.
+  _He_, _happier yet_, who, privileged by Fate
+  To shorter labour and a lighter weight,
+  Received but yesterday the gift of breath,
+  Order'd to-morrow to return to death.
+  But O! beyond description, _happiest he_
+  Who ne'er must roll on life's tumultuous sea;
+  Who with bless'd freedom, from the general doom
+  Exempt, must never face the teeming womb,
+  Nor see the sun, nor sink into the tomb!
+  Who breathes must suffer; and who thinks must mourn;
+  _And he alone is blessed who ne'er was born_."--Prior's _Solomon_, b.
+      iii.
+
+The proverbs, "God takes those soonest whom He loveth best," and, "Whom the
+gods love die young," have been already illustrated in "N. & Q." (Vol.
+iii., pp. 302. 377.). "I have learned from religion, that an early death
+has often been the reward of piety," said the Emperor Julian on his
+death-bed. (See Gibbon, ch. xxiv.)
+
+2. "_Judge none blessed before his death_."[1]
+
+    "Ante mortem ne laudes hominem," saith the son of Sirach, xi. 28.
+
+Of this sentiment St. Chrysostom expresses his admiration, Hom. li. in. S.
+Eustath.; and heathen writers afford very close parallels:
+
+    [Greek: Prin d' an teleutese epischeein mede kaleein ko olbion all'
+    eutuchea,] says Solon to Croesus (Herod., [Greek: KLEIO.] i. 32.): cf.
+    Aristot., _Eth. Nic._ ch. x., for a comment on this passage.
+
+Sophocles, in the last few lines of the _Oedipus Tyrannus_, thus draws the
+moral of his fearful tragedy:
+
+  "[Greek: Hoste thneton ont', ekeinen TEN TELEUTAIAN idein]
+  [Greek: HEMERAN episkopounta, meden' olbizein, PRIN AN]
+  [Greek: TERMA TOU BIOU perasei, meden algeinon pathon.]"
+
+Elmsley, on this passage, gives the following references: Trach. I. Soph.
+Tereo, fr. 10.; ibid. Tyndar. fr. 1.; Agam., 937.; Androm., 100.; Troad.,
+509.; Heracl., 865.; Dionys. ap. Stob., ciii. p. 560.; Gesn., cv. p. 431.;
+Grot. To which I may add the oft-quoted lines,--
+
+                  "Ultima semper
+  Expectanda dies, homini dicique beatus
+  _Ante obitum_ nemo supremaque funera debet."
+
+In farther illustration of this passage from Ecclus., let us consider the
+_Death of the Righteous_.
+
+"Let me die _the death_ of the righteous, and let my _last end_ be like
+his," exclaims the truth-compelled and reluctant prophet, Numb. xxiii. 10.
+
+The royal Psalmist, after reflecting on the prosperity of the wicked in
+this world, adds:
+
+  "Then thought I to understand this,
+  But it was too hard for me,
+  Until I went into the sanctuary of God:
+  Then understood I the end of these men."--_Ps._ lxxiii.
+
+And again:
+
+  "I have seen the wicked in great power,
+  And spreading himself like a green bay-tree;
+  {297}
+  Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not;
+  Yea, I sought him, but he could not be found.
+    Mark the perfect man,
+  And behold the upright,
+  For _the end_ of that man is _peace_."--_Ps._ xxxvii. 35-37.: cf. the
+      Prayer-Book version.
+
+The prophet Isaiah declares:
+
+  "The righteous man is taken away because of the evil;
+  _He shall go in peace_, he shall rest in his bed;
+  Even the perfect man, he that walketh in the straight path."--Ch. lvii.,
+      Bp. Lowth's Trans.
+
+                      "Sure _the last end_
+  Of the good man is peace! How calm his exit!
+  Night-dews fall not more gently to the ground,
+  Nor weary worn-out winds expire so soft.
+  Behold him! in the evening tide of life,
+  A life well spent, whose early care it was
+  His riper years should not upbraid his green:
+  By unperceived degrees he wears away;
+  Yet, like the sun, seems larger at his setting!
+  High in his faith and hopes, look how he reaches
+  After the prize in view! and, like a bird
+  That's hamper'd, struggles hard to get away!
+  Whilst the glad gates of sight are wide expanded
+  To let new glories in, the first fair fruits
+  Of the fast-coming harvest."--Blair's _Grave_.
+
+  "How blest the righteous when he dies!
+    When sinks the weary soul to rest!
+  How mildly beam the closing eyes!
+    How gently heaves the expiring breast!
+
+  "So fades the summer cloud away;
+    So sinks the gale when storms are o'er;
+  So gently shuts the eye of day;
+    So dies a wave upon the shore.
+
+  "Life's duty done, as sinks the clay,
+    Light from its load the spirit flies;
+  While heaven and earth combine to say,
+    'How blest the righteous when he dies!'"--_Mrs. Barbauld._
+
+                          "An eve
+  Beautiful as the good man's quiet _end_,
+  When all of earthly now is passed away,
+  And heaven is in his face."--_Love's Trial._
+
+                          "He sets
+  As sets the Morning Star, which goes not down
+  Behind the darken'd West, nor hides obscured
+  Among the tempests of the sky, but melts away
+  Into the light of heaven."
+
+                      "As sweetly as a child,
+  Whom neither thought disturbs nor care encumbers,
+  Tired with long play, at close of summer's day
+  Lies down and slumbers."
+
+A holy life is the only preparation to a happy death, says Bishop Taylor.
+And we have seen how much importance even heathen minds attached to _peace
+at the last_. Truly, as Kettlewell said while expiring, "There is no _life_
+like a happy _death_."
+
+"Consider," says that excellent writer, Norris of Bemerton, "that _this_
+life is wholly in order to _another_, and that _time_ is that sole
+opportunity that God has given us for transacting the great business of
+_eternity_: that our work is great, and our day of working short; much of
+which also is lost and rendered useless through the cloudiness and darkness
+of the morning, and the thick vapours and unwholesome fogs of the evening;
+the ignorance and inadvertency of youth, and the disease and infirmities of
+old age: that our portion of time is not only _short_ as to its duration,
+but also _uncertain_ in the possession: that the loss of it is irreparable
+to the loser, and profitable to nobody else: that it shall be severely
+accounted for at the great judgment, and lamented in a sad eternity."--"Of
+the Care and Improvement of Time," _Miscel._, 6th edit., p. 118.
+
+EIRIONNACH.
+
+[Footnote 1: Cf. Sir Thos. Browne's _Christian Morals_, sect. ix.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR AND DEATH OF NELSON.
+
+The following unpublished letter, as a historical document, is worth
+preserving in the pages of "N. & Q." It relates to the important national
+events of the battle of Trafalgar and death of Nelson. The writer was, at
+the time, a signal midshipman in the service, and only about thirteen years
+of age. He was a native of Glasgow, and died many years since, much
+respected.
+
+      H.M.S. Defence,
+      At anchor off Cadiz, 28 Oct. 1805.
+
+    My dear Betty [the writer's sister],
+
+    I have now the pleasure of writing you, after a noble victory over the
+    French and Spanish fleets, on the 21st October, off Cape Spartel. We
+    have taken, burnt and sunk, gone on shore, &c., twenty-one sail of the
+    line. The names I will let [you] know after. On the 19[th] our frigates
+    made the signal; the Combined Fleets were coming out; so as we were
+    stationed between the frigate and our fleet, we repeated ditto to Lord
+    Nelson. It being calm we could not make much way, but in the course of
+    the night we got a strong breeze, and next morning our frigate made the
+    signal for them, being all at sea. So on the afternoon of the 20[th] we
+    saw them to leeward; but it was blowing fresh and very hazy, so Lord
+    Nelson made our signal for a captain; so our captain went on board, and
+    Lord Nelson told Captain Hope he expected he would keep sight of them
+    all night. So on the morning of the 21st we observed them to leeward
+    about two miles, so we made the signal to Lord Nelson how many the
+    bearings, and everything; so brave Nelson bore down immediately; and at
+    twelve o'clock Lord Nelson broke the south^d line, and brave Admiral
+    Collin[g]wood the north; and at two o'clock we were all in action. We
+    were the last station'd ship; so when we went down we had two Frenchmen
+    and one Spaniard on us at one time. We engag'd them forty-six minutes,
+    when the "Achille" and "Polyphemus" came up to our assistance. The
+    Spaniard ran away; we gave him chase, and fought him {298} one hour and
+    forty-six minutes, when he struck, and we boarded him, and have him
+    safe at anchor, as we have not had a good wind. I am sorry to say poor
+    Lord Nelson was wounded the second broadside. He went down and got his
+    wounds dress'd, and he was wound'd a second time, and he just lived to
+    hear of the victory. The ship we took, her name is the "San Ildifonzo,"
+    eighty-two guns, and a very fine ship, new. I don't think we will save
+    more than twelve sail of them: but we have sunk, burnt, drove on shore,
+    twenty-one sail of the line in all; and if we had not had a gale of
+    wind next day we would have taken every one of them. We were riding
+    close in shore with two anchors a-head, three cables on each bower, and
+    all our sails were shot to pieces, ditto our rudder and stern, and
+    mainmast, and everything; but, thank good, I am here safe, though there
+    was more shot at my quarters than any other part of the ship. We are
+    now at anchor, but expect to go to Gibraltar every day. I hope in good
+    you are all in health: I was never better in all my life. My comp^{ts}
+    to all friends [&c. ...] and my dear father and mother.
+
+      I am
+      Your affectionate brother,
+      (Signed) CHARLES REID.
+
+    You must excuse this letter, as half our hands are on board our prize,
+    and have had no time. I have been two days writing this; five minutes
+    one time and ten minutes another time, and so on. We are just getting
+    under way for Gibraltar.
+
+    Now for the French and Spanish ships taken, burnt, run on shore, &c.
+    &c.:
+
+      Bucentaure, 80, taken. French.
+      Santiss' Trinidada, 130, sunk. Spanish.
+      Santa, taken, but afterwards got into Cadiz.
+      Rayo, 110, sunk. French.
+      Bahama, 74, taken. French.
+      Argonauta, 80, sunk and burnt.
+      Neptuna, 90, on shore.
+      San Ildifonzo, 80, taken by the Defence.
+      Algazeras, 74, on shore; Swiftsure, 74, Gib.; Berwick, 74, Gib. All
+          English ships taken by the French last war.
+      Intrepid, 74, burnt.
+      Aigle, 80, on shore.
+      Tonguer, 80, on shore [MS. uncertain].
+      De ..., 74, Gibraltar [ditto].
+      Argonauta, 74, Gib.
+      Redoubtable, 74, sunk.
+      Achell, 74, burnt.
+      Manareo, 74, on shore.
+      San Augustino, 74, Gibraltar.
+
+    There is not one English ship lost, but a number lost their masts.
+    (Signed) C. R.
+
+The writer had a brother, Andrew Reid, who bore a commission in the ships
+of Captain Parry in the first Arctic expedition.
+
+G. N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERALDIC ANOMALY.
+
+I beg to call the attention of the heraldic readers of "N. & Q." to a
+singular custom of displaying their coats of arms, peculiar to the Knights
+of St. John, of the venerable Language of England.
+
+It is well known that the members of this valiant brotherhood, throughout
+Europe, bear their paternal shield alone, surmounted, as the badge of their
+profession, with the particular device of the order, that is, On a chief,
+gules, a cross argent. The English knights, with their paternal coat, bore
+also, party-per-pale, that of their mothers, with the chief of the order
+over both, a strange heraldic anomaly!
+
+I have somewhere read, but where, for lack of a "note," I cannot recollect,
+that in making their proofs of nobility previous to their admission into
+the order, unlike the other Languages, the cavalier of England gave in only
+the names of their father and mother, but at the same time it was requisite
+that these two names should be able to prove a nobility of two hundred
+years each.
+
+Perhaps the custom of bearing the paternal shield impaled with the maternal
+sprung from these proofs.
+
+In the British Museum, Harl. MSS. 1386., may be seen three examples of this
+custom, in a paper entitled, _A Note of certain Knights of Rhodes_, "in
+prioratu Sancti Johannis Jerusalem."
+
+1. Sir Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of England, A.D. 1504, a knight not more
+renowned as a valiant man-at-arms, "preux et hardi," than as a skilful
+diplomatist; and who, on the death of Fabricio Caretto, A.D. 1520-1, was
+thought worthy to be put in competition for the Grand Mastership with the
+celebrated Villiers de L'Isle Adam, and, as Vertot tells us, only lost that
+dignity by a very trifling majority. His paternal coat--Sable, a cheveron
+engrailed argent, between three plates, on each a pale, gules--is impaled
+with that of his mother, Alice, daughter of Thomas Green, of Gressingham,
+in Yorkshire; Argent, a bugle-horn sable, stringed gules, between three
+griffins' heads, erased, of the second; over all, the chief of the order.
+
+2. Sir Lancelot Docwra, near kinsman to Sir Thomas, and son of Robert
+Docwra, of Docwra-Hall, in Cumberland. His arms are impaled with--Or, a
+cross flory sable--the coat armour of his mother, Jane, daughter of Sir
+John Lamplugh, of Lamplugh, in the same county; one "of a race," as Denton
+says, "of valorous gentlemen, successively for their worthiness knighted in
+the field, all, or most part of them." The chief of the order also
+surmounts his shield.
