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+Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How to Form a Library, 2nd ed
+
+Author: H. B. Wheatley
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2009 [EBook #30419]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY, 2ND ED ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Christine D. and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  The Book-Lover's Library.
+
+  Edited by
+
+  Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+  HOW
+  TO FORM A LIBRARY
+
+BY
+
+H.B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+
+_SECOND EDITION._
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  A.C. ARMSTRONG & SON, BROADWAY.
+  LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK.
+  1886
+
+
+
+
+_PREFACE._
+
+
+_It will be generally allowed that a handy guide to the formation of
+libraries is required, but it may be that the difficulty of doing justice
+to so large a subject has prevented those who felt the want from
+attempting to fill it. I hope therefore that it will not be considered
+that I have shown temerity by stepping into the vacant place. I cannot
+hope to have done full justice to so important a theme in the small space
+at my disposal, but I think I can say that this little volume contains
+much information which the librarian and the book lover require and cannot
+easily obtain elsewhere. They are probably acquainted with most of this
+information, but the memory will fail us at times and it is then
+convenient to have a record at hand._
+
+_A book of this character is peculiarly open to criticism, but I hope the
+critics will give me credit for knowing more than I have set down. In
+making a list of books of reference, I have had to make a selection, and
+works have been before me that I have decided to omit, although some would
+think them as important as many of those I have included._
+
+_I need not extend this preface with any lengthy explanation of the
+objects of the book, as these are stated in the Introduction, but before
+concluding I may perhaps be allowed to allude to one personal
+circumstance. I had hoped to dedicate this first volume of the Book
+Lover's Library to HENRY BRADSHAW, one of the most original and most
+learned bibliographers that ever lived, but before it was finished the
+spirit of that great man had passed away to the inexpressible grief of all
+who knew him. It is with no desire to shield myself under the shelter of a
+great name, but with a reverent wish to express my own sense of our
+irreparable loss that I dedicate this book (though all unworthy of the
+honour) to his memory._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+        PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                             1
+
+  CHAPTER I. HOW MEN HAVE FORMED LIBRARIES                23
+
+                  II. HOW TO BUY                          57
+
+                 III. PUBLIC LIBRARIES                    73
+
+                  IV. PRIVATE LIBRARIES                   89
+
+                   V. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES             141
+
+                  VI. SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES             160
+
+                 VII. PUBLISHING SOCIETIES               184
+
+                VIII. CHILD'S LIBRARY                    217
+
+                  IX. ONE HUNDRED BOOKS                  227
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Although there can be little difference of opinion among book lovers as to
+the need of a Handbook which shall answer satisfactorily the
+question--"How to Form a Library"--it does not follow that there will be a
+like agreement as to the best shape in which to put the answer. On the one
+side a string of generalities can be of no use to any one, and on the
+other a too great particularity of instruction may be resented by those
+who only require hints on a few points, and feel that they know their own
+business better than any author can tell them.
+
+One of the most important attempts to direct the would-be founder of a
+Library in his way was made as long ago as 1824 by Dr. Dibdin, and the
+result was entitled _The Library Companion_.[1] The book could never have
+been a safe guide, and now it is hopelessly out of date. Tastes change,
+and many books upon the necessity of possessing which Dibdin enlarges are
+now little valued. Dr. Hill Burton writes of this book as follows in his
+_Book-Hunter_: "This, it will be observed, is not intended as a manual of
+rare or curious, or in any way peculiar books, but as the instruction of a
+Nestor on the best books for study and use in all departments of
+literature. Yet one will look in vain there for such names as Montaigne,
+Shaftesbury, Benjamin Franklin, D'Alembert, Turgot, Adam Smith,
+Malebranche, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Fénélon, Burke, Kant, Richter,
+Spinoza, Flechier, and many others. Characteristically enough, if you turn
+up Rousseau in the index, you will find Jean Baptiste, but not Jean
+Jacques. You will search in vain for Dr. Thomas Reid the metaphysician,
+but will readily find Isaac Reed the editor. If you look for Molinæus, or
+Du Moulin, it is not there, but alphabetical vicinity gives you the good
+fortune to become acquainted with "Moule, Mr., his _Bibliotheca
+Heraldica_." The name of Hooker will be found, not to guide the reader to
+the _Ecclesiastical Polity_, but to Dr. Jackson Hooker's _Tour in
+Iceland_. Lastly, if any one shall search for Hartley _on Man_, he will
+find in the place it might occupy, or has reference to, the editorial
+services of 'Hazlewood, Mr. Joseph.'"
+
+Although this criticism is to a great extent true, it does not do justice
+to Dibdin's book, which contains much interesting and valuable matter, for
+if the _Library Companion_ is used not as a Guide to be followed, but as a
+book for reference, it will be found of considerable use.
+
+William Goodhugh's _English Gentleman's Library Manual, or a Guide to the
+Formation of a Library of Select Literature_, was published in 1827. It
+contains classified lists of library books, but these are not now of much
+value, except for the notes which accompany the titles, and make this work
+eminently readable. There are some literary anecdotes not to be found
+elsewhere.
+
+A most valuable work of reference is Mr. Edward Edwards's Report on the
+formation of the Manchester Free Library, which was printed in 1851. It is
+entitled, "_Librarian's First Report to the Books Sub-Committee on the
+Formation of the Library, June 30, 1851, with Lists of Books suggested for
+purchase_." The Lists are arranged in the following order:--
+
+     1. Works--collective and miscellaneous--of Standard British
+     authors; with a selection of those of the Standard authors
+     of America.
+
+     2. Works relative to the History, Topography, and Biography
+     of the United Kingdom, and of the United States of America.
+
+     3. Works relative to Political Economy, Finance, Trade,
+     Commerce, Agriculture, Mining, Manufactures, Inland
+     Communication, and Public Works.
+
+     4. Works relating to Physics, Mathematics, Mechanics,
+     Practical Engineering, Arts, and Trades, etc.
+
+     5. Voyages and Travels.
+
+     6. Works on Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, and Geology.
+
+     7. Periodical Publications and Transactions of Learned
+     Societies (not included in Lists 2, 3, or 6), Collections,
+     Encyclopædias, Gazetteers, Atlases, Dictionaries,
+     Bibliographies, Indexes, etc.
+
+These draft lists include 4582 distinct works, extending to about 12,438
+volumes, including pamphlets, but exclusive of 553 Parliamentary Papers
+and Reports, or _Blue Books_. Such a practically useful collection of
+lists of books will not easily be found elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Edwards gives some rules for the formation of Libraries in the second
+volume of his _Memoirs of Libraries_ (p. 629), where he writes, "No task
+is more likely to strip a man of self-conceit than that of having to
+frame, and to carry out in detail a plan for the formation of a large
+Library. When he has once got beyond those departments of knowledge in
+which his own pursuits and tastes have specially interested him, the duty
+becomes a difficult one, and the certainty, that with his best efforts, it
+will be very imperfectly performed is embarrassing and painful. If, on the
+other hand, the task be imposed upon a 'Committee,' there ensues almost
+the certainty that its execution will depend at least as much on chance as
+on plan: that responsibility will be so attenuated as to pass off in
+vapour; and that the collection so brought together will consist of parts
+bearing but a chaotic sort of relation to the whole."
+
+Mr. Henry Stevens printed in 1853 his pretty little book entitled
+_Catalogue of my English Library_, which contains a very useful selection
+of Standard books. In his Introduction the author writes, "It was my
+intention in the outset not to exceed 4000 volumes, but little by little
+the list has increased to 5751 volumes. I have been considerably puzzled
+to know what titles to strike out in my next impression, being well aware
+that what is trash to one person is by no means such to another; also that
+many books of more merit than those admitted have been omitted. You may
+not think it difficult to strike out twenty authors, and to add twenty
+better ones in their place, but let me relate to you a parable. I
+requested twenty men, whose opinions on the Literary Exchange are as good
+as those of the Barings or the Rothschilds on the Royal, each to expunge
+twenty authors and to insert twenty others of better standing in their
+places, promising to exclude in my next impression any author who should
+receive more than five votes. The result was, as may be supposed, not a
+single expulsion or addition."
+
+In 1855 Mons. Hector Bossange produced a companion volume, entitled _Ma
+Bibliothèque Française_. It contains a select list of about 7000 volumes,
+and is completed with Indexes of Subjects, Authors, and Persons.
+
+For helpful Bibliographical Guides we often have to look to the United
+States, and we do not look in vain. A most useful Handbook, entitled _The
+Best Reading_, was published in 1872 by George P. Putman, and the work
+edited by F.B. Perkins is now in its fourth edition.[2] The books are
+arranged in an alphabet of subjects, and the titles are short, usually
+being well within a single line. A very useful system of appraisement of
+the value of the books is adopted. Thus: _a_, means that the book so
+marked is considered _the_ book, or as good as any, _at a moderate cost_;
+_b_ means, in like manner, the best of the more elaborate or costly books
+on the subject. In the department of FICTION, a more precise
+classification has been attempted, in which a general idea of the
+relative importance of the _authors_ is indicated by the use of the
+letters _a_, _b_, and _c_, and of the relative value of their several
+works by the asterisks * and **."
+
+Having noted a few of the Guides which are now at hand for the use of the
+founders of a library, we may be allowed to go back somewhat in time, and
+consider how our predecessors treated this same subject, and we can then
+conclude the present Introduction with a consideration of the less
+ambitious attempts to instruct the book collector which may be found in
+papers and articles.
+
+One of the earliest works on the formation of a library was written by
+Bishop Cardona, and published at Tarragona in 1587, in a thin volume
+entitled _De regia S. Laurentii Bibliothecâ. De Pontificia Vaticana_
+[etc.].
+
+Justus Lipsius wrote his _De Bibliothecis Syntagma_ at the end of the
+sixteenth century, and next in importance we come to Gabriel Naudé, who
+published one of the most famous of bibliographical essays. The first
+edition was published at Paris in 1627, and the second edition in 1644.
+This was reprinted in Paris by J. Liseux in 1876--"_Advis pour dresser une
+Bibliothèque, présenté à Monseigneur le Président de Mesme_, par G. Naudé
+P. Paris, chez François Farga, 1627."
+
+This essay was translated by John Evelyn, and dedicated to Lord Chancellor
+Clarendon. "_Instructions concerning erecting of a Library_; Presented to
+My Lord the President De Mesme. By Gabriel Naudeus P., and now interpreted
+by Jo. Evelyn, Esquire, London, 1661."
+
+Naudé enlarges on the value of Catalogues, and recommends the book-buyer
+to make known his desires, so that others may help him in the search, or
+supply his wants. He specially mentions two modes of forming a library;
+one is to buy libraries entire, and the other is to hunt at book-stalls.
+He advised the book-buyer not to spend too much upon bindings.
+
+Naudé appears to have been a born librarian, for at the early age of
+twenty the President De Mesme appointed him to take charge of his
+library. He left his employer in 1626, in order to finish his medical
+studies. Cardinal Bagni took him to Rome, and when Bagni died, Naudé
+became librarian to Cardinal Barberini. Richelieu recalled him to Paris in
+1642, to act as his librarian, but the Minister dying soon afterwards,
+Naudé took the same office under Mazarin. During the troubles of the
+Fronde, the librarian had the mortification of seeing the library which he
+had collected dispersed; and in consequence he accepted the offer of Queen
+Christina, to become her librarian at Stockholm. Naudé was not happy
+abroad, and when Mazarin appealed to him to reform his scattered library,
+he returned at once, but died on the journey home at Abbeville, July 29,
+1653.
+
+The Mazarin Library consisted of more than 40,000 volumes, arranged in
+seven rooms filled from top to bottom. It was rich in all classes, but
+more particularly in Law and Physic. Naudé described it with enthusiasm as
+"the most beautiful and best furnished of any library now in the world,
+or that is likely (if affection does not much deceive me) ever to be
+hereafter." Such should be a library in the formation of which the Kings
+and Princes and Ambassadors of Europe were all helpers. Naudé in another
+place called it "the work of my hands and the miracle of my life." Great
+therefore was his dejection when the library was dispersed. Of this he
+said, "Beleeve, if you please, that the ruine of this Library will be more
+carefully marked in all Histories and Calendars, than the taking and
+sacking of Constantinople." Naudé's letter on the destruction of the
+Mazarin Library was published in London in 1652, and the pamphlet was
+reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_. "_News from France, or a
+Description of the Library of Cardinall Mazarini, before it was utterly
+ruined._ Sent in a letter from G. Naudæus, Keeper of the Publick Library.
+London, Printed for Timothy Garthwait, 1652." 4to. 4 leaves.
+
+In 1650 was published at London, by Samuel Hartlib, a little book
+entitled, "_The Reformed Librarie Keeper, with a Supplement to the
+Reformed School, as Subordinate to Colleges in Universities._ By John
+Durie. London, William Du-Gard, 1650."[3]
+
+John Durie's ideas on the educational value of Libraries and the high
+function of the Librarian are similar to those enunciated by Carlyle, when
+he wrote, "The true University of these days is a Collection of Books." Of
+this point, as elaborated in the proposal to establish Professorships of
+Bibliography, we shall have something more to say further on.
+
+It is always interesting to see the views of great men exemplified in the
+selection of books for a Library, and we may with advantage study the
+lists prepared by George III. and Dr. Johnson. The King was a collector of
+the first rank, as is evidenced by his fine library, now in the British
+Museum, and he knew his books well. When he was about to visit Weymouth,
+he wrote to his bookseller for the following books to be supplied to him
+to form a closet library at that watering place. The list was written from
+memory, and it was printed by Dibdin in his _Library Companion_, from the
+original document in the King's own handwriting:
+
+     The Holy Bible. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge.
+
+     New Whole Duty of Man. 8vo.
+
+     The Annual Register. 25 vols. 8vo.
+
+     The History of England, by Rapin. 21 vols. 8vo. 1757.
+
+     Elémens de l'Histoire de France, par Millot. 3 vols. 12mo.
+     1770.
+
+     Siècle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire, 12mo.
+
+     Siècle de Louis XV., par Voltaire, 12mo.
+
+     Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William
+     Blackstone. 4 vols. 8vo. Newest Edition.
+
+     The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, by R. Burn. 4
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     An Abridgement of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     Dictionnaire François et Anglois, par M.A. Boyer. 8vo.
+
+     The Works of the English Poets, by Sam. Johnson. 68 vols.
+     12mo.
+
+     A Collection of Poems, by Dodsley, Pearch, and Mendez. 11
+     vols. 12mo.
+
+     A Select Collection of Poems, by J. Nichols. 8 vols. 12mo.
+
+     Shakespeare's Plays, by Steevens.
+
+     OEuvres de Destouches. 5 vols. 12mo.
+
+     The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 vols. 8vo.
+
+     The Works of Jonathan Swift. 24 vols. 12mo.
+
+Dr. Johnson recommended the following list of books to the Rev. Mr. Astle,
+of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, as a good working collection:--
+
+  Rollin's Ancient History.
+  Universal History (Ancient).
+  Puffendorf's Introduction to History.
+  Vertot's History of the Knights of Malta.
+  Vertot's Revolutions of Portugal.
+  Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden.
+  Carte's History of England.
+  Present State of England.
+  Geographical Grammar.
+  Prideaux's Connection.
+  Nelson's Feasts and Fasts.
+  Duty of Man.
+  Gentleman's Religion.
+  Clarendon's History.
+  Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
+  Watts's Logick.
+  Nature Displayed.
+  Lowth's English Grammar.
+  Blackwall on the Classicks.
+  Sherlock's Sermons.
+  Burnet's Life of Hale.
+  Dupin's History of the Church.
+  Shuckford's Connection.
+  Law's Serious Call.
+  Walton's Complete Angler.
+  Sandys's Travels.
+  Sprat's History of the Royal Society.
+  England's Gazetteer.
+  Goldsmith's Roman History.
+  Some Commentaries on the Bible.
+
+It is curious to notice in both these lists how many of the books are now
+quite superseded.
+
+In another place Boswell tells us what were Johnson's views on book
+collecting. "When I mentioned that I had seen in the King's Library
+sixty-three editions of my favourite _Thomas à Kempis_, amongst which it
+was in eight languages, Latin, German, French, Italian, Spanish, English,
+Arabick, and Armenian, he said he thought it unnecessary to collect many
+editions of a book, which were all the same, except as to the paper and
+print; he would have the original, and all the translations, and all the
+editions which had any variations in the text. He approved of the famous
+collection of editions of Horace by Douglas, mentioned by Pope, who is
+said to have had a closet filled with them; and he said every man should
+try to collect one book in that manner, and present it to a Publick
+Library."
+
+Dr. Johnson's notion as to the collection of editions which are alike
+except in the point of paper is scarcely sound, but it has been held by a
+librarian of the present day, as I know to my cost. On one occasion I was
+anxious to see several copies of the first folio of Shakespeare (1623),
+and I visited a certain library which possessed more than one. The
+librarian expressed the opinion that one was quite sufficient for me to
+see, as "they were all alike."
+
+The possessor of a Private Library can act as a _censor morum_ and keep
+out of his collection any books which offend against good morals, but this
+_role_ is one which is unfit for the librarian of a Public Library. He may
+put difficulties in the way of the ordinary reader seeing such books, but
+nevertheless they should be in his library for the use of the student. A
+most amusing instance of misapplied zeal occurred at the Advocates'
+Library on the 27th June, 1754. The Minutes tell the tale in a way that
+speaks for itself and requires no comment. "Mr. James Burnet [afterwards
+Lord Monboddo], and Sir David Dalrymple [afterwards Lord Hailes], Curators
+of the Library, having gone through some accounts of books lately bought,
+and finding therein the three following French books: _Les Contes de La
+Fontaine_, _L'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules_ and _L'Ecumoire_, they
+ordain that the said books be struck out of the Catalogue of the Library,
+and removed from the shelves, as indecent books, unworthy of a place in a
+learned Library."
+
+At a Conference of Representatives of Institutions in Union with the
+Society of Arts held in July, 1855, the question of the compilation of a
+Catalogue of Books fitted for the Libraries of Institutions was raised,
+and shortly afterwards was published, under the sanction of the Council,
+"_A Handbook of Mechanics' Institutions, with Priced Catalogue of Books
+suitable for Libraries, and Periodicals for Reading Rooms_, by W.H.J.
+Traice." A second edition of this book was published in 1863. The list,
+however, is not now of much use, as many of the books have been
+superseded. Theology and Politics are not included in the classification.
+
+In 1868 Mr. Mullins read a paper before a Meeting of the Social Science
+Association at Birmingham, on the management of Free Libraries, and, in
+its reprinted form, this has become a Handbook on the subject: "_Free
+Libraries and News-rooms, their Formation and Management._ By J.D.
+Mullins, Chief Librarian, Birmingham Free Libraries. Third edition.
+London, Sotheran and Co., 1879." An appendix contains copies of the Free
+Libraries Acts and Amendments, and a "Short List of Books for a Free
+Lending Library, ranging in price from 1_s._ to 7_s._ 6_d._ per volume."
+
+Mr. Axon read a paper on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for the
+Co-Operative Congress in 1869, which was reprinted as a pamphlet of eight
+pages: "_Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for Public
+Use._ By Wm. E.A. Axon. London, N. Trübner and Co."
+
+Mr. A.R. Spofford has given a valuable list of books and articles in
+periodicals, on the subject of Libraries in chapter 36 (Library
+Bibliography), of the _Report on Public Libraries in the U.S._ (1876).
+
+The volume of _Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of
+Librarians_, London, 1877, contains two papers on the Selection of Books,
+one by Mr. Robert Harrison, Librarian of the London Library, and the
+other by the late Mr. James M. Anderson, Assistant Librarian of the
+University of St. Andrews. Mr. Harrison gives the following as the three
+guiding principles of selection in forming a library: 1. Policy; 2.
+Utility; 3. Special or Local Appropriateness; and he deals with each
+successively. Mr. Anderson writes that "the selection of books should
+invariably be made (1) in relation to the library itself, and (2) in
+relation to those using it."
+
+We have chiefly to do with the formation of libraries, and therefore the
+use made of them when they are formed cannot well be enlarged upon here,
+but a passing note may be made on the proposal which has been much
+discussed of late years, viz. that for Professorships of Books and
+Reading. The United States Report on Public Libraries contains a chapter
+on this subject by F.B. Perkins and William Matthews (pp. 230-251), and
+Mr. Axon also contributed a paper at the First Annual Meeting of the
+Library Association. The value of such chairs, if well filled, is
+self-evident, for it takes a man a long time (without teaching) to learn
+how best to use books, but very special men would be required as
+Professors. America has done much to show what the duties of such a
+Professor should be, and Harvard College is specially fortunate in
+possessing an officer in Mr. Justin Winsor who is both a model librarian
+and a practical teacher of the art of how best to use the books under his
+charge.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] "_The Library Companion, or the Young Man's Guide and the Old Man's
+Comfort in the Choice of a Library._ By the Rev. T.F. Dibdin, F.R.S.,
+A.S., London, 1824."
+
+[2] _The Best Reading_: Hints on the Selection of Books; on the Formation
+of Libraries, Public and Private; on Courses of Reading, etc., with a
+Classified Bibliography for every reference. Fourth revised and enlarged
+edition, continued to August, 1876, with the addition of Select Lists of
+the best French, German, Spanish, and Italian Literature. Edited by
+Frederic Beecher Perkins; New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1881. Second
+Series, 1876 to 1882, by Lynds E. Jones.
+
+[3] Dr. Richard Garnett read an interesting paper on this book under the
+title of _Librarianship in the Seventeenth Century_, before the Library
+Association. See _Library Chronicle_, vol. i. p. 1 (1884).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HOW MEN HAVE FORMED LIBRARIES.
+
+
+As long as books have existed there have been book collectors. It is easy
+now to collect, for books of interest are to be found on all sides; but in
+old times this was not so, and we must therefore admire the more those men
+who formed their libraries under the greatest difficulties. In a book
+devoted to the formation of libraries it seems but fair to devote some
+space to doing honour to those who have formed libraries, and perhaps some
+practical lessons may be learned from a few historical facts.
+
+Englishmen may well be proud of Richard Aungerville de Bury, a man
+occupying a busy and exalted station, who not only collected books with
+ardour united with judgment, but has left for the benefit of later ages a
+manual which specially endears his memory to all book lovers.
+
+He collected books, and often took them in place of corn for tithes and
+dues, but he also produced books, for he kept copyists in his house. Many
+of these books were carefully preserved in his palace at Durham, but it is
+also pleasant to think of some of them being carefully preserved in the
+noble mansion belonging to his see which stood by the side of the Thames,
+and on the site of the present Adelphi.
+
+Petrarch was a book-loving poet, and he is said to have met the
+book-loving ecclesiastic Richard de Bury at Rome. He gave his library to
+the Church of St. Mark at Venice in 1362; but the guardians allowed the
+books to decay, and few were rescued. Boccaccio bequeathed his library to
+the Augustinians at Florence, but one cannot imagine the books of the
+accomplished author of the _Decameron_ as very well suited for the needs
+of a religious society, and it was probably weeded before Boccaccio's
+death. The remains of the library are still shown to visitors in the
+Laurentian Library, the famous building due to the genius of Michael
+Angelo.
+
+Cardinal John Bessarion gave his fine collection (which included about 600
+Greek MSS.) to St. Mark's in 1468, and in the letter to the Doge which
+accompanied his gift, he tells some interesting particulars of his early
+life as a collector. He writes, "From my youth I have bestowed my pains
+and exertion in the collection of books on various sciences. In former
+days I copied many with my own hands, and I have employed on the purchase
+of others such small means as a frugal and thrifty life permitted me to
+devote to the purpose."
+
+The Rev. Joseph Hunter printed in 1831 a valuable Catalogue of the Library
+of the Priory of Bretton in Yorkshire, and added to it some notices of the
+Libraries belonging to other Religious Houses, in which he gives us a good
+idea of the contents of these libraries. He writes, "On comparing the
+Bretton Catalogue with that of other religious communities, we find the
+libraries of the English monasteries composed of very similar materials.
+They consisted of--
+
+     1. The Scriptures; and these always in an English or the
+     Latin version. A Greek or Hebrew Manuscript of the
+     Scriptures is not found in Leland's notes, or, I believe, in
+     any of the catalogues. In Wetstein's Catalogue of MSS. of
+     the New Testament, only one (Codex 59) is traced into the
+     hands of an English community of religious.
+
+     2. The Commentators.
+
+     3. The Fathers.
+
+     4. Services and Rituals of the Church.
+
+     5. Writers in the Theological Controversies of the Middle
+     Ages.
+
+     6. Moral and Devotional Writings.
+
+     7. Canon Law.
+
+     8. The Schoolmen.
+
+     9. Grammatical Writers.
+
+     10. Writers in Mathematics and Physics.
+
+     11. Medical Writers.
+
+     12. Collections of Epistles.
+
+     13. The Middle Age Poets and Romance-Writers.
+
+     14. The Latin Classics.
+
+     15. The Chronicles.
+
+     16. The Historical Writings of doubtful authority, commonly
+     called Legends.
+
+Most of the manuscripts which composed the monastic libraries were
+destroyed at the Reformation."
+
+Humphry Plantagenet Duke of Gloucester, whose fame has been so lasting as
+the 'good Duke Humphry,' was also a book-collector of renown; but most of
+the old libraries we read about have left but little record of their
+existence: thus the Common Library at Guildhall, founded by Dick
+Whittington in 1420, and added to by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk of
+London, has been entirely destroyed, the books having, in the first
+instance, been carried away by Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset.
+
+Although, as we have seen from Mr. Hunter's remarks, there was a
+considerable amount of variety in the subjects of these manuscript
+collections, we must still bear in mind that in a large number of
+instances the contents of the libraries consisted of little more than
+Breviaries and Service Books. It has been pointed out that this fact is
+illustrated by the union of the offices of Precentor and Armarius in one
+person, who had charge of the Library (Armarium) and its great feeder, the
+Writing-room (Scriptorium), as well as the duty of leading the singing in
+the church. Many lists of old libraries have been preserved, and these
+have been printed in various bibliographical works, thus giving us a
+valuable insight into the reading of our forefathers.
+
+When we come to consider libraries of printed books in place of
+manuscripts, we naturally find a greater variety of subjects collected by
+the famous men who have formed collections. Montaigne, the friend of all
+literary men, could not have been the man we know him to have been if he
+had not lived among his books. Like many a later book-lover, he decorated
+his library with mottoes, and burnt-in his inscriptions letter by letter
+with his own hands. Grotius made his love of books do him a special
+service, for he escaped from prison in a box which went backwards and
+forwards with an exchange of books for his entertainment and instruction.
+
+Grolier and De Thou stand so pre-eminent among book collectors, and from
+the beauty of the copies they possessed the relics of their libraries are
+so frequently seen, that it seems merely necessary here to mention their
+names. But as Frenchmen may well boast of these men, so Englishmen can
+take pride in the possession of the living memory of Archbishop Parker,
+who enriched Cambridge, and of Sir Thomas Bodley, who made the Library at
+Oxford one of the chief glories of our land.
+
+Old Lists of Books are always of interest to us as telling what our
+forefathers cared to have about them, but it is seldom that a list is so
+tantalising as one described by Mr. Edward Edwards in his _Libraries and
+Founders of Libraries_. Anne of Denmark presented her son Charles with a
+splendid series of volumes, bound in crimson and purple velvet. Abraham
+van der Dort, who was keeper of Charles's cabinet, made an inventory of
+this cabinet; and having no notion of how to make a catalogue of books, he
+has managed to leave out all the information we wish for. The inventory is
+among the Harleian MSS. (4718), and the following are specimens of the
+entries:--
+
+     "Im'pris 19 books in Crimson velvet, whereof 18 are bound
+     4to. and y^e 19th in folio, adorn'd with some silver guilt
+     plate, and y^e 2 claspes wanting. Given to y^e King by Queen
+     Ann of famous memory.
+
+     Item, more 15 books, 13 thereof being in long 4to. and y^e 2
+     lesser cover'd over also with purple velvet. Given also to
+     y^e King by y^e said Queen Ann."
+
+Most of the famous private libraries of days gone by have left little
+record of their existence, but Evelyn's collection is still carefully
+preserved at Wotton, the house of the Diarist's later years, and Pepys's
+books continue at Cambridge in the cases he had made for them, and in the
+order he fixed for them. In a long letter to Pepys, dated from Sayes
+Court, 12th August, 1689, Evelyn gives an account of such private
+libraries as he knew of in England, and in London more particularly. He
+first mentions Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom he dedicated his
+translation of Naudé's Advice, and who "furnished a very ample library."
+Evelyn observes that England was peculiarly defective in good libraries:
+"Paris alone, I am persuaded, being able to show more than all the three
+nations of Great Britain." He describes Dr. Stillingfleet's, at
+Twickenham, as the very best library.[4] He did not think much either of
+the Earl of Bristol's or of Sir Kenelm Digby's books, but he says Lord
+Maitland's "was certainly the noblest, most substantial and accomplished
+library that ever passed under the spear."
+
+In a useful little volume published at London in 1739, and entitled, _A
+Critical and Historical Account of all the Celebrated Libraries in Foreign
+Countries, as well ancient as modern_, which is stated to be written by "a
+Gentleman of the Temple," are some "General Reflections upon the Choice of
+Books and the Method of furnishing Libraries and Cabinets." As these
+reflections are interesting in themselves, and curious as the views of a
+writer of the middle of the eighteenth century on this important subject,
+I will transfer them bodily to these pages.
+
+"Nothing can be more laudable than forming Libraries, when the founders
+have no other view than to improve themselves and men of letters: but it
+will be necessary, in the first place, to give some directions, which will
+be of great importance towards effecting the design, as well with regard
+to the choice of books as the manner of placing to advantage: nor is it
+sufficient in this case, to be learned, since he who would have a
+collection worthy of the name of a library must of all things have a
+thorough knowledge of books, that he may distinguish such as are valuable
+from the trifling. He must likewise understand the price of Books,
+otherwise he may purchase some at too high a rate, and undervalue others:
+all which requires no small judgment and experience.
+
+"Let us suppose, then, the founder possessed of all those qualifications,
+three things fall next under consideration.
+
+"First, the number of books; secondly, their quality; and, lastly, the
+order in which they ought to be ranged.
+
+"As to the quantity, regard must be had, as well to places as to persons;
+for should a man of moderate fortune propose to have a Library for his own
+use only, it would be imprudent in him to embarrass his affairs in order
+to effect it. Under such circumstances he must rather consider the
+usefulness than the number of books, for which we have the authority of
+Seneca, who tells us that a multitude of books is more burthensome than
+instructive to the understanding.
+
+"But if a private person has riches enough for founding a Library, as well
+for his own use as for the public, he ought to furnish it with the most
+useful volumes in all arts and sciences, and procure such as are scarcest
+and most valuable, from all parts, that the learned, of whom there are
+many classes, may instruct themselves in what may be useful to them, and
+may gratify their enquiries. But as the condition and abilities of such as
+would form Libraries are to be distinguished, so regard must likewise be
+had to places, for it is very difficult to procure, or collect books in
+some countries, without incredible expense; a design of that kind would be
+impracticable in America, Africa, and some parts of Asia; so that nothing
+can be determined as to the number of books, that depending entirely upon
+a variety of circumstances, and the means of procuring them, as has been
+observ'd before.
+
+"As to the second topic, special care must be taken in the choice of
+books, for upon that alone depends the value of a Library. We must not
+form a judgment of books either by their bulk or numbers, but by their
+intrinsic merit and usefulness. Alexander Severus's Library consisted of
+no more than four volumes, that is the works of Plato, Cicero, Virgil, and
+Horace. Melanchthon seems to have imitated that Prince, for his collection
+amounted to four books only, Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and Ptolemy.
+
+"There is another necessary lesson for those who form designs of making
+libraries, that is, that they must disengage themselves from all
+prejudices with regard either to ancient or modern books, for such a wrong
+step often precipitates the judgment, without scrutiny or examination, as
+if truth and knowledge were confined to any particular times or places.
+The ancients and moderns should be placed in collections, indifferently,
+provided they have those characters we hinted before.
+
+"Let us now proceed to the third head, the manner of placing books in such
+order, as that they may be resorted to upon any emergency, without
+difficulty, otherwise they can produce but little advantage either to the
+owners or others.
+
+"The natural method of placing books and manuscripts is to range them in
+separate classes or apartments, according to the science, art, or subject,
+of which they treat.
+
+"Here it will be necessary to observe, that as several authors have
+treated of various subjects, it may be difficult to place them under any
+particular class; Plutarch, for instance, who was an historian, a
+political writer, and a philosopher. The most advisable method then is to
+range them under the head of Miscellaneous Authors, with proper references
+to each subject, but this will be more intelligible by an example.
+
+"Suppose, then, we would know the names of the celebrated Historians of
+the ancients; nothing more is necessary than to inspect the class under
+which the historians are placed, and so of other Faculties. By this
+management, one set of miscellaneous authors will be sufficient, and may
+be resorted to with as much ease and expedition as those who have
+confined themselves to one subject. In choice of books regard must be had
+to the edition, character, paper and binding. As to the price, it is
+difficult to give any positive directions; that of ordinary works is
+easily known, but as to such as are very scarce and curious, we can only
+observe that their price is as uncertain as that of medals and other
+monuments of antiquity, and often depends more on the caprice of the buyer
+than the intrinsic merit of the work, some piquing themselves upon the
+possession of things from no other consideration than their exorbitant
+price."
+
+Dr. Byrom's quaint library is still preserved at Manchester in its
+entirety. Bishop Moore's fine collection finds a resting place in the
+University Library at Cambridge, and the relics of the Library of Harley,
+Earl of Oxford, a mine of manuscript treasure, still remain one of the
+chief glories of the British Museum. How much cause for regret is there
+that the library itself, which Osborne bought and Johnson described, did
+not also find a settled home, instead of being dispersed over the land.
+
+It is greatly to the credit of the rich and busy man to spend his time and
+riches in the collection of a fine library, but still greater honour is
+due to the poor man who does not allow himself to be pulled down by his
+sordid surroundings. The once-famous small-coalman, Thomas Britton,
+furnishes a most remarkable instance of true greatness in a humble
+station, and one, moreover, which was fully recognized in his own day. He
+lived next door to St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, and although he gained
+his living by selling coals from door to door, many persons of the highest
+station were in the habit of attending the musical meetings held at his
+house. He was an excellent chemist as well as a good musician, and Thomas
+Hearne tells us that he left behind him "a valuable collection of musick
+mostly pricked by himself, which was sold upon his death for near an
+hundred pounds," "a considerable collection of musical instruments which
+was sold for fourscore pounds," "not to mention the excellent collection
+of printed books that he also left behind him, both of chemistry and
+musick. Besides these books that he left, he had some years before his
+death (1714) sold by auction a noble collection of books, most of them in
+the Rosicrucian faculty (of which he was a great admirer), whereof there
+is a printed catalogue extant, as there is of those that were sold after
+his death, which catalogue I have by me (by the gift of my very good
+friend Mr. Bagford), and have often looked over with no small surprize and
+wonder, and particularly for the great number of MSS. in the
+before-mentioned faculties that are specified in it."[5]
+
+Dr. Johnson, although a great reader, was not a collector of books. He was
+forced to possess many volumes while he was compiling his Dictionary, but
+when that great labour was completed, he no longer felt the want of them.
+Goldsmith, on the other hand, died possessed of a considerable number of
+books which he required, or had at some time required, for his studies.
+"The Select Collection of Scarce, Curious, and Valuable Books, in English,
+Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and other Languages, late the Library of
+Dr. Goldsmith, deceased," was sold on Tuesday, the 12th of July, 1774, and
+the Catalogue will be found in the Appendix to Forster's Life. There were
+30 lots in folio, 26 in quarto, and 106 in octavo and smaller sizes. Among
+the books of interest in this list are Chaucer's Works, 1602; Davenant's
+Works, 1673; Camoens, by Fanshawe, 1655; Cowley's Works, 1674; Shelton's
+Don Quixote; Raleigh's History of the World, 1614; Bulwer's Artificial
+Changeling, 1653; Verstegan's Antiquities, 1634; Hartlib's Legacie, 1651;
+Sir K. Digby on the Nature of Bodies, 1645; Warton's History of English
+Poetry, 1774; Encyclopédie, 25 vols., 1770; Fielding's Works, 12 vols.,
+1766; Bysshe's Art of Poetry; Hawkins's Origin of the English Drama, 3
+vols., 1773; Percy's Reliques, 3 vols., Dublin, 1766; Sir William
+Temple's Works; and De Bure, Bibliographie Instructive.
+
+A catalogue such as this, made within a few weeks of the death of the
+owner, cannot but have great interest for us. The library could not have
+been a very choice one, for there is little notice of bindings and much
+mention of odd volumes. It was evidently a working collection, containing
+the works of the poets Goldsmith loved, and of the naturalists from whom
+he stole his knowledge.
+
+Gibbon was a true collector, who loved his books, and he must have needed
+them greatly, working as he did at Lausanne away from public libraries.
+After his death the library was purchased by 'Vathek' Beckford, but he
+kept it buried, and it was of no use to any one. Eventually it was sold by
+auction, a portion being bought for the Canton, and another portion going
+to America. There was little in the man Gibbon to be enthusiastic about,
+but it is impossible for any true book lover not to delight in the
+thoroughness of the author of one of the noblest books ever written. The
+fine old house where the _Decline and Fall_ was written and the noble
+library was stored still stands, and the traveller may stroll in the
+garden so beautifully described by Gibbon when he walked to the historical
+_berceau_ and felt that his herculean labour was completed. His heart must
+be preternaturally dull which does not beat quicker as he walks on that
+ground. The thought of a visit some years ago forms one of the most vivid
+of the author's pleasures of memory.
+
+Charles Burney, the Greek scholar, is said to have expended nearly £25,000
+on his library, which consisted of more than 13,000 printed volumes and a
+fine collection of MSS. The library was purchased for the British Museum
+for the sum of £13,500.
+
+Charles Burney probably inherited his love of collecting from his father,
+for Dr. Burney possessed some twenty thousand volumes. These were rather
+an incumbrance to the Doctor, and when he moved to Chelsea Hospital, he
+was in some difficulty respecting them. Mrs. Chapone, when she heard of
+these troubles, proved herself no bibliophile, for she exclaimed, "Twenty
+thousand volumes! bless me! why, how can he so encumber himself? Why does
+he not burn half? for how much must be to spare that never can be worth
+his looking at from such a store! and can he want to keep them all?"
+
+The love of books will often form a tie of connection between very
+divergent characters, and in dealing with men who have formed libraries we
+can bring together the names of those who had but little sympathy with
+each other during life.
+
+George III. was a true book collector, and the magnificent library now
+preserved in the British Museum owes its origin to his own judgment and
+enthusiastic love for the pursuit. Louis XVI. cared but little for books
+until his troubles came thick upon him, and then he sought solace from
+their pages. During that life in the Temple we all know so well from the
+sad reading of its incidents, books were not denied to the persecuted
+royal family. There was a small library in the "little tower," and the
+king drew up a list of books to be supplied to him from the library at the
+Tuileries. The list included the works of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and
+Terence; of Tacitus, Livy, Cæsar, Marcus Aurelius, Eutropius, Cornelius
+Nepos, Florus, Justin, Quintus Curtius, Sallust, Suetonius and Velleius
+Paterculus; the _Vies des Saints_, the _Fables de la Fontaine_,
+_Télèmaque_, and Rollin's _Traité des Etudes_.[6]
+
+The more we know of Napoleon, and anecdotes of him are continually being
+published in the ever-lengthening series of French memoirs, the less
+heroic appears his figure, but he could not have been entirely bad, for he
+truly loved books. He began life as an author, and would always have books
+about him. He complained if the printing was bad or the binding poor, and
+said, "I will have fine editions and handsome binding. I am rich enough
+for that."[7] Thus spoke the true bibliophile. Mr. Edwards has collected
+much interesting information respecting Napoleon and his libraries, and of
+his labours I here freely avail myself. Bourrienne affirms that the
+authors who chiefly attracted Napoleon in his school days were Polybius,
+Plutarch, and Arrian. "Shortly before he left France for Egypt, Napoleon
+drew up, with his own hand, the scheme of a travelling library, the charge
+of collecting which was given to John Baptist Say, the Economist. It
+comprised about three hundred and twenty volumes, more than half of which
+are historical, and nearly all, as it seems, in French. The ancient
+historians comprised in the list are Thucydides, Plutarch, Polybius,
+Arrian, Tacitus, Livy, and Justin. The poets are Homer, Virgil, Tasso,
+Ariosto, the _Télèmaque_ of Fénélon, the _Henriade_ of Voltaire, with
+Ossian and La Fontaine. Among the works of prose fiction are the English
+novelists in forty volumes, of course in translations, and the
+indispensable _Sorrows of Werter_, which, as he himself told Goethe,
+Napoleon had read through seven times prior to October, 1808. In this list
+the Bible, together with the _Koran_ and the _Vedas_, are whimsically, but
+significantly, entered under the heading Politics and Ethics (Politique et
+Morale).[8]
+
+Napoleon was not, however, satisfied with the camp libraries which were
+provided for him; the good editions were too bulky and the small editions
+too mean: so he arranged the plan of a library to be expressly printed for
+him in a thousand duodecimo volumes without margins, bound in thin covers
+and with loose backs. "In this new plan 'Religion' took its place as the
+first class. The Bible was to be there in its best translation, with a
+selection of the most important works of the Fathers of the Church, and a
+series of the best dissertations on those leading religious sects--their
+doctrines and their history--which have powerfully influenced the world.
+This section was limited to forty volumes. The Koran was to be included,
+together with a good book or two on mythology. One hundred and forty
+volumes were allotted to poetry. The epics were to embrace Homer, Lucan,
+Tasso, _Telemachus_, and the _Henriade_. In the dramatic portion Corneille
+and Racine were of course to be included, but of Corneille, said Napoleon,
+you shall print for me 'only what is vital' (ce qui est resté), and from
+Racine you shall omit '_Les Frères ennemis_, the _Alexandre_, and _Les
+Plaideurs_. Of Crébillon, he would have only _Rhadamiste_ and _Atrée et
+Thyeste_. Voltaire was to be subject to the same limitation as
+Corneille.'"[9] In prose fiction Napoleon specifies the _Nouvelle Héloise_
+and Rousseau's _Confessions_, the masterpieces of Fielding, Richardson and
+Le Sage, and Voltaire's tales. Soon after this Napoleon proposed a much
+larger scheme for a camp library, in which history alone would occupy
+three thousand volumes. History was to be divided into these sections--I.
+Chronology and Universal History. II. Ancient History (_a._ by ancient
+writers, _b._ by modern writers). III. History of the Lower Empire (in
+like subdivisions). IV. History, both general and particular. V. The
+Modern History of the different States of Europe. The celebrated
+bibliographer Barbier drew up, according to the Emperor's orders, a
+detailed catalogue of the works which should form such a library. "He
+calculated that by employing a hundred and twenty compositors and
+twenty-five editors, the three thousand volumes could be produced, in
+satisfactory shape, and within six years, at a total cost of £163,200,
+supposing fifty copies of each book to be printed."[10] The printing was
+begun, but little was actually done, and in six years Napoleon was in St.
+Helena.
+
+In his last island home Napoleon had a library, and he read largely, often
+aloud, with good effect. It is an interesting fact that among Napoleon's
+papers were found some notes on Geography written when a boy, and these
+close with the words--"_Sainte-Hélène--petite ile_."[11]
+
+In recapitulating here the names of a few of the famous men who have
+formed libraries it will be necessary to divide them into two classes, 1,
+those whose fame arises from their habit of collecting, and 2, those
+authors in whose lives we are so much interested that the names of the
+books they possessed are welcomed by us as indications of their
+characters. What can be said of the libraries of the Duke of Roxburghe,
+Earl Spencer, Thomas Grenville, and Richard Heber that has not been said
+often before? Two of these have been dispersed over the world, and two
+remain, one the glory of a noble family, and the other of the nation, or
+perhaps it would be more proper to say both are the glory of the nation,
+for every Englishman must be proud that the Spencer Library still remains
+intact.
+
+Heber left behind him over 100,000 volumes, in eight houses, four in
+England and four on the Continent, and no record remains of this immense
+library but the volumes of the sale catalogues. Such wholesale collection
+appears to be allied to madness, but Heber was no selfish collector, and
+his practice was as liberal as Grolier's motto. His name is enshrined in
+lasting verse by Scott:--
+
+    "Thy volumes, open as thy heart,
+    Delight, amusement, science, art,
+    To every ear and eye impart;
+    Yet who of all that thus employ them,
+    Can like the owner's self enjoy them?--
+    But hark! I hear the distant drum:
+    The day of Flodden Field is come--
+    Adieu, dear Heber! life and health,
+    And store of literary wealth."
+
+    --MARMION, _Introduction to the Sixth Canto_.
+
+The Duke of Sussex was a worthy successor of his father, George III., in
+the ranks of book-collectors, and his library is kept in memory by
+Pettigrew's fine catalogue.
+
+Douce and Malone the critics, and Gough the antiquary, left their
+libraries to the Bodleian, and thus many valuable books are available to
+students in that much-loved resort of his at Oxford. Anthony Morris
+Storer, who is said to have excelled in everything he set his heart on and
+hand to, collected a beautiful library, which he bequeathed to Eton
+College, where it still remains, a joy to look at from the elegance of the
+bindings. His friend Lord Carlisle wrote of him--
+
+    "Whether I Storer sing in hours of joy,
+    When every look bespeaks the inward boy;
+    Or when no more mirth wantons in his breast,
+    And all the man in him appears confest;
+    In mirth, in sadness, sing him how I will,
+    Sense and good nature must attend him still."
+
+Jacob Bryant the antiquary left his library to King's College, Cambridge.
+At one time he intended to have followed Storer's example, and have left
+it to Eton College, but the Provost offended him, and he changed the
+object of his bequest. It is said that when he was discussing the matter,
+the Provost asked whether he would not arrange for the payment of the
+carriage of the books from his house to Eton. He thought this grasping,
+and King's gained the benefit of his change of mind.
+
+Among great authors two of the chief collectors were Scott and Southey.
+Scott's library still remains at Abbotsford, and no one who has ever
+entered that embodiment of the great man's soul can ever forget it. The
+library, with the entire contents of the house, were restored to Scott in
+1830 by his trustees and creditors, "As the best means the creditors have
+of expressing their very high sense of his most honourable conduct, and in
+grateful acknowledgment of the unparalleled and most successful exertions
+he has made, and continues to make for them." The library is rich in the
+subjects which the great author loved, such as Demonology and Witchcraft.
+In a volume of a collection of Ballads and Chapbooks is this note written
+by Scott in 1810: "This little collection of stall tracts and ballads was
+formed by me, when a boy, from the baskets of the travelling pedlars.
+Until put into its present decent binding, it had such charms for the
+servants, that it was repeatedly, and with difficulty, recovered from
+their clutches. It contains most of the pieces that were popular about
+thirty years since, and I dare say many that could not now be procured for
+any price."
+
+It is odd to contrast the book-loving tastes of celebrated authors.
+Southey cared for his books, but Coleridge would cut the leaves of a book
+with a butter knife, and De Quincey's extraordinary treatment of books is
+well described by Mr. Burton in the _Book Hunter_. Charles Lamb's loving
+appreciation of his books is known to all readers of the delightful Elia.
+
+Southey collected more than 14,000 volumes, which sold in 1844 for nearly
+£3000. He began collecting as a boy, for his father had but few books. Mr.
+Edwards enumerates these as follows: The _Spectator_, three or four
+volumes of the _Oxford Magazine_, one volume of the _Freeholder's
+Magazine_, and one of the _Town and Country Magazine_, Pomfret's _Poems_,
+the _Death of Abel_, nine plays (including _Julius Cæsar_, _The Indian
+Queen_, and a translation of _Merope_), and a pamphlet.[12]
+
+Southey was probably one of the most representative of literary men. His
+feelings in his library are those of all book-lovers, although he could
+express these feelings in language which few of them have at command:--
+
+    My days among the dead are passed;
+      Around me I behold,
+    Where'er these casual eyes are cast,
+      The mighty minds of old:
+    My never-failing friends are they,
+    With whom I converse day by day.
+
+    With them I take delight in weal,
+      And seek relief in woe;
+    And while I understand and feel
+      How much to them I owe,
+    My cheeks have often been bedewed
+    With tears of thoughtful gratitude.
