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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion
+by George H. Pettis
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Frontier service during the rebellion
+       or, A history of Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers
+
+Author: George H. Pettis
+
+Release Date: May 24, 2009 [EBook #28951]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRONTIER SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tamise Totterdell and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's note: The erratum at the end of the original   |
+    | book has been applied to this e-book version.                |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+PERSONAL NARRATIVES
+
+OF EVENTS IN THE
+
+WAR OF THE REBELLION,
+
+BEING PAPERS READ BEFORE THE
+
+RHODE ISLAND SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
+HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
+
+THIRD SERIES--NO. 14.
+
+PROVIDENCE:
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
+
+1885.
+
+
+
+
+PROVIDENCE PRESS COMPANY, PRINTERS.
+
+
+
+
+FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION;
+
+OR, A
+
+HISTORY OF COMPANY K,
+
+FIRST INFANTRY, CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS.
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE H. PETTIS,
+
+[Brevet Captain United States Volunteers; Late First Lieutenant Company K,
+First California Infantry, and First Lieutenant and
+Adjutant First New Mexico Infantry.]
+
+
+PROVIDENCE:
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
+
+1885.
+
+
+[Edition limited to two hundred and fifty copies.]
+
+
+
+
+FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.
+
+
+The first battle of Bull Run had been fought. The government had become
+satisfied that the slaveholder's rebellion was not to be put down with
+seventy-five thousand men. The Union people of the United States now
+fully realized that the rebels were to use every effort on their part
+towards the establishment of the Confederacy, and the men of the north,
+on their part, were ready to "mutually pledge to each other our lives,
+our fortunes, and our sacred honor" to preserve the government as their
+fathers before them had pledged themselves to establish it. The loyal
+States were ready to respond to any demand made upon them by the
+government, and there were none more anxious to do their duty to the old
+flag than the Union men of California.
+
+The people of that far distant part of our country were, in the early
+days of our "late unpleasantness," stirred to their very depths. A large
+portion of the inhabitants had emigrated from the southern States, and
+were, therefore, in sympathy with their brethren at home. General Albert
+Sidney Johnston was in command of the military department, and a majority
+of the regular officers under him were sympathizers with the rebellion,
+as were a majority of the State officers. The United States gunboat
+"Wyoming," lying in the harbor of San Francisco in the early part of
+'61, was officered by open advocates of secession, and only by the
+secret coming of General E. V. Sumner, who arrived by steamer one fine
+morning in the early part of '61, totally unknown and unannounced, and
+presenting himself at the army headquarters on Washington street, San
+Francisco, without delay, with, "Is this Gen. Johnston?" "Yes, sir." "I
+am General E. V. Sumner, United States Army, and do now relieve you of
+the command of this department," at the same time delivering the orders
+to this effect from the War Department at Washington, were the people of
+the Pacific States saved from a contest which would have been more
+bitter, more fierce, and more unrelenting than was exhibited in any part
+of the United States during all those long four years of the war.
+
+As I have said before, the prompt and secret action of the government
+and that gallant old soldier, General E. V. Sumner (for you all will
+remember that California had no railroads and telegraphs in those days),
+prevented civil war there. The secessionists, who were preparing to take
+possession of the property of the government in that department and turn
+the guns of Alcatraz, Fort Point and the Presidio upon the loyalists,
+were taken completely aback; they delayed action. General Sumner took
+all precautions against surprise, and the Union men of the Pacific
+States breathed free again, for civil war had been driven from their
+doors. Many of the secession leaders, with General Albert Sidney Johnston,
+seeing their plans miscarry, left the State shortly after, and did service
+in the Confederate armies.
+
+On the steamer from the States that brought the news to California of
+the disaster at Bull Run, came orders from President Lincoln for that
+State to furnish its quota of men for the Union army. The same
+afternoon, the Franklin Light Infantry, a militia company, composed of
+printers only, held a meeting at its armory on Sacramento street, and
+voted unanimously to offer their services to the government, which was
+accordingly done, and they were the first company that was mustered into
+the United States service in California, and was afterwards known as
+Company B, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and were officered as
+follows: Captain, Valentine Drescher; First Lieutenant, Francis S.
+Mitchell; Second Lieutenant, George H. Pettis. Other companies were soon
+formed, and the regiment, with nine companies, went into camp of
+instruction at Camp Downey, near Oakland.
+
+The regiment had been in camp but a few days when it was ordered to
+proceed by steamer to Los Angeles, in Southern California. The transfer
+was made, and the regiment went into camp about nine miles from Los
+Angeles, on the seashore, where the town of Santa Monica now is. The
+First Battalion Cavalry, California Volunteers, consisting of five
+companies, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Davis, who was afterwards
+killed before Richmond, also accompanied us. In a few days after the
+establishment of this camp, Lieutenant Pettis, of Company B, was sent on
+detached duty as recruiting officer to San Francisco, in order that the
+nine companies now in camp should be filled to the maximum standard. The
+tenth company had not been admitted to the regiment as yet, although
+several had made application for the position.
+
+Lieutenant Pettis arrived in San Francisco about the fifteenth of
+October, and immediately commenced business by opening his recruiting
+office on the corner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in the same
+building with the _Morning Call_. He was successful, as by the fifteenth
+of January he had recruited and sent to the regiment one hundred and two
+men, and was ordered by General George Wright, then commanding the
+department of California (and who was afterwards lost on the steamer
+"Brother Jonathan" on his way to Oregon), to close his office and join
+his regiment at Camp Latham. In the meantime, four companies of the
+regiment, under Major E. A. Rigg, had proceeded to Fort Yuma, on the
+Colorado river, and relieved the regulars who were there. Captain
+Winfield Scott Hancock, Assistant Quartermaster United States Army, had
+also been relieved and ordered to the States. He had been on duty at Los
+Angeles. Three companies of the regiment had been ordered to Warner's
+Ranch, about half way between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma, and established
+Camp Wright. On the twelfth of February, orders had been received by
+Colonel J. H. Carleton, commanding the regiment, to form the tenth
+company of his regiment from the recruits enlisted in San Francisco by
+Lieutenant Pettis. Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers, was
+thus formed, and was officered as follows: Captain, Nicholas S. Davis,
+promoted from First Lieutenant of Company A; First Lieutenant, George H.
+Pettis, promoted from Second Lieutenant of Company B; Second Lieutenant,
+Jeremiah Phelan, appointed from Hospital Steward of the regular army.
+
+In the meantime, the government at Washington had received information
+that General H. H. Sibley had left San Antonio, Texas, with about three
+thousand seven hundred rebel soldiers for New Mexico, and as the
+government had immense stores of clothing, camp and garrison equipage,
+and commissary stores in different posts in that Territory and Arizona,
+with but few troops to defend them, and a majority of the officers
+avowed secessionists, the rebels expected an easy conquest. Accordingly,
+Colonel Carleton had orders to organize what was known as the
+"California Column," which consisted of the First and Fifth Infantry,
+California Volunteers, (George W. Bowie was Colonel of the Fifth
+Infantry, California Volunteers); First Battalion Cavalry, California
+Volunteers; Company B, Captain John C. Cremoney, Second Cavalry,
+California Volunteers, and Light Battery A, Third United States
+Artillery, Captain John B. Shinn.
+
+That an idea may be obtained of the difficulties of this enterprise, I
+will say that it is about nine hundred miles from Los Angeles to the Rio
+Grande, not a pound of food or of forage was to be obtained on the
+route, and everything to be consumed had to be brought from California.
+Neither was there, as we afterwards ascertained, a single resident in
+all that long march, except at Fort Yuma. The country through which the
+"Column" passed was without water, and the Colorado and Gila Deserts to
+be crossed before we should come in sight of the green cottonwoods of
+the Rio Grande. The Apache Indians supposed that they had driven all the
+whites out of the Territory of Arizona, and the former required constant
+watching and attention. In consequence of the scarcity of water on the
+route, the "Column" could only be moved in detachments.
+
+Companies K and C, First Infantry, and Company G, Fifth Infantry,
+Captain Hugh L. Hinds, left Captain Latham about the first of March,
+1862, under command of Captain William McMullen, of Company C, and
+arrived at Camp Wright in due season, it being about one hundred and
+forty miles. The only incident on this march worthy of mention was, that
+when the battalion marched through the town of Los Angeles the American
+flag had been hauled down from the court house. As it was well known
+that the people of Los Angeles at that time were nearly all strong in
+their sympathies with the rebellion, it was thought that the hauling
+down of the flag was to insult the command. Consequently, on the arrival
+of the battalion on the banks of the Los Angeles river, which flows on
+the eastern side of the town, it was halted and Captain McMullen
+returned, and, finding some of the town officials, insisted that the
+flag should be hoisted immediately. The citizens denied any intended
+insult to the flag, and proceeded to replace it, which being seen by the
+men of the battalion, they gave three cheers, and continued on their
+way.
+
+A delay of a couple of weeks at Camp Wright, when orders were received
+by Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West, of the First Infantry, commanding at
+Camp Wright, to organize the advance detachment of the "Column," to
+consist of Companies K and C, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and
+Companies B and G, Fifth Infantry, California Volunteers, and proceed
+without delay to Fort Yuma. The command as above constituted left camp
+at a late hour in the afternoon, and after a short march made camp
+beside a laguna, or pond. It rained during the night, and daylight found
+us at breakfast, which was quickly dispatched, and we were soon on our
+march, the road continually ascending. At nine o'clock in the forenoon
+we had reached the line of snow, where it was snowing heavily. At noon
+we had reached the summit, and found the snow about two feet in depth,
+and as cold as Greenland. A short halt was made, when great fires were
+built to warm the men, and then the command moved down the mountain. At
+three o'clock in the afternoon we passed through the line of snow,
+shortly after through the precipitous cañon of San Felipe, and towards
+evening went into camp, the grass being more than knee high, the air
+redolent with the perfume of flowers and the sweet melody of the birds.
+
+A short march the next day brought us to Los Dos Palmas, or the "Two
+Palms," so called from the fact that two luxuriant palm trees formerly
+flourished here, the stumps of which were then to be seen. Thence to
+Carizo Creek, nine miles, where the command rested one day. Here
+commences the then much-dreaded Colorado Desert. For more than a hundred
+miles we were at the mercy of its sands and storms and burning sun. Such
+another scene of desolation does not exist on the American continent;
+treeless mountains on either side, brown and sombre to their very tops;
+no signs of life were to be seen anywhere. Although it was in the first
+days of April, still the sun poured down with an intensity that I had
+never before experienced, no shade could be found, and the very water in
+the creek could not be bathed in--being more fit for cooking than
+bathing, it being so hot. Such was the Colorado Desert as we approached
+it. What will it be further on? We shall see.
+
+The command left camp at Carizo Creek in the middle of the afternoon,
+and continued the march until midnight, when we arrived at Sackett's
+Wells. Here it was supposed a ration of water for the men would be
+found, but upon examination it was ascertained that somebody had knocked
+the bottom out of the well, and no water was to be obtained, except such
+as could be caught in cups as it trickled drop by drop from the strata
+of clay that had heretofore formed the bottom of the well. No camp could
+be made here, and the command moved on, marching until about ten o'clock
+in the morning, when we arrived at the Indian Wells, having made
+thirty-two miles. A large number of the men were now suffering for the
+want of water, and the animals, upon discovering the green bushes in the
+distance, near these wells, pricked their ears, and every exertion was
+required by riders and drivers to prevent a stampede, so much were they
+in want of water. Upon our arrival it was found that but a few buckets
+of water was in the well, as a detachment of cavalry had made camp there
+the day before, and had only left upon seeing our command approach,
+using all the water in the well for their animals before leaving.
+However, guards were placed over the well, men sent down to pass the
+water up as it collected, and in the course of a few hours the men had
+each received his pint of water; then the animals were furnished.
+
+Before the water had all been distributed, one of those terrible sand
+storms for which this desert is renowned began, and as the sun went down
+it was at its very height. Neither man nor animal could face this shower
+of stones and gravel, and the sand and dust penetrated everything. The
+only thing that was to be done was to throw oneself down upon his face,
+draw his blankets around him, and ride it out, sleeping. The storm
+continued through the night, and before dawn approached it had ceased,
+and upon crawling out of my sand bank, I saw in all directions what
+appeared to be graves, but they were only mounds of sand that had been
+formed by the storm over the bodies of the soldiers. Imagine, if you
+can, near four hundred of these mounds becoming animate and dissolving
+in the desert, as reveille sounded.
+
+At about noon the command moved on, and after marching twenty-five
+miles arrived at Alamo Mucho at about two o'clock in the morning. Here
+was found a well that would have furnished water for an army
+corps--sweet, cold water. It was a pleasure to look at this, to hold it
+in a tin cup, look at it, take a mouthful, holding it there a time
+before swallowing it; it seemed a sin to drink it. This water was not
+taken on the point of the bayonet, as water had been taken for the past
+four days, and we had marched sixty-six miles from Los Dos Palmos since
+we had our fill of water. After the men had satisfied their thirst they
+spread their blankets wherever they pleased, and there was no person in
+that command, except the guard, that was not soon in the arms of
+Morpheus.
+
+Before daylight another sand storm commenced, and when reveille was beat
+off, not a dozen men were in line, and they were only brought out of
+their sand hills by beating the long roll. The storm subsided in the
+early afternoon, when the command moved on, making Gardiner's Wells,
+twelve miles, before sundown, where was found a fine well with plenty of
+water, but none of the command wanted any, the only objection being, and
+that a slight one, that there was standing above the level of the water
+in the well, a pair of boots--and a dead man in them. Seven Wells was
+soon reached, and, as the name implies, there were plenty of wells, but
+there was no water. Thence to Cook's Well, twelve miles, with plenty of
+good water, thence fourteen miles to the Colorado river, at Algodones.
+The next day, before noon, the command arrived at Fort Yuma and went
+into camp. Here we met Don Pascual, a head chief of the Yumas, Don Diego
+Jaeger, and the "Great Western," three of the most celebrated characters
+in the annals of Fort Yuma.
+
+It was supposed that our command was to constitute the advance of the
+"Column" from Fort Yuma. But upon our arrival at that point, we found
+that a reconnoitering party, consisting of Company I, First California
+Infantry, Captain W. P. Calloway; Company A, First California Cavalry,
+Captain William McLeave, and Lieutenant Phelan, with detachments for two
+mountain howitzers, had been sent up the Gila river, as the Indians had
+reported that a large body of rebels were advancing on Fort Yuma from
+Tucson. On the third day after our arrival we crossed over the Colorado
+river and continued our march. We passed the divide between the Colorado
+and Gila rivers, and arrived at Gila City that afternoon, eighteen
+miles. Our route was the old overland stage route on the south side of
+the Gila. Here we first saw that peculiar and picturesque cactus, so
+characteristic of the country, called by the Indians "_petayah_," but
+more generally known as the "_suaro_," and recognized by botanists as
+the "_Cereus grandeus_."
+
+Our next march was to Filibuster camp, eleven miles; thence to Antelope
+Peak, fifteen; Mohawk, twelve; Texas Hill, eleven; Stanwix, seventeen;
+Burke's, twelve miles. Here we found the reconnoitering party, under
+Captain Calloway, that had left Fort Yuma a few days before our arrival
+there. They had had a brush with the rebels at Picacho, a point about
+forty-five miles west of Tucson. Lieutenant Barrett, Company A, First
+Cavalry, California Volunteers, and three men of the same company, had
+been killed. They had secured three rebel prisoners. The poor devils
+were under guard beneath some cottonwoods in their camp. They were now
+on their return to Fort Yuma.
+
+The next morning our command moved out with more alacrity than usual,
+for we felt that we were now the advance of the "Column," and we would
+meet the rebels, too. A short march of twelve miles brought us to Oatman
+Flat. We had come down from the high mesa lands into this valley, and as
+we passed through near the middle of it, saw upon the right side of the
+road a small enclosure of rails, on one end of which was inscribed "The
+Oatman Family." We had all heard of this tragedy years before, and now
+we were upon the spot where the terrible massacre had been perpetrated.
+No one of us could look upon this humble monument without awakening a
+feeling of revenge, and many were the silent pledges given that day that
+when the opportunity should offer, that at least one shot would be given
+for these silent victims to Indian treachery. One officer was so
+affected that he approached Colonel J. R. West, our commanding officer,
+with the interrogatory: "Colonel, if we should at anytime meet any of
+these Indians, what course should be pursued towards them?" "Tell your
+men when they see a head, hit it if they can!" was the Colonel's quick
+rejoinder. You may think this to have been rather harsh, but remember we
+were standing above the remains of the innocent victims of a most
+terrible tragedy.
+
+A few miles after leaving Oatman's Flat we came to a pile of immense
+boulders in the centre of a pleasant valley. These were the famous
+"Pedras Pintados," or painted rocks. A march of fourteen miles brought
+the command to Kenyon's. The next day, after sixteen miles marching, we
+arrived at Gila Bend. Here we lay over a day, as our next march was to
+be to the Maricopa Wells, forty miles distant, the dreaded Gila Desert.
+After marching all night and all of the next day, we approached the
+Maricopa Wells at about twelve o'clock on the second night. When within
+a mile of this point, a small reconnoitering party that had been sent
+ahead of our command, met us and reported that a large force of the
+rebels had possession of the wells, and from appearances intended to
+prevent our command from reaching there. This report served to put new
+life into everybody, notwithstanding that the whole command had now been
+without sleep for over forty hours, had marched forty miles and was
+somewhat fatigued. One company was thrown out as skirmishers, the rest
+of the command in line of battle. We approached the watering place, and
+when we arrived there, instead of finding a formidable enemy, we found a
+half a dozen of our own cavalry that had been scouting ahead of the
+command. We found the water strongly impregnated with alkali, but it
+served to assuage our thirst.
+
+A short march of ten miles then brought us to the Casa Blanca, the
+largest village of the Pimo Indians. Our command remained here for
+several weeks, until at least a large part of the "Column" had arrived,
+and large stores of commissaries and forage had been collected. Our
+Indian scouts and spies brought every few days extravagant reports of
+the force of rebels at Tucson, and they all agreed that when our troops
+should reach that point, we would meet with a warm reception, and that
+rifle-pits, sufficiently manned, extended a long ways on either side of
+the town. These Indians were on the best of terms with us, as they had
+sold large amounts of their produce to our command, for which they had
+been promptly and abundantly paid--a different experience when the
+rebels were there. They had been employed by our quartermaster's
+department as herders of our beef cattle, and were paid to their own
+satisfaction for all services they had rendered, but no inducement that
+our commander offered them, no amount of pay, could influence any one of
+them to accompany us towards Tucson, so assured were they that we were
+to be "wiped out" before we should reach there.