+
+3. The third is the shield of Sir John Randon; Gules, a bend checquy or and
+azure, impaling Argent, a frette, and on a chief, gules, three escallops of
+the field; over all, the chief of the order. {299}
+
+If any readers of "N. & Q." could furnish me with more examples, I should
+be much obliged.
+
+JOHN O' THE FORD.
+
+Malta.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Three Maids._--There is a spot on the road from Winchester to Andover
+called the "Three Maids." They are I believe nameless. Tradition says that
+they poisoned their father, and were for that crime buried alive up to
+their necks. Travellers passing by were ordered not to feed them; but one
+compassionate horseman as he rode along threw the core of an apple to one,
+on which she subsisted for three days. Wonderful is it to state that three
+groups of firs sprung up miraculously from the graves of the three maids.
+Thus their memories have been perpetuated. The peasantry of Winchester and
+its neighbourhood for the most part accredit the story, and I see no reason
+for disbelieving the first part of it myself. Does any one know of a like
+punishment being awarded in olden times, when the tender mercies of the law
+were cruel and arbitrary?
+
+_Mother Russel's Post._--Whilst I am on the subject of folk lore I may as
+well add, that on the road to Kings Sombourn, of educational renown, there
+is a spot where four roads meet. Report says that a certain Mother Russel,
+who committed suicide, was buried there. A little girl in this village was
+afraid to pass the spot at night on account of the ghosts, which are
+supposed to haunt it in the hours of darkness. The rightful name of the
+place is "Mother Russel's Post."
+
+EUSTACE W. JACOB.
+
+Crawley.
+
+_Shrove Tuesday Custom_ (Vol. ix., p. 65.).--The Shrove Tuesday custom
+mentioned by MR. ELLIOTT as existing at Leicester, and an account of which
+he quotes from Hone's _Year-Book_, has been abolished within the last few
+years. There is, I believe, still a curious custom on that day at Ludlow,
+the origin and meaning of which has never, so far as I am aware, been
+discovered and stated.
+
+    "The corporation," I quote from a history of the town, "provide a rope,
+    three inches in thickness, and in length thirty-six yards, which is
+    given out at one of the windows of the Market House as the clock
+    strikes four, when a large body of the inhabitants, divided into two
+    parties, commence an arduous struggle, and as soon as either party
+    gains the victory by pulling the rope beyond the prescribed limits, the
+    pulling ceases, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Without doubt this singular custom is symbolical of some remarkable
+    event, and a remnant of that ancient language of visible signs, which,
+    says a celebrated writer, 'imperfectly supplies the want of letters to
+    perpetuate the remembrance of public or private transactions.' The sign
+    in this instance has survived the remembrance of the occurrence it was
+    designed to represent, and remains a profound mystery. It has been
+    insinuated that the real occasion of this custom is known to the
+    corporation, but that, for some reason or other, they are tenacious of
+    the secret."
+
+The local historian then mentions an "obscure tradition," but as it is not
+in agreement with my own opinion, I omit it.
+
+S. P. Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STORNELLO.
+
+Verses, the rhymes of which return after the fashion of those printed in
+"N. & Q." (Vol. vi., p. 603., and Vol. vii., p. 174.), are commonly current
+among the peasants of Tuscany, and in many instances form the materials of
+their popular songs. It is probable that this description of rhyme
+originated in the "bel paese la dove 'l si suona." They usually turn on a
+combination of _three_ words, as in those quoted in Vol vii. of "N. & Q."
+And the name _stornello_, as will be readily perceived, is derived from
+_tornare_, to return. I send you a specimen of one of them, which has a
+certain degree of historical interest attached to it, from its connexion
+with the movement of 1848. It was difficult to walk through the streets of
+Florence in those days without hearing it carolled forth by more than one
+Florentine Tyrtaeus. _Now_, I need hardly say, "we never mention it--its
+name is never heard." The patriot-flag was a _tricolor_ of white, red, and
+green, a nosegay of which colours a youth has brought to his mistress. She
+sings as follows:
+
+  "E gli diro che il verde, il rosso, il bianco
+  Gli stanno ben con una spada al fianco.
+  E gli diro che il bianco, il verde, il rosso,
+  Vuol dir che Italia il duro giogo ha scosso.
+  E gli diro che il rosso, il bianco, il verde
+  E un terno che si giuoca e non si perde."
+
+Of which the following rough version may serve to give a
+sufficiently-accurate idea of the meaning, for the benefit of your "country
+gentlemen" readers:
+
+  "And I'll tell him the green, and the red, and the white
+  Would look well by his side as a sword-knot so bright.
+  And I'll tell him the white, and the green, and the red
+  Mean, our country has flung the vile yoke from her head.
+  And I'll tell him the red, and the white, and the green
+  Is the prize that we play for, a prize that we'll win."
+
+"Un terno che si giuoca" is a phrase which refers to the system of the
+public lotteries, {300} established (so much to their shame) by the Italian
+governments; and a page of explanation of that system would be needful, to
+make any literal translation of it intelligible to an English reader.
+
+In conclusion I may say, in reply to the Query of HENRY H. BREEN, that the
+Popes alluded to in the epigram cited by him as above referred to (Vol.
+vi., p. 603.), seem evidently to have been Julius II. (Rovere), Leo X.
+(Medici), Clement VII. (Medici), and Paul III. (Farnese). And the epigram
+in question says no more than the truth, in asserting that they all four
+occasioned infinite mischief to France.
+
+T. A. T.
+
+Florence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Perspective._--There is a very common error in drawing walls, the plane of
+which is parallel to the plane of the picture. An instance of it occurs in
+the facade of Sennacherib's Palace, Layard's 2nd book on Nineveh,
+frontispiece. All the horizontal lines in the plane of the picture are
+drawn parallel. The fact is, that every line above or below the line of the
+horizon, though _really_ parallel to it, _apparently_ approaches it, as it
+is produced to the right or left. The reason is obvious. One point in the
+wall, viz. that on which you let fall a perpendicular from your eye, is
+nearest to your eye. The perpendicular height of the wall, as drawn through
+this point, must therefore appear greater than as drawn through any other
+point more to the right or left. The lines which are really parallel do
+therefore apparently converge on some point more or less distant, according
+to the distance of the wall from your eye. Every drawing in which this
+principle is not considered must, I think, appear out of perspective.
+
+G. T. HOARE.
+
+Tandridge.
+
+"_That._"--I lately met with the following grammatical puzzle among some
+old papers. I forget from what book I copied it many years ago. Perhaps it
+may be new to some of your readers.
+
+  "I'll prove the word that I have made my theme,
+  Is that that may be _doubled_ without blame,
+  And that that that thus _trebled_ I may use,
+  And that that that that critics may abuse,
+  May be correct.--Farther, the Dons to bother,
+  _Five_ thats may closely follow one another--
+  For, be it known that we may safely write
+  Or say that that that that that man writ was right;
+  Nay, e'en that that that that that that has followed
+  Through _six_ repeats, the grammar's rule has hallowed,
+  And that that that (that _that_ that that began),
+  Repeated _seven_ times is right! Deny't who can."
+
+McC.
+
+_Corporation Enactments._--In the town books of the Corporation of Youghal,
+co. Cork, among other singular enactments of that body are two which will
+now be regarded as curiosities. In the years 1680 and 1703, a cook and a
+barber received their freedom, on condition that they would respectively
+dress the mayor's feasts, and shave the Corporation, gratis!
+
+ABHBA.
+
+_Jacobite Club._--The adherents of the Stuarts are now nearly extinct; but
+I recollect a few years ago an old gentleman, in London, who was then
+upwards of eighty years of age, and who was a stanch Jacobite. I have heard
+him say that, "when he was a young man, his father belonged to a society in
+Aldersgate Street, called the 'Mourning Bush;' and this Bush was to be
+always in mourning until the Stuarts were restored." A member of this
+Society having been met in mourning when one of the reigning family had
+died, was asked by one of the members how it so happened? His reply was,
+that he was "not mourning for the dead, but for the living." The old
+gentleman was father of the Mercers' Company, and his brother of the
+Stationers' Company: they were bachelors, and citizens of the old school,
+hospitable, liberal, and charitable. An instance occurred, that the latter
+had a presentation to Christ's Hospital: he was applied to on behalf of a
+person who had a large family; but the father not being a freeman, he could
+not present it to the son. He immediately bought the freedom for the
+father, and gave the son the presentation! This is a rare act.
+
+The brothers have long gone to receive the reward of their goodness, and
+lie buried in the cemetery attached to Mercers' Hall, Cheapside.
+
+JAMES REED.
+
+Sunderland.
+
+_Dean Nowell's first Wife._--Churton, in his _Life of Alexander Nowell_,
+dean of St. Paul's, p. 368., is at a loss to know the name of the dean's
+first wife. He says:
+
+    "Of his first wife nothing farther is known but that he was married,
+    either to her or to his second wife, in or before the year 1561. His
+    surviving wife, Eliz. Nowell, had been twice married before, and had
+    children by both her former husbands. Laurence Ball appears to have
+    been her first husband, and Thomas Blount her second."
+
+The pedigree of Bowyer, in the _Visitation of Sussex_, in 1633-4, gives the
+name of the dean's first wife:
+
+  "Thomas    =  Jane, da. and heir of  =  Alexander Nowell,
+  Bowyer        Robert Merry, son         dean of St. Paul's.
+  of London.    of Thomas Merry           2nd husband."
+                of Hatfield.
+
+Y. S.
+
+"_Oxoniana._"--To your list of desirable reprints, I beg to add the very
+amusing work under this title, and originally published in four small {301}
+volumes about fifty years since, and now become scarce. Additions and
+corrections would add to the value and interest of a work which preserves
+many curious traits of past times and of Oxford Dons.
+
+ALPHA.
+
+_An Epigram falsely ascribed to George Herbert._--The recent editors of
+George Herbert have printed as his, among his Latin poems, the last two
+lines of the 76th epigram of Martial's eighth book:
+
+  "Vero verius ergo quid sit, audi:
+  Verum, Gallice, non libenter audis."
+
+J. E. B. MAYOR.
+
+_Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library."_--Will you kindly allow me to avail
+myself of your columns to correct an error in my translation of "Ingulph,"
+in Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_? In the note to page 2, the Abbey of
+_Bardney,_ in Lincolnshire, is confounded with _Partney,_ which was one of
+its cells. The mistake was not observed till, unfortunately, the sheet had
+been printed; and it was accidentally omitted among the _errata_. My
+authority had, I rather think, been misled by Camden.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+31. St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+QUOTATIONS WANTED.
+
+  "Quid levius calamo? Pulvis. Quid pulvere? Ventus.
+  Quid vento? Meretrix. Quid meretrice? Nihil."
+
+  "What is lighter than a feather?
+  Dust. The wind more light than either.
+  What is lighter than the wind?
+  Airy, fickle, womankind.
+  What than womankind is lighter?
+  Nothing, nothing--but the writer."
+
+X. Y.
+
+  "The knights are dust,
+  Their good swords are rust,
+  Their souls are with the saint, we trust."
+
+C. M. O'CAOIMH.
+
+  "Circles are prized, not that abound
+  In greatness, but the exactly round.
+  Thus men are honoured, who excel,
+  Not in high state, but doing well."
+
+G. C. H.
+
+  "Ill habits gather by unseen degrees,
+  As brooks to rivers, rivers run to seas."
+
+S.
+
+  "The clanging trumpet sounds to arms,
+  And calls me forth to battle:
+  Our banners float 'midst war's alarms,
+  The signal cannons rattle."
+
+T. W.
+
+  "Of whose omniscient and all-spreading love,
+  Aught to implore were impotence of mind."
+
+Q.
+
+  "He no longer shall dwell
+    Upon that dirty ball,
+  But to heaven shall come,
+    And make punch for us all."
+
+A SEPTUAGENARIAN.
+
+  "Sometimes, indeed, an acre's breadth half green,
+  And half strewed o'er with rubbish, may be seen.
+  When lo! a board, with quadrilateral grace,
+  Stands stiff in the phenomenon of space,
+  Proposing still the neighbourhood's increase,
+  By, 'Ground to let upon a building lease.'"
+
+H. W.
+
+  "Then what remains, but well our parts to chuse,
+  And keep good humour whatsoe'er we lose."
+
+F. W. J.
+
+  "Bachelors of every station,
+  Listen to my true relation."
+
+Also a ballad describing the visit of a countryman and his wife to Oxford.
+Both of Berkshire origin.
+
+L.
+
+"A fellow feeling makes us wond'rous kind."
+
+W. V.
+
+"Sir John once said a good thing."
+
+[Greek: Xanthos].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN.
+
+In your publication (Vol. iv., p. 319.), one of your correspondents has
+given some interesting particulars relative to Sir Edmund Plowden, New
+Albion, &c., and expresses the hope that Americans will hereafter do
+justice to the memory of one really deserving their respect. I am desirous
+of doing something to vindicate his memory and claims; and to this end
+should be greatly obliged if your correspondent would favour me with some
+additional facts. To get at these, I will put some of them in the
+interrogative form.