+
+    My thoughts are with the dead; with them
+      I live in long-past years;
+    Their virtues love, their faults condemn,
+      Partake their hopes and fears,
+    And from their lessons seek and find
+    Instruction with a humble mind.
+
+    My hopes are with the dead; anon
+      My place with them will be
+    And I with them shall travel on
+      Through all futurity;
+    Yet leaving here a name, I trust,
+    That will not perish in the dust.
+
+Mr. Henry Stevens read a paper or rather delivered an address at the
+meeting of the Library Association held at Liverpool in 1883, containing
+his recollections of Mr. James Lenox, the great American book collector. I
+had the pleasure of listening to that address, but I have read it in its
+finished form with even greater delight. It is not often that he who
+pleases you as a speaker also pleases you as writer, but Mr. Stevens
+succeeds in both. If more bibliographers could write their reminiscences
+with the same spirit that he does, we should hear less of the dullness of
+bibliography. I strongly recommend my readers to take an early opportunity
+of perusing this paper in the Liverpool volume of the Transactions of the
+Library Association.
+
+Mr. Stevens, among his anecdotes of Mr. Lenox, records that he "often
+bought duplicates for immediate use, or to lend, rather than grope for the
+copies he knew to be in the stocks in some of his store rooms or chambers,
+notably Stirling's _Artists of Spain_, a high-priced book."
+
+This is a common trouble to large book collectors, who cannot find the
+books they know they possess. The late Mr. Crossley had his books stacked
+away in heaps, and he was often unable to lay his hands upon books of
+which he had several copies.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Armagh, is said to have given £2500 for
+Bishop Stillingfleet's Library.
+
+[5] _Reliquiæ Hearnianæ_, by Bliss, 2nd edition, 1869, vol. ii. p. 14.
+
+[6] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, p. 115.
+
+[7] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 136.
+
+[8] _Correspondance de Napoleon I^er_, IV. pp. 37, 38, quoted by Edwards,
+_Libraries and Founders_, p. 130.
+
+[9] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 133.
+
+[10] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 135.
+
+[11] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 142.
+
+[12] _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, p. 95.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HOW TO BUY.
+
+
+A discussion has arisen lately in bibliographical journals as to how best
+to supply libraries with their books, the main principle agreed upon being
+that it is the duty of the librarian to buy his books as cheaply as
+possible. Some of these views are stated by Mr. H.R. Tedder in a letter
+printed in the _Library Chronicle_ for July, 1884 (vol. i. p. 120). It
+appears that Professor Dziatzko contends that the books should always be
+bought as cheaply as possible, but that Dr. Julius Petzholdt holds the
+opinion that the chief object of the librarian should be to get his books
+as early as possible and not to wait until they can be had at second-hand.
+Mr. Tedder thinks that the two plans of rapidity of supply and cheapness
+of cost can in some respect be united. Of course there can be no
+difference of opinion in respect to the duty of the librarian to get as
+much for his money as he can, but there are other points which require to
+be considered besides those brought forward before a satisfactory answer
+to the question--How to Buy? can be obtained. There are three points which
+seem to have been very much overlooked in the discussion, which may be
+stated here. 1. Is the librarian's valuable time well occupied by looking
+after cheap copies of books? 2. Will not the proposed action on the part
+of librarians go far to abolish the intelligent second-hand bookseller in
+the same way as the new bookseller has been well-nigh abolished in
+consequence of large discounts? 3. Will not such action prevent the
+publication of excellent books on subjects little likely to be popular?
+
+1. Most librarians find their time pretty well occupied by the ordinary
+duties of buying, arranging, cataloguing, and finding the books under
+their charge, and it will be generally allowed that the librarian's first
+duty is to be in his library, ready to attend to those who wish to consult
+him. Now the value of his time can be roughly estimated for this purpose
+in money, and the value of the time spent in doing work which could be as
+well or better done by a bookseller should fairly be added to the cost of
+the books.
+
+2. It has hitherto been thought advisable to have one or more second-hand
+booksellers attached to an important library, from whom the librarian may
+naturally expect to obtain such books as he requires. Of course a man of
+knowledge and experience must be paid for the exercise of these qualities,
+but the price of books is so variable that it is quite possible that the
+bookseller, from his knowledge, may buy the required books cheaper than
+the librarian himself would pay for them. As far as it is possible to
+judge from the information given us respecting the collection of
+libraries, bookbuyers have little to complain of as to the price paid by
+them to such respectable booksellers as have acted as their agents.
+Perhaps too little stress has been laid upon that characteristic which is
+happily so common among honest men, viz. that the agent is as pleased to
+get wares cheap for a good customer as for himself. Mr. Tedder says in his
+letter, "For rarer books I still consider it safer and cheaper in the long
+run to cultivate business relations with one or more second-hand
+booksellers, and pay them for their knowledge and experience." But is this
+quite fair, and is it not likely that the rarer books will be supplied
+cheaper if the bookseller is allowed to pay himself partly out of the sale
+of the commoner books, which it is now proposed the librarian shall buy
+himself? My contention is that it is for the advantage of libraries that
+intelligent booksellers, ready to place their knowledge at the service of
+the librarians, should exist, and it is unwise and uneconomic to do that
+which may cause this class to cease to exist. Sellers of books must always
+exist, but it is possible to drive out of the trade those who do it the
+most honour. We see what has occurred in the new book trade, and there can
+be little doubt that the book-buyer loses much more than he gains by the
+present system of discount. When the bookseller could obtain sufficient
+profit by the sale of new books to keep his shop open, it was worth his
+while to take some trouble in finding the book required; but now that the
+customer expects to buy a book at trade price, he cannot be surprised if
+he does not give full particulars as to the publisher of the book he
+requires if it is reported to him as "not known." Those only who, by
+taking a large quantity of copies, obtain an extra discount, can make new
+bookselling pay.
+
+3. There are a large number of books which, although real additions to
+literature, can only be expected to obtain a small number of readers and
+buyers. Some of these are not taken by the circulating libraries, and
+publishers, in making their calculations, naturally count upon supplying
+some of the chief libraries of the country. If these libraries wait till
+the book is second-hand, the number of sales is likely to be so much
+reduced that it is not worth while to publish the book at all, to the
+evident damage of the cause of learning.
+
+It has been often suggested that an arrangement should be made by
+libraries in close proximity, so that the same expensive book should not
+be bought by more than one of the libraries. No doubt this is advantageous
+in certain circumstances, but in the case of books with a limited sale it
+would have the same consequence as stated above, and the book would not be
+published at all, or be published at a loss.
+
+Selden wrote in his _Table Talk_: "The giving a bookseller his price for
+his books has this advantage; he that will do so, shall have the refusal
+of whatsoever comes to his hand, and so by that means get many things
+which otherwise he never should have seen." And the dictum is as true now
+as it was in his time.
+
+Many special points arise for consideration when we deal with the
+question--How to buy at sales? and Mr. Edward Edwards gives the following
+four rules for the guidance of the young book-buyer (_Memoirs of
+Libraries_, vol. ii. p. 645):
+
+1. The examination of books before the sale, not during it. 2. A steady
+unintermittent bidding up to his predetermined limit, for all the books
+which he wants, from the first lot to the last; and--if there be any signs
+of a "combination"--for a few others which he may _not_ want. 3. Careful
+avoidance of all interruptions and conversation; with especial
+watchfulness of the hammer immediately after the disposal of those
+especially seductive lots, which may have excited a keen and spirited
+competition. (There is usually on such occasions a sort of "lull," very
+favourable to the acquisition of good bargains.) 4. The uniform
+preservation and storing up of priced catalogues of all important sales
+for future reference.
+
+A case of conscience arises as to whether it is fit and proper for two
+buyers to agree not to oppose each other at a public sale. Mr. Edwards
+says, "At the sales Lord Spencer was a liberal opponent as well as a
+liberal bidder. When Mason's books were sold, for example, in 1798, Lord
+Spencer agreed with the Duke of Roxburghe that they would not oppose each
+other, in bidding for some books of excessive rarity, but when both were
+very earnest in their longings, "toss up, after the book was bought, to
+see who should win it." Thus it was that the Duke obtained his unique, but
+imperfect, copy of Caxton's _Historye of Kynge Blanchardyn and Prince
+Eglantyne_, which, however, came safely to Althorp fourteen years later,
+at a cost of two hundred and fifteen pounds; the Duke having given but
+twenty guineas."[13]
+
+It is easy to understand the inducement which made these two giants agree
+not to oppose each other, but the agreement was dangerously like a
+"knock-out." Mr. Henry Stevens (in his _Recollections of Mr. James
+Lenox_) boldly deals with this question, and condemns any such agreement.
+He writes, "Shortly after, in 1850, there occurred for sale at the same
+auction rooms a copy of '_Aratus, Phaenomena_,' Paris, 1559, in 4^o, with
+a few manuscript notes, and this autograph signature on the title, 'Jo.
+Milton, Pre. 2_s._ 6_d._ 1631.' This I thought would be a desirable
+acquisition for Mr. Lenox, and accordingly I ventured to bid for it as far
+as £40, against my late opponent for the Drake Map, but he secured it at
+£40 10_s._, remarking that 'Mr. Panizzi will not thank you for, thus
+running the British Museum.' 'That remark,' I replied, 'is apparently one
+of your gratuities. Mr. Panizzi is, I think, too much a man of the world
+to grumble at a fair fight. He has won this time, though at considerable
+cost, and I am sure Mr. Lenox will be the first to congratulate him on
+securing such a prize for the British Museum.' 'I did not know you were
+bidding for Mr. Lenox.' 'It was not necessary that you should.' 'Perhaps
+at another time,' said he, 'we may arrange the matter beforehand, so as
+not to oppose each other.' 'Very well,' I replied, 'if you will bring me a
+note from Mr. Panizzi something to this effect: 'Mr. Stevens, please have
+a knock-out with the bearer, the agent of the British Museum, on lot **,
+and greatly oblige Mr. John Bull and your obdt. servant, A.P.,' I will
+consider the proposition, and if Mr. Lenox, or any other of my interested
+correspondents, is not unwilling to combine or conspire to rob or cheat
+the proprietors, the 'thing' may possibly be done. Meanwhile, until this
+arrangement is concluded, let us hold our tongues and pursue an honest
+course.' That man never again suggested to me to join him in a
+'knock-out.'"
+
+In another place Mr. Stevens relates his own experience as to holding two
+commissions, and the necessity of buying the book above the amount of the
+lowest of the two. The circumstance relates to a copy of the small octavo
+Latin edition of the _Columbus Letter_, in eight leaves, at the first
+Libri sale, Feb. 19, 1849. Mr. Stevens writes, "Mr. Brown ordered this lot
+with a limit of 25 guineas, and Mr. Lenox of £25. Now as my chief
+correspondents had been indulged with a good deal of liberty, scarcely
+ever considering their orders completely executed till they had received
+the books and decided whether or not they would keep them, I grew into the
+habit of considering all purchases my own until accepted and paid for.
+Consequently when positive orders were given, which was very seldom, I
+grew likewise into the habit of buying the lot as cheaply as possible, and
+then awarding it to the correspondent who gave the highest limit. This is
+not always quite fair to the owner; but in my case it would have been
+unfair to myself to make my clients compete, as not unfrequently the
+awarded lot was declined and had to go to another. Well, in the case of
+this Columbus Letter, though I had five or six orders, I purchased it for
+£16 10_s._, and, accordingly, as had been done many times before within
+the last five or six years without a grumble, I awarded it to the highest
+limit, and sent the little book to Mr. John Carter Brown. Hitherto, in
+cases of importance, Mr. Lenox had generally been successful, because he
+usually gave the highest limit. But in this case he rebelled. He wrote
+that the book had gone under his commission of £25, that he knew nobody
+else in the transaction, and that he insisted on having it, or he should
+at once transfer his orders to some one else. I endeavoured to vindicate
+my conduct by stating our long-continued practice, with which he was
+perfectly well acquainted, but without success. He grew more and more
+peremptory, insisting on having the book solely on the ground that it went
+under his limit. At length, after some months of negotiation, Mr. Brown,
+on being made acquainted with the whole correspondence, very kindly, to
+relieve me of the dilemma, sent the book to Mr. Lenox without a word of
+comment or explanation, except that, though it went also below his higher
+limit, he yielded it to Mr. Lenox for peace.... From that time I
+resorted, in cases of duplicate orders from them, to the expedient of
+always putting the lot in at one bid above the lower limit, which, after
+all, I believe is the fairer way in the case of positive orders. This
+sometimes cost one of them a good deal more money, but it abated the
+chafing and generally gave satisfaction. Both thought the old method the
+fairest when they got the prize. But I was obliged, on the new system of
+bidding, to insist on the purchaser keeping the book without the option of
+returning it." There can be no doubt that the latter plan was the most
+satisfactory.
+
+Some persons appear to be under the impression that whatever a book
+fetches at a public sale must be its true value, and that, as the
+encounter is open and public, too much is not likely to be paid by the
+buyer; but this is a great mistake, and prices are often realized at a
+good sale which are greatly in advance of those at which the same books
+are standing unsold in second-hand booksellers' shops.
+
+Much knowledge is required by those who wish to buy with success at
+sales. Books vary greatly in price at different periods, and it is a
+mistake to suppose, from the high prices realized at celebrated sales,
+which are quoted in all the papers, that books are constantly advancing in
+price. Although many have gone up, many others have gone down, and at no
+time probably were good and useful books to be bought so cheap as now. If
+we look at old sale catalogues we shall find early printed books,
+specimens of old English poetry and the drama, fetching merely a fraction
+of what would have to be given for them now; but, on the other hand, we
+shall find pounds then given for standard books which would not now
+realize the same number of shillings; this is specially the case with
+classics.
+
+The following passage from Hearne's _Diaries_ on the fluctuations in
+prices is of interest in this connection:--"The editions of Classicks of
+the first print (commonly called _editones principes_) that used to go at
+prodigious prices are now strangely lowered; occasioned in good measure
+by Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, my friend, being forced to sell many of his
+books, in whose auction these books went cheap, tho' English history and
+antiquities went dear: and yet this gentleman was the chief man that
+raised many curious and classical books so high, by his generous and
+courageous way of bidding."[14]
+
+These first editions, however, realize large prices at the present time,
+as has been seen at the sale of the Sunderland Library. It is experience
+only that will give the necessary knowledge to the book buyer, and no
+rules laid down in books can be of any real practical value in this case.
+Persons who know nothing of books are too apt to suppose that what they
+are inclined to consider exorbitant prices are matters of caprice, but
+this is not so. There is generally a very good reason for the high price.
+
+We must remember that year by year old and curious books become scarcer,
+and the number of libraries where they are locked up increase; thus while
+the demand is greater, the supply diminishes, and the price naturally
+becomes higher. A unique first edition of a great author is surely a
+possession to be proud of, and it is no ignoble ambition to wish to obtain
+it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, 1864, p. 404.
+
+[14] _Reliquiæ Hearnianæ_, 1869, vol. ii. p. 158.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PUBLIC LIBRARIES.
+
+
+Libraries may broadly be divided into Public and Private, and as private
+libraries will vary according to the special idiosyncrasies of their
+owners, so still more will public libraries vary in character according to
+the public they are intended for. The answer therefore to the
+question--How to form a Public Library?--must depend upon the character of
+the library which it is proposed to form. Up to the period when free town
+libraries were first formed, collections of books were usually intended
+for students; but when the Public Libraries' Acts were passed, a great
+change took place, and libraries being formed for general readers, and
+largely with the object of fostering the habit of reading, an entirely
+new idea of libraries came into existence. The old idea of a library was
+that of a place where books that were wanted could be found, but the new
+idea is that of an educational establishment, where persons who know
+little or nothing of books can go to learn what to read. The new idea has
+naturally caused a number of points to be discussed which were never
+thought of before.
+
+But even in Town Libraries there will be great differences. Thus in such
+places as Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, the Free Libraries should
+be smaller British Museums, and in this spirit their founders have worked;
+but in smaller and less important towns a more modest object has to be
+kept in view, and the wants of readers, more than those of consulters of
+books, have to be considered.
+
+Mr. Beriah Botfield has given a very full account of the contents of the
+libraries spread about the country and associated with the different
+Cathedrals in his _Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of England_, 1849.
+These libraries have mostly been formed upon the same plan, and consist
+very largely of the works of the Fathers, and of old Divinity. Some
+contain also old editions of the classics, and others fine early editions
+of English authors. In former times these libraries were much neglected,
+and many of the books were lost; but the worst instance of injury to a
+library occurred at Lincoln at the beginning of the present century, when
+a large number of Caxtons, Pynsons, Wynkyn de Wordes, etc., were sold to
+Dr. Dibdin, and modern books purchased for the library with the proceeds.
+Dibdin printed a list of his treasures under the title of "The Lincolne
+Nosegay." Mr. Botfield has reprinted this catalogue in his book.
+
+The first chapter of the _United States Report on Public Libraries_ is
+devoted to Public Libraries a hundred years ago. Mr. H.E. Scudder there
+describes some American libraries which were founded in the last century.
+One of these was the Loganian Library of Philadelphia. Here is an extract
+from the will of James Logan, the founder--
+
+"In my library, which I have left to the city of Philadelphia for the
+advancement and facilitating of classical learning, are above one hundred
+volumes of authors, in folio, all in Greek, with mostly their versions.
+All the Roman classics without exception. All the Greek mathematicians,
+viz. Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both his Geography and Almagest, which I
+had in Greek (with Theon's Commentary, in folio, above 700 pages) from my
+learned friend Fabricius, who published fourteen volumes of his
+_Bibliothèque Grecque_, in quarto, in which, after he had finished his
+account of Ptolemy, on my inquiring of him at Hamburgh, how I should find
+it, having long sought for it in vain in England, he sent it to me out of
+his own library, telling me it was so scarce that neither prayers nor
+price could purchase it; besides, there are many of the most valuable
+Latin authors, and a great number of modern mathematicians, with all the
+three editions of Newton, Dr. Watts, Halley, etc." The inscription on the
+house of the Philadelphia Library is well worthy of repetition here. It
+was prepared by Franklin, with the exception of the reference to himself,
+which was inserted by the Committee.
+
+  Be it remembered,
+  in honor of the Philadelphia youth
+  (then chiefly artificers),
+  that in MDCCXXXI
+  they cheerfully,
+  at the instance of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
+  one of their number,
+  instituted the Philadelphia Library,
+  which, though small at first,
+  is become highly valuable and extensively useful,
+  and which the walls of this edifice
+  are now destined to contain and preserve:
+  the first stone of whose foundation
+  was here placed
+  the thirty-first day of August, 1789.
+
+Mr. F.B. Perkins, of the Boston Public Library, contributed to the _Report
+on Public Libraries in the United States_ a useful chapter on "How to make
+Town Libraries successful" (pp. 419-430). The two chief points upon which
+he lays particular stress, and which may be said to form the texts for his
+practical remarks, are: (1) that a Public Library for popular use must be
+managed not only as a literary institution, but also as a business
+concern; and (2) that it is a mistake to choose books of too thoughtful or
+solid a character. He says, "It is vain to go on the principle of
+collecting books that people ought to read, and afterwards trying to coax
+them to read them. The only practical method is to begin by supplying
+books that people already want to read, and afterwards to do whatever
+shall be found possible to elevate their reading tastes and habits."
+
+A series of articles on "How to Start Libraries in Small Towns" was
+published in the _Library Journal_ (vol. i. pp. 161, 213, 249, 313, 355,
+421), and Mr. Axon's _Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries_ has
+already been mentioned. We must not be too rigid in the use of the term
+Public Libraries, and we should certainly include under this description
+those institutional Libraries which, although primarily intended for the
+use of the Members of the Societies to which they belong, can usually be
+consulted by students who are properly introduced.
+
+Of Public Libraries first in order come the great libraries of a nation,
+such as the British Museum. These are supplied by means of the Copyright
+Law, but the librarians are not from this cause exonerated from the
+troubles attendant on the formation of a library. There are old books and
+privately printed and foreign books to be bought, and it is necessary that
+the most catholic spirit should be displayed by the librarians. The same
+may be said in a lesser degree of the great libraries of the more
+important towns.
+
+In England the Universities have noble libraries, more especially those of
+Oxford and Cambridge, but although some colleges possess fine collections
+of books, college libraries are not as a rule kept up to a very high
+standard. The United States Report contains a full account of the college
+libraries in America (pp. 60-126).
+
+The libraries of societies are to a large extent special ones, and my
+brother, the late Mr. B.R. Wheatley, in a paper read before the Conference
+of Librarians, 1877, entitled "Hints on Library Management, so far as
+relates to the Circulation of Books," particularly alluded to this fact.
+He wrote, "Our library is really a medical and surgical section of a great
+Public Library. Taking the five great classes of literature, I suppose
+medicine and its allied sciences may be considered as forming a thirtieth
+of the whole, and, as our books number 30,000, we are, as it were, a
+complete section of a Public Library of nearly a million volumes in
+extent."
+
+The United States Report contains several chapters on special libraries,
+thus chapter 2 is devoted to those of Schools and Asylums; 4, to
+Theological Libraries; 5, to Law; 6, to Medical; and 7, to Scientific
+Libraries. For the formation of special libraries, special bibliographies
+will be required, and for information on this subject reference should be
+made to Chapter VI. of the present work.
+
+When we come to deal with the Free Public Libraries, several ethical
+questions arise, which do not occur in respect to other libraries. One of
+the most pressing of these questions refers to the amount of Fiction read
+by the ordinary frequenters of these libraries.
+
+This point is alluded to in the United States Report on Public Libraries.
+Mr. J.P. Quincy, in the chapter on Free Libraries (p. 389), writes,
+"Surely a state which lays heavy taxes upon the citizen in order that
+children may be taught to read is bound to take some interest in what they
+read; and its representatives may well take cognizance of the fact that an
+increased facility for obtaining works of sensational fiction is not the
+special need of our country at the close of the first century of its
+independence." He mentions a free library in Germanstown, Pa., sustained
+by the liberality of a religious body, and frequented by artisans and
+working people of both sexes. It had been in existence six years in 1876,
+and then contained 7000 volumes. No novels are admitted into the library.
+The following is a passage from the librarian's report of 1874: "In
+watching the use of our library as it is more and more resorted to by the
+younger readers of our community, I have been much interested in its
+influence in weaning them from a desire for works of fiction. On first
+joining the library, the new comers often ask for such books, but failing
+to procure them, and having their attention turned to works of interest
+and instruction, in almost every instance they settle down to good reading
+and cease asking for novels. I am persuaded that much of this vitiated
+taste is cultivated by the purveyors to the reading classes, and that they
+are responsible for an appetite they often profess to deplore, but
+continue to cater to, under the plausible excuse that the public will have
+such works."
+
+Mr. Justin Winsor in chapter 20 (Reading in Popular Libraries) expresses a
+somewhat different view. He writes, "Every year many young readers begin
+their experiences with the library. They find all the instructive reading
+they ought to have in their school books, and frequent the library for
+story books. These swell the issues of fiction, but they prevent the
+statistics of that better reading into which you have allured the older
+ones, from telling as they should in the average."
+
+At the London Conference of Librarians (1877), Mr. P. Cowell, Librarian of
+the Liverpool Public Library, read a paper on the admission of Fiction in
+Free Public Libraries, where he discussed the subject in a very fair
+manner, and deplored the high percentage of novel reading in these
+libraries. At the Second Annual Meeting of the Library Association (1879)
+Mr. J. Taylor Kay, Librarian of Owens College, Manchester, in his paper on
+the Provision of Novels in Rate-supported Libraries, more completely
+condemned this provision. He concluded his paper with these words:
+"Clearly a hard and fast line must be drawn. A distinct refusal by the
+library committees to purchase a single novel or tale would be appreciated
+by the rate-payers. The suggestion of a sub-committee to read this
+literature would not be tolerated, and no man whose time is of value would
+undergo the infliction. The libraries would attain their true position,
+and the donations would certainly be of a higher class, if the aims of the
+committees were known to be higher. Manchester has already curtailed its
+issues of novels. It has been in the vanguard on the education question:
+and let us hope it will be true to its traditions, to its noble impulses,
+and lead the van in directing the educational influence of the free
+libraries, and striking out altogether any expenditure in the
+dissemination of this literature."
+
+This question probably would not have come to the front if it were not
+that the educational value of Free Libraries, as the complement of Board
+Schools, has been very properly put forward by their promoters. With this
+aim in view, it does startle one somewhat to see the completely
+disproportionate supply of novels in the Free Libraries. This often rises
+to 75 per cent. of the total supply, and in some libraries even a higher
+percentage has been reached. There are, however, exceptions. At the
+Baltimore Peabody Institute Fiction did not rise to more than one-tenth of
+the total reading. The following are some figures of subjects circulated
+at that library above 1000:--
+
+  Belles Lettres                4598
+  Fiction                       3999
+  Biography                     2003
+  Greek and Latin Classics      1265
+  History (American)            1137
+  Law                           1051
+  Natural History               1738
+  Theology                      1168
+  Periodicals (Literary)        4728
+  Periodicals (Scientific)      1466
+
+Mr. Cowell says that during the year ending 31st August, 1877, 453,585
+volumes were issued at the reference library alone (Liverpool Free Public
+Library); of these 170,531 were strictly novels. The high-percentage of
+novel reading is not confined to Free Public Libraries, for we find that
+in the Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco, in 1874, 64,509 volumes of
+Prose Fiction were lent out of a total of 78,219. The other high figures
+being Essays, 2280; History, 1823; Biography and Travels, 1664. In the
+College of the City of New York, of the books taken out by students
+between Nov. 1876, and Nov. 1877, 1043 volumes were Novels, the next
+highest numbers were Science, 153; Poetry, 133; History, 130.[15]
+
+In considering this question one naturally asks if the masterpieces of our
+great authors, which every one should read, are to be mixed up with the
+worthless novels constantly being published in the condemnation of
+Fiction; but, to some extent, both Mr. Cowell and Mr. Kay answer this. The
+first of these gentlemen writes: "As to the better class novels, which are
+so graphic in their description of places, costumes, pageantry, men, and
+events, I regret to say that they are not the most popular with those who
+stand in need of their instructive descriptions. I could generally find
+upon the library shelves 'Harold,' 'The Last of the Barons,' 'Westward
+Ho!' 'Hypatia,' 'Ivanhoe,' 'Waverley,' 'Lorna Doone,' etc., when not a
+copy of the least popular of the works of Mrs. Henry Wood, 'Ouida,' Miss
+Braddon, or Rhoda Broughton were to be had." Mr. Kay corroborates this
+opinion in his paper.
+
+Most of us recognize the value of honest fiction for children and the
+overwrought brains of busy men, but the reading of novels of any kind can
+only be justified as a relaxation, and it is a sad fact that there is a
+large class of persons who will read nothing but novels and who call all
+other books dry reading. Upon the minds of this class fiction has a most
+enervating effect, and it is not to be expected that ratepayers will
+desire to increase this class by the indiscriminate supply of novels to
+the Free Libraries. Some persons are so sanguine as to believe that
+readers will be gradually led from the lower species of reading to the
+higher; but there is little confirmation of this hope to be found in the
+case of the confirmed novel readers we see around us.
+
+The librarian who, with ample funds for the purpose, has the duty before
+him of forming a Public Library, sets forward on a pleasant task. He has
+the catalogues of all kinds of libraries to guide him, and he will be able
+to purchase the groundwork of his library at a very cheap rate, for
+probably at no time could sets of standard books be bought at so low a
+price as now. Many books that are not wanted by private persons are
+indispensable for a Public Library, and there being little demand for them
+they can be obtained cheap. When the groundwork has been carefully laid,
+then come some of the difficulties of collecting. Books specially required
+will not easily be obtained, and when they are found, the price will
+probably be a high one. Books of reference will be expensive, and as these
+soon get out of date, they will frequently need renewal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] _Library Journal_, vol. ii. p. 70.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+PRIVATE LIBRARIES.
+
+
+Treating of private libraries, it will be necessary to consider their
+constitution under two heads, according as they are required in town or
+country. In London, for instance, where libraries of all kinds are easily
+accessible, a man need only possess books on his own particular hobby, and
+a good collection of books of reference; but in the country, away from
+public libraries, a well-selected collection of standard books will be
+necessary.
+
+
+1. _Town._
+
+Every one who loves books will be sure to have some favourite authors on
+special subjects of study respecting which he needs no instruction
+farther than that which is ready to his hand. Books on these subjects he
+will need, both in town and country, if he possesses two houses. Some
+collectors make their town house a sort of gathering-place for the
+accessions to their country libraries. Here a class is completed, bound,
+and put in order, and then sent to the country to find its proper place in
+the family library.
+
+This is an age of books of reference, and as knowledge increases, and the
+books which impart it to readers become unwieldy from their multitude,
+there are sure to be forthcoming those who will reduce the facts into a
+handy form. I have gathered in the following pages the titles of some of
+the best books of reference which are to be obtained. Many, if not all of
+these, are to be found in that magnificent library of reference--the
+Reading Room of the British Museum. In some cases where the books are
+constantly being reprinted, dates have been omitted. There are, doubtless,
+many valuable works which I have overlooked, and some Text-books I have
+had to leave out owing to the exigencies of space, but I trust that the
+present list will be found useful.
+
+     _Abbreviations._--Dictionnaire des Abréviations Latines et
+     Françaises usitées dans les inscriptions lapidaires et
+     métalliques, les manuscrits et les chartes du Moyen Age. Par
+     L. Alph. Chassant. Quatrième édition. Paris, 1876. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Anthropology._--Notes and Queries on Anthropology, for the
+     use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands. Drawn
+     up by a Committee appointed by the British Association.
+     London, 1874. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Antiquities._--Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.
+     Edited by Dr. William Smith. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et
+     Romaines d'après les textes et les Monuments ... Ouvrage
+     rédigé ... sous la direction de Ch. Daremberg et Edm.
+     Saglio. Paris, 1873. 4to.
+
+     ---- The Life of the Greeks and Romans described from
+     Antique Monuments, by E. Guhl and W. Koner, translated from
+     the third German edition by F. Hueffer. London, 1875. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Gallus or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augustus. By W.A.
+     Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe. London.
+
+     ---- Charicles: Illustrations of the Private Life of the
+     Ancient Greeks. By W.A. Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe.
+     London.
+
+     _Antiquities._--Archæological Index to remains of antiquity
+     of the Celtic, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By
+     John Yonge Akerman. London, 1847. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Introduction to English Antiquities. By James
+     Eccleston. London, 1847. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The English Archæologist's Handbook. By Henry Godwin.
+     Oxford, 1867. 8vo.
+
+     _Architecture._--A Dictionary of the Architecture and
+     Archæology of the Middle Ages.... By John Britton. London,
+     1838.
+
+     ---- History of Architecture in all countries, from the
+     earliest times to the present day. By James Fergusson.
+     London, 1865-76. 4 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Nicholson's Dictionary of the Science and Practice of
+     Architecture, Building, Carpentry, etc. New edition, edited
+     by Edward Lomax and Thomas Gunyon. London. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- An Encyclopædia of Architecture, historical,
+     theoretical, and practical. By Joseph Gwilt, revised by
+     Wyatt Papworth. New edition. London, 1876. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Dictionary of Architecture, issued by the
+     Architectural Publication Society. A to Oz. 4 vols. Roy.
+     4to. (In progress.)
+
+     ---- A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian,
+     and Gothic Architecture. Fifth edition, enlarged. Oxford,
+     1850. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Encyclopædia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa
+     Architecture and Furniture.... By J.C. Loudon. London, 1833.
+     8vo.
+
+     _Arts, Manufactures_, etc.--Ure's Dictionary of Arts,
+     Manufactures, and Mines, containing a clear exposition of
+     their Principles and Practice. By Robert Hunt, assisted by
+     F.W. Rudler. Seventh edition. London, 1875. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts,
+     Manufactures, and Commercial Products. London, 1879. 8 vols.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- History of Physical Astronomy. By Robert Grant. London
+     [1852]. A most valuable book, but now out of print and
+     scarce.
+
+     ---- An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients.
+     By G. Cornewall Lewis. London, 1862. 8vo.
+
+     _Bible._--Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its
+     Antiquities, Biography, Mythology, and Geography. By Dr.
+     William Smith. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Biblical Cyclopædia or Dictionary of Eastern
+     Antiquities, Geography, Natural History, Sacred Annals and
+     Biography, Theology and Biblical Literature, illustrative of
+     the Old and New Testaments. Edited by John Eadie, D.D.,
+     LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, 1870. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Bible Atlas of Maps and Plans to illustrate the
+     Geography and Topography of the Old and New Testaments and
+     the Apocrypha, with Explanatory Notes by Samuel Clark, M.A.
+     Also a complete Index of the Geographical Names ... by
+     George Grove. London, 1868. 4to.
+
+     _Bible._ See _Concordances_.
+
+     _Bibliography._--See Chapters V. and VI.
+
+     _Biography._--Mr. Chancellor Christie contributed a very
+     interesting article to the _Quarterly Review_ (April, 1884)
+     on Biographical Dictionaries, in which he details the
+     history of the struggle between the publishers of the
+     _Biographie Universelle_ and Messrs. Didot, whose Dictionary
+     was eventually entitled _Nouvelle Biographie Générale_. The
+     new edition of the _Biographie Universelle_ (45 vols. Imp.
+     8vo. Paris, 1854) is an invaluable work. Chalmers's
+     Biographical Dictionary (32 vols. 8vo. 1812-17) is a mine of
+     literary wealth, from which compilers have freely dug.
+     Rose's (12 vols. 8vo. 1848) was commenced upon a very
+     comprehensive plan, but the lives were considerably
+     contracted before the work was completed. It is, however, a
+     very useful work. L.B. Phillips's "Dictionary of
+     Biographical Reference" contains 100,000 names, and gives
+     the dates of birth and death, which in many instances is all
+     the information the consulter requires, and should more be
+     required, he is referred to the authority. This book is
+     quite indispensable for every library. There are several
+     national Biographical Dictionaries, and at last a thoroughly
+     satisfactory Biographia Britannica is in course of
+     publication by Messrs. Smith & Elder. The "Dictionary of
+     National Biography, edited by Leslie Stephen," has reached
+     the fifth volume, and extends to Bottisham.
+
+     ---- Robert Chambers's Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
+     Scotsmen (Glasgow, 1835-56. 5 vols. 8vo.) will be found
+     useful.
+
+     _Biography._--Dr. William Allen's "American Biographical
+     Dictionary" was published at Boston in 1857.
+
+     ---- Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains ... Par A.V.
+     Arnault [etc.]. Paris, 1820-25. 20 vols. 8vo. Mr. Edward
+     Smith points this book out to me as specially valuable for
+     information respecting actors in the French Revolution.
+
+     ---- Handbook of Contemporary Biography. By Frederick
+     Martin. London, 1870. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Men of the Time: a Dictionary of Contemporaries.
+     Eleventh edition. Revised by Thompson Cooper. London, 1884.
+     Sm. 8vo. A volume of 1168 pages should contain a fair
+     representation of the men of the day, and yet it is
+     ludicrously incomplete. The literary side is as much
+     overdone as the scientific side is neglected. This is not
+     the place to make a list of shortcomings, but it will
+     probably astonish most of our readers to learn that such
+     eminent Men of the Time as Sir Frederick Abel, Sir Frederick
+     Bramwell, and the late Dr. W.B. Carpenter are not mentioned.
+     As this book has as a high reputation, the editor should
+     thoroughly revise it for a new edition.
+
+     ---- Men of the Reign. A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
+     Characters of both Sexes, who have died during the reign of
+     Queen Victoria. Edited by T. Humphry Ward. (Uniform with
+     "Men of the Time.") London, 1885.
+
+     _Biography._--Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains....
+     Par G. Vapereau. Cinquième edition. Paris, 1880. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Supplément. Oct. 1881.
+
+     ---- Biographie Nationale des Contemporains, redigée par une
+     Société de Gens de Lettres sous la direction de M. Ernest
+     Glaeser. Paris, 1878. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire Général de Biographie Contemporaine
+     Française et Etrangère. Par Ad. Bitard. Paris, 1878. 8vo.
+
+     ---- To this list of Contemporary Biography may be added the
+     Indexes of Obituary Notices published by the Index Society.
+
+     (_Bishops._)--Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, or a Calendar of the
+     principal Ecclesiastical Dignitaries in England and Wales,
+     and of the chief officers in the Universities of Oxford and
+     Cambridge, from the earliest time to the year 1715. Compiled
+     by John Le Neve. Corrected and continued from 1715 to the
+     present time by T. Duffus Hardy. Oxford, 1854. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ. The Succession of the
+     Prelates and Members of Cathedral Bodies in Ireland. By
+     Henry Cotton, D.C.L. Dublin, 1847-60. 5 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Lawyers._)--Lives of the Chief Justices of England. By
+     John Lord Campbell. Second edition. London, 1858. 3 vols.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great
+     Seal of England. By John Lord Campbell. Fourth edition.
+     London, 1856. 10 vols. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     (_Scientific Men._)--Poggendorff (J.C.).
+     Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der
+     exacten Wissenschaften, enthaltend Nachweisungen über
+     Lebensverhältnisse und Leistungen von Mathematikern,
+     Astronomen, Physikern, Chemikern, Mineralogen, Geologen
+     u.s.w. aller Völker und Zeiten. Leipzig, 1863. Roy. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     (_Cambridge._)--Athenæ Cantabrigienses. By Charles Henry
+     Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper. Cambridge, 1858-61.
+     Vol. I. 1500-1585. Vol. II. 1586-1609. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1760-1856. Cura Josephi
+     Romilly, A.M. Cantabrigiæ, 1856.
+
+     ---- Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1800-1884. Cura Henrici
+     Richardo Luard, S.T.P. Cantabrigiæ, 1884.
+
+     (_Oxford._)--Athenæ and Fasti Oxonienses. By Ant. à Wood.
+     New edition, with Notes, Additions, and Continuation by the
+     Rev. Dr. P. Bliss. 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
+
+     ---- Catalogue of all Graduates in the University of Oxford,
+     1659-1850. Oxford, 1851. 8vo.
+
+     (_Dublin._)--A Catalogue of Graduates who have proceeded to
+     degrees in the University of Dublin from the earliest
+     recorded Commencements to July, 1866, with Supplement to
+     December 16, 1868. Dublin, 1869. 8vo. Vol. II. 1868-1883.
+     Dublin, 1884. 8vo.
+
+     (_Eton._)--Alumni Etonenses, or a Catalogue of the Provosts
+     and Fellows of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge,
+     from the Foundation in 1443 to the Year 1797. By Thomas
+     Harwood. Birmingham, 1797. 4to.
+
+     (_Westminster._)--The List of the Queen's Scholars of St.
+     Peter's College, Westminster, admitted on that Foundation
+     since 1663, and of such as have been thence elected to
+     Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge, from
+     the Foundation by Queen Elizabeth, 1561, to the present
+     time. Collected by Joseph Welch. A new edition ... by an old
+     King's Scholar. London, 1852. Roy. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Botany._--An Encyclopædia of Trees and Shrubs; being the
+     Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged.... By J.C.
+     Loudon. London, 1842. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Loudon's Encyclopædia of Plants ... New edition
+     corrected to the present time. Edited by Mrs. Loudon.
+     London, 1855. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Vegetable Kingdom; or the structure, classification
+     and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system. By
+     John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. Third edition. London, 1853.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- International Dictionary of Plants in Latin, German,
+     English and French, for Botanists, and especially
+     Horticulturists, Agriculturists, Students of Forestry and
+     Pharmaceutists, by Dr. William Ulrich. Leipzig, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     _Botany._--Topographical Botany: being Local and Personal
+     Records towards shewing the distribution of British Plants
+     traced through 112 counties and vice-counties of England,
+     Wales and Scotland. By Hewett Cottrell Watson. Second
+     edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1883. 8vo.
+
+     The need of an authoritative list of Botanical names must be
+     frequently felt by a large number of writers, those who have
+     but little knowledge of the science even more than Botanists
+     themselves. The following work will be found useful for this
+     purpose, but there is reason to hope that a much larger and
+     more exhaustive list will shortly be published, as Mr.
+     Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, is, we
+     believe, now engaged upon such a work. "Nomenclator
+     Botanicus seu Synonymia Plantarum Universalis.... Autore
+     Ernesto Theoph. Steudel; editio secunda, Stuttgartiæ et
+     Tubingæ, 1841." Royal 8vo.
+
+     _Cards._--Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History
+     of Playing Cards. By William Andrew Chatto. London, 1848.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and other Cards in
+     the British Museum, accompanied by a Concise General History
+     of the Subject, and Remarks on Cards of Divination and of a
+     Politico-Historical Character. By William Hughes Willshire,
+     M.D. Printed by order of the Trustees, 1876. Royal 8vo.
+
+     _Chemistry._--A Dictionary of Chemistry and the allied
+     Branches of other Sciences, founded on that of the late Dr.
+     Ure. By Henry Watts. 1863-68. 5 vols. 8vo. Supplement, 1872.
+     Second Supplement, 1879. Third Supplement, 1879-81. 2 vols.
+
+     ---- Handbook of Modern Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic,
+     for the use of Students. By Charles Meymott Tidy, M.B.,
+     F.C.S. London, 1878. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Handbook of Chemistry. By L. Gmelin. Trans. by H.
+     Watts. London, 1848-67. 17 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Industrial Chemistry, based upon the German edition of
+     Payen's "Précis de Chimie Industrielle," edited by B.H.
+     Paul. London, 1878.
+
+     ---- A Treatise on Chemistry. By [Sir] H.E. Roscoe and C.
+     Schorlemmer. London. 8vo.
+
+     _Coins._--A Numismatic Manual. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A.
+     London, 1840. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Silver Coins of England arranged and described by
+     E. Hawkins. London, 1841. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Gold Coins of England arranged and described, being
+     a sequel to Mr. Hawkins's Silver Coins of England, by his
+     grandson, Robert Lloyd Kenyon. London, 1880. 8vo.
+
+     _Commerce._--A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and
+     Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. By the
+     late J.R. McCulloch. Latest edition by A.J. Wilson. London,
+     1882. 8vo.
+
+     ---- History of British Commerce, 1763-1870. By Leone Levi.
+     London, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     _Concordances._
+
+     _Aristophanes._--A Complete Concordance to the Comedies and
+     Fragments of Aristophanes. By Henry Dunbar, M.D. Oxford,
+     1883. 4to.
+
+     _Bible._--A complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of
+     the Old and New Testaments. By Alexander Cruden, M.A.
+     London, 1737. 4to. Second edition 1761, third edition 1769;
+     this is the last corrected by the author. Most of the
+     Concordances published since are founded upon Cruden.
+
+     ---- An Analytical Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, or
+     the Bible presented under distinct and classified heads of
+     topics. Edited by John Eadie, D.D., LL.D. London and
+     Glasgow, 1856. 8vo.
+
+     _Homer._--A Complete Concordance to the Iliad of Homer. By
+     Guy Lushington Prendergast. London, 1875. 4to.
+
+     ---- A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of
+     Homer, to which is added a Concordance to the parallel
+     passages in the Iliad, Odyssey and Hymns. By Henry Dunbar,
+     M.D. Oxford, 1880. 4to.
+
+     _Milton._--A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of
+     Milton. By Guy Lushington Prendergast, Madras Civil Service.
+     Madras, 1857. 4to. Originally published in 12 parts.
+
+     ---- A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of John
+     Milton. By Charles Dexter Cleveland, LL.D. London, 1867. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     The Rev. H.J. Todd compiled a verbal Index to the whole of
+     Milton's Poetry, which was appended to the second edition of
+     his life of the Poet (1809).
+
+     _Pope._--A Concordance to the Works of Alexander Pope. By
+     Edwin Abbott, with an Introduction by Edwin A. Abbott, D.D.
+     London, 1875. Royal 8vo.
+
+     _Shakespeare._--The Complete Concordance to Shakspere: being
+     a verbal Index to all the passages in the dramatic works of
+     the Poet. By Mrs. Cowden Clarke. London, 1845. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Shakespeare-Lexicon: a Complete Dictionary of all the
+     English words, phrases and constructions in the works of the
+     poet. By Dr. Alexander Schmidt. (Berlin and London), 1874. 2
+     vols. royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Concordance to Shakespeare's Poems: an Index to every
+     word therein contained. By Mrs. Horace Howard Furness.
+     Philadelphia, 1874.
+
+     ---- A Handbook Index to the Works of Shakespeare, including
+     references to the phrases, manners, customs, proverbs,
+     songs, particles, etc., which are used or alluded to by the
+     great Dramatist. By J.O. Halliwell, Esq., F.R.S. London,
+     1866. 8vo. Only fifty copies printed.
+
+     _Tennyson._--A Concordance of the entire works of Alfred
+     Tennyson, P.L., D.C.L., F.R.S. By D. Barron Brightwell.
+     London, 1869. 8vo.
+
+     _Tennyson._--Concordance to the works of Alfred Tennyson,
+     Poet Laureate. London, 1870. "The Holy Grail," etc., is
+     indexed separately.
+
+     ---- An Index to "In Memoriam." London, 1862.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Costume._--A Cyclopædia of Costume or Dictionary of Dress,
+     including Notices of Contemporaneous Fashions on the
+     Continent.... By James Robinson Planché, Somerset Herald.
+     London, 1876-79. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I. Dictionary. Vol. II.
+     General History of Costume in Europe.
+
+     _Councils._--Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating
+     to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited after Spelman and
+     Wilkins, by Arthur West Haddan, B.D., and William Stubbs,
+     M.A. Oxford, 1869. Vol. II. Part I. 1873. Vol. III. 1871.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- England's Sacred Synods. A Constitutional History of
+     the Convocations of the Clergy from the earliest Records of
+     Christianity in Britain to the date of the promulgation of
+     the present Book of Common Prayer, including a List of all
+     Councils, Ecclesiastical as well as Civil, held in England
+     in which the Clergy have been concerned. By James Wayland
+     Joyce, M.A. London, 1855. 8vo.
+
+     _Dates._--See _History_.
+
+     _Dictionaries._
+
+     (_English._)--One of the most useful English Dictionaries is
+     the "Imperial Dictionary" by Ogilvie, which has been edited
+     with great care by Charles Annandale.[16] The vocabulary is
+     very full, the etymology is trustworthy, and the definitions
+     are clear and satisfactory. The engravings which are
+     interspersed with the text are excellent, and greatly add to
+     the utility of the Dictionary.
+
+     For years preparations have been made for a Standard English
+     Dictionary, and at last the work has been commenced under
+     the able editorship of Dr. James A.H. Murray. In 1857, on
+     the suggestion of Archbishop Trench, the Philological
+     Society undertook the preparation of a Dictionary, "which by
+     the completeness of its vocabulary, and by the application
+     of the historical method to the life and use of words, might
+     be worthy of the English language and of English
+     scholarship." The late Mr. Herbert Coleridge and Dr.
+     Furnivall undertook the editorship, and a large number of
+     volunteers came forward to read books and extract
+     quotations. Mr. Coleridge died in the midst of his work, and
+     upon Dr. Furnivall devolved the entire editorship in
+     addition to his other onerous duties as Secretary of the
+     Philological Society. He projected the admirable system of
+     sub-editing, which proved so successful. As the work
+     proceeded several of the most energetic and most competent
+     workers undertook to sub-edit the materials already
+     collected, each one taking a separate letter of the
+     alphabet. Some two million quotations were amassed, but
+     still the man was wanting who would devote his life to
+     forming the Dictionary from these materials. In course of
+     time Dr. Murray came forward, and in 1878 he prepared some
+     specimens for submission to the Delegates of the Clarendon
+     Press, who agreed to publish the Dictionary. The first part
+     was published in 1884, and the second in 1885.[17] It is
+     hoped that in future it will be possible to issue a part
+     every six months. At present the alphabet is carried down to
+     Batten. This is one of the most magnificent pieces of work
+     that has ever been produced in any country, and it is an
+     honour to every one concerned. To the Philological Society
+     who conceived it, to Dr. Murray and his staff who have
+     devoted so much labour and intellect to its production, and
+     to the Clarendon Press who have published it to the world.
+     It is, moreover, an honour to the country which now
+     possesses a well-grounded hope of having, at no distant day,
+     the finest Historical Dictionary ever produced.
+
+     In this connection the _Encyclopædic Dictionary_, now in
+     course of publication by Messrs. Cassell, should be
+     mentioned as a valuable work.