+
+On or about the twelfth day of May, 1862, the advance, constituted as
+before stated, with B Company, California Cavalry, Captain Emil Fritz,
+added, left the peaceful and hospitable homes of the Pimos, and arrived
+at the Sacatone, twelve miles. Here we left the overland mail road,
+which we had followed since leaving Los Angeles, and keeping up the
+south bank of the Gila to White's Ranch; thence to the celebrated ruins
+of the Casa Blanca, so graphically described by Mr. John R. Bartlett in
+his "Personal Narratives" of the Boundary Commission; thence to
+Rattlesnake Spring; thence to old Fort Breckenridge, which had been so
+cowardly deserted the year before by our regular troops; thence to Cañon
+de Oro. As we now approached Tucson, everything was in fighting trim. A
+short halt was made near the town, and the cavalry company, in two
+divisions, approached the place from the north and west. The infantry
+marched in by the main street from the west, with the field music
+playing "Yankee Doodle," and instead of being received by shot and
+shell, we found neither friend nor enemy, only a village without
+population, if we except some hundreds of dogs and cats.
+
+When we were at the Pimos, Governor Pesquira, of Sonora, Mexico,
+arrived there from California on his way home; he was allowed to pass
+our lines; he and his party arrived in Tucson a few days before our
+command, and found the place nearly deserted. Captain Hunter, with his
+rebel soldiers, were far on their way to the Rio Grande, and as they had
+assured the native population--wholly Mexican--that when the
+"Abs"--meaning the Union troops--arrived they would massacre all the men
+and abuse all the women, they stood not upon the order of going, but
+went at once for Sonora. Governor Pesquira hurried forward, overtaking
+parties of the fugitives each day, and assuring them of different
+treatment from the Union soldiers than they had been told by the rebels,
+induced many to return to their homes, and within a week Tucson was
+again alive; stores and gambling saloons were numerous, the military had
+taken possession of the best buildings in the town for quarters, and the
+stars and stripes again waved over the Capital of the Territory of
+Arizona.
+
+The advance of the "Column" entered Tucson on the twentieth day of
+May, 1862. Several Americans, among them Sylvester Mowry, formerly of
+Rhode Island, returned, and being violent in their sympathies with the
+rebellion, were arrested. Some were sent out of the Territory, while
+Mowry was sent to Fort Yuma, where he remained incarcerated a long time.
+About the fifteenth of June, Captain N. S. Davis was relieved from the
+command of Company K by Lieutenant Pettis, who remained in command, with
+a short interval, until its final muster out. Captain Davis was on duty
+in the quartermaster's department. By the first of July, a large part of
+the "Column" had arrived at Tucson, a large depot of army stores had
+been brought from California, and preparations were commenced for the
+movement again of the advance column. Several spies and scouts had been
+sent forward from Tucson, but as they had not returned, matters were
+rather uncertain. However, in the first week in July, Company E, First
+California Infantry, Captain Thomas L. Roberts, and Company B, Second
+California Cavalry, were ordered to proceed to Apache Pass and hold
+possession of the water at that point. On the twentieth of July the
+advance column left Tucson, and on the second day arrived at the San
+Pedro, twenty-five miles. Here a delay of one day was made to put the
+fording place in good order for the crossing of the "Column."
+Information was received here that Captain Roberts' advance into the
+Apache Pass had been attacked by a large force of the Apaches, under the
+renowned chief, "Cochise," and after fighting during an entire afternoon
+had succeeded in driving the Indians, with a loss on our side of several
+of our men killed and wounded.
+
+Our next march was to Dragoon Springs, eighteen miles; thence to
+Sulphur Springs, twenty-two miles. The famous Apache Pass was reached by
+another march of twenty-five miles. Here was found the command of
+Captain Roberts, with evidences of the struggle of a few days before. On
+leaving Apache Pass the next day, we were again the advance of the
+"Column," which position was retained until our arrival on the Rio
+Grande. The next camping ground was at San Simon, eighteen miles. As we
+were assured by our guides that no water would be found until we reached
+_Ojo de Vaca_, or Cow Springs, a distance of sixty-seven miles, it was
+deemed advisable to leave the overland route at this point, and proceed
+by another route. Accordingly, the next morning the command moved south,
+following up the San Simon Valley, a distance of twelve miles, and
+camped at the Cienega. Here was found water, the best and most abundant
+on the whole march. Imagine, if you can, a valley twenty miles in width,
+on either side a range of mountains; and to the north and south, up and
+down the valley, a level plain as far as the eye could reach. A trench
+three feet wide, by five or six in depth, filled nearly to the top with
+clear cold water, running with a velocity of at least six miles an hour,
+the bottom covered with white smooth pebbles. Two miles above this point
+no water was to be found. As you descended the valley and approached
+this water, you found at first the ground moist, then water appeared, a
+mere drop, then a small stream of running water, which increased in
+volume, until you found a stream as described above. Below this point
+the water gradually lessened, until, two miles below, this magnificent
+stream had entirely disappeared. There was no shade to be had here,
+except that found under the wagon bodies, still there was no fault
+found; the fine stream of water that we were enjoying satisfied us for
+all other discomforts. It was with feelings of regret that we left this
+point late the next afternoon, with well filled canteens; and the
+uncertainty of finding water in advance, added to this feeling. We
+arrived at Leiteresdorffer's Wells soon after sunset, but no water was
+to be found. The march was continued during the night, and all of the
+next day, until we arrived at Soldier's Farewell, and no water. The
+command was strung out a distance of at least five miles; we had been
+marching thirty hours, with only a canteen each of water, with the
+thermometer at least 130. A large number of the men had given out and
+were scattered in parties of three or four, for a dozen miles in the
+rear. What was left of the command moved on, and after leaving the wagon
+road, we arrived in Burro Cañon, some time after dark, where plenty of
+water was found, when, after taking in a fill, turned into our blankets,
+entirely forgetting our hunger in our weariness. Company K marched into
+Burro Cañon with less than ten men out of eighty, and it was long after
+daylight the next day before the whole command had arrived. A short
+march of twelve miles brought us to Ojo de Baca; thence eighteen miles
+to the Miembres river.
+
+Our next march, twenty-five miles, was to Cooke's Springs, passing
+through Cooke's Cañon. This location was known by Mexicans as _La Valle
+del Muerto_, or Valley of Death. It seemed to be rightly named, too, as
+for nearly two miles were to be seen, on either side, skulls and other
+portions of human remains who had fallen by Indian assassination. Mounds
+and crosses were met every few minutes. As we emerged from this _triste_
+locality, we encountered the remains of wagons and government stores,
+that had been destroyed the year before by the regular troops, who had
+deserted Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge, in Arizona. When they had
+arrived at this point, they were informed of the surrender of the
+regulars at Fort Fillmore; consequently, without further inquiry, they
+destroyed all the government property they had in charge, and made their
+way, on the west side of the Rio Grande, to Fort Craig.
+
+The next march brought us near to Mule Springs, fifteen miles; and on
+the next afternoon could be discovered, in the distance, the green,
+winding way of the Rio Grande, with the Sierras de Organos in the
+background. Camp was made that night on the banks of the Rio Bravo del
+Norte, near to old Fort Thorn. The next march was down the west bank of
+the river to the fording place, known as San Diego, which you will find
+set down on all maps as a town or village, but to my certain knowledge,
+up to the time mentioned, and for several years afterwards, there was
+but one house in the vicinity, and that contained but one room and no
+roof. As the river was now, the third of August, at its extreme height,
+caused by the melting of the snow in the upper Rocky Mountains, we
+experienced some difficulty in getting our wagons and stores across;
+still all was completed before sundown, and the next day we arrived at
+Roblado, near the town of Dona Ana. On the fifth of August, after
+passing through the villages of Dona Ana and Las Cruces, we arrived at
+the pleasant town of La Mesilla.
+
+Here was to be our resting place. We found a well-built village, with
+a numerous population, mostly Mexican. The rebels, who had arrived in
+the Territory, we learned, had, after the treacherous surrender of the
+regular troops at Fort Fillmore (directly opposite La Mesilla), marched
+north. They found Fort Craig too strong to be attacked, and, contrary to
+all military maxims, had continued on, leaving a fortified position in
+their rear. The desperate battle of Val Verde had taken place on the
+twenty-first and twenty-second of February, 1862, a short distance above
+Fort Craig. And as long as Major Benny Roberts had command of the
+Federal troops they were successful, but when General E. R. S. Canby
+came on the field and took command, the rebels soon had turned the tide
+of the battle in their favor. McRae's battery was taken, and our troops
+were returning, panic-stricken, across the river, and fleeing towards
+Fort Craig, about three miles down the river. The rebels then approached
+Albuquerque, where was stored a large amount of government stores, which
+were surrendered without a struggle. Thence they proceeded to Santa Fé,
+where, without opposition, they took possession. There was one other
+fort to be taken, about one hundred miles northwest--Fort Union. After
+some delay at Santa Fé, the rebels, numbering some sixteen hundred, set
+out for Fort Union. At Apache Pass, or Pigeon's Ranch, they were met by
+a Colorado regiment, with what regulars and militia could be found, all
+under command of Colonel John P. Slough (afterwards chief justice of the
+Territory), and were defeated, their wagons, ammunition, and all their
+stores having been destroyed by a party of Union troops under Captain
+W. H. Lewis, Fifth United States Infantry, and Captain A. B. Cary, of the
+Third United States Infantry, who scaled a mountain and got into their
+rear. The rebels precipitately retreated from this point, to and down
+the Rio Grande, having passed La Mesilla a few weeks before our arrival,
+and left the Territory with about twelve hundred men out of thirty-seven
+hundred, that they had arrived with.
+
+The different companies of the "Column," as they arrived, were now sent
+to different points in the department. Our Colonel, James H. Carleton,
+had been promoted to Brigadier General, and had relieved General E. R. S.
+Canby, in command of the department of New Mexico. The regular troops
+were all relieved, except the Fifth Infantry, and sent east, and a
+protection was now assured to the population, by the California
+Volunteers. Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West was now promoted to Colonel of
+the regiment, and in command of the southern district of the department.
+Fine quarters were found for the command in the village of La Mesilla,
+and the district was under martial law. Duty was really pleasant
+here,--plenty of society, with frequent _bailes_, few drills, and plenty
+of everything to eat and drink. The white population were nearly all of
+secession proclivities, one in particular, Samuel L. Jones (better known
+as the pro-slavery Sheriff Jones, of Kansas), who resided here, was
+arrested usually about once a week, and incarcerated in the guard-house
+for treasonable utterances.
+
+After a protracted season of this duty, or up to about the twentieth
+of November, came the most unpleasant part of the history of Company K.
+There had been several escapes from the guard-house of persons who had
+been imprisoned for treasonable utterances, until it seemed that there
+might exist a disposition among some of the command to be a party to
+these frequent escapades. This state of affairs existed until one
+morning an escape was reported to the commanding officer, Colonel West,
+who immediately ordered the sergeant of the guard, with sentinels
+numbers one, two, three, four and five, who were on duty at the time, to
+be placed in the guard-house, in irons. It so happened that this
+sergeant and all the sentinels belonged to Company K, and at the morning
+drill, after guard mount, the company refused to do further duty, or
+until the irons were taken off of Sergeant Miller. The soldier most
+aggrieved appeared to be Corporal Charles Smith, or rather he acted as
+spokesman for the company. The company was immediately ordered into
+their quarters by Lieutenant Pettis, and put under guard, and the facts
+reported to the commanding officer. Orders were given for all prisoners
+to be placed in the guard-house; Company K was ordered to proceed to the
+plaza or parade without arms, when the long roll was beat. The other two
+companies of the garrison were soon on the plaza, fully equipped.
+Colonel West now made his appearance, mounted; he then marched Company
+A, Fifth California Infantry, about five paces in front of and facing
+Company K, with pieces loaded, and at a "ready." He then called Corporal
+Smith to the front, and asked him if he still persisted in refusing to
+do his duty? The Corporal respectfully, but firmly, announced that he
+would do no duty until the irons were removed from Sergeant Miller.
+Company D, First California Infantry, had been wheeled to the right out
+of line, and the Corporal was now ordered to place himself about six
+paces in front of this company. Upon his again refusing to do duty,
+Captain Mitchell, of Company D, was ordered to fire upon him. This order
+was unhesitatingly obeyed; and after the smoke had cleared away, it was
+seen that the Corporal was uninjured. Not so with some others. The
+position of Company D was such that it was facing the cathedral, which
+is situated on the west side of the plaza; on either side of the
+cathedral were long straight streets, running from the plaza; the long
+roll and the other preparations had called all the inhabitants from
+their residences, and the result of the first volley was to wound two
+invalid soldiers, together with one Mexican woman and one child, and the
+cathedral, which was built of adobes, was concealed for a few minutes by
+its own dust, caused by the minie balls penetrating its front. The
+Corporal was again questioned by Colonel West, who returned his former
+answer, and Company D again fired a volley, but the Corporal remained
+untouched. After another questioning by the Colonel, Company D was once
+more ordered to fire, when, between the commands "aim," "fire," Colonel
+West rode up behind the company with uplifted sabre, and gave the
+command to "lower those rifles," when the command was given by the
+Captain to "fire." At this discharge, the Corporal fell to the ground, a
+minie ball having passed directly through him, having entered his right
+breast. He was immediately placed upon a stretcher, and expired on his
+way to the hospital. The rest of the company was now questioned by
+Colonel West, and each man asserted his willingness to do his duty, when
+the command was dismissed to their quarters, and Company K immediately
+assumed their arms and accoutrements and appeared upon the plaza for
+drill. This was the only evidence of insubordination ever shown in the
+"Column," and the prompt manner in which this one was met and punished,
+precluded any danger of another exhibition of this character.
+
+A few days after these occurrences, some of our spies and scouts
+brought in the intelligence that another large party of rebels had left
+San Antonio, Texas, for New Mexico. Accordingly, Companies K and D were
+ordered to San Elizario, Texas, a town about twenty-five miles below El
+Paso, Mexico, and the last point of civilization towards San Antonio, on
+outpost duty. After remaining here about six weeks, and no rebels
+appearing, Company K was ordered to Fort Craig. A march of twenty-five
+miles brought us to Franklin or Fort Bliss, directly opposite El Paso;
+thence two marches, aggregating fifty miles, found us in our old
+quarters at La Mesilla, where the company was ordered to remain until
+the adjournment of a general court-martial which was then in session at
+that post. A week later, and Company K commenced its march for Fort
+Craig. A short march brought us again to Dona Ana. Three miles from that
+village brought us to the commencement of the much dreaded _Jornada del
+Muerto_ (Journey of Death). The _Jornada_ is a large desert, well
+supplied with fine gramma grass in some portions, but absolutely
+destitute of water or shade for seventy-five miles. Why it ever received
+its title, I never distinctly learned, but suppose it was on account of
+the very numerous massacres committed on it by the Apache Indians. On
+the east, in the far distance, are the Sierras Blancos, and is fringed
+on the west by the Sierra Caballo and Sierra de Frey Cristobal. From
+these heights, on either side, the Indians are enabled to distinctly
+perceive any party of travellers coming over the wide and unsheltered
+expanse of the _Jornada del Muerto_. When any such parties are seen,
+they come sweeping down upon the unsuspecting immigrant in more than
+usual numbers, and if successful, as they generally are, in their
+attack, invariably destroy all of the party, for there is no possible
+chance of escape; and the Apaches never take any prisoners but women and
+young children, and they become captives for life.
+
+The first camp was a dry one, and as the command was accompanied by a
+tank of water, drawn by six mules, thus being prepared by a plentiful
+supply of water, I concluded to cross this desert at my leisure. The
+next forenoon we passed by the celebrated "Point of Rocks," the company
+being deployed as skirmishers, with the hope of finding Indians hiding
+between the huge boulders of which it was composed, but without results.
+Late in the afternoon we arrived at the Aleman, so called from the fact
+that a whole German immigrant family had been massacred at this point
+some years before by the Indians. The next night another dry camp,
+having passed during the day the _Laguna del Muerto_, where water is
+found in some seasons. While some three miles on our left was the _Ojo
+del Muerto_, a point where Fort McRae was established in 1863 by Captain
+Henry A. Greene, commanding Company G, First California Infantry, now a
+resident of this city, (Providence, R. I.). The next day's march brought
+us to the little village of El Paraje del Fra Cristobal. Near the spot
+on which the camp was made, was the peaceful flowing and muddy Rio
+Grande. A short march of five miles brought us to our destination--Fort
+Craig. Our arrival was in January, 1863.