+
+When and where was Sir Edmund born?
+
+What is the evidence that he was in America from 1620 to 1630? If so, where
+(in what localities), and what capacity?
+
+He says that his sister married a son of Secretary Lake, _then_ in office;
+but Lake was turned out several years before 1630, and Lord Baltimore took
+his place, I think. Nor was Wentworth made Earl of Strafford till after the
+time of the petition.
+
+He is said to have served five years in Ireland: in what capacity?
+
+Who were Viscount Musherry, Lord Monson, Sir Thomas Denby, (Claiborne I
+know of), Capt. Balls; besides Sir John Laurence, Sir Bowyer {302}
+Worstley, Barrett, &c.? Where did these parties "die, in America," in 1634?
+
+Is the _Latin_ original of the character in existence? There is an omission
+in the bounds given in the paper referred to: can I get an extract from the
+original entry of limits?
+
+Did the charter ever pass the _Great Seal_?
+
+Would it be valid, if only passed under the private seal?
+
+Can the date of the grant to Danby be ascertained?
+
+Are there any memoranda of Plowden's six years' residence as Governor of
+New Albion (I have some of his residence in Virginia)?
+
+Can I get more definite facts about the misconduct of Francis?
+
+The license for alienation, &c. is stated to have been obtained 15th of
+Charles, 1646; but the 15th of Charles was 1640. When did he arrive to
+attend to his property, and when was he imprisoned in the Fleet?
+
+Who was Beauchamp Plantagenet, the author of the tract on _New Albion_,
+published in 1648?
+
+Who were Robert Evelin, Captain Young, and Master Miles, mentioned in that
+tract?
+
+Can you give me any additional facts, _dates_ especially, of events and
+births, deaths, &c.?
+
+I know not into whose hands these Queries will come; but I can say that, if
+they are answered, the cause of historic truth and justice will be served;
+and I shall have the aid I want towards correcting the misrepresentations
+and errors that have been accumulating for years on this point.
+
+S. F. STREETER, Sec. Md. Hist. Soc.
+
+Baltimore Md., March 2, 1854.
+
+P. S.--I should like to inquire, through your publication, if any one can
+give me the family of Mr. Claiborne; and any facts in his history not
+stated in our works?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANCIENT CLOCK, AND ODEVAERE'S HISTORY OF IT.
+
+As a portion of the history of the magnificent clock, which came into my
+possession last year, is connected with Holland, I think it probable that I
+may, through the means of "N. & Q." and the _Navorscher_, be able to obtain
+the information respecting it which I desire. I shall therefore be very
+much obliged if you will give this communication a place.
+
+It will be necessary to give a brief description of the clock, so as to
+enable parties on the other side of the water to recognise and identify it.
+The clock, which is of copper richly gilt, and elaborately engraved, stands
+about four feet high, independent of the pedestal. It is of architectural
+design, and is divided into three stories, having detached columns at each
+corner. The two lower stories contain the dials in the front. The upper
+story exhibits the groups of moving silver figures, which strike the
+quarters, hours, and move in procession whilst a tune is played by a chime
+of bells. The whole is surmounted by a dome, on which is placed a silver
+cock, which flaps his wings and crows when the clock strikes. It was made
+by Isaac Hahrecht (the artist who made the great clock in the cathedral at
+Strasburg), according to the inscription on it, in the year 1589: and is
+evidently a model of that celebrated work condensed into a single tower,
+since it performs all the feats of that clock. Its reputed history, as
+given in a printed account of it, is, that it was made for Pope Sixtus V.,
+and was for more than two hundred years in the possession of the Court of
+Rome. It afterwards came into the possession of William I., King of the
+Netherlands, who authorised Odevaere the antiquary, now deceased, to
+investigate everything concerning it, and to give a description of it. What
+I should wish to know is, who was this Odevaere, and where is his
+description of it to be found? With regard to the history of the clock, I
+should wish to know the authority for the statement of its having been made
+for the Pope, when and how it came to leave the Vatican; how it became the
+property of the King of Holland; when and why it ceased to belong to the
+crown of Holland; and under what circumstances it came over to this
+country, where it was exhibited in 1850?
+
+If any of the readers of "N. & Q.," or the _Navorscher_, can give me any
+information respecting it, I shall feel greatly obliged.
+
+OCTAVIUS MORGAN.
+
+9. Pall Mall.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Spielberg, when built?_--When and by whom was the prison of Spielberg, in
+Moravia, built? Has it been used exclusively as a state prison?
+
+M. J. S.
+
+_"Ded. Pavli."_--Can you give me any information respecting a tract
+entitled--
+
+    "Ded. Pavli Antiquarius, Theologia, et contra Perciocas Thologo
+    Rvmaetatis nostrae scholas Philippi Melanchthonis declamativncvla. Et
+    quaedam alia lectv dignissima."
+
+F. COLEMAN.
+
+16. Great St. Helens.
+
+_Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantelboard: Mantell and Brace._--What is the
+origin of this word, and whence came the thing? It must originally have had
+a use and a meaning, before it became a haven of rest for hyacinth-glasses,
+china monsters, Bohemian glass vases, and a thousand nick-nacks and odds
+and ends of drawing-room {303} furniture, as it _now_ is with us. It had,
+no doubt, some real work to do before it became what we are pleased to term
+_ornamental_.
+
+C. D. LAMONT.
+
+Greenock.
+
+_Passage in Job._--The REV. MOSES MARGOLIOUTH will much oblige the writer,
+and some of his friends, by giving in "N. & Q." a literal translation of
+Job xix. 26. The authorised version is:
+
+    "And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh I
+    shall see God."
+
+The marginal reference gives:
+
+    "After I shall awake, though this body be destroyed, yet out of my
+    flesh shall I see God."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_Provincial Glossaries._--In an article in the 79th volume of the
+_Edinburgh Review_, on the provincialisms of the European languages, the
+writer says:
+
+    "There are some very copious early English vocabularies lying in
+    manuscript in the Cathedral libraries of Durham, Winchester, and
+    Canterbury; in the British Museum, King's College, and other
+    depositories, deserving collection."
+
+Will any of your learned readers inform me of the dates of the MSS.
+referred to, and by whom the collections were made? I would recommend them
+to the notice of the Camden Society.
+
+FRA. MEWBURN.
+
+_Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster._--What crest did this family bear,
+and when did the family become extinct?
+
+J. B.
+
+_A marvellous Combat of Birds._--In the _Phoenix Britannicus_, by J.
+Morgan, London, 4to., p. 250.[2], there is an account of--
+
+    "The wonderful battle of stares (or starlings), fought at Cork on
+    Saturday 12th, and Monday 14th, October, 1621."
+
+And this narration relates, that on the Sunday, October 13, the intervening
+day, the starlings absented themselves to fight at Woolwich, in Kent!!
+
+Without vouching for the fact, or calling in question the prowess of this
+"Irish Brigade," I leave it to be confirmed or refuted by any reader of the
+"N. & Q."--_comme bon lui semblera_.
+
+[Greek: S].
+
+P. S.--I would, _a propos_ to the above subject, thank any reader of your
+miscellany to point out to me a work by a M. Hanhart (I believe is the
+name), which I think is upon _Les Moeurs des Fourmis indigenes_, in which
+are given some particulars of regular conflicts between ants. I am not
+aware of the exact title of the book, but I have seen an account of it in
+some Edinburgh periodical, if I am not mistaken.
+
+[Footnote 2: At p. 252. of the same article is an account of the battle of
+the gnats, noticed by MR. E. W. JACOB.--ED.]
+
+_Battle of the Gnats._--In reading Stowe's _Chronicles of England_, I hit
+upon the following passage recorded in the reign of King Richard II., p.
+509.:
+
+    "A fighting among gnats at the King's Maner of _Shine_, where they were
+    so thicke gathered, that the ayre was darkned with them: they fought
+    and made a great battaile. Two partes of them being slayne, fel downe
+    to the grounde; the thirde parte hauing got the victorie, flew away, no
+    man knew whither. The number of the deade was such that might be swepte
+    uppe with besomes, and bushels filled weyth them."
+
+This is a curious incident, and I have never heard of anything of the sort
+taking place in modern times. Would some of your readers who study natural
+history be good enough to give me another instance? I am at present
+inclined to think that the account is one of the many myths which Stow
+doubtless believed.
+
+EUSTACE W. JACOB.
+
+_Sandford of Thorpe Salvine, Co. York._--Wanted, the arms and crest of the
+Sandfords of Thorpe Salvine. Also any particulars of the family, from the
+commencement of their residence at High Ashes, in the parish of
+Ashton-under-Lyne, co. Lancashire, until the termination of that residence.
+Were they of the same family with Sandford, Baron Mount Sandford?
+
+J. B.
+
+"_Outlines of the History of Theology_," 8vo., London, 1844, said to be
+privately printed. Any information as to the author, &c. will oblige
+
+JOHN MARTIN.
+
+Woburn Abbey.
+
+_"Mawkin."_--Is this word, which signifies here "a scarecrow," merely a
+Norfolk pronunciation of _mocking_? i. e. an imitation of a man--composed
+of coat, hat, &c. hung upon a cross bar of wood?
+
+J. L. S.
+
+_"Plain Dealer."_--Can any one of your readers inform me where I can see a
+copy of Aaron Hill's _Plain Dealer_, as originally published, and before it
+was collected and printed in two volumes?
+
+D.
+
+_Hymn attributed to Handel._--Can any of your readers give information
+concerning a hymn which commences thus:
+
+  "We'll proclaim the wond'rous story
+    Of the mercies we receive,
+  From the day-spring's dawn in glory,
+    To the fading hour of eve."
+
+It has been attributed to Handel. On what authority?
+
+W. P. STORER.
+
+Olney, Bucks.
+
+{304}
+
+_Degrees in Arts._--In the diploma of Master of Arts which I obtained from
+the University of Edinburgh, occur the words:
+
+    "Cunctaque consecutum esse Privilegia, Immunitates, Jura, quae hic aut
+    usquam alibi Bonarum Artium Magistris concedi solent."
+
+What are (or rather _were_, for I suppose they do not now exist) these
+_privilegia_, _immunitates_, and _jura_?
+
+ANNANDALE.
+
+_"Goloshes"--"Kutchin-kutchu."_--What is the origin of _goloshes_, as the
+name of water-proof shoes? It is, of course, of American derivation. But
+has it any connexion with the tribe of North American Indians, the
+Goloshes? They are the immediate neighbours of those tribes of Esquimaux
+who form water-proof boats and dresses from the entrails of the seal; and a
+confusion of names may easily have occurred.
+
+The expedition of Sir John Richardson to the Arctic shores, which suggests
+the above Query, also gives rise to another. Did any of your readers ever
+amuse themselves, as children, by performing the dance known as _kutchin
+kutchu_-ing; which consists in jumping about with the legs bent in a
+sitting posture? If so, have they not been struck with a philological
+mania, on seeing his picture of the Kutchin-Kutcha Indians dancing; in
+which the principal performer is actually figuring in the midst of the wild
+circle in the way described. Is not the nursery term something more than a
+mere coincidence?
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+_Cornwalls of London._--Perhaps some reader of "N. & Q." may be able to
+inform me what were the arms, crest, and motto of the Cornwalls of London?
+One of the family, John Cornwall, was a Director of the Bank of England in
+1769.
+
+F. C.
+
+Beverley.
+
+_Flasks for Wine-bottles._--When, and under what circumstances, did the
+common use of flasks in this country, for holding wine, go out? Hogarth
+died in 1764, and in none of his pictures, I believe, is the wine-bottle,
+in its present shape, to be seen. On the other hand, I have never found any
+person able to remember the use of flasks, or indeed any other than the
+wine-bottle in its present shape. The change must have been rapidly
+effected between 1760 and 1790. Of course I am aware that certain wines,
+Greek, I believe, are still imported in flasks.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+_Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus, Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and Tounu or
+Tonnu._--Can any of your correspondents suggest the meaning of these words,
+or either them? They are not in the recent Paris edition of Ducange.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Postmaster at Merton College._--Can you tell me whether there is any known
+derivation for the term "Postmaster," as applied to part of the members on
+the Foundation of Merton College, Oxford? Also, What connexion there is
+between this word and the Latin for it, which is seen on the college plate,
+in the words "In usum Portionistarum?"
+
+J. G. T.
+
+Ch. Ch.
+
+    [It seems probable that these postmasters formerly occupied one of the
+    postern gates of the college. Hence we find Anthony a Wood, in his
+    Life, August 1, 1635, says, "A fine of 30_li._ was set by the warden
+    and fellowes of Merton College. When his father renewed his lease of
+    the old stone-house, wherein his son A. Wood was borne (called
+    antiently Portionists' or Postmasters' Hall), for forty yeares," &c.