+
+     Up to a few years ago it was impossible to obtain any
+     satisfactory etymological information on English words from
+     our Dictionaries. Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood partly removed this
+     reproach by the publication of his very valuable "Dictionary
+     of English Etymology" in 1859,[18] but in this work Mr.
+     Wedgwood only dealt with a portion of the vocabulary.
+
+     Professor Skeat commenced the publication of his
+     indispensable "Etymological Dictionary of the English
+     Language" (Clarendon Press) in 1879, and in 1884 he produced
+     a second edition. In 1882 Professor Skeat published "A
+     Concise Etymological Dictionary," which is something more
+     than an abridgment, and a book which should find a place in
+     all libraries of reference.
+
+     A Glossarial Index to the Printed English Literature of the
+     Thirteenth Century. By H. Coleridge. London, 1859. 8vo. This
+     was one of the earliest publications which grew out of the
+     preparations for the great Philological Society's
+     Dictionary. Stratmann's Dictionary of the Old English
+     Language (third edition, Krefeld, 1878) is an indispensable
+     work. A new edition, prepared by Mr. H. Bradley, is about to
+     be issued by the Clarendon Press.
+
+     Of single volume Dictionaries, Mr. Hyde Clarke's "New and
+     Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language as spoken
+     and written" in Weale's Educational Series (price 3_s._
+     6_d._) is one of the most valuable. I have time after time
+     found words there which I have searched for in vain in more
+     important looking Dictionaries. Mr. Clarke claims that he
+     was the first to raise the number of words registered in an
+     English Dictionary to 100,000.
+
+     The Rev. James Stormonth's "Dictionary of the English
+     Language, Pronouncing, Etymological, and Explanatory," is a
+     work of great value. It is so well arranged and printed that
+     it becomes a pleasure to consult it.
+
+     Those who are interested in Dialects will require all the
+     special Dictionaries which have been published, and these
+     may be found in the Bibliography now being compiled by the
+     English Dialect Society, but those who do not make this a
+     special study will be contented with "A Dictionary of
+     Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs,
+     and Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century, by J.O.
+     Halliwell" (fifth edition, London, 1865, 2 vols. 8vo.),
+     which is well-nigh indispensable to all. Nares's Glossary
+     (1822-46, new edition, by J.O. Halliwell and T. Wright, 2
+     vols. 8vo. 1859) is also required by those who make a study
+     of Old English Literature.
+
+
+     The following is a short indication of some of the most
+     useful working Dictionaries:
+
+     _Arabic._--Lane.
+
+     _Greek._--Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, both in
+     4to. and in abridged form in square 12mo.
+
+     _Latin._--The Clarendon Press publish a Latin Dictionary
+     founded on Andrews's edition of Freund, and edited by C.T.
+     Lewis and C. Short, which is of great value. Smith's
+     Dictionary, both the large edition and the smaller one, and
+     that of Riddle are good.
+
+     _French._--The Dictionaries of Fleming and Tibbins, and
+     Spiers, keep up their character, but for idioms the
+     International French and English Dictionary of Hamilton and
+     Legros is the best. For smaller Dictionaries Cassell's is
+     both cheap and good. Bellows's Pocket Dictionary has
+     obtained considerable fame, but those who use it need a good
+     eyesight on account of the smallness of the type. It is,
+     however, beautifully printed. The Standard French
+     Dictionaries of that language alone are the noble work of
+     Littré and the excellent Dictionary of Poitevin (2 vols.
+     4to.). For early French Godefroy's elaborate work, which is
+     now in progress, must be consulted.
+
+     _German._--Fluegel's German and English Dictionary still
+     holds its own, but Koehler's Dictionary is also excellent.
+     Hilpert's and Lucas's Dictionaries, both good ones, are now
+     out of print. Of Standard German Dictionaries Grimm's great
+     work is still in progress. Sanders's Dictionary is also of
+     great value.
+
+     _Danish and Norwegian._--The Dictionary by Ferrall, Repp,
+     Rosing and Larsen is good.
+
+     _Dutch._--Calisch (2 vols. 8vo. 1875).
+
+     _Hebrew._--Fuerst, Gesenius.
+
+     _Icelandic._--Vigfusson.
+
+     _Italian._--Baretti's Dictionary still keeps up its
+     character, but Millhouse's work is also good.
+
+     _Portuguese._--Vieyra.
+
+     _Russian._--Alexandrow.
+
+     _Sanscrit._--Monier Williams. Boehtlingk and Roth.
+
+     _Pâli._--Childers.
+
+     _Spanish._--Neumann and Baretti, and also Velasquez.
+
+     _Swedish._--Oman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Drama._--Biographia Dramatica; or a Companion to the
+     Playhouse ... originally compiled in the year 1764 by David
+     Erskine Baker, continued thence to 1782 by Isaac Reed, and
+     brought down to the end of November, 1811 ... by Stephen
+     Jones. London, 1812. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Old English Plays existing either in
+     print or in manuscript, from the earliest times to the close
+     of the seventeenth century; by James O. Halliwell, Esq.,
+     F.R.S. London, 1860. 8vo.
+
+     _Drugs._--Pharmacographia: a History of the Principal Drugs
+     of Vegetable Origin met with in Great Britain and British
+     India. By Friedrich A. Flückiger, Ph.D., and Daniel Hanbury,
+     F.R.S. Second edition. London, 1879. 8vo.
+
+     _Ecclesiology._--Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical
+     Theology. Edited by the Rev. J.H. Blunt, M.A. Second
+     edition. London, 1872. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. By William Smith,
+     LL.D., and Professor S. Cheatham. London, 1876-80. 2 vols.
+     royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties,
+     and Schools of Religious Thought. Edited by the Rev. John
+     Henry Blunt, M.A. London, 1874. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume,
+     compiled from Ancient Authorities and Examples. By A. Welby
+     Pugin, Architect.... Enlarged and revised by the Rev.
+     Bernard Smith, M.A. Third edition. London, 1868. 4to.
+
+     ---- A Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms.
+     Compiled and arranged by the Rev. Frederick George Lee,
+     D.C.L. London, 1877. Sq. 8vo.
+
+     ---- See _Ritual_.
+
+     _Encyclopædias._--The Encyclopædia Britannica, or a
+     Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. Ninth
+     edition. Edinburgh, 1875. 4to. Now in course of publication.
+
+     ---- Encyclopædia Metropolitana, or Universal Dictionary of
+     Knowledge.... London, 1815-41. 26 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Chambers's Encyclopædia. 10 vols. royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. By W.T.
+     Brande. 1842. New edition, edited by the Rev. J.W. Cox.
+     London, 1866-67. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Encyclopædias._--Rees's Cyclopædia (39 vols., plates 6
+     vols. 1820, 4to.) can be bought excessively cheap, and is
+     well worth a place in a library where room can be found for
+     it, as many of its articles have never been superseded.
+
+     ---- Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIX^e Siècle Français,
+     Historique, Géographique, Mythologique, Bibliographique,
+     Littéraire, Artistique, Scientifique, etc.... Par Pierre
+     Larousse. Paris, 1866-76. 15 vols. 4to. Supplément, tome 16,
+     1878.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire Universel des Sciences, des Lettres et des
+     Arts ... redigé avec la collaboration d'Auteurs spéciaux par
+     M.N. Bouillet ... douzième édition. Paris, 1877. 8vo.
+
+     _Geography._--A General Dictionary of Geography,
+     descriptive, physical, statistical, historical, forming a
+     complete Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith Johnston. New
+     edition. London, 1877. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Library Cyclopædia of Geography, descriptive,
+     physical, political and historical, forming a New Gazetteer
+     of the World. By James Bryce, M.A. and Keith Johnston.
+     London, 1880. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Index Geographicus, being a List alphabetically
+     arranged of the principal places on the Globe, with the
+     countries and sub-divisions of the countries in which they
+     are situated and their latitudes and longitudes. Compiled
+     specially with reference to Keith Johnston's Royal Atlas,
+     but applicable to all modern atlases and maps, Edinburgh,
+     1864. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Geography._--Etymologisch-Geographisches Lexikon.
+     Separat-Ausgabe des lexikalischen Theils der Nomina
+     Geographica von Dr. J.J. Egli. Leipzig, 1880. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by various
+     writers, edited by Dr. W. Smith. London, 1852. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Scotland._)--Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland. A Survey of
+     Scottish Topography, statistical, biographical and
+     historical. Edited by Francis H. Groome. Edinburgh, 1884.
+     Vol. 1, roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_France._)--Santini. Dictionnaire Général ... des Communes
+     de France et des Colonies. Paris. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire des Postes de la République Française. 6^e
+     édition. Rennes, 1881. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_Italy._)--Il Libro dé Comuni del Regno d'Italia. Compilato
+     sopra elementi officiali da Achille Moltedo. Napoli, 1873.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_United States._)--The National Gazetteer, a Geographical
+     Dictionary of the United States.... By L. de Colange, LL.D.
+     London, 1884. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_India._)--Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern
+     Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific.... Edited by
+     Edward Balfour.... Second edition. Madras, 1871-73. 5 vols.
+     Roy. 8vo. Third edition. London, 1885. 3 vols. The first
+     edition was published in 1858, and two Supplements in 1862.
+
+     _Geology._--A Catalogue of British Fossils: comprising the
+     Genera and Species hitherto described, with references to
+     their geological distribution.... By John Morris, F.G.S.
+     Second edition. London, 1854. 8vo.
+
+     _Geology._--Principles of Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell.
+     10th edition. London, 1867-8. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Manual of Elementary Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell.
+     London, 1865. 8vo.
+
+     _History._--Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables from
+     the Creation to the present times.... [Edited by Sir Henry
+     Ellis.] Imp. 8vo. London, 1844.
+
+     ---- Atlas Universel d'Histoire et de Géographie contenant
+     1^e la Chronologie.... 2^e la Généologie.... 3^e la
+     Géographie.... Par M.N. Bouillet. Deuxième édition. Paris,
+     1872. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de Géographie
+     contenant 1^e l'Histoire proprement dite.... 2^e la
+     Biographie Universelle.... 3^e la Mythologie.... 4^e la
+     Géographie ancienne et moderne. Par M.N. Bouillet ...
+     ouvrage revu et continué par A Chassang. Nouvelle édition
+     (vingt-cinquième), avec un Supplement. Paris, 1876. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Map of Europe by Treaty, showing the various
+     political and territorial changes which have taken place
+     since the General Peace of 1814, with numerous maps and
+     notes. By Edward Hertslet, C.B. London, 1875. Vol. 1,
+     1814-1827; vol. 2, 1828-1863; vol. 3, 1864-1875.--This work
+     shows the changes which have taken place in the Map of
+     Europe by Treaty or other International arrangements. It
+     contains a List of Treaties, etc., between Great Britain and
+     Foreign Powers for the maintenance of the Peace of Europe
+     and for the Settlement of European Questions, 1814-75.
+
+     _History._--Moniteur des Dates, contenant un million des
+     renseignements biographiques, généalogiques et historiques.
+     Par Edouard Oettinger. Dresde, 1866-68. 6 thin vols. 4to.
+     Tomes 7, 8, 9, Supplément commencé par E.M. Oettinger
+     considérablement augmenté ... par Dr. Hugo Schramm. Leipzig,
+     1873-1882.
+
+     ---- Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information
+     relating to all Ages. 16th edition, by Benjamin Vincent.
+     London.
+
+     ---- The Manual of Dates. A Dictionary of Reference of the
+     most important facts and events in the History of the World.
+     By George H. Townsend. Fifth edition entirely remodelled and
+     edited by Frederick Martin. London, 1877. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Encyclopædia of Chronology, Historical and
+     Biographical. By B.B. Woodward, B.A., and William L.R.
+     Gates. London, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Dictionary of Chronology, or Historical and
+     Statistical Register. Compiled and edited by William Henry
+     Overall, F.S.A. London, 1870. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Anniversary Calendar, Natal Book, and Universal
+     Mirror; embracing anniversaries of persons, events,
+     institutions, and festivals, of all denominations,
+     historical, sacred and domestic, in every period and state
+     of the world. London, 1832. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _History._--An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology
+     of Rome and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to
+     the death of Heraclius. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Edited
+     by the Rev. C.J. Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1853. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Fasti Romani: the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome
+     and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to the death
+     of Justin II. [to the death of Heraclius]. By Henry Fynes
+     Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1845-50. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Fasti Hellenici: the Civil and Literary Chronology of
+     Greece, from the earliest accounts to the death of Augustus.
+     By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1834-51. 3 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Descriptive Catalogue of Materials relating to the
+     History of Great Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign
+     of Henry VII. By Thomas Duffus Hardy. London, 1862-71. Vol.
+     I. From the Roman Period to the Norman Invasion. Vol. II.
+     A.D. 1066 to A.D. 1200. Vol. III. A.D. 1200 to A.D. 1327.
+
+     ---- The Dictionary of English History. Edited by Sidney J.
+     Low, B.A., and F.S. Pulling, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Introduction to the Study of English History. By Samuel
+     R. Gardiner, Hon. LL.D., and J. Bass Mullinger, M.A.
+     London, 1881. 8vo. The Second part by Mr. Mullinger is
+     devoted to Authorities, and is a model of what such a work
+     should be.
+
+     _History._--Handy-Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying
+     Dates with the Christian Era ... with Regnal years of
+     English Sovereigns from the Norman Conquest to the present
+     time, A.D. 1066 to 1874. By John J. Bond. London, 1875. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- The Annals of England: an Epitome of English History,
+     from contemporary writers, the Rolls of Parliament and other
+     Public Records. Library Edition. Oxford and London, 1876.
+     8vo. Contains some valuable information as to the sources of
+     history in the Appendix.
+
+     ---- The Representative History of Great Britain and
+     Ireland, being a History of the House of Commons and of the
+     Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of the United Kingdom from
+     the earliest period. By T.H.B. Oldfield. London, 1816. 6
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and events
+     of the year 1862. [By J. Giddings.] London, 1863. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and events
+     of the year 1863. By J. Giddings. London, 1864. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Index to "The Times" Newspaper, 1864, to September,
+     1885. London. 410.
+
+     ---- Annals of our Time, from the accession of Queen
+     Victoria, 1837, to the Peace of Versailles, 1871. By J.
+     Irving. London, 1871. 8vo. Supplement (Feb. 1871-July,
+     1878). London, 1879. 8vo.
+
+     (_France._)--Dictionnaire Historique de la France.... Par
+     Ludovic Lalanne. Paris, 1872. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Insurance._--The Insurance Cyclopædia, being a Dictionary
+     of the definition of terms used in connexion with the theory
+     and practice of Insurance in all its branches; a
+     Biographical Summary ... a Bibliographical Reportery.... By
+     Cornelius Walford. London, vol. 1, 1871, to vol. 6. Royal
+     8vo.
+
+     _Language._--See _Dictionaries_, _Philology_.
+
+     _Law._--The Law-Dictionary, explaining the rise, progress,
+     and present state of the British Law.... By Sir Thomas
+     Edlyne Tomlins; fourth edition by Thomas Colpitts Granger.
+     London, 1835. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Wharton's Law-Lexicon, forming an Epitome of the Law of
+     England ... seventh edition by J.M. Lely, M.A. London, 1863.
+     Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Constitution and Laws
+     of the United States of America and of the several States of
+     the American Union.... By John Bouvier. Fourteenth edition.
+     Philadelphia, 1870.
+
+     ---- The Lawyer's Reference Manual of Law Books and
+     Citations. By Charles C. Soule. Boston, 1883. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Ancient Law; its connection with the early history of
+     Society, and its relation to modern ideas. By H.S. Maine.
+     London, 1861. 8vo.
+
+     _Law._--Lectures in Jurisprudence. By John Austin. Third
+     edition, revised and edited by R. Campbell. London, 1869. 3
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. By R. Burn.
+     The 30th edition was published in 1869. The 13th edition of
+     Archbold's Justice of the Peace appeared in 1878.
+
+     ---- Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
+     Student's edition.
+
+     _Literature._
+
+     (_English._)--Cyclopædia of English Literature. Edited by
+     Robert Chambers. Edinburgh, 1843. New edition by Robert
+     Carruthers. Edinburgh. 2 vols. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of English Literature, being a Comprehensive
+     Guide to English Authors and their Works. By Davenport
+     Adams. London, n.d. Sq. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Professor Henry Morley's _English Writers_, his _Tables
+     of English Literature_, and his volumes of Selections,
+     entitled _Library of English Literature_, will be found of
+     great value.
+
+     (_American._)--Cyclopædia of American Literature: embracing
+     personal and critical Notices of Authors, and selections
+     from their writings.... By Evert A. Duyckinck and George L.
+     Duyckinck. Edited to date by M. Laird Simons. Philadelphia,
+     1877. 2 vols. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Poets and Poetry of Europe, with Introductions and
+     Biographical Notices, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. London,
+     1855. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_Polish._)--Bentkowskiego (F.). Historya Literatury
+     Polskiey. Warszawie, 1814. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Russian._)--Otto (Friedrich). History of Russian
+     Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. Translated
+     from the German by George Cox. Oxford, 1839. 8vo.
+
+     (_Spanish._)--Ticknor (George). History of Spanish
+     Literature. New York, 1849. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Classical._)--A History of Latin Literature from Ennius to
+     Boethius. By George Augustus Simcox, M.A. London, 1883. 2
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A History of Roman Classical Literature. By R.W.
+     Browne, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A History of Roman Literature. By W.S. Teuffel,
+     translated by Wilhelm Wagner, Ph.D. London, 1873. 2 vols.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature. Edited after
+     Dr. E. Hübner, with large additions by the Rev. John E.B.
+     Mayor. London, 1875. 12mo.
+
+     ---- Guide to the Choice of Classical Books. By Joseph B.
+     Mayor. Third edition, with Supplementary List. London, 1885.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Manuscripts._--Guide to the Historian, the Biographer, the
+     Antiquary, the man of literary curiosity, and the collector
+     of autographs, towards the verification of Manuscripts, by
+     reference to engraved facsimiles of handwriting. [By Dawson
+     Turner.] Yarmouth, 1848. Roy. 8vo. A most valuable
+     alphabetical Index of the names of celebrated men, with
+     references to the books where specimens of their writing can
+     be found.
+
+     _Mathematics._--Dictionnaire des Mathématiques appliqués....
+     Par H. Sonnet. Paris, 1867. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Mechanics._--Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary.... By
+     Edward H. Knight. London and New York, 1874-77. 3 vols.
+     royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Cyclopædia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and Chemical,
+     Manufactures, Mining and Engineering. Edited by Charles
+     Tomlinson. London, 1866. 3 vols. roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Medical._--The Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology. Edited
+     by Robert B. Todd, M.D., F.R.S. London, 1835-59. 5 vols, in
+     6, royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Practical Medicine.... By James
+     Copland. London, 1858. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Expository Lexicon of the terms, ancient and modern,
+     in Medical and General Science; including a complete
+     Medico-Legal Vocabulary.... By R.G. Mayne, M.D. London,
+     1860. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Cooper's Dictionary of Practical Surgery and
+     Encyclopædia of Surgical Science. New edition brought down
+     to the present time by Samuel A. Lane. London, 1872. 2 vols,
+     royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Medical Lexicon: a Dictionary of Medical Science ...
+     by Robley Dunglison, M.D., LL.D. A new edition enlarged and
+     thoroughly revised by Richard J. Dunglison, M.D.
+     Philadelphia, 1874. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Monograms._--Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, marques
+     figurées, lettres initiales, noms abrégés, etc., avec
+     lesquels les Peintres, Dessinateurs, Graveurs et Sculpteurs
+     ont designé leurs noms. Par François Brulliot. Nouvelle
+     édition. Munich, 1832-34. 3 parts. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     _Music._--General History of the Science and Practice of
+     Music. By Sir John Hawkins. London, 1776. 5 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- History of Music from the earliest ages to the present
+     period. By Charles Burney. London, 1776-89. 4 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Biographie Universelle des Musiciens et Bibliographie
+     générale de la musique. Par F.J. Fétis. Deuxième édition.
+     Paris, 1860-65. 8 vols. roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Supplément et Complément, publiés sous la direction de
+     M. Arthur Pougin. Paris, 1878-80. 2 vols. roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by [Sir] G.
+     Grove. London, 1878. 8vo. In progress.
+
+     _Mythology._--Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and
+     Mythology, edited by Dr. W. Smith. 1845-48. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Natural History._--Dictionary of Natural History Terms,
+     with their derivations, including the various orders,
+     genera, and species. By David H. McNicoll, M.D. London,
+     1863. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Natural History._--See _Botany_, _Zoology_.
+
+     _Painters._--A General Dictionary of Painters.... By Matthew
+     Pilkington, A.M. A new edition, corrected and revised by R.
+     A. Davenport. London, 1852. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Catalague Raisonné of the Works of the most eminent
+     Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters, ... to which is added a
+     Brief Notice of the Scholars and Imitators of the Great
+     Masters of the above schools. By John Smith. London,
+     1829-42. 9 parts. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Picture Collector's Manual, adapted to the
+     Professional Man and the Amateur; being a Dictionary of
+     Painters ... together with an alphabetical arrangement of
+     the Scholars, Imitators, and Copyists of the various
+     masters, and a Classification of Subjects. By James R.
+     Hobbes. London, 1849. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Peerage._--Courthope's "Historical Peerage," founded on Sir
+     Nicholas Harris Nicolas's "Synopsis of the Peerage," is an
+     indispensable work, but it only refers to English Titles.
+     Mr. Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour" contains
+     the Peerage and Baronetage of England, Scotland, and
+     Ireland.
+
+     ---- The Official Baronage of England, 1066 to 1885, by
+     James E. Doyle (vols. 1-3. 4to.), has just appeared.
+
+     _Peerage._--Of the current peerages, Burke's, Dod's,
+     Debrett's, and Foster's, all have their points of merit.
+
+     _Periodicals._--Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all
+     countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies
+     in the Natural, Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
+     1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. Library of Harvard
+     University, 1879. 8vo.--In this valuable list of
+     periodicals, which is arranged geographically according to
+     countries with an alphabet under each country, transactions
+     and journals are joined together in the same arrangement. At
+     the end there are an Index of Towns, an Index of Titles, and
+     an Index of Minor Subjects.
+
+     ---- An Index to Periodical Literature. By Wm. Fred. Poole.
+     New York. Roy. 8vo. 1st ed. 1843; 2nd ed. 1848; 3rd ed.
+     1882.
+
+     ---- Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863). Compiled
+     and published by the Royal Society of London. London,
+     1867-72. 6 vols. 4to. (1864-73.) Vol. 7, 1877; Vol. 8,
+     1879.--Vol. 1, A-Clu; Vol. 2, Coa-Gra; Vol. 3, Gre-Lez; Vol.
+     4, Lhe-Poz; Vol. 5, Pra-Tiz; Vol. 6, Tka-Zyl; Vol. 7, A-Hyr;
+     Vol. 8, I-Zwi.
+
+     ---- The celebrated Dr. Thomas Young published in the second
+     volume of his _Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and
+     the Mechanical Arts_ (1807) a most valuable Catalogue of
+     books and papers relating to the subject of his Lectures,
+     which is classified minutely, and occupies 514 quarto pages
+     in double columns. In Kelland's new edition (1845) the
+     references are abridged and inserted after the several
+     lectures to which they refer.
+
+     _Philology._--Max Müller's "Lectures on the Science of
+     Language"; Marsh's "Lectures" and "Origin and History of the
+     English Language"; Abp. Trench's "English. Past and
+     Present"; "Select Glossary."
+
+     _Physics._--Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy. By A.
+     P. Deschanel. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Elementary Treatise on Physics. By A. Ganot, edited by
+     E. Atkinson. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Plate._--Old English Plate, ecclesiastical, decorative, and
+     domestic, its makers and marks. By Wilfred Joseph Cripps,
+     M.A., F.S.A. Second edition. London, 1881. 8vo.
+
+     _Plays._--See _Drama_.
+
+     _Pottery._--Marks and Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain of
+     the Renaissance and Modern periods, with historical notices
+     of each Manufactory.... By William Chaffers. Fourth edition.
+     London, 1874. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Prices._--History of Prices from 1793 to 1856. By Thomas
+     Tooke and William Newmarch. London, 1838-57. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Prints._--An Introduction to the Study and Collection of
+     Ancient Prints. By William Hughes Willshire, M.D. Edin.
+     Second edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1877. 2 vols.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- The Print Collector, an Introduction to the Knowledge
+     necessary for forming a Collection of Ancient Prints. By J.
+     Maberly, ... Edited with Notes, an Account of Contemporary
+     Etching and Etchers, and a Bibliography of Engraving. By
+     Robert Hoe, jun. New York, 1880. Sq. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Etching and Etchers. By P.G. Hamerton. New edition.
+     London, 1876. 8vo.
+
+     _Printing._--Typographia or the Printers' Instructor:
+     including an Account of the Origin of Printing.... By J.
+     Johnson, Printer. London, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of the Art of Printing. By William Savage.
+     London, 1841. 8vo.
+
+     _Proverbs._--A Hand-Book of Proverbs, comprising an entire
+     republication of Ray's Collection of English Proverbs ...
+     and a complete alphabetical Index ... in which are
+     introduced large additions collected by Henry G. Bohn, 1857.
+     London, 1872.
+
+     ---- A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, comprising French,
+     Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Danish,
+     with English translations and a general Index. By Henry G.
+     Bohn. London, 1867.
+
+     ---- English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases collected from
+     the most authentic sources, alphabetically arranged and
+     annotated. By W. Carew Hazlitt. London, 1869. 8vo. Second
+     edition. London, 1882. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Quotations._--Many Thoughts of Many Minds: being a Treasury
+     of References, consisting of Selections from the Writings
+     of the most celebrated Authors. Compiled and analytically
+     arranged by Henry Southgate. Third edition. London, 1862.
+     8vo. Second Series. London, 1871. 8vo.
+
+     _Quotations._--Noble Thoughts in Noble Language: a
+     Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances in Prose and
+     Verse, from the writings of the known good and the great
+     unknown. Edited by Henry Southgate. London. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Prose Quotations from Socrates to Macaulay, with
+     Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1876. Roy.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson, with
+     copious Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1875.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Quotations from the English Poets. By
+     Henry G. Bohn. London, 1867. Sq. 8vo. Second edition.
+     London. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Index to Familiar Quotations, selected principally
+     from British Authors, with parallel passages from various
+     writers, ancient and modern. By J.C. Grocott. Liverpool,
+     1863. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Familiar Quotations: being an attempt to trace to their
+     source passages and phrases in common use. By John Bartlett.
+     Author's edition. London, Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Words, Facts and Phrases, a Dictionary of Curious,
+     Quaint, and Out-of-the-Way Matters. By Eliezer Edwards.
+     London, 1882. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Quotations._--The Reader's Handbook of Allusions,
+     References, Plots and Stories, with their appendices. By the
+     Rev. E. Brewer, LL.D.... Third edition. London, 1882. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.... By the Rev. E.
+     Cobham Brewer, LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, no date.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Latin and Greek Quotations, Proverbs,
+     Maxims and Mottos, Classical and Mediæval, including Law
+     Terms and Phrases. Edited by H.T. Riley, B.A. London, 1880.
+     Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Receipts._--Cooley's Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts and
+     Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures,
+     Professions and Trades ... designed as a comprehensive
+     Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia.... Sixth edition, revised
+     and greatly enlarged by Richard V. Tuson. London, 1880. 2
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Records._--Handbook of the Public Record Office. By F.S.
+     Thomas, Secretary of the Public Record Office. London, 1853.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Index to the Printed Reports of Sir Francis Palgrave,
+     K.H., the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records, 1840-1861.
+     London, 1865. By John Edwards and Edward James Tabrum. In
+     one alphabet.
+
+     _Ritual._--Hierurgia; or, Transubstantiation, Invocation of
+     Saints, Relics and Purgatory, besides those other articles
+     of Doctrine set forth in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass
+     expounded; and the use of Holy Water, Incense, and Images
+     [etc.] Illustrated. By D. Rock, D.D. Second edition. London,
+     1851. 8vo.
+
+     _Ritual._--Hierurgia Anglicana; or, Documents and Extracts
+     illustrative of the Ritual of the Church in England after
+     the Reformation. Edited by Members of the Ecclesiological,
+     late Cambridge Camden Society. London, 1848. 8vo.
+
+     _Sports._--An Encyclopædia of Rural Sports, or complete
+     account (historical, practical, and descriptive) of Hunting,
+     Shooting, Fishing, Racing, etc., etc. By Delabere P. Blaine.
+     A new edition. London, 1840. 8vo.
+
+     _Taxes._--A Sketch of the History of Taxes in England from
+     the earliest times to the present day. By Stephen Dowell.
+     London, 1876. 8vo. Vol. 1 to the Civil War 1642.
+
+     _Theology._--See _Ecclesiology_.
+
+     _Topography._--A Topographical Dictionary of England.... By
+     Samuel Lewis. Seventh edition. London, 1849.
+
+     ---- A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.... By Samuel
+     Lewis. Fourth edition. London, 1849. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland.... By Samuel
+     Lewis. Second edition. London, 1842. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- See _Geography_.
+
+     _Wills._--An Index to Wills proved in the Court of the
+     Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and to such of the
+     records and other instruments and papers of that Court as
+     relate to matters or causes testamentary. By the Rev. John
+     Griffiths, M.A., Keeper of the Archives. Oxford, 1862. Roy.
+     8vo. In one alphabet, with a chronological list appended.
+
+     _Zoology._--Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina
+     Systematica Generum Animalium tam viventium quam fossilium,
+     secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis
+     auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis,
+     etymologia et familiis, ad quas pertinent, in singulis
+     classibus. Auctore L. Agassiz.... Soliduri, 1842-46. 4to.
+
+     ---- Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina Systematica
+     generum animalium tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum
+     ordinem alphabeticum disposita sub auspicis et sumptibus
+     C.R. Societatis Zoologico-Botanicæ conscriptus a Comite
+     Augusto de Marschall [1846-1868]. Vindobonæ, 1873. 8vo.
+
+
+2. _Country._
+
+A library in a large country house should contain a representative
+collection of English literature, and also a selection of books of
+reference from the previous list. Standard Authors, in their best
+editions, County Histories, Books of Travel, Books on Art, and a
+representative collection of good novels, will of course find a place
+upon the shelves. A book such as Stevens's _My English Library_ will be a
+good guide to the foundation of the library, but each collector will have
+his special tastes, and he will need guidance from the more particular
+bibliographies which are ready to his hand, and a note of which will be
+found in Chapter V. Room will also be found for sets of Magazines, such as
+the _Gentleman's_, the _Edinburgh_, and the _Quarterly_, and for the
+Transactions of such Societies as the owner may be member of. The issues
+of Publishing Societies form quite a library of themselves, and an account
+of these will be found in Chapter VII.
+
+We have seen on a previous page how Napoleon wished to form a convenient
+travelling library, in which everything necessary could be presented in a
+comparatively small number of handy volumes. Few men are like Napoleon in
+the wish to carry such a library about with them; but where space is
+scarce there are many who find it necessary to exercise a wise spirit of
+selection. This, however, each man must do for himself, as tastes differ
+so widely.
+
+Auguste Comte succeeded in selecting a library in which all that it is
+necessary for a Positivist to know is included in 150 volumes, but this
+result is obtained by putting two or more books together to form one
+volume.
+
+
+     POSITIVIST LIBRARY FOR THE 19TH CENTURY.
+
+     150 Volumes.
+
+     I. _Poetry._ (Thirty Volumes.)
+
+     The Iliad and the Odyssey, in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Æschylus, the King OEdipus of Sophocles, and Aristophanes,
+     in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Pindar and Theocritus, with Daphnis and Chloe, in 1 vol.
+     without notes.
+
+     Plautus and Terence, in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Virgil complete, Selections from Horace, and Lucan, in 1
+     vol. without notes.
+
+     Ovid, Tibullus, Juvenal, in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Fabliaux du Moyen Age, recueillies par Legrand D'Aussy.
+
+     Dante, Ariosto, Tasso, and Petrarch, in 1 vol. in Italian.
+
+     Select Plays of Metastasio and Alfieri, also in Italian.
+
+     I Promessi Sposi, by Manzoni, in 1 vol. in Italian.
+
+     Don Quixote, and the Exemplary Novels of Cervantes, in
+     Spanish, in 1 vol.
+
+     Select Spanish Dramas, a collection edited by Don José
+     Segundo Florez, in 1 vol. in Spanish.
+
+     The Romancero Espagnol, a selection, with the poem of the
+     Cid, 1 vol. in Spanish.
+
+     Select Plays of P. Corneille.
+
+     Molière, complete.
+
+     Select Plays of Racine and Voltaire, in 1 vol.
+
+     La Fontaine's Fables, with some from Lamotte and Florian.
+
+     Gil Blas, by Lesage.
+
+     The Princess of Cleves, Paul and Virginia, and the Last of
+     the Abencerrages, to be collected in 1 vol.
+
+     Les Martyres, par Chateaubriand.
+
+     Select Plays of Shakespeare.
+
+     Paradise Lost and Lyrical Poems of Milton.
+
+     Robinson Crusoe and the Vicar of Wakefield, in 1 vol.
+
+     Tom Jones, by Fielding, in English, or translated by Chéron.
+
+     The seven masterpieces of Walter Scott--Ivanhoe, Waverley,
+     the Fair Maid of Perth, Quentin Durward, Woodstock (Les
+     Puritains), the Heart of Midlothian, the Antiquary.
+
+     Select Works of Byron, Don Juan in particular to be
+     suppressed.
+
+     Select Works of Goethe.
+
+     The Arabian Nights.
+
+     II. _Science._ (Thirty Volumes.)
+
+     Arithmetic of Condorcet, Algebra, and Geometry of Clairaut,
+     the Trigonometry of Lacroix or Legendre, to form 1 vol.
+
+     Analytical Geometry of Auguste Comte, preceded by the
+     Geometry of Descartes.
+
+     Statics, by Poinsot, with all his Memoirs on Mechanics.
+
+     Course of Analysis given by Navier at the Ecole
+     Polytechnique, preceded by the Reflections on the
+     Infinitesimal Calculus by Carnot.
+
+     Course of Mechanics given by Navier at the Ecole
+     Polytechnique, followed by the Essay of Carnot on Equilibrum
+     and Motion.
+
+     Theory of Functions, by Lagrange.
+
+     Popular Astronomy of Auguste Comte, followed by the
+     Plurality of Worlds of Fontenelle.
+
+     Mechanical Physics of Fischer, translated and annotated by
+     Biot.
+
+     Alphabetical Manual of Practical Philosophy, by John Carr.
+
+     The Chemistry of Lavoisier.
+
+     Chemical Statics, by Berthollet.
+
+     Elements of Chemistry, by James Graham.
+
+     Manual of Anatomy, by Meckel.
+
+     General Anatomy of Bichat, preceded by his Treatise on Life
+     and Death.
+
+     The first volume of Blainville on the Organization of
+     Animals.
+
+     Physiology of Richerand, with notes by Bérard.
+
+     Systematic Essay on Biology, by Segond, and his Treatise on
+     General Anatomy.
+
+     Nouveaux Eléments de la Science de l'Homme, par Barthez (2nd
+     édition, 1806).
+
+     La Philosophie Zoologique, par Lamarck.
+
+     Duméril's Natural History.
+
+     The Treatise of Guglielmini on the Nature of Rivers (in
+     Italian).
+
+     Discourses on the Nature of Animals, by Buffon.
+
+     The Art of Prolonging Human Life, by Hufeland, preceded by
+     Hippocrates on Air, Water, and Situation, and followed by
+     Cornaro's book on a Sober and Temperate Life, to form 1 vol.
+
+     L'Histoire des Phlegmasies Chroniques, par Broussais,
+     preceded by his Propositions de Médecine, and the Aphorisms
+     of Hippocrates (in Latin), without commentary.
+
+     Les Eloges des Savans, par Fontenelle et Condorcet.
+
+     III. _History._ (Sixty Volumes.)
+
+     L'Abrégé de Géographie Universelle, par Malte Brun.
+
+     Geographical Dictionary of Rienzi.
+
+     Cook's Voyages, and those of Chardin.
+
+     History of the French Revolution, by Mignet.
+
+     Manual of Modern History, by Heeren.
+
+     Le Siècle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire.
+
+     Memoirs of Madame de Motteville.
+
+     The Political Testament of Richelieu, and the Life of
+     Cromwell, to form 1 vol.
+
+     History of the Civil Wars of France, by Davila (in Italian).
+
+     Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini (in Italian).
+
+     Memoirs of Commines.
+
+     L'Abrégé de l'Histoire de France, par Bossuet.
+
+     The Revolutions of Italy, by Denina.
+
+     The History of Spain, by Ascargorta.
+
+     History of Charles V., by Robertson.
+
+     History of England, by Hume.
+
+     Europe in the Middle Ages, by Hallam.
+
+     Ecclesiastical History, by Fleury.
+
+     Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Gibbon.
+
+     Manual of Ancient History, by Heeren.
+
+     Tacitus (Complete), the Translation of Dureau de la Malle.
+
+     Herodotus and Thucydides, in 1 vol.
+
+     Plutarch's Lives, translation of Dacier.
+
+     Cæsar's Commentaries, and Arrian's Alexander, in 1 vol.
+
+     Voyage of Anacharsis, by Barthelemy.
+
+     History of Art among the Ancients, by Winckelmann.
+
+     Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci (in Italian).
+
+     Memoirs on Music, by Grétry.
+
+     IV. _Synthesis._ (Thirty Volumes.)
+
+     Aristotle's Politics and Ethics, in 1 vol.
+
+     The Bible.
+
+     The Koran.
+
+     The City of God, by St. Augustine.
+
+     The Confessions of St. Augustine, followed by St. Bernard on
+     the Love of God.
+
+     The Imitation of Jesus Christ, the original, and the
+     translation into verse, by Corneille.
+
+     The Catechism of Montpellier, preceded by the Exposition of
+     Catholic Doctrine, by Bossuet, and followed by St.
+     Augustine's Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount.
+
+     L'Histoire des Variations Protestantes, par Bossuet.
+
+     Discourse on Method, by Descartes, preceded by the Novum
+     Organum of Bacon, and followed by the Interpretation of
+     Nature, by Diderot.
+
+     Selected Thoughts of Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius,
+     Pascal, and Vauvenargues, followed by Conseils d'une Mère,
+     by Madame de Lambert, and Considérations sur les Moeurs, par
+     Duclos.
+
+     Discourse on Universal History, by Bossuet, followed by the
+     Esquisse Historique, by Condorcet.
+
+     Treatise on the Pope, by De Maistre, preceded by the
+     Politique Sacrée, by Bousset.
+
+     Hume's Philosophical Essays, preceded by the two
+     Dissertations on the Deaf, and the Blind, by Diderot, and
+     followed by Adam Smith's Essay on the History of Astronomy.
+
+     Theory of the Beautiful, by Barthez, preceded by the Essay
+     on the Beautiful, by Diderot.
+
+     Les Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, par
+     Cabanis.
+
+     Treatise on the Functions of the Brain, by Gall, preceded by
+     Letters on Animals, by Georges Leroy.
+
+     Le Traité sur l'Irritation et la Folie, par Broussais (first
+     edition).
+
+     The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (condensed by Miss
+     Martineau), his Positive Politics, his Positivist Catechism,
+     and his Subjective Synthesis.
+
+  Paris, 3 Dante 66 (Tuesday, 18th July, 1854).
+  AUGUSTE COMTE,
+  (10 rue Monsieur le Prince).
+
+
+
+This is an interesting list as having been compiled with special thought
+by a celebrated man, but in many of its details it is little likely to
+find acceptance with the general reader. It seems rather odd to an
+Englishman to find the _Princess of Cleves_ included, while Shakespeare is
+only to be found in a selection of his plays. It is not Comte's fault that
+science has not stood still since 1854, and that his selection of books is
+rather out of date.
+
+A list of a hundred good novels is likely to be useful to many, but few
+lists would be open to more criticism, for readers differ more as to what
+constitutes a good novel than upon any other branch of literature. The
+following list was contributed by Mr. F.B. Perkins to the _Library
+Journal_ (vol. i. p. 166). The titles are very short, and they are put down
+in no particular order. Most of us will miss some favourite book, but two
+people, Mr. Perkins says, have agreed on this list within four or five
+items. He says he was tempted to add a few alternatives, as Amadis de
+Gaul, Morte d'Arthur, Paul and Virginia, Frankenstein, Rasselas, etc.
+
+  Don Quixote.
+  Gil Blas.
+  Pilgrim's Progress.
+  Tale of a Tub.
+  Gulliver.
+  Vicar of Wakefield.
+  Robinson Crusoe.
+  Arabian Nights.
+  Decameron.
+  Wilhelm Meister.
+  Vathek.
+  Corinne.
+  Minister's Wooing.
+  Undine.
+  Sintram.
+  Thisdolf.
+  Peter Schlemihl.
+  Sense and Sensibility.
+  Pride and Prejudice.
+  Anastasius.
+  Amber Witch.
+  Mary Powell.
+  Household of Sir T. More.
+  Cruise of the Midge.
+  Guy Mannering.
+  Antiquary.
+  Bride of Lammermoor.
+  Legend of Montrose.
+  Rob Roy.
+  Woodstock.
+  Ivanhoe.
+  Talisman.
+  Fortunes of Nigel.
+  Old Mortality.
+  Quentin Durward.
+  Heart of Midlothian.
+  Kenilworth.
+  Fair Maid of Perth.
+  Vanity Fair.
+  Pendennis.
+  Newcomes.
+  Esmond.
+  Adam Bede.
+  Mill on the Floss.
+  Romola.
+  Middlemarch.
+  Pickwick.
+  Chuzzlewit.
+  Nickleby.
+  Copperfield.
+  Tale of Two Cities.
+  Dombey.
+  Oliver Twist.
+  Tom Cringle's Log.
+  Japhet in Search of a Father.
+  Peter Simple.
+  Midshipman Easy.
+  Scarlet Letter.
+  House with the Seven Gables.
+  Wandering Jew.
+  Mysteries of Paris.
+  Humphry Clinker.
+  Eugénie Grandet.
+  Knickerbocker's New York.
+  Charles O'Malley.
+  Harry Lorrequer.
+  Handy Andy.
+  Elsie Venner.
+  Challenge of Barletta.
+  Betrothed (Manzoni's).
+  Jane Eyre.
+  Counterparts.
+  Charles Auchester.
+  Tom Brown's Schooldays.
+  Tom Brown at Oxford.
+  Lady Lee's Widowhood.
+  Horseshoe Robinson.
+  Pilot.
+  Spy.
+  Last of the Mohicans.
+  My Novel.
+  On the Heights.
+  Bleak House.
+  Tom Jones.
+  Three Guardsmen.
+  Monte Christo.
+  Les Miserables.
+  Notre Dame.
+  Consuelo.
+  Fadette (Fanchon).
+  Uncle Tom's Cabin.
+  Woman in White.
+  Love me little love me long.
+  Two Years Ago.
+  Yeast.
+  Coningsby.
+  Young Duke.
+  Hyperion.
+  Kavanagh.
+  Bachelor of the Albany.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language: a Complete
+Encyclopædic Lexicon, Literary, Scientific, and Technological. By John
+Ogilvie, LL.D. New edition. Carefully revised and greatly augmented,
+edited by Charles Annandale, M.A. London, 1882-83. 4 vols. Imp. 8vo.
+
+[17] A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded mainly on
+the materials collected by the Philological Society. Edited by James A.H.
+Murray, LL.D., with the assistance of many Scholars and Men of Science.
+Oxford, Clarendon Press. Royal 4to.
+
+[18] A second edition appeared in 1871-72.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
+
+
+A good collection of bibliographies is indispensable for a public library,
+and will also be of great use in a private library when its possessor is a
+true lover of books. One of the most valuable catalogues of this class of
+books is the "Hand-List of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and
+Indexes placed in the Reading Room of the British Museum for Reference"
+(1881). It is not intended to give in this chapter anything like a
+complete account of these books, as a separate volume would be required to
+do justice to them. Here it will be sufficient to indicate some of the
+foremost works in the class. The catalogues of some of our chief libraries
+are amongst the most valuable of bibliographies for reference. The
+Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution is one of the
+handsomest ever produced.[19] Unfortunately the cost of production was too
+great for the funds of the Institution, and the elaborate Catalogue of
+Tracts was discontinued after the letter F.
+
+The London Library being a specially well-selected one, the catalogue
+(which is a good example of a short-titled catalogue) is particularly
+useful for ready reference.[20]
+
+The Royal Institution Library is very rich in British Topography, and the
+catalogue forms a convenient handbook.[21]
+
+The Catalogue of the Patent Office Library is by no means a model, but the
+second volume forms a good book of reference.[22] Many other catalogues
+might be mentioned, but these will be sufficient for our present purpose.
+There is great want of a good Handbook of Literature, with the prices of
+the different books. Until this want is supplied good booksellers'
+catalogues will be found the most trustworthy guides. Pre-eminent among
+these are the catalogues of Mr. Quaritch, and the "Catalogue of upwards
+of fifty thousand volumes of ancient and modern books," published by
+Messrs. Willis and Sotheran in 1862. Mr. Quaritch's catalogues are
+classified with an index of subjects and authors.[23] A previous General
+Catalogue was issued in 1874, and a Supplement 1875-77 (pp. iv. 1672). Now
+Mr. Quaritch is issuing in sections a new Catalogue on a still larger
+scale, which is of the greatest value.
+
+For the study of early printed books, Hain,[24] Panzer,[25] and
+Maittaire's[26] books are indispensable.
+
+For general literature Brunet's Manual[27] stands pre-eminent in its
+popularity. It has held its own since 1810, when it was first published in
+three volumes, demy octavo. Graesse's Trésor[28] is less known out of
+Germany, but it also is a work of very great value. Ebert's work[29] is
+somewhat out of date now, but it still has its use. Watt's Bibliotheca[30]
+is one of the most valuable bibliographies ever published, chiefly on
+account of the index of subjects which gives information that cannot be
+found elsewhere. The titles were largely taken from second-hand sources,
+and are in many instances marred by misprints. Every one who uses it must
+wish that it was brought down to date, but it is scarcely likely that any
+one will sacrifice a life to such labour as would be necessary. Moreover,
+the popular feeling is somewhat adverse to universal bibliographies, and
+it is thought that the literature of his own country is sufficiently large
+a subject for the bibliographer to devote his time to.
+
+English literature has not been neglected by English bibliographers,
+although a full bibliography of our authors is still a crying want.
+Complete lists of the works of some of our greatest authors have still to
+be made, and it is to be hoped that all those who have the cause of
+bibliography at heart will join to remedy the great evil. It would be
+quite possible to compile a really national work by a system of
+co-operation such as was found workable in the case of the Philological
+Society's Dictionary of the English Language. Sub-editors of the different
+letters might be appointed, and to them all titles could be sent. When the
+question of printing arose, it would be well to commence with the chief
+authors. These bibliographies might be circulated, by which means many
+additions would be made to them, and then they could be incorporated in
+the general alphabet. In such a bibliography books in manuscript ought to
+be included, as well as printed books. Although there is little doubt that
+many books still remain unregistered, we are well supplied with catalogues
+of books made for trade purposes. Maunsell[31] was the first to publish
+such a list, and in 1631 was published a catalogue of books issued between
+1626 and 1631.[32] William London[33] published his Catalogue in 1658,
+and Clavell's his in 1696.[34] Bent's Catalogue, published in 1786, went
+back to 1700,[35] and this was continued annually as the London Catalogue.
+The British and English Catalogues[36] followed, and the latter is also
+published annually.[37]
+
+For early printed books, Ames and Herbert's great work[38] is of much
+value, but information respecting our old literature has increased so much
+of late that a new history of typographical antiquities is sadly needed.
+Mr. Blades has done the necessary work for Caxton, but the first English
+printer's successors require similar treatment.
+
+William Thomas Lowndes, the son of an eminent bookseller and publisher,
+and himself a bookseller, published in 1834 his _Bibliographer's
+Manual_[39] which has remained the great authority for English Literature.
+It had become very scarce when Henry Bohn, in 1857, brought out a new
+edition with additions in a series of handy volumes, which is an
+indispensable book of reference, although it is far from being the
+complete work that is required.