+
+The company remained at this post during the year 1863, monotony of
+garrison life being relieved by furnishing escorts to wagon trains bound
+north and south, and an occasional scout after Indians. In July of that
+year, Assistant Surgeon Watson, who had been commissioned at Sacramento,
+California, more than a year before, and had been ordered to report to
+the headquarters of his regiment at Fort Craig, arrived at Fort McRae,
+without accident. On leaving that post, Captain Greene had furnished him
+with one government wagon and an escort of five or six men of his
+company. They set out with joyful anticipation; the Doctor was delighted
+to know that after a year's travel, he would soon be at his new home,
+and be doing duty with his own regiment, which he had never seen. The
+wagon, with its occupants, soon emerged from the cañon of the _Ojo del
+Muerto_, and came out on the hard, smooth, natural road of the
+_Jornada_. About the middle of the afternoon, they were proceeding
+leisurely along; twelve miles in advance could be plainly seen the
+buildings of Fort Craig, with "Old Glory" on the flag-staff. The driver
+of the team, Johnson, a soldier of Greene's company, sat on his near
+wheel-mule chatting pleasantly with the Doctor, who occupied the front
+of the wagon, with his feet hanging down on the whiffle-trees; the
+escort were all in the wagon, lying on their blankets, with their arms
+and equipments beneath them. Within five miles of them there was not a
+rock, tree, shrub, or bush, as large as a man's head--they felt a
+perfect security. Another moment, how changed! There arose from the sand
+of the desert, where they had buried themselves, some ten or twelve
+Apaches, within twenty feet of the moving wagon, and poured a volley of
+arrows into the doomed party, and closing in immediately, a part
+attacked the occupants of the wagon, while the rest disengaged the
+mules, and mounting their backs started for the mountains on the west,
+towards the river, and before the soldiers were out of the wagon were
+out of reach of their fire. Doctor Watson was shot with two arrows, one
+in his right arm, and the other on the inside of his right thigh,
+severing the femoral artery. He breathed his last in a few minutes; the
+driver was shot through the heart, and one or two of the escorts were
+slightly wounded. News of this affair reached the post before sunset,
+and in twenty minutes Company K was on its way down the west side of the
+river to intercept, if possible, these murderers. The company was kept
+in the field for thirty days, without other result than to find a hot
+trail of eighty-two Navajoes, who were on their way to their own
+country, with some eight thousand head of sheep and other stock that
+they had stolen in the upper counties of New Mexico. As the company were
+dismounted, it was impossible to take up the trail. The commander of the
+company, however, with five cavalrymen and two Mexican scouts, followed
+and overtook the Indians after a run of twenty-five miles, but
+accomplished nothing except exchanging some twenty or twenty-five shots
+on either side, as our animals were completely "blown," and eighty-two
+to eight was an unpleasant disparity of numbers. The lieutenant and his
+men arrived back at the river the next morning, having been in the
+saddle nearly twenty-four hours. The result of the short skirmish was
+that one of the cavalrymen's horses was shot through the breast, and one
+Navajo was sent to his happy hunting-grounds and one was wounded.
+
+January, 1864, Company K was ordered to Los Pinos, about one hundred
+miles further up the Rio Grande, and about twenty miles south of
+Albuquerque; marching through the towns of Socorro, La Limitar, across
+the sand hills at the foot of the _Sierra de los Ladrones_, or Thieves
+Mountains; crossing the Rio Puerco, near its affluence with the Rio
+Grande; thence to Sabinal, La Belen, and Los Lunes. They remained here
+until the first of February, when Colonel Kit Carson arrived there from
+the Navajo country, with some two hundred and fifty-three Navajo
+Indians, whom he had taken prisoners in his operations against that
+nation. Orders were received from department headquarters for Company K
+to proceed with these Indians to the Bosque Redondo, some two hundred
+and fifty miles down on the Pecos river. Accordingly, after formally
+receiving these prisoners and receipting therefor, the command moved
+out, and on the second night arrived at Carnwell Cañon; thence to San
+Antonio, San Antoinette, Los Placeres and Gallisteo. Thus far the
+command had moved across the country, but on the day of leaving
+Gallisteo, the company struck the military road leading from Fort Union
+to Santa Fé, near the old Peces ruins. The command moved along this road
+to the village of Tecolote; from here they proceeded down the Pecos
+river, and arrived at Fort Sumner after eighteen days' marching. Fort
+Sumner was a new post, established for the purpose of a reservation for
+Indians, both Navajo and Apache, that should be taken prisoners by the
+troops, and Colonel Carson was on a campaign against the Navajoes, in
+which he was successful, as there were finally some eight thousand of
+these Indians captured and placed on this reservation. Those brought in
+by Company K were the first large body that had arrived. I will say
+here, in parenthesis, that this is the only way to treat the Indian
+question; for this Indian nation (the Navajoes), after receiving a
+severe drubbing by Carson, and all had surrendered, were finally allowed
+to return to their own country, since which time they have continued on
+the best of terms with our people. This has always been the experience
+on the frontiers--one effective campaign is better than all the treaties
+that were ever consummated.
+
+Fort Sumner was at this time in command of Major Henry D. Wallen, United
+States Seventh Infantry, than whom there was no more excellent gentleman
+in the service of the government. His administration was marked by a
+sincere desire to do justice to all under him, a feature that was sadly
+deficient in too many officers of the time that is spoken of. He was a
+perfect example of sobriety, and his case certainly was a commendation
+of the excellence of education of the academy at West Point, of which he
+was an honored graduate.
+
+Company K had been at Fort Sumner but a few days when it was ordered to
+report to the commanding officer at Fort Union, necessitating a march of
+one hundred and twenty-five miles. The command arrived at Fort Union on
+the eighteenth day of March, 1864, and remained there, doing camp duty,
+during the months of April, May and June. In July, the company
+proceeded, with a company of New Mexican cavalry, towards the east, by
+the route known as the Cummarron route, passing on our way, Burgwin's
+Spring, named after the gallant Captain Burgwin, First Regiment United
+States Dragoons, who fell while leading the attack upon the insurgents
+at Taos, 1847, and the Wagon Mound, a high landmark (so called from its
+shape). From this point to the "Point of Rocks," forty miles, is the
+track of a bloody, brave and disastrous fight made by eight passengers
+in the stage against a band of sixty Apaches. They fought every inch of
+the long, dread struggle. Killed one by one, and dropped on the road,
+two survivors maintained their defense a long time, and when the sole
+contestant was left, his last dying effort was to strew the contents of
+his powder-horn in the sand, and stir it in with his foot, so that the
+Indians could not use it. Wilson's Creek, some miles further on, is
+named after a Mr. Wilson, a merchant of Santa Fé, who was overtaken here
+by the Indians, and, with his wife and child--for he was alone with
+them--butchered with the usual savage outrage and cruelty.
+
+The command returned to Fort Union in September, in which month the
+First Infantry, California Volunteers, was mustered out of service,
+their term of three years having expired, with the exception of Company
+K, it being recollected that they were enlisted at San Francisco some
+time after the other companies had been formed. However, the members of
+that company began, in October, to be dropped out, and when orders
+arrived at Fort Union for the formation of the Commanche expedition,
+under Colonel Kit Carson, there remained of the First Infantry Regiment,
+California Volunteers, one officer (Lieutenant Pettis) and twenty-six
+enlisted men of Company K. This company accompanied Carson's expedition
+with two mountain howitzers, mounted on prairie carriages, and
+rendezvoued at Fort Bascom, on the Canadian river, near the line of
+Texas. This expedition consisted as follows: Colonel Christopher Carson,
+First New Mexico Cavalry, commanding; Colonel Francisco P. Abreú, First
+New Mexico Infantry; Major William McCleave, First California Cavalry;
+Captain Emil Fritz, Company B, First California Cavalry, one officer and
+forty enlisted men; Lieutenant Sullivan Heath, Company K, First
+California Cavalry, one officer and forty men; Captain Meriam, Company
+M, First California Cavalry, one officer and thirty-four men; Lieutenant
+George H. Pettis, Company K, First California Infantry, one officer and
+twenty-six men; Captain Charles Deus, Company M, First New Mexico
+Cavalry, two officers and seventy men; Captain Joseph Berney, Company D,
+First New Mexico Cavalry, two officers and thirty-six men; Company A,
+First California Veteran Infantry, seventy-five men; Assistant Surgeon
+George S. Courtright, United States Volunteers, and an officer whose
+name escapes me, as Assistant Quartermaster and Commissary,--numbering
+in all, fourteen officers and three hundred and twenty-one enlisted men.
+In addition to the command, Colonel Carson had induced seventy-two
+friendly Indians (Utes and Apaches), and as big scoundrels as there were
+on the frontiers, by promising them all the plunder that they might
+acquire, to join the expedition.
+
+On the sixth of November, the command left Fort Bascom, and proceeded
+down on the north bank of the Canadian, hoping to find the Commanche and
+Kiowa Indians (who had been committing their atrocities during the whole
+of 1864) in their winter quarters. The Indians with our command, on
+every night, after making camp, being now on the war-path, indulged in
+the accustomed war dance, which, although new to most of us, became
+almost intolerable, it being kept up each night until nearly day-break;
+and until we became accustomed to their groans and howlings, incident to
+the dance, it was impossible to sleep. Each morning of our march, two of
+our Indians would be sent ahead several hours before we started, who
+would return to camp at night and report.
+
+We had been on our march day after day without particular incident
+until our arrival at Mule Creek, when our scouts brought in the
+intelligence that they had seen signs of a large body of Indians that
+had moved that day, and that they could be overtaken without much
+effort. Immediately after supper, all of the Cavalry, with Company K,
+moved out of camp in light marching order, leaving the infantry, under
+command of Colonel Abreú, to protect the wagon train and proceed on our
+trail on the morrow. Colonel Carson and command marched all night,
+except a short halt just before dawn, and struck an outpost of the enemy
+on the opposite side of the river, at about sunrise, who being mounted
+retreated, followed by our Indians and two companies of our Cavalry. The
+rest of the command moved down on the north side of the river, and a few
+miles below the cavalry struck a Kiowa _rancheria_ of one hundred and
+seventy-six lodges, the Indians retreating down the river on their
+approach. Company K, escorted by Lieutenant Heath's command, and
+accompanied by Colonel Carson, could not advance with the rapidity of
+the cavalry, as the cannoneers were dismounted, and the wheels tracking
+very narrow, caused the utmost attention to prevent their being
+overturned. The Indians from the Kiowa encampment retreated until they
+were reinforced by a large force of Commanches from a Commanche
+_rancheria_ of five hundred lodges, a short distance below the "Adobe
+Walls," a location well known by all frontiersmen. The cavalry made a
+stand here, and were engaged in skirmishing with the enemy, when Company
+K came on the field with the two mountain howitzers. An order from
+Colonel Carson to Lieutenant Pettis to "fling a few shell over thar!"
+indicating with his hand a large body of Indians who appeared to be
+about to charge into our forces, that officer immediately ordered
+"Battery halt! action right, load with shell--load!" Before the fourth
+discharge of the howitzers, the Indians had retreated out of range, and
+it was supposed that there would be no more fighting; but we counted
+without our host, for our animals had scarcely been watered when the
+enemy returned to the conflict. The horses of the cavalry were again
+placed in the "Adobe Walls," which were elevated enough to protect them
+from the rifle balls of the enemy, and the fight was soon at its height.
+
+About the middle of the afternoon, Carson concluded to return to the
+Kiowa village that we had passed through in the morning, contrary to the
+wishes of his officers, who were anxious to advance to the Commanche
+village, which was less than a mile in our front. The return column
+consisted of the cavalry horses, the number four of each set of fours
+leading the other three horses, with the howitzers in the rear, the
+dismounted cavalry acting as skirmishers on the front, rear and either
+flank. The firing was continued from each side until the village was
+reached, when our troops proceeded to destroy it, which was effectually
+done before dark.
+
+A further march of about four miles, and the wagon train was reached,
+the safety of which had been the subject of much anxiety during the day.
+The gun carriages and ammunition carts of Company K were packed with the
+wounded on their return from the Kiowa village. A rest was had the next
+day, which was sadly needed, as the whole command had been marching and
+fighting about twenty-seven hours, on a few broken hard tack and a slice
+of salt pork each. The second day after the fight, Carson concluded to
+return to Fort Bascom, which post was reached in twenty-one days. Here
+the command remained until orders were received from General Carleton,
+commanding the department, and Company K was ordered to Fort Union, as
+the term of service of nearly all the men had expired. By the first of
+February, 1865, all the enlisted men of the company had been mustered
+out of service, and Lieutenant Pettis, the last man of his regiment, was
+ordered to report to the mustering officer at Santa Fé, with all the
+records of his company; and on the fifteenth of February, he was
+mustered out of service, and Company K, First Infantry, California
+Volunteers, had ceased to exist, having marched on foot during its term
+of service four thousand two hundred and forty-five miles.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATUM.
+
+
+On pages 6 and 7 read for "General Joe Johnston," General Albert Sidney
+Johnston.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion
+by George H. Pettis
+
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Frontier Service During the Rebellion, by George H. Pettis.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    .tn {text-align: center;
+         margin-left: 5%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
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+                   margin-top: 5em;
+                   margin-bottom: 5em;}
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+
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+
+    h1,h2 {text-align: center;
+           clear: both;}
+
+    p {margin-top: .75em;
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+       margin-bottom: .75em;}
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+                text-align: center;}
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+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion
+by George H. Pettis
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Frontier service during the rebellion
+       or, A history of Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers
+
+Author: George H. Pettis
+
+Release Date: May 24, 2009 [EBook #28951]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRONTIER SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tamise Totterdell and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="tn">Transcriber's note: The erratum at the end of the original
+book has been applied to this e-book version.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1 class="thin">
+PERSONAL NARRATIVES<br />
+<br />
+<span class="small">OF EVENTS IN THE</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">War of the Rebellion,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="small">BEING PAPERS READ BEFORE THE</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller">RHODE ISLAND SOLDIERS AND SAILORS<br />
+HISTORICAL SOCIETY.</span></h1>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Third Series&mdash;No. 14.</span>
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">
+PROVIDENCE:<br />
+PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.<br />
+1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="centerspaced">
+PROVIDENCE PRESS COMPANY, PRINTERS.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1><span class="smaller">FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="small">OR, A</span><br />
+<br />
+HISTORY OF COMPANY K,<br />
+<br />
+FIRST INFANTRY, CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS.</h1>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="center">BY<br />
+GEORGE H. PETTIS,<br />
+<br />
+[Brevet Captain United States Volunteers; Late First Lieutenant Company K,<br />
+First California Infantry, and First Lieutenant and<br />
+Adjutant First New Mexico Infantry.]<br />
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">PROVIDENCE:<br />
+PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.<br />
+1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="centerspaced">[Edition limited to two hundred and fifty copies.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.</h2>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/bar.png" height="25" width="165" alt="" /></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> first battle of Bull Run had been fought. The government had become
+satisfied that the slaveholder's rebellion was not to be put down with
+seventy-five thousand men. The Union people of the United States now
+fully realized that the rebels were to use every effort on their part
+towards the establishment of the Confederacy, and the men of the north,
+on their part, were ready to "mutually pledge to each other our lives,
+our fortunes, and our sacred honor" to preserve the government as their
+fathers before them had pledged themselves to establish it. The loyal
+States were ready to respond to any demand made upon them by the
+government, and there were none more anxious to do their duty to the old
+flag than the Union men of California.</p>
+
+<p>The people of that far distant part of our country were, in the early
+days of our "late unpleasantness," stirred to their very depths.  A large
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+portion of the inhabitants had emigrated from the southern States, and
+were, therefore, in sympathy with their brethren at home. General Joe
+Johnston was in command of the military department, and a majority of
+the regular officers under him were sympathizers with the rebellion, as
+were a majority of the State officers. The United States gunboat
+"Wyoming," lying in the harbor of San Francisco in the early part of
+'61, was officered by open advocates of secession, and only by the
+secret coming of General E. V. Sumner, who arrived by steamer one fine
+morning in the early part of '61, totally unknown and unannounced, and
+presenting himself at the army headquarters on Washington street, San
+Francisco, without delay, with, "Is this Gen. Johnston?" "Yes, sir." "I
+am General E. V. Sumner, United States Army, and do now relieve you of
+the command of this department," at the same time delivering the orders
+to this effect from the War Department at Washington, were the people of
+the Pacific States saved from a contest which would have been more
+bitter, more fierce, and more unrelenting than was exhibited in any part
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+of the United States during all those long four years of the war.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said before, the prompt and secret action of the government
+and that gallant old soldier, General E. V. Sumner (for you all will
+remember that California had no railroads and telegraphs in those days),
+prevented civil war there. The secessionists, who were preparing to take
+possession of the property of the government in that department and turn
+the guns of Alcatraz, Fort Point and the Presidio upon the loyalists,
+were taken completely aback; they delayed action. General Sumner took
+all precautions against surprise, and the Union men of the Pacific
+States breathed free again, for civil war had been driven from their
+doors. Many of the secession leaders, with General Joe Johnston, seeing
+their plans miscarry, left the State shortly after, and did service in
+the Confederate armies.</p>
+
+<p>On the steamer from the States that brought the news to California of
+the disaster at Bull Run, came orders from President Lincoln for that
+State to furnish its quota of men for the Union army. The same
+afternoon, the Franklin Light Infantry, a militia company, composed of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+printers only, held a meeting at its armory on Sacramento street, and
+voted unanimously to offer their services to the government, which was
+accordingly done, and they were the first company that was mustered into
+the United States service in California, and was afterwards known as
+Company B, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and were officered as
+follows: Captain, Valentine Drescher; First Lieutenant, Francis S.
+Mitchell; Second Lieutenant, George H. Pettis. Other companies were soon
+formed, and the regiment, with nine companies, went into camp of
+instruction at Camp Downey, near Oakland.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment had been in camp but a few days when it was ordered to
+proceed by steamer to Los Angeles, in Southern California. The transfer
+was made, and the regiment went into camp about nine miles from Los
+Angeles, on the seashore, where the town of Santa Monica now is. The
+First Battalion Cavalry, California Volunteers, consisting of five
+companies, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Davis, who was afterwards
+killed before Richmond, also accompanied us. In a few days after the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+establishment of this camp, Lieutenant Pettis, of Company B, was sent on
+detached duty as recruiting officer to San Francisco, in order that the
+nine companies now in camp should be filled to the maximum standard. The
+tenth company had not been admitted to the regiment as yet, although
+several had made application for the position.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Pettis arrived in San Francisco about the fifteenth of
+October, and immediately commenced business by opening his recruiting
+office on the corner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in the same
+building with the <i>Morning Call</i>. He was successful, as by the fifteenth
+of January he had recruited and sent to the regiment one hundred and two
+men, and was ordered by General George Wright, then commanding the
+department of California (and who was afterwards lost on the steamer
+"Brother Jonathan" on his way to Oregon), to close his office and join
+his regiment at Camp Latham. In the meantime, four companies of the
+regiment, under Major E. A. Rigg, had proceeded to Fort Yuma, on the
+Colorado river, and relieved the regulars who were there. Captain
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+Winfield Scott Hancock, Assistant Quartermaster United States Army, had
+also been relieved and ordered to the States. He had been on duty at Los
+Angeles. Three companies of the regiment had been ordered to Warner's
+Ranch, about half way between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma, and established
+Camp Wright. On the twelfth of February, orders had been received by
+Colonel J. H. Carleton, commanding the regiment, to form the tenth
+company of his regiment from the recruits enlisted in San Francisco by
+Lieutenant Pettis. Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers, was
+thus formed, and was officered as follows: Captain, Nicholas S. Davis,
+promoted from First Lieutenant of Company A; First Lieutenant, George H.