+    Again, April 13, 1664: "A meeting of the warden and fellowes of Merton
+    College, where the renewing of the leases belonging to the family,
+    concerning the housing (Portionists' Hall and its appurtenances)
+    against Merton College, was by them proposed." Fuller, in his _Church
+    Hist._, book III. cent. xiii. sect. 8., has given the origin of
+    postmasters. "There is," says he, "a by-foundation in Merton College, a
+    kind of college in the college, and this tradition goeth of their
+    original:--Anciently there was, over against Merton College, a small
+    unendowed hall, whose scholars had so run in arrears, that their
+    opposite neighbours, out of charity, took them into their college (then
+    but nine in number) to wait on the fellows. But since, they are freed
+    from any attendance, and endowed with plentiful maintenance.... Bishop
+    Jewel was a postmaster, before removed hence to be fellow of Corpus
+    Christi." Consult also Oxoniana, vol. ii. pp. 15-22. The _Portionistae_,
+    or Postmasters, did not reside in the college till the latter end of
+    the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but in a hall opposite to it, which had
+    been provided for the use of the college by Peter de Habinton, or
+    Habendon, the first warden. It afterwards became the property of the
+    father of Anthony a Wood, and beneath its roof that distinguished
+    antiquary was born, December 17, 1632. The second brother of Anthony
+    became one of the postmasters of Merton College.]
+
+_"Lyra Apostolica."_--Can you inform me who were the writers in the _Lyra
+Apostolica_ who assumed the letters [alpha], [beta], [gamma], [delta],
+[epsilon], [zeta]?
+
+TYRO.
+
+    [We have heard the initials attributed to the following
+    writers:--[alpha], Bowden; [beta], R. H. Froude; [gamma], John Keble;
+    [delta], J. H. Newman; [epsilon], Isaac Williams; [zeta], Wilberforce.]
+
+_East Dereham Manor._--Is it true that "the manor of East Dereham of the
+Queen" was wrested from the See of Ely by Queen Elizabeth's celebrated
+threat of "unfrocking?"
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+    [The memorable unique epistle from the maiden Majesty of England only
+    deprived Dr. Cox, at that time, of his town-house and fair gardens,
+    called Ely {305} Place, on Holborn Hill, reserving to himself and his
+    successors free access, through the gate-house, of walking in the
+    garden, and leave to gather twenty bushels of roses yearly therein!
+    During the life of Dr. Cox an attempt was made by Elizabeth on some of
+    the best manors belonging to the See of Ely; but it was not till that
+    of his successor, Dr. Martin Heton, that Dereham Grange, with other
+    manors, were alienated to the Crown. See Dugdale's _Monasticon_, vol.
+    i. p. 466.]
+
+_Quakers executed in North America._--Were there not several Quakers hanged
+in North America on account of their religious opinions? And can you inform
+me where an account of the circumstances attending this persecution (if
+there ever was such an one) can be found?
+
+ALFRED CONDER.
+
+    [Three Quakers were executed at Boston in 1659, viz. William Robinson,
+    merchant of London; Marmaduke Stevenson of Yorkshire; and Mary Dyar. An
+    account of the cruelties inflicted upon them is given in Sewell's
+    _History of the Quakers_, edit. 1725, pp. 219-227.; also in a pamphlet
+    entitled _A Declaration of the sad and great Persecution and Martyrdom
+    of the People of God, called Quakers, in New England, for the
+    Worshipping of God_: London, printed for Robert Wilson, in
+    Martin's-le-Grand, 1661. It will be found among the King's Pamphlets in
+    the British Museum.]
+
+_Inscription in Fulham Church._--I should esteem it a favour if any one of
+your numerous correspondents would furnish me with a correct copy of the
+inscription to the memory of the son of Colonel Wm. Carlos, who so nobly
+defended Charles II. at the battle of Worcester.
+
+J. B. WHITBORNE.
+
+    ["Here lieth William Carlos of Stafford, who departed this life, in the
+    twenty-fifth yeare of his age, the 19th day of May, 1668.
+
+      'Tis not bare names that noble fathers give
+      To worthy sonnes: though dead, in them they live;
+      For in his progeny, 'tis Heaven's decree,
+      Man only can on earth immortall bee;
+      But Heaven gives soules w^h grace doth sometymes bend
+      Early to God their rice and Soveraigne end.
+      Thus, whilst that earth, concern'd, did hope to see
+      Thy noble father living still in thee,
+      Careless of earth, to heaven thou didst aspire,
+      And we on earth, Carlos in thee desire."
+
+    Arms: an oak on a fesse, three regal crowns.]
+
+_Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love."_--Was Sir John Bolle, of Thorpe Hall,
+near Louth, the hero of the _Spanish Lady's Love_? The Bolle pedigree is in
+Illingworth's _History of Scampton_.
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+    [According to Ormerod's _Cheshire_, vol. iii. p. 333., Sir Urian Legh,
+    of Adlington, disputes the fact of being the hero of that romantic
+    affair. "Sir Urian Legh was knighted by the Earl of Essex at the siege
+    of Cadiz, and during that expedition is traditionally said to have been
+    engaged in an adventure which gave rise to the well-known ballad of
+    'The Spanish Lady's Love.' A fine original portrait of Sir Urian, in a
+    Spanish dress, is preserved at Bramall, which has been copied for the
+    family at Adlington." So that between these two chivalrous knights it
+    is difficult to decide which is the famed gallant. From the care
+    exercised by Mr. Illingworth in collecting all the anecdotes and
+    notices of the Bolle family, the presumptive evidence seems to favour
+    his hero.]
+
+_"Bothy."_--In the March Number of _Blackwood's Magazine_, 1854, the word
+"bothy" is frequently used in an article called "News from the Farm." Will
+some one of your numerous correspondents give me a little account of "the
+bothy system?"
+
+F. M. MIDDLETON.
+
+    [A bothy is a cottage or hut where labouring servants are lodged, and
+    is sometimes built of wood, as we read in the _Jacobite Relics_, ii.
+    189.:
+
+      "Fare thee well, my native cot,
+        _Bothy_ of the birken tree!
+      Sair the heart, and hard the lot,
+        O' the lad that parts wi' thee."
+
+    Bothies, or detached houses, in which the unmarried farm-servants sleep
+    and prepare their victuals, and of which there is a considerable number
+    in Perthshire, though convenient and beneficial in some respects, have
+    not, certainly, contributed to the formation of virtuous habits. These
+    servants are often migratory, removing frequently at the expiration of
+    the year, according as humour or caprice may dictate, and, like birds
+    of passage, taking their departure to other lands.]
+
+_"Children in the Wood."_--Was Weyland Wood in Norfolk the scene of the
+"Children in the Wood?"
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+    [The following account of this tradition is given in _Beauties of
+    England and Wales_, vol. xi. p. 269., Norfolk:--"Near the town of
+    Watton is Weyland Wood, vulgarly called _Wailing_ Wood, from a
+    tradition that two infants were basely murdered in it by their uncle;
+    and which furnished the story of a beautifully pathetic and well-known
+    ancient ballad, entitled "The Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk
+    Gentleman's Last Will and Testament," preserved in Percy's _Reliques_.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+BRYDONE THE TOURIST.
+
+(Vol. ix., pp. 138. 255.)
+
+In reply to H. R. NEE F., I beg to state that the writer of the remarks
+alluded to, on Brydone's _Tour in Sicily and Malta_, was the Rev. Robert
+Finch, M.A., formerly of Balliol College in this University, and who died
+about the year 1830. When I met with Mr. Finch's honest and somewhat blunt
+expression of opinion, recorded in a {306} copy which once belonged to him,
+of Brydone's _Tour_, I was quite ignorant of the hostile criticisms that
+had appeared at different times on that once popular work; but knowing Mr.
+Finch's high character for scholarship, and a knowledge of Italy, I thought
+his remark worth sending to a publication intended, like "N. & Q.," as "A
+Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, Antiquaries," &c., who are
+well able to examine a Note of the kind; and either to accept it as valid,
+or to reject it as untenable. On referring now to some standard works, in
+order to discover the opinions of learned men respecting Mr. Brydone's
+_Tour_, the first work I looked into was the _Biographie Universelle_ (in
+eighty-three volumes, and not yet completed, Paris, 1811-1853), in vol.
+lix. of which the following observations occur, under the name of BRYDONE
+(Patrice):
+
+    "On lui a reproche d'avoir sacrifie la verite au plaisir de raconter
+    des choses piquantes. On l'avait accuse aussi d'avoir, par son
+    indiscretion, suscite a l'Abbe Recupero, Chanoine de Catane, une
+    persecution de la part de son eveque. Cette indiscretion n'eut pas
+    heureusement un resultat aussi facheux; mais ses erreurs sur plusieurs
+    points sont evidentes; il donne 4000 toises de hauteur a l'Etna qui
+    n'en a que 1662; il commet d'autres fautes qui ont ete relevees par les
+    voyageurs venus apres lui. Bartels (_Briefe ueber Kalabrien und
+    Sicilien_, 2te Auflage, 3 Bd., 8vo., Goetting. 1791-92) est meme
+    persuade que le voyage au sommet de l'Etna, chef-d'oeuvre de narration,
+    n'est qu'un roman, et cet avis est partage par d'autres."
+
+Goethe says (_Werke_, Band xxviii. pp. 189, 190.: Stuttgart, 1830) that when
+he inquired at Catania respecting the best method of ascending Mount Etna,
+Chevalier Gioeni, the professor of natural history there, gave him the
+following advice and information:
+
+    "Als wir den Ritter um die Mittel befragten wie man sich benehmen muesse
+    um den Aetna zu besteigen, wollte er von einer Wagniss nach dem Gipfel,
+    besonders in der gegenwaertigen Jahreszeit gar nichts hoeren. Ueberhaupt,
+    sagte er, nachdem er uns um Verzeihung gebeten, die hier ankommenden
+    Fremden sehen die Sache fuer allzuleicht an; wir andern Nachbarn des
+    Berges sind schon zufrieden, wenn wir ein paarmal in unserm Leben die
+    beste Gelegenheit abgepasst und den Gipfel erreicht haben. Brydone, der
+    zuerst durch seine Beschreibung die Lust nach diesem Feuergipfel
+    entzuendet, ist gar nicht hinauf gekommen."
+
+From these quotations it is evident, that Mr. Finch was not singular in the
+belief he entertained; and certainly the scepticism of men so eminent as
+Professor Gioeni, Dr. Barthels, and Messrs. Eyries and Parisot (the French
+writers whose names are attached to the Memoir in the _Biog. Univ._), must
+be grounded on reasons deserving of attention. An ordinary reader of
+Brydone would accept the account of his ascent with implicit confidence;
+but when veteran professors, scientific men, and experienced travellers and
+scholars refuse to believe that he reached the summit of Etna, the most
+probable mode of accounting for their incredulity is, perhaps to suppose,
+that in their opinion he had mistaken some other part of the mountain for
+the real summit. Not having met with any detail of their reasons for
+disbelief, I am only able to state their bare assertion. In my opinion, the
+beautifully glowing and poetical description of the magic scene beheld by
+Brydone from the mountain--a description, the perusal of which, in youth,
+remains for ever after imprinted on the memory, like a passage from Addison
+or Gibbon, could only have been written by an actual spectator.
+
+JOHN MACRAY.
+
+Oxford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE RED COW"--CROMWELL'S CARRIAGES, ETC.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 87.)
+
+I have known "The Red Cow," at the top of Granham Hill, near Marlborough,
+for fifty years, but do not recollect ever to have heard of any particular
+origin for the sign.
+
+The old carriages at Manton were built about a century and a half ago,
+perhaps not so much, for one of the Baskerville family, on the occasion of
+his being sheriff of the county to which he belonged, probably Wilts or
+Hereford. There are two of them: one a square coach, and the other a very
+high phaeton. The Baskerville arms--Ar. a chevron gu. between three hurts,
+impaling, quarterly, one and four, or, a cross moline az, two and three,
+gu. a chevron ar. between three mallets or--are painted on the panels. As I
+have no ordinary of arms at hand, I cannot ascribe this impalement; but
+will trust to some more learned herald among your correspondents to
+determine who the lady was? When her name, perhaps Moleyns or Molyneaux, is
+ascertained, reference to a Baskerville pedigree would probably determine
+the husband, and the precise date of the carriages, which could not have
+belonged to the Protector.
+
+O. Cromwell's arms were, Sable, a lion rampant ar. There were also two
+families styled Williams _alias_ Cromwell: one of which bore, Gu. three
+cheverons ar. between as many lions rampant or; the other, Sa. a lion
+rampant ar., the same as Oliver's coat, and probably derived by him from
+the Williams family.
+
+I have wandered from "The Red Cow," but I will not omit to hazard an idea
+for the consideration of GLYWYSYDD. Marlborough has changed its armorial
+bearings several times; but the present coat, containing a white bull, was
+granted by Harvey, Clarenceux in A.D. 1565. Cromwell was attached to
+Cowbridge and its cow by family {307} descent; so he was to Marlborough by
+congeniality of sentiment with the burghers. Query, Whether, in affection
+to the latter, he granted to the town a new coat, some such as the
+following: Gules, a bull passant argent, armed or, impaling a cow passant
+regardant gules: and so might originate "The Red Cow" upon Granham Hill.
+History is entirely silent upon this point; but if such a combination were
+ever given to Marlborough, it is quite certain that Harvey's grant was
+resumed at the Restoration. I have quite forgotten to remark, that there is
+a suburb at Marlborough called Cowbridge--a fact which seems to strengthen
+my hypothesis.