+
+Allibone's _Dictionary_[40] contains much that is omitted in Lowndes's
+Manual, but it is more literary than bibliographical in its scope. The
+well-selected criticisms appended to the titles of the several books are
+of considerable interest and value to the reader. Mr. W.C. Hazlitt's
+Handbooks[41] are exceedingly valuable as containing information
+respecting a class of books which has been much neglected in
+bibliographical works. The compiler has been indefatigable for some years
+past in registering the titles of rare books as they occurred at public
+sales.
+
+Mr. Collier's account of rare books,[42] founded on his Bridgewater
+Catalogue (1837), is of great use for information respecting
+out-of-the-way literature, as also is Mr. Corser's descriptive Catalogue
+of Old English Poetry.[43]
+
+Accounts of books published in Gaelic,[44] in Welsh,[45] and in Irish,[46]
+have been published. The works of American authors are included in
+Allibone's _Dictionary_, referred to under English literature, but special
+books have also been prepared, such as Trübner's Guide,[47] Stevens's
+American Books in the British Museum,[48] and Leypoldt's great book, the
+American Catalogue.[49] Catalogues of Books on America, such as those of
+Obadiah Rich, have also been compiled, but these are more properly special
+bibliographies. France has always stood in a foremost position in respect
+to bibliography, and she alone has a national work on her literature,
+which stands in the very first rank--this is due to the enthusiastic
+bibliographer Querard.[50] A better model as to what a national
+bibliography should be could not well be found. The catalogue of current
+literature, which bears the name of O. Lorenz, is also an excellent
+work.[51]
+
+German literature has been, and is, well registered. Heyse,[52]
+Maltzahn,[53] Heinsius,[54] and Kayser,[55] have all produced valuable
+works. Heinsius published his original Lexicon in 1812, and Kayser his in
+1834, and Supplements to both of these have been published about every ten
+years. A more condensed work was commenced by A. Kirchhoff in 1856,
+containing the catalogue of works published from 1851 to 1855; a second
+volume of the next five years appeared in 1861, and since Kirchhoff's
+death Hinrichs has published a volume every five years. The Leipzig
+Book-fairs have had their catalogues ever since 1594, and the half-yearly
+volumes now bearing the name of Hinrichs,[56] which have been published
+regularly since 1798, and to which the Fair catalogues succumbed in 1855,
+may be considered as their legitimate successors.
+
+The Literature of Holland is well recorded by Campbell[57] and
+Abkoude,[58] and for Belgium there is the _Bibliographie de Belgique_.[59]
+Italy can boast of a Gamba[60] and a Bertocci,[61] and a public office
+publishes the _Bibliografia Italiana_.[62]
+
+Spain is fortunate in possessing a splendid piece of bibliography in the
+great works of Antonio.[63] Some years ago, when I was occupied in
+cataloguing one of the chief collections of Spanish books in this country,
+I was in the daily habit of consulting these _Bibliothecas_, and while
+comparing the books themselves with the printed titles, I seldom found a
+mistake. Hidalgo's[64] work and the Boletin[65] show that at the present
+time bibliography is not neglected in that country.
+
+The works of Barbosa Machado[66] and Silva[67] show that Portugal is not
+behind the sister kingdom in the love for bibliography.
+
+Bibliographies of other countries might be mentioned here, but space will
+not permit. There is one branch of general bibliography to which special
+attention has been paid for a long period of years. O. Placcius published
+his _Theatrum Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum_ at Hamburgh in 1674 (2nd ed.
+1708). Villani continued the record of pseudonymous literature by
+publishing at Parma, in 1689, a small volume entitled _La Visiera alzata_.
+J.C. Mylius published his _Bibliotheca Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum_ at
+Hamburgh in 1740.
+
+Barbier's great work on the Anonymous in French Literature was first
+published in 1806-8, the second edition appeared in 1822-27, and the third
+in 1872-78, as a continuation to the second edition of Querard's _Les
+Supercheries Littéraires_. Querard's work is more curious than useful,
+because the author has entered into minute questions of authorship which
+do not really belong to the domain of bibliography. Manne's volume (1834)
+is not of much value. Lancetti published an octavo volume on Pseudonyms in
+Italian (1836), but Barbier's work was not worthily imitated in any other
+country until Mr. Paterson commenced the publication of the very valuable
+work of the late Mr. Halkett.[68]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] A Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution, systematically
+classed. [London] 1835. 5 vols. royal 8vo. Vol. 1 (1835), General Library;
+vol. 2 (1840), Tracts and Pamphlets arranged in alphabetical order as far
+as the letter F. (never completed); vol. 3 (1843), General Library,
+Additions; vol. 4 (1852), Additions from 1843 to 1852.
+
+[20] Catalogue of the London Library, 12, St. James's Square, S.W. With
+Preface, Laws and Regulations, List of Members and Classified Index of
+Subjects. By Robert Harrison. Fourth edition. Sold at the Library, 1875,
+royal 8vo. pp. 1022.
+
+---- Supplemental Volume, 1875-1880, sold at the Library, 1881, royal 8vo.
+pp. 219.
+
+[21] A New Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution of
+Great Britain with Indexes of Authors and Subjects, and a list of
+Historical Pamphlets, Chronologically arranged. By Benjamin Vincent.
+London. Sold at the Royal Institution. 1857, 8vo. pp. xvii.-928.
+
+---- Vol. II., including the Additions from 1857 to 1882. London. Sold at
+the Royal Institution. 1882. 8vo. pp. xvii.-388.
+
+[22] Catalogue of the Library of the Patent Office, arranged
+alphabetically. In two volumes: vol. 1, Authors; vol. 2, Subjects. London.
+Published and Sold at the Commissioners of Patents Sale Department.
+1881-83. Royal 8vo.
+
+[23] A General Catalogue of Books, offered for sale to the public at the
+affixed prices. By Bernard Quaritch London, 15, Piccadilly, 1880. 8vo. pp.
+x.-2395.
+
+[24] 1457-1500. HAIN (L.). Repertorium Bibliographicum in quo libri omnes
+ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi, ordine
+alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur.
+Stuttgartiæ, 1826-38. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+[25] 1457-1536. PANZER (G.W.). Annales Typographici ab artis inventæ
+origine ad annum 1536. Norimbergæ, 1793-1803. 11 vols. 4to.
+
+[26] 1457-1664. MAITTAIRE (M.). Annales Typographici ab artis inventæ
+origine ad annum 1664, cum Supplemento Michaelis Denisii. Hag. Com. et
+Viennæ, 1719-89. 7 vols in 11 parts.
+
+[27] BRUNET (J.C.). Manuel du Libraire, cinquième édition. Paris, 1860-65.
+6 vols. 8vo. Supplément par P. Deschamps et G. Brunet. Paris, 1878-80, 2
+vols. Royal 8vo.
+
+[28] GRAESSE (J.G.T.). Trésor de Livres rares et précieux ou Nouveau
+Dictionnaire Bibliographique. Dresde, 1859-69. 7 vols. 4to.
+
+[29] EBERT (F.A.). Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon. Leipzig,
+1821-30. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+---- A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from the German [by A. Brown].
+Oxford, 1837. 4 vols. 8vo.
+
+[30] WATT (R.). Bibliotheca Britannica: a General Index to British and
+Foreign Literature. In two parts, Authors and Subjects. Edinburgh, 1824. 4
+vols. 4to.
+
+[31] Before 1595. MAUNSELL (A.). Catalogue of English printed Books.
+London, 1595. 4to. Part 1, Divinitie. Part 2, Sciences Mathematicall.
+
+[32] 1626-1631. A Catalogue of certaine Bookes which have been published
+and (by authoritie) printed in England both in Latine and English, since
+the year 1626 until November, 1631. London, 1631. 4to.
+
+[33] Before 1658. LONDON (WILLIAM). A Catalogue of the most vendible Books
+in England, orderly and alphabetically digested. With a Supplement.
+1658-60. 4to.
+
+[34] 1666-1695. CLAVELL (R.). General Catalogue of Books printed in
+England since the dreadful Fire of London, 1666. Fourth edition. London,
+1696. Folio.
+
+[35] 1700-1786. A General Catalogue of Books in all Languages, Arts, and
+Sciences, printed in Great Britain and published in London. London (W.
+Bent), 1786. 8vo.
+
+1811. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1811. 8vo.
+
+1810-1831. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1831. 8vo.
+
+1816-1851. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1851. 8vo.
+Classified Index. London (Hodgson), 1853.
+
+1831-1855. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1855.
+
+[36] 1837-52. The British Catalogue. Sampson Low, 1853. And Index. 2 vols.
+8vo.
+
+[37] 1835-1880. The English Catalogue of Books. Sampson Low. And Indexes.
+8vo. _Continued annually._
+
+[38] 1471-1600. AMES (JOSEPH). Typographical Antiquities: being an
+Historical Account of Printing in England, with some Memoirs of our
+Antient Printers, and a Register of the Books printed by them ... with an
+Appendix concerning Printing in Scotland, Ireland to the same time.
+London, 1749. 4to. 1 vol. Considerably augmented by W. Herbert. London,
+1785-90. 3 vols. 4to. Enlarged by T.F. Dibdin. London, 1810-19. 4 vols.
+4to.
+
+[39] LOWNDES (W.T.), The Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature.
+London, 1834. 4 vols. 8vo. New Edition, by H.G. Bohn. London, 1857-64. 6
+vols. Sm. 8vo.
+
+[40] ALLIBONE (S.A.). Dictionary of English Literature, and British and
+American Authors. Philadelphia, 1859-71. 3 vols. Royal 8vo.
+
+[41] HAZLITT (W. CAREW). Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic
+Literature of Great Britain, from the Invention of Printing to the
+Restoration. London (J. Russell Smith), 1867. 8vo.
+
+---- Collections and Notes, 1867-1876. London (Reeves & Turner), 1876.
+8vo.
+
+---- Second Series of Bibliographical Collections and Notes on Early
+English Literature, 1474-1700. London (Bernard Quaritch), 1882.
+
+[42] COLLIER (J.P.). A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the rarest
+books in the English language, alphabetically arranged. London, 1865. 2
+vols. 8vo.
+
+[43] CORSER (T.). Collectanea Anglo-Poetica; or a bibliographical and
+descriptive Catalogue of a portion of a Collection of Early English
+Poetry. Manchester (Chetham Society), 1860-79. 9 vols. Sm. 4to.
+
+[44] _Gaelic._ Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an account of all the books
+which have been published in the Gaelic Language. By John Reid. Glasgow,
+1832. 8vo.
+
+[45] _Welsh._ Cambrian Bibliography: containing an account of the books
+printed in the Welsh Language; or relating to Wales, from the year 1546 to
+the end of the 18th century. By W. Rowlands. Llanidloes, 1869. 8vo.
+
+[46] _Irish._ Transactions of the Iberno-Celtic Society for 1820.
+Containing a chronological account of nearly four hundred Irish writers
+... carried down to the year 1750, with a descriptive Catalogue of such of
+their works as are still extant. By E. O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820. 4to.
+
+[47] Trübner's Bibliographical Guide to American Literature: a classed
+list of books published in the United States of America during the last
+forty years. London, 1859. 8vo.
+
+[48] Catalogue of the American Books in the Library of the British Museum.
+Christmas, 1856. By H. Stevens. London, 1866. 8vo.
+
+[49] The American Catalogue under the direction of F. Leypoldt. New York,
+1880. 2 vols. 4to. Suppl. 1876-84. Compiled under the editorial direction
+of R.R. Bowker by Miss Appleton. New York, 1885.
+
+[50] QUERARD (J.M.). La France Littéraire, ou Dictionnaire Bibliographique
+des Savants qui ont écrit en français, plus particulièrement pendant les
+XVIII^e et XIX^e siècles. Paris, 1827-64. 12 vols. 8vo.
+
+---- Littérature Française contemporaine (1826-49). Continuation de la
+France Littéraire. Paris, 1842-57. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+[51] LORENZ (O.). Catalogue de la Librairie Française 1840-1865. 4 vols.
+1866-1875. 2 vols. 8vo. The Catalogue of Books from 1876 to 1885 is in
+preparation.
+
+---- Tables des Matières, 1840-1875. Paris, 1879-80. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+[52] [HEYSE (C.W.).] Bücherschatz der deutschen National-Litteratur des
+XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts. Systematisch geordnetes Verzeichniss einer
+reichhaltigen Sammlung deutschen Büchen. Berlin, 1854. 8vo.
+
+[53] MALTZAHN (W. VON). Deutschen Bücherschatz des sechszehnten,
+siebenzehnten und achtzehnten bis um die Mitte des neunzehnten
+Jahrhunderts. Jena, 1875. 8vo.
+
+[54] HEINSIUS (W.). Allgemeines Bücher Lexicon, 1700-1815. Leipzig,
+1812-56. 14 vols. 4to. 7th Supplement.
+
+[55] KAYSER (C.G.). Index Librorum. Vollständiges Bücher-Lexicon,
+enthaltend alle von 1750 bis zu Ende des Jahres (-1876) in Deutschland ...
+gedruckten Bücher. Leipzig, 1834-77. 4to.
+
+[56] HINRICHS (J.C.). Verzeichniss der Bücher ... welche in Deutschland
+vom Januar, 1877, bis zum (December, 1885) neu erschienen oder neu
+aufgelegt worden sind. Leipzig, 1876-80. 12mo. _In progress._
+
+---- Repertorium über die nach den ... Verzeichnissen, 1871-75,
+erschienenen Bücher. Von E. Baldamus. (1876-80.) Leipzig, 1877-82. 12mo.
+
+[57] CAMPBELL (M.F.A.G.). Annales de la Typographie Néerlandaise au XV^e
+Siècle. La Haye, 1874. 8vo.
+
+---- 1^{er} Supplément. La Haye, 1878. 8vo.
+
+[58] ABKOUDE (J. VAN). Naamregister van de bekendste ... Nederduitsche
+Boeken ... 1600 tot 1761. Nu overzien en tot het jaar 1787 vermeerderd
+door R. Arrenberg. Rotterdam, 1788. 4to.
+
+---- Alphabetische Naamlijst van Boeken 1790 tot 1832, Amsterdam, 1835.
+4to. 1833-1875. Amsterdam, 1858-78. 3 vols. 4to.
+
+---- Wetenschappelijk Register behoorende bij Brinkman's Alphabetische
+Naamlijsten van Boeken ... 1850-75 ... bewerkt door R. van der Meulen.
+Amsterdam, 1878. 4to.
+
+[59] Bibliographie de Belgique. Journal Officiel de la Librairie. Année 1.
+Bruxelles, 1876. 8vo.
+
+[60] GAMBA (B.). Serie dei testi di Lingua Italiana e di altri opere
+importanti nella Italiana letteratura del Secolo XV al XIX. Quarta
+edizione. Venezia, 1839. 8vo.
+
+[61] BERTOCCI (D.G.). Repertorio bibliografico delle opere stampate in
+Italia nel Secolo XIX. Vol. I. Roma, 1876. 8vo.
+
+[62] Bibliografia Italiana: Giornale compilato sui documenti communicati
+dal Ministero dell'Istruzione Pubblica. Anno 1-14. 1867-80. Firenze,
+1868-81. 8vo. In progress.
+
+[63] ANTONIO (N.). Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus sive Hispani Scriptores ...
+ad annum Christi 1500 floruerunt. Matriti, 1788. 2 vols. Folia.
+
+---- Bibliotheca Hispana Nova sive Hispanorum Scriptorum qui ab anno 1500
+ad 1684 floruere notitia. Matriti, 1783-1788. 2 vols. Folio.
+
+[64] HIDALGO (D.). Diccionario general de Bibliografia Española. Madrid,
+1862-79. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+[65] Boletin de la Libreria. Año 1. 1873. Madrid, 1874. 8vo. In progress.
+
+[66] BARBOSA MACHADO (D.). Bibliotheca Lusitana, historica, critica e
+cronologica. Na qual se comprehende a noticia dos authores Portuguezes, e
+das obras que compuserão. Lisboa, 1741-59. 4 vols. Folio.
+
+[67] SILVA (J.F. DA). Diccionario bibliographico Portuguez. Lisboa,
+1858-70. Tom. 1-9. 8vo.
+
+[68] A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great
+Britain, including the works of Foreigners written in or translated into
+the English Language. By the late Samuel Halkett, and the late Rev. John
+Laing. Edinburgh (William Paterson), 1882-85. Vols. 1, 2, 3 (to 'Tis).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
+
+
+Bibliographies of special subjects are more useful than any other books in
+the formation of a library. The articles in the new edition of the
+_Encyclopædia Britannica_ will be found valuable for this purpose, but
+those who wish for fuller information must refer to Dr. Julius Petzholdt's
+elaborate _Bibliotheca Bibliographica_ (Leipzig, 1866), or to the
+_Bibliographie des Bibliographies_ of M. Léon Vallée (Paris, 1885). The
+late Mr. Cornelius Walford contributed a paper "On Special Collections of
+Books" to the Transactions of the Conference of Librarians, 1877 (pp.
+45-49), in which he specially referred to the subject of Insurance.
+
+In the present chapter I propose to refer to some of the most useful
+bibliographies, but to save space the full titles will not be given, and
+this is the less necessary as they can mostly be found in the above books
+or in that useful little volume we owe to the authorities of the British
+Museum--"Hand-list of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and Indexes
+placed in the Reading-room," 1881.
+
+     _Agriculture._--Weston's Tracts on Practical Agriculture and
+     Gardening (1773), contains a Chronological Catalogue of
+     English Authors, and Donaldson's Agricultural Biography
+     (1854) brings the subject down to a later date. Victor
+     Donatien de Musset-Pathay published a _Bibliographie
+     Agronomique_ in 1810, and Loudon's _Encyclopædia of
+     Agriculture_ contains the Literature and Bibliography of
+     Agriculture, British, French, German, and American.
+
+     _Ana._--In Peignot's _Repertoire de Bibliographies
+     Spéciales_ (1810) will be found at pp. 211-268, a list of
+     books of Ana, and Gabriel Antoine Joseph Hécart published at
+     Valenciennes, 1821, under the name of J.G. Phitakaer, a
+     bibliography entitled "Anagrapheana." Namur's _Bibliographie
+     des Ouvrages publiés sous le nom d'Ana_ was published at
+     Bruxelles in 1839. The late Sir William Stirling Maxwell
+     made a collection of books of Ana, a privately printed
+     catalogue of which he issued in 1860.
+
+     _Angling._--Sir Henry Ellis printed privately in 1811 a
+     small octavo pamphlet of 21 pages which he entitled "A
+     Catalogue of Books on Angling, with some brief notices of
+     several of their authors," which was an extract from the
+     _British Bibliographer_. In 1836, Pickering printed a
+     _Bibliotheca Piscatoria_, which was formed upon Sir Henry
+     Ellis's corrected copy of the above Catalogue. Mr. J.
+     Russell Smith published in 1856 "A Bibliographical Catalogue
+     of English writers on Angling and Ichthyology," which was
+     soon superceded by the following work by Mr. T. Westwood. "A
+     new Bibliotheca Piscatoria, or a general Catalogue of
+     Angling and Fishing Literature." London, 1861 (another
+     edition, edited conjointly with T. Satchell, 1883). Mr. R.
+     Blakey published in 1855, "Angling Literature of all
+     Nations." London, 1855. 12mo. Mr. J.J. Manley, M.A.,
+     published in 1883, "Literature of Sea and River Fishing," as
+     one of the Handbooks of the International Fisheries
+     Exhibition.
+
+     _Architecture._--LACROIX (E.). Bibliographie des Ingénieurs,
+     des Architectes, des Chefs d'Usines industrielles, des
+     Elèves des Ecoles polytechniques et professionnelles et des
+     Agriculteurs. Première (--Troisième) Série. Paris, 1864-67.
+     4to.
+
+     _Assurance_ (_Life_).--Lewis Pocock published "A
+     Chronological List of Books and Single Papers" relating to
+     this subject in 1836, a second edition of which was
+     published in 1842.
+
+     _Astronomy._--Lalande published his valuable "Bibliographie
+     Astronomique" at Paris, 1803. Otto Struve's Catalogue of the
+     Library of the Pulkova Observatory, published at St.
+     Petersburg in 1860, is highly esteemed by astronomers. The
+     first part of the Catalogue of the United States Naval
+     Observatory at Washington, by Prof. E.S. Holden, is devoted
+     to Astronomical Bibliography.
+
+     ---- HOUZEAU (J.C.) and LANCASTER (A.), Bibliographie
+     générale de l'Astronomie. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo. In progress.
+
+     ---- Mr. E.B. Knobel, Secretary of the Royal Astronomical
+     Society, printed in the _Monthly Notices_ of that Society
+     for November, 1876 (pp. 365-392), a very useful short
+     Reference Catalogue of Astronomical Papers and Researches,
+     referring more especially to (1) Double Stars; (2) Variable
+     Stars; (3) Red Stars; (4) Nebulæ and Clusters; (5) Proper
+     Motions of Stars; (6) Parallax and Distance of Stars; (7)
+     Star Spectra. Mr. E.S. Holden's "Index Catalogue of Books
+     and Memoirs relating to Nebulæ and Clusters of Stars" was
+     printed in the _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_ in
+     1877.
+
+     _Bible._--The famous Le Long published at Paris, in 1713,
+     his "Discours historiques sur les principales éditions des
+     Bibles polyglottes," and in 1723, in two volumes, folio, his
+     great work "Bibliotheca Sacra." This was edited and
+     continued by A.G. Masch, and published at Halæ Magd. in five
+     volumes, quarto. 1774-97. T. Llewelyn published in 1768
+     "Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions and
+     editions of the Bible." A privately printed "List of various
+     editions of the Bible" was issued in 1778, which has been
+     attributed to Dr. Ducarel. John Lewis's "Complete History of
+     the several Translations of the Holy Bible and New Testament
+     into English" was published in 1818, and Dr. Henry Cotton's
+     "List of Editions" (Oxford, 1821, 2nd edition, 1852) was
+     intended as an Appendix to that work. Orme's _Bibliotheca
+     Biblica_ was published at Edinburgh in 1824, and Hartwell
+     Horne's _Manual of Biblical Bibliography_ at London in 1839.
+     Bagster's _Bible in Every Land_ (1848), although not
+     strictly bibliographical, must be mentioned here, because it
+     gives under each language a notice of all versions published
+     in that language. Lowndes' British Librarian or Book
+     Collector's Guide. Class I. Religion and its History.
+     London, 1839. 8vo. Parts 1, 2, 3 are devoted to Holy
+     Scriptures, Biblical Commentaries, Biblical Disquisitions,
+     Scripture Biography, Scripture Geography, etc. The work
+     itself was left incomplete Dr. H. Cotton published at
+     Oxford, in 1855, a work entitled "Rhemes and Doway. An
+     Attempt to show what has been done by Roman Catholics for
+     the diffusion of the Holy Scriptures in English." In 1859
+     J.G. Shea published at New York a "Bibliographical Account
+     of Catholic Bibles, Testaments, and other portions of
+     Scripture translated from the Latin Vulgate, and printed in
+     the United States," and in 1861 E.B. O'Callaghan published
+     at Albany a "List of editions of the Holy Scriptures and
+     parts thereof, printed in America previous to 1860." E.
+     Reuss published at Brunswick, in 1872, a Bibliography of the
+     Greek New Testament. Dr. Isaac Hall printed a Critical
+     Bibliography of American Greek Testaments at Philadelphia in
+     1883. Mr. Henry Stevens, the eminent bibliographer, is a
+     special authority on Bibles, and his work, entitled "The
+     Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition, 1877, or a bibliographical
+     description of nearly one thousand representative Bibles in
+     various languages, chronologically arranged" (London, 1878),
+     contains some of the information he possesses.
+
+     _Biography._--Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique
+     Universelle_ (1854) is a most useful work, although it is
+     now unfortunately somewhat out of date.
+
+     _Book-keeping._--B.F. Foster's _Origin and Progress of
+     Book-keeping_ (1852) contains an account of books published
+     on this subject from 1543 to 1852.
+
+     _Botany._--Pritzel's _Thesaurus Literaturæ Botanicæ_ (1851,
+     another edition 1872-77) is _the_ Bibliography of the
+     subject, and this work is supplemented by Mr. Daydon
+     Jackson's Index of Botany, published by the Index Society.
+     Trimen's Botanical Bibliography of the British counties,
+     London, 1874. 8vo.
+
+     _Chemistry._--R. Ruprecht, Bibliotheca Chemica et
+     Pharmaceutica, 1858-70. _Göttingen_, 1872.
+
+     _Classics._--Dr. Edward Harwood published his "View of the
+     various editions of the Greek and Roman Classics" in 1790.
+     He was followed in 1802 by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, whose
+     work was much enlarged, and reappeared in several editions;
+     the fourth and best being published in 1827 (2 vols. 8vo.).
+     J.W. Moss published his "Manual of Classical Bibliography"
+     in 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. Henry G. Bohn's General Catalogue,
+     Part II. Section I. 1850, contains a valuable list of Greek
+     and Latin Classics. Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum
+     Classicorum et Græcorum et Latinorum (1858) is an elaborate
+     work on the subject, and Professor John E.B. Mayor's
+     translation and adaptation of Dr. Hübner's Bibliographical
+     Clue to Latin Literature will be found to be a very useful
+     handbook.
+
+     _Commerce._--See _Trade_.
+
+     _Dialects._--Mr. J. Russell Smith published, in 1839, a
+     useful "Bibliographical List of the Works that have been
+     published towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects of
+     England" (24 pages). When the Rev. Professor Skeat started
+     the English Dialect Society, he at once laid the foundation
+     of an extensive Bibliographical List to include MSS. as well
+     as printed works. This Bibliography is being published by
+     the Society in parts.
+
+     _Dictionaries._--William Marsden printed privately, in 1796,
+     a valuable "Catalogue of Dictionaries, Vocabularies,
+     Grammars, and Alphabets."
+
+     _Dictionaries._--Trübner's Catalogue of Dictionaries and
+     Grammars (1872, second edition 1882) is a very useful work.
+     H.B. Wheatley's account of English Dictionaries was
+     published in the Transactions of the Philological Society
+     for 1865.
+
+     _Drama._--A notice of some books in the English Drama will
+     be found in Chapter IV. The _Bibliothèque Dramatique de
+     Mons. de Soleinne_ (1843-44, 5 vols.), with its continuation
+     to 1861, is a splendid Catalogue, in which the books are
+     fully described, with valuable notes and preface.
+
+     _Earthquakes._--Mr. Robert Mallet's Bibliography of
+     Earthquakes will be found in the British Association Report
+     for 1858, and Mons. Alexis Perrey's Bibliographie Seismique
+     in the Dijon _Memoires_ for 1855, 1856, and 1861.
+
+     _Electricity._--Sir Francis Ronalds' Catalogue of Books and
+     Papers relating to Electricity, Magnetism, and the Electric
+     Telegraph (1880) contains a large number of titles. O.
+     Salle's Bibliography of Electricity and Magnetism, 1860 to
+     1883, was published in 1884.
+
+     _Entomology._--Dr. Hagen's Bibliotheca Entomologica
+     (Leipzig, 1862-63) is a carefully compiled and useful book.
+
+     _Epigrams._--There is a list of books connected with
+     Epigrammatic Literature appended to _The Epigrammatists_, by
+     the Rev. Philip Dodd. 8vo. London, 1870.
+
+     _Fine Art._--The First Proofs of the Universal Catalogue of
+     Books in Art, compiled for the use of the National Art
+     Library and the Schools of Art in the United Kingdom.
+     London, 1870. 2 vols. Sm. 4to. Supplement. London, 1877.
+
+     ---- Essai d'une Bibliographie de l'Histoire spéciale de la
+     Peinture et de la Gravure en Hollande et en Belgique
+     (1500-1875), par J.F. van Someren, Amsterdam, 1882. 8vo.
+
+     _Freemasonry._--GOWANS (W.). Catalogue of Books on
+     Freemasonry and kindred subjects. New York, 1858. 8vo.
+
+     ---- HEMSWORTH (H.W.). Catalogue of Books in the Library at
+     Freemasons' Hall, London. Privately printed.
+
+     There is a list of books on Freemasonry in Petzholdt's
+     Bibliotheca Bibliographica, pp. 468-474. Mr. Folkard printed
+     privately a Catalogue of Works on Freemasonry in the Wigan
+     Free Library in 1882, and in the Annals of the Grand Lodge
+     of Iowa, Vol. IX. Part I. (1883) is a Catalogue of Works on
+     this subject in the Library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa.
+
+     _Future Life._--Catalogue of Works relating to the Nature,
+     Origin, and Destiny of the Soul, by Ezra Abbot. Appended to
+     W.R. Alger's Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future
+     Life. Philadelphia, 1864. 8vo. Reprinted, New York, 1871.
+
+     _Geography._--See _Voyages and Travels_.
+
+     _Health._--Catalogue of the International Health Exhibition
+     Library. Division I. Health. Division II. Education. London,
+     1884. 8vo.
+
+     _Heraldry._--Thomas Moule's valuable _Bibliotheca Heraldica
+     Magnæ Britanniæ_ was published in 1822. There is a "List of
+     the principal English and Foreign Text-Books on Heraldry" at
+     the end of _The Handbook of Heraldry_, by J.E. Cussans,
+     London, 1869.
+
+     _History_ (_General_).--BRUNET (J.C.). Table Méthodique en
+     forme de Catalogue raisonné, Histoire. Paris, 1865. 8vo.
+
+     ---- OETTINGER (E.M.). Historisches Archiv. Archives
+     historiques, contenant une classification de 17,000 ouvrages
+     pour servir à l'étude de l'histoire de tous les siècles et
+     de toutes les nations. Carlsruhe, 1841. 4to.
+
+     (_Great Britain and Ireland._)--Bishop Nicholson's English,
+     Scotch, and Irish Historical Libraries, 1776, will still be
+     found useful. Mr. Mullinger's portion of the Introduction to
+     the Study of English History (1881) gives the latest
+     information on the subject. Sir Duffus Hardy's "Descriptive
+     Catalogue of Materials relating to the History of Great
+     Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign of Henry VIII."
+     is an invaluable book, but is unfortunately incomplete.
+
+     (_France._)--LELONG (J.). Bibliothèque Historique (1768-78,
+     5 vols, folio). "Les Sources de l'Histoire de France," by A.
+     Franklin, was published in 1877.
+
+     _History_ (_Germany._)--Bibliographical Essay on the
+     Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, by A. Asher, was published in
+     1843.
+
+     (_Holland._)--NIJHOFF. Bibliotheca Historico-Neerlandica. La
+     Haye, 1871.
+
+     (_Italy._)--LICHTENTHAL (P.). Manuale Bibliografico del
+     Viaggiatore in Italia. Milano, 1844. A Catalogue of Sir
+     Richard Colt Hoare's Collection of Books relating to the
+     History and Topography of Italy was printed in 1812. The
+     Collection was presented to the British Museum by Hoare in
+     1825.
+
+     (_Portugal._)--FIGANIERE. Bibliographia Historica
+     Portugueza. Lisboa, 1850.
+
+     (_Spain._)--MUNOZ Y ROMERO. Diccionario
+     bibliografico-historico ... de Espana. Madrid, 1858.
+
+     _Language._--See _Dictionaries_, _Philology_.
+
+     _Law._--Mr. Stephen R. Griswold contributed an article on
+     Law Libraries to the U.S. Report on Libraries (pp. 161-170).
+     He writes, "Law books may be classified generally as
+     follows: Reports, Treatises, Statute Law. The practice of
+     reporting the decisions of the Judges began in the reign of
+     Edward I., and from that time we have a series of judicial
+     reports of those decisions. In the time of Lord Bacon, these
+     reports extended to fifty or sixty volumes. During the two
+     hundred and fifty years that have passed since then, nothing
+     has been done by way of revision or expurgation; but these
+     publications have been constantly increasing, so that at
+     the close of the year 1874 the published volumes of reports
+     were as follows: English, 1350 volumes; Irish, 175 volumes;
+     Scotch, 225 volumes; Canadian, 135 volumes; American, 2400
+     volumes. With respect to treatises (including law
+     periodicals and digests), and without including more than
+     one edition of the same work, it is safe to say that a fair
+     collection would embrace at least 2000 volumes. The statute
+     law of the United States, if confined to the general or
+     revised statutes and codes, may be brought within 100
+     volumes. If, however, the sessional acts be included, the
+     collection would amount to over 1500 volumes. It is thus
+     seen that a fairly complete law library would embrace more
+     than 7000 volumes, which could not be placed upon its
+     shelves for less than $50,000."
+
+     _Law._--There is a useful list of legal bibliographies in
+     the "Hand-list of Bibliographies in the Reading-room of the
+     British Museum" (pp. 40-44). Clarke's _Bibliotheca Legum_,
+     which was compiled by Hartwell Horne (1819), is a valuable
+     work. Marvin's _Legal Bibliography_, which was published at
+     Philadelphia in 1847, contains 800 pages. The Catalogue of
+     the Law Library in the New York State Library (1856), forms
+     a useful guide to the subject, and Herbert G. Sweet's
+     "Complete Catalogue of Modern Law Books" is one of the
+     latest catalogues of authority.
+
+     _Mathematics._--A really good bibliography of Mathematics is
+     still wanting. The following books, however, all from
+     Germany, are useful.
+
+     _Mathematics._--MURHARD (F.W.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica.
+     Lipsiæ, 1797-1804. 4 vols.
+
+     ---- ROGG (J.). Handbuch der Mathematischen Literatur.
+     Tübingen, 1830.
+
+     ---- SOHNCKE (L.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. 1830-54.
+     Leipsic, 1854.
+
+     ---- ERLECKE (A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. Halle-a.-S.,
+     1873.
+
+     ---- Professor De Morgan's Arithmetical Books (1847) is a
+     model of what a good bibliography ought to be.
+
+     _Medical._--Dr. Billings contributed a chapter on "Medical
+     Libraries in the United States" to the U.S. Report on Public
+     Libraries (pp. 171-182), in which he wrote--"The record of
+     the researches, experiences, and speculations relating to
+     Medical Science during the last four hundred years is
+     contained in between two and three hundred thousand volumes
+     and pamphlets; and while the immense majority of these have
+     little or nothing of what we call 'practical value,' yet
+     there is no one of them which would not be called for by
+     some inquirer if he knew of its existence." The writer added
+     a list of works of reference which should be in every
+     Medical Library.
+
+     There have been a specially large number of Medical
+     Bibliographies, from Haller's works downwards. James
+     Atkinson's Medical Bibliography (1834, A and B only), is an
+     amusing book, but of little or no utility. The most useful
+     books are Dr. Billings's Index Catalogue of the Library of
+     the Surgeon-General's Office (Washington, 1880) and the
+     Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Medical and
+     Chirurgical Society (3 vols. 1879), by B.R. Wheatley.
+     Neale's Medical Digest (1877) forms a convenient guide to
+     the medical periodicals. The two great French
+     dictionaries--Raige-Delorme and A. Dechambre, Dictionnaire
+     Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales (4 series, commenced
+     in 1854, and still in progress); Jaccoud, Nouveau
+     Dictionnaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques (1864,
+     and still in progress)--contain very valuable references to
+     the literature of the various subjects. Of special subjects
+     may be mentioned H. Haeser's Bibliotheca Epidemiographica
+     (1843), John S. Billings's Bibliography of Cholera in the
+     Report of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States
+     (1875, pp. 707-1025), Beer's Bibliotheca Ophthalmica (1799),
+     Dr. E.J. Waring's Bibliotheca Therapeutica (1878-79, 2 vols.
+     8vo.), and Bibliography of Embryology, in Balfour's
+     Embryology, vol. ii.
+
+     _Meteorology._--A full bibliography of books and papers upon
+     Meteorology is being prepared at the United States Signal
+     Office, and it is reported that 48,000 titles are now in the
+     office. There have been several articles on this subject in
+     _Symons's Meteorological Magazine_, the last being in the
+     number for December, 1885.
+
+     _Mineralogy._--DANA (J.D.). Bibliography of Mineralogy.
+     1881. 8vo.
+
+     _Mining._--Wigan Free Public Library Index Catalogue of
+     Books and Papers relating to Mining, Metallurgy, and
+     Manufactures. By Henry Tennyson Folkard, Librarian.
+     Southport, 1880. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Motion (Perpetual)._--Perpetuum Mobile; or, search for
+     Self-Motive Power during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
+     illustrated from various authentic sources in papers,
+     essays, letters, paragraphs, and numerous Patent
+     Specifications, with an Introductory Essay. By Henry Dircks,
+     C.E. London, 1861. Sm. 8vo. Second Series. London, 1870. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     _Music._--ENGEL (C.). The Literature of National Music.
+     London, 1879. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Catalogue of the Library of the Sacred Harmonic
+     Society. A new edition [by W.H. Husk]. London, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     ---- RIMBAULT (F.). Bibliotheca Madrigaliana, a
+     Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works
+     published in England during the 16th and 17th centuries,
+     under the titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets,
+     etc. London, 1847. 8vo.
+
+     There are bibliographies of the subject in F.L. Kilter's
+     History of Music, London, 1876, and F. Clement, Histoire
+     générale de la Musique Religieuse. Paris, 1861.
+
+     _Natural History._--Dryander's Catalogue of Sir Joseph
+     Banks's Library, now in the British Museum, is the most
+     famous bibliography of this subject, although made so many
+     years ago. It consists of 5 vols. 8vo. (1798-1800). Vol. 1,
+     General Writers; Vol. 2, Zoology; Vol. 3, Botany; Vol. 4,
+     Mineralogy; Vol. 5, Supplement.
+
+     _Natural History._--ENGELMANN (W.). Bibliotheca
+     Historico-Naturalis. Leipzig, 1846.
+
+     ---- ZUCKOLD (E.A.). Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis,
+     Physico-Chemica et Mathematica. Göttingen, 1852.
+
+     ---- See _Zoology_.
+
+     _Philology._--MARSDEN (W.) Bibliotheca Marsdenia,
+     Philologica et Orientalis. London, 1827. 4to.
+
+     ---- ENGELMANN (W.). Bibliotheca Philologica. Leipzig, 1853.
+
+     ---- See _Dictionaries_.
+
+     _Political Economy._--MCCULLOCH (J.R.) The Literature of
+     Political Economy, London, 1845.--This is a very valuable
+     work up to the date of publication, but a good bibliography
+     of the subject is still a desideratum. The late Professor
+     Stanley Jevons proposed to draw up a Handy Book of the
+     Literature for the Index Society, but, to the great loss of
+     bibliography, was prevented by other work from undertaking
+     it. He contributed a list of Selected Books in Political
+     Economy to the _Monthly Notes_ of the Library Association
+     (Vol. 3, No. 7).
+
+     _Poor._--A Catalogue of Publications in the English Language
+     on subjects relative to the Poor will be found in Eden's
+     _State of the Poor_, vol. iii. pp. ccclxvii--ccclxxxvi.
+
+     _Printing._--BIGMORE (E.C.), and WYMAN (C.W.H.). A
+     Bibliography of Printing, with Notes and Illustrations.
+     London, 1880. 4to.
+
+     ---- The Literature of Printing. A Catalogue of the Library
+     illustrative of the History and Art of Typography,
+     Chalcography, and Lithography, by R.M. Hoe. London, 1877.
+     8vo.
+
+The following is a list of some of the bibliographies of the productions
+of the chief printers:
+
+     _Aldus._--Annales de l'Imprimerie des Alde ou Histoire des
+     trois Manuce et de leurs éditions. Par Ant. Aug. Renouard.
+     Paris, an XII. Seconde édition. Paris, 1825. 8vo. 3 vols.
+
+     _Caxton._--The Life and Typography of William Caxton,
+     England's first Printer, with evidence of his typographical
+     connection with Colard Mansion, the Printer at Bruges.
+     Compiled from original sources by William Blades. London,
+     1861-63. 2 vols. 4to. A condensed edition was published
+     under the following title: The Biography and Typography of
+     William Caxton, England's first Printer. By William Blades.
+     Second edition. London, 1882. 8vo.
+
+     _Elzevirs._--Willems (A.). Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales
+     Typographiques. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo.
+
+     ---- C. Pieters. Annales de l'Imprimerie des Elsevier. Gand,
+     1858. 8vo.
+
+     _Plantin._--La Maison Plantin à Anvers. Par L. Degeorge.
+     Deuxième édition, augmentée d'une liste chronologique des
+     ouvrages imprimés par Plantin à Anvers de 1555 à 1589.
+     Bruxelles, 1878. 8vo.
+
+     _Stephens._--Annales de l'Imprimerie des Estienne, ou
+     Histoire de la Famille, des Estienne et de ses éditions. Par
+     A.A. Renouard. Paris, 1837-38. 8vo. 2 parts.
+
+     _Privately Printed Books._--The second edition of John
+     Martin's Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately Printed
+     Books was published in 1854, and a newer work on this
+     important subject is much required. Mr. W.P. Courtney has
+     been engaged in the production of such a work for some
+     years, and the labour could not be in better hands.
+
+     _Proverbs._--The _Bibliographie Parémiologique_ of Pierre
+     Alexandre Gratet-Duplessis (1847), is one of the most
+     elaborate and carefully compiled bibliographies ever
+     published. Sir William Stirling Maxwell printed privately a
+     catalogue of his collection of books of proverbs, in which
+     were specially marked those unknown to Duplessis, or those
+     published since the issue of his catalogue.
+
+     _Science._--An article on the Scientific Libraries in the
+     United States was contributed by Dr. Theodore Gill to the
+     U.S. Report on Public Libraries (pp. 183-217). It contains
+     an account of the various periodical records of work in the
+     various departments of science.
+
+     _Shorthand._--Thomas Anderson's History of Shorthand, London
+     (1882), contains Lists of Writers on Shorthand in different
+     languages.
+
+     _Theology._--There is an article on Theological Libraries in
+     the United States, in the U.S. Report on Public Libraries
+     (pp. 127-160). The following extract contains some
+     particulars respecting these.--"There are reported
+     twenty-four libraries, which contain from 10,000 to 34,000
+     volumes; and these twenty-four libraries belong to ten
+     different denominations. Three Baptist, two Catholic, two
+     Congregational, three Episcopal, one Lutheran, two
+     Methodist, seven Presbyterian, one Reformed (Dutch), one
+     Reformed (German), and two Unitarian. And, if we include
+     those libraries which contain less than 10,000 volumes, the
+     list of different denominations to which they belong is
+     extended to fifteen or sixteen."
+
+     A considerable number of Bibliographies of Theology will be
+     found in the British Museum Hand-list. Darling's Cyclopædia
+     Bibliographica (1854-59), Malcom's Theological Index
+     (Boston, 1868), and Zuchold's Bibliotheca Theologica
+     (Göttingen, 1864), may be specially mentioned.
+
+     _Topography._--Gough's British Topography (2 vols. 4to.
+     1780) is an interesting and useful book, and Upcott's
+     Bibliographical Account of the principal works relating to
+     British Topography, 3 vols. 8vo. (1818), forms one of the
+     best specimens of English bibliography extant.
+
+     _Topography._--Mr. J.P. Anderson's Book of British
+     Topography (1881) is an indispensable book. Mr. Robert
+     Harrison has prepared for the Index Society an Index of
+     Books on Topography, arranged in one alphabet of places,
+     which has not yet been published. Mr. W.H.K. Wright
+     contributed a paper on "Special Collections of Local Books
+     in Provincial Libraries" to the Transactions of the First
+     Annual Meeting of the Library Association, 1878 (pp. 44-50).
+     Another paper on the same subject, by Mr. J.H. Nodal,
+     appears in the Transactions of the Second Annual Meeting of
+     the Library Association, 1879 (pp. 54-60), entitled "Special
+     Collections of Books in Lancashire and Cheshire," and in the
+     Appendix (pp. 139-148) is a full account of these
+     collections in Public Libraries and private hands.
+
+An indication of some of the chief bibliographies of particular counties
+and places is here added--
+
+     Cornwall: Boase & Courtney, 1874-82. 3 vols. A model
+     bibliography.
+
+     Devonshire: J. Davidson, 1852.
+
+        "       Plymouth (Three Towns' Bibliotheca), R.N. Worth, 1872-73.
+
+     Dorsetshire: C.H. Mayo, privately printed, 1885.
+
+     Gloucestershire: Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, J. Washbourn,
+     1823-25.
+
+     Gloucestershire: Collectanea Glocestriensia, J.D. Phelps,
+     1842.
+
+     Hampshire: Bibliotheca Hantoniensis, H.M. Gilbert, 1872?
+
+        "       List of Books, Sir W.H. Cope, 1879.
+
+     Herefordshire: J. Allen, jun., 1821.
+
+     Kent: J. Russell Smith, 1837.
+
+     Lancashire: H. Fishwick, 1875.
+
+     Man (Isle of): W. Harrison, 1876.
+
+     Norfolk: S. Woodward and W.C. Ewing, 1842.
+
+     Nottinghamshire: S.F. Creswell, 1863.
+
+     Sussex: G.S. Butler, 1866.
+
+     Yorkshire: Rt. Hon. John Smythe, Pontefract, 1809.
+
+        "       E. Hailstone, 1858.
+
+        "       W. Boyne, 1869.
+
+     _Trade and Finance._--Catalogue of Books, comprising the
+     Library of William Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England,
+     in vol. iii. of the Collection of his "Writings, edited by
+     Saxe Bannister," (3 vols. 8vo. London, 1859).
+
+     ---- Enslin und Engelmann. Bibliothek der
+     Handlungswissenschaft 1750-1845. Leipzig, 1856.
+
+     _Trials._--The Catalogue of the Library of the Philosophical
+     Institution of Edinburgh (1857) contains (pp. 297-319) a
+     very useful list of trials in an alphabet of the persons
+     tried. The table is arranged under name, charge, date of
+     trial, and reference.
+
+     _Voyages and Travels._--Locke's Catalogue and character of
+     most books of Voyages and Travels is interesting on account
+     of Locke's notes. (Locke's Works, 1812, 10 vols. 8vo., vol.
+     x. pp. 513-564.)
+
+     There are catalogues of books of travels in Pinkerton's
+     collection (1814), and Kerr's collection (1822).
+
+     ---- Boucher de la Richaderie, Bibliothèque Universelle des
+     Voyages, Paris, 1808. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Engelmann (W.). Bibliotheca Geographica. Leipzig, 1858.
+
+     _Zoology._--Agassiz's Bibliographia Zoologicæ et Geologicæ,
+     published by the Ray Society, 1848-54, was a useful book in
+     its day, but it is of no value bibliographically, and the
+     titles being mostly taken at second-hand, the work is full
+     of blunders.
+
+     ---- Carus and Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica, Leipzig
+     1861, forms a Supplement to the Bibliotheca
+     Historico-Naturalis of Engelmann.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A large number of bibliographies of particular authors have been published
+in this country and abroad, and it may be useful here to make a note of
+some of these.
+
+     Ariosto, Orlando Furioso: Ulisse Guidi, _Bologna_, 1861,
+     1868. G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1881.
+
+     Boccaccio: M. Landau, _Napoli_, 1881.
+
+     Burns: J. Mackie, _Kilmar_, 1866.
+
+     Calderon: E. Dorer, _Leipzig_, 1881.
+
+     Camoens: Adamson's Life of Camoens, vol. 2, 1820.
+
+     Cervantes: E. Dorer, _Leipzig_, 1881.
+
+     Corneille: E. Picot, _Paris_, 1876.
+
+     Dante: Bibliografia Dantesca, _Prato_, 1845-46. C.U.J.
+     Chevalier, 1877. G.A. Scartazzini, Dante in Germania, 1881.
+     J. Petzholdt, _Dresden_, 1880.
+
+     Goethe: S. Hirzel, 1878.
+
+     Luther: E.G. Vogel, _Halle_, 1851. J. Edmands,
+     _Philadelphia_, 1883.
+
+     Manzoni: A. Vosmara, _Milano_, 1875.
+
+     Molière: P. Lacroix, _Paris_, 1875.
+
+     Montaigne: J.F. Payer, _Paris_, 1837.
+
+     Persius: J. Tarlier, _Bruxelles_, 1848.
+
+     Petrarch: Marsand, _Milano_, 1826.
+
+        "    A. Hortis, _Trieste_, 1874.
+
+        "    G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1877. C.U.J. Chevalier,
+     Montpéliard, 1880.
+
+     Rabelais: J.C. Brunet, _Paris_, 1852.
+
+     Schiller: L. Unflad, _München_, 1878.