+Pettis, promoted from Second Lieutenant of Company B; Second Lieutenant,
+Jeremiah Phelan, appointed from Hospital Steward of the regular army.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, the government at Washington had received information
+that General H. H. Sibley had left San Antonio, Texas, with about three
+thousand seven hundred rebel soldiers for New Mexico, and as the
+government had immense stores of clothing, camp and garrison equipage,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+and commissary stores in different posts in that Territory and Arizona,
+with but few troops to defend them, and a majority of the officers
+avowed secessionists, the rebels expected an easy conquest. Accordingly,
+Colonel Carleton had orders to organize what was known as the
+"California Column," which consisted of the First and Fifth Infantry,
+California Volunteers, (George W. Bowie was Colonel of the Fifth
+Infantry, California Volunteers); First Battalion Cavalry, California
+Volunteers; Company B, Captain John C. Cremoney, Second Cavalry,
+California Volunteers, and Light Battery A, Third United States
+Artillery, Captain John B. Shinn.</p>
+
+<p>That an idea may be obtained of the difficulties of this enterprise, I
+will say that it is about nine hundred miles from Los Angeles to the Rio
+Grande, not a pound of food or of forage was to be obtained on the
+route, and everything to be consumed had to be brought from California.
+Neither was there, as we afterwards ascertained, a single resident in
+all that long march, except at Fort Yuma. The country through which the
+"Column" passed was without water, and the Colorado and Gila Deserts to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+be crossed before we should come in sight of the green cottonwoods of
+the Rio Grande. The Apache Indians supposed that they had driven all the
+whites out of the Territory of Arizona, and the former required constant
+watching and attention. In consequence of the scarcity of water on the
+route, the "Column" could only be moved in detachments.</p>
+
+<p>Companies K and C, First Infantry, and Company G, Fifth Infantry,
+Captain Hugh L. Hinds, left Captain Latham about the first of March,
+1862, under command of Captain William McMullen, of Company C, and
+arrived at Camp Wright in due season, it being about one hundred and
+forty miles. The only incident on this march worthy of mention was, that
+when the battalion marched through the town of Los Angeles the American
+flag had been hauled down from the court house. As it was well known
+that the people of Los Angeles at that time were nearly all strong in
+their sympathies with the rebellion, it was thought that the hauling
+down of the flag was to insult the command. Consequently, on the arrival
+of the battalion on the banks of the Los Angeles river, which flows on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+the eastern side of the town, it was halted and Captain McMullen
+returned, and, finding some of the town officials, insisted that the
+flag should be hoisted immediately. The citizens denied any intended
+insult to the flag, and proceeded to replace it, which being seen by the
+men of the battalion, they gave three cheers, and continued on their
+way.</p>
+
+<p>A delay of a couple of weeks at Camp Wright, when orders were received
+by Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West, of the First Infantry, commanding at
+Camp Wright, to organize the advance detachment of the "Column," to
+consist of Companies K and C, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and
+Companies B and G, Fifth Infantry, California Volunteers, and proceed
+without delay to Fort Yuma. The command as above constituted left camp
+at a late hour in the afternoon, and after a short march made camp
+beside a laguna, or pond. It rained during the night, and daylight found
+us at breakfast, which was quickly dispatched, and we were soon on our
+march, the road continually ascending. At nine o'clock in the forenoon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+we had reached the line of snow, where it was snowing heavily. At noon
+we had reached the summit, and found the snow about two feet in depth,
+and as cold as Greenland. A short halt was made, when great fires were
+built to warm the men, and then the command moved down the mountain. At
+three o'clock in the afternoon we passed through the line of snow,
+shortly after through the precipitous cañon of San Felipe, and towards
+evening went into camp, the grass being more than knee high, the air
+redolent with the perfume of flowers and the sweet melody of the birds.</p>
+
+<p>A short march the next day brought us to Los Dos Palmas, or the "Two
+Palms," so called from the fact that two luxuriant palm trees formerly
+flourished here, the stumps of which were then to be seen. Thence to
+Carizo Creek, nine miles, where the command rested one day. Here
+commences the then much-dreaded Colorado Desert. For more than a hundred
+miles we were at the mercy of its sands and storms and burning sun. Such
+another scene of desolation does not exist on the American continent;
+treeless mountains on either side, brown and sombre to their very tops;
+no signs of life were to be seen anywhere. Although it was in the first
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+days of April, still the sun poured down with an intensity that I had
+never before experienced, no shade could be found, and the very water in
+the creek could not be bathed in&mdash;being more fit for cooking than
+bathing, it being so hot. Such was the Colorado Desert as we approached
+it. What will it be further on? We shall see.</p>
+
+<p>The command left camp at Carizo Creek in the middle of the afternoon,
+and continued the march until midnight, when we arrived at Sackett's
+Wells. Here it was supposed a ration of water for the men would be
+found, but upon examination it was ascertained that somebody had knocked
+the bottom out of the well, and no water was to be obtained, except such
+as could be caught in cups as it trickled drop by drop from the strata
+of clay that had heretofore formed the bottom of the well. No camp could
+be made here, and the command moved on, marching until about ten o'clock
+in the morning, when we arrived at the Indian Wells, having made
+thirty-two miles. A large number of the men were now suffering for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+want of water, and the animals, upon discovering the green bushes in the
+distance, near these wells, pricked their ears, and every exertion was
+required by riders and drivers to prevent a stampede, so much were they
+in want of water. Upon our arrival it was found that but a few buckets
+of water was in the well, as a detachment of cavalry had made camp there
+the day before, and had only left upon seeing our command approach,
+using all the water in the well for their animals before leaving.
+However, guards were placed over the well, men sent down to pass the
+water up as it collected, and in the course of a few hours the men had
+each received his pint of water; then the animals were furnished.</p>
+
+<p>Before the water had all been distributed, one of those terrible sand
+storms for which this desert is renowned began, and as the sun went down
+it was at its very height. Neither man nor animal could face this shower
+of stones and gravel, and the sand and dust penetrated everything. The
+only thing that was to be done was to throw oneself down upon his face,
+draw his blankets around him, and ride it out, sleeping. The storm
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+continued through the night, and before dawn approached it had ceased,
+and upon crawling out of my sand bank, I saw in all directions what
+appeared to be graves, but they were only mounds of sand that had been
+formed by the storm over the bodies of the soldiers. Imagine, if you
+can, near four hundred of these mounds becoming animate and dissolving
+in the desert, as reveille sounded.</p>
+
+<p>At about noon the command moved on, and after marching twenty-five
+miles arrived at Alamo Mucho at about two o'clock in the morning. Here
+was found a well that would have furnished water for an army
+corps&mdash;sweet, cold water. It was a pleasure to look at this, to hold it
+in a tin cup, look at it, take a mouthful, holding it there a time
+before swallowing it; it seemed a sin to drink it. This water was not
+taken on the point of the bayonet, as water had been taken for the past
+four days, and we had marched sixty-six miles from Los Dos Palmos since
+we had our fill of water. After the men had satisfied their thirst they
+spread their blankets wherever they pleased, and there was no person in
+that command, except the guard, that was not soon in the arms of
+Morpheus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Before daylight another sand storm commenced, and when reveille was beat
+off, not a dozen men were in line, and they were only brought out of
+their sand hills by beating the long roll. The storm subsided in the
+early afternoon, when the command moved on, making Gardiner's Wells,
+twelve miles, before sundown, where was found a fine well with plenty of
+water, but none of the command wanted any, the only objection being, and
+that a slight one, that there was standing above the level of the water
+in the well, a pair of boots&mdash;and a dead man in them. Seven Wells was
+soon reached, and, as the name implies, there were plenty of wells, but
+there was no water. Thence to Cook's Well, twelve miles, with plenty of
+good water, thence fourteen miles to the Colorado river, at Algodones.
+The next day, before noon, the command arrived at Fort Yuma and went
+into camp. Here we met Don Pascual, a head chief of the Yumas, Don Diego
+Jaeger, and the "Great Western," three of the most celebrated characters
+in the annals of Fort Yuma.</p>
+
+<p>It was supposed that our command was to constitute the advance of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+"Column" from Fort Yuma. But upon our arrival at that point, we found
+that a reconnoitering party, consisting of Company I, First California
+Infantry, Captain W. P. Calloway; Company A, First California Cavalry,
+Captain William McLeave, and Lieutenant Phelan, with detachments for two
+mountain howitzers, had been sent up the Gila river, as the Indians had
+reported that a large body of rebels were advancing on Fort Yuma from
+Tucson. On the third day after our arrival we crossed over the Colorado
+river and continued our march. We passed the divide between the Colorado
+and Gila rivers, and arrived at Gila City that afternoon, eighteen
+miles. Our route was the old overland stage route on the south side of
+the Gila. Here we first saw that peculiar and picturesque cactus, so
+characteristic of the country, called by the Indians "<i>petayah</i>," but
+more generally known as the "<i>suaro</i>," and recognized by botanists as
+the "<i>Cereus grandeus</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Our next march was to Filibuster camp, eleven miles; thence to Antelope
+Peak, fifteen; Mohawk, twelve; Texas Hill, eleven; Stanwix, seventeen;
+Burke's, twelve miles. Here we found the reconnoitering party, under
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+Captain Calloway, that had left Fort Yuma a few days before our arrival
+there. They had had a brush with the rebels at Picacho, a point about
+forty-five miles west of Tucson. Lieutenant Barrett, Company A, First
+Cavalry, California Volunteers, and three men of the same company, had
+been killed. They had secured three rebel prisoners. The poor devils
+were under guard beneath some cottonwoods in their camp. They were now
+on their return to Fort Yuma.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning our command moved out with more alacrity than usual,
+for we felt that we were now the advance of the "Column," and we would
+meet the rebels, too. A short march of twelve miles brought us to Oatman
+Flat. We had come down from the high mesa lands into this valley, and as
+we passed through near the middle of it, saw upon the right side of the
+road a small enclosure of rails, on one end of which was inscribed "The
+Oatman Family." We had all heard of this tragedy years before, and now
+we were upon the spot where the terrible massacre had been perpetrated.
+No one of us could look upon this humble monument without awakening a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+feeling of revenge, and many were the silent pledges given that day that
+when the opportunity should offer, that at least one shot would be given
+for these silent victims to Indian treachery. One officer was so
+affected that he approached Colonel J. R. West, our commanding officer,
+with the interrogatory: "Colonel, if we should at anytime meet any of
+these Indians, what course should be pursued towards them?" "Tell your
+men when they see a head, hit it if they can!" was the Colonel's quick
+rejoinder. You may think this to have been rather harsh, but remember we
+were standing above the remains of the innocent victims of a most
+terrible tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>A few miles after leaving Oatman's Flat we came to a pile of immense
+boulders in the centre of a pleasant valley. These were the famous
+"Pedras Pintados," or painted rocks. A march of fourteen miles brought
+the command to Kenyon's. The next day, after sixteen miles marching, we
+arrived at Gila Bend. Here we lay over a day, as our next march was to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+be to the Maricopa Wells, forty miles distant, the dreaded Gila Desert.
+After marching all night and all of the next day, we approached the
+Maricopa Wells at about twelve o'clock on the second night. When within
+a mile of this point, a small reconnoitering party that had been sent
+ahead of our command, met us and reported that a large force of the
+rebels had possession of the wells, and from appearances intended to
+prevent our command from reaching there. This report served to put new
+life into everybody, notwithstanding that the whole command had now been
+without sleep for over forty hours, had marched forty miles and was
+somewhat fatigued. One company was thrown out as skirmishers, the rest
+of the command in line of battle. We approached the watering place, and
+when we arrived there, instead of finding a formidable enemy, we found a
+half a dozen of our own cavalry that had been scouting ahead of the
+command. We found the water strongly impregnated with alkali, but it
+served to assuage our thirst.</p>
+
+<p>A short march of ten miles then brought us to the Casa Blanca, the
+largest village of the Pimo Indians. Our command remained here for
+several weeks, until at least a large part of the "Column" had arrived,
+and large stores of commissaries and forage had been collected. Our
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+Indian scouts and spies brought every few days extravagant reports of
+the force of rebels at Tucson, and they all agreed that when our troops
+should reach that point, we would meet with a warm reception, and that
+rifle-pits, sufficiently manned, extended a long ways on either side of
+the town. These Indians were on the best of terms with us, as they had
+sold large amounts of their produce to our command, for which they had
+been promptly and abundantly paid&mdash;a different experience when the
+rebels were there. They had been employed by our quartermaster's
+department as herders of our beef cattle, and were paid to their own
+satisfaction for all services they had rendered, but no inducement that
+our commander offered them, no amount of pay, could influence any one of
+them to accompany us towards Tucson, so assured were they that we were
+to be "wiped out" before we should reach there.</p>
+
+<p>On or about the twelfth day of May, 1862, the advance, constituted as
+before stated, with B Company, California Cavalry, Captain Emil Fritz,
+added, left the peaceful and hospitable homes of the Pimos, and arrived
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+at the Sacatone, twelve miles. Here we left the overland mail road,
+which we had followed since leaving Los Angeles, and keeping up the
+south bank of the Gila to White's Ranch; thence to the celebrated ruins
+of the Casa Blanca, so graphically described by Mr. John R. Bartlett in
+his "Personal Narratives" of the Boundary Commission; thence to
+Rattlesnake Spring; thence to old Fort Breckenridge, which had been so
+cowardly deserted the year before by our regular troops; thence to Cañon
+de Oro. As we now approached Tucson, everything was in fighting trim. A
+short halt was made near the town, and the cavalry company, in two
+divisions, approached the place from the north and west. The infantry
+marched in by the main street from the west, with the field music
+playing "Yankee Doodle," and instead of being received by shot and
+shell, we found neither friend nor enemy, only a village without
+population, if we except some hundreds of dogs and cats.</p>
+
+<p>When we were at the Pimos, Governor Pesquira, of Sonora, Mexico,
+arrived there from California on his way home; he was allowed to pass
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+our lines; he and his party arrived in Tucson a few days before our
+command, and found the place nearly deserted. Captain Hunter, with his
+rebel soldiers, were far on their way to the Rio Grande, and as they had
+assured the native population&mdash;wholly Mexican&mdash;that when the
+"Abs"&mdash;meaning the Union troops&mdash;arrived they would massacre all the men
+and abuse all the women, they stood not upon the order of going, but
+went at once for Sonora. Governor Pesquira hurried forward, overtaking
+parties of the fugitives each day, and assuring them of different
+treatment from the Union soldiers than they had been told by the rebels,
+induced many to return to their homes, and within a week Tucson was
+again alive; stores and gambling saloons were numerous, the military had
+taken possession of the best buildings in the town for quarters, and the
+stars and stripes again waved over the Capital of the Territory of
+Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>The advance of the "Column" entered Tucson on the twentieth day of
+May, 1862. Several Americans, among them Sylvester Mowry, formerly of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+Rhode Island, returned, and being violent in their sympathies with the
+rebellion, were arrested. Some were sent out of the Territory, while
+Mowry was sent to Fort Yuma, where he remained incarcerated a long time.
+About the fifteenth of June, Captain N. S. Davis was relieved from the
+command of Company K by Lieutenant Pettis, who remained in command, with
+a short interval, until its final muster out. Captain Davis was on duty
+in the quartermaster's department. By the first of July, a large part of
+the "Column" had arrived at Tucson, a large depot of army stores had
+been brought from California, and preparations were commenced for the
+movement again of the advance column. Several spies and scouts had been
+sent forward from Tucson, but as they had not returned, matters were
+rather uncertain. However, in the first week in July, Company E, First
+California Infantry, Captain Thomas L. Roberts, and Company B, Second
+California Cavalry, were ordered to proceed to Apache Pass and hold
+possession of the water at that point. On the twentieth of July the
+advance column left Tucson, and on the second day arrived at the San
+Pedro, twenty-five miles. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+Here a delay of one day was made to put the
+fording place in good order for the crossing of the "Column."