+
+A cow may be borne by some name, but at present I only recollect that of
+Vach: to which is accorded, Ar. three cows' heads erased sable. Bulls and
+oxen occur frequently; as in Fitz-Geffrey, Cowley, Bull, Oxley, Oxcliffe,
+Oxendon, &c. Bulls' heads belong to the families of Bullock, Hillesdon,
+Fleming, Barbor, Frend, Gornay, Bullman, and Williams, a baronet, &c.
+
+PATONCE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOX-HUNTING.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 172.)
+
+As no answer to the Query on "Fox-hunting" has yet appeared in "N. & Q.," I
+venture to send the following extracts from an article in the _Quarterly
+Review_, March 1832, on "The Management of Hounds and Horses," by Nimrod.
+It appears that "the first public notice of fox-hunting" occurs in the
+reign of Richard II., who gave permission to the Abbot of Peterborough to
+hunt the fox:
+
+    "In Twice's _Treatise on the Craft of Hunting_, Reynard is thus
+    classed:
+
+      'And for to sette young hunterys in the way
+        To venery, I cast me fyrst to go;
+      Of which four bestes be, that is to say,
+        The Hare, the Herte, the Wulf, and the wild Boar:
+      But there ben other bestes, five of the chase,
+        The Buck the first, the seconde is the Do;
+      The _Fox_ the third, which hath hard grace,
+        The ferthe the Martyn, and the last the Roe.'
+
+    "It is indeed quite apparent, that until at most a hundred and fifty
+    years ago, the fox was considered as an inferior animal of the chase;
+    the stag, buck, and even hare, ranking before him. Previously to that
+    period, he was generally taken in nets or hays, set on the outside of
+    his earth: when he _was_ hunted, it was among rocks and crags, or woods
+    inaccessible to horseman: such a scene in short, or nearly so, as we
+    have drawn to the life in Dandie Dinmont's primitive _chasse_ in _Guy
+    Mannering_. It is difficult to determine when the first regularly
+    appointed pack of hounds appeared among us. Dan Chaucer gives the thing
+    in _embryo_:
+
+      'Aha, the fox! and after him they ran;
+      And eke with staves many another man.
+      Ran Coll our dogge, and Talbot, and Gerlond,
+      And Malkin with her distaff in her hond.
+      Ran cow and calf, and eke the very hogges,
+      So fered were for the barking of the dogges,
+      And shouting of the men and women eke,
+      They ronnen so, hem thought her hertes brake.'
+
+    "At the next stage, no doubt, neighbouring farmers kept one or two
+    hounds each; and, on stated days, met for the purpose of destroying a
+    fox that had been doing damage to their poultry yards. By and bye, a
+    few couple of strong hounds seem to have been kept by the small country
+    esquires or yeomen who could afford the expense, and they joined packs.
+    Such were called _trencher_ hounds, implying that they ran loose about
+    the house, and were not confined in kennel."
+
+These are but short extracts, but they comprise the whole of what is said
+on the first origin of fox-hunting. The rest of the article treats of the
+quality and breed of horses and hounds.
+
+FREDERICK M. MIDDLETON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WEATHER RULES.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 50. 535.)
+
+_St. Vincent's Day, Jan. 22._--In Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, Bohn's
+edition, vol. i. p. 38., is to be found the following notice of this day:
+
+    "Mr. Douce's manuscript notes say: 'Vincenti festo si Sol radiet, memor
+    esto;' thus Englished by Abraham Fleming:
+
+      'Remember on St Vincent's Day,
+      If that the Sun his beams display.'
+
+    "[Dr. Foster is at a loss to account for the origin of this command,
+    &c.]"
+
+It is probable that the concluding part of the precept has been lost; but a
+curious old manuscript, which fell into my hands some years since, seems to
+supply the deficiency. The manuscript in question is a sort of household
+book, kept by a family of small landed proprietors in the island of
+Guernsey between the years 1505 and 1569. It contains memoranda, copies of
+wills, settlements of accounts, recipes, scraps of songs and parts of hymns
+and prayers; some Romanist, some Anglican, some of the Reformed Church in
+France. Among the scraps of poetry I find the following rhymes on St.
+Vincent's Day; the first three lines of which are evidently a translation
+of the Latin verse above quoted, the last containing the to be remembered:
+
+  "Prens garde au jour St. Vincent,
+  Car sy ce jour tu vois et sent
+  Que le soleil soiet cler et biau,
+  Nous erons du vin plus que d'eau."
+
+These lines follow immediately after the rhymed prognostications to be
+drawn from the state of the weather on St. Paul's Day, Jan. 28. As these
+{308} verses differ from those quoted in Brand, from an _Almanack_ printed
+at Basle in 1672, I here give the Guernsey copy:
+
+  "Je te donneray ugne doctryne
+  Qui te vauldra d'or ugne myne;
+  Et sordement sur moy te fonde,
+  Car je dure autant que ce monde:
+  Et sy te veulx byen advertir
+  Et que je ne veulx point mentir.
+  De mortaylle guerre ou chertey,
+  [A line appears to be lost here]
+  Si le jour St. Paul le convers
+  Se trouve byaucob descouvert,
+  L'on aura pour celle sayson
+  Du bled et du foyn a foyson;
+  Et sy se jour fait vant sur terre,
+  Ce nous synyfye guerre;
+  S'yl pleut ou nege sans fallir
+  Le chier tans nous doet asalir;
+  Si de nyelle faict, brunes ou brouillars,
+  Selon le dyt de nos vyellars,
+  Mortalitey nous est ouverte."
+
+Another line appears to be omitted here; then follow immediately the lines
+on St. Vincent's Day.
+
+EDGAR MACCULLOCH.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+The following is copied from an old manuscript collection of curiosities in
+my possession. I should be glad to know the author's name, and that of the
+book[3] from which it is taken:--
+
+    "_Observations on Remarkable Days, to know how the whole Year will
+    succeed in Weather, Plenty, &c._
+
+    "If it be lowering or wet on Childermas or Innocence Day, it threatens
+    scarcity and mortality among the weaker sort of young people; but if
+    the day be very fair, it promiseth plenty.
+
+    "If New Year's Day, in the morning, open with dusky red clouds, it
+    denotes strifes and debates among great ones, and many robberies to
+    happen that year.
+
+    "It is remarkable on Shrove Tuesday, that as the sun shine little or
+    much on that day, or as other weather happens, so shall every day
+    participate more or less of such weather till the end of Lent.
+
+    "If the sun shines clear on Palm Sunday, or Easter Day, or either of
+    them, there will be great store of fair weather, plenty of corn, and
+    other fruits of the earth.
+
+    "If it rains on Ascension Day, though never so little, it foretells a
+    scarcity to ensue that year, and sickness particularly among cattle;
+    but if it be fair and pleasant, then to the contrary, and pleasant
+    weather mostly till Michaelmas.
+
+    "If it happen to rain on Whitsunday, much thunder and lightning will
+    follow, blasts, mildews, &c. But if it be fair, great plenty of corn.
+
+    "If Midsummer Day be never so little rainy, the hazel and walnut will
+    be scarce, corn smitten in many places; but apples, pear and plums will
+    not be hurt.
+
+    "If on St. Swithin's Day it proves fair, a temperate winter will
+    follow; but if rainy, stormy, or windy, then the contrary.
+
+    "If St. Bartholomew Day be misty, the morning beginning with a hoar
+    frost, then cold weather will soon ensue, and a sharp winter attended
+    with many biting frosts.
+
+    "If Michaelmas Day be fair, the sun will shine much in the winter;
+    though the wind at north-east will frequently reign long, and be very
+    sharp, and nipping."
+
+RUBY.
+
+[Footnote 3: _The Shepherd's Kalendar_, by Thomas Passenger. See "N. & Q."
+Vol. viii., p. 50., where many of his observations are quoted.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BINGHAM'S ANTIQUITIES.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 197.)
+
+I beg to send to your correspondent MR. RICHARD BINGHAM the following
+replies to his seven Queries.
+
+1. If there be any use in verifying so slight a verbal reference to
+Panormitan, one of whose huge folios, Venet. 1473, I have examined in vain,
+perhaps the object might be attained by the assistance of such a book as
+Thomassin's _Vetus et Nova Ecclesiae Disciplina_, in the chapter "De
+Episcopis Titularibus," tom. i.
+
+2. Bishop Bale's description of the monks of Bangor is to be found in his
+_Scriptor. Britann. Catal._ Compare Richard Broughton's _True Memorial of
+the ancient State of Great Britain_, pp. 39. 40, ed. an. 1650.
+
+3. I should think in his _Colloquies_, and most probably in the
+_Peregrinatio Religionis ergo_. Erasmus, in his _Modus orandi Deum_, also
+observes that "quidam in concionibus implorant opem Virginis," and condemns
+the "vestigia veteris Paganismi." (sigg. _u_ and _s_ 2, Basil, 1551.)
+
+4. Respecting the existence of what is called the Epistle of St. Athanasius
+to Eustathius, Cardinal Bona was right and Bingham in error. Vide St.
+Athan., _Opp._ ii. 560, ed. Bened.
+
+5. Bingham was seriously astray in consequence of his misunderstanding
+Bona, who does not by any means refer to Pamelius, but to the anonymous
+author of the _Antiquitatum Liturgicarum Syntagma_, who is believed to have
+been Florentius Vanderhaer. If Pamelius is to be introduced at all, the
+reference in Bingham should be, not to "tom. iii. p. 307.," but to i.
+328-30. I would remark too that, in the heading of one of the extracts
+subjoined, "ex Vita Ambrosiana," should be "ex Ritu Ambrosiano."
+
+6. Joannes Semeca did not flourish A.D. 1250, but died in 1243. Suicer
+wrongly refers to "Dist. IV. cap. iv.," and Harding, more inaccurately, to
+"Dist. IV. _can._ iv." (Bp. Jewel's _Works_, {309} ed. Jelf, i. 419.) Cap.
+xxviii. is the one intended, and there is no corruption whatsoever.
+
+7. Joseph Bingham was only closely following Barrow. The first edition of
+De la Bigne's _Bibliotheca Patrum_, tom. i., also has the evidently
+senseless reading, "ista quidam _ego_," instead of "_nego_," about which
+see Comber's _Roman Forgeries_, ii. 187. For MSS. of the Epistles of Pope
+Symmachus, your correspondent may consult the Carmelite Lud. Jacob a S.
+Carolo's _Bibliotheca Pontifica_, p. 216.; or, much more successfully, De
+Montfaucon's _Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum Manuscriptorum_, Paris, 1739.
+
+R. G.
+
+Should MR. RICHARD BINGHAM not yet have verified the reference to Erasmus,
+I beg to furnish him with the means of doing so but I am tolerably certain
+that I recollect having met with another place in which this admirable
+writer more fully censures those preachers of his Church who, at the
+commencement of their sermons, called upon the Virgin Mary for assistance,
+in a manner somewhat similar to that in which heathen poets used to invoke
+the Muses. The following passage, however, may be quite sufficient for your
+correspondent's purpose:
+
+    "Sed si est fons gratiae, quid opus est illi dicere Ora pro nobis? Non
+    est probabile eam consuetudinem a gravibus viris inductam, sed ab
+    inepto quopiam, qui, quod didicerat apud Poetas propositioni succedere
+    invocationem, pro Musa supposuit Mariam."--Des. Erasmi Roterod.
+    _Apologia adversus Rhapsodias calumniosarum querimoniarum Alberti Pii,
+    quondam Carporum Principis_, p. 168. Basil. in off. Froben. 1531.
+
+R. G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT TENURE OF LANDS.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 173.)
+
+About the close of the tenth century (and perhaps much earlier) there began
+to arise two distinct modes of holding or possessing land: the one a
+_feud_, _i.e._ a stipendiary estate; the other _allodium_, the phrase
+applied to that species of property which had become vested by allotment in
+the conquerors of the country. The stipendiary held of a superior; the
+allodialist of no one, but enjoyed his land as free and independent
+property. The interest of the stipendiary did not originally extend beyond
+his own life, but in course of time it acquired an hereditary character
+which led to the practice of subinfeudation; for the stipendiary or
+feudatory, considering himself as substantially the owner, began to imitate
+the example of his lord by carving out portions of the feud to be held of
+himself by some other person, on the terms and conditions similar to those
+of the original grant. Here B. must be looked upon as only vassal to A.,
+his superior or lord; and although feuds did not originally extend beyond
+the life of the first vassal, yet in process of time they were extended to
+his heirs, so that when the feudatory died, his male descendants were
+admitted to the succession, and in default of them, then such of his male
+collateral kindred as were of the blood of the first feudatory, but no
+others; therefore, in default of these, it would consequently revert to A.,
+who had a reversionary interest in the feud capable of taking effect as
+soon as B.'s interest should determine. If the subinfeudatory lord
+alienated, it would operate as a forfeiture to the person in immediate
+reversion.
+
+W. T. T.
+
+As a very brief reply to the queries of J. B., permit me to make the
+following observations.
+
+The Queen is lady paramount of all the lands in England; every estate in
+land being holden, immediately or mediately, of the crown. This doctrine
+was settled shortly after the Norman Conquest, and is still an axiom of
+law.
+
+Until the statute _Quia Emptores_, 18 Edw. I., a tenant in fee simple might
+grant lands to be holden by the grantee and his heirs _of the grantor and
+his heirs_, subject to feudal services and to escheat; and by such
+subinfeudation manors were created.