+
+     Tasso: G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1880.
+
+     Voltaire: G. Bengesco, _Paris_, 1882.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Browning: F.J. Furnivall, Browning Society, 1881-2.
+
+     Carlyle: R.H. Shepherd, 1882.
+
+     Defoe: M. Stace, 1829; Wilson, 1830; Lee, 1862.
+
+     Dickens: R.H. Shepherd, 1881.
+
+        "    J. Cook, Paisley, 1879.
+
+     Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb: A. Ireland, 1868.
+
+     Ruskin: R.H. Shepherd, 1882.
+
+     Shakespeare: J. Wilson, 1827; J.O. Halliwell, 1841; Moulin,
+     1845; Sillig and Ulrici, 1854; H.G. Bohn, 1864; F. Thimm,
+     1865-72; K. Knortz, 1876; Unflad, 1880; Justin Winsor
+     (Poems); Birmingham Memorial Library Catalogue (J.D.
+     Mullens).
+
+     Shelley: H.B. Forman, 1886.
+
+     Tennyson: R.H. Shepherd, 1879.
+
+     Thackeray: R.H. Shepherd, 1881.
+
+     Wycliffe: J. Edmands, 1884.
+
+Dr. Garnett commenced a MS. list of such special bibliographies as he came
+across in Treatises on the different subjects. This list is added to and
+kept in the Reading Room for use by the Librarians. I was allowed the
+privilege of referring to this very useful list.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+PUBLISHING SOCIETIES.
+
+
+A large amount of important information is to be found in the publications
+of the numerous Societies formed for the purpose of supplying to their
+subscribers valuable works which are but little likely to find publishers.
+These publications have in a large number of instances added to our
+knowledge of history and literature considerably. The Societies have much
+increased of late years, but no record of the publications is easily to be
+obtained, since the full account given in Bohn's Supplement to Lowndes's
+_Bibliographer's Manual_.
+
+     The earliest of Publishing Societies was the _Dilettanti
+     Society_, instituted in London in 1734, which issued some
+     fine illustrated volumes of classical travel. A long period
+     of time elapsed without any societies of a similar character
+     being formed.
+
+     _The Roxburghe Club_ formed in the year 1812 in
+     commemoration of the sale of the magnificent library of John
+     third Duke of Roxburghe (died March 19, 1804). It was
+     chiefly intended as a Social Club, and a long list of
+     bibliographical toasts was run through at the banquets. The
+     publications were not at first of any great literary value,
+     although some of them were curious and interesting. After a
+     time competent editors were employed, and some important
+     works produced. Sir Frederick Madden's editions of "Havelok
+     the Dane" was issued in 1828, of the Romance of "William and
+     the Werwolf" in 1832, and of the old English version of
+     "Gesta Romanorum" in 1838. The valuable "Manners and
+     Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and
+     Fifteenth Centuries," edited by T. Hudson Turner, was
+     presented to the Club by Beriah Botfield in 1841; Payne
+     Collier's edition of the "Household Books of John Duke of
+     Norfolk, and Thomas Earl of Surrey, 1481-1490," was issued
+     in 1844, and his "Five Old Plays illustrative of the Early
+     Progress of the English Drama" in 1851; the Rev. Joseph
+     Stevenson's edition of "The Owl and the Nightingale, a Poem
+     of the Twelfth Century," was issued in 1838, and his edition
+     of "The Ayenbite of Inwyt" in 1855; John Gough Nichols's
+     edition of the "Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth"
+     appeared in 1857 and 1858 (2 vols.), and Dr. Furnivall's
+     edition of Henry Lonelich's "Seynt Graal" in 1863-1864.
+
+     Several years elapsed before the second great Printing Club
+     was founded. In 1823 _The Bannatyne Club_ was started in
+     Edinburgh, chiefly by Sir Walter Scott, for the purpose of
+     printing works illustrative of the History, Antiquities and
+     Literature of Scotland. It derives its names from George
+     Bannatyne (born Feb. 22, 1545, died 1607). A long series of
+     books have been issued by the Club to its members, many of
+     which are of great interest. The Catalogue of the Abbotsford
+     Library was presented in 1839 to the members "by Major Sir
+     Walter Scott, Bart., as a slight return for their liberality
+     and kindness in agreeing to continue to that Library the
+     various valuable works printed under their superintendence."
+     In the same year appeared Sir Frederick Madden's edition of
+     _Sir Gawayne_. Bishop Gawin Douglas's "Palace of Honour" was
+     printed in 1827, and his translation of Virgil's "Æneid" in
+     1839 (2 vols.). The Club was closed in 1867.
+
+     _The Maitland Club_, which derived its name from Sir Richard
+     Maitland of Lethington (born in 1496, died March 20, 1586),
+     was instituted in Glasgow in 1828. A volume containing "The
+     Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow, 1573 to 1581," was
+     presented to the Club in 1832-34; the Poems of Drummond of
+     Hawthornden in 1832; Robert Wodrow's "Collection upon the
+     Lives of the Reformers and most eminent Ministers of the
+     Church of Scotland" in 1834-45 (2 vols.). Dauncey's Ancient
+     Scottish Melodies in 1838. Sir Bevis of Hamtoun in the same
+     year, the Metrical Romance of Lancelot du Lak in 1839;
+     Wodrow's Analecta, or Materials for a History of Remarkable
+     Providences, in 1842-3 (4 vols.). Henry Laing's Descriptive
+     Catalogue of Ancient Seals, in 1850. The Club was closed in
+     1859.
+
+     _The Abbotsford Club_ was founded in honour of Sir Walter
+     Scott in 1834, by Mr. W.B.D.D. Turnbull. The first book
+     (issued in 1835) was a volume of "Ancient Mysteries from the
+     Digby MS."; "Arthur and Merlin, a Metrical Romance," was
+     printed in 1838; "Romances of Sir Guy of Warwick and Rembrun
+     his Son," in 1840; "The Legend of St. Katherine of
+     Alexandra," in 1841; "Sir Degaree, a Metrical Romance of the
+     end of the nineteenth century," in 1849. The Club was closed
+     in 1866.
+
+     These Printing Clubs were select in their constitution, and
+     the books being printed for the members in small numbers,
+     they are difficult to obtain and their price is high.
+
+     With the foundation of the Camden Society an entirely new
+     system was adopted, and the general body of book lovers,
+     poor as well as rich, were appealed to with great success,
+     and valuable books were supplied to the subscribers at a
+     price which would have been impossible without such means.
+     The Camden Society is entitled to this honour on account of
+     the general interest of its publications, but the Surtees
+     Society was actually the first to inaugurate the new system.
+     The subscription fixed was double that which the founders of
+     the Camden Society adopted, but it was, perhaps, a bolder
+     step to start a Society, appealing to a somewhat restricted
+     public with a two guinea subscription, than to appeal to the
+     whole reading public with a subscription of one pound.
+     Before saying more of the Surtees and Camden Societies, it
+     will be necessary to mention some other printing clubs which
+     preceded them.
+
+     _The Oriental Translation Fund_ was established in 1828,
+     with the object of publishing Translations from Eastern MSS.
+     into the languages of Europe. When the issue of books was
+     discontinued, the stock of such books as remained was sold
+     off, and many of these can still be obtained at a cheap
+     rate.
+
+     _The Iona Club_ was instituted in 1833, for the purpose of
+     investigating the History, Antiquities, and early Literature
+     of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, but little has
+     been done in the way of publication. The first book was
+     "Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis," and the second,
+     "Transactions of the Club," vol. i. in 4 parts. A second
+     volume was announced, but never appeared.
+
+     _The Surtees Society_ was founded at Durham in 1834 for the
+     publication of inedited Manuscripts, illustrative of the
+     moral, the intellectual, the religious, and the social
+     condition of those parts of England and Scotland included on
+     the East, between the Humber and the Frith of Forth, and on
+     the west, between the Mersey and the Clyde, a region which
+     constituted the ancient kingdom of Northumberland. The
+     Society is named after Robert Surtees, of Mainforth, author
+     of the "History of the County Palatine of Durham." Although
+     founded more than fifty years ago, the Society is still
+     flourishing, and carried on with the same vigour as of old.
+     The series of publications is a long one, and contains a
+     large number of most important works. The second book issued
+     was "Wills and Inventories, illustrative of the History,
+     Manners, Language, Statistics, etc., of the Northern
+     Counties of England, from the Eleventh Century downwards"
+     (Part 2 was issued in 1860); the third, "The Towneley
+     Mysteries or Miracle Plays"; the fourth, "Testamenta
+     Eboracensia: Wills illustrative of the History, Manners,
+     Language, Statistics, etc., of the Province of York, from
+     1300" (vol. 1). The second volume of this series was issued
+     in 1855. "Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter" was issued
+     in 1843-44 (2 vols.); "The Durham Household Book; or, the
+     Accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from 1530
+     to 1534," in 1844.
+
+     _The Camden Society_, instituted in 1838, has issued to its
+     subscribers a large number of books of the greatest interest
+     on historical and literary subjects. The set of publications
+     is so well known that it is not necessary to enumerate
+     titles here. Among the most valuable are the several volumes
+     devoted to the correspondence of certain old families, such
+     as the "Plumpton Correspondence" (1839), "Egerton Papers"
+     (1840), "Rutland Papers" (1842), and "Savile Correspondence"
+     (1858). The Romances and Chronicles must also be mentioned,
+     and the remarkable edition of the oldest English Dictionary,
+     "Promptorium Parvulorum," which was fully and learnedly
+     edited by the late Mr. Albert Way. A second series was
+     commenced in 1871, which is still continued.
+
+     The same year which saw the foundation of the Camden Society
+     also gave birth to _The English Historical Society_. Sixteen
+     works of considerable value were issued, but the greatest of
+     these is the grand "Codex Diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici" of the
+     late J. Mitchell Kemble (1845-48).
+
+     _The Spalding Club_, named after John Spalding, Commissary
+     Clerk of Aberdeen, and founded at Aberdeen in 1839 for the
+     printing of the Historical, Ecclesiastical, Genealogical,
+     Topographical, and Literary Remains of the North-Eastern
+     Counties of Scotland, was formed on the model of the
+     exclusive clubs; but being affected by the more democratic
+     constitution of the later printing societies, its
+     subscription was fixed at one guinea. Amongst the most
+     interesting of the Club's publications are the "Sculptured
+     Stones of Scotland" (1856), "Barbour's Brus" (1856), and
+     the "Fasti Aberdonensis: Selections from the Records of the
+     University and King's College of Aberdeen from 1494 to 1854"
+     (1854).
+
+     The year 1840 saw the foundation of three very important
+     Societies, viz. the Parker, the Percy, and the Shakespeare.
+
+     _The Parker Society_ took its name from the famous
+     Archbishop of Canterbury, Martin Parker, and its objects
+     were (1) the reprinting, without abridgment, alteration or
+     omission, of the best works of the Fathers and early Writers
+     of the Reformed English Church published in the period
+     between the accession of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth; (2)
+     the printing of such works of other writers of the Sixteenth
+     Century as may appear desirable (including under both
+     classes some of the early English Translations of the
+     Foreign Reformers), and (3) the printing of some MSS. of the
+     same authors hitherto unpublished. The Society was an
+     enormous success, and at one time the list contained seven
+     thousand members; but owing to the multitude of copies
+     printed, and the somewhat dry character of the books
+     themselves, many of them can now be obtained at a
+     ridiculously small sum, the price of a complete set usually
+     averaging little more than a shilling a volume. When the
+     series was completed, a valuable General Index to the whole
+     was compiled by Mr. Henry Gough, 1855.
+
+     _The Percy Society_ took its name from Bishop Percy, author
+     of the "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry" (born 1729, died
+     1811), and was founded for the purpose of bringing to light
+     important but obscure specimens of Ballad Poetry, or Works
+     illustrative of that department of Literature. The Society
+     was dissolved in 1853, but during the thirteen years of its
+     existence it produced a singularly interesting series of
+     publications. The number of separate works registered in
+     Bohn's Appendix to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual is 94,
+     besides "Quippes for Upstart Newfangled Gentlewomen by
+     Stephen Gosson," which was suppressed, and "Rhyming Satire
+     on the Pride and Vices of Women Now-a-days, by Charles
+     Bansley," 1540, which was reprinted in 1841, but not issued.
+     The set is much sought after, and fetches a good price.
+
+     _The Shakespeare Society_ was founded in 1840, to print
+     books illustrative of Shakespeare and of the literature of
+     his time, and a very valuable collection of works was issued
+     to the subscribers during the term of its existence. It was
+     dissolved in 1853, and the remaining stock was made up into
+     volumes and sold off. There was much for the Society still
+     to do; but the controversy arising out of the discovery of
+     the forgeries connected with John Payne Collier's name made
+     it difficult for the Shakespearians to work together with
+     harmony.
+
+     In this same year the _Musical Antiquarian Society_ was
+     founded, and during the seven years of its existence it
+     issued books of Madrigals, Operas, Songs, Anthems, etc., by
+     early English composers.
+
+     In the following year (1841), the _Motett Society_ was
+     founded for the publication of Ancient Church Music. Five
+     parts only, edited by Dr. Rimbault, were issued.
+
+     In 1841 the _Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts_
+     was founded, and a series of works in Syriac, Arabic,
+     Sanscrit, and Persian was distributed to the subscribers
+     until 1851, when the Society was dissolved.
+
+     _The Wodrow Society_ was instituted in Edinburgh in 1841,
+     for the publication of the early writers of the Reformed
+     Church of Scotland, and named after the Rev. Robert Wodrow.
+     Among its publications are, "Autobiography and Diary of
+     James Melvill," "Correspondence of the Rev. R. Wodrow" (3
+     vols.), "History of the Reformation in Scotland, by John
+     Knox" (2 vols.). The Society was dissolved in 1848.
+
+     _The Ælfric Society_ was founded in 1842 for the publication
+     of those Anglo-Saxon and other literary monuments, both
+     civil and ecclesiastical, tending to illustrate the early
+     state of England. The publications, which were not numerous,
+     were edited by Benjamin Thorpe and J.M. Kemble, and the
+     Society was discontinued in 1856.
+
+     _The Chetham Society_, founded at Manchester in 1843, for
+     the publication of Historical and Literary remains connected
+     with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, was
+     named after Humphrey Chetham (born 1580, died 1653). The
+     Society, which still flourishes, has now produced a very
+     long series of important works, and the volumes, which are
+     not often met with, keep up their price well.
+
+     _The Sydenham Society_ for reprinting Standard English Works
+     in Medical Literature, and for the Translation of Foreign
+     Authors, with notes, was founded in 1843. After printing a
+     number of important works, the Society was dissolved in
+     1858, and was succeeded by _The New Sydenham Society_.
+
+     _The Spottiswoode Society_ was founded at Edinburgh in 1843,
+     for the revival and publication of the acknowledged works of
+     the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Episcopal Church of
+     Scotland, and rare, authentic, and curious MSS., Pamphlets
+     and other Works illustrative of the Civil and Ecclesiastical
+     State of Scotland. It takes its name from John Spottiswoode,
+     the first duly consecrated Scottish Archbishop after the
+     Reformation (born 1566, died 1639.) The late Mr. Hill Burton
+     gives an amusing account of the foundation of this Society
+     in his delightful _Book-Hunter_. He writes: "When it was
+     proposed to establish an institution for reprinting the
+     works of the fathers of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, it
+     was naturally deemed that no more worthy or characteristic
+     name could be attached to it than that of the venerable
+     prelate, who by his learning and virtues had so long adorned
+     the Episcopal Chair of Moray and Ross [Robert Jolly], and
+     who had shown a special interest in the department of
+     literature to which the institution was to be devoted. Hence
+     it came to pass that, through a perfectly natural process,
+     the Association for the purpose of reprinting the works of
+     certain old divines was to be ushered into the world by the
+     style and title of the JOLLY CLUB. There happened to be
+     amongst those concerned, however, certain persons so
+     corrupted with the wisdom of this world, as to apprehend
+     that the miscellaneous public might fail to trace this
+     designation to its true origin, and might indeed totally
+     mistake the nature and object of the institution,
+     attributing to it aims neither consistent with the ascetic
+     life of the departed prelate, nor with the pious and
+     intellectual object of its founders. The counsels of these
+     worldly-minded persons prevailed. The Jolly Club was never
+     instituted,--at least as an association for the reprinting
+     of old books of divinity,--though I am not prepared to say
+     that institutions, more than one so designed may not exist
+     for other purposes. The object, however, was not entirely
+     abandoned. A body of gentlemen united themselves together
+     under the name of another Scottish prelate, whose fate had
+     been more distinguished, if not more fortunate, and the
+     Spottiswoode Society was established. Here, it will be
+     observed, there was a passing to the opposite extreme, and
+     so intense seems to have been the anxiety to escape from all
+     excuse for indecorous jokes or taint of joviality, that the
+     word Club, wisely adopted by other bodies of the same kind,
+     was abandoned, and this one called itself a Society." The
+     publications were discontinued about 1851.
+
+     _The Calvin Translation Society_ was established at
+     Edinburgh in 1843, and its work was completed in 1855, by
+     the publication of twenty-two Commentaries, etc., of the
+     great reformer in fifty-two volumes.
+
+     _The Ray Society_ was founded in 1844 for the publication of
+     works on Natural History (Zoology and Botany), and a large
+     number of valuable books, fully illustrated, have been
+     produced, many of them translations from foreign works. Many
+     of the later publications are more elaborately coloured than
+     the earlier ones.
+
+     _The Wernerian Club_ was instituted in 1844 for the
+     republication of standard works of Scientific Authors of old
+     date.
+
+     _The Handel Society_ was founded at London in 1844, for the
+     purpose of printing the Works of Handel in full score.
+     Sixteen volumes were issued, and in 1858 the Society was
+     dissolved, the German Handel Society resuming the
+     publication.
+
+     _The Hanserd Knollys Society_ was instituted in 1845 for the
+     publication of the works of early English and other Baptist
+     writers, and one of these was an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim
+     Progress from the text of the first edition. The Society was
+     dissolved about 1851.
+
+     _The Caxton Society_ was instituted in 1845 for the
+     publication of Chronicles and other writings hitherto
+     unpublished, illustrative of the history and miscellaneous
+     literature of the middle ages. This Society was formed on a
+     somewhat original basis. The members were to pay no annual
+     subscription, but they engaged to purchase one copy of all
+     books published by the Society. The expense of printing and
+     publishing to be defrayed out of the proceeds of the sale,
+     and the money remaining over to be paid to the editors.
+
+     _The Cavendish Society_ was instituted in 1846 for the
+     promotion of Chemical Science by the translation and
+     publication of valuable works and papers on Chemistry not
+     likely to be undertaken by ordinary publishers. During its
+     last years the Society existed for the publication of
+     Gmelin's voluminous "Handbook of Chemistry," and when this
+     work was completed, with a general Index, the Society ceased
+     to exist.
+
+     _The Ecclesiastical History Society_ was instituted in 1846,
+     and one of its early publications was the first volume of
+     Wood's "Athenæ Oxoniensis," edited by Dr. Bliss, but this
+     only contained the life of Anthony Wood himself. The Society
+     was dissolved in 1854, after publishing the Book of Common
+     Prayer according to a MS. in the Rolls Office, Dublin (3
+     vols.), and sundry other works.
+
+     _The Hakluyt Society_, named after Richard Hakluyt (born
+     1553, died 1616), was founded at the end of 1846 for the
+     purpose of printing the most rare and valuable Voyages,
+     Travels and Geographical Records, from an early period of
+     exploratory enterprise to the circumnavigation of Dampier.
+     The first two volumes ("Sir Richard Hawkins's Voyage into
+     the South Sea, 1593," and "Select Letters of Columbus") were
+     issued in 1847, and the Society still flourishes. Between
+     1847 and 1885 the Society has presented to its members an
+     important series of books of travel, at the rate of about
+     two volumes a year for an annual subscription of one guinea.
+
+     _The Palæontographical Society_ was founded in 1847 for the
+     purpose of figuring and describing a stratigraphical series
+     of British Fossils. The annual volumes consist of portions
+     of works by the most eminent palæontologists, and these
+     works are completed as soon as circumstances allow, but
+     several of them are still incomplete.
+
+     _The Arundel Society_ is so important an institution that it
+     cannot be passed over in silence, although, as the
+     publications chiefly consist of engravings,
+     chromolithographs, etc., it scarcely comes within the scope
+     of this chapter. The Society takes its name from Thomas
+     Howard Earl of Arundel, in the reigns of James I. and
+     Charles I., who has been styled the "Father of _vertu_ in
+     England." It was founded in 1849, and its purpose is to
+     diffuse more widely, by means of suitable publications, a
+     knowledge both of the history and true principles of
+     Painting, Sculpture, and the higher forms of ornamental
+     design, to call attention to such masterpieces of the arts
+     as are unduly neglected, and to secure some transcript or
+     memorial of those which are perishing from ill-treatment or
+     decay. The publications of the Society have been very
+     successful, and many of them cannot now be obtained.
+
+     Most of the societies above described have appealed to a
+     large public, and endeavoured to obtain a large amount of
+     public support; but in 1853 was formed an exclusive society,
+     with somewhat the same objects as the Roxburghe Club. _The
+     Philobiblon Society_ was instituted chiefly through the
+     endeavours of Mr. R. Monckton Milnes (the late Lord
+     Houghton) and the late Mons. Sylvain Van de Weyer. The
+     number of members was at first fixed at thirty-five, but was
+     raised in 1857 to forty, including the patron and honorary
+     secretaries. The publications consist chiefly of a series of
+     Bibliographical and Historical Miscellanies, contributed by
+     the members, which fill several volumes. Besides these there
+     are "The Expedition to the Isle of Rhe by Lord Herbert of
+     Cherbury," edited and presented to the members by the Earl
+     of Powis; "Inventaire de tous les meubles du Cardinal
+     Mazarin," edited and presented by H.R.H. the Duke d'Aumale;
+     "Memoires de la Cour d'Espagne sous la regne de Charles II.,
+     1678-82," edited and presented by William Stirling
+     (afterwards Sir William Stirling Maxwell); "The Biography
+     and Bibliography of Shakespeare," compiled and presented by
+     Henry G. Bohn; "Analyse des Travaux de la Société des
+     Philobiblon de Londres," par Octave Delepierre.
+
+     _The Ossianic Society_ was instituted at Dublin in 1853 for
+     the preservation and publication of manuscripts in the Irish
+     Language, illustrative of the Fenian period of Irish
+     history, etc., with literal translations and notes.
+
+     _The Warton Club_ was instituted in 1854 and issued four
+     volumes, after which it was dissolved.
+
+     _The Manx Society_ was instituted at Douglas, Isle of Man,
+     in 1858, for the publication of National Documents of the
+     Isle of Man.
+
+All the Societies mentioned above are registered in Henry Bohn's Appendix
+to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, and lists of the publications up to
+1864 are there given. Most of them are also described in Hume's "Learned
+Societies and Printing Clubs of the United Kingdom" (1853). Since,
+however, the publication of these two books, a considerable number of
+important Printing Societies have been formed, and of these a list is not
+readily obtainable, except by direct application to the respective
+Secretaries.
+
+The newly printed General Catalogue of the British Museum in the Reading
+Room however contains a full list of the publications of the various
+Societies under the heading of _Academies_.
+
+     The foundation of the _Early English Text Society_ in 1864
+     caused a renewed interest to be taken in the publications of
+     the Printing Clubs. The origin of the Society was in this
+     wise. When the Philological Society undertook the formation
+     of a great English Dictionary, the want of printed copies of
+     some of the chief monuments of the language was keenly
+     felt. Mr. F.J. Furnivall, with his usual energy, determined
+     to supply the want, and induced the Council of the
+     Philological Society to produce some valuable texts. It was
+     found, however, that these publications exhausted much of
+     the funds of the Society, which was required for the
+     printing of the papers read at the ordinary meetings, so
+     that it became necessary to discontinue them. Mr. Furnivall,
+     then, in conjunction with certain members of the
+     Philological Society, founded the Early English Text
+     Society. The Society possessed the inestimable advantage of
+     having among its founders Mr. Richard Morris (afterwards the
+     Rev. Dr. Morris), who entered with fervour into the scheme,
+     and produced a large amount of magnificent work for the
+     Society. Dr. Furnivall put the objects of the Society
+     forward very tersely when he said that none of us should
+     rest "till Englishmen shall be able to say of their early
+     literature what the Germans can now say with pride of
+     theirs--'every word of it is printed, and every word of it
+     is glossed.'"
+
+     The Society prospered, and in 1867 an Extra Series was
+     started, in which were included books that had already been
+     printed, but were difficult to obtain from their rarity and
+     price.
+
+     One hundred and twenty-six volumes have been issued between
+     1864 and 1884, eighty-two volumes of the Original Series and
+     forty-four of the Extra Series, and there can be no doubt
+     that the publications of the Society have had an immense
+     influence in fostering the study of the English language.
+     The prefaces and glossaries given with each work contain an
+     amount of valuable information not elsewhere to be obtained.
+
+     These books throw light upon the growth of the language, and
+     place within the reach of a large number of readers works of
+     great interest in the literature of the country. The
+     greatest work undertaken by the Society is the remarkable
+     edition of "William's Vision of Piers the Plowman," which
+     Prof. Skeat has produced with an expenditure of great labour
+     during nearly twenty years. The last part, containing
+     elaborate notes and glossary, was issued in 1884.
+
+     The subjects treated of are very various. There is a fair
+     sprinkling of Romances, which will always be amongst the
+     most interesting of a Society's publications. Manners and
+     Customs are largely illustrated in a fair proportion of the
+     Texts, as also are questions of Social and Political
+     History. Perhaps the least interesting to the general reader
+     are the Theological Texts, which are numerous, but the
+     writers of these were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of
+     their times, and although they are apt to be prosy, they are
+     pretty sure to introduce some quaint bits which compensate
+     for a considerable amount of dulness. These books help us to
+     form a correct idea of the beliefs of our forefathers, and
+     to disabuse our minds of many mistaken views which we have
+     learnt from more popular but less accurate sources.
+
+     _The Ballad Society_ grew out of the publication, by special
+     subscription, of Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript, edited by
+     F.J. Furnivall and J.W. Hales. This was issued in connection
+     with the Early English Text Society (but not as one of its
+     Texts), through the energy of Mr. Furnivall, who had many
+     difficulties to overcome before he was able to get
+     permission to print the manuscript, which had been very
+     faithfully guarded from the eyes of critics. He had to pay
+     for the privilege, and in the end the old volume was sold to
+     the nation, and it now reposes among the treasures of the
+     British Museum. When this useful work was completed, Mr.
+     Furnivall was anxious to follow it by a reprint of all the
+     known collections of Ballads, such as the Roxburghe,
+     Bagford, Rawlinson, Douce, etc., and for this purpose he
+     started the Ballad Society in 1868. He himself edited some
+     particularly interesting "Ballads from Manuscripts," and an
+     elaborate account of Captain Cox's Ballads and Books in a
+     new edition of Robert Laneham's Letter on the Entertainment
+     at Kenilworth in 1575. The veteran Ballad illustrator, Mr.
+     William Chappell, undertook to edit the "Roxburghe Ballads,"
+     and produced nine parts, when the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth took
+     the work off his hands. Mr. Ebsworth had previously
+     reproduced the "Bagford Ballads," and he is now the
+     editor-in-chief of the Society. The following is a short
+     list of the publications of the Society: Nos. 1, 2, 3, 10,
+     "Ballads from Manuscripts"; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18,
+     19. "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited by Wm. Chappell; No. 7,
+     "Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books"; No. 11, "Love Poems
+     and Humourous Ones"; Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, "The Bagford
+     Ballads." No. 20, "The Amanda Group of Bagford Ballads;"
+     Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited
+     by the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth. No. 26 completes the fifth volume
+     of the "Roxburghe Ballads." There are two more volumes to
+     come, and then Mr. Ebsworth will undertake "The Civil War
+     and Protectorate Ballads." Much of the work on these volumes
+     is done, and they only await an increase in the subscription
+     list. It is to be hoped that when the good work done by the
+     Ballad Society is better known, the editor will not be kept
+     back in his useful course by the want of funds for printing.
+     Mr. Ebsworth's thorough work is too well known to need
+     praise here, but it may be noted that his volumes contain a
+     remarkable amount of illustration of the manners of the time
+     not to be obtained elsewhere. The value of this is the more
+     apparent by the system of arrangement in marked periods
+     which the editor has adopted.
+
+     _The Chaucer Society_ was founded in 1868 by Mr. Furnivall,
+     "to do honour to Chaucer, and to let the lovers and students
+     of him see how far the best unprinted Manuscripts of his
+     Works differed from the printed texts." For the Canterbury
+     Tales, Mr. Furnivall has printed the six best unprinted MSS.
+     in two forms--(1) in large oblong parts, giving the parallel
+     texts; (2) in octavo, each text separately. The six
+     manuscripts chosen are--The Ellesmere; The Lansdowne (Brit.
+     Mus.); The Hengwrt; The Corpus, Oxford; The Cambridge
+     (University Library); The Petworth. Dr. Furnivall has now
+     added Harleian 7334 to complete the series. The Society's
+     publications are issued in two series, of which the first
+     contains the different Texts of Chaucer's Works, and the
+     second such originals of and essays on these as can be
+     procured, with other illustrative treatises and
+     Supplementary Tales.
+
+     _The Spenser Society_ was founded at Manchester in 1867 for
+     the publication of well-printed editions of old English
+     authors in limited numbers. The chief publication issued to
+     subscribers was a reprint, in three volumes folio, of the
+     works of John Taylor, the Water-poet, from the original
+     folio. The other publications are in small quarto, and among
+     them are the works of John Taylor not included in the folio,
+     the works of Wither, etc.
+
+     _The Roxburghe Library_ was a subscription series, commenced
+     by Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt in 1868, with the same objects as a
+     publishing society. It was discontinued in 1870. The
+     following is a list of the publications:--"Romance of Paris
+     and Vienne"; "William Browne's Complete Works," 2 vols.;
+     "Inedited Tracts of the 16th and 17th Centuries
+     (1579-1618)"; "The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor
+     and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664"; "George Gascoigne's Complete
+     Poems," 2 vols.; "Thomas Carew's Poems."
+
+     _The Harleian Society_ was founded in 1869. Their chief
+     publication has been the late Colonel Chester's
+     magnificently edited Registers of Westminster Abbey. Other
+     Registers published are those of St. Peter's, Cornhill; St.
+     Dionis Backchurch; St. Mary Aldermary; St. Thomas the
+     Apostle; St. Michael, Cornhill; St. Antholin, Budge Lane;
+     and St. John the Baptist, on Wallbrook. Of the other
+     publications there are Visitations of Bedfordshire,
+     Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Devon, Essex,
+     Leicestershire, London 1568, 1633, Nottingham, Oxford,
+     Rutland, Somersetshire, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire, and Le
+     Neve's Catalogue of Knights.
+
+     _The Hunterian Club_ was founded at Glasgow in 1871, and
+     named after the Hunterian Library in the University. Among
+     the publications of the Club are a Series of Tracts by
+     Thomas Lodge and Samuel Rowlands; the Poetical Works of
+     Alexander Craig; Poetical Works of Patrick Hannay; Sir T.
+     Overburie's Vision by Richard Niccols, 1616. The printing of
+     the famous Bannatyne Manuscript, compiled by George
+     Bannatyne, 1568, was commenced by the Society in 1873, and
+     the seventh part, which completed this invaluable collection
+     of Scottish Poetry, was issued in 1881.
+
+     _The Folk Lore Society_ was founded by the late Mr. W.J.
+     Thoms (inventor of the term Folk Lore) in 1878, and during
+     the seven years of its existence it has done much valuable
+     work, chiefly through the energetic direction of Mr. G.L.
+     Gomme, the Hon. Sec. (now Director). The object of the
+     Society is stated to be "the preservation and publication of
+     Popular Traditions, Legendary Ballads, Local Proverbial
+     Sayings, Superstitions and Old Customs (British and
+     Foreign), and all subjects relating to them." The principal
+     publication of the Society, the _Folk Lore Record_, now the
+     _Folk Lore Journal_, was at first issued in volumes, and
+     afterwards in monthly numbers. It is now a quarterly. The
+     other publications are:--Henderson's Folk-Lore of the
+     Northern Counties of England and the Borders, a new edition;
+     Aubrey's Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme; Gregor's Notes
+     on the Folk-Lore of the North-east of Scotland; Comparetti's
+     Book of Sindibad and Pedroso's Portuguese Folk Tales;
+     Black's Folk Medicine; Callaway's Religious System of the
+     Amazulu.
+
+     The year 1873 saw the formation of several publishing
+     Societies.
+
+     _The New Shakspere Society_ was founded by Dr. F.J.
+     Furnivall, for the reading of papers, which have been
+     published in a Series of Transactions, and also for the
+     publication of collations of the Quarto Plays, and works
+     illustrating the great Dramatist's times. Among the latter
+     works are Harrison's Description of England, Stubbes's
+     Anatomie of Abuses, Dr. Ingleby's Shakespeare's Centurie of
+     Prayse, etc.
+
+     _The English Dialect Society_ was founded at Cambridge by
+     the Rev. Professor Skeat. Its objects are stated to be (1)
+     to bring together all those who have made a study of any of
+     the Provincial Dialects of England, or who are interested in
+     the subject of Provincial English; (2) to combine the
+     labours of collectors of Provincial English words by
+     providing a common centre to which they may be sent, so as
+     to gather material for a general record of all such words;
+     (3) to publish (subject to proper revision) such collections
+     of Provincial English words that exist at present only in
+     manuscript; as well as to reprint such Glossaries of
+     provincial words as are not generally accessible, or are
+     inserted in books of which the main part relates to other
+     subjects; and (4) to supply references to sources of
+     information which may be of material assistance to
+     word-collectors, students, and all who have a general or
+     particular interest in the subject. The publications are
+     arranged under the following Series: A, Bibliographical; B,
+     Reprinted Glossaries; C, Original Glossaries; D,
+     Miscellaneous. In 1875 the Society was transferred to
+     Manchester, and Mr. J.H. Nodal became Honorary Secretary.
+
+     _The Palæographical Society_ was formed for the purpose of
+     reproducing Specimens of Manuscripts, and it has produced a
+     Series of Facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts, edited by E.A.
+     Bond and E.M. Thompson, Part 1 being issued in 1873.
+
+     At the end of the year 1877 _The Index Society_ was founded
+     for the purpose of producing (1) Indexes of Standard Works;
+     (2) Subject Indexes of Science, Literature and Art; and (3)
+     a General Reference Index. The publications were commenced
+     in 1878, and the First Annual Meeting was held in March,
+     1879, the Earl of Carnarvon being the first President. The
+     first publication was "What is an Index?" by H.B. Wheatley.
+     Among the important books issued by the Society may be
+     mentioned Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour";
+     Daydon Jackson's "Guide to the Literature of Botany" and
+     "Literature of Vegetable Technology," and Rye's "Index of
+     Norfolk Topography."
+
+     The _Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies_ was
+     founded in 1879 for the following objects: (1) To advance
+     the study of the Greek language, literature, and art, and to
+     illustrate the history of the Greek race in the ancient,
+     Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic periods, by the publication of
+     memoirs and inedited documents or monuments in a Journal to
+     be issued periodically. (2) To collect drawings, facsimiles,
+     transcripts, plans, and photographs of Greek inscriptions,
+     MSS., works of art, ancient sites and remains, and with this
+     view to invite travellers to communicate to the Society
+     notes or sketches of archæological and topographical
+     interest. (3) To organise means by which members of the
+     Society may have increased facilities for visiting ancient
+     sites and pursuing archæological researches in countries
+     which, at any time, have been the sites of Hellenic
+     civilization. Five volumes of the _Journal_ have been
+     issued.
+
+     _The Topographical Society of London_ was formed in 1880.
+     The Inaugural Meeting was held at the Mansion House, and the
+     first Annual Meeting at Drapers' Hall on Feb. 3, 1882, with
+     the Lord Mayor (Sir John Whitaker Ellis), President, in the
+     chair. The following reproductions have been issued to
+     subscribers:--Van der Wyngaerde's View of London, ab. 1550,
+     7 sheets; Braun & Hogenberg's Plan of London, 1 sheet;
+     Visscher's View of London, 4 sheets.
+
+     _The Browning Society_ was founded by Dr. Furnivall in
+     1881, and besides papers read at the meetings, the Society
+     has issued Dr. Furnivall's "Bibliography of Browning."
+
+     _The Wyclif Society_ was founded also by Dr. Furnivall in
+     1882, for the publication of the complete works of the great
+     Reformer.
+
+     _The Pipe Roll Society_ was established in 1883, and in 1885
+     the first three volumes of its publications have been issued
+     to the members. These are--Vol. 1, Pipe Rolls, 5 Hen. II.;
+     Vol. 2, 6 Hen. II.; Vol. 3, Introduction.
+
+     _The Oxford Historical Society_ was formed in 1884, and four
+     handsome volumes have been issued for that year and 1885.
+     These are--1, "Register of the University of Oxford" (vol.
+     1, 1449-63, 1505-71), edited by the Rev. C.W. Boase; 2,
+     "Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne" (vol. 1, July 4,
+     1705-March 19, 1707), edited by C.E. Doble, M.A. Both these
+     volumes are supplied with temporary Indexes. 3, "The Early
+     History of Oxford, 727-1100," by James Parker; 4, "Memories
+     of Merton College," by the Hon. George C. Brodrick; 5,
+     "Collectanea." First Series. Edited by C.R.L. Fletcher.
+
+     _The Middlesex County Record Society_ was formed in 1885
+     "for the purpose of publishing the more interesting portions
+     of the old County Records of Middlesex, which have lately
+     been arranged and calendared by order of the Justices."
+     Nothing has been published as yet, but Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson
+     is engaged upon the first two volumes, one of which will be
+     issued shortly.
+
+     The Rev. Dr. A.B. Grosart has himself printed by
+     subscription more works of our Old Writers than many a
+     Society, and therefore it is necessary to mention his
+     labours here, although a complete list of them cannot be
+     given. The chief series are: "The Fuller Worthies Library,"
+     39 volumes; "The Chertsey Worthies Library," 14 vols. 4to.,
+     and "The Huth Library."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHILD'S LIBRARY.
+
+
+The idea of a Child's Library is to a great extent modern, and it is not
+altogether clear that it is a good one, except in the case of those
+children who have no books of their own. It is far better that each child
+should have his own good books, which he can read over and over again,
+thus thoroughly mastering their contents.
+
+It is a rather wide-spread notion that there is some sort of virtue in
+reading for reading's sake, although really a reading boy may be an idle
+boy. When a book is read, it should be well thought over before another is
+begun, for reading without thought generates no ideas.
+
+One advantage of a Child's Library should be that the reader is
+necessarily forced to be careful, so as to return the books uninjured.
+This is a very important point, for children should be taught from their
+earliest years to treat books well, and not to destroy them as they often
+do. We might go farther than this and say that children should be taught
+at school how to handle a book. It is really astonishing to see how few
+persons (not necessarily children) among those who have not grown up among
+books know how to handle them. It is positive torture to a man who loves
+books to see the way they are ordinarily treated. Of course it is not
+necessary to mention the crimes of wetting the fingers to turn over the
+leaves, or turning down pages to mark the place; but those who ought to
+know better will turn a book over on its face at the place where they have
+left off reading, or will turn over pages so carelessly that they give a
+crease to each which will never come out.
+
+For a healthy education it is probably best that a child should have the
+run of a library for adults (always provided that dangerous books are
+carefully excluded). A boy is much more likely to enjoy and find benefit
+from the books he selects himself than from those selected for him.
+
+The circumstances of the child should be considered in the selection of
+books; thus it is scarcely fair when children are working hard at school
+all day that they should be made to read so-called instructive books in
+the evening. They have earned the right to relaxation and should be
+allowed good novels. To some boys books of Travels and History are more
+acceptable than novels, but all children require some Fiction, and, save
+in a few exceptional cases, their imaginations require to be cultivated.
+
+It will soon be seen whether children have healthy or unhealthy tastes. If
+healthy, they are best left to themselves; if unhealthy, they must be
+directed.
+
+It is easy for the seniors to neglect the children they have under them,
+and it is easy to direct them overmuch, but it is difficult to watch and
+yet let the children go their own way. We are apt, in arranging for
+others, to be too instructive; nothing is less acceptable to children or
+less likely to do them good than to be preached at. Moral reflections in
+books are usually skipped by children, and unless somewhat out of the
+common, probably by grown-up persons as well. Instruction should grow
+naturally out of the theme itself, and form an integral part of it, so
+that high aims and noble thoughts may naturally present themselves to the
+readers.
+
+One of the chapters in the United States Libraries' Report is on "School
+and Asylum Libraries" (pp. 38-59), in which we are informed that New York
+was the pioneer in founding school libraries. "In 1827 Governor De Witt
+Clinton, in his message to the legislature, recommended their formation;
+but it was not till 1835 that the friends of free schools saw their hopes
+realized in the passage of a law which permitted the voters in any school
+district to levy a tax of $20 to begin a library, and a tax of $10 each
+succeeding year to provide for its increase."
+
+Another chapter in the same Report is on "Public Libraries and the Young"
+(pp. 412-418), in which Mr. Wm. J. Fletcher advocates the use of the
+library as an addition to the school course. He writes, "It only remains
+now to say that, as we have before intimated, the public library should be
+viewed as an adjunct of the public school system, and to suggest that in
+one or two ways the school may work together with the library in directing
+the reading of the young. There is the matter of themes for the writing of
+compositions; by selecting subjects on which information can be had at the
+library, the teacher can send the pupil to the library as a student, and
+readily put him in communication with, and excite his interest in, classes
+of books to which he has been a stranger and indifferent."
+
+A very interesting book on this subject is entitled "Libraries and
+Schools. Papers selected by Samuel S. Green. New York (F. Leypoldt),
+1883." It contains the following subjects: "The Public Library and the
+Public Schools;" "The Relation of the Public Library to the Public
+Schools"; "Libraries as Educational Institutions"; "The Public Library as
+an Auxiliary to the Public Schools"; "The Relation of Libraries to the
+School System"; and "A Plan of Systematic Training in Reading at School."
+
+"_Books for the Young, a Guide for Parents and Children._ Compiled by C.
+M. Hewins. New York (F. Leypoldt), 1882," is an extremely useful little
+book. It contains a valuable list of books arranged in classes. Certain
+marks are used to indicate the character of the books, thus the letter
+(_c_) indicates that the book is especially suitable for children under
+ten, (_b_) that it is especially suitable for boys, and (_g_) that it is
+especially suitable for girls.
+
+Prefixed are eight sensible rules as to how to teach the right use of
+books.
+
+Perkins's "Best Reading" contains a good list of books for children (pp.
+299-303).
+
+The children's books of the present day are so beautifully produced that
+the elders are naturally induced to exclaim, "We never had such books as
+these," but probably we enjoyed our books as well as our children do
+theirs. What a thrill of pleasure the middle-aged man feels when a book
+which amused his childhood comes in his way: this, however, is seldom, for
+time has laid his decaying hand upon them--
+
+    "All, all are gone, the old familiar faces."
+
+The children for whom Miss Kate Greenaway and Mr. Caldecott draw and Mrs.
+Gatty and Mrs. Ewing wrote are indeed fortunate, but we must not forget
+that Charles and Mary Lamb wrote delightful books for the young, that Miss
+Edgeworth's stories are ever fresh, and that one of the most charming
+children's stories ever written is Mrs. Sherwood's _Little Woodman_.
+
+A short list of a Child's Library is quoted in the _Library Journal_ (vol.
+viii. p. 57) from the _Woman's Journal_. The family for whom it was chosen
+consisted of children from three to twelve, the two eldest being girls.
+The books are mostly American, and but little known in this country--
+
+  Snow-bound. Illustrated. Whittier.
+  Life of Longfellow. Kennedy.
+  A Summer in the Azores. Baker.
+  Among the Isles of Shoals. Celia Thaxter.
+  The boys of '76. Coffin.
+  The boys of '61. Coffin.
+  Story of our Country. Higginson.
+  Sir Walter Raleigh. Towle.
+  Child's History of England. Dickens.
+  Tales from Shakespear. Lamb.
+  Tales from Homer. Church.
+  The Wonder-book. Illustrated. Hawthorne.
+  Young folks' book of poetry. Campbell.
+  Poetry for childhood. Eliot.
+  Bits of talk about home matters. H.H.
+  The Seven Little Sisters. Andrews.
+  Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates. Dodge.
+  Room for one more. Mary T. Higginson.
+  King Arthur for boys. Lanier.
+  Doings of the Bodley family. Scudder.
+  Mother-play and Nursery-rhymes.
+  Children's Robinson Crusoe.
+  The four-footed lovers.
+  Mammy Tittleback and her family. H.H.
+  The Little Prudy books. Six volumes.
+
+The editor of the _Library Journal_ remarks on the list, "Guest's Lectures
+on English History is better than Dickens's, and the 'Prudy' children are
+so mischievous, so full of young Americanisms, and so far from being
+'wells of English undefiled,' that they are not always good companions for
+boys and girls. I have known a child's English spoiled by reading the
+Prudy books."
+
+Some of the old-fashioned children's books have been reprinted, and these
+will generally be found very acceptable to healthy-minded children, but
+some of the old books are not easily met with. No Child's Library should
+be without a good collection of Fairy Tales, a careful selection of the
+Arabian Nights, or Robinson Crusoe. Gulliver's Travels is very unsuited for
+children, although often treated as a child's book. Berquin's _Children's
+Friend_, Edgeworth's _Parent's Assistant_ and the Aikins's _Evenings at
+Home_, will surely still amuse children, although some may think their
+teaching too didactic. It is only by practical experience that we can tell
+what children will like. _Sandford and Merton_ is, I believe, usually
+considered as hopelessly out of date, but I have found young hearers
+follow my reading of it with the greatest interest. _The Pilgrim's
+Progress_ will always have as great a fascination for the young as it must
+have for their elders; but there is much preaching in it which must be
+skipped, or the attention of the hearers will flag.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ONE HUNDRED BOOKS.
+
+
+In the Fourth Chapter of this Volume two lists of selected books are
+given, viz. The Comtist's Library, and a list of one hundred good novels.
+Since that chapter was written and printed, much public attention has been
+drawn to this branch of our subject by the publication of Sir John
+Lubbock's list of books which he recommended to the members of the Working
+Men's College, when he lectured at that place on "Books." The comments by
+eminent men, which have appeared in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, have also
+attracted attention, and it seems desirable that some note on this list
+should appear in these pages.
+
+The list issued by the _Pall Mall Gazette_ is as follows:
+
+NON-CHRISTIAN MORALISTS.
+
+  Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_.
+  Epictetus, _Encheiridion_.
+  Confucius, _Analects_.
+  Aristotle, _Ethics_.
+  Mahomet, _Koran_.
+
+THEOLOGY AND DEVOTION.
+
+  Apostolic Fathers, _Wake's Collection_.
+  St. Augustine, _Confessions_.
+  Thomas à Kempis, _Imitation_
+  Pascal, _Pensées_.
+  Spinoza, _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_.
+  Butler, _Analogy_.
+  Jeremy Taylor, _Holy Living and Holy Dying_.
+  Keble, _Christian Year_.
+  Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_.
+
+CLASSICS.
+
+  Aristotle, _Politics_.
+  Plato, _Phædo_ and _Republic_.
+  Æsop, _Fables_.
+  Demosthenes, _De Coronâ_.
+  Lucretius.
+  Plutarch.
+  Horace.
+  Cicero, _De Officiis_, _De Amicitiâ_, and _De Senectute_.
+
+EPIC POETRY.
+
+  Homer, _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_.
+  Hesiod.
+  Virgil.
+  Niebelungenlied.
+  Malory, _Morte d'Arthur_.
+
+EASTERN POETRY.
+
+  _Mahabharata_ and _Ramayana_ (epitomised by Talboys Wheeler).
+  Firdausi, _Shah-nameh_ (translated by Atkinson).
+  _She-king_ (Chinese Odes).
+
+GREEK DRAMATISTS.
+
+  Æschylus, _Prometheus_, _The House of Atreus_, Trilogy, or _Persæ_.
+  Sophocles, _OEdipus_, Trilogy.
+  Euripides, _Medea_.
+  Aristophanes, _The Knights_.
+
+HISTORY.