+Information was received here that Captain Roberts' advance into the
+Apache Pass had been attacked by a large force of the Apaches, under the
+renowned chief, "Cochise," and after fighting during an entire afternoon
+had succeeded in driving the Indians, with a loss on our side of several
+of our men killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Our next march was to Dragoon Springs, eighteen miles; thence to
+Sulphur Springs, twenty-two miles. The famous Apache Pass was reached by
+another march of twenty-five miles. Here was found the command of
+Captain Roberts, with evidences of the struggle of a few days before. On
+leaving Apache Pass the next day, we were again the advance of the
+"Column," which position was retained until our arrival on the Rio
+Grande. The next camping ground was at San Simon, eighteen miles. As we
+were assured by our guides that no water would be found until we reached
+<i>Ojo de Vaca</i>, or Cow Springs, a distance of sixty-seven miles, it was
+deemed advisable to leave the overland route at this point, and proceed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+by another route. Accordingly, the next morning the command moved south,
+following up the San Simon Valley, a distance of twelve miles, and
+camped at the Cienega. Here was found water, the best and most abundant
+on the whole march. Imagine, if you can, a valley twenty miles in width,
+on either side a range of mountains; and to the north and south, up and
+down the valley, a level plain as far as the eye could reach. A trench
+three feet wide, by five or six in depth, filled nearly to the top with
+clear cold water, running with a velocity of at least six miles an hour,
+the bottom covered with white smooth pebbles. Two miles above this point
+no water was to be found. As you descended the valley and approached
+this water, you found at first the ground moist, then water appeared, a
+mere drop, then a small stream of running water, which increased in
+volume, until you found a stream as described above. Below this point
+the water gradually lessened, until, two miles below, this magnificent
+stream had entirely disappeared. There was no shade to be had here,
+except that found under the wagon bodies, still there was no fault
+found; the fine stream <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+of water that we were enjoying satisfied us for
+all other discomforts. It was with feelings of regret that we left this
+point late the next afternoon, with well filled canteens; and the
+uncertainty of finding water in advance, added to this feeling. We
+arrived at Leiteresdorffer's Wells soon after sunset, but no water was
+to be found. The march was continued during the night, and all of the
+next day, until we arrived at Soldier's Farewell, and no water. The
+command was strung out a distance of at least five miles; we had been
+marching thirty hours, with only a canteen each of water, with the
+thermometer at least 130. A large number of the men had given out and
+were scattered in parties of three or four, for a dozen miles in the
+rear. What was left of the command moved on, and after leaving the wagon
+road, we arrived in Burro Cañon, some time after dark, where plenty of
+water was found, when, after taking in a fill, turned into our blankets,
+entirely forgetting our hunger in our weariness. Company K marched into
+Burro Cañon with less than ten men out of eighty, and it was long after
+daylight the next day before the whole command had arrived. A short
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+march of twelve miles brought us to Ojo de Baca; thence eighteen miles
+to the Miembres river.</p>
+
+<p>Our next march, twenty-five miles, was to Cooke's Springs, passing
+through Cooke's Cañon. This location was known by Mexicans as <i>La Valle
+del Muerto</i>, or Valley of Death. It seemed to be rightly named, too, as
+for nearly two miles were to be seen, on either side, skulls and other
+portions of human remains who had fallen by Indian assassination. Mounds
+and crosses were met every few minutes. As we emerged from this <i>triste</i>
+locality, we encountered the remains of wagons and government stores,
+that had been destroyed the year before by the regular troops, who had
+deserted Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge, in Arizona. When they had
+arrived at this point, they were informed of the surrender of the
+regulars at Fort Fillmore; consequently, without further inquiry, they
+destroyed all the government property they had in charge, and made their
+way, on the west side of the Rio Grande, to Fort Craig.</p>
+
+<p>The next march brought us near to Mule Springs, fifteen miles; and on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+the next afternoon could be discovered, in the distance, the green,
+winding way of the Rio Grande, with the Sierras de Organos in the
+background. Camp was made that night on the banks of the Rio Bravo del
+Norte, near to old Fort Thorn. The next march was down the west bank of
+the river to the fording place, known as San Diego, which you will find
+set down on all maps as a town or village, but to my certain knowledge,
+up to the time mentioned, and for several years afterwards, there was
+but one house in the vicinity, and that contained but one room and no
+roof. As the river was now, the third of August, at its extreme height,
+caused by the melting of the snow in the upper Rocky Mountains, we
+experienced some difficulty in getting our wagons and stores across;
+still all was completed before sundown, and the next day we arrived at
+Roblado, near the town of Dona Ana. On the fifth of August, after
+passing through the villages of Dona Ana and Las Cruces, we arrived at
+the pleasant town of La Mesilla.</p>
+
+<p>Here was to be our resting place. We found a well-built village, with
+a numerous population, mostly Mexican. The rebels, who had arrived in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+the Territory, we learned, had, after the treacherous surrender of the
+regular troops at Fort Fillmore (directly opposite La Mesilla), marched
+north. They found Fort Craig too strong to be attacked, and, contrary to
+all military maxims, had continued on, leaving a fortified position in
+their rear. The desperate battle of Val Verde had taken place on the
+twenty-first and twenty-second of February, 1862, a short distance above
+Fort Craig. And as long as Major Benny Roberts had command of the
+Federal troops they were successful, but when General E. R. S. Canby
+came on the field and took command, the rebels soon had turned the tide
+of the battle in their favor. McRae's battery was taken, and our troops
+were returning, panic-stricken, across the river, and fleeing towards
+Fort Craig, about three miles down the river. The rebels then approached
+Albuquerque, where was stored a large amount of government stores, which
+were surrendered without a struggle. Thence they proceeded to Santa Fé,
+where, without opposition, they took possession. There was one other
+fort to be taken, about one hundred miles northwest&mdash;Fort Union. After
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+some delay at Santa Fé, the rebels, numbering some sixteen hundred, set
+out for Fort Union. At Apache Pass, or Pigeon's Ranch, they were met by
+a Colorado regiment, with what regulars and militia could be found, all
+under command of Colonel John P. Slough (afterwards chief justice of the
+Territory), and were defeated, their wagons, ammunition, and all their
+stores having been destroyed by a party of Union troops under Captain
+W. H. Lewis, Fifth United States Infantry, and Captain A. B. Cary, of the
+Third United States Infantry, who scaled a mountain and got into their
+rear. The rebels precipitately retreated from this point, to and down
+the Rio Grande, having passed La Mesilla a few weeks before our arrival,
+and left the Territory with about twelve hundred men out of thirty-seven
+hundred, that they had arrived with.</p>
+
+<p>The different companies of the "Column," as they arrived, were now sent
+to different points in the department. Our Colonel, James H. Carleton,
+had been promoted to Brigadier General, and had relieved General E. R. S.
+Canby, in command of the department of New Mexico. The regular troops
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+were all relieved, except the Fifth Infantry, and sent east, and a
+protection was now assured to the population, by the California
+Volunteers. Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West was now promoted to Colonel of
+the regiment, and in command of the southern district of the department.
+Fine quarters were found for the command in the village of La Mesilla,
+and the district was under martial law. Duty was really pleasant
+here,&mdash;plenty of society, with frequent <i>bailes</i>, few drills, and plenty
+of everything to eat and drink. The white population were nearly all of
+secession proclivities, one in particular, Samuel L. Jones (better known
+as the pro-slavery Sheriff Jones, of Kansas), who resided here, was
+arrested usually about once a week, and incarcerated in the guard-house
+for treasonable utterances.</p>
+
+<p>After a protracted season of this duty, or up to about the twentieth
+of November, came the most unpleasant part of the history of Company K.
+There had been several escapes from the guard-house of persons who had
+been imprisoned for treasonable utterances, until it seemed that there
+might exist a disposition among some of the command to be a party to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+these frequent escapades. This state of affairs existed until one
+morning an escape was reported to the commanding officer, Colonel West,
+who immediately ordered the sergeant of the guard, with sentinels
+numbers one, two, three, four and five, who were on duty at the time, to
+be placed in the guard-house, in irons. It so happened that this
+sergeant and all the sentinels belonged to Company K, and at the morning
+drill, after guard mount, the company refused to do further duty, or
+until the irons were taken off of Sergeant Miller. The soldier most
+aggrieved appeared to be Corporal Charles Smith, or rather he acted as
+spokesman for the company. The company was immediately ordered into
+their quarters by Lieutenant Pettis, and put under guard, and the facts
+reported to the commanding officer. Orders were given for all prisoners
+to be placed in the guard-house; Company K was ordered to proceed to the
+plaza or parade without arms, when the long roll was beat. The other two
+companies of the garrison were soon on the plaza, fully equipped.
+Colonel West now made his appearance, mounted; he then marched Company
+A, Fifth California Infantry, about five paces in front of and facing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+Company K, with pieces loaded, and at a "ready." He then called Corporal
+Smith to the front, and asked him if he still persisted in refusing to
+do his duty? The Corporal respectfully, but firmly, announced that he
+would do no duty until the irons were removed from Sergeant Miller.
+Company D, First California Infantry, had been wheeled to the right out
+of line, and the Corporal was now ordered to place himself about six
+paces in front of this company. Upon his again refusing to do duty,
+Captain Mitchell, of Company D, was ordered to fire upon him. This order
+was unhesitatingly obeyed; and after the smoke had cleared away, it was
+seen that the Corporal was uninjured. Not so with some others. The
+position of Company D was such that it was facing the cathedral, which
+is situated on the west side of the plaza; on either side of the
+cathedral were long straight streets, running from the plaza; the long
+roll and the other preparations had called all the inhabitants from
+their residences, and the result of the first volley was to wound two
+invalid soldiers, together with one Mexican woman and one child, and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+cathedral, which was built of adobes, was concealed for a few minutes by
+its own dust, caused by the minie balls penetrating its front. The
+Corporal was again questioned by Colonel West, who returned his former
+answer, and Company D again fired a volley, but the Corporal remained
+untouched. After another questioning by the Colonel, Company D was once
+more ordered to fire, when, between the commands "aim," "fire," Colonel
+West rode up behind the company with uplifted sabre, and gave the
+command to "lower those rifles," when the command was given by the
+Captain to "fire." At this discharge, the Corporal fell to the ground, a
+minie ball having passed directly through him, having entered his right
+breast. He was immediately placed upon a stretcher, and expired on his
+way to the hospital. The rest of the company was now questioned by
+Colonel West, and each man asserted his willingness to do his duty, when
+the command was dismissed to their quarters, and Company K immediately
+assumed their arms and accoutrements and appeared upon the plaza for
+drill. This was the only evidence of insubordination ever shown in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+"Column," and the prompt manner in which this one was met and punished,
+precluded any danger of another exhibition of this character.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after these occurrences, some of our spies and scouts
+brought in the intelligence that another large party of rebels had left
+San Antonio, Texas, for New Mexico. Accordingly, Companies K and D were
+ordered to San Elizario, Texas, a town about twenty-five miles below El
+Paso, Mexico, and the last point of civilization towards San Antonio, on
+outpost duty. After remaining here about six weeks, and no rebels
+appearing, Company K was ordered to Fort Craig. A march of twenty-five
+miles brought us to Franklin or Fort Bliss, directly opposite El Paso;
+thence two marches, aggregating fifty miles, found us in our old
+quarters at La Mesilla, where the company was ordered to remain until
+the adjournment of a general court-martial which was then in session at
+that post. A week later, and Company K commenced its march for Fort
+Craig. A short march brought us again to Dona Ana. Three miles from that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+village brought us to the commencement of the much dreaded <i>Jornada del
+Muerto</i> (Journey of Death). The <i>Jornada</i> is a large desert, well
+supplied with fine gramma grass in some portions, but absolutely
+destitute of water or shade for seventy-five miles. Why it ever received
+its title, I never distinctly learned, but suppose it was on account of
+the very numerous massacres committed on it by the Apache Indians. On
+the east, in the far distance, are the Sierras Blancos, and is fringed
+on the west by the Sierra Caballo and Sierra de Frey Cristobal. From
+these heights, on either side, the Indians are enabled to distinctly
+perceive any party of travellers coming over the wide and unsheltered
+expanse of the <i>Jornada del Muerto</i>. When any such parties are seen,
+they come sweeping down upon the unsuspecting immigrant in more than
+usual numbers, and if successful, as they generally are, in their
+attack, invariably destroy all of the party, for there is no possible
+chance of escape; and the Apaches never take any prisoners but women and
+young children, and they become captives for life.</p>
+
+<p>The first camp was a dry one, and as the command was accompanied by a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+tank of water, drawn by six mules, thus being prepared by a plentiful
+supply of water, I concluded to cross this desert at my leisure. The
+next forenoon we passed by the celebrated "Point of Rocks," the company
+being deployed as skirmishers, with the hope of finding Indians hiding
+between the huge boulders of which it was composed, but without results.
+Late in the afternoon we arrived at the Aleman, so called from the fact
+that a whole German immigrant family had been massacred at this point
+some years before by the Indians. The next night another dry camp,
+having passed during the day the <i>Laguna del Muerto</i>, where water is
+found in some seasons. While some three miles on our left was the <i>Ojo
+del Muerto</i>, a point where Fort McRae was established in 1863 by Captain
+Henry A. Greene, commanding Company G, First California Infantry, now a
+resident of this city, (Providence, R. I.). The next day's march brought
+us to the little village of El Paraje del Fra Cristobal. Near the spot
+on which the camp was made, was the peaceful flowing and muddy Rio
+Grande. A short march of five miles brought us to our destination&mdash;Fort
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+Craig. Our arrival was in January, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>The company remained at this post during the year 1863, monotony of
+garrison life being relieved by furnishing escorts to wagon trains bound
+north and south, and an occasional scout after Indians. In July of that
+year, Assistant Surgeon Watson, who had been commissioned at Sacramento,
+California, more than a year before, and had been ordered to report to
+the headquarters of his regiment at Fort Craig, arrived at Fort McRae,
+without accident. On leaving that post, Captain Greene had furnished him
+with one government wagon and an escort of five or six men of his
+company. They set out with joyful anticipation; the Doctor was delighted
+to know that after a year's travel, he would soon be at his new home,
+and be doing duty with his own regiment, which he had never seen. The
+wagon, with its occupants, soon emerged from the cañon of the <i>Ojo del
+Muerto</i>, and came out on the hard, smooth, natural road of the
+<i>Jornada</i>. About the middle of the afternoon, they were proceeding
+leisurely along; twelve miles in advance could be plainly seen the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+buildings of Fort Craig, with "Old Glory" on the flag-staff. The driver
+of the team, Johnson, a soldier of Greene's company, sat on his near
+wheel-mule chatting pleasantly with the Doctor, who occupied the front
+of the wagon, with his feet hanging down on the whiffle-trees; the
+escort were all in the wagon, lying on their blankets, with their arms
+and equipments beneath them. Within five miles of them there was not a
+rock, tree, shrub, or bush, as large as a man's head&mdash;they felt a
+perfect security. Another moment, how changed! There arose from the sand
+of the desert, where they had buried themselves, some ten or twelve
+Apaches, within twenty feet of the moving wagon, and poured a volley of
+arrows into the doomed party, and closing in immediately, a part
+attacked the occupants of the wagon, while the rest disengaged the
+mules, and mounting their backs started for the mountains on the west,
+towards the river, and before the soldiers were out of the wagon were
+out of reach of their fire. Doctor Watson was shot with two arrows, one
+in his right arm, and the other on the inside of his right thigh,
+severing the femoral artery. He breathed his last in a few minutes; the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+driver was shot through the heart, and one or two of the escorts were
+slightly wounded. News of this affair reached the post before sunset,
+and in twenty minutes Company K was on its way down the west side of the
+river to intercept, if possible, these murderers. The company was kept
+in the field for thirty days, without other result than to find a hot
+trail of eighty-two Navajoes, who were on their way to their own
+country, with some eight thousand head of sheep and other stock that
+they had stolen in the upper counties of New Mexico. As the company were
+dismounted, it was impossible to take up the trail. The commander of the
+company, however, with five cavalrymen and two Mexican scouts, followed
+and overtook the Indians after a run of twenty-five miles, but
+accomplished nothing except exchanging some twenty or twenty-five shots
+on either side, as our animals were completely "blown," and eighty-two
+to eight was an unpleasant disparity of numbers. The lieutenant and his
+men arrived back at the river the next morning, having been in the
+saddle nearly twenty-four hours. The result of the short skirmish was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+that one of the cavalrymen's horses was shot through the breast, and one
+Navajo was sent to his happy hunting-grounds and one was wounded.</p>
+
+<p>January, 1864, Company K was ordered to Los Pinos, about one hundred
+miles further up the Rio Grande, and about twenty miles south of
+Albuquerque; marching through the towns of Socorro, La Limitar, across
+the sand hills at the foot of the <i>Sierra de los Ladrones</i>, or Thieves
+Mountains; crossing the Rio Puerco, near its affluence with the Rio
+Grande; thence to Sabinal, La Belen, and Los Lunes. They remained here
+until the first of February, when Colonel Kit Carson arrived there from
+the Navajo country, with some two hundred and fifty-three Navajo
+Indians, whom he had taken prisoners in his operations against that
+nation. Orders were received from department headquarters for Company K
+to proceed with these Indians to the Bosque Redondo, some two hundred
+and fifty miles down on the Pecos river. Accordingly, after formally
+receiving these prisoners and receipting therefor, the command moved
+out, and on the second night arrived at Carnwell Cañon; thence to San
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+Antonio, San Antoinette, Los Placeres and Gallisteo. Thus far the
+command had moved across the country, but on the day of leaving
+Gallisteo, the company struck the military road leading from Fort Union
+to Santa Fé, near the old Peces ruins. The command moved along this road
+to the village of Tecolote; from here they proceeded down the Pecos
+river, and arrived at Fort Sumner after eighteen days' marching. Fort
+Sumner was a new post, established for the purpose of a reservation for
+Indians, both Navajo and Apache, that should be taken prisoners by the
+troops, and Colonel Carson was on a campaign against the Navajoes, in
+which he was successful, as there were finally some eight thousand of
+these Indians captured and placed on this reservation. Those brought in
+by Company K were the first large body that had arrived. I will say
+here, in parenthesis, that this is the only way to treat the Indian
+question; for this Indian nation (the Navajoes), after receiving a
+severe drubbing by Carson, and all had surrendered, were finally allowed
+to return to their own country, since which time they have continued on
+the best of terms with our people. This has always been the experience
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+on the frontiers&mdash;one effective campaign is better than all the treaties
+that were ever consummated.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Sumner was at this time in command of Major Henry D. Wallen, United
+States Seventh Infantry, than whom there was no more excellent gentleman
+in the service of the government. His administration was marked by a
+sincere desire to do justice to all under him, a feature that was sadly
+deficient in too many officers of the time that is spoken of. He was a
+perfect example of sobriety, and his case certainly was a commendation
+of the excellence of education of the academy at West Point, of which he
+was an honored graduate.</p>
+
+<p>Company K had been at Fort Sumner but a few days when it was ordered to
+report to the commanding officer at Fort Union, necessitating a march of
+one hundred and twenty-five miles. The command arrived at Fort Union on
+the eighteenth day of March, 1864, and remained there, doing camp duty,
+during the months of April, May and June. In July, the company
+proceeded, with a company of New Mexican cavalry, towards the east, by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+the route known as the Cummarron route, passing on our way, Burgwin's
+Spring, named after the gallant Captain Burgwin, First Regiment United
+States Dragoons, who fell while leading the attack upon the insurgents
+at Taos, 1847, and the Wagon Mound, a high landmark (so called from its
+shape). From this point to the "Point of Rocks," forty miles, is the
+track of a bloody, brave and disastrous fight made by eight passengers
+in the stage against a band of sixty Apaches. They fought every inch of
+the long, dread struggle. Killed one by one, and dropped on the road,
+two survivors maintained their defense a long time, and when the sole
+contestant was left, his last dying effort was to strew the contents of
+his powder-horn in the sand, and stir it in with his foot, so that the
+Indians could not use it. Wilson's Creek, some miles further on, is
+named after a Mr. Wilson, a merchant of Santa Fé, who was overtaken here
+by the Indians, and, with his wife and child&mdash;for he was alone with
+them&mdash;butchered with the usual savage outrage and cruelty.</p>
+
+<p>The command returned to Fort Union in September, in which month the
+First Infantry, California Volunteers, was mustered out of service,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+their term of three years having expired, with the exception of Company
+K, it being recollected that they were enlisted at San Francisco some
+time after the other companies had been formed. However, the members of
+that company began, in October, to be dropped out, and when orders
+arrived at Fort Union for the formation of the Commanche expedition,
+under Colonel Kit Carson, there remained of the First Infantry Regiment,
+California Volunteers, one officer (Lieutenant Pettis) and twenty-six
+enlisted men of Company K. This company accompanied Carson's expedition
+with two mountain howitzers, mounted on prairie carriages, and
+rendezvoued at Fort Bascom, on the Canadian river, near the line of
+Texas. This expedition consisted as follows: Colonel Christopher Carson,
+First New Mexico Cavalry, commanding; Colonel Francisco P. Abreú, First
+New Mexico Infantry; Major William McCleave, First California Cavalry;
+Captain Emil Fritz, Company B, First California Cavalry, one officer and
+forty enlisted men; Lieutenant Sullivan Heath, Company K, First
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+California Cavalry, one officer and forty men; Captain Meriam, Company
+M, First California Cavalry, one officer and thirty-four men; Lieutenant
+George H. Pettis, Company K, First California Infantry, one officer and
+twenty-six men; Captain Charles Deus, Company M, First New Mexico
+Cavalry, two officers and seventy men; Captain Joseph Berney, Company D,
+First New Mexico Cavalry, two officers and thirty-six men; Company A,
+First California Veteran Infantry, seventy-five men; Assistant Surgeon
+George S. Courtright, United States Volunteers, and an officer whose
+name escapes me, as Assistant Quartermaster and Commissary,&mdash;numbering
+in all, fourteen officers and three hundred and twenty-one enlisted men.