+
+The above-named statute forbade the future subinfeudation of lands, and
+consequently hindered the further creation of manors. Since the statute a
+seller of the fee can but transfer his tenure. There are instances in which
+one manor is holden of another, both having been created before the
+statute.
+
+In the instance mentioned by J. B. it is presumed that the hamlet escheated
+to the heirs of A. on failure of the heirs of B. (See the statute _De Donis
+Conditionalibus_, 13 Edw. I.)
+
+It is not, and never was, necessary, or even possible, that the lord of a
+manor should be the owner of all the lands therein; on the contrary, if he
+were, there would be no manor; for a manor cannot subsist without a court
+baron, and there can be no such court unless there are _freehold_ tenants
+(at least two in number) holding of the lord. The land retained by the lord
+consists of his own demesne and the wastes, which last comprise the
+highways and commons. If the lord should alienate all the lands, but retain
+his lordship, the latter becomes a _seignory in gross_.
+
+Such was and is the tenure of lands in England, so far as concerns the
+queries of J. B. He will find the subject lucidly explained at great length
+in the second volume of Blackstone's _Commentaries_.
+
+I. CTUS.
+
+Lincoln's Inn.
+
+I think that J. B. will find in Blackstone, or any elementary book on the
+law of real property, all the information which he requires. The case which
+he puts was, I suppose, the common case {310} of subinfeudation before the
+statute of _Quia Emptores_, 18 Edw. I. A., the feoffor, reserved to himself
+no estate or reversion in the land, but the seignory only, with the rent
+and services, by virtue of which he might again become entitled to the land
+by escheat, as for want of heirs of the feoffee, or by forfeiture, as for
+felony. If the feoffment were in tail, the land would then, as now, revert
+on failure of issue, unless the entail had been previously barred. The
+right of alienation was gradually acquired; the above statute of _Quia
+Emptores_ was the most important enactment in that behalf. With this
+exception, and the right to devise and to bar entails, the lords of manors
+have the same interest in the land held by freeholders of the manor that
+they had in times of subinfeudation. (Blackstone's _Comm._, vol. ii. ch.
+287., may be carefully consulted.)
+
+H. P.
+
+Lincoln's Inn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Spots on Collodion Pictures, &c._--The principal difficulty I experience
+in the collodion process is occasioned by the appearance of numberless very
+minute spots or points over the whole extent of the picture. These
+occurring on the whites of my pictures (positives) give them a rough,
+rubbed, appearance and want of _density_, which I should feel obliged if
+any of your correspondents can teach me how to overcome.
+
+One of your photographic querists inquires the remedy for his calotype
+negatives darkening all over before the minor details are brought out. I
+had for a long time been troubled in the same way, but by diminishing the
+aperture of my three-inch lens to half an inch, and reducing the strength
+of my sensitising solution to that given by DR. DIAMOND, and, in addition,
+by developing with gallic acid alone until the picture became tolerably
+distinct in all its parts, and then applying the gallo-nitrate, I have
+quite succeeded in obtaining first-rate negatives. It is well to prepare
+only a small quantity of aceto-nitrate at once, as the acetic acid is of a
+sufficiently volatile nature to escape from the solution, which is a not
+unfrequent cause of the general darkening of the picture. It would be well
+to substitute a more fixed acid for the acetic if this be practicable, as
+it is in the collodion process, where tartaric is recommended.
+
+H. C. COWLEY.
+
+Devizes, Wilts.
+
+_The Double Iodide Solution._--The great difference in the quantity of
+iodide of potassium ordered by different persons, to dissolve a given
+weight of iodide of silver in a given volume of water, has induced me to
+make some experiments on the subject. I find that using pure nitrate of
+silver, and perfectly pure iodide of potassium (part of a parcel for which
+Mr. Arnold, who manufactures iodine on a large scale in this island, got a
+medal at the Exhibition of 1851), the quantity of iodide of potassium
+required varies, _caeteris paribus_, to the extent of 15 per cent., with the
+quantity of water added to the iodide of silver before adding the iodide of
+potassium; the minimum required being when the two salts act on each other
+in as dry a form as possible. Take the precipitate of iodide of silver, got
+by decomposing 100 grains of nitrate of silver with 97.66 grains of iodide
+of potassium; drain off the last water completely, so that the precipitate
+occupies not more than five or six drachms by measure; throw on it 640
+grains of iodide of potassium; rapid solution ensues; when perfectly clear,
+add water up to four ounces: the solution remains unclouded. But if two or
+three ounces of water had been first poured on the iodide of silver, 680
+grains, as I stated in my former paper, would have been required, and
+perhaps 734. The _rationale_ is, I suppose, that in a concentrated form the
+salts act on each other with greater energy, and a smaller quantity of the
+solvent is required than if it is diluted. Many analogous cases occur in
+chemistry. I hope this little experiment will be useful to others, as a
+saving of 15 per cent. on the iodide of potassium is gained. As a large
+body of precipitated iodide of silver can be more completely drained than a
+smaller quantity, in practice it will be found that small precipitates
+require a few grains more than I have stated: thus, throw on the
+precipitate of iodide of silver (got from 150 grains of nitrate), drained
+dry, 960 grains of iodide of potassium; solution rapidly ensues, which,
+being made up to six ounces, the whole remains perfectly clear; whereas the
+iodide of silver thrown down from 50 grains of nitrate, similarly treated
+with 320 grains of iodide of potassium, and made up to two ounces (the
+proportional quantities), will probably require 10 or 15 grains more of
+iodide to effect perfect solution, the reason being that it contained a
+greater quantity of water _pro rata_ than the first.
+
+The following table, showing the exact quantities of iodide of potassium
+required to decompose 50, 100, and 150 grains of nitrate of silver, the
+resulting weight of iodide of silver, and the weight of iodide of potassium
+to make a clear solution up to 2, 4, and 6 ounces, will often be found
+useful:
+
+                        _Grs._       _Grs._      _Grs._
+  Nitrate of silver       50          100         150
+  Iodide of potassium     48.83        97.66      146.49
+  Iodide of silver        68.82       137.64      206.46
+  Iodide of potassium    320          640         960
+  Water up to            2 oz.        4 oz.       6 oz.
+
+T. L. MANSELL, A.B., M.D.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+_Mounting Photographs_ (Vol. ix., p. 282.).--J. L. S. will find the
+"Indian-rubber glue," which is sold in tin cases, the simplest and cleanest
+substance for mounting positives; it also possesses the advantage of being
+free from the attacks of insects.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Books on Bells_ (Vol. ix., p. 240.).--Add to MR. ELLACOMBE'S curious list
+of books on bells the following:
+
+    "Duo Vota consultiva, unum de Campanis, alterum de Coemeteriis. In
+    quibus de utriusque antiquitate, {311} consecratione, usu et effectibus
+    plene agitur, pluraque scitu dignissima ad propositi casus, aliorumque
+    in praxi, hac de re occurrentium decisionem, non injucunde adducuntur.
+    Auctore D. Augustino Barbosa, Protonotario Apostolico, Eminentissimorum
+    DD. Cardinalium Sacrae Congregationis Indicis Consultore, Abbate de
+    Mentrestido, ac insignis Ecclesiae Vimarensis Thesaurario majore."
+    [4to., no place nor date.]
+
+I have here given the full title of a pamphlet of 112 pages, exclusive of
+title, which I purchased about twenty years since of Rodd, the honourable
+and intelligent bookseller of Great Newport Street. It came from the
+library of Professor J. F. Vandevelde of Louvaine. Some former possessor
+has written before the title, "Quamvis tantum libellus tamen rarissimus,"
+and it is, perhaps, the only copy in this country. It is not in the
+Bodleian catalogue, nor was it in Mr. Douce's library.
+
+P. B.
+
+_Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George_ (Vol. ix., p. 105).--A. S.
+inquires about a medal supposed to have been struck in honour of Prince
+James (Chevalier St. George); but his account of it is so vague, that I am
+unable to answer his question. If he will describe the medal, or state the
+grounds upon which he supposes such a medal to have existed, I will
+endeavour to solve his doubts.
+
+H.
+
+_Dean Swift's Suspension_ (Vol. ix., p. 244).--I am surprised that ABHBA
+should express a belief that the circumstances of Swift's college
+punishment have not been noticed by _any of his biographers_, when every
+syllable of his communication is detailed (with original documentary
+proofs) in Dr. Barrett's _Early Life of Swift_, and is in substance
+repeated in Sir Walter Scott's _Life_, prefixed to Swift's works.
+
+C.
+
+"_Vanitatem observare_" (Vol. ix., p. 247).--I am sorry to have given your
+correspondent F. C. H. a wrong reference, and I am not _quite_ sure about
+the right one; but I think it is to a Latin translation of the Council of
+Laodicea, A.D. 366, c. 36.
+
+R. H. G.
+
+_Ballina Castle, Mayo_ (Vol. viii., p. 411.).--I have no idea to what place
+O. L. R. G. can allude as Ballina Castle; there is no place, ancient or
+modern, about that town, that has that name; and the only place with the
+title of castle in the neighborhood, is a gentleman's modern residence of
+no great pretensions either as to size or beauty. He perhaps alludes to
+Belleck Abbey, which is a fine building; but, notwithstanding its title, is
+of still more modern date than the so-called castle. I am not aware of any
+recent historical or descriptive work on the county generally. Caesar Otway,
+Maxwell, and the _Saxon in Ireland_, have confined their descriptions to
+the "Wild West;" and the crowd of tourists appear to follow in their track,
+leaving the far finer central and eastern districts untouched. The
+first-named tourist appears to have projected another work on the county,
+but never published it.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Dorset_ (Vol. ix., p. 247.).--NARES gives various spellings, as _douset_,
+_dowset_, _doulcet_, but in all equally derived from _dulcet_, "sweet;" and
+Halliwell has "doucet drinkes;" so that the great Manchester philosopher
+had probably been indulging in a too copious libation of some sweet wine,
+which he styles "foolish Dorset."
+
+F. R. R.
+
+Dorchester beer had acquired a very great name, and was sent about England.
+Out of the shire it was called "Dorset Beer," or "Dorset." That town has
+lost its fame for brewing beer.
+
+G. R. L.
+
+_Judicial Rank hereditary_ (Vol. viii., p. 384.).--Such a list as your
+correspondent gives is not easily paralleled, it is true, in the judicial
+annals of England or Ireland; but in Scotland he might have found cases in
+considerable number to equal or surpass those which he mentions: for
+instance, in the family of Dundas of Arniston, respecting which I find the
+following note in the _Quarterly Review_, vol. lvii. p. 462.:
+
+    "The series is so remarkable, that we subjoin the details:--Sir James
+    Dundas, judge of the Court of Session, 1662; Robert Dundas, son of Sir
+    James, judge of the Court of Session from 1689 to 1727; Robert Dundas,
+    son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, M.P.
+    for the county of Edinburgh, judge of the Court of Session 1737, Lord
+    President 1748, died in 1753 (father of Henry, Viscount Melville);
+    Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord
+    Advocate, and member for the county, Lord President from 1760 to 1787;
+    Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord
+    Advocate, Lord Chief Baron from 1801 to 1819; all these judges, except
+    the Chief Baron, had been known in Scotland by the title of Lord
+    Arniston. They were, we need hardly add, all men of talents, but the
+    two Lords President Arniston were of superior eminence in legal and
+    constitutional learning."
+
+The Hope family, and some other Scottish ones, present as numerous a
+display of legal dignitaries as the above; but the hereditary succession
+from father to son is perhaps not equalled, certainly not excelled, in any
+age or country. In fact, let the opponents of hereditary honours say what
+they will, there is no description of talent except the poetical that has
+not frequently remained in the same family for several generations
+unabated.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Tolling the Bell on leaving Church_ (Vol. ix., p. 125.).--In reply to
+J. H. M.'s Query, I beg to state that the chief reason for tolling the bell
+while the congregation is leaving church, is to {312} inform the
+parishioners who have not been able to attend in the morning, divine
+service will be celebrated in the afternoon. In scattered villages, or
+where a single clergyman had to perform the duties of more than one church,
+this was formerly quite requisite. At a neighbouring village of Tytherly,
+the custom is still observed, though no longer necessary.
+
+W. S.
+
+There is little doubt that priests in olden times were fond of hot dinners,
+and the bell at the conclusion of the service must have been intended as a
+warning to their cooks (and many others) to make ready the repast. This is
+merely a supposition; but I shall cherish the idea in the want of a better
+explanation. The custom has been, until very lately, observed in our little
+country church. There are other customs which are still kept up, namely,
+that of tolling the church bell at eight o'clock on Sunday morning, and
+again at nine, as well as that of ringing a small bell when the clergyman
+enters the reading-desk.
+
+E. W. J.
+
+Crawley, Winchester.
+
+I believe that the custom of tolling the bell when the congregation is
+leaving the church, is to notify that there will be another service in the
+day. This is certainly the reason in this parish (in Leicestershire); for
+after the second service the bell is not tolled, nor if, on any account,
+there is no afternoon service.
+
+S. S. S.