+
+  Herodotus.
+  Thucydides.
+  Xenophon, _Anabasis_.
+  Tacitus, _Germania_.
+  Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_.
+  Voltaire, _Charles XII._ or _Louis XIV._
+  Hume, _England_.
+  Grote, _Greece_.
+
+PHILOSOPHY.
+
+  Bacon, _Novum Organum_.
+  Mill, _Logic_ and _Political Economy_.
+  Darwin, _Origin of Species_.
+  Smith, _Wealth of Nations_ (selection).
+  Berkeley, _Human Knowledge_.
+  Descartes, _Discourse sur la Méthode_.
+  Locke, _Conduct of the Understanding_.
+  Lewes, _History of Philosophy_.
+
+TRAVELS.
+
+  Cook, _Voyages_.
+  Darwin, _Naturalist in the Beagle_.
+
+POETRY AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
+
+  Shakspeare.
+  Milton.
+  Dante.
+  Spenser.
+  Scott.
+  Wordsworth.
+  Pope.
+  Southey.
+  Longfellow.
+  Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_.
+  Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_.
+  Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_.
+  _The Arabian Nights._
+  _Don Quixote._
+  Boswell, _Johnson_.
+  Burke, _Select Works_.
+  Essayists--Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson.
+  Molière.
+  Sheridan.
+  Carlyle, _Past and Present_ and _French Revolution_.
+  Goethe, _Faust_ and _Wilhelm Meister_.
+  Marivaux, _La Vie de Marianne_.
+
+MODERN FICTION.
+
+  Selections from--Thackeray, Dickens, George Eliot, Kingsley, Scott,
+  Bulwer-Lytton.
+
+It must be borne in mind by the reader that this list, although the one
+sent round for criticism by the editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_, is not
+really Sir John Lubbock's. This will be found on p. 240. Sir John
+Lubbock's address was not given in full, and the list drawn up by the
+_Pall Mall_, from the reports in the daily papers, contained in fact only
+about 85 books.
+
+It seems necessary to allude particularly to this imperfect list, because
+it is the only one upon which the critics were asked to give an opinion,
+and their criticisms are peculiarly interesting, as they give us an
+important insight into the tastes and opinions of our teachers. In itself
+it is almost impossible to make a list that will be practically useful,
+because tastes and needs differ so widely, that a course of reading
+suitable for one man may be quite unsuitable for another. It is also very
+doubtful whether a conscientious passage through a "cut-and-dried" list of
+books will feed the mind as a more original selection by each reader
+himself would do. It is probably best to start the student well on his way
+and then leave him to pursue it according to his own tastes. Each book
+will help him to another, and consultation with some of the many manuals
+of English literature will guide him towards a good choice. This is in
+effect what Mr. Bond, Principal Librarian of the British Museum, says in
+his reply, to the circular of the editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_. He
+writes "The result of several persons putting down the titles of books
+they considered 'best reading' would be an interesting but very imperfect
+bibliography of as many sections of literature;" and, again, "The beginner
+should be advised to read histories of the literature of his own and
+other countries--as Hallam's 'Introduction to the Literature of Europe,'
+Joseph Warton's 'History of English Poetry,' Craik's 'History of English
+Literature,' Paine's History, and others of the same class. These would
+give him a survey of the field, and would quicken his taste for what was
+naturally most congenial to him."
+
+There probably is no better course of reading than that which will
+naturally occur to one who makes an honest attempt to master our own noble
+literature. This is sufficient for the lifetime of most men without
+incursions into foreign literature. All cultivated persons will wish to
+become acquainted with the masterpieces of other nations, but this
+diversion will not be advisable if it takes the reader away from the study
+of the masterpieces of his own literature.
+
+Turning to the comments on the _Pall Mall Gazette's_ list, we may note one
+or two of the most important criticisms. The Prince of Wales very justly
+suggested that Dryden should not be omitted from such a list. Mr.
+Chamberlain asked whether the Bible was excluded by accident or design,
+and Mr. Irving suggested that the Bible and Shakespeare form together a
+very comprehensive library.
+
+Mr. Ruskin's reply is particularly interesting, for he adds but little,
+contenting himself with the work of destruction. He writes, "Putting my
+pen lightly through the needless--and blottesquely through the rubbish and
+poison of Sir John's list--I leave enough for a life's liberal
+reading--and choice for any true worker's loyal reading. I have added one
+quite vital and essential book--Livy (the two first books), and three
+plays of Aristophanes (_Clouds_, _Birds_, and _Plutus_). Of travels, I
+read myself all old ones I can get hold of; of modern, Humboldt is the
+central model. Forbes (James Forbes in Alps) is essential to the modern
+Swiss tourist--of sense." Mr. Ruskin puts the word _all_ to Plato,
+_everything_ to Carlyle, and _every word_ to Scott. Pindar's name he adds
+in the list of the classics, and after Bacon's name he writes "chiefly the
+_New Atlantis_."
+
+The work of destruction is marked by the striking out of all the
+_Non-Christian Moralists_, of all the Theology and Devotion, with the
+exception of Jeremy Taylor and the _Pilgrim's Progress_. The
+Nibelungenlied and Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_ (which, by the way, is in
+prose) go out, as do Sophocles and Euripides among the Greek Dramatists.
+_The Knights_ is struck out to make way for the three plays of
+Aristophanes mentioned above. Gibbon, Voltaire, Hume, and Grote all go, as
+do all the philosophers but Bacon. Cook's Voyages and Darwin's Naturalist
+in the _Beagle_ share a similar fate. Southey, Longfellow, Swift, Hume,
+Macaulay, and Emerson, Goethe and Marivaux, all are so unfortunate as to
+have Mr. Ruskin's pen driven through their names. Among the novelists
+Dickens and Scott only are left. The names of Thackeray, George Eliot,
+Kingsley, and Bulwer-Lytton are all erased.
+
+Mr. Ruskin sent a second letter full of wisdom till he came to his reasons
+for striking out Grote's "History of Greece," "Confessions of St.
+Augustine," John Stuart Mill, Charles Kingsley, Darwin, Gibbon, and
+Voltaire. With these reasons it is to be hoped that few readers will
+agree.
+
+Mr. Swinburne makes a new list of his own which is very characteristic.
+No. 3 consists of "Selections from the Bible: comprising Job, the Psalms,
+Ecclesiastes, the Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel; the Gospels of
+St. Matthew and St. Luke, the Gospel and the First Epistle of St. John and
+Epistle of St. James." No. 12 is Villon, and Nos. 45 to 49 consist of the
+plays of Ford, Dekker, Tourneur, Marston, and Middleton; names very dear
+to the lover of our old Drama, but I venture to think names somewhat
+inappropriate in a list of books for a reader who does not make the drama
+a speciality. Lamb's Selections would be sufficient for most readers.
+
+Mr. William Morris supplies a full list with explanations, which are of
+considerable interest as coming from that distinguished poet.
+
+Archdeacon Farrar gives, perhaps, the best test for a favourite author,
+that is, the selection of his works in the event of all others being
+destroyed. He writes, "But if all the books in the world were in a blaze,
+the first twelve which I should snatch out of the flames would be the
+Bible, _Imitatio Christi_, Homer, Æschylus, Thucydides, Tacitus, Virgil,
+Marcus Aurelius, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth. Of living authors
+I would save first the works of Tennyson, Browning and Ruskin."
+
+Another excellent test is that set up by travellers and soldiers. A book
+must be good when one of either of these classes decides to place it among
+his restricted baggage. Mr. H.M. Stanley writes, "You ask me what books I
+carried with me to take across Africa. I carried a great many--three
+loads, or about 180 lbs. weight; but as my men lessened in numbers,
+stricken by famine, fighting and sickness, they were one by one
+reluctantly thrown away, until finally, when less than 300 miles from the
+Atlantic, I possessed only the Bible, Shakespeare, Carlyle's Sartor
+Resartus, Norie's Navigation, and Nautical Almanac for 1877. Poor
+Shakspeare was afterwards burned by demand of the foolish people of Zinga.
+At Bonea, Carlyle and Norie and Nautical Almanac were pitched away, and I
+had only the old Bible left." He then proceeds to give a list of books
+which he allowed himself when "setting out with a tidy battalion of men."
+
+Lord Wolseley writes, "During the mutiny and China war I carried a
+Testament, two volumes of Shakespeare that contained his best plays, and
+since then, when in the field, I have always carried: Book of Common
+Prayer, Thomas à Kempis, Soldier's Pocket Book.... The book that I like
+reading at odd moments is 'The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.'" He then
+adds, for any distant expedition, a few books of History (Creasy's
+"Decisive Battles," Plutarch's "Lives," Voltaire's "Charles XII.,"
+"Cæsar," by Froude, and Hume's "England"). His Fiction is confined to
+Macaulay's "History of England" and the "Essays."
+
+Mr. Quaritch remarks that "Sir John's 'working man' is an ideal creature.
+I have known many working men, but none of them could have suggested such
+a feast as he has prepared for them." He adds, "In my younger days I had
+no books whatever beyond my school books. Arrived in London in 1842, I
+joined a literary institution, and read all their historical works. To
+read fiction I had no time. A friend of mine read novels all night long,
+and was one morning found dead in his bed." If Mr. Quaritch intends this
+as a warning, he should present the fact for the consideration of those
+readers who swell the numbers of novels in the statistics of the Free
+Libraries.
+
+Looking at the _Pall Mall Gazette's_ list, it naturally occurs to us that
+it would be a great error for an Englishman to arrange his reading so that
+he excluded Chaucer while he included Confucius. Among the names of modern
+novelists it is strange that Jane Austen and Charlotte Brontë should have
+been omitted. In Sir John Lubbock's own list it will be seen that the
+names of Chaucer and Miss Austen occur. Among Essayists one would like to
+have seen at least the names of Charles Lamb, De Quincey, and Landor, and
+many will regret to find such delightful writers as Walton and Thomas
+Fuller omitted. We ought, however, to be grateful to Sir John Lubbock for
+raising a valuable discussion which is likely to draw the attention of
+many readers to books which might otherwise have been most unjustly
+neglected by them.[69]
+
+The following is Sir John Lubbock's list. It will be seen that several of
+the books, whose absence is remarked on, do really form part of the list,
+and that the objections of the critics are so far met.
+
+  _The Bible._
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_.
+  Epictetus.
+  Confucius, _Analects_.
+  _Le Bouddha et sa Religion_ (St.-Hilaire).
+  Aristotle, _Ethics_.
+  Mahomet, _Koran_ (parts of).
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Apostolic Fathers_, Wake's collection.
+  St. Augustine, _Confessions_.
+  Thomas à Kempis, _Imitation_.
+  Pascal, _Pensées_.
+  Spinoza, _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_.
+  Comte, _Cat. of Positive Philosophy_ (Congreve).
+  Butler, _Analogy_.
+  Jeremy Taylor, _Holy Living and Holy Dying_.
+  Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_.
+  Keble, _Christian Year_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Aristotle, _Politics_.
+  Plato's Dialogues--at any rate the _Phædo_ and _Republic_.
+  Demosthenes, _De Coronâ_.
+  Lucretius.
+  Plutarch.
+  Horace.
+  Cicero, _De Officiis_, _De Amicitiâ_, _De Senectute_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Homer, _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_.
+  Hesiod.
+  Virgil.
+  Niebelungenlied.
+  Malory, _Morte d'Arthur_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Maha-Bharata, _Ramayana_, epitomized by Talboys
+  Wheeler in the first two vols. of his _History of India_.
+  Firdusi, _Shah-nameh_. Translated by Atkinson.
+  _She-king_ (Chinese Odes).
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Æschylus, _Prometheus_, _House of Atreus_, Trilogy, or _Persæ_.
+  Sophocles, _OEdipus_, Trilogy.
+  Euripides, _Medea_,
+  Aristophanes, _The Knights_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Herodotus.
+  Xenophon, _Anabasis_.
+  Thucydides.
+  Tacitus, _Germania_.
+  Livy.
+  Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_.
+  Hume, _England_.
+  Grote, _Greece_.
+  Carlyle, _French Revolution_.
+  Green, _Short History of England_.
+  Bacon, _Novum Organum_.
+  Mill, _Logic_ and _Political Economy_.
+  Darwin, _Origin of Species_.
+  Smith, _Wealth of Nations_ (part of).
+  Berkeley, _Human Knowledge_.
+  Descartes, _Discours sur la Méthode_.
+  Locke, _Conduct of the Understanding_.
+  Lewes, _History of Philosophy_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Cook, _Voyages_.
+  Humboldt, _Travels_.
+  Darwin, _Naturalist in the Beagle_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Shakespeare.
+  Milton, _Paradise Lost_, and the shorter poems.
+  Dante, _Divina Commedia_.
+  Spenser, _Faerie Queen_.
+  Dryden's Poems.
+  Chaucer, Morris's (or, if expurgated, Clarke's or Mrs. Haweis's) edition.
+  Gray.
+  Burns.
+  Scott's Poems.
+  Wordsworth, Mr. Arnold's selection.
+  Heine.
+  Pope.
+  Southey.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_.
+  Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_.
+  Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_.
+  _The Arabian Nights._
+  Cervantes, _Don Quixote_.
+  Boswell, _Johnson_.
+  Burke, _Select Works_ (Payne).
+  Essayists:--Bacon, Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson.
+  Molière.
+  Sheridan.
+
+  Voltaire, _Zadig_.
+  Carlyle, _Past and Present_.
+  Goethe, _Faust_, _Wilhelm Meister_.
+  White, _Natural History of Selborne_.
+  Smiles, _Self Help_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Miss Austen, either _Emma_ or _Pride and Prejudice_.
+  Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ and _Pendennis_.
+  Dickens, _Pickwick_ and _David Copperfield_.
+  George Eliot, _Adam Bede_.
+  Kingsley, _Westward Ho_!
+  Bulwer-Lytton, _Last Days of Pompeii_.
+  Scott's Novels.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[69] The whole of the correspondence has been reissued as a _Pall Mall
+"Extra"_ No. 24, and threepence will be well laid out by the purchaser of
+this very interesting pamphlet.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Abbotsford Club, 187.
+
+  Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, Indecent books turned out, 18.
+
+  Ælfric Society, 195.
+
+  Arundel Society, 200.
+
+  Authors, Bibliographies of particular, 181.
+
+
+  Ballad Society, 206.
+
+  Bannatyne Club, 186.
+
+  Bibliographies (General), 141-159.
+
+  ---- (Special), 160-183.
+
+  Bindings in Charles I.'s Cabinet, 29.
+
+  Book Collectors, 23.
+
+  Books, One Hundred, 227-244.
+
+  Booksellers, Use of, 58.
+
+  Bossange (Hector), Ma Bibliothèque Française, 7.
+
+  Burton's Book Hunter, 2, 53, 196.
+
+  Buy, How to, 57-72.
+
+
+  Calvin Translation Society, 197.
+
+  Camden Society, 190.
+
+  Catalogues of Public Libraries, 141.
+
+  Cavendish Society, 199.
+
+  Caxton Society, 198.
+
+  Chaucer Society, 28.[TN 208]
+
+  Chetham Society, 195.
+
+  Child's Library, 217-226.
+
+  Comte's Positivist Library, 131.
+
+
+  Dibdin's Library Companion, 2.
+
+  Dilettanti Society, 184.
+
+  Durie's Reformed Librarie Keeper, 13.
+
+
+  Early English Text Society, 203.
+
+  Ecclesiastical History Society, 199.
+
+  Edwards (Edward), Report on Formation of Manchester Free Library, 4.
+  ---- Memoirs of Libraries, 5, 63.
+  ---- Libraries and Founders of Libraries, 29, 44.
+
+  English Dialect Society, 212.
+
+  English Historical Society, 191.
+
+
+  Fiction in Public Libraries, 81.
+
+  Folk Lore Society, 210.
+
+  Franklin's foundation of the Philadelphia Library, 77.
+
+
+  George III.'s list of books, 14.
+
+  Goodhugh's Library Manual, 3.
+
+
+  Hakluyt Society, 200.
+
+  Handel Society, 198.
+
+  Hanserd Knollys Society, 198.
+
+  Harleian Society, 209.
+
+  Hellenic Studies, Society for the promotion of, 213.
+
+  Hunterian Club, 210.
+
+
+  Index Society, 213.
+
+  Iona Club, 189.
+
+
+  Johnson's (Dr.) List of Books, 15.
+
+
+  Libraries, How men have Formed them, 23-56.
+
+  ---- (Cathedral), 75.
+
+  ---- (Monastic), 25.
+
+  ---- (Private), 89-140.
+
+  ---- (Public), 73-88.
+
+  ---- United States Report on, 20, 75, 220.
+
+  Louis XVI., his books during his captivity, 43.
+
+  Lubbock's (Sir John), List of Books, 227-244.
+
+
+  Maitland Club, 187.
+
+  Manx Society, 202.
+
+  Middlesex County Record Society, 215.
+
+  Motett Society, 194.
+
+  Musical Antiquarian Society, 194.
+
+
+  Napoleon's Libraries, 44.
+
+  Naudé, Gilbert [TN Gabriel], 9.
+
+  Novels, One Hundred Good, 138.
+
+  ---- in Public Libraries, 81.
+
+
+  Oriental Texts, Society for the Publication of, 194.
+
+  Oriental Translation Fund, 189.
+
+  Ossianic Society, 202.
+
+  Oxford Historical Society, 215.
+
+
+  Palæographical Society, 213.
+
+  Palæontographical Society, 200.
+
+  Parker Society, 192.
+
+  Percy Society, 193.
+
+  Perkins's Best Reading, 8.
+
+  Philobiblon Society, 201.
+
+  Pipe Roll Society, 215.
+
+  Positivist Library, 131.
+
+  Printers, Bibliographies of celebrated, 176.
+
+
+  Ray Society, 198.
+
+  Reference, Books of, 91-129.
+
+  Roxburghe Club, 185.
+
+  Roxburghe Library, 209.
+
+
+  Sales, How to Buy at, 63.
+
+  Shakespeare Society, 193.
+
+  Shakspere (New) Society, 211.
+
+  Societies (Publishing), 184-216.
+
+  Spalding Club, 191.
+
+  Spenser Society, 209.
+
+  Spottiswoode Society, 195.
+
+  Stevens (Henry), "My English Library," 6.
+  ---- his paper on Mr. James Lenox, 55, 64.
+
+  Surtees Society, 189.
+
+  Sydenham Society, 195.
+
+
+  Topographical Bibliographies, 179.
+
+  Topographical Society of London, 214.
+
+
+  Warton Club, 202.
+
+  Wernerian Club, 198.
+
+  Wodrow Society, 194.
+
+  Wyclif Society, 215
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+Inconsistent spelling retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of How To Form A Library, by H.B. Wheatley, F.S.A..
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How to Form a Library, 2nd ed
+
+Author: H. B. Wheatley
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2009 [EBook #30419]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY, 2ND ED ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Christine D. and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/img_i.png" width="200" height="270" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='padding'>
+<h2>The Book-Lover's Library.</h2>
+<p class='center'>
+Edited by<br />
+<br />
+Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.<br />
+</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='padding'>
+<h1>HOW<br />
+TO FORM A LIBRARY</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>H.B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.</h2>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>SECOND EDITION.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='padding'>
+<p class='center'>
+NEW YORK<br />
+A.C. ARMSTRONG &amp; SON, BROADWAY.<br />
+LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK.<br />
+1886<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a><i>PREFACE.</i></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_i.png" width="120" height="117" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><i>It will be generally allowed that a handy guide to the formation of
+libraries is required, but it may be that the difficulty of doing justice
+to so large a subject has prevented those who felt the want from
+attempting to fill it. I hope therefore that it will not be considered
+that I have shown temerity by stepping into the vacant place. I cannot
+hope to have done full justice to so important a theme in the small space
+at my disposal, but I think I can say that this little volume contains
+much information which the librarian and the book lover require and cannot
+easily obtain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> elsewhere. They are probably acquainted with most of this
+information, but the memory will fail us at times and it is then
+convenient to have a record at hand.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>A book of this character is peculiarly open to criticism, but I hope the
+critics will give me credit for knowing more than I have set down. In
+making a list of books of reference, I have had to make a selection, and
+works have been before me that I have decided to omit, although some would
+think them as important as many of those I have included.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>I need not extend this preface with any lengthy explanation of the
+objects of the book, as these are stated in the Introduction, but before
+concluding I may perhaps be allowed to allude to one personal
+circumstance. I had hoped to dedicate this first volume of the Book
+Lover's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> Library to <span class="smcap">Henry Bradshaw</span>, one of the most original and most
+learned bibliographers that ever lived, but before it was finished the
+spirit of that great man had passed away to the inexpressible grief of all
+who knew him. It is with no desire to shield myself under the shelter of a
+great name, but with a reverent wish to express my own sense of our
+irreparable loss that I dedicate this book (though all unworthy of the
+honour) to his memory.</i></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'></td><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Chapter</span></td><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">How Men have Formed Libraries</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">How to Buy</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Public Libraries</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Private Libraries</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">General Bibliographies</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Special Bibliographies</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Publishing Societies</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Child's Library</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">One Hundred Books</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_001.png" width="500" height="107" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h1>HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY.</h1>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_a.png" width="120" height="121" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Although there can be little difference of opinion among book lovers as to
+the need of a Handbook which shall answer satisfactorily the
+question&mdash;"How to Form a Library"&mdash;it does not follow that there will be a
+like agreement as to the best shape in which to put the answer. On the one
+side a string of generalities can be of no use to any one, and on the
+other a too great particularity of instruction may be resented by those
+who only require hints on a few points, and feel that they know their own
+business better than any author can tell them.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most important attempts to direct the would-be founder of a
+Library<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> in his way was made as long ago as 1824 by Dr. Dibdin, and the
+result was entitled <i>The Library Companion</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The book could never have
+been a safe guide, and now it is hopelessly out of date. Tastes change,
+and many books upon the necessity of possessing which Dibdin enlarges are
+now little valued. Dr. Hill Burton writes of this book as follows in his
+<i>Book-Hunter</i>: "This, it will be observed, is not intended as a manual of
+rare or curious, or in any way peculiar books, but as the instruction of a
+Nestor on the best books for study and use in all departments of
+literature. Yet one will look in vain there for such names as Montaigne,
+Shaftesbury, Benjamin Franklin, D'Alembert, Turgot, Adam Smith,
+Malebranche, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, F&eacute;n&eacute;lon, Burke, Kant, Richter,
+Spinoza, Flechier, and many others. Characteristically enough, if you turn
+up Rousseau in the index, you will find Jean Baptiste, but not Jean
+Jacques. You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> will search in vain for Dr. Thomas Reid the metaphysician,
+but will readily find Isaac Reed the editor. If you look for Molin&aelig;us, or
+Du Moulin, it is not there, but alphabetical vicinity gives you the good
+fortune to become acquainted with "Moule, Mr., his <i>Bibliotheca
+Heraldica</i>." The name of Hooker will be found, not to guide the reader to
+the <i>Ecclesiastical Polity</i>, but to Dr. Jackson Hooker's <i>Tour in
+Iceland</i>. Lastly, if any one shall search for Hartley <i>on Man</i>, he will
+find in the place it might occupy, or has reference to, the editorial
+services of 'Hazlewood, Mr. Joseph.'"</p>
+
+<p>Although this criticism is to a great extent true, it does not do justice
+to Dibdin's book, which contains much interesting and valuable matter, for
+if the <i>Library Companion</i> is used not as a Guide to be followed, but as a
+book for reference, it will be found of considerable use.</p>
+
+<p>William Goodhugh's <i>English Gentleman's Library Manual, or a Guide to the
+Formation of a Library of Select Literature</i>, was published in 1827. It
+contains classified<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> lists of library books, but these are not now of much
+value, except for the notes which accompany the titles, and make this work
+eminently readable. There are some literary anecdotes not to be found
+elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>A most valuable work of reference is Mr. Edward Edwards's Report on the
+formation of the Manchester Free Library, which was printed in 1851. It is
+entitled, "<i>Librarian's First Report to the Books Sub-Committee on the
+Formation of the Library, June 30, 1851, with Lists of Books suggested for
+purchase</i>." The Lists are arranged in the following order:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Works&mdash;collective and miscellaneous&mdash;of Standard British
+authors; with a selection of those of the Standard authors
+of America.</p>
+
+<p>2. Works relative to the History, Topography, and Biography
+of the United Kingdom, and of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>3. Works relative to Political Economy, Finance, Trade,
+Commerce, Agriculture, Mining, Manufactures, Inland
+Communication, and Public Works.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>4. Works relating to Physics, Mathematics, Mechanics,
+Practical Engineering, Arts, and Trades, etc.</p>
+
+<p>5. Voyages and Travels.</p>
+
+<p>6. Works on Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, and Geology.</p>
+
+<p>7. Periodical Publications and Transactions of Learned
+Societies (not included in Lists 2, 3, or 6), Collections,
+Encyclop&aelig;dias, Gazetteers, Atlases, Dictionaries,
+Bibliographies, Indexes, etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>These draft lists include 4582 distinct works, extending to about 12,438
+volumes, including pamphlets, but exclusive of 553 Parliamentary Papers
+and Reports, or <i>Blue Books</i>. Such a practically useful collection of
+lists of books will not easily be found elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edwards gives some rules for the formation of Libraries in the second
+volume of his <i>Memoirs of Libraries</i> (p. 629), where he writes, "No task
+is more likely to strip a man of self-conceit than that of having to
+frame, and to carry out in detail a plan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> for the formation of a large
+Library. When he has once got beyond those departments of knowledge in
+which his own pursuits and tastes have specially interested him, the duty
+becomes a difficult one, and the certainty, that with his best efforts, it
+will be very imperfectly performed is embarrassing and painful. If, on the
+other hand, the task be imposed upon a 'Committee,' there ensues almost
+the certainty that its execution will depend at least as much on chance as
+on plan: that responsibility will be so attenuated as to pass off in
+vapour; and that the collection so brought together will consist of parts
+bearing but a chaotic sort of relation to the whole."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Henry Stevens printed in 1853 his pretty little book entitled
+<i>Catalogue of my English Library</i>, which contains a very useful selection
+of Standard books. In his Introduction the author writes, "It was my
+intention in the outset not to exceed 4000 volumes, but little by little
+the list has increased to 5751 volumes. I have been considerably puzzled
+to know what titles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> to strike out in my next impression, being well aware
+that what is trash to one person is by no means such to another; also that
+many books of more merit than those admitted have been omitted. You may
+not think it difficult to strike out twenty authors, and to add twenty
+better ones in their place, but let me relate to you a parable. I
+requested twenty men, whose opinions on the Literary Exchange are as good
+as those of the Barings or the Rothschilds on the Royal, each to expunge
+twenty authors and to insert twenty others of better standing in their
+places, promising to exclude in my next impression any author who should
+receive more than five votes. The result was, as may be supposed, not a
+single expulsion or addition."</p>
+
+<p>In 1855 Mons. Hector Bossange produced a companion volume, entitled <i>Ma
+Biblioth&egrave;que Fran&ccedil;aise</i>. It contains a select list of about 7000 volumes,
+and is completed with Indexes of Subjects, Authors, and Persons.</p>
+
+<p>For helpful Bibliographical Guides we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> often have to look to the United
+States, and we do not look in vain. A most useful Handbook, entitled <i>The
+Best Reading</i>, was published in 1872 by George P. Putman, and the work
+edited by F.B. Perkins is now in its fourth edition.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The books are
+arranged in an alphabet of subjects, and the titles are short, usually
+being well within a single line. A very useful system of appraisement of
+the value of the books is adopted. Thus: <i>a</i>, means that the book so
+marked is considered <i>the</i> book, or as good as any, <i>at a moderate cost</i>;
+<i>b</i> means, in like manner, the best of the more elaborate or costly books
+on the subject. In the department of <span class="smcap">Fiction</span>, a more precise
+classification has been attempted, in which a general idea<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> of the
+relative importance of the <i>authors</i> is indicated by the use of the
+letters <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, and <i>c</i>, and of the relative value of their several
+works by the asterisks * and **."</p>
+
+<p>Having noted a few of the Guides which are now at hand for the use of the
+founders of a library, we may be allowed to go back somewhat in time, and
+consider how our predecessors treated this same subject, and we can then
+conclude the present Introduction with a consideration of the less
+ambitious attempts to instruct the book collector which may be found in
+papers and articles.</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest works on the formation of a library was written by
+Bishop Cardona, and published at Tarragona in 1587, in a thin volume
+entitled <i>De regia S. Laurentii Bibliothec&acirc;. De Pontificia Vaticana</i>
+[etc.].</p>
+
+<p>Justus Lipsius wrote his <i>De Bibliothecis Syntagma</i> at the end of the
+sixteenth century, and next in importance we come to Gabriel Naud&eacute;, who
+published one of the most famous of bibliographical essays.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> The first
+edition was published at Paris in 1627, and the second edition in 1644.
+This was reprinted in Paris by J. Liseux in 1876&mdash;"<i>Advis pour dresser une
+Biblioth&egrave;que, pr&eacute;sent&eacute; &agrave; Monseigneur le Pr&eacute;sident de Mesme</i>, par G. Naud&eacute;
+P. Paris, chez Fran&ccedil;ois Farga, 1627."</p>
+
+<p>This essay was translated by John Evelyn, and dedicated to Lord Chancellor
+Clarendon. "<i>Instructions concerning erecting of a Library</i>; Presented to
+My Lord the President De Mesme. By Gabriel Naudeus P., and now interpreted
+by Jo. Evelyn, Esquire, London, 1661."</p>
+
+<p>Naud&eacute; enlarges on the value of Catalogues, and recommends the book-buyer
+to make known his desires, so that others may help him in the search, or
+supply his wants. He specially mentions two modes of forming a library;
+one is to buy libraries entire, and the other is to hunt at book-stalls.
+He advised the book-buyer not to spend too much upon bindings.</p>
+
+<p>Naud&eacute; appears to have been a born librarian, for at the early age of
+twenty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> the President De Mesme appointed him to take charge of his
+library. He left his employer in 1626, in order to finish his medical
+studies. Cardinal Bagni took him to Rome, and when Bagni died, Naud&eacute;
+became librarian to Cardinal Barberini. Richelieu recalled him to Paris in
+1642, to act as his librarian, but the Minister dying soon afterwards,
+Naud&eacute; took the same office under Mazarin. During the troubles of the
+Fronde, the librarian had the mortification of seeing the library which he
+had collected dispersed; and in consequence he accepted the offer of Queen
+Christina, to become her librarian at Stockholm. Naud&eacute; was not happy
+abroad, and when Mazarin appealed to him to reform his scattered library,
+he returned at once, but died on the journey home at Abbeville, July 29,
+1653.</p>
+
+<p>The Mazarin Library consisted of more than 40,000 volumes, arranged in
+seven rooms filled from top to bottom. It was rich in all classes, but
+more particularly in Law and Physic. Naud&eacute; described it with enthusiasm as
+"the most beautiful and best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> furnished of any library now in the world,
+or that is likely (if affection does not much deceive me) ever to be
+hereafter." Such should be a library in the formation of which the Kings
+and Princes and Ambassadors of Europe were all helpers. Naud&eacute; in another
+place called it "the work of my hands and the miracle of my life." Great
+therefore was his dejection when the library was dispersed. Of this he
+said, "Beleeve, if you please, that the ruine of this Library will be more
+carefully marked in all Histories and Calendars, than the taking and
+sacking of Constantinople." Naud&eacute;'s letter on the destruction of the
+Mazarin Library was published in London in 1652, and the pamphlet was
+reprinted in the <i>Harleian Miscellany</i>. "<i>News from France, or a
+Description of the Library of Cardinall Mazarini, before it was utterly
+ruined.</i> Sent in a letter from G. Naud&aelig;us, Keeper of the Publick Library.
+London, Printed for Timothy Garthwait, 1652." 4to. 4 leaves.</p>
+
+<p>In 1650 was published at London, by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> Samuel Hartlib, a little book
+entitled, "<i>The Reformed Librarie Keeper, with a Supplement to the
+Reformed School, as Subordinate to Colleges in Universities</i>. By John
+Durie. London, William Du-Gard, 1650."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>John Durie's ideas on the educational value of Libraries and the high
+function of the Librarian are similar to those enunciated by Carlyle, when
+he wrote, "The true University of these days is a Collection of Books." Of
+this point, as elaborated in the proposal to establish Professorships of
+Bibliography, we shall have something more to say further on.</p>
+
+<p>It is always interesting to see the views of great men exemplified in the
+selection of books for a Library, and we may with advantage study the
+lists prepared by George III. and Dr. Johnson. The King was a collector of
+the first rank, as is evidenced by his fine library, now in the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+Museum, and he knew his books well. When he was about to visit Weymouth,
+he wrote to his bookseller for the following books to be supplied to him
+to form a closet library at that watering place. The list was written from
+memory, and it was printed by Dibdin in his <i>Library Companion</i>, from the
+original document in the King's own handwriting:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Holy Bible. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>New Whole Duty of Man. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The Annual Register. 25 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The History of England, by Rapin. 21 vols. 8vo. 1757.</p>
+
+<p>El&eacute;mens de l'Histoire de France, par Millot. 3 vols. 12mo.
+1770.</p>
+
+<p>Si&egrave;cle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>Si&egrave;cle de Louis XV., par Voltaire, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William
+Blackstone. 4 vols. 8vo. Newest Edition.</p>
+
+<p>The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, by R. Burn. 4
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>An Abridgement of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dictionnaire Fran&ccedil;ois et Anglois, par M.A. Boyer. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The Works of the English Poets, by Sam. Johnson. 68 vols.
+12mo.</p>
+
+<p>A Collection of Poems, by Dodsley, Pearch, and Mendez. 11
+vols. 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>A Select Collection of Poems, by J. Nichols. 8 vols. 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>Shakespeare's Plays, by Steevens.</p>
+
+<p>&#338;uvres de Destouches. 5 vols. 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The Works of Jonathan Swift. 24 vols. 12mo.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson recommended the following list of books to the Rev. Mr. Astle,
+of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, as a good working collection:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+Rollin's Ancient History.<br />
+Universal History (Ancient).<br />
+Puffendorf's Introduction to History.<br />
+Vertot's History of the Knights of Malta.<br />
+Vertot's Revolutions of Portugal.<br />
+Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>Carte's History of England.<br />
+Present State of England.<br />
+Geographical Grammar.<br />
+Prideaux's Connection.<br />
+Nelson's Feasts and Fasts.<br />
+Duty of Man.<br />
+Gentleman's Religion.<br />
+Clarendon's History.<br />
+Watts's Improvement of the Mind.<br />
+Watts's Logick.<br />
+Nature Displayed.<br />
+Lowth's English Grammar.<br />
+Blackwall on the Classicks.<br />
+Sherlock's Sermons.<br />
+Burnet's Life of Hale.<br />
+Dupin's History of the Church.<br />
+Shuckford's Connection.<br />
+Law's Serious Call.<br />
+Walton's Complete Angler.<br />
+Sandys's Travels.<br />
+Sprat's History of the Royal Society.<br />
+England's Gazetteer.<br />
+Goldsmith's Roman History.<br />
+Some Commentaries on the Bible.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It is curious to notice in both these lists how many of the books are now
+quite superseded.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In another place Boswell tells us what were Johnson's views on book
+collecting. "When I mentioned that I had seen in the King's Library
+sixty-three editions of my favourite <i>Thomas &agrave; Kempis</i>, amongst which it
+was in eight languages, Latin, German, French, Italian, Spanish, English,
+Arabick, and Armenian, he said he thought it unnecessary to collect many
+editions of a book, which were all the same, except as to the paper and
+print; he would have the original, and all the translations, and all the
+editions which had any variations in the text. He approved of the famous
+collection of editions of Horace by Douglas, mentioned by Pope, who is
+said to have had a closet filled with them; and he said every man should
+try to collect one book in that manner, and present it to a Publick
+Library."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson's notion as to the collection of editions which are alike
+except in the point of paper is scarcely sound, but it has been held by a
+librarian of the present day, as I know to my cost. On one occasion I was
+anxious to see several copies of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> first folio of Shakespeare (1623),
+and I visited a certain library which possessed more than one. The
+librarian expressed the opinion that one was quite sufficient for me to
+see, as "they were all alike."</p>
+
+<p>The possessor of a Private Library can act as a <i>censor morum</i> and keep
+out of his collection any books which offend against good morals, but this
+<i>role</i> is one which is unfit for the librarian of a Public Library. He may
+put difficulties in the way of the ordinary reader seeing such books, but
+nevertheless they should be in his library for the use of the student. A
+most amusing instance of misapplied zeal occurred at the Advocates'
+Library on the 27th June, 1754. The Minutes tell the tale in a way that
+speaks for itself and requires no comment. "Mr. James Burnet [afterwards
+Lord Monboddo], and Sir David Dalrymple [afterwards Lord Hailes], Curators
+of the Library, having gone through some accounts of books lately bought,
+and finding therein the three following French books: <i>Les Contes de La
+Fontaine</i>, <i>L'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules</i> and <i>L'Ecumoire</i>, they
+ordain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> that the said books be struck out of the Catalogue of the Library,
+and removed from the shelves, as indecent books, unworthy of a place in a
+learned Library."</p>
+
+<p>At a Conference of Representatives of Institutions in Union with the
+Society of Arts held in July, 1855, the question of the compilation of a
+Catalogue of Books fitted for the Libraries of Institutions was raised,
+and shortly afterwards was published, under the sanction of the Council,
+"<i>A Handbook of Mechanics' Institutions, with Priced Catalogue of Books
+suitable for Libraries, and Periodicals for Reading Rooms</i>, by W.H.J.
+Traice." A second edition of this book was published in 1863. The list,
+however, is not now of much use, as many of the books have been
+superseded. Theology and Politics are not included in the classification.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868 Mr. Mullins read a paper before a Meeting of the Social Science
+Association at Birmingham, on the management of Free Libraries, and, in
+its reprinted form, this has become a Handbook on the subject: "<i>Free
+Libraries and News-rooms, their Formation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> and Management</i>. By J.D.
+Mullins, Chief Librarian, Birmingham Free Libraries. Third edition.
+London, Sotheran and Co., 1879." An appendix contains copies of the Free
+Libraries Acts and Amendments, and a "Short List of Books for a Free
+Lending Library, ranging in price from 1<i>s.</i> to 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per volume."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Axon read a paper on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for the
+Co-Operative Congress in 1869, which was reprinted as a pamphlet of eight
+pages: "<i>Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for Public
+Use.</i> By Wm. E.A. Axon. London, N. Tr&uuml;bner and Co."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. A.R. Spofford has given a valuable list of books and articles in
+periodicals, on the subject of Libraries in chapter 36 (Library
+Bibliography), of the <i>Report on Public Libraries in the U.S.</i> (1876).</p>
+
+<p>The volume of <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of
+Librarians</i>, London, 1877, contains two papers on the Selection of Books,
+one by Mr. Robert Harrison, Librarian of the London Library, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+other by the late Mr. James M. Anderson, Assistant Librarian of the
+University of St. Andrews. Mr. Harrison gives the following as the three
+guiding principles of selection in forming a library: 1. Policy; 2.
+Utility; 3. Special or Local Appropriateness; and he deals with each
+successively. Mr. Anderson writes that "the selection of books should
+invariably be made (1) in relation to the library itself, and (2) in
+relation to those using it."</p>
+
+<p>We have chiefly to do with the formation of libraries, and therefore the
+use made of them when they are formed cannot well be enlarged upon here,
+but a passing note may be made on the proposal which has been much
+discussed of late years, viz. that for Professorships of Books and
+Reading. The United States Report on Public Libraries contains a chapter
+on this subject by F.B. Perkins and William Matthews (pp. 230-251), and
+Mr. Axon also contributed a paper at the First Annual Meeting of the
+Library Association. The value of such chairs, if well filled, is
+self-evident,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> for it takes a man a long time (without teaching) to learn
+how best to use books, but very special men would be required as
+Professors. America has done much to show what the duties of such a
+Professor should be, and Harvard College is specially fortunate in
+possessing an officer in Mr. Justin Winsor who is both a model librarian
+and a practical teacher of the art of how best to use the books under his
+charge.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 239px;">
+<img src="images/img_022.png" width="239" height="77" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "<i>The Library Companion, or the Young Man's Guide and the Old
+Man's Comfort in the Choice of a Library.</i> By the Rev. T.F. Dibdin,
+F.R.S., A.S., London, 1824."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>The Best Reading</i>: Hints on the Selection of Books; on the
+Formation of Libraries, Public and Private; on Courses of Reading, etc.,
+with a Classified Bibliography for every reference. Fourth revised and
+enlarged edition, continued to August, 1876, with the addition of Select
+Lists of the best French, German, Spanish, and Italian Literature. Edited
+by Frederic Beecher Perkins; New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1881. Second
+Series, 1876 to 1882, by Lynds E. Jones.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Richard Garnett read an interesting paper on this book
+under the title of <i>Librarianship in the Seventeenth Century</i>, before the
+Library Association. See <i>Library Chronicle</i>, vol. i. p. 1 (1884).</p></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_023.png" width="500" height="75" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">How Men have Formed Libraries.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_a.png" width="120" height="121" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As long as books have existed there have been book collectors. It is easy
+now to collect, for books of interest are to be found on all sides; but in
+old times this was not so, and we must therefore admire the more those men
+who formed their libraries under the greatest difficulties. In a book
+devoted to the formation of libraries it seems but fair to devote some
+space to doing honour to those who have formed libraries, and perhaps some
+practical lessons may be learned from a few historical facts.</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen may well be proud of Richard Aungerville de Bury, a man
+occupying a busy and exalted station, who not only collected books with
+ardour united with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> judgment, but has left for the benefit of later ages a
+manual which specially endears his memory to all book lovers.</p>
+
+<p>He collected books, and often took them in place of corn for tithes and
+dues, but he also produced books, for he kept copyists in his house. Many
+of these books were carefully preserved in his palace at Durham, but it is
+also pleasant to think of some of them being carefully preserved in the
+noble mansion belonging to his see which stood by the side of the Thames,
+and on the site of the present Adelphi.</p>
+
+<p>Petrarch was a book-loving poet, and he is said to have met the
+book-loving ecclesiastic Richard de Bury at Rome. He gave his library to
+the Church of St. Mark at Venice in 1362; but the guardians allowed the
+books to decay, and few were rescued. Boccaccio bequeathed his library to
+the Augustinians at Florence, but one cannot imagine the books of the
+accomplished author of the <i>Decameron</i> as very well suited for the needs
+of a religious society, and it was probably weeded before Boccaccio's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+death. The remains of the library are still shown to visitors in the
+Laurentian Library, the famous building due to the genius of Michael
+Angelo.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal John Bessarion gave his fine collection (which included about 600
+Greek MSS.) to St. Mark's in 1468, and in the letter to the Doge which
+accompanied his gift, he tells some interesting particulars of his early
+life as a collector. He writes, "From my youth I have bestowed my pains
+and exertion in the collection of books on various sciences. In former
+days I copied many with my own hands, and I have employed on the purchase
+of others such small means as a frugal and thrifty life permitted me to
+devote to the purpose."</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Joseph Hunter printed in 1831 a valuable Catalogue of the Library
+of the Priory of Bretton in Yorkshire, and added to it some notices of the
+Libraries belonging to other Religious Houses, in which he gives us a good
+idea of the contents of these libraries. He writes, "On comparing the
+Bretton Catalogue with that of other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> religious communities, we find the
+libraries of the English monasteries composed of very similar materials.
+They consisted of&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. The Scriptures; and these always in an English or the
+Latin version. A Greek or Hebrew Manuscript of the
+Scriptures is not found in Leland's notes, or, I believe, in
+any of the catalogues. In Wetstein's Catalogue of MSS. of
+the New Testament, only one (Codex 59) is traced into the
+hands of an English community of religious.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Commentators.</p>
+
+<p>3. The Fathers.</p>
+
+<p>4. Services and Rituals of the Church.</p>
+
+<p>5. Writers in the Theological Controversies of the Middle
+Ages.</p>
+
+<p>6. Moral and Devotional Writings.</p>
+
+<p>7. Canon Law.</p>
+
+<p>8. The Schoolmen.</p>
+
+<p>9. Grammatical Writers.</p>
+
+<p>10. Writers in Mathematics and Physics.</p>
+
+<p>11. Medical Writers.</p>
+
+<p>12. Collections of Epistles.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>13. The Middle Age Poets and Romance-Writers.</p>
+
+<p>14. The Latin Classics.</p>
+
+<p>15. The Chronicles.</p>
+
+<p>16. The Historical Writings of doubtful authority, commonly
+called Legends.</p></div>
+
+<p>Most of the manuscripts which composed the monastic libraries were
+destroyed at the Reformation."</p>
+
+<p>Humphry Plantagenet Duke of Gloucester, whose fame has been so lasting as
+the 'good Duke Humphry,' was also a book-collector of renown; but most of
+the old libraries we read about have left but little record of their
+existence: thus the Common Library at Guildhall, founded by Dick
+Whittington in 1420, and added to by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk of
+London, has been entirely destroyed, the books having, in the first
+instance, been carried away by Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset.</p>
+
+<p>Although, as we have seen from Mr. Hunter's remarks, there was a
+considerable amount of variety in the subjects of these manuscript
+collections, we must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> still bear in mind that in a large number of
+instances the contents of the libraries consisted of little more than
+Breviaries and Service Books. It has been pointed out that this fact is
+illustrated by the union of the offices of Precentor and Armarius in one
+person, who had charge of the Library (Armarium) and its great feeder, the
+Writing-room (Scriptorium), as well as the duty of leading the singing in
+the church. Many lists of old libraries have been preserved, and these
+have been printed in various bibliographical works, thus giving us a
+valuable insight into the reading of our forefathers.</p>
+
+<p>When we come to consider libraries of printed books in place of
+manuscripts, we naturally find a greater variety of subjects collected by
+the famous men who have formed collections. Montaigne, the friend of all
+literary men, could not have been the man we know him to have been if he
+had not lived among his books. Like many a later book-lover, he decorated
+his library with mottoes, and burnt-in his inscriptions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> letter by letter
+with his own hands. Grotius made his love of books do him a special
+service, for he escaped from prison in a box which went backwards and
+forwards with an exchange of books for his entertainment and instruction.</p>
+
+<p>Grolier and De Thou stand so pre-eminent among book collectors, and from
+the beauty of the copies they possessed the relics of their libraries are
+so frequently seen, that it seems merely necessary here to mention their
+names. But as Frenchmen may well boast of these men, so Englishmen can
+take pride in the possession of the living memory of Archbishop Parker,
+who enriched Cambridge, and of Sir Thomas Bodley, who made the Library at
+Oxford one of the chief glories of our land.</p>
+
+<p>Old Lists of Books are always of interest to us as telling what our
+forefathers cared to have about them, but it is seldom that a list is so
+tantalising as one described by Mr. Edward Edwards in his <i>Libraries and
+Founders of Libraries</i>. Anne of Denmark presented her son Charles with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+splendid series of volumes, bound in crimson and purple velvet. Abraham
+van der Dort, who was keeper of Charles's cabinet, made an inventory of
+this cabinet; and having no notion of how to make a catalogue of books, he
+has managed to leave out all the information we wish for. The inventory is
+among the Harleian MSS. (4718), and the following are specimens of the
+entries:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Im'pris 19 books in Crimson velvet, whereof 18 are bound
+4to. and y<sup>e</sup> 19th in folio, adorn'd with some silver guilt
+plate, and y<sup>e</sup> 2 claspes wanting. Given to y<sup>e</sup> King by Queen
+Ann of famous memory.</p>
+
+<p>Item, more 15 books, 13 thereof being in long 4to. and y<sup>e</sup> 2
+lesser cover'd over also with purple velvet. Given also to
+y<sup>e</sup> King by y<sup>e</sup> said Queen Ann."</p></div>
+
+<p>Most of the famous private libraries of days gone by have left little
+record of their existence, but Evelyn's collection is still carefully
+preserved at Wotton, the house of the Diarist's later years, and Pepys's
+books<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> continue at Cambridge in the cases he had made for them, and in the
+order he fixed for them. In a long letter to Pepys, dated from Sayes
+Court, 12th August, 1689, Evelyn gives an account of such private
+libraries as he knew of in England, and in London more particularly. He
+first mentions Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom he dedicated his
+translation of Naud&eacute;'s Advice, and who "furnished a very ample library."