+In addition to the command, Colonel Carson had induced seventy-two
+friendly Indians (Utes and Apaches), and as big scoundrels as there were
+on the frontiers, by promising them all the plunder that they might
+acquire, to join the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixth of November, the command left Fort Bascom, and proceeded
+down on the north bank of the Canadian, hoping to find the Commanche and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+Kiowa Indians (who had been committing their atrocities during the whole
+of 1864) in their winter quarters. The Indians with our command, on
+every night, after making camp, being now on the war-path, indulged in
+the accustomed war dance, which, although new to most of us, became
+almost intolerable, it being kept up each night until nearly day-break;
+and until we became accustomed to their groans and howlings, incident to
+the dance, it was impossible to sleep. Each morning of our march, two of
+our Indians would be sent ahead several hours before we started, who
+would return to camp at night and report.</p>
+
+<p>We had been on our march day after day without particular incident
+until our arrival at Mule Creek, when our scouts brought in the
+intelligence that they had seen signs of a large body of Indians that
+had moved that day, and that they could be overtaken without much
+effort. Immediately after supper, all of the Cavalry, with Company K,
+moved out of camp in light marching order, leaving the infantry, under
+command of Colonel Abreú, to protect the wagon train and proceed on our
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+trail on the morrow. Colonel Carson and command marched all night,
+except a short halt just before dawn, and struck an outpost of the enemy
+on the opposite side of the river, at about sunrise, who being mounted
+retreated, followed by our Indians and two companies of our Cavalry. The
+rest of the command moved down on the north side of the river, and a few
+miles below the cavalry struck a Kiowa <i>rancheria</i> of one hundred and
+seventy-six lodges, the Indians retreating down the river on their
+approach. Company K, escorted by Lieutenant Heath's command, and
+accompanied by Colonel Carson, could not advance with the rapidity of
+the cavalry, as the cannoneers were dismounted, and the wheels tracking
+very narrow, caused the utmost attention to prevent their being
+overturned. The Indians from the Kiowa encampment retreated until they
+were reinforced by a large force of Commanches from a Commanche
+<i>rancheria</i> of five hundred lodges, a short distance below the "Adobe
+Walls," a location well known by all frontiersmen. The cavalry made a
+stand here, and were engaged in skirmishing with the enemy, when Company
+K came on the field with the two mountain howitzers. An order from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+Colonel Carson to Lieutenant Pettis to "fling a few shell over thar!"
+indicating with his hand a large body of Indians who appeared to be
+about to charge into our forces, that officer immediately ordered
+"Battery halt! action right, load with shell&mdash;load!" Before the fourth
+discharge of the howitzers, the Indians had retreated out of range, and
+it was supposed that there would be no more fighting; but we counted
+without our host, for our animals had scarcely been watered when the
+enemy returned to the conflict. The horses of the cavalry were again
+placed in the "Adobe Walls," which were elevated enough to protect them
+from the rifle balls of the enemy, and the fight was soon at its height.</p>
+
+<p>About the middle of the afternoon, Carson concluded to return to the
+Kiowa village that we had passed through in the morning, contrary to the
+wishes of his officers, who were anxious to advance to the Commanche
+village, which was less than a mile in our front. The return column
+consisted of the cavalry horses, the number four of each set of fours
+leading the other three horses, with the howitzers in the rear, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+dismounted cavalry acting as skirmishers on the front, rear and either
+flank. The firing was continued from each side until the village was
+reached, when our troops proceeded to destroy it, which was effectually
+done before dark.</p>
+
+<p>A further march of about four miles, and the wagon train was reached,
+the safety of which had been the subject of much anxiety during the day.
+The gun carriages and ammunition carts of Company K were packed with the
+wounded on their return from the Kiowa village. A rest was had the next
+day, which was sadly needed, as the whole command had been marching and
+fighting about twenty-seven hours, on a few broken hard tack and a slice
+of salt pork each. The second day after the fight, Carson concluded to
+return to Fort Bascom, which post was reached in twenty-one days. Here
+the command remained until orders were received from General Carleton,
+commanding the department, and Company K was ordered to Fort Union, as
+the term of service of nearly all the men had expired. By the first of
+February, 1865, all the enlisted men of the company had been mustered
+out of service, and Lieutenant Pettis, the last man of his regiment, was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+ordered to report to the mustering officer at Santa Fé, with all the
+records of his company; and on the fifteenth of February, he was
+mustered out of service, and Company K, First Infantry, California
+Volunteers, had ceased to exist, having marched on foot during its term
+of service four thousand two hundred and forty-five miles.</p>
+
+<p class="spaced"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>ERRATUM.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On pages 6 and 7 read for "General Joe Johnston," General Albert Sidney
+Johnston.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion
+by George H. Pettis
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion
+by George H. Pettis
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Frontier service during the rebellion
+       or, A history of Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers
+
+Author: George H. Pettis
+
+Release Date: May 24, 2009 [EBook #28951]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRONTIER SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tamise Totterdell and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's note: The erratum at the end of the original   |
+    | book has been applied to this e-book version.                |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+PERSONAL NARRATIVES
+
+OF EVENTS IN THE
+
+WAR OF THE REBELLION,
+
+BEING PAPERS READ BEFORE THE
+
+RHODE ISLAND SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
+HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
+
+THIRD SERIES--NO. 14.
+
+PROVIDENCE:
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
+
+1885.
+
+
+
+
+PROVIDENCE PRESS COMPANY, PRINTERS.
+
+
+
+
+FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION;
+
+OR, A
+
+HISTORY OF COMPANY K,
+
+FIRST INFANTRY, CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS.
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE H. PETTIS,
+
+[Brevet Captain United States Volunteers; Late First Lieutenant Company K,
+First California Infantry, and First Lieutenant and
+Adjutant First New Mexico Infantry.]
+
+
+PROVIDENCE:
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
+
+1885.
+
+
+[Edition limited to two hundred and fifty copies.]
+
+
+
+
+FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.
+
+
+The first battle of Bull Run had been fought. The government had become
+satisfied that the slaveholder's rebellion was not to be put down with
+seventy-five thousand men. The Union people of the United States now
+fully realized that the rebels were to use every effort on their part
+towards the establishment of the Confederacy, and the men of the north,
+on their part, were ready to "mutually pledge to each other our lives,
+our fortunes, and our sacred honor" to preserve the government as their
+fathers before them had pledged themselves to establish it. The loyal
+States were ready to respond to any demand made upon them by the
+government, and there were none more anxious to do their duty to the old
+flag than the Union men of California.
+
+The people of that far distant part of our country were, in the early
+days of our "late unpleasantness," stirred to their very depths. A large
+portion of the inhabitants had emigrated from the southern States, and
+were, therefore, in sympathy with their brethren at home. General Albert
+Sidney Johnston was in command of the military department, and a majority
+of the regular officers under him were sympathizers with the rebellion,
+as were a majority of the State officers. The United States gunboat
+"Wyoming," lying in the harbor of San Francisco in the early part of
+'61, was officered by open advocates of secession, and only by the
+secret coming of General E. V. Sumner, who arrived by steamer one fine
+morning in the early part of '61, totally unknown and unannounced, and
+presenting himself at the army headquarters on Washington street, San
+Francisco, without delay, with, "Is this Gen. Johnston?" "Yes, sir." "I
+am General E. V. Sumner, United States Army, and do now relieve you of
+the command of this department," at the same time delivering the orders
+to this effect from the War Department at Washington, were the people of
+the Pacific States saved from a contest which would have been more
+bitter, more fierce, and more unrelenting than was exhibited in any part
+of the United States during all those long four years of the war.
+
+As I have said before, the prompt and secret action of the government
+and that gallant old soldier, General E. V. Sumner (for you all will
+remember that California had no railroads and telegraphs in those days),
+prevented civil war there. The secessionists, who were preparing to take
+possession of the property of the government in that department and turn
+the guns of Alcatraz, Fort Point and the Presidio upon the loyalists,
+were taken completely aback; they delayed action. General Sumner took
+all precautions against surprise, and the Union men of the Pacific
+States breathed free again, for civil war had been driven from their
+doors. Many of the secession leaders, with General Albert Sidney Johnston,
+seeing their plans miscarry, left the State shortly after, and did service
+in the Confederate armies.
+
+On the steamer from the States that brought the news to California of
+the disaster at Bull Run, came orders from President Lincoln for that
+State to furnish its quota of men for the Union army. The same
+afternoon, the Franklin Light Infantry, a militia company, composed of
+printers only, held a meeting at its armory on Sacramento street, and
+voted unanimously to offer their services to the government, which was
+accordingly done, and they were the first company that was mustered into
+the United States service in California, and was afterwards known as
+Company B, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and were officered as
+follows: Captain, Valentine Drescher; First Lieutenant, Francis S.
+Mitchell; Second Lieutenant, George H. Pettis. Other companies were soon
+formed, and the regiment, with nine companies, went into camp of
+instruction at Camp Downey, near Oakland.
+
+The regiment had been in camp but a few days when it was ordered to
+proceed by steamer to Los Angeles, in Southern California. The transfer
+was made, and the regiment went into camp about nine miles from Los
+Angeles, on the seashore, where the town of Santa Monica now is. The
+First Battalion Cavalry, California Volunteers, consisting of five
+companies, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Davis, who was afterwards
+killed before Richmond, also accompanied us. In a few days after the
+establishment of this camp, Lieutenant Pettis, of Company B, was sent on
+detached duty as recruiting officer to San Francisco, in order that the
+nine companies now in camp should be filled to the maximum standard. The
+tenth company had not been admitted to the regiment as yet, although
+several had made application for the position.
+
+Lieutenant Pettis arrived in San Francisco about the fifteenth of
+October, and immediately commenced business by opening his recruiting
+office on the corner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in the same
+building with the _Morning Call_. He was successful, as by the fifteenth
+of January he had recruited and sent to the regiment one hundred and two
+men, and was ordered by General George Wright, then commanding the
+department of California (and who was afterwards lost on the steamer
+"Brother Jonathan" on his way to Oregon), to close his office and join
+his regiment at Camp Latham. In the meantime, four companies of the
+regiment, under Major E. A. Rigg, had proceeded to Fort Yuma, on the
+Colorado river, and relieved the regulars who were there. Captain
+Winfield Scott Hancock, Assistant Quartermaster United States Army, had
+also been relieved and ordered to the States. He had been on duty at Los
+Angeles. Three companies of the regiment had been ordered to Warner's
+Ranch, about half way between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma, and established
+Camp Wright. On the twelfth of February, orders had been received by
+Colonel J. H. Carleton, commanding the regiment, to form the tenth
+company of his regiment from the recruits enlisted in San Francisco by
+Lieutenant Pettis. Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers, was
+thus formed, and was officered as follows: Captain, Nicholas S. Davis,
+promoted from First Lieutenant of Company A; First Lieutenant, George H.
+Pettis, promoted from Second Lieutenant of Company B; Second Lieutenant,
+Jeremiah Phelan, appointed from Hospital Steward of the regular army.
+
+In the meantime, the government at Washington had received information
+that General H. H. Sibley had left San Antonio, Texas, with about three
+thousand seven hundred rebel soldiers for New Mexico, and as the
+government had immense stores of clothing, camp and garrison equipage,
+and commissary stores in different posts in that Territory and Arizona,
+with but few troops to defend them, and a majority of the officers
+avowed secessionists, the rebels expected an easy conquest. Accordingly,
+Colonel Carleton had orders to organize what was known as the
+"California Column," which consisted of the First and Fifth Infantry,
+California Volunteers, (George W. Bowie was Colonel of the Fifth
+Infantry, California Volunteers); First Battalion Cavalry, California
+Volunteers; Company B, Captain John C. Cremoney, Second Cavalry,
+California Volunteers, and Light Battery A, Third United States
+Artillery, Captain John B. Shinn.
+
+That an idea may be obtained of the difficulties of this enterprise, I
+will say that it is about nine hundred miles from Los Angeles to the Rio
+Grande, not a pound of food or of forage was to be obtained on the
+route, and everything to be consumed had to be brought from California.
+Neither was there, as we afterwards ascertained, a single resident in
+all that long march, except at Fort Yuma. The country through which the
+"Column" passed was without water, and the Colorado and Gila Deserts to
+be crossed before we should come in sight of the green cottonwoods of
+the Rio Grande. The Apache Indians supposed that they had driven all the
+whites out of the Territory of Arizona, and the former required constant
+watching and attention. In consequence of the scarcity of water on the
+route, the "Column" could only be moved in detachments.
+
+Companies K and C, First Infantry, and Company G, Fifth Infantry,
+Captain Hugh L. Hinds, left Captain Latham about the first of March,
+1862, under command of Captain William McMullen, of Company C, and
+arrived at Camp Wright in due season, it being about one hundred and
+forty miles. The only incident on this march worthy of mention was, that
+when the battalion marched through the town of Los Angeles the American
+flag had been hauled down from the court house. As it was well known
+that the people of Los Angeles at that time were nearly all strong in
+their sympathies with the rebellion, it was thought that the hauling
+down of the flag was to insult the command. Consequently, on the arrival
+of the battalion on the banks of the Los Angeles river, which flows on
+the eastern side of the town, it was halted and Captain McMullen
+returned, and, finding some of the town officials, insisted that the
+flag should be hoisted immediately. The citizens denied any intended
+insult to the flag, and proceeded to replace it, which being seen by the
+men of the battalion, they gave three cheers, and continued on their
+way.
+
+A delay of a couple of weeks at Camp Wright, when orders were received
+by Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West, of the First Infantry, commanding at
+Camp Wright, to organize the advance detachment of the "Column," to
+consist of Companies K and C, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and
+Companies B and G, Fifth Infantry, California Volunteers, and proceed
+without delay to Fort Yuma. The command as above constituted left camp
+at a late hour in the afternoon, and after a short march made camp
+beside a laguna, or pond. It rained during the night, and daylight found
+us at breakfast, which was quickly dispatched, and we were soon on our
+march, the road continually ascending. At nine o'clock in the forenoon
+we had reached the line of snow, where it was snowing heavily. At noon
+we had reached the summit, and found the snow about two feet in depth,
+and as cold as Greenland. A short halt was made, when great fires were
+built to warm the men, and then the command moved down the mountain. At
+three o'clock in the afternoon we passed through the line of snow,
+shortly after through the precipitous canon of San Felipe, and towards
+evening went into camp, the grass being more than knee high, the air
+redolent with the perfume of flowers and the sweet melody of the birds.
+
+A short march the next day brought us to Los Dos Palmas, or the "Two
+Palms," so called from the fact that two luxuriant palm trees formerly
+flourished here, the stumps of which were then to be seen. Thence to
+Carizo Creek, nine miles, where the command rested one day. Here
+commences the then much-dreaded Colorado Desert. For more than a hundred
+miles we were at the mercy of its sands and storms and burning sun. Such
+another scene of desolation does not exist on the American continent;
+treeless mountains on either side, brown and sombre to their very tops;
+no signs of life were to be seen anywhere. Although it was in the first
+days of April, still the sun poured down with an intensity that I had
+never before experienced, no shade could be found, and the very water in
+the creek could not be bathed in--being more fit for cooking than
+bathing, it being so hot. Such was the Colorado Desert as we approached
+it. What will it be further on? We shall see.
+
+The command left camp at Carizo Creek in the middle of the afternoon,
+and continued the march until midnight, when we arrived at Sackett's
+Wells. Here it was supposed a ration of water for the men would be
+found, but upon examination it was ascertained that somebody had knocked
+the bottom out of the well, and no water was to be obtained, except such
+as could be caught in cups as it trickled drop by drop from the strata
+of clay that had heretofore formed the bottom of the well. No camp could
+be made here, and the command moved on, marching until about ten o'clock
+in the morning, when we arrived at the Indian Wells, having made
+thirty-two miles. A large number of the men were now suffering for the
+want of water, and the animals, upon discovering the green bushes in the
+distance, near these wells, pricked their ears, and every exertion was
+required by riders and drivers to prevent a stampede, so much were they
+in want of water. Upon our arrival it was found that but a few buckets
+of water was in the well, as a detachment of cavalry had made camp there
+the day before, and had only left upon seeing our command approach,
+using all the water in the well for their animals before leaving.
+However, guards were placed over the well, men sent down to pass the
+water up as it collected, and in the course of a few hours the men had
+each received his pint of water; then the animals were furnished.