+
+When I was Lecturer of St. Andrew's, Enfield, the bells rang out a short
+peculiar peal immediately after Sunday Morning Prayer. I always thought it
+was probably designed to give notice to approaching funeral processions
+that the church service was over, as in the country burials--usually there
+always on Sundays--immediately follow the celebration of morning service.
+
+MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.
+
+I beg to inform your correspondent J. H. M. that this is often done at
+Bray, near Maidenhead.
+
+NEWBURIENSIS.
+
+The custom observed at Olney Church after the morning service, I have
+heard, is to apprize the congregation of a vesper service to follow.
+
+W. P. STORER.
+
+Olney, Bucks.
+
+_Archpriest in the Diocese of Exeter_ (Vol. ix., p. 185.).--Besides the
+archpriest of Haccombe, there were others in the same diocese; but, to
+quote the words of Dr. Oliver, in his _Monasticon, Dioc. Exon._, p. 287.,
+
+    "He would claim no peculiar exemption from the jurisdiction of his
+    ordinary, nor of his archdeacon; he was precisely on the same footing
+    as the superiors of the archpresbyteries at Penkivell, Beerferris, and
+    Whitchurch, which were instituted in this diocese in the early part of
+    the fourteenth century. The foundation deed of the last was the model
+    in founding that of Haccombe."
+
+In the same work copies of the foundation deeds of the archipresbytery of
+Haccombe and Beer are printed.
+
+One would suppose that wherever there was a collegiate body of clergymen
+established for the purposes of the daily and nightly offices of the
+church, as chantry priests, that one of them would be considered the
+superior, or archipresbyter.
+
+Godolphin, in _Rep. Can._, 56., says that by the canon law, he that is
+archipresbyter is also called _dean_. Query, Would he then be other than
+"Primus inter pares?"
+
+Prince, in his _Worthies_, calls the Rector of Haccombe "a kind of
+chorepiscopus;" and in a note refers to Dr. Field _Of the Church_, lib. v.
+c. 37.
+
+With regard to the Vicar of Bibury (quoted by MR. SANSOM, "N. & Q.," Vol.
+ix., p. 185.), he founded his exemption from spiritual jurisdiction, I
+believe, upon his holding a _Peculiar_, and not as an archpriest.
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Clyst St. George.
+
+_Dogs in Monumental Brasses_ (Vol. ix., p. 126.).--I have always understood
+(but I cannot say on any authority) that the dogs at the feet of monumental
+effigies of knights were symbolical of _fidelity_. That signification would
+certainly be very appropriate in monuments of _crusaders_, where, I
+believe, they are generally found. And I would suggest to MR. ALFORD, that
+the idea might not have been confined to fidelity in keeping the vow of the
+Cross, but might have been extended to other religious vows: in which case
+the ladies undoubtedly might sometimes claim the canine appendage to their
+effigies. The lion might perhaps symbolise _courage_, in which ladies are
+not commonly supposed to excel.
+
+M. H. R.
+
+_The Last of the Palaeologi_ (Vol. v., pp. 173. 280. 357.).--The following
+scrap of information may be useful to L. L. L. and others, if too long a
+time has not gone by since the subject was under discussion. In _The List
+of the Army raised under the Command of his Excellency Robert Earle of
+Essex_, &c.: London, printed for John Partridge, 1642, of which I have seen
+a manuscript copy, the name of Theo. Palioligus occurs as Lieutenant in
+"The Lord Saint John's Regiment."
+
+EDWARD PEACOCK.
+
+Bottesford Moors, Kirton in Lindsey.
+
+_Long Names_ (Vol. viii., pp. 539. 651.).--Allow me to add the following
+polysyllabic names to those supplied by your
+correspondents:--_Llanvairpwllgwyngyll_, a living in the diocese of Bangor,
+became vacant in March, 1850, by the death of its incumbent, the Rev.
+Richard Prichard, aet. {313} ninety-three. The labour of writing the name of
+his benefice does not seem to have shortened his days.
+
+The following are the names of two _employes_ in the finance department at
+Madrid:--_Don Epifanio Mirurzururdundua y Zengotita_; _Don Juan Nepomuceno
+de Burionagonatotorecagogeazcoecha_.
+
+There was, until 1851, a major in the British army named _Teyoninhokarawen_
+(one single name).
+
+G. L. S.
+
+_Elizabeth Seymour_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--According to Collins,--
+
+    "Sir E. Seymour, first baronet, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
+    Arthur Champeirion, of Dartington, co. Devon, by whom he had, besides
+    other issue, a daughter Elizabeth, who married George Cary, of
+    Cockington, co. Devon. Sir Edward Seymour, third baronet, married Anne,
+    daughter of Sir William Portman, and left, besides sons, a daughter,
+    also named Elizabeth, who married Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tregony in
+    Cornwall, Knight."
+
+These two ladies, whose similarity of name probably caused the confusion,
+must have lived at least half a century apart.
+
+A. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+Those who share the well-grounded opinion of Mr. Petit, that we cannot
+fully enter into the character of English architecture unless we give some
+attention also to French, German, and Italian, will gladly turn to the very
+profusely and handsomely-illustrated volume which he has just issued, under
+the modest title of _Architectural Studies in France_, by the Rev. J. L.
+Petit, M.A., F.S.A., _with Illustrations from Drawings_ by the Author and
+P. H. Delamotte. It is of course impossible, within the limits of our brief
+notice, to enter into any examination of Mr. Petit's views upon the subject
+of Gothic architecture, the principles of which he believes to have been
+more completely developed at an early period in England than anywhere else;
+and we must therefore content ourselves with directing attention to the
+book itself, which will in no small degree supply to the architectural
+student desirous of studying French buildings, the opportunity of doing so;
+and that too under the guidance of one well qualified to direct his steps.
+Mr. Petit has long been known to the antiquarian world as one of our
+greatest authorities on the subject of Gothic architecture; and his various
+papers, illustrated by his own bold yet effective sketches in the
+_Archaeological Journal_, may have prepared some of our readers for a volume
+of great importance; yet we think even they will be surprised at the
+interest and beauty of the present book. Mr. Petit, who has had on this
+occasion the assistance of Mr. Delamotte as a draughtsman, expresses his
+hope that at some future time he may avail himself of that gentleman's
+skill as a photographer.
+
+There is, perhaps, no man of letters, no man of science, of whom the world
+possesses so unsatisfactory an account as Jerome Cardan. The author of
+_Palissy the Potter_ has therefore done good service, and executed a task
+worthy of himself, by _The life of Girolamo Cardano, of Milan, Physician_.
+In two small readable volumes, rich in all the characteristics of his own
+peculiar mode of treatment, Mr. Morley has given us not only a clear view
+of the life and character of Cardan, based on a diligent and careful
+examination of his voluminous writings--for Cardan reckoned that he had
+published one hundred and thirty-one books, and left in MS. nearly as
+many--but also a striking picture of the age in which he lived; and the
+work, which is one of great interest to the general reader, is made still
+more valuable to the literary antiquary by the accuracy with which Mr.
+Morley quotes his authorities.
+
+Some interesting manuscripts were sold by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson on
+Wednesday, the 22nd ultimo, including original letters by Blake, Penn,
+Monk, Nelson, and other of our most renowned admirals; and of Charles I.
+and Charles II., Oliver and Richard Cromwell, Desborough; and numerous
+autographs of Commonwealth celebrities. The chief lot was a letter from
+Cromwell to Pastor Cotton, in New England, written shortly after the battle
+of Worcester, in which he alludes to the difficulties he has experienced in
+treating with some of the Scotch party. Mr. Carlyle had not seen the
+original, but used the copy among the Arundel MSS. It was knocked down to
+Mr. Stevens, the American agent, for 36l. A printed broadsheet of the Peace
+of Breda sold for 3l. 7s. A letter of Richard Cromwell brought 4l. An
+autograph of Queen Bess brought 2l.; and one of Edward VI. brought 2l. 8s.
+Autographs of Mary are less common: one in this collection realised 3l. 7s.
+One of Nelson's letters to Lady Hamilton brought 2l. 2s. Altogether, the
+prices realised were good.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Lives of The Queens of England_, by Agnes Strickland,
+Vol. III. This new volume of the cheaper edition of Miss Strickland's
+popular regal biographies comprises the Lives of Jane Seymour, Anne of
+Cleves, Katherine Howard, Katherine Parr, and Mary.--_The Works of the Rt.
+Hon. Joseph Addison, with Notes by Bishop Hurd_, Vol. II., is the new
+volume of Bohn's _British Classics_, and comprises Addison's contributions
+to the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_.--In the same publisher's _Standard
+Library_, we have the third volume of his edition of Southey's _Works and
+Correspondence of Cowper_, which embraces his Letters between the years
+1783 and 1788.--_Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_, Part XVIII., which extends
+from _Shepherd (Rev. E. J.)_ to _Surtees (Rev. Scott F.)_.--_Whitaker's
+Educational Register_, 1854. The work, which has undergone some
+modifications, is now confined altogether to Educational Statistics, of
+which it is a most valuable compendium.--_Remains of Pagan Saxondom_, by
+J. Y. Ackerman, Parts VIII. and IX. The contents of these numbers
+are:--Fragments from a Tumulus at Caenby, Lincolnshire; Fibula from
+Ingarsby, Leicestershire; Glass Drinking-vessels from Cemeteries in Kent;
+Fibulae from Rugby, Warwickshire. The great peculiarity of this Series is,
+that the objects are drawn of the size of the originals; thus affording
+great facilities for comparing them with remains of similar character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{314}
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+The Volume of the LONDON POLYGLOTT which contains the Prophets.
+Imperfection in other parts of no consequence.
+
+CARLISLE ON GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.
+
+THE CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. London, 1828. 12mo. Two copies.
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the
+gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are
+given for that purpose:
+
+ALLISTER'S PARADIGMA CHESS OPENINGS.
+
+NATT'S SERMONS PREACHED AT ST. SEPULCHRE.
+
+ARMYTAGE'S (Rev. J., of Tidenham) SERMONS.
+
+MAYHEW'S LONDON LIFE AND LABOUR. Complete.
+
+NICHOLSON'S LECTURES ON HEZEKIAH.
+
+WALTON AND COTTON'S ANGLER. Edited by Sir H. Nicolas.
+
+  Wanted by _Mr. Hayward_, Bookseller, Bath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PENNY CYCLOPAEDIA. Part 92. (For September, 1840.)
+
+  Wanted by _A. Baden, Jun._, 1. Old Broad Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. 44 various Numbers, several of many of
+them.
+
+KNIGHT'S NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA. 32 Parts.
+
+ALMANACK OF THE MONTH, by Gilbert A. A'Beckett. Jan., Feb., June, Sept.,
+and Dec., 1846.
+
+  Wanted by _Geo. Newbold_, 8. Regent Street, Vauxhall Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN ESSAY EXPLANATORY OF THE TEMPEST PROGNOSTICATOR IN THE BUILDING OF GREAT
+EXHIBITION. The last edition.
+
+  Wanted by _J. T. C._, care of Messrs. McGee & Co., Nassau Street, Dublin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FAMILY INSTRUCTOR, by De Foe. 2 Vols. 1841. Oxford,   Talboys.
+
+ALLAN RAMSAY'S TEA-TABLE MISCELLANY. 1724.
+
+HAZLITT'S SELECT POETS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 1825.
+
+THE LADY'S POETICAL MAGAZINE, or Beauties of British Poets. 4 Vols. London,
+1781.
+
+THE HIVE, containing Vol. I. _First_ Edition. (3 Vols.)
+
+THE HIVE. Vol. III. 4th Edition. (Edition in 4 Vols.)
+
+LONDON MAGAZINE. Vols. after the year 1763.
+
+  Wanted by _Fred. Dinsdale_, Esq., Leamington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EVANS'S OLD BALLADS. Vol. I. 1810.
+
+Any of the Sermons, Tracts, &c., by the late Rev. A. G. Jewitt.
+
+HISTORY OF LINCOLN, by A. Jewitt.
+
+HOWITT'S GIPSY KING, and other Poems. Either one or two copies.
+
+  Wanted by _R. Keene_, Bookseller, Irongate, Derby.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE EPICURE'S ALMANACK FOR 1815.
+
+  Wanted by _George R. Corner_, 19. Tooley Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+A. J. N. (Birmingham). _Will this Correspondent let us see the papers
+respecting_ John Henderson?
+
+J. C. K. _The coin is a penny of Henry III., struck in London._
+
+MR. PINKERTON'_s letter has been forwarded to_ EIRIONNACH.
+
+F. C. J. _We cannot discover that James Murray, the second and last Earl of
+Annandale, was executed. The Earl joined Montrose after the battle of
+Kilsyth, and upon that heroic chieftain's defeat retired to England, where
+he died in 1658. At his death the titles of Annandale, Annand, and Murray
+of Lochmaben, became extinct, and those of Stormont and Scoon devolved on
+David, second Lord Balvaird, who married the Earl's widow. See the_ Earldom
+of Mansfield _in Burke's_ Peerage.
+
+SANDER'S HISTORY OF SHENSTONE.--_Will any reader of_ "N. & Q." _oblige me
+by lending me a copy of Sander's_ History of Shenstone? _Of course I would
+pay the carriage and expenses. A letter would find me directed_, CID, _Post
+Office, Stourbridge, Worcestershire._
+
+B. H. A. _For the derivation of_ Czar, _see our_ last Volume, pp. 150. 226.