+Evelyn observes that England was peculiarly defective in good libraries:
+"Paris alone, I am persuaded, being able to show more than all the three
+nations of Great Britain." He describes Dr. Stillingfleet's, at
+Twickenham, as the very best library.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> He did not think much either of
+the Earl of Bristol's or of Sir Kenelm Digby's books, but he says Lord
+Maitland's "was certainly the noblest, most substantial and accomplished
+library that ever passed under the spear."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In a useful little volume published at London in 1739, and entitled, <i>A
+Critical and Historical Account of all the Celebrated Libraries in Foreign
+Countries, as well ancient as modern</i>, which is stated to be written by "a
+Gentleman of the Temple," are some "General Reflections upon the Choice of
+Books and the Method of furnishing Libraries and Cabinets." As these
+reflections are interesting in themselves, and curious as the views of a
+writer of the middle of the eighteenth century on this important subject,
+I will transfer them bodily to these pages.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing can be more laudable than forming Libraries, when the founders
+have no other view than to improve themselves and men of letters: but it
+will be necessary, in the first place, to give some directions, which will
+be of great importance towards effecting the design, as well with regard
+to the choice of books as the manner of placing to advantage: nor is it
+sufficient in this case, to be learned, since he who would have a
+collection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> worthy of the name of a library must of all things have a
+thorough knowledge of books, that he may distinguish such as are valuable
+from the trifling. He must likewise understand the price of Books,
+otherwise he may purchase some at too high a rate, and undervalue others:
+all which requires no small judgment and experience.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us suppose, then, the founder possessed of all those qualifications,
+three things fall next under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>"First, the number of books; secondly, their quality; and, lastly, the
+order in which they ought to be ranged.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the quantity, regard must be had, as well to places as to persons;
+for should a man of moderate fortune propose to have a Library for his own
+use only, it would be imprudent in him to embarrass his affairs in order
+to effect it. Under such circumstances he must rather consider the
+usefulness than the number of books, for which we have the authority of
+Seneca, who tells us that a multitude of books is more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> burthensome than
+instructive to the understanding.</p>
+
+<p>"But if a private person has riches enough for founding a Library, as well
+for his own use as for the public, he ought to furnish it with the most
+useful volumes in all arts and sciences, and procure such as are scarcest
+and most valuable, from all parts, that the learned, of whom there are
+many classes, may instruct themselves in what may be useful to them, and
+may gratify their enquiries. But as the condition and abilities of such as
+would form Libraries are to be distinguished, so regard must likewise be
+had to places, for it is very difficult to procure, or collect books in
+some countries, without incredible expense; a design of that kind would be
+impracticable in America, Africa, and some parts of Asia; so that nothing
+can be determined as to the number of books, that depending entirely upon
+a variety of circumstances, and the means of procuring them, as has been
+observ'd before.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the second topic, special care must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> be taken in the choice of
+books, for upon that alone depends the value of a Library. We must not
+form a judgment of books either by their bulk or numbers, but by their
+intrinsic merit and usefulness. Alexander Severus's Library consisted of
+no more than four volumes, that is the works of Plato, Cicero, Virgil, and
+Horace. Melanchthon seems to have imitated that Prince, for his collection
+amounted to four books only, Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and Ptolemy.</p>
+
+<p>"There is another necessary lesson for those who form designs of making
+libraries, that is, that they must disengage themselves from all
+prejudices with regard either to ancient or modern books, for such a wrong
+step often precipitates the judgment, without scrutiny or examination, as
+if truth and knowledge were confined to any particular times or places.
+The ancients and moderns should be placed in collections, indifferently,
+provided they have those characters we hinted before.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us now proceed to the third head, the manner of placing books in such
+order,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> as that they may be resorted to upon any emergency, without
+difficulty, otherwise they can produce but little advantage either to the
+owners or others.</p>
+
+<p>"The natural method of placing books and manuscripts is to range them in
+separate classes or apartments, according to the science, art, or subject,
+of which they treat.</p>
+
+<p>"Here it will be necessary to observe, that as several authors have
+treated of various subjects, it may be difficult to place them under any
+particular class; Plutarch, for instance, who was an historian, a
+political writer, and a philosopher. The most advisable method then is to
+range them under the head of Miscellaneous Authors, with proper references
+to each subject, but this will be more intelligible by an example.</p>
+
+<p>"Suppose, then, we would know the names of the celebrated Historians of
+the ancients; nothing more is necessary than to inspect the class under
+which the historians are placed, and so of other Faculties. By this
+management, one set of miscellaneous authors will be sufficient, and may
+be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> resorted to with as much ease and expedition as those who have
+confined themselves to one subject. In choice of books regard must be had
+to the edition, character, paper and binding. As to the price, it is
+difficult to give any positive directions; that of ordinary works is
+easily known, but as to such as are very scarce and curious, we can only
+observe that their price is as uncertain as that of medals and other
+monuments of antiquity, and often depends more on the caprice of the buyer
+than the intrinsic merit of the work, some piquing themselves upon the
+possession of things from no other consideration than their exorbitant
+price."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Byrom's quaint library is still preserved at Manchester in its
+entirety. Bishop Moore's fine collection finds a resting place in the
+University Library at Cambridge, and the relics of the Library of Harley,
+Earl of Oxford, a mine of manuscript treasure, still remain one of the
+chief glories of the British Museum. How much cause for regret is there
+that the library itself, which Osborne bought and Johnson described, did
+not also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> find a settled home, instead of being dispersed over the land.</p>
+
+<p>It is greatly to the credit of the rich and busy man to spend his time and
+riches in the collection of a fine library, but still greater honour is
+due to the poor man who does not allow himself to be pulled down by his
+sordid surroundings. The once-famous small-coalman, Thomas Britton,
+furnishes a most remarkable instance of true greatness in a humble
+station, and one, moreover, which was fully recognized in his own day. He
+lived next door to St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, and although he gained
+his living by selling coals from door to door, many persons of the highest
+station were in the habit of attending the musical meetings held at his
+house. He was an excellent chemist as well as a good musician, and Thomas
+Hearne tells us that he left behind him "a valuable collection of musick
+mostly pricked by himself, which was sold upon his death for near an
+hundred pounds," "a considerable collection of musical instruments which
+was sold for fourscore pounds,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> "not to mention the excellent collection
+of printed books that he also left behind him, both of chemistry and
+musick. Besides these books that he left, he had some years before his
+death (1714) sold by auction a noble collection of books, most of them in
+the Rosicrucian faculty (of which he was a great admirer), whereof there
+is a printed catalogue extant, as there is of those that were sold after
+his death, which catalogue I have by me (by the gift of my very good
+friend Mr. Bagford), and have often looked over with no small surprize and
+wonder, and particularly for the great number of MSS. in the
+before-mentioned faculties that are specified in it."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson, although a great reader, was not a collector of books. He was
+forced to possess many volumes while he was compiling his Dictionary, but
+when that great labour was completed, he no longer felt the want of them.
+Goldsmith, on the other hand, died possessed of a considerable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> number of
+books which he required, or had at some time required, for his studies.
+"The Select Collection of Scarce, Curious, and Valuable Books, in English,
+Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and other Languages, late the Library of
+Dr. Goldsmith, deceased," was sold on Tuesday, the 12th of July, 1774, and
+the Catalogue will be found in the Appendix to Forster's Life. There were
+30 lots in folio, 26 in quarto, and 106 in octavo and smaller sizes. Among
+the books of interest in this list are Chaucer's Works, 1602; Davenant's
+Works, 1673; Camoens, by Fanshawe, 1655; Cowley's Works, 1674; Shelton's
+Don Quixote; Raleigh's History of the World, 1614; Bulwer's Artificial
+Changeling, 1653; Verstegan's Antiquities, 1634; Hartlib's Legacie, 1651;
+Sir K. Digby on the Nature of Bodies, 1645; Warton's History of English
+Poetry, 1774; Encyclop&eacute;die, 25 vols., 1770; Fielding's Works, 12 vols.,
+1766; Bysshe's Art of Poetry; Hawkins's Origin of the English Drama, 3
+vols., 1773; Percy's Reliques, 3 vols., Dublin, 1766;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> Sir William
+Temple's Works; and De Bure, Bibliographie Instructive.</p>
+
+<p>A catalogue such as this, made within a few weeks of the death of the
+owner, cannot but have great interest for us. The library could not have
+been a very choice one, for there is little notice of bindings and much
+mention of odd volumes. It was evidently a working collection, containing
+the works of the poets Goldsmith loved, and of the naturalists from whom
+he stole his knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Gibbon was a true collector, who loved his books, and he must have needed
+them greatly, working as he did at Lausanne away from public libraries.
+After his death the library was purchased by 'Vathek' Beckford, but he
+kept it buried, and it was of no use to any one. Eventually it was sold by
+auction, a portion being bought for the Canton, and another portion going
+to America. There was little in the man Gibbon to be enthusiastic about,
+but it is impossible for any true book lover not to delight in the
+thoroughness of the author<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> of one of the noblest books ever written. The
+fine old house where the <i>Decline and Fall</i> was written and the noble
+library was stored still stands, and the traveller may stroll in the
+garden so beautifully described by Gibbon when he walked to the historical
+<i>berceau</i> and felt that his herculean labour was completed. His heart must
+be preternaturally dull which does not beat quicker as he walks on that
+ground. The thought of a visit some years ago forms one of the most vivid
+of the author's pleasures of memory.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Burney, the Greek scholar, is said to have expended nearly &pound;25,000
+on his library, which consisted of more than 13,000 printed volumes and a
+fine collection of MSS. The library was purchased for the British Museum
+for the sum of &pound;13,500.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Burney probably inherited his love of collecting from his father,
+for Dr. Burney possessed some twenty thousand volumes. These were rather
+an incumbrance to the Doctor, and when he moved to Chelsea Hospital, he
+was in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> some difficulty respecting them. Mrs. Chapone, when she heard of
+these troubles, proved herself no bibliophile, for she exclaimed, "Twenty
+thousand volumes! bless me! why, how can he so encumber himself? Why does
+he not burn half? for how much must be to spare that never can be worth
+his looking at from such a store! and can he want to keep them all?"</p>
+
+<p>The love of books will often form a tie of connection between very
+divergent characters, and in dealing with men who have formed libraries we
+can bring together the names of those who had but little sympathy with
+each other during life.</p>
+
+<p>George III. was a true book collector, and the magnificent library now
+preserved in the British Museum owes its origin to his own judgment and
+enthusiastic love for the pursuit. Louis XVI. cared but little for books
+until his troubles came thick upon him, and then he sought solace from
+their pages. During that life in the Temple we all know so well from the
+sad reading of its incidents, books were not denied to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> the persecuted
+royal family. There was a small library in the "little tower," and the
+king drew up a list of books to be supplied to him from the library at the
+Tuileries. The list included the works of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and
+Terence; of Tacitus, Livy, C&aelig;sar, Marcus Aurelius, Eutropius, Cornelius
+Nepos, Florus, Justin, Quintus Curtius, Sallust, Suetonius and Velleius
+Paterculus; the <i>Vies des Saints</i>, the <i>Fables de la Fontaine</i>,
+<i>T&eacute;l&egrave;maque</i>, and Rollin's <i>Trait&eacute; des Etudes</i>.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>The more we know of Napoleon, and anecdotes of him are continually being
+published in the ever-lengthening series of French memoirs, the less
+heroic appears his figure, but he could not have been entirely bad, for he
+truly loved books. He began life as an author, and would always have books
+about him. He complained if the printing was bad or the binding poor, and
+said, "I will have fine editions and handsome binding. I am rich enough
+for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> that."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Thus spoke the true bibliophile. Mr. Edwards has collected
+much interesting information respecting Napoleon and his libraries, and of
+his labours I here freely avail myself. Bourrienne affirms that the
+authors who chiefly attracted Napoleon in his school days were Polybius,
+Plutarch, and Arrian. "Shortly before he left France for Egypt, Napoleon
+drew up, with his own hand, the scheme of a travelling library, the charge
+of collecting which was given to John Baptist Say, the Economist. It
+comprised about three hundred and twenty volumes, more than half of which
+are historical, and nearly all, as it seems, in French. The ancient
+historians comprised in the list are Thucydides, Plutarch, Polybius,
+Arrian, Tacitus, Livy, and Justin. The poets are Homer, Virgil, Tasso,
+Ariosto, the <i>T&eacute;l&egrave;maque</i> of F&eacute;n&eacute;lon, the <i>Henriade</i> of Voltaire, with
+Ossian and La Fontaine. Among the works of prose fiction are the English
+novelists in forty volumes, of course<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> in translations, and the
+indispensable <i>Sorrows of Werter</i>, which, as he himself told Goethe,
+Napoleon had read through seven times prior to October, 1808. In this list
+the Bible, together with the <i>Koran</i> and the <i>Vedas</i>, are whimsically, but
+significantly, entered under the heading Politics and Ethics (Politique et
+Morale).<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Napoleon was not, however, satisfied with the camp libraries which were
+provided for him; the good editions were too bulky and the small editions
+too mean: so he arranged the plan of a library to be expressly printed for
+him in a thousand duodecimo volumes without margins, bound in thin covers
+and with loose backs. "In this new plan 'Religion' took its place as the
+first class. The Bible was to be there in its best translation, with a
+selection of the most important works of the Fathers of the Church, and a
+series of the best dissertations on those leading religious sects&mdash;their
+doctrines and their history&mdash;which have powerfully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> influenced the world.
+This section was limited to forty volumes. The Koran was to be included,
+together with a good book or two on mythology. One hundred and forty
+volumes were allotted to poetry. The epics were to embrace Homer, Lucan,
+Tasso, <i>Telemachus</i>, and the <i>Henriade</i>. In the dramatic portion Corneille
+and Racine were of course to be included, but of Corneille, said Napoleon,
+you shall print for me 'only what is vital' (ce qui est rest&eacute;), and from
+Racine you shall omit '<i>Les Fr&egrave;res ennemis</i>, the <i>Alexandre</i>, and <i>Les
+Plaideurs</i>. Of Cr&eacute;billon, he would have only <i>Rhadamiste</i> and <i>Atr&eacute;e et
+Thyeste</i>. Voltaire was to be subject to the same limitation as
+Corneille.'"<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> In prose fiction Napoleon specifies the <i>Nouvelle H&eacute;loise</i>
+and Rousseau's <i>Confessions</i>, the masterpieces of Fielding, Richardson and
+Le Sage, and Voltaire's tales. Soon after this Napoleon proposed a much
+larger scheme for a camp library, in which history alone would occupy
+three thousand volumes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> History was to be divided into these sections&mdash;I.
+Chronology and Universal History. II. Ancient History (<i>a.</i> by ancient
+writers, <i>b.</i> by modern writers). III. History of the Lower Empire (in
+like subdivisions). IV. History, both general and particular. V. The
+Modern History of the different States of Europe. The celebrated
+bibliographer Barbier drew up, according to the Emperor's orders, a
+detailed catalogue of the works which should form such a library. "He
+calculated that by employing a hundred and twenty compositors and
+twenty-five editors, the three thousand volumes could be produced, in
+satisfactory shape, and within six years, at a total cost of &pound;163,200,
+supposing fifty copies of each book to be printed."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The printing was
+begun, but little was actually done, and in six years Napoleon was in St.
+Helena.</p>
+
+<p>In his last island home Napoleon had a library, and he read largely, often
+aloud, with good effect. It is an interesting fact<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> that among Napoleon's
+papers were found some notes on Geography written when a boy, and these
+close with the words&mdash;"<i>Sainte-H&eacute;l&egrave;ne&mdash;petite ile</i>."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>In recapitulating here the names of a few of the famous men who have
+formed libraries it will be necessary to divide them into two classes, 1,
+those whose fame arises from their habit of collecting, and 2, those
+authors in whose lives we are so much interested that the names of the
+books they possessed are welcomed by us as indications of their
+characters. What can be said of the libraries of the Duke of Roxburghe,
+Earl Spencer, Thomas Grenville, and Richard Heber that has not been said
+often before? Two of these have been dispersed over the world, and two
+remain, one the glory of a noble family, and the other of the nation, or
+perhaps it would be more proper to say both are the glory of the nation,
+for every Englishman must be proud that the Spencer Library still remains
+intact.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Heber left behind him over 100,000 volumes, in eight houses, four in
+England and four on the Continent, and no record remains of this immense
+library but the volumes of the sale catalogues. Such wholesale collection
+appears to be allied to madness, but Heber was no selfish collector, and
+his practice was as liberal as Grolier's motto. His name is enshrined in
+lasting verse by Scott:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thy volumes, open as thy heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Delight, amusement, science, art,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To every ear and eye impart;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet who of all that thus employ them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Can like the owner's self enjoy them?&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But hark! I hear the distant drum:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The day of Flodden Field is come&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Adieu, dear Heber! life and health,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And store of literary wealth."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&mdash;M<small>ARMION</small>, <i>Introduction to the Sixth Canto</i>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The Duke of Sussex was a worthy successor of his father, George III., in
+the ranks of book-collectors, and his library is kept in memory by
+Pettigrew's fine catalogue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Douce and Malone the critics, and Gough the antiquary, left their
+libraries to the Bodleian, and thus many valuable books are available to
+students in that much-loved resort of his at Oxford. Anthony Morris
+Storer, who is said to have excelled in everything he set his heart on and
+hand to, collected a beautiful library, which he bequeathed to Eton
+College, where it still remains, a joy to look at from the elegance of the
+bindings. His friend Lord Carlisle wrote of him&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Whether I Storer sing in hours of joy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When every look bespeaks the inward boy;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or when no more mirth wantons in his breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the man in him appears confest;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In mirth, in sadness, sing him how I will,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sense and good nature must attend him still."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Jacob Bryant the antiquary left his library to King's College, Cambridge.
+At one time he intended to have followed Storer's example, and have left
+it to Eton College, but the Provost offended him, and he changed the
+object of his bequest. It is said that when he was discussing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> matter,
+the Provost asked whether he would not arrange for the payment of the
+carriage of the books from his house to Eton. He thought this grasping,
+and King's gained the benefit of his change of mind.</p>
+
+<p>Among great authors two of the chief collectors were Scott and Southey.
+Scott's library still remains at Abbotsford, and no one who has ever
+entered that embodiment of the great man's soul can ever forget it. The
+library, with the entire contents of the house, were restored to Scott in
+1830 by his trustees and creditors, "As the best means the creditors have
+of expressing their very high sense of his most honourable conduct, and in
+grateful acknowledgment of the unparalleled and most successful exertions
+he has made, and continues to make for them." The library is rich in the
+subjects which the great author loved, such as Demonology and Witchcraft.
+In a volume of a collection of Ballads and Chapbooks is this note written
+by Scott in 1810: "This little collection of stall tracts and ballads was
+formed by me, when a boy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> from the baskets of the travelling pedlars.
+Until put into its present decent binding, it had such charms for the
+servants, that it was repeatedly, and with difficulty, recovered from
+their clutches. It contains most of the pieces that were popular about
+thirty years since, and I dare say many that could not now be procured for
+any price."</p>
+
+<p>It is odd to contrast the book-loving tastes of celebrated authors.
+Southey cared for his books, but Coleridge would cut the leaves of a book
+with a butter knife, and De Quincey's extraordinary treatment of books is
+well described by Mr. Burton in the <i>Book Hunter</i>. Charles Lamb's loving
+appreciation of his books is known to all readers of the delightful Elia.</p>
+
+<p>Southey collected more than 14,000 volumes, which sold in 1844 for nearly
+&pound;3000. He began collecting as a boy, for his father had but few books. Mr.
+Edwards enumerates these as follows: The <i>Spectator</i>, three or four
+volumes of the <i>Oxford Magazine</i>, one volume of the <i>Freeholder's
+Magazine</i>, and one of the <i>Town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> and Country Magazine</i>, Pomfret's <i>Poems</i>,
+the <i>Death of Abel</i>, nine plays (including <i>Julius C&aelig;sar</i>, <i>The Indian
+Queen</i>, and a translation of <i>Merope</i>), and a pamphlet.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>Southey was probably one of the most representative of literary men. His
+feelings in his library are those of all book-lovers, although he could
+express these feelings in language which few of them have at command:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My days among the dead are passed;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Around me I behold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where'er these casual eyes are cast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The mighty minds of old:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My never-failing friends are they,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With whom I converse day by day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With them I take delight in weal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And seek relief in woe;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And while I understand and feel<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">How much to them I owe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My cheeks have often been bedewed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With tears of thoughtful gratitude.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My thoughts are with the dead; with them<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I live in long-past years;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their virtues love, their faults condemn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Partake their hopes and fears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And from their lessons seek and find<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Instruction with a humble mind.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My hopes are with the dead; anon<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">My place with them will be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And I with them shall travel on<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through all futurity;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet leaving here a name, I trust,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That will not perish in the dust.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Henry Stevens read a paper or rather delivered an address at the
+meeting of the Library Association held at Liverpool in 1883, containing
+his recollections of Mr. James Lenox, the great American book collector. I
+had the pleasure of listening to that address, but I have read it in its
+finished form with even greater delight. It is not often that he who
+pleases you as a speaker also pleases you as writer, but Mr. Stevens
+succeeds in both. If more bibliographers could write their reminiscences
+with the same spirit that he does, we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> should hear less of the dullness of
+bibliography. I strongly recommend my readers to take an early opportunity
+of perusing this paper in the Liverpool volume of the Transactions of the
+Library Association.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stevens, among his anecdotes of Mr. Lenox, records that he "often
+bought duplicates for immediate use, or to lend, rather than grope for the
+copies he knew to be in the stocks in some of his store rooms or chambers,
+notably Stirling's <i>Artists of Spain</i>, a high-priced book."</p>
+
+<p>This is a common trouble to large book collectors, who cannot find the
+books they know they possess. The late Mr. Crossley had his books stacked
+away in heaps, and he was often unable to lay his hands upon books of
+which he had several copies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 226px;">
+<img src="images/img_056.png" width="226" height="68" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Armagh, is said to have given
+&pound;2500 for Bishop Stillingfleet's Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>Reliqui&aelig; Hearnian&aelig;</i>, by Bliss, 2nd edition, 1869, vol. ii.
+p. 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Libraries and Founders of Libraries</i>, p. 115.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Libraries and Founders</i>, p. 136.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Correspondance de Napoleon I<sup>er</sup></i>, IV. pp. 37, 38, quoted by
+Edwards, <i>Libraries and Founders</i>, p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Libraries and Founders</i>, p. 133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Libraries and Founders</i>, p. 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Libraries and Founders</i>, p. 142.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Libraries and Founders of Libraries</i>, p. 95.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_057.png" width="500" height="78" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">How to Buy.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_a.png" width="120" height="121" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>A discussion has arisen lately in bibliographical journals as to how best
+to supply libraries with their books, the main principle agreed upon being
+that it is the duty of the librarian to buy his books as cheaply as
+possible. Some of these views are stated by Mr. H.R. Tedder in a letter
+printed in the <i>Library Chronicle</i> for July, 1884 (vol. i. p. 120). It
+appears that Professor Dziatzko contends that the books should always be
+bought as cheaply as possible, but that Dr. Julius Petzholdt holds the
+opinion that the chief object of the librarian should be to get his books
+as early as possible and not to wait until they can be had at second-hand.
+Mr. Tedder thinks that the two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> plans of rapidity of supply and cheapness
+of cost can in some respect be united. Of course there can be no
+difference of opinion in respect to the duty of the librarian to get as
+much for his money as he can, but there are other points which require to
+be considered besides those brought forward before a satisfactory answer
+to the question&mdash;How to Buy? can be obtained. There are three points which
+seem to have been very much overlooked in the discussion, which may be
+stated here. 1. Is the librarian's valuable time well occupied by looking
+after cheap copies of books? 2. Will not the proposed action on the part
+of librarians go far to abolish the intelligent second-hand bookseller in
+the same way as the new bookseller has been well-nigh abolished in
+consequence of large discounts? 3. Will not such action prevent the
+publication of excellent books on subjects little likely to be popular?</p>
+
+<p>1. Most librarians find their time pretty well occupied by the ordinary
+duties of buying, arranging, cataloguing, and finding the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> books under
+their charge, and it will be generally allowed that the librarian's first
+duty is to be in his library, ready to attend to those who wish to consult
+him. Now the value of his time can be roughly estimated for this purpose
+in money, and the value of the time spent in doing work which could be as
+well or better done by a bookseller should fairly be added to the cost of
+the books.</p>
+
+<p>2. It has hitherto been thought advisable to have one or more second-hand
+booksellers attached to an important library, from whom the librarian may
+naturally expect to obtain such books as he requires. Of course a man of
+knowledge and experience must be paid for the exercise of these qualities,
+but the price of books is so variable that it is quite possible that the
+bookseller, from his knowledge, may buy the required books cheaper than
+the librarian himself would pay for them. As far as it is possible to
+judge from the information given us respecting the collection of
+libraries, bookbuyers have little to complain of as to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> the price paid by
+them to such respectable booksellers as have acted as their agents.
+Perhaps too little stress has been laid upon that characteristic which is
+happily so common among honest men, viz. that the agent is as pleased to
+get wares cheap for a good customer as for himself. Mr. Tedder says in his
+letter, "For rarer books I still consider it safer and cheaper in the long
+run to cultivate business relations with one or more second-hand
+booksellers, and pay them for their knowledge and experience." But is this
+quite fair, and is it not likely that the rarer books will be supplied
+cheaper if the bookseller is allowed to pay himself partly out of the sale
+of the commoner books, which it is now proposed the librarian shall buy
+himself? My contention is that it is for the advantage of libraries that
+intelligent booksellers, ready to place their knowledge at the service of
+the librarians, should exist, and it is unwise and uneconomic to do that
+which may cause this class to cease to exist. Sellers of books must always
+exist, but it is possible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> to drive out of the trade those who do it the
+most honour. We see what has occurred in the new book trade, and there can
+be little doubt that the book-buyer loses much more than he gains by the
+present system of discount. When the bookseller could obtain sufficient
+profit by the sale of new books to keep his shop open, it was worth his
+while to take some trouble in finding the book required; but now that the
+customer expects to buy a book at trade price, he cannot be surprised if
+he does not give full particulars as to the publisher of the book he
+requires if it is reported to him as "not known." Those only who, by
+taking a large quantity of copies, obtain an extra discount, can make new
+bookselling pay.</p>
+
+<p>3. There are a large number of books which, although real additions to
+literature, can only be expected to obtain a small number of readers and
+buyers. Some of these are not taken by the circulating libraries, and
+publishers, in making their calculations, naturally count upon supplying
+some of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> chief libraries of the country. If these libraries wait till
+the book is second-hand, the number of sales is likely to be so much
+reduced that it is not worth while to publish the book at all, to the
+evident damage of the cause of learning.</p>
+
+<p>It has been often suggested that an arrangement should be made by
+libraries in close proximity, so that the same expensive book should not
+be bought by more than one of the libraries. No doubt this is advantageous
+in certain circumstances, but in the case of books with a limited sale it
+would have the same consequence as stated above, and the book would not be
+published at all, or be published at a loss.</p>
+
+<p>Selden wrote in his <i>Table Talk</i>: "The giving a bookseller his price for
+his books has this advantage; he that will do so, shall have the refusal
+of whatsoever comes to his hand, and so by that means get many things
+which otherwise he never should have seen." And the dictum is as true now
+as it was in his time.</p>
+
+<p>Many special points arise for consideration<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> when we deal with the
+question&mdash;How to buy at sales? and Mr. Edward Edwards gives the following
+four rules for the guidance of the young book-buyer (<i>Memoirs of
+Libraries</i>, vol. ii. p. 645):</p>
+
+<p>1. The examination of books before the sale, not during it. 2. A steady
+unintermittent bidding up to his predetermined limit, for all the books
+which he wants, from the first lot to the last; and&mdash;if there be any signs
+of a "combination"&mdash;for a few others which he may <i>not</i> want. 3. Careful
+avoidance of all interruptions and conversation; with especial
+watchfulness of the hammer immediately after the disposal of those
+especially seductive lots, which may have excited a keen and spirited
+competition. (There is usually on such occasions a sort of "lull," very
+favourable to the acquisition of good bargains.) 4. The uniform
+preservation and storing up of priced catalogues of all important sales
+for future reference.</p>
+
+<p>A case of conscience arises as to whether it is fit and proper for two
+buyers to agree<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> not to oppose each other at a public sale. Mr. Edwards
+says, "At the sales Lord Spencer was a liberal opponent as well as a
+liberal bidder. When Mason's books were sold, for example, in 1798, Lord
+Spencer agreed with the Duke of Roxburghe that they would not oppose each
+other, in bidding for some books of excessive rarity, but when both were
+very earnest in their longings, "toss up, after the book was bought, to
+see who should win it." Thus it was that the Duke obtained his unique, but
+imperfect, copy of Caxton's <i>Historye of Kynge Blanchardyn and Prince
+Eglantyne</i>, which, however, came safely to Althorp fourteen years later,
+at a cost of two hundred and fifteen pounds; the Duke having given but
+twenty guineas."<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is easy to understand the inducement which made these two giants agree
+not to oppose each other, but the agreement was dangerously like a
+"knock-out." Mr. Henry Stevens (in his <i>Recollections of Mr. James<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+Lenox</i>) boldly deals with this question, and condemns any such agreement.
+He writes, "Shortly after, in 1850, there occurred for sale at the same
+auction rooms a copy of '<i>Aratus, Phaenomena</i>,' Paris, 1559, in 4<sup>o</sup>, with
+a few manuscript notes, and this autograph signature on the title, 'Jo.
+Milton, Pre. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 1631.' This I thought would be a desirable
+acquisition for Mr. Lenox, and accordingly I ventured to bid for it as far
+as &pound;40, against my late opponent for the Drake Map, but he secured it at
+&pound;40 10<i>s.</i>, remarking that 'Mr. Panizzi will not thank you for, thus
+running the British Museum.' 'That remark,' I replied, 'is apparently one
+of your gratuities. Mr. Panizzi is, I think, too much a man of the world
+to grumble at a fair fight. He has won this time, though at considerable
+cost, and I am sure Mr. Lenox will be the first to congratulate him on
+securing such a prize for the British Museum.' 'I did not know you were
+bidding for Mr. Lenox.' 'It was not necessary that you should.' 'Perhaps
+at another time,' said he, 'we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> may arrange the matter beforehand, so as
+not to oppose each other.' 'Very well,' I replied, 'if you will bring me a
+note from Mr. Panizzi something to this effect: 'Mr. Stevens, please have
+a knock-out with the bearer, the agent of the British Museum, on lot **,
+and greatly oblige Mr. John Bull and your obdt. servant, A.P.,' I will
+consider the proposition, and if Mr. Lenox, or any other of my interested
+correspondents, is not unwilling to combine or conspire to rob or cheat
+the proprietors, the 'thing' may possibly be done. Meanwhile, until this
+arrangement is concluded, let us hold our tongues and pursue an honest
+course.' That man never again suggested to me to join him in a
+'knock-out.'"</p>
+
+<p>In another place Mr. Stevens relates his own experience as to holding two
+commissions, and the necessity of buying the book above the amount of the
+lowest of the two. The circumstance relates to a copy of the small octavo
+Latin edition of the <i>Columbus Letter</i>, in eight leaves, at the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+Libri sale, Feb. 19, 1849. Mr. Stevens writes, "Mr. Brown ordered this lot
+with a limit of 25 guineas, and Mr. Lenox of &pound;25. Now as my chief
+correspondents had been indulged with a good deal of liberty, scarcely
+ever considering their orders completely executed till they had received
+the books and decided whether or not they would keep them, I grew into the
+habit of considering all purchases my own until accepted and paid for.
+Consequently when positive orders were given, which was very seldom, I
+grew likewise into the habit of buying the lot as cheaply as possible, and
+then awarding it to the correspondent who gave the highest limit. This is
+not always quite fair to the owner; but in my case it would have been
+unfair to myself to make my clients compete, as not unfrequently the
+awarded lot was declined and had to go to another. Well, in the case of
+this Columbus Letter, though I had five or six orders, I purchased it for
+&pound;16 10<i>s.</i>, and, accordingly, as had been done many times before within
+the last five or six years without a grumble,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> I awarded it to the highest
+limit, and sent the little book to Mr. John Carter Brown. Hitherto, in
+cases of importance, Mr. Lenox had generally been successful, because he
+usually gave the highest limit. But in this case he rebelled. He wrote
+that the book had gone under his commission of &pound;25, that he knew nobody
+else in the transaction, and that he insisted on having it, or he should
+at once transfer his orders to some one else. I endeavoured to vindicate
+my conduct by stating our long-continued practice, with which he was
+perfectly well acquainted, but without success. He grew more and more
+peremptory, insisting on having the book solely on the ground that it went
+under his limit. At length, after some months of negotiation, Mr. Brown,
+on being made acquainted with the whole correspondence, very kindly, to
+relieve me of the dilemma, sent the book to Mr. Lenox without a word of
+comment or explanation, except that, though it went also below his higher
+limit, he yielded it to Mr. Lenox for peace.... From that time I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+resorted, in cases of duplicate orders from them, to the expedient of
+always putting the lot in at one bid above the lower limit, which, after
+all, I believe is the fairer way in the case of positive orders. This
+sometimes cost one of them a good deal more money, but it abated the
+chafing and generally gave satisfaction. Both thought the old method the
+fairest when they got the prize. But I was obliged, on the new system of
+bidding, to insist on the purchaser keeping the book without the option of
+returning it." There can be no doubt that the latter plan was the most
+satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Some persons appear to be under the impression that whatever a book
+fetches at a public sale must be its true value, and that, as the
+encounter is open and public, too much is not likely to be paid by the
+buyer; but this is a great mistake, and prices are often realized at a
+good sale which are greatly in advance of those at which the same books
+are standing unsold in second-hand booksellers' shops.</p>
+
+<p>Much knowledge is required by those who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> wish to buy with success at
+sales. Books vary greatly in price at different periods, and it is a
+mistake to suppose, from the high prices realized at celebrated sales,
+which are quoted in all the papers, that books are constantly advancing in
+price. Although many have gone up, many others have gone down, and at no
+time probably were good and useful books to be bought so cheap as now. If
+we look at old sale catalogues we shall find early printed books,
+specimens of old English poetry and the drama, fetching merely a fraction
+of what would have to be given for them now; but, on the other hand, we
+shall find pounds then given for standard books which would not now
+realize the same number of shillings; this is specially the case with
+classics.</p>
+
+<p>The following passage from Hearne's <i>Diaries</i> on the fluctuations in
+prices is of interest in this connection:&mdash;"The editions of Classicks of
+the first print (commonly called <i>editones principes</i>) that used to go at
+prodigious prices are now strangely lowered; occasioned in good measure
+by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, my friend, being forced to sell many of his
+books, in whose auction these books went cheap, tho' English history and
+antiquities went dear: and yet this gentleman was the chief man that
+raised many curious and classical books so high, by his generous and
+courageous way of bidding."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>These first editions, however, realize large prices at the present time,
+as has been seen at the sale of the Sunderland Library. It is experience
+only that will give the necessary knowledge to the book buyer, and no
+rules laid down in books can be of any real practical value in this case.
+Persons who know nothing of books are too apt to suppose that what they
+are inclined to consider exorbitant prices are matters of caprice, but
+this is not so. There is generally a very good reason for the high price.</p>
+
+<p>We must remember that year by year old and curious books become scarcer,
+and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> number of libraries where they are locked up increase; thus while
+the demand is greater, the supply diminishes, and the price naturally
+becomes higher. A unique first edition of a great author is surely a
+possession to be proud of, and it is no ignoble ambition to wish to obtain
+it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 263px;">
+<img src="images/img_072.png" width="263" height="173" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Libraries and Founders of Libraries</i>, 1864, p. 404.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Reliqui&aelig; Hearnian&aelig;</i>, 1869, vol. ii. p. 158.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_073.png" width="500" height="97" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Public Libraries.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_l.png" width="120" height="116" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Libraries may broadly be divided into Public and Private, and as private
+libraries will vary according to the special idiosyncrasies of their
+owners, so still more will public libraries vary in character according to
+the public they are intended for. The answer therefore to the
+question&mdash;How to form a Public Library?&mdash;must depend upon the character of
+the library which it is proposed to form. Up to the period when free town
+libraries were first formed, collections of books were usually intended
+for students; but when the Public Libraries' Acts were passed, a great
+change took place, and libraries being formed for general readers, and
+largely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> with the object of fostering the habit of reading, an entirely
+new idea of libraries came into existence. The old idea of a library was
+that of a place where books that were wanted could be found, but the new
+idea is that of an educational establishment, where persons who know
+little or nothing of books can go to learn what to read. The new idea has
+naturally caused a number of points to be discussed which were never
+thought of before.</p>
+
+<p>But even in Town Libraries there will be great differences. Thus in such
+places as Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, the Free Libraries should
+be smaller British Museums, and in this spirit their founders have worked;
+but in smaller and less important towns a more modest object has to be
+kept in view, and the wants of readers, more than those of consulters of
+books, have to be considered.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Beriah Botfield has given a very full account of the contents of the
+libraries spread about the country and associated with the different
+Cathedrals in his <i>Notes on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> the Cathedral Libraries of England</i>, 1849.
+These libraries have mostly been formed upon the same plan, and consist
+very largely of the works of the Fathers, and of old Divinity. Some
+contain also old editions of the classics, and others fine early editions
+of English authors. In former times these libraries were much neglected,
+and many of the books were lost; but the worst instance of injury to a
+library occurred at Lincoln at the beginning of the present century, when
+a large number of Caxtons, Pynsons, Wynkyn de Wordes, etc., were sold to
+Dr. Dibdin, and modern books purchased for the library with the proceeds.
+Dibdin printed a list of his treasures under the title of "The Lincolne
+Nosegay." Mr. Botfield has reprinted this catalogue in his book.</p>
+
+<p>The first chapter of the <i>United States Report on Public Libraries</i> is
+devoted to Public Libraries a hundred years ago. Mr. H.E. Scudder there
+describes some American libraries which were founded in the last century.
+One of these was the Loganian Library of Philadelphia. Here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> is an extract
+from the will of James Logan, the founder&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"In my library, which I have left to the city of Philadelphia for the
+advancement and facilitating of classical learning, are above one hundred
+volumes of authors, in folio, all in Greek, with mostly their versions.
+All the Roman classics without exception. All the Greek mathematicians,
+viz. Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both his Geography and Almagest, which I
+had in Greek (with Theon's Commentary, in folio, above 700 pages) from my
+learned friend Fabricius, who published fourteen volumes of his
+<i>Biblioth&egrave;que Grecque</i>, in quarto, in which, after he had finished his
+account of Ptolemy, on my inquiring of him at Hamburgh, how I should find
+it, having long sought for it in vain in England, he sent it to me out of
+his own library, telling me it was so scarce that neither prayers nor
+price could purchase it; besides, there are many of the most valuable
+Latin authors, and a great number of modern mathematicians, with all the
+three editions of Newton, Dr. Watts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> Halley, etc." The inscription on the
+house of the Philadelphia Library is well worthy of repetition here. It
+was prepared by Franklin, with the exception of the reference to himself,
+which was inserted by the Committee.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+Be it remembered,<br />
+in honor of the Philadelphia youth<br />
+(then chiefly artificers),<br />
+that in MDCCXXXI<br />
+they cheerfully,<br />
+at the instance of <span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>,<br />
+one of their number,<br />
+instituted the Philadelphia Library,<br />
+which, though small at first,<br />
+is become highly valuable and extensively useful,<br />
+and which the walls of this edifice<br />
+are now destined to contain and preserve:<br />
+the first stone of whose foundation<br />
+was here placed<br />
+the thirty-first day of August, 1789.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Mr. F.B. Perkins, of the Boston Public Library, contributed to the
+<i>Report on Public Libraries in the United States</i> a useful chapter on "How
+to make Town Libraries successful" (pp. 419-430). The two chief points<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+upon which he lays particular stress, and which may be said to form the
+texts for his practical remarks, are: (1) that a Public Library for
+popular use must be managed not only as a literary institution, but also
+as a business concern; and (2) that it is a mistake to choose books of too
+thoughtful or solid a character. He says, "It is vain to go on the
+principle of collecting books that people ought to read, and afterwards
+trying to coax them to read them. The only practical method is to begin by
+supplying books that people already want to read, and afterwards to do
+whatever shall be found possible to elevate their reading tastes and
+habits."</p>
+
+<p>A series of articles on "How to Start Libraries in Small Towns" was
+published in the <i>Library Journal</i> (vol. i. pp. 161, 213, 249, 313, 355,
+421), and Mr. Axon's <i>Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries</i> has
+already been mentioned. We must not be too rigid in the use of the term
+Public Libraries, and we should certainly include under this description
+those institutional<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> Libraries which, although primarily intended for the
+use of the Members of the Societies to which they belong, can usually be
+consulted by students who are properly introduced.</p>
+
+<p>Of Public Libraries first in order come the great libraries of a nation,
+such as the British Museum. These are supplied by means of the Copyright
+Law, but the librarians are not from this cause exonerated from the
+troubles attendant on the formation of a library. There are old books and
+privately printed and foreign books to be bought, and it is necessary that
+the most catholic spirit should be displayed by the librarians. The same
+may be said in a lesser degree of the great libraries of the more
+important towns.</p>
+
+<p>In England the Universities have noble libraries, more especially those of
+Oxford and Cambridge, but although some colleges possess fine collections
+of books, college libraries are not as a rule kept up to a very high
+standard. The United States Report contains a full account of the college
+libraries in America (pp. 60-126).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The libraries of societies are to a large extent special ones, and my
+brother, the late Mr. B.R. Wheatley, in a paper read before the
+Conference of Librarians, 1877, entitled "Hints on Library Management, so
+far as relates to the Circulation of Books," particularly alluded to this
+fact. He wrote, "Our library is really a medical and surgical section of a
+great Public Library. Taking the five great classes of literature, I
+suppose medicine and its allied sciences may be considered as forming a
+thirtieth of the whole, and, as our books number 30,000, we are, as it
+were, a complete section of a Public Library of nearly a million volumes
+in extent."</p>
+
+<p>The United States Report contains several chapters on special libraries,
+thus chapter 2 is devoted to those of Schools and Asylums; 4, to
+Theological Libraries; 5, to Law; 6, to Medical; and 7, to Scientific
+Libraries. For the formation of special libraries, special bibliographies
+will be required, and for information on this subject reference should be
+made to Chapter VI. of the present work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When we come to deal with the Free Public Libraries, several ethical
+questions arise, which do not occur in respect to other libraries. One of
+the most pressing of these questions refers to the amount of Fiction read
+by the ordinary frequenters of these libraries.</p>
+
+<p>This point is alluded to in the United States Report on Public Libraries.
+Mr. J.P. Quincy, in the chapter on Free Libraries (p. 389), writes,
+"Surely a state which lays heavy taxes upon the citizen in order that
+children may be taught to read is bound to take some interest in what they
+read; and its representatives may well take cognizance of the fact that an
+increased facility for obtaining works of sensational fiction is not the
+special need of our country at the close of the first century of its
+independence." He mentions a free library in Germanstown, Pa., sustained
+by the liberality of a religious body, and frequented by artisans and
+working people of both sexes. It had been in existence six years in 1876,
+and then contained 7000 volumes. No novels are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> admitted into the library.
+The following is a passage from the librarian's report of 1874: "In
+watching the use of our library as it is more and more resorted to by the
+younger readers of our community, I have been much interested in its
+influence in weaning them from a desire for works of fiction. On first
+joining the library, the new comers often ask for such books, but failing
+to procure them, and having their attention turned to works of interest
+and instruction, in almost every instance they settle down to good reading
+and cease asking for novels. I am persuaded that much of this vitiated
+taste is cultivated by the purveyors to the reading classes, and that they
+are responsible for an appetite they often profess to deplore, but
+continue to cater to, under the plausible excuse that the public will have
+such works."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Justin Winsor in chapter 20 (Reading in Popular Libraries) expresses a
+somewhat different view. He writes, "Every year many young readers begin
+their experiences with the library. They find all the instructive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> reading
+they ought to have in their school books, and frequent the library for
+story books. These swell the issues of fiction, but they prevent the
+statistics of that better reading into which you have allured the older
+ones, from telling as they should in the average."</p>
+
+<p>At the London Conference of Librarians (1877), Mr. P. Cowell, Librarian of
+the Liverpool Public Library, read a paper on the admission of Fiction in
+Free Public Libraries, where he discussed the subject in a very fair
+manner, and deplored the high percentage of novel reading in these
+libraries. At the Second Annual Meeting of the Library Association (1879)
+Mr. J. Taylor Kay, Librarian of Owens College, Manchester, in his paper on
+the Provision of Novels in Rate-supported Libraries, more completely
+condemned this provision. He concluded his paper with these words:
+"Clearly a hard and fast line must be drawn. A distinct refusal by the
+library committees to purchase a single novel or tale would be appreciated
+by the rate-payers. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> suggestion of a sub-committee to read this
+literature would not be tolerated, and no man whose time is of value would
+undergo the infliction. The libraries would attain their true position,
+and the donations would certainly be of a higher class, if the aims of the
+committees were known to be higher. Manchester has already curtailed its
+issues of novels. It has been in the vanguard on the education question:
+and let us hope it will be true to its traditions, to its noble impulses,
+and lead the van in directing the educational influence of the free
+libraries, and striking out altogether any expenditure in the
+dissemination of this literature."</p>
+
+<p>This question probably would not have come to the front if it were not
+that the educational value of Free Libraries, as the complement of Board
+Schools, has been very properly put forward by their promoters. With this
+aim in view, it does startle one somewhat to see the completely
+disproportionate supply of novels in the Free Libraries. This often rises
+to 75 per cent. of the total supply, and in some libraries<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> even a higher
+percentage has been reached. There are, however, exceptions. At the
+Baltimore Peabody Institute Fiction did not rise to more than one-tenth of
+the total reading. The following are some figures of subjects circulated
+at that library above 1000:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Belles Lettres</td><td align='left'>4598</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiction</td><td align='left'>3999</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Biography</td><td align='left'>2003</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greek and Latin Classics</td><td align='left'>1265</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>History (American)</td><td align='left'>1137</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Law</td><td align='left'>1051</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Natural History</td><td align='left'>1738</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Theology</td><td align='left'>1168</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Periodicals (Literary)</td><td align='left'>4728</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Periodicals (Scientific)</td><td align='left'>1466</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Cowell says that during the year ending 31st August, 1877, 453,585
+volumes were issued at the reference library alone (Liverpool Free Public
+Library); of these 170,531 were strictly novels. The high-percentage of
+novel reading is not confined to Free Public Libraries, for we find that
+in the Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> in 1874, 64,509 volumes of
+Prose Fiction were lent out of a total of 78,219. The other high figures
+being Essays, 2280; History, 1823; Biography and Travels, 1664. In the
+College of the City of New York, of the books taken out by students
+between Nov. 1876, and Nov. 1877, 1043 volumes were Novels, the next
+highest numbers were Science, 153; Poetry, 133; History, 130.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>In considering this question one naturally asks if the masterpieces of our
+great authors, which every one should read, are to be mixed up with the
+worthless novels constantly being published in the condemnation of
+Fiction; but, to some extent, both Mr. Cowell and Mr. Kay answer this. The
+first of these gentlemen writes: "As to the better class novels, which are
+so graphic in their description of places, costumes, pageantry, men, and
+events, I regret to say that they are not the most popular with those who
+stand in need of their instructive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> descriptions. I could generally find
+upon the library shelves 'Harold,' 'The Last of the Barons,' 'Westward
+Ho!' 'Hypatia,' 'Ivanhoe,' 'Waverley,' 'Lorna Doone,' etc., when not a
+copy of the least popular of the works of Mrs. Henry Wood, 'Ouida,' Miss
+Braddon, or Rhoda Broughton were to be had." Mr. Kay corroborates this
+opinion in his paper.</p>
+
+<p>Most of us recognize the value of honest fiction for children and the
+overwrought brains of busy men, but the reading of novels of any kind can
+only be justified as a relaxation, and it is a sad fact that there is a
+large class of persons who will read nothing but novels and who call all
+other books dry reading. Upon the minds of this class fiction has a most
+enervating effect, and it is not to be expected that ratepayers will
+desire to increase this class by the indiscriminate supply of novels to
+the Free Libraries. Some persons are so sanguine as to believe that
+readers will be gradually led from the lower species of reading to the
+higher; but there is little confirmation of this hope to be found in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> the
+case of the confirmed novel readers we see around us.</p>
+
+<p>The librarian who, with ample funds for the purpose, has the duty before
+him of forming a Public Library, sets forward on a pleasant task. He has
+the catalogues of all kinds of libraries to guide him, and he will be able
+to purchase the groundwork of his library at a very cheap rate, for
+probably at no time could sets of standard books be bought at so low a
+price as now. Many books that are not wanted by private persons are
+indispensable for a Public Library, and there being little demand for them
+they can be obtained cheap. When the groundwork has been carefully laid,
+then come some of the difficulties of collecting. Books specially required
+will not easily be obtained, and when they are found, the price will
+probably be a high one. Books of reference will be expensive, and as these
+soon get out of date, they will frequently need renewal.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Library Journal</i>, vol. ii. p. 70.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_089.png" width="500" height="79" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Private Libraries.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_t.png" width="120" height="118" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Treating of private libraries, it will be necessary to consider their
+constitution under two heads, according as they are required in town or
+country. In London, for instance, where libraries of all kinds are easily
+accessible, a man need only possess books on his own particular hobby, and
+a good collection of books of reference; but in the country, away from
+public libraries, a well-selected collection of standard books will be
+necessary.</p>
+
+
+<p>1. <i>Town.</i></p>
+
+<p>Every one who loves books will be sure to have some favourite authors on
+special subjects of study respecting which he needs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> no instruction
+farther than that which is ready to his hand. Books on these subjects he
+will need, both in town and country, if he possesses two houses. Some
+collectors make their town house a sort of gathering-place for the
+accessions to their country libraries. Here a class is completed, bound,
+and put in order, and then sent to the country to find its proper place in
+the family library.</p>
+
+<p>This is an age of books of reference, and as knowledge increases, and the
+books which impart it to readers become unwieldy from their multitude,
+there are sure to be forthcoming those who will reduce the facts into a
+handy form. I have gathered in the following pages the titles of some of
+the best books of reference which are to be obtained. Many, if not all of
+these, are to be found in that magnificent library of reference&mdash;the
+Reading Room of the British Museum. In some cases where the books are
+constantly being reprinted, dates have been omitted. There are, doubtless,
+many valuable works which I have overlooked,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> and some Text-books I have
+had to leave out owing to the exigencies of space, but I trust that the
+present list will be found useful.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Abbreviations.</i>&mdash;Dictionnaire des Abr&eacute;viations Latines et
+Fran&ccedil;aises usit&eacute;es dans les inscriptions lapidaires et
+m&eacute;talliques, les manuscrits et les chartes du Moyen Age. Par
+L. Alph. Chassant. Quatri&egrave;me &eacute;dition. Paris, 1876. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anthropology.</i>&mdash;Notes and Queries on Anthropology, for the
+use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands. Drawn
+up by a Committee appointed by the British Association.