+
+Before the water had all been distributed, one of those terrible sand
+storms for which this desert is renowned began, and as the sun went down
+it was at its very height. Neither man nor animal could face this shower
+of stones and gravel, and the sand and dust penetrated everything. The
+only thing that was to be done was to throw oneself down upon his face,
+draw his blankets around him, and ride it out, sleeping. The storm
+continued through the night, and before dawn approached it had ceased,
+and upon crawling out of my sand bank, I saw in all directions what
+appeared to be graves, but they were only mounds of sand that had been
+formed by the storm over the bodies of the soldiers. Imagine, if you
+can, near four hundred of these mounds becoming animate and dissolving
+in the desert, as reveille sounded.
+
+At about noon the command moved on, and after marching twenty-five
+miles arrived at Alamo Mucho at about two o'clock in the morning. Here
+was found a well that would have furnished water for an army
+corps--sweet, cold water. It was a pleasure to look at this, to hold it
+in a tin cup, look at it, take a mouthful, holding it there a time
+before swallowing it; it seemed a sin to drink it. This water was not
+taken on the point of the bayonet, as water had been taken for the past
+four days, and we had marched sixty-six miles from Los Dos Palmos since
+we had our fill of water. After the men had satisfied their thirst they
+spread their blankets wherever they pleased, and there was no person in
+that command, except the guard, that was not soon in the arms of
+Morpheus.
+
+Before daylight another sand storm commenced, and when reveille was beat
+off, not a dozen men were in line, and they were only brought out of
+their sand hills by beating the long roll. The storm subsided in the
+early afternoon, when the command moved on, making Gardiner's Wells,
+twelve miles, before sundown, where was found a fine well with plenty of
+water, but none of the command wanted any, the only objection being, and
+that a slight one, that there was standing above the level of the water
+in the well, a pair of boots--and a dead man in them. Seven Wells was
+soon reached, and, as the name implies, there were plenty of wells, but
+there was no water. Thence to Cook's Well, twelve miles, with plenty of
+good water, thence fourteen miles to the Colorado river, at Algodones.
+The next day, before noon, the command arrived at Fort Yuma and went
+into camp. Here we met Don Pascual, a head chief of the Yumas, Don Diego
+Jaeger, and the "Great Western," three of the most celebrated characters
+in the annals of Fort Yuma.
+
+It was supposed that our command was to constitute the advance of the
+"Column" from Fort Yuma. But upon our arrival at that point, we found
+that a reconnoitering party, consisting of Company I, First California
+Infantry, Captain W. P. Calloway; Company A, First California Cavalry,
+Captain William McLeave, and Lieutenant Phelan, with detachments for two
+mountain howitzers, had been sent up the Gila river, as the Indians had
+reported that a large body of rebels were advancing on Fort Yuma from
+Tucson. On the third day after our arrival we crossed over the Colorado
+river and continued our march. We passed the divide between the Colorado
+and Gila rivers, and arrived at Gila City that afternoon, eighteen
+miles. Our route was the old overland stage route on the south side of
+the Gila. Here we first saw that peculiar and picturesque cactus, so
+characteristic of the country, called by the Indians "_petayah_," but
+more generally known as the "_suaro_," and recognized by botanists as
+the "_Cereus grandeus_."
+
+Our next march was to Filibuster camp, eleven miles; thence to Antelope
+Peak, fifteen; Mohawk, twelve; Texas Hill, eleven; Stanwix, seventeen;
+Burke's, twelve miles. Here we found the reconnoitering party, under
+Captain Calloway, that had left Fort Yuma a few days before our arrival
+there. They had had a brush with the rebels at Picacho, a point about
+forty-five miles west of Tucson. Lieutenant Barrett, Company A, First
+Cavalry, California Volunteers, and three men of the same company, had
+been killed. They had secured three rebel prisoners. The poor devils
+were under guard beneath some cottonwoods in their camp. They were now
+on their return to Fort Yuma.
+
+The next morning our command moved out with more alacrity than usual,
+for we felt that we were now the advance of the "Column," and we would
+meet the rebels, too. A short march of twelve miles brought us to Oatman
+Flat. We had come down from the high mesa lands into this valley, and as
+we passed through near the middle of it, saw upon the right side of the
+road a small enclosure of rails, on one end of which was inscribed "The
+Oatman Family." We had all heard of this tragedy years before, and now
+we were upon the spot where the terrible massacre had been perpetrated.
+No one of us could look upon this humble monument without awakening a
+feeling of revenge, and many were the silent pledges given that day that
+when the opportunity should offer, that at least one shot would be given
+for these silent victims to Indian treachery. One officer was so
+affected that he approached Colonel J. R. West, our commanding officer,
+with the interrogatory: "Colonel, if we should at anytime meet any of
+these Indians, what course should be pursued towards them?" "Tell your
+men when they see a head, hit it if they can!" was the Colonel's quick
+rejoinder. You may think this to have been rather harsh, but remember we
+were standing above the remains of the innocent victims of a most
+terrible tragedy.
+
+A few miles after leaving Oatman's Flat we came to a pile of immense
+boulders in the centre of a pleasant valley. These were the famous
+"Pedras Pintados," or painted rocks. A march of fourteen miles brought
+the command to Kenyon's. The next day, after sixteen miles marching, we
+arrived at Gila Bend. Here we lay over a day, as our next march was to
+be to the Maricopa Wells, forty miles distant, the dreaded Gila Desert.
+After marching all night and all of the next day, we approached the
+Maricopa Wells at about twelve o'clock on the second night. When within
+a mile of this point, a small reconnoitering party that had been sent
+ahead of our command, met us and reported that a large force of the
+rebels had possession of the wells, and from appearances intended to
+prevent our command from reaching there. This report served to put new
+life into everybody, notwithstanding that the whole command had now been
+without sleep for over forty hours, had marched forty miles and was
+somewhat fatigued. One company was thrown out as skirmishers, the rest
+of the command in line of battle. We approached the watering place, and
+when we arrived there, instead of finding a formidable enemy, we found a
+half a dozen of our own cavalry that had been scouting ahead of the
+command. We found the water strongly impregnated with alkali, but it
+served to assuage our thirst.
+
+A short march of ten miles then brought us to the Casa Blanca, the
+largest village of the Pimo Indians. Our command remained here for
+several weeks, until at least a large part of the "Column" had arrived,
+and large stores of commissaries and forage had been collected. Our
+Indian scouts and spies brought every few days extravagant reports of
+the force of rebels at Tucson, and they all agreed that when our troops
+should reach that point, we would meet with a warm reception, and that
+rifle-pits, sufficiently manned, extended a long ways on either side of
+the town. These Indians were on the best of terms with us, as they had
+sold large amounts of their produce to our command, for which they had
+been promptly and abundantly paid--a different experience when the
+rebels were there. They had been employed by our quartermaster's
+department as herders of our beef cattle, and were paid to their own
+satisfaction for all services they had rendered, but no inducement that
+our commander offered them, no amount of pay, could influence any one of
+them to accompany us towards Tucson, so assured were they that we were
+to be "wiped out" before we should reach there.
+
+On or about the twelfth day of May, 1862, the advance, constituted as
+before stated, with B Company, California Cavalry, Captain Emil Fritz,
+added, left the peaceful and hospitable homes of the Pimos, and arrived
+at the Sacatone, twelve miles. Here we left the overland mail road,
+which we had followed since leaving Los Angeles, and keeping up the
+south bank of the Gila to White's Ranch; thence to the celebrated ruins
+of the Casa Blanca, so graphically described by Mr. John R. Bartlett in
+his "Personal Narratives" of the Boundary Commission; thence to
+Rattlesnake Spring; thence to old Fort Breckenridge, which had been so
+cowardly deserted the year before by our regular troops; thence to Canon
+de Oro. As we now approached Tucson, everything was in fighting trim. A
+short halt was made near the town, and the cavalry company, in two
+divisions, approached the place from the north and west. The infantry
+marched in by the main street from the west, with the field music
+playing "Yankee Doodle," and instead of being received by shot and
+shell, we found neither friend nor enemy, only a village without
+population, if we except some hundreds of dogs and cats.
+
+When we were at the Pimos, Governor Pesquira, of Sonora, Mexico,
+arrived there from California on his way home; he was allowed to pass
+our lines; he and his party arrived in Tucson a few days before our
+command, and found the place nearly deserted. Captain Hunter, with his
+rebel soldiers, were far on their way to the Rio Grande, and as they had
+assured the native population--wholly Mexican--that when the
+"Abs"--meaning the Union troops--arrived they would massacre all the men
+and abuse all the women, they stood not upon the order of going, but
+went at once for Sonora. Governor Pesquira hurried forward, overtaking
+parties of the fugitives each day, and assuring them of different
+treatment from the Union soldiers than they had been told by the rebels,
+induced many to return to their homes, and within a week Tucson was
+again alive; stores and gambling saloons were numerous, the military had
+taken possession of the best buildings in the town for quarters, and the
+stars and stripes again waved over the Capital of the Territory of
+Arizona.
+
+The advance of the "Column" entered Tucson on the twentieth day of
+May, 1862. Several Americans, among them Sylvester Mowry, formerly of
+Rhode Island, returned, and being violent in their sympathies with the
+rebellion, were arrested. Some were sent out of the Territory, while
+Mowry was sent to Fort Yuma, where he remained incarcerated a long time.
+About the fifteenth of June, Captain N. S. Davis was relieved from the
+command of Company K by Lieutenant Pettis, who remained in command, with
+a short interval, until its final muster out. Captain Davis was on duty
+in the quartermaster's department. By the first of July, a large part of
+the "Column" had arrived at Tucson, a large depot of army stores had
+been brought from California, and preparations were commenced for the
+movement again of the advance column. Several spies and scouts had been
+sent forward from Tucson, but as they had not returned, matters were
+rather uncertain. However, in the first week in July, Company E, First
+California Infantry, Captain Thomas L. Roberts, and Company B, Second
+California Cavalry, were ordered to proceed to Apache Pass and hold
+possession of the water at that point. On the twentieth of July the
+advance column left Tucson, and on the second day arrived at the San
+Pedro, twenty-five miles. Here a delay of one day was made to put the
+fording place in good order for the crossing of the "Column."
+Information was received here that Captain Roberts' advance into the
+Apache Pass had been attacked by a large force of the Apaches, under the
+renowned chief, "Cochise," and after fighting during an entire afternoon
+had succeeded in driving the Indians, with a loss on our side of several
+of our men killed and wounded.
+
+Our next march was to Dragoon Springs, eighteen miles; thence to
+Sulphur Springs, twenty-two miles. The famous Apache Pass was reached by
+another march of twenty-five miles. Here was found the command of
+Captain Roberts, with evidences of the struggle of a few days before. On
+leaving Apache Pass the next day, we were again the advance of the
+"Column," which position was retained until our arrival on the Rio
+Grande. The next camping ground was at San Simon, eighteen miles. As we
+were assured by our guides that no water would be found until we reached
+_Ojo de Vaca_, or Cow Springs, a distance of sixty-seven miles, it was
+deemed advisable to leave the overland route at this point, and proceed
+by another route. Accordingly, the next morning the command moved south,
+following up the San Simon Valley, a distance of twelve miles, and
+camped at the Cienega. Here was found water, the best and most abundant
+on the whole march. Imagine, if you can, a valley twenty miles in width,
+on either side a range of mountains; and to the north and south, up and
+down the valley, a level plain as far as the eye could reach. A trench
+three feet wide, by five or six in depth, filled nearly to the top with
+clear cold water, running with a velocity of at least six miles an hour,
+the bottom covered with white smooth pebbles. Two miles above this point
+no water was to be found. As you descended the valley and approached
+this water, you found at first the ground moist, then water appeared, a
+mere drop, then a small stream of running water, which increased in
+volume, until you found a stream as described above. Below this point
+the water gradually lessened, until, two miles below, this magnificent
+stream had entirely disappeared. There was no shade to be had here,
+except that found under the wagon bodies, still there was no fault
+found; the fine stream of water that we were enjoying satisfied us for
+all other discomforts. It was with feelings of regret that we left this
+point late the next afternoon, with well filled canteens; and the
+uncertainty of finding water in advance, added to this feeling. We
+arrived at Leiteresdorffer's Wells soon after sunset, but no water was
+to be found. The march was continued during the night, and all of the
+next day, until we arrived at Soldier's Farewell, and no water. The
+command was strung out a distance of at least five miles; we had been
+marching thirty hours, with only a canteen each of water, with the
+thermometer at least 130. A large number of the men had given out and
+were scattered in parties of three or four, for a dozen miles in the
+rear. What was left of the command moved on, and after leaving the wagon
+road, we arrived in Burro Canon, some time after dark, where plenty of
+water was found, when, after taking in a fill, turned into our blankets,
+entirely forgetting our hunger in our weariness. Company K marched into
+Burro Canon with less than ten men out of eighty, and it was long after
+daylight the next day before the whole command had arrived. A short
+march of twelve miles brought us to Ojo de Baca; thence eighteen miles
+to the Miembres river.
+
+Our next march, twenty-five miles, was to Cooke's Springs, passing
+through Cooke's Canon. This location was known by Mexicans as _La Valle
+del Muerto_, or Valley of Death. It seemed to be rightly named, too, as
+for nearly two miles were to be seen, on either side, skulls and other
+portions of human remains who had fallen by Indian assassination. Mounds
+and crosses were met every few minutes. As we emerged from this _triste_
+locality, we encountered the remains of wagons and government stores,
+that had been destroyed the year before by the regular troops, who had
+deserted Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge, in Arizona. When they had
+arrived at this point, they were informed of the surrender of the
+regulars at Fort Fillmore; consequently, without further inquiry, they
+destroyed all the government property they had in charge, and made their
+way, on the west side of the Rio Grande, to Fort Craig.
+
+The next march brought us near to Mule Springs, fifteen miles; and on
+the next afternoon could be discovered, in the distance, the green,
+winding way of the Rio Grande, with the Sierras de Organos in the
+background. Camp was made that night on the banks of the Rio Bravo del
+Norte, near to old Fort Thorn. The next march was down the west bank of
+the river to the fording place, known as San Diego, which you will find
+set down on all maps as a town or village, but to my certain knowledge,
+up to the time mentioned, and for several years afterwards, there was
+but one house in the vicinity, and that contained but one room and no
+roof. As the river was now, the third of August, at its extreme height,
+caused by the melting of the snow in the upper Rocky Mountains, we
+experienced some difficulty in getting our wagons and stores across;
+still all was completed before sundown, and the next day we arrived at
+Roblado, near the town of Dona Ana. On the fifth of August, after
+passing through the villages of Dona Ana and Las Cruces, we arrived at
+the pleasant town of La Mesilla.
+
+Here was to be our resting place. We found a well-built village, with
+a numerous population, mostly Mexican. The rebels, who had arrived in
+the Territory, we learned, had, after the treacherous surrender of the
+regular troops at Fort Fillmore (directly opposite La Mesilla), marched
+north. They found Fort Craig too strong to be attacked, and, contrary to
+all military maxims, had continued on, leaving a fortified position in
+their rear. The desperate battle of Val Verde had taken place on the
+twenty-first and twenty-second of February, 1862, a short distance above
+Fort Craig. And as long as Major Benny Roberts had command of the
+Federal troops they were successful, but when General E. R. S. Canby
+came on the field and took command, the rebels soon had turned the tide
+of the battle in their favor. McRae's battery was taken, and our troops
+were returning, panic-stricken, across the river, and fleeing towards
+Fort Craig, about three miles down the river. The rebels then approached
+Albuquerque, where was stored a large amount of government stores, which
+were surrendered without a struggle. Thence they proceeded to Santa Fe,
+where, without opposition, they took possession. There was one other
+fort to be taken, about one hundred miles northwest--Fort Union. After
+some delay at Santa Fe, the rebels, numbering some sixteen hundred, set
+out for Fort Union. At Apache Pass, or Pigeon's Ranch, they were met by
+a Colorado regiment, with what regulars and militia could be found, all
+under command of Colonel John P. Slough (afterwards chief justice of the
+Territory), and were defeated, their wagons, ammunition, and all their
+stores having been destroyed by a party of Union troops under Captain
+W. H. Lewis, Fifth United States Infantry, and Captain A. B. Cary, of the
+Third United States Infantry, who scaled a mountain and got into their
+rear. The rebels precipitately retreated from this point, to and down
+the Rio Grande, having passed La Mesilla a few weeks before our arrival,
+and left the Territory with about twelve hundred men out of thirty-seven
+hundred, that they had arrived with.
+
+The different companies of the "Column," as they arrived, were now sent
+to different points in the department. Our Colonel, James H. Carleton,
+had been promoted to Brigadier General, and had relieved General E. R. S.
+Canby, in command of the department of New Mexico. The regular troops
+were all relieved, except the Fifth Infantry, and sent east, and a
+protection was now assured to the population, by the California
+Volunteers. Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West was now promoted to Colonel of
+the regiment, and in command of the southern district of the department.
+Fine quarters were found for the command in the village of La Mesilla,
+and the district was under martial law. Duty was really pleasant
+here,--plenty of society, with frequent _bailes_, few drills, and plenty
+of everything to eat and drink. The white population were nearly all of
+secession proclivities, one in particular, Samuel L. Jones (better known
+as the pro-slavery Sheriff Jones, of Kansas), who resided here, was
+arrested usually about once a week, and incarcerated in the guard-house
+for treasonable utterances.
+
+After a protracted season of this duty, or up to about the twentieth
+of November, came the most unpleasant part of the history of Company K.
+There had been several escapes from the guard-house of persons who had
+been imprisoned for treasonable utterances, until it seemed that there
+might exist a disposition among some of the command to be a party to
+these frequent escapades. This state of affairs existed until one
+morning an escape was reported to the commanding officer, Colonel West,
+who immediately ordered the sergeant of the guard, with sentinels
+numbers one, two, three, four and five, who were on duty at the time, to
+be placed in the guard-house, in irons. It so happened that this
+sergeant and all the sentinels belonged to Company K, and at the morning
+drill, after guard mount, the company refused to do further duty, or
+until the irons were taken off of Sergeant Miller. The soldier most
+aggrieved appeared to be Corporal Charles Smith, or rather he acted as
+spokesman for the company. The company was immediately ordered into
+their quarters by Lieutenant Pettis, and put under guard, and the facts
+reported to the commanding officer. Orders were given for all prisoners
+to be placed in the guard-house; Company K was ordered to proceed to the
+plaza or parade without arms, when the long roll was beat. The other two
+companies of the garrison were soon on the plaza, fully equipped.