+422.
+
+T. H. _On the Lord Mayor being a Privy Councillor, see our_ Fourth Volume
+passim.
+
+S. C. (Norwich). _The line_--
+
+  "When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug of war"
+
+--_is from Lee's_ Alexander the Great.
+
+PISCATOR _will find ample illustration of_ "ampers and _and the character_
+&" _in our_ last Volume (8th), pp. 173. 223. 254. 327. 376. 524.
+
+A. BADEN, Jun., _will find that his Query respecting the pronunciation of_
+Tea _in Queen Anne's time, has already been treated of in the curious
+discussion on_ Irish Rhymes _in our_ 6th, 7th, and 8th Volumes.
+
+X. Y. Z. _Brother-german is a brother by the father's or mother's side, in
+contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother only._
+
+E. H. McL. _Some examples of _wage_, the singular of _wages_, are given in
+Todd's_ Johnson: _consult also Richardson_, s. v.
+
+GALLO-NITRATE.--1. _We advise you to try the formula given in our former
+Number_ (Vol. vii., p. 324.) _for positives; 30 grains of nitrate of silver
+may do, but it is not very active._ 2. _A glass rod is inappropriate; it
+works up the albumen into a lather._ 3. _Towgood's paper will take the
+albumen very excellently. As we have often said before, when you may obtain
+certain excellent results from_ known good _formulae, why waste your time
+upon uncertainties?_
+
+T. D. L. _If your bath contains the smallest portion of hypo., or any salt
+of iron, it is useless. Precipitate the silver with salt; collect and
+reduce it to its metallic state._
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GROSJEAN'S
+
+CELEBRATED TROWSERS,
+
+16s. per Pair.
+
+109. REGENT STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ONE THOUSAND BEDSTEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.--HEAL & SON'S Stock comprises
+handsomely Japanned and Brass-mounted Iron Bedsteads, Children's Cribs and
+Cots of new and elegant designs, Mahogany, Birch, and Walnut-tree
+Bedsteads, of the soundest and best Manufacture, many of them fitted with
+Furnitures, complete. A large Assortment of Servants' and Portable
+Bedsteads. They have also every variety of Furniture for the complete
+furnishing of a Bed Room.
+
+HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED AND PRICED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING,
+sent Free by Post.
+
+HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of
+upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
+Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
+other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on
+receipt of Two Stamps.
+
+MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles
+of the kind ever produced.
+
+J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SURPLICES.
+
+GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply
+of SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.
+
+PARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE EMPRESS OF CHINA'S TEA.--Recommended by the Faculty for its purity, by
+the nobility and gentry for its choice quality (which is always the same)
+and by the trade for its general superiority and moderate price.
+
+MOORE & CO., 14. Little Tower Street. London. Sold retail at 27. COVENTRY
+ST., HAYMARKET, and by their Agents throughout the kingdom. Price 4s. 4d.
+per lb., in tins of various sizes. Agents wanted (tea-dealers only) where
+none are appointed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{315}
+
+ARCHER'S REGISTERED FOLDING CAMERA.--This new form of Camera combines
+portability with the power of expansion, and is capable of taking pictures
+from 3x4 to 10x8, in the open air without a tent.
+
+It is made to contain the lens, baths, bottles, &c., necessary for an
+excursion, packed up and ready for use in an upright position.
+
+It is applicable to all the known processes in Photography.
+
+Further particulars can be obtained of Mr. Archer, 105. Great Russell
+Street, Bloomsbury, who supplies all other Apparatus necessary in
+Photography, Collodion, pure Chemicals, &c. Portraits on Glass.
+
+An assortment of Prints on Sale, Works of Art copied, &c. &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY--Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan,
+with every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and have also
+at their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the Standard Operas,
+Italian, German, French, and English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental
+Music. During the Term of Subscription, each Subscriber has the privilege
+of selecting--for his own property--from 100,000 different pieces, 3
+Guineas' worth of Music. Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.
+
+JULLIEN & CO., 214. Regent Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 30 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square
+(established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25
+Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these
+pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial,
+signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:--"We, the
+undersigned members of the musical profession, having fully examined the
+Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great
+pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears
+to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a
+richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while
+the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the
+library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R.
+Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby,
+E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F.
+Hasse, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F.
+Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H.
+Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry
+Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E.
+Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c.
+
+D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes,
+cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on
+application.
+
+CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool;
+16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.
+
+THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental
+Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.
+
+                                            L  s. d.
+  A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent
+    Process                                 1  1  0
+  Additional Copies (each)                  0  5  0
+  A Coloured Portrait, highly finished
+    (small size)                            3  3  0
+  A Coloured Portrait, highly finished
+    (larger size)                           5  5  0
+
+Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed
+and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions,
+Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.
+
+Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and
+Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.
+
+Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.--Second-hand Camera for Sale, with Ross's 21/2 inch lens,
+capable of taking pictures 81/2 by 61/2. Two double Shutters for paper, and one
+for Collodion, adjusting Front, &c. Price, 7l. 10s. For further particulars
+apply to MR. DIXEY, King's Road, Brighton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have,
+by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,
+they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any
+other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and
+appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.
+
+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per
+Post, 1s. 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty
+by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and
+uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most
+faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent
+in the hands of the photographer.
+
+Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a
+minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire.
+
+Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.
+
+Instruction in the Processes.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative
+Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.
+
+*** Catalogues sent on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety
+of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury
+to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively
+employed by
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.-MESSRS. A. MARION & CO. beg to inform the Artists and Amateurs
+that they are now ready to supply them with papers manufactured expressly
+for Photographic purposes; since it has been tried it has received the
+unanimous good opinion of the most successful operators.
+
+Positive and Negative (not prepared), Simple Salted, and Salted Albumenized
+Positive, Simple Waxed, and Waxed Iodized Negative, Gummed Paper, and Cards
+for Mounting Proofs.
+
+PAPETERIE MARION, 152. Regent Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHS Mounted and Framed in every Style, by E. FOX, 75A. Little
+Britain, City, Mounter to the Photographic Society, Polytechnic, and
+Photographic Institutions.
+
+E. F. begs to inform the Profession and Amateurs that from his great
+experience in Photograph Mounting, Framing, &c., he can guarantee perfect
+satisfaction both as regards Style and Price.
+
+Mounts and Passepartouts of every description.
+
+Price Lists sent on application.
+
+Gentlemen waited on at their residences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.
+
+KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of
+the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's
+Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and
+pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art.
+Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.
+
+Instructions given in every branch of the Art.
+
+An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.
+
+GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Directors._
+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,
+      Esq.
+  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to
+suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in
+the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+  Age       L   s.  d.
+   17       1  14   4
+   22       1  18   8
+   27       2   4   5
+   32       2  10   8
+   37       2  18   6
+   42       3   8   2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING
+SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in
+the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a
+Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR
+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
+Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{316}
+
+WORKS PRINTED FOR WALTON & MABERLY,
+
+28. UPPER GOWER STREET, and 27. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMPLETION OF A VOLUME.
+
+Now ready, VOLUME I., price 1s. 6d., in handsome boards,
+
+LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.--A Miscellany of Instructive and
+Amusing Tracts on the Physical Sciences, and on their Application to the
+Uses of Life. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.
+
+          CONTENTS.
+
+      PART I., price 5d.
+  1. The Planets; Are they Inhabited Globes?
+  2. Weather Prognostics.
+  3. The Planets. Chap. II.
+  4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.
+
+      PART II., price 5d.
+  5. Latitudes and Longitudes.
+  6. The Planets. Chap. III.
+  7. Lunar Influences.
+  8. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. I.
+
+      PART III., price 6d.
+  9. Railway Accidents. Chap. I.
+  10. The Planets. Chap. IV.
+  11. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. II.
+  12. Railway Accidents. Chap. II.
+  13. Light.
+
+*** Continued in Weekly Numbers, Monthly Parts, and Quarterly Volumes.
+
+    "This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on
+    scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought
+    to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of 'common things'
+    which Lord Ashburton and every well-wisher of his kind are anxious to
+    promote."--_The Times_, Feb. 9, 1854.
+
+    "A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive.
+    The papers combine subjects of importance with great scientific
+    knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of
+    treatment."--_Spectator._
+
+Also, PART IV., price 5d., containing,
+
+  14. Common Things. Air.
+  15. Locomotion in America. Chap. I.
+  16. Cometary Influences. Chap. I.
+  17. Locomotion in America. Chap. II.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIRD COURSE OF DR. LARDNER'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
+
+This Day, 1 vol., 37 Plates, and 200 Woodcuts, price 16s. 6d.
+
+DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOK of ASTRONOMY and METEOROLOGY. Being the Third Course
+of the "Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy."
+
+By the same Author.
+
+FIRST COURSE: MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, SOUND,
+OPTICS. 400 Woodcuts. Price 12s. 6d.
+
+SECOND COURSE: HEAT, COMMON ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY.
+200 Woodcuts. 8s. 6d.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW WORK ON ARITHMETIC.
+
+12mo., 5s. cloth.
+
+A COURSE OF ARITHMETIC AS TAUGHT IN THE PESTALLOZZIAN SCHOOL, WORKSOP. By
+J. L. ELLENBERGER.
+
+    "A happy combination of theory and practice, containing explanation and
+    demonstration enough to afford wholesome mental discipline, and yet not
+    too difficult to be understood by pupils of average ability. In every
+    case the reason why a particular process is adopted in order to obtain
+    the desired result is clearly set forth."--_Athenaeum._
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PROFESSOR BOOLE'S NEW WORK.
+
+Just published, 8vo., 14s.,
+
+THE LAWS OF THOUGHT, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of
+Logic and Probabilities. By GEORGE BOOLE, Professor of Mathematics in
+Queen's College, Cork.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just published, fcp. 8vo., 1s. 9d.,
+
+EUCLID EXPLAINED.--The First Book of Euclid Explained to Beginners. By
+C. P. MASON, B.A., Fellow of University College, and Principal of Denmark
+Hill Grammar School.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
+
+Just published, crown 8vo., 1s. sewed, 1s. 6d. cloth,
+
+BUSINESS AS IT IS AND AS IT MIGHT BE. By JOSEPH LYNDALL.
+
+This work obtained the prize of fifty guineas offered by the Young Men's
+Christian Association for the best Essay on the Evils of the Present System
+of Business, and the Difficulties they present to the Attainment and
+Development of Personal Piety, with Suggestions for their Removal.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Second Edition, 500 Woodcuts, 2l. 2s.,
+
+DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By various
+Writers. Medium 8vo.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+500 Woodcuts, 3 vols. medium 8vo., 5l. 15s. 6d.,
+
+DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. By
+various Writers.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. QUAIN'S NEW WORK.
+
+Now ready, crown 8vo., with coloured Plates, 7s. 6d., cloth,
+
+DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. By RICHARD QUAIN, F.R.S., Professor of Clinical
+Surgery in University College, and Surgeon to University College Hospital.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF DR. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY.
+
+Just completed, Volume I., price 1l. 16s., cloth, lettered,
+
+A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. By Various Writers. Edited by
+DR. WILLIAM SMITH. Illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. To form two
+volumes. 8vo.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane; and JOHN
+MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
+
+Just published, royal 18mo., price 3s. 6d. cloth,
+
+FIRST ITALIAN COURSE; being a Practical and Easy Method of Learning the
+Elements of the Italian Language. By W. BROWNRIGG SMITH, M.A., Second
+Classical Master of the City of London Schools.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheap Issue.--Fourth Edition.
+
+BOOK OF GENESIS IN ENGLISH HEBREW; accompanied by an Interlinear
+Translation, substantially the same as the authorised English version:
+Philological Notes and Grammatical Introduction. By W. GREENFIELD, M.R.A.S.
+8vo., 4s. 6d., cloth. With the original Text in Hebrew Characters at the
+end. 8vo., 6s. 6d., cloth.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NIEBUHR'S NEW LECTURES.
+
+Just published, 2 vols. 8vo., 1l. 1s.
+
+NIEBUHR'S LECTURES on ANCIENT ETHNOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY; comprising Greece
+and her Colonies, Italy, the Islands of the Mediterranean, Spain, Gaul,
+Britain, Northern Africa, and Phoenicia. By DR. LEONHARD SCHMITZ, Rector of
+the High School of Edinburgh.
+
+  By the same Author,
+
+Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History: the Asiatic Nations, the Egyptians,
+Greeks, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. By Dr. L. Schmitz. 3 vols. 8vo.,
+1l. 11s. 6d.
+
+Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History. By Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D. New and
+Cheaper Edition. 3 vols. 8vo., 24s.
+
+Niebuhr's History of Rome. By Bishop Thirlwall, Archdeacon Hare, Dr. W.
+Smith, and Dr. Schmitz. Fourth and cheaper edition, 3 vols., 8vo., 36s.
+
+London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
+Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+*** MESSRS. W. & M.'S CATALOGUE will be sent by Post (Free) to any one
+writing for it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London: and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, April 1.
+1854.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 296, "a few parallel passages": 'paralled' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 231, April
+1, 1854, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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