+Colonel West now made his appearance, mounted; he then marched Company
+A, Fifth California Infantry, about five paces in front of and facing
+Company K, with pieces loaded, and at a "ready." He then called Corporal
+Smith to the front, and asked him if he still persisted in refusing to
+do his duty? The Corporal respectfully, but firmly, announced that he
+would do no duty until the irons were removed from Sergeant Miller.
+Company D, First California Infantry, had been wheeled to the right out
+of line, and the Corporal was now ordered to place himself about six
+paces in front of this company. Upon his again refusing to do duty,
+Captain Mitchell, of Company D, was ordered to fire upon him. This order
+was unhesitatingly obeyed; and after the smoke had cleared away, it was
+seen that the Corporal was uninjured. Not so with some others. The
+position of Company D was such that it was facing the cathedral, which
+is situated on the west side of the plaza; on either side of the
+cathedral were long straight streets, running from the plaza; the long
+roll and the other preparations had called all the inhabitants from
+their residences, and the result of the first volley was to wound two
+invalid soldiers, together with one Mexican woman and one child, and the
+cathedral, which was built of adobes, was concealed for a few minutes by
+its own dust, caused by the minie balls penetrating its front. The
+Corporal was again questioned by Colonel West, who returned his former
+answer, and Company D again fired a volley, but the Corporal remained
+untouched. After another questioning by the Colonel, Company D was once
+more ordered to fire, when, between the commands "aim," "fire," Colonel
+West rode up behind the company with uplifted sabre, and gave the
+command to "lower those rifles," when the command was given by the
+Captain to "fire." At this discharge, the Corporal fell to the ground, a
+minie ball having passed directly through him, having entered his right
+breast. He was immediately placed upon a stretcher, and expired on his
+way to the hospital. The rest of the company was now questioned by
+Colonel West, and each man asserted his willingness to do his duty, when
+the command was dismissed to their quarters, and Company K immediately
+assumed their arms and accoutrements and appeared upon the plaza for
+drill. This was the only evidence of insubordination ever shown in the
+"Column," and the prompt manner in which this one was met and punished,
+precluded any danger of another exhibition of this character.
+
+A few days after these occurrences, some of our spies and scouts
+brought in the intelligence that another large party of rebels had left
+San Antonio, Texas, for New Mexico. Accordingly, Companies K and D were
+ordered to San Elizario, Texas, a town about twenty-five miles below El
+Paso, Mexico, and the last point of civilization towards San Antonio, on
+outpost duty. After remaining here about six weeks, and no rebels
+appearing, Company K was ordered to Fort Craig. A march of twenty-five
+miles brought us to Franklin or Fort Bliss, directly opposite El Paso;
+thence two marches, aggregating fifty miles, found us in our old
+quarters at La Mesilla, where the company was ordered to remain until
+the adjournment of a general court-martial which was then in session at
+that post. A week later, and Company K commenced its march for Fort
+Craig. A short march brought us again to Dona Ana. Three miles from that
+village brought us to the commencement of the much dreaded _Jornada del
+Muerto_ (Journey of Death). The _Jornada_ is a large desert, well
+supplied with fine gramma grass in some portions, but absolutely
+destitute of water or shade for seventy-five miles. Why it ever received
+its title, I never distinctly learned, but suppose it was on account of
+the very numerous massacres committed on it by the Apache Indians. On
+the east, in the far distance, are the Sierras Blancos, and is fringed
+on the west by the Sierra Caballo and Sierra de Frey Cristobal. From
+these heights, on either side, the Indians are enabled to distinctly
+perceive any party of travellers coming over the wide and unsheltered
+expanse of the _Jornada del Muerto_. When any such parties are seen,
+they come sweeping down upon the unsuspecting immigrant in more than
+usual numbers, and if successful, as they generally are, in their
+attack, invariably destroy all of the party, for there is no possible
+chance of escape; and the Apaches never take any prisoners but women and
+young children, and they become captives for life.
+
+The first camp was a dry one, and as the command was accompanied by a
+tank of water, drawn by six mules, thus being prepared by a plentiful
+supply of water, I concluded to cross this desert at my leisure. The
+next forenoon we passed by the celebrated "Point of Rocks," the company
+being deployed as skirmishers, with the hope of finding Indians hiding
+between the huge boulders of which it was composed, but without results.
+Late in the afternoon we arrived at the Aleman, so called from the fact
+that a whole German immigrant family had been massacred at this point
+some years before by the Indians. The next night another dry camp,
+having passed during the day the _Laguna del Muerto_, where water is
+found in some seasons. While some three miles on our left was the _Ojo
+del Muerto_, a point where Fort McRae was established in 1863 by Captain
+Henry A. Greene, commanding Company G, First California Infantry, now a
+resident of this city, (Providence, R. I.). The next day's march brought
+us to the little village of El Paraje del Fra Cristobal. Near the spot
+on which the camp was made, was the peaceful flowing and muddy Rio
+Grande. A short march of five miles brought us to our destination--Fort
+Craig. Our arrival was in January, 1863.
+
+The company remained at this post during the year 1863, monotony of
+garrison life being relieved by furnishing escorts to wagon trains bound
+north and south, and an occasional scout after Indians. In July of that
+year, Assistant Surgeon Watson, who had been commissioned at Sacramento,
+California, more than a year before, and had been ordered to report to
+the headquarters of his regiment at Fort Craig, arrived at Fort McRae,
+without accident. On leaving that post, Captain Greene had furnished him
+with one government wagon and an escort of five or six men of his
+company. They set out with joyful anticipation; the Doctor was delighted
+to know that after a year's travel, he would soon be at his new home,
+and be doing duty with his own regiment, which he had never seen. The
+wagon, with its occupants, soon emerged from the canon of the _Ojo del
+Muerto_, and came out on the hard, smooth, natural road of the
+_Jornada_. About the middle of the afternoon, they were proceeding
+leisurely along; twelve miles in advance could be plainly seen the
+buildings of Fort Craig, with "Old Glory" on the flag-staff. The driver
+of the team, Johnson, a soldier of Greene's company, sat on his near
+wheel-mule chatting pleasantly with the Doctor, who occupied the front
+of the wagon, with his feet hanging down on the whiffle-trees; the
+escort were all in the wagon, lying on their blankets, with their arms
+and equipments beneath them. Within five miles of them there was not a
+rock, tree, shrub, or bush, as large as a man's head--they felt a
+perfect security. Another moment, how changed! There arose from the sand
+of the desert, where they had buried themselves, some ten or twelve
+Apaches, within twenty feet of the moving wagon, and poured a volley of
+arrows into the doomed party, and closing in immediately, a part
+attacked the occupants of the wagon, while the rest disengaged the
+mules, and mounting their backs started for the mountains on the west,
+towards the river, and before the soldiers were out of the wagon were
+out of reach of their fire. Doctor Watson was shot with two arrows, one
+in his right arm, and the other on the inside of his right thigh,
+severing the femoral artery. He breathed his last in a few minutes; the
+driver was shot through the heart, and one or two of the escorts were
+slightly wounded. News of this affair reached the post before sunset,
+and in twenty minutes Company K was on its way down the west side of the
+river to intercept, if possible, these murderers. The company was kept
+in the field for thirty days, without other result than to find a hot
+trail of eighty-two Navajoes, who were on their way to their own
+country, with some eight thousand head of sheep and other stock that
+they had stolen in the upper counties of New Mexico. As the company were
+dismounted, it was impossible to take up the trail. The commander of the
+company, however, with five cavalrymen and two Mexican scouts, followed
+and overtook the Indians after a run of twenty-five miles, but
+accomplished nothing except exchanging some twenty or twenty-five shots
+on either side, as our animals were completely "blown," and eighty-two
+to eight was an unpleasant disparity of numbers. The lieutenant and his
+men arrived back at the river the next morning, having been in the
+saddle nearly twenty-four hours. The result of the short skirmish was
+that one of the cavalrymen's horses was shot through the breast, and one
+Navajo was sent to his happy hunting-grounds and one was wounded.
+
+January, 1864, Company K was ordered to Los Pinos, about one hundred
+miles further up the Rio Grande, and about twenty miles south of
+Albuquerque; marching through the towns of Socorro, La Limitar, across
+the sand hills at the foot of the _Sierra de los Ladrones_, or Thieves
+Mountains; crossing the Rio Puerco, near its affluence with the Rio
+Grande; thence to Sabinal, La Belen, and Los Lunes. They remained here
+until the first of February, when Colonel Kit Carson arrived there from
+the Navajo country, with some two hundred and fifty-three Navajo
+Indians, whom he had taken prisoners in his operations against that
+nation. Orders were received from department headquarters for Company K
+to proceed with these Indians to the Bosque Redondo, some two hundred
+and fifty miles down on the Pecos river. Accordingly, after formally
+receiving these prisoners and receipting therefor, the command moved
+out, and on the second night arrived at Carnwell Canon; thence to San
+Antonio, San Antoinette, Los Placeres and Gallisteo. Thus far the
+command had moved across the country, but on the day of leaving
+Gallisteo, the company struck the military road leading from Fort Union
+to Santa Fe, near the old Peces ruins. The command moved along this road
+to the village of Tecolote; from here they proceeded down the Pecos
+river, and arrived at Fort Sumner after eighteen days' marching. Fort
+Sumner was a new post, established for the purpose of a reservation for
+Indians, both Navajo and Apache, that should be taken prisoners by the
+troops, and Colonel Carson was on a campaign against the Navajoes, in
+which he was successful, as there were finally some eight thousand of
+these Indians captured and placed on this reservation. Those brought in
+by Company K were the first large body that had arrived. I will say
+here, in parenthesis, that this is the only way to treat the Indian
+question; for this Indian nation (the Navajoes), after receiving a
+severe drubbing by Carson, and all had surrendered, were finally allowed
+to return to their own country, since which time they have continued on
+the best of terms with our people. This has always been the experience
+on the frontiers--one effective campaign is better than all the treaties
+that were ever consummated.
+
+Fort Sumner was at this time in command of Major Henry D. Wallen, United
+States Seventh Infantry, than whom there was no more excellent gentleman
+in the service of the government. His administration was marked by a
+sincere desire to do justice to all under him, a feature that was sadly
+deficient in too many officers of the time that is spoken of. He was a
+perfect example of sobriety, and his case certainly was a commendation
+of the excellence of education of the academy at West Point, of which he
+was an honored graduate.
+
+Company K had been at Fort Sumner but a few days when it was ordered to
+report to the commanding officer at Fort Union, necessitating a march of
+one hundred and twenty-five miles. The command arrived at Fort Union on
+the eighteenth day of March, 1864, and remained there, doing camp duty,
+during the months of April, May and June. In July, the company
+proceeded, with a company of New Mexican cavalry, towards the east, by
+the route known as the Cummarron route, passing on our way, Burgwin's
+Spring, named after the gallant Captain Burgwin, First Regiment United
+States Dragoons, who fell while leading the attack upon the insurgents
+at Taos, 1847, and the Wagon Mound, a high landmark (so called from its
+shape). From this point to the "Point of Rocks," forty miles, is the
+track of a bloody, brave and disastrous fight made by eight passengers
+in the stage against a band of sixty Apaches. They fought every inch of
+the long, dread struggle. Killed one by one, and dropped on the road,
+two survivors maintained their defense a long time, and when the sole
+contestant was left, his last dying effort was to strew the contents of
+his powder-horn in the sand, and stir it in with his foot, so that the
+Indians could not use it. Wilson's Creek, some miles further on, is
+named after a Mr. Wilson, a merchant of Santa Fe, who was overtaken here
+by the Indians, and, with his wife and child--for he was alone with
+them--butchered with the usual savage outrage and cruelty.
+
+The command returned to Fort Union in September, in which month the
+First Infantry, California Volunteers, was mustered out of service,
+their term of three years having expired, with the exception of Company
+K, it being recollected that they were enlisted at San Francisco some
+time after the other companies had been formed. However, the members of
+that company began, in October, to be dropped out, and when orders
+arrived at Fort Union for the formation of the Commanche expedition,
+under Colonel Kit Carson, there remained of the First Infantry Regiment,
+California Volunteers, one officer (Lieutenant Pettis) and twenty-six
+enlisted men of Company K. This company accompanied Carson's expedition
+with two mountain howitzers, mounted on prairie carriages, and
+rendezvoued at Fort Bascom, on the Canadian river, near the line of
+Texas. This expedition consisted as follows: Colonel Christopher Carson,
+First New Mexico Cavalry, commanding; Colonel Francisco P. Abreu, First
+New Mexico Infantry; Major William McCleave, First California Cavalry;
+Captain Emil Fritz, Company B, First California Cavalry, one officer and
+forty enlisted men; Lieutenant Sullivan Heath, Company K, First
+California Cavalry, one officer and forty men; Captain Meriam, Company
+M, First California Cavalry, one officer and thirty-four men; Lieutenant
+George H. Pettis, Company K, First California Infantry, one officer and
+twenty-six men; Captain Charles Deus, Company M, First New Mexico
+Cavalry, two officers and seventy men; Captain Joseph Berney, Company D,
+First New Mexico Cavalry, two officers and thirty-six men; Company A,
+First California Veteran Infantry, seventy-five men; Assistant Surgeon
+George S. Courtright, United States Volunteers, and an officer whose
+name escapes me, as Assistant Quartermaster and Commissary,--numbering
+in all, fourteen officers and three hundred and twenty-one enlisted men.
+In addition to the command, Colonel Carson had induced seventy-two
+friendly Indians (Utes and Apaches), and as big scoundrels as there were
+on the frontiers, by promising them all the plunder that they might
+acquire, to join the expedition.
+
+On the sixth of November, the command left Fort Bascom, and proceeded
+down on the north bank of the Canadian, hoping to find the Commanche and
+Kiowa Indians (who had been committing their atrocities during the whole
+of 1864) in their winter quarters. The Indians with our command, on
+every night, after making camp, being now on the war-path, indulged in
+the accustomed war dance, which, although new to most of us, became
+almost intolerable, it being kept up each night until nearly day-break;
+and until we became accustomed to their groans and howlings, incident to
+the dance, it was impossible to sleep. Each morning of our march, two of
+our Indians would be sent ahead several hours before we started, who
+would return to camp at night and report.
+
+We had been on our march day after day without particular incident
+until our arrival at Mule Creek, when our scouts brought in the
+intelligence that they had seen signs of a large body of Indians that
+had moved that day, and that they could be overtaken without much
+effort. Immediately after supper, all of the Cavalry, with Company K,
+moved out of camp in light marching order, leaving the infantry, under
+command of Colonel Abreu, to protect the wagon train and proceed on our
+trail on the morrow. Colonel Carson and command marched all night,
+except a short halt just before dawn, and struck an outpost of the enemy
+on the opposite side of the river, at about sunrise, who being mounted
+retreated, followed by our Indians and two companies of our Cavalry. The
+rest of the command moved down on the north side of the river, and a few
+miles below the cavalry struck a Kiowa _rancheria_ of one hundred and
+seventy-six lodges, the Indians retreating down the river on their
+approach. Company K, escorted by Lieutenant Heath's command, and
+accompanied by Colonel Carson, could not advance with the rapidity of
+the cavalry, as the cannoneers were dismounted, and the wheels tracking
+very narrow, caused the utmost attention to prevent their being
+overturned. The Indians from the Kiowa encampment retreated until they
+were reinforced by a large force of Commanches from a Commanche
+_rancheria_ of five hundred lodges, a short distance below the "Adobe
+Walls," a location well known by all frontiersmen. The cavalry made a
+stand here, and were engaged in skirmishing with the enemy, when Company
+K came on the field with the two mountain howitzers. An order from
+Colonel Carson to Lieutenant Pettis to "fling a few shell over thar!"
+indicating with his hand a large body of Indians who appeared to be
+about to charge into our forces, that officer immediately ordered
+"Battery halt! action right, load with shell--load!" Before the fourth
+discharge of the howitzers, the Indians had retreated out of range, and
+it was supposed that there would be no more fighting; but we counted
+without our host, for our animals had scarcely been watered when the
+enemy returned to the conflict. The horses of the cavalry were again
+placed in the "Adobe Walls," which were elevated enough to protect them
+from the rifle balls of the enemy, and the fight was soon at its height.
+
+About the middle of the afternoon, Carson concluded to return to the
+Kiowa village that we had passed through in the morning, contrary to the
+wishes of his officers, who were anxious to advance to the Commanche
+village, which was less than a mile in our front. The return column
+consisted of the cavalry horses, the number four of each set of fours
+leading the other three horses, with the howitzers in the rear, the
+dismounted cavalry acting as skirmishers on the front, rear and either
+flank. The firing was continued from each side until the village was
+reached, when our troops proceeded to destroy it, which was effectually
+done before dark.
+
+A further march of about four miles, and the wagon train was reached,
+the safety of which had been the subject of much anxiety during the day.
+The gun carriages and ammunition carts of Company K were packed with the
+wounded on their return from the Kiowa village. A rest was had the next
+day, which was sadly needed, as the whole command had been marching and
+fighting about twenty-seven hours, on a few broken hard tack and a slice
+of salt pork each. The second day after the fight, Carson concluded to
+return to Fort Bascom, which post was reached in twenty-one days. Here
+the command remained until orders were received from General Carleton,
+commanding the department, and Company K was ordered to Fort Union, as
+the term of service of nearly all the men had expired. By the first of
+February, 1865, all the enlisted men of the company had been mustered
+out of service, and Lieutenant Pettis, the last man of his regiment, was
+ordered to report to the mustering officer at Santa Fe, with all the
+records of his company; and on the fifteenth of February, he was
+mustered out of service, and Company K, First Infantry, California
+Volunteers, had ceased to exist, having marched on foot during its term
+of service four thousand two hundred and forty-five miles.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATUM.
+
+
+On pages 6 and 7 read for "General Joe Johnston," General Albert Sidney
+Johnston.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion
+by George H. Pettis
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