+London, 1874. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Antiquities.</i>&mdash;Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.
+Edited by Dr. William Smith. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionnaire des Antiquit&eacute;s Grecques et
+Romaines d'apr&egrave;s les textes et les Monuments ... Ouvrage
+r&eacute;dig&eacute; ... sous la direction de Ch. Daremberg et Edm.
+Saglio. Paris, 1873. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Life of the Greeks and Romans described
+from Antique Monuments, by E. Guhl and W. Koner, translated
+from the third German edition by F. Hueffer. London, 1875.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Gallus or Roman Scenes of the Time of
+Augustus. By W.A. Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe.
+London.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Charicles: Illustrations of the Private Life
+of the Ancient Greeks. By W.A. Becker, translated by F.
+Metcalfe. London.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Antiquities.</i>&mdash;Arch&aelig;ological Index to remains of antiquity
+of the Celtic, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By
+John Yonge Akerman. London, 1847. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Introduction to English Antiquities. By
+James Eccleston. London, 1847. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The English Arch&aelig;ologist's Handbook. By
+Henry Godwin. Oxford, 1867. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Architecture.</i>&mdash;A Dictionary of the Architecture and
+Arch&aelig;ology of the Middle Ages.... By John Britton. London,
+1838.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; History of Architecture in all countries,
+from the earliest times to the present day. By James
+Fergusson. London, 1865-76. 4 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Nicholson's Dictionary of the Science and
+Practice of Architecture, Building, Carpentry, etc. New
+edition, edited by Edward Lomax and Thomas Gunyon. London. 2
+vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Encyclop&aelig;dia of Architecture,
+historical, theoretical, and practical. By Joseph Gwilt,
+revised by Wyatt Papworth. New edition. London, 1876. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Dictionary of Architecture, issued by
+the Architectural Publication Society. A to Oz. 4 vols. Roy.
+4to. (In progress.)</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman,
+Italian, and Gothic Architecture. Fifth edition, enlarged.
+Oxford, 1850. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Encyclop&aelig;dia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa
+Architecture and Furniture.... By J.C. Loudon. London,
+1833. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Arts, Manufactures</i>, etc.&mdash;Ure's Dictionary of Arts,
+Manufactures, and Mines, containing a clear exposition of
+their Principles and Practice. By Robert Hunt, assisted by
+F.W. Rudler. Seventh edition. London, 1875. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Spons' Encyclop&aelig;dia of the
+Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial Products.
+London, 1879. 8 vols. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; History of Physical Astronomy. By Robert
+Grant. London [1852]. A most valuable book, but now out of
+print and scarce.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the
+Ancients. By G. Cornewall Lewis. London, 1862. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bible.</i>&mdash;Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its
+Antiquities, Biography, Mythology, and Geography. By Dr.
+William Smith. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Biblical Cyclop&aelig;dia or Dictionary of Eastern
+Antiquities, Geography, Natural History, Sacred Annals and
+Biography, Theology and Biblical Literature, illustrative of
+the Old and New Testaments. Edited by John Eadie, D.D.,
+LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, 1870. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Bible Atlas of Maps and Plans to illustrate
+the Geography and Topography of the Old and New Testaments
+and the Apocrypha, with Explanatory Notes by Samuel Clark,
+M.A. Also a complete Index of the Geographical Names ... by
+George Grove. London, 1868. 4to.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Bible.</i> See <i><a href="#Concordances">Concordances</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bibliography.</i>&mdash;See Chapters <a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a> and <a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Biography.</i>&mdash;Mr. Chancellor Christie contributed a very
+interesting article to the <i>Quarterly Review</i> (April, 1884)
+on Biographical Dictionaries, in which he details the
+history of the struggle between the publishers of the
+<i>Biographie Universelle</i> and Messrs. Didot, whose Dictionary
+was eventually entitled <i>Nouvelle Biographie G&eacute;n&eacute;rale</i>. The
+new edition of the <i>Biographie Universelle</i> (45 vols. Imp.
+8vo. Paris, 1854) is an invaluable work. Chalmers's
+Biographical Dictionary (32 vols. 8vo. 1812-17) is a mine of
+literary wealth, from which compilers have freely dug.
+Rose's (12 vols. 8vo. 1848) was commenced upon a very
+comprehensive plan, but the lives were considerably
+contracted before the work was completed. It is, however, a
+very useful work. L.B. Phillips's "Dictionary of
+Biographical Reference" contains 100,000 names, and gives
+the dates of birth and death, which in many instances is all
+the information the consulter requires, and should more be
+required, he is referred to the authority. This book is
+quite indispensable for every library. There are several
+national Biographical Dictionaries, and at last a thoroughly
+satisfactory Biographia Britannica is in course of
+publication by Messrs. Smith &amp; Elder. The "Dictionary of
+National Biography, edited by Leslie Stephen," has reached
+the fifth volume, and extends to Bottisham.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Robert Chambers's Biographical Dictionary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> of
+Eminent Scotsmen (Glasgow, 1835-56. 5 vols. 8vo.) will be
+found useful.</p>
+
+<p><i>Biography.</i>&mdash;Dr. William Allen's "American Biographical
+Dictionary" was published at Boston in 1857.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains ... Par
+A.V. Arnault [etc.]. Paris, 1820-25. 20 vols. 8vo. Mr.
+Edward Smith points this book out to me as specially
+valuable for information respecting actors in the French
+Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Handbook of Contemporary Biography. By
+Frederick Martin. London, 1870. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Men of the Time: a Dictionary of
+Contemporaries. Eleventh edition. Revised by Thompson
+Cooper. London, 1884. Sm. 8vo. A volume of 1168 pages should
+contain a fair representation of the men of the day, and yet
+it is ludicrously incomplete. The literary side is as much
+overdone as the scientific side is neglected. This is not
+the place to make a list of shortcomings, but it will
+probably astonish most of our readers to learn that such
+eminent Men of the Time as Sir Frederick Abel, Sir Frederick
+Bramwell, and the late Dr. W.B. Carpenter are not mentioned.
+As this book has as a high reputation, the editor should
+thoroughly revise it for a new edition.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Men of the Reign. A Biographical Dictionary of
+Eminent Characters of both Sexes, who have died during the
+reign of Queen Victoria. Edited by T. Humphry Ward. (Uniform
+with "Men of the Time.") London, 1885.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Biography.</i>&mdash;Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains....
+Par G. Vapereau. Cinqui&egrave;me edition. Paris, 1880. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Suppl&eacute;ment. Oct. 1881.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Biographie Nationale des Contemporains,
+redig&eacute;e par une Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Gens de Lettres sous la direction
+de M. Ernest Glaeser. Paris, 1878. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionnaire G&eacute;n&eacute;ral de Biographie
+Contemporaine Fran&ccedil;aise et Etrang&egrave;re. Par Ad. Bitard. Paris,
+1878. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; To this list of Contemporary Biography may be
+added the Indexes of Obituary Notices published by the Index
+Society.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Bishops.</i>)&mdash;Fasti Ecclesi&aelig; Anglican&aelig;, or a Calendar of the
+principal Ecclesiastical Dignitaries in England and Wales,
+and of the chief officers in the Universities of Oxford and
+Cambridge, from the earliest time to the year 1715. Compiled
+by John Le Neve. Corrected and continued from 1715 to the
+present time by T. Duffus Hardy. Oxford, 1854. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Fasti Ecclesi&aelig; Hibernic&aelig;. The Succession of
+the Prelates and Members of Cathedral Bodies in Ireland. By
+Henry Cotton, D.C.L. Dublin, 1847-60. 5 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Lawyers.</i>)&mdash;Lives of the Chief Justices of England. By
+John Lord Campbell. Second edition. London, 1858. 3 vols.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> of
+the Great Seal of England. By John Lord Campbell. Fourth
+edition. London, 1856. 10 vols. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Scientific Men.</i>)&mdash;Poggendorff (J.C.).
+Biographisch-Literarisches Handw&ouml;rterbuch zur Geschichte der
+exacten Wissenschaften, enthaltend Nachweisungen &uuml;ber
+Lebensverh&auml;ltnisse und Leistungen von Mathematikern,
+Astronomen, Physikern, Chemikern, Mineralogen, Geologen u.s.w.
+aller V&ouml;lker und Zeiten. Leipzig, 1863. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>(<i>Cambridge.</i>)&mdash;Athen&aelig; Cantabrigienses. By Charles Henry
+Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper. Cambridge, 1858-61.
+Vol. I. 1500-1585. Vol. II. 1586-1609. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1760-1856. Cura
+Josephi Romilly, A.M. Cantabrigi&aelig;, 1856.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1800-1884. Cura
+Henrici Richardo Luard, S.T.P. Cantabrigi&aelig;, 1884.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Oxford.</i>)&mdash;Athen&aelig; and Fasti Oxonienses. By Ant. &agrave; Wood.
+New edition, with Notes, Additions, and Continuation by the
+Rev. Dr. P. Bliss. 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Catalogue of all Graduates in the University of
+Oxford, 1659-1850. Oxford, 1851. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Dublin.</i>)&mdash;A Catalogue of Graduates who have proceeded to
+degrees in the University of Dublin from the earliest
+recorded Commencements to July, 1866, with Supplement to
+December 16, 1868. Dublin, 1869. 8vo. Vol. II. 1868-1883.
+Dublin, 1884. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(<i>Eton.</i>)&mdash;Alumni Etonenses, or a Catalogue of the Provosts
+and Fellows of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge,
+from the Foundation in 1443 to the Year 1797. By Thomas
+Harwood. Birmingham, 1797. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Westminster.</i>)&mdash;The List of the Queen's Scholars of St.
+Peter's College, Westminster, admitted on that Foundation
+since 1663, and of such as have been thence elected to
+Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge, from
+the Foundation by Queen Elizabeth, 1561, to the present
+time. Collected by Joseph Welch. A new edition ... by an old
+King's Scholar. London, 1852. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><a name="Botany" id="Botany"></a><i>Botany.</i>&mdash;An Encyclop&aelig;dia of Trees and Shrubs; being the
+Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged.... By J.C.
+Loudon. London, 1842. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Loudon's Encyclop&aelig;dia of Plants ... New edition
+corrected to the present time. Edited by Mrs. Loudon.
+London, 1855. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Vegetable Kingdom; or the structure,
+classification and uses of plants, illustrated upon the
+natural system. By John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. Third
+edition. London, 1853. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; International Dictionary of Plants in Latin,
+German, English and French, for Botanists, and especially
+Horticulturists, Agriculturists, Students of Forestry and
+Pharmaceutists, by Dr. William Ulrich. Leipzig, 1872. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Botany.</i>&mdash;Topographical Botany: being Local and Personal
+Records towards shewing the distribution of British Plants
+traced through 112 counties and vice-counties of England,
+Wales and Scotland. By Hewett Cottrell Watson. Second
+edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1883. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The need of an authoritative list of Botanical names must be
+frequently felt by a large number of writers, those who have
+but little knowledge of the science even more than Botanists
+themselves. The following work will be found useful for this
+purpose, but there is reason to hope that a much larger and
+more exhaustive list will shortly be published, as Mr.
+Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, is, we
+believe, now engaged upon such a work. "Nomenclator
+Botanicus seu Synonymia Plantarum Universalis.... Autore
+Ernesto Theoph. Steudel; editio secunda, Stuttgarti&aelig; et
+Tubing&aelig;, 1841." Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cards.</i>&mdash;Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History
+of Playing Cards. By William Andrew Chatto. London, 1848.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and other Cards
+in the British Museum, accompanied by a Concise General
+History of the Subject, and Remarks on Cards of Divination
+and of a Politico-Historical Character. By William Hughes
+Willshire, M.D. Printed by order of the Trustees, 1876.
+Royal 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Chemistry.</i>&mdash;A Dictionary of Chemistry and the allied
+Branches of other Sciences, founded on that of the late Dr.
+Ure. By Henry Watts. 1863-68. 5 vols. 8vo. Supplement, 1872.
+Second Supplement, 1879. Third Supplement, 1879-81. 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Handbook of Modern Chemistry, Inorganic and
+Organic, for the use of Students. By Charles Meymott Tidy,
+M.B., F.C.S. London, 1878. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Handbook of Chemistry. By L. Gmelin. Trans. by
+H. Watts. London, 1848-67. 17 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Industrial Chemistry, based upon the German
+edition of Payen's "Pr&eacute;cis de Chimie Industrielle," edited
+by B.H. Paul. London, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Treatise on Chemistry. By [Sir] H.E. Roscoe
+and C. Schorlemmer. London. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coins.</i>&mdash;A Numismatic Manual. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A.
+London, 1840. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Silver Coins of England arranged and described
+by E. Hawkins. London, 1841. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Gold Coins of England arranged and described,
+being a sequel to Mr. Hawkins's Silver Coins of England, by
+his grandson, Robert Lloyd Kenyon. London, 1880. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Commerce.</i>&mdash;A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and
+Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. By the
+late J.R. McCulloch. Latest edition by A.J. Wilson.
+London, 1882. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; History of British Commerce, 1763-1870. By
+Leone Levi. London, 1872. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i><a name="Concordances" id="Concordances"></a>Concordances.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Aristophanes.</i>&mdash;A Complete Concordance to the Comedies and
+Fragments of Aristophanes. By Henry Dunbar, M.D. Oxford,
+1883. 4to.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bible.</i>&mdash;A complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of
+the Old and New Testaments. By Alexander Cruden, M.A.
+London, 1737. 4to. Second edition 1761, third edition 1769;
+this is the last corrected by the author. Most of the
+Concordances published since are founded upon Cruden.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Analytical Concordance to the Holy Scriptures,
+or the Bible presented under distinct and classified heads
+of topics. Edited by John Eadie, D.D., LL.D. London and
+Glasgow, 1856. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homer.</i>&mdash;A Complete Concordance to the Iliad of Homer. By
+Guy Lushington Prendergast. London, 1875. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of
+Homer, to which is added a Concordance to the parallel
+passages in the Iliad, Odyssey and Hymns. By Henry Dunbar,
+M.D. Oxford, 1880. 4to.</p>
+
+<p><i>Milton.</i>&mdash;A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of
+Milton. By Guy Lushington Prendergast, Madras Civil Service.
+Madras, 1857. 4to. Originally published in 12 parts.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of
+John Milton. By Charles Dexter Cleveland, LL.D. London,
+1867. Sm. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Rev. H.J. Todd compiled a verbal Index to the whole of
+Milton's Poetry, which was appended to the second edition of
+his life of the Poet (1809).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pope.</i>&mdash;A Concordance to the Works of Alexander Pope. By
+Edwin Abbott, with an Introduction by Edwin A. Abbott, D.D.
+London, 1875. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Shakespeare.</i>&mdash;The Complete Concordance to Shakspere: being
+a verbal Index to all the passages in the dramatic works of
+the Poet. By Mrs. Cowden Clarke. London, 1845. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Shakespeare-Lexicon: a Complete Dictionary
+of all the English words, phrases and constructions in the
+works of the poet. By Dr. Alexander Schmidt. (Berlin and
+London), 1874. 2 vols. royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Concordance to Shakespeare's Poems: an
+Index to every word therein contained. By Mrs. Horace Howard
+Furness. Philadelphia, 1874.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Handbook Index to the Works of
+Shakespeare, including references to the phrases, manners,
+customs, proverbs, songs, particles, etc., which are used or
+alluded to by the great Dramatist. By J.O. Halliwell, Esq.,
+F.R.S. London, 1866. 8vo. Only fifty copies printed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tennyson.</i>&mdash;A Concordance of the entire works of Alfred
+Tennyson, P.L., D.C.L., F.R.S. By D. Barron Brightwell.
+London, 1869. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Tennyson.</i>&mdash;Concordance to the works of Alfred Tennyson,
+Poet Laureate. London, 1870. "The Holy Grail," etc., is
+indexed separately.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Index to "In Memoriam." London, 1862.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><i>Costume.</i>&mdash;A Cyclop&aelig;dia of Costume or Dictionary of Dress,
+including Notices of Contemporaneous Fashions on the
+Continent.... By James Robinson Planch&eacute;, Somerset Herald.
+London, 1876-79. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I. Dictionary. Vol. II.
+General History of Costume in Europe.</p>
+
+<p><i>Councils.</i>&mdash;Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating
+to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited after Spelman and
+Wilkins, by Arthur West Haddan, B.D., and William Stubbs,
+M.A. Oxford, 1869. Vol. II. Part I. 1873. Vol. III. 1871.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; England's Sacred Synods. A Constitutional
+History of the Convocations of the Clergy from the earliest
+Records of Christianity in Britain to the date of the
+promulgation of the present Book of Common Prayer, including
+a List of all Councils, Ecclesiastical as well as Civil,
+held in England in which the Clergy have been concerned. By
+James Wayland Joyce, M.A. London, 1855. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dates.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#History">History</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Dictionaries" id="Dictionaries"></a><i>Dictionaries.</i></p>
+
+<p>(<i>English.</i>)&mdash;One of the most useful English Dictionaries is
+the "Imperial Dictionary" by Ogilvie,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> which has been edited
+with great care by Charles Annandale.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> The vocabulary is
+very full, the etymology is trustworthy, and the definitions
+are clear and satisfactory. The engravings which are
+interspersed with the text are excellent, and greatly add to
+the utility of the Dictionary.</p>
+
+<p>For years preparations have been made for a Standard English
+Dictionary, and at last the work has been commenced under
+the able editorship of Dr. James A.H. Murray. In 1857, on
+the suggestion of Archbishop Trench, the Philological
+Society undertook the preparation of a Dictionary, "which by
+the completeness of its vocabulary, and by the application
+of the historical method to the life and use of words, might
+be worthy of the English language and of English
+scholarship." The late Mr. Herbert Coleridge and Dr.
+Furnivall undertook the editorship, and a large number of
+volunteers came forward to read books and extract
+quotations. Mr. Coleridge died in the midst of his work, and
+upon Dr. Furnivall devolved the entire editorship in
+addition to his other onerous duties as Secretary of the
+Philological Society. He projected the admirable system of
+sub-editing, which proved so successful. As the work
+proceeded several of the most energetic and most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> competent
+workers undertook to sub-edit the materials already
+collected, each one taking a separate letter of the
+alphabet. Some two million quotations were amassed, but
+still the man was wanting who would devote his life to
+forming the Dictionary from these materials. In course of
+time Dr. Murray came forward, and in 1878 he prepared some
+specimens for submission to the Delegates of the Clarendon
+Press, who agreed to publish the Dictionary. The first part
+was published in 1884, and the second in 1885.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> It is
+hoped that in future it will be possible to issue a part
+every six months. At present the alphabet is carried down to
+Batten. This is one of the most magnificent pieces of work
+that has ever been produced in any country, and it is an
+honour to every one concerned. To the Philological Society
+who conceived it, to Dr. Murray and his staff who have
+devoted so much labour and intellect to its production, and
+to the Clarendon Press who have published it to the world.
+It is, moreover, an honour to the country which now
+possesses a well-grounded hope of having, at no distant day,
+the finest Historical Dictionary ever produced.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection the <i>Encyclop&aelig;dic Dictionary</i>, now in
+course of publication by Messrs. Cassell, should be
+mentioned as a valuable work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Up to a few years ago it was impossible to obtain any
+satisfactory etymological information on English words from
+our Dictionaries. Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood partly removed this
+reproach by the publication of his very valuable "Dictionary
+of English Etymology" in 1859,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> but in this work Mr.
+Wedgwood only dealt with a portion of the vocabulary.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Skeat commenced the publication of his
+indispensable "Etymological Dictionary of the English
+Language" (Clarendon Press) in 1879, and in 1884 he produced
+a second edition. In 1882 Professor Skeat published "A
+Concise Etymological Dictionary," which is something more
+than an abridgment, and a book which should find a place in
+all libraries of reference.</p>
+
+<p>A Glossarial Index to the Printed English Literature of the
+Thirteenth Century. By H. Coleridge. London, 1859. 8vo. This
+was one of the earliest publications which grew out of the
+preparations for the great Philological Society's
+Dictionary. Stratmann's Dictionary of the Old English
+Language (third edition, Krefeld, 1878) is an indispensable
+work. A new edition, prepared by Mr. H. Bradley, is about to
+be issued by the Clarendon Press.</p>
+
+<p>Of single volume Dictionaries, Mr. Hyde Clarke's "New and
+Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language as spoken
+and written" in Weale's Educational Series (price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i>) is one of the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> valuable. I have time after time
+found words there which I have searched for in vain in more
+important looking Dictionaries. Mr. Clarke claims that he
+was the first to raise the number of words registered in an
+English Dictionary to 100,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. James Stormonth's "Dictionary of the English
+Language, Pronouncing, Etymological, and Explanatory," is a
+work of great value. It is so well arranged and printed that
+it becomes a pleasure to consult it.</p>
+
+<p>Those who are interested in Dialects will require all the
+special Dictionaries which have been published, and these
+may be found in the Bibliography now being compiled by the
+English Dialect Society, but those who do not make this a
+special study will be contented with "A Dictionary of
+Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs,
+and Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century, by J.O.
+Halliwell" (fifth edition, London, 1865, 2 vols. 8vo.),
+which is well-nigh indispensable to all. Nares's Glossary
+(1822-46, new edition, by J.O. Halliwell and T. Wright, 2
+vols. 8vo. 1859) is also required by those who make a study
+of Old English Literature.</p>
+
+
+<p>The following is a short indication of some of the most
+useful working Dictionaries:</p>
+
+<p><i>Arabic.</i>&mdash;Lane.</p>
+
+<p><i>Greek.</i>&mdash;Liddell &amp; Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, both in
+4to. and in abridged form in square 12mo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Latin.</i>&mdash;The Clarendon Press publish a Latin Dictionary
+founded on Andrews's edition of Freund, and edited by C.T.
+Lewis and C. Short, which is of great value. Smith's
+Dictionary, both the large edition and the smaller one, and
+that of Riddle are good.</p>
+
+<p><i>French.</i>&mdash;The Dictionaries of Fleming and Tibbins, and
+Spiers, keep up their character, but for idioms the
+International French and English Dictionary of Hamilton and
+Legros is the best. For smaller Dictionaries Cassell's is
+both cheap and good. Bellows's Pocket Dictionary has
+obtained considerable fame, but those who use it need a good
+eyesight on account of the smallness of the type. It is,
+however, beautifully printed. The Standard French
+Dictionaries of that language alone are the noble work of
+Littr&eacute; and the excellent Dictionary of Poitevin (2 vols.
+4to.). For early French Godefroy's elaborate work, which is
+now in progress, must be consulted.</p>
+
+<p><i>German.</i>&mdash;Fluegel's German and English Dictionary still
+holds its own, but Koehler's Dictionary is also excellent.
+Hilpert's and Lucas's Dictionaries, both good ones, are now
+out of print. Of Standard German Dictionaries Grimm's great
+work is still in progress. Sanders's Dictionary is also of
+great value.</p>
+
+<p><i>Danish and Norwegian.</i>&mdash;The Dictionary by Ferrall, Repp,
+Rosing and Larsen is good.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dutch.</i>&mdash;Calisch (2 vols. 8vo. 1875).</p>
+
+<p><i>Hebrew.</i>&mdash;Fuerst, Gesenius.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Icelandic.</i>&mdash;Vigfusson.</p>
+
+<p><i>Italian.</i>&mdash;Baretti's Dictionary still keeps up its
+character, but Millhouse's work is also good.</p>
+
+<p><i>Portuguese.</i>&mdash;Vieyra.</p>
+
+<p><i>Russian.</i>&mdash;Alexandrow.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sanscrit.</i>&mdash;Monier Williams. Boehtlingk and Roth.</p>
+
+<p><i>P&acirc;li.</i>&mdash;Childers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spanish.</i>&mdash;Neumann and Baretti, and also Velasquez.</p>
+
+<p><i>Swedish.</i>&mdash;Oman.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><a name="Drama" id="Drama"></a><i>Drama.</i>&mdash;Biographia Dramatica; or a Companion to the
+Playhouse ... originally compiled in the year 1764 by David
+Erskine Baker, continued thence to 1782 by Isaac Reed, and
+brought down to the end of November, 1811 ... by Stephen
+Jones. London, 1812. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Dictionary of Old English Plays existing either
+in print or in manuscript, from the earliest times to the
+close of the seventeenth century; by James O. Halliwell,
+Esq., F.R.S. London, 1860. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Drugs.</i>&mdash;Pharmacographia: a History of the Principal Drugs
+of Vegetable Origin met with in Great Britain and British
+India. By Friedrich A. Fl&uuml;ckiger, Ph.D., and Daniel Hanbury,
+F.R.S. Second edition. London, 1879. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Ecclesiology" id="Ecclesiology"></a><i>Ecclesiology.</i>&mdash;Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical
+Theology. Edited by the Rev. J.H. Blunt, M.A. Second
+edition. London, 1872. Imp. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. By
+William Smith, LL.D., and Professor S. Cheatham. London,
+1876-80. 2 vols. royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of Sects, Heresies,
+Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought.
+Edited by the Rev. John Henry Blunt, M.A. London, 1874. Imp.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and
+Costume, compiled from Ancient Authorities and Examples. By
+A. Welby Pugin, Architect.... Enlarged and revised by the
+Rev. Bernard Smith, M.A. Third edition. London, 1868. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical
+Terms. Compiled and arranged by the Rev. Frederick George
+Lee, D.C.L. London, 1877. Sq. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; See <i><a href="#Ritual">Ritual</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Encyclop&aelig;dias.</i>&mdash;The Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, or a
+Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. Ninth
+edition. Edinburgh, 1875. 4to. Now in course of publication.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Encyclop&aelig;dia Metropolitana, or Universal
+Dictionary of Knowledge.... London, 1815-41. 26 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Chambers's Encyclop&aelig;dia. 10 vols. royal
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of Science, Literature, and
+Art. By W.T. Brande. 1842. New edition, edited by the Rev.
+J.W. Cox. London, 1866-67. 3 vols. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Encyclop&aelig;dias.</i>&mdash;Rees's Cyclop&aelig;dia (39 vols., plates 6
+vols. 1820, 4to.) can be bought excessively cheap, and is
+well worth a place in a library where room can be found for
+it, as many of its articles have never been superseded.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIX<sup>e</sup>
+Si&egrave;cle Fran&ccedil;ais, Historique, G&eacute;ographique, Mythologique,
+Bibliographique, Litt&eacute;raire, Artistique, Scientifique,
+etc.... Par Pierre Larousse. Paris, 1866-76. 15 vols. 4to.
+Suppl&eacute;ment, tome 16, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionnaire Universel des Sciences, des
+Lettres et des Arts ... redig&eacute; avec la collaboration
+d'Auteurs sp&eacute;ciaux par M.N. Bouillet ... douzi&egrave;me &eacute;dition.
+Paris, 1877. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Geography" id="Geography"></a><i>Geography.</i>&mdash;A General Dictionary of Geography,
+descriptive, physical, statistical, historical, forming a
+complete Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith Johnston. New
+edition. London, 1877. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Library Cyclop&aelig;dia of Geography,
+descriptive, physical, political and historical, forming a
+New Gazetteer of the World. By James Bryce, M.A. and Keith
+Johnston. London, 1880. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Index Geographicus, being a List
+alphabetically arranged of the principal places on the
+Globe, with the countries and sub-divisions of the countries
+in which they are situated and their latitudes and
+longitudes. Compiled specially with reference to Keith
+Johnston's Royal Atlas, but applicable to all modern atlases
+and maps, Edinburgh, 1864. Roy. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Geography.</i>&mdash;Etymologisch-Geographisches Lexikon.
+Separat-Ausgabe des lexikalischen Theils der Nomina
+Geographica von Dr. J.J. Egli. Leipzig, 1880. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by
+various writers, edited by Dr. W. Smith. London, 1852. 2
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Scotland.</i>)&mdash;Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland. A Survey of
+Scottish Topography, statistical, biographical and
+historical. Edited by Francis H. Groome. Edinburgh, 1884.
+Vol. 1, roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>France.</i>)&mdash;Santini. Dictionnaire G&eacute;n&eacute;ral ... des Communes
+de France et des Colonies. Paris. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionnaire des Postes de la R&eacute;publique Fran&ccedil;aise. 6<sup>e</sup>
+&eacute;dition. Rennes, 1881. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Italy.</i>)&mdash;Il Libro d&eacute; Comuni del Regno d'Italia. Compilato
+sopra elementi officiali da Achille Moltedo. Napoli, 1873.
+Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>United States.</i>)&mdash;The National Gazetteer, a Geographical
+Dictionary of the United States.... By L. de Colange, LL.D.
+London, 1884. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>India.</i>)&mdash;Cyclop&aelig;dia of India and of Eastern and Southern
+Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific.... Edited by
+Edward Balfour.... Second edition. Madras, 1871-73. 5 vols.
+Roy. 8vo. Third edition. London, 1885. 3 vols. The first
+edition was published in 1858, and two Supplements in 1862.</p>
+
+<p><i>Geology.</i>&mdash;A Catalogue of British Fossils: comprising the
+Genera and Species hitherto described,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> with references to
+their geological distribution.... By John Morris, F.G.S.
+Second edition. London, 1854. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Geology.</i>&mdash;Principles of Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell.
+10th edition. London, 1867-8. 2 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Manual of Elementary Geology. By Sir Charles
+Lyell. London, 1865. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><a name="History" id="History"></a><i>History.</i>&mdash;Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables from
+the Creation to the present times.... [Edited by Sir Henry
+Ellis.] Imp. 8vo. London, 1844.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Atlas Universel d'Histoire et de G&eacute;ographie
+contenant 1<sup>e</sup> la Chronologie.... 2<sup>e</sup> la G&eacute;n&eacute;ologie.... 3<sup>e</sup>
+la G&eacute;ographie.... Par M.N. Bouillet. Deuxi&egrave;me &eacute;dition.
+Paris, 1872. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de
+G&eacute;ographie contenant 1<sup>e</sup> l'Histoire proprement dite.... 2<sup>e</sup>
+la Biographie Universelle.... 3<sup>e</sup> la Mythologie.... 4<sup>e</sup> la
+G&eacute;ographie ancienne et moderne. Par M.N. Bouillet ...
+ouvrage revu et continu&eacute; par A Chassang. Nouvelle &eacute;dition
+(vingt-cinqui&egrave;me), avec un Supplement. Paris, 1876. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Map of Europe by Treaty, showing the various
+political and territorial changes which have taken place
+since the General Peace of 1814, with numerous maps and
+notes. By Edward Hertslet, C.B. London, 1875. Vol. 1,
+1814-1827; vol. 2, 1828-1863; vol. 3, 1864-1875.&mdash;This work
+shows the changes which have taken place in the Map of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+Europe by Treaty or other International arrangements. It
+contains a List of Treaties, etc., between Great Britain and
+Foreign Powers for the maintenance of the Peace of Europe
+and for the Settlement of European Questions, 1814-75.</p>
+
+<p><i>History.</i>&mdash;Moniteur des Dates, contenant un million des
+renseignements biographiques, g&eacute;n&eacute;alogiques et historiques.
+Par Edouard Oettinger. Dresde, 1866-68. 6 thin vols. 4to.
+Tomes 7, 8, 9, Suppl&eacute;ment commenc&eacute; par E.M. Oettinger
+consid&eacute;rablement augment&eacute; ... par Dr. Hugo Schramm. Leipzig,
+1873-1882.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal
+Information relating to all Ages. 16th edition, by Benjamin
+Vincent. London.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Manual of Dates. A Dictionary of Reference
+of the most important facts and events in the History of the
+World. By George H. Townsend. Fifth edition entirely
+remodelled and edited by Frederick Martin. London, 1877.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Encyclop&aelig;dia of Chronology, Historical and
+Biographical. By B.B. Woodward, B.A., and William L.R.
+Gates. London, 1872. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Dictionary of Chronology, or Historical and
+Statistical Register. Compiled and edited by William Henry
+Overall, F.S.A. London, 1870. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Anniversary Calendar, Natal Book, and
+Universal Mirror; embracing anniversaries of persons,
+events, institutions, and festivals, of all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> denominations,
+historical, sacred and domestic, in every period and state
+of the world. London, 1832. 2 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>History.</i>&mdash;An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology
+of Rome and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to
+the death of Heraclius. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Edited
+by the Rev. C.J. Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1853. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Fasti Romani: the Civil and Literary Chronology
+of Rome and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to
+the death of Justin II. [to the death of Heraclius]. By
+Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1845-50. 2 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Fasti Hellenici: the Civil and Literary
+Chronology of Greece, from the earliest accounts to the
+death of Augustus. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford,
+1834-51. 3 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Descriptive Catalogue of Materials relating to
+the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the end of the
+reign of Henry VII. By Thomas Duffus Hardy. London, 1862-71.
+Vol. I. From the Roman Period to the Norman Invasion. Vol.
+II. <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1066 to <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1200. Vol. III. <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1200 to <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>
+1327.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Dictionary of English History. Edited by
+Sidney J. Low, B.A., and F.S. Pulling, M.A. London, 1884.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Introduction to the Study of English History. By
+Samuel R. Gardiner, Hon. LL.D., and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> J. Bass Mullinger, M.A.
+London, 1881. 8vo. The Second part by Mr. Mullinger is
+devoted to Authorities, and is a model of what such a work
+should be.</p>
+
+<p><i>History.</i>&mdash;Handy-Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying
+Dates with the Christian Era ... with Regnal years of
+English Sovereigns from the Norman Conquest to the present
+time, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1066 to 1874. By John J. Bond. London, 1875. Sm.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Annals of England: an Epitome of English
+History, from contemporary writers, the Rolls of Parliament
+and other Public Records. Library Edition. Oxford and
+London, 1876. 8vo. Contains some valuable information as to
+the sources of history in the Appendix.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Representative History of Great Britain and
+Ireland, being a History of the House of Commons and of the
+Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of the United Kingdom from
+the earliest period. By T.H.B. Oldfield. London, 1816. 6
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and
+events of the year 1862. [By J. Giddings.] London, 1863.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and
+events of the year 1863. By J. Giddings. London, 1864. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Index to "The Times" Newspaper, 1864, to
+September, 1885. London. 410.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Annals of our Time, from the accession of Queen
+Victoria, 1837, to the Peace of Versailles, 1871.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> By J.
+Irving. London, 1871. 8vo. Supplement (Feb. 1871-July,
+1878). London, 1879. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>France.</i>)&mdash;Dictionnaire Historique de la France.... Par
+Ludovic Lalanne. Paris, 1872. 8vo.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><i>Insurance.</i>&mdash;The Insurance Cyclop&aelig;dia, being a Dictionary
+of the definition of terms used in connexion with the theory
+and practice of Insurance in all its branches; a
+Biographical Summary ... a Bibliographical Reportery.... By
+Cornelius Walford. London, vol. 1, 1871, to vol. 6. Royal
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Language.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></i>, <i><a href="#Philology">Philology</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Law.</i>&mdash;The Law-Dictionary, explaining the rise, progress,
+and present state of the British Law.... By Sir Thomas
+Edlyne Tomlins; fourth edition by Thomas Colpitts Granger.
+London, 1835. 2 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Wharton's Law-Lexicon, forming an Epitome of the Law
+of England ... seventh edition by J.M. Lely, M.A. London,
+1863. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Constitution and
+Laws of the United States of America and of the several
+States of the American Union.... By John Bouvier. Fourteenth
+edition. Philadelphia, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Lawyer's Reference Manual of Law Books and
+Citations. By Charles C. Soule. Boston, 1883. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Ancient Law; its connection with the early history
+of Society, and its relation to modern ideas. By H.S.
+Maine. London, 1861. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Law.</i>&mdash;Lectures in Jurisprudence. By John Austin. Third
+edition, revised and edited by R. Campbell. London, 1869. 3
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. By R. Burn.
+The 30th edition was published in 1869. The 13th edition of
+Archbold's Justice of the Peace appeared in 1878.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
+Student's edition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Literature.</i></p>
+
+<p>(<i>English.</i>)&mdash;Cyclop&aelig;dia of English Literature. Edited by
+Robert Chambers. Edinburgh, 1843. New edition by Robert
+Carruthers. Edinburgh. 2 vols. Royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of English Literature, being a
+Comprehensive Guide to English Authors and their Works. By
+Davenport Adams. London, n.d. Sq. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Professor Henry Morley's <i>English Writers</i>,
+his <i>Tables of English Literature</i>, and his volumes of
+Selections, entitled <i>Library of English Literature</i>, will
+be found of great value.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>American.</i>)&mdash;Cyclop&aelig;dia of American Literature: embracing
+personal and critical Notices of Authors, and selections
+from their writings.... By Evert A. Duyckinck and George L.
+Duyckinck. Edited to date by M. Laird Simons. Philadelphia,
+1877. 2 vols. Imp. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Poets and Poetry of Europe, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+Introductions and Biographical Notices, by Henry Wadsworth
+Longfellow. London, 1855. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Polish.</i>)&mdash;Bentkowskiego (F.). Historya Literatury
+Polskiey. Warszawie, 1814. 2 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Russian.</i>)&mdash;Otto (Friedrich). History of Russian
+Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. Translated
+from the German by George Cox. Oxford, 1839. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Spanish.</i>)&mdash;Ticknor (George). History of Spanish
+Literature. New York, 1849. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Classical.</i>)&mdash;A History of Latin Literature from Ennius to
+Boethius. By George Augustus Simcox, M.A. London, 1883. 2
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A History of Roman Classical Literature. By
+R.W. Browne, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A History of Roman Literature. By W.S.
+Teuffel, translated by Wilhelm Wagner, Ph.D. London, 1873. 2
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature.
+Edited after Dr. E. H&uuml;bner, with large additions by the Rev.
+John E.B. Mayor. London, 1875. 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Guide to the Choice of Classical Books. By
+Joseph B. Mayor. Third edition, with Supplementary List.
+London, 1885.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><i>Manuscripts.</i>&mdash;Guide to the Historian, the Biographer, the
+Antiquary, the man of literary curiosity, and the collector
+of autographs, towards the verification of Manuscripts, by
+reference to engraved facsimiles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> of handwriting. [By Dawson
+Turner.] Yarmouth, 1848. Roy. 8vo. A most valuable
+alphabetical Index of the names of celebrated men, with
+references to the books where specimens of their writing can
+be found.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mathematics.</i>&mdash;Dictionnaire des Math&eacute;matiques appliqu&eacute;s....
+Par H. Sonnet. Paris, 1867. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mechanics.</i>&mdash;Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary.... By
+Edward H. Knight. London and New York, 1874-77. 3 vols.
+royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Cyclop&aelig;dia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and
+Chemical, Manufactures, Mining and Engineering. Edited by
+Charles Tomlinson. London, 1866. 3 vols. roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Medical.</i>&mdash;The Cyclop&aelig;dia of Anatomy and Physiology. Edited
+by Robert B. Todd, M.D., F.R.S. London, 1835-59. 5 vols, in
+6, royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Dictionary of Practical Medicine.... By James
+Copland. London, 1858. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Expository Lexicon of the terms, ancient and
+modern, in Medical and General Science; including a complete
+Medico-Legal Vocabulary.... By R.G. Mayne, M.D. London,
+1860. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Cooper's Dictionary of Practical Surgery and
+Encyclop&aelig;dia of Surgical Science. New edition brought down
+to the present time by Samuel A. Lane. London, 1872. 2 vols,
+royal 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Medical Lexicon: a Dictionary of Medical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+Science ... by Robley Dunglison, M.D., LL.D. A new edition
+enlarged and thoroughly revised by Richard J. Dunglison,
+M.D. Philadelphia, 1874. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monograms.</i>&mdash;Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, marques
+figur&eacute;es, lettres initiales, noms abr&eacute;g&eacute;s, etc., avec
+lesquels les Peintres, Dessinateurs, Graveurs et Sculpteurs
+ont design&eacute; leurs noms. Par Fran&ccedil;ois Brulliot. Nouvelle
+&eacute;dition. Munich, 1832-34. 3 parts. Imp. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Music.</i>&mdash;General History of the Science and Practice of
+Music. By Sir John Hawkins. London, 1776. 5 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; History of Music from the earliest ages to the
+present period. By Charles Burney. London, 1776-89. 4 vols.
+4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Biographie Universelle des Musiciens et
+Bibliographie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la musique. Par F.J. F&eacute;tis.
+Deuxi&egrave;me &eacute;dition. Paris, 1860-65. 8 vols. roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Suppl&eacute;ment et Compl&eacute;ment, publi&eacute;s sous la
+direction de M. Arthur Pougin. Paris, 1878-80. 2 vols. roy.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by [Sir]
+G. Grove. London, 1878. 8vo. In progress.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mythology.</i>&mdash;Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and
+Mythology, edited by Dr. W. Smith. 1845-48. 3 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Natural History.</i>&mdash;Dictionary of Natural History<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Terms,
+with their derivations, including the various orders,
+genera, and species. By David H. McNicoll, M.D. London,
+1863. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Natural History.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Botany">Botany</a></i>, <i><a href="#Zoology">Zoology</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Painters.</i>&mdash;A General Dictionary of Painters.... By Matthew
+Pilkington, A.M. A new edition, corrected and revised by R.
+A. Davenport. London, 1852. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Catalague Raisonn&eacute; of the Works of the most
+eminent Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters, ... to which is
+added a Brief Notice of the Scholars and Imitators of the
+Great Masters of the above schools. By John Smith. London,
+1829-42. 9 parts. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Picture Collector's Manual, adapted to the
+Professional Man and the Amateur; being a Dictionary of
+Painters ... together with an alphabetical arrangement of
+the Scholars, Imitators, and Copyists of the various
+masters, and a Classification of Subjects. By James R.
+Hobbes. London, 1849. 2 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Peerage.</i>&mdash;Courthope's "Historical Peerage," founded on Sir
+Nicholas Harris Nicolas's "Synopsis of the Peerage," is an
+indispensable work, but it only refers to English Titles.
+Mr. Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour" contains
+the Peerage and Baronetage of England, Scotland, and
+Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Official Baronage of England, 1066 to 1885,
+by James E. Doyle (vols. 1-3. 4to.), has just appeared.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Peerage.</i>&mdash;Of the current peerages, Burke's, Dod's,
+Debrett's, and Foster's, all have their points of merit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Periodicals.</i>&mdash;Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all
+countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies
+in the Natural, Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
+1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. Library of Harvard
+University, 1879. 8vo.&mdash;In this valuable list of
+periodicals, which is arranged geographically according to
+countries with an alphabet under each country, transactions
+and journals are joined together in the same arrangement. At
+the end there are an Index of Towns, an Index of Titles, and
+an Index of Minor Subjects.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Index to Periodical Literature. By Wm.
+Fred. Poole. New York. Roy. 8vo. 1st ed. 1843; 2nd ed. 1848;
+3rd ed. 1882.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863).
+Compiled and published by the Royal Society of London.
+London, 1867-72. 6 vols. 4to. (1864-73.) Vol. 7, 1877; Vol.
+8, 1879.&mdash;Vol. 1, A-Clu; Vol. 2, Coa-Gra; Vol. 3, Gre-Lez;
+Vol. 4, Lhe-Poz; Vol. 5, Pra-Tiz; Vol. 6, Tka-Zyl; Vol. 7,
+A-Hyr; Vol. 8, I-Zwi.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The celebrated Dr. Thomas Young published in
+the second volume of his <i>Course of Lectures on Natural
+Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807) a most valuable
+Catalogue of books and papers relating to the subject of his
+Lectures, which is classified minutely, and occupies 514
+quarto pages in double<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> columns. In Kelland's new edition
+(1845) the references are abridged and inserted after the
+several lectures to which they refer.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Philology" id="Philology"></a><i>Philology.</i>&mdash;Max M&uuml;ller's "Lectures on the Science of
+Language"; Marsh's "Lectures" and "Origin and History of the
+English Language"; Abp. Trench's "English. Past and
+Present"; "Select Glossary."</p>
+
+<p><i>Physics.</i>&mdash;Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy. By A.
+P. Deschanel. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Elementary Treatise on Physics. By A. Ganot,
+edited by E. Atkinson. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plate.</i>&mdash;Old English Plate, ecclesiastical, decorative, and
+domestic, its makers and marks. By Wilfred Joseph Cripps,
+M.A., F.S.A. Second edition. London, 1881. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plays.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Drama">Drama</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pottery.</i>&mdash;Marks and Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain of
+the Renaissance and Modern periods, with historical notices
+of each Manufactory.... By William Chaffers. Fourth edition.
+London, 1874. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Prices.</i>&mdash;History of Prices from 1793 to 1856. By Thomas
+Tooke and William Newmarch. London, 1838-57. 6 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Prints.</i>&mdash;An Introduction to the Study and Collection of
+Ancient Prints. By William Hughes Willshire, M.D. Edin.
+Second edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1877. 2 vols.
+8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Print Collector, an Introduction to the
+Knowledge necessary for forming a Collection of Ancient
+Prints. By J. Maberly, ... Edited with Notes, an Account of
+Contemporary Etching and Etchers, and a Bibliography of
+Engraving. By Robert Hoe, jun. New York, 1880. Sq. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Etching and Etchers. By P.G. Hamerton. New
+edition. London, 1876. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Printing.</i>&mdash;Typographia or the Printers' Instructor:
+including an Account of the Origin of Printing.... By J.
+Johnson, Printer. London, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Dictionary of the Art of Printing. By William
+Savage. London, 1841. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Proverbs.</i>&mdash;A Hand-Book of Proverbs, comprising an entire
+republication of Ray's Collection of English Proverbs ...
+and a complete alphabetical Index ... in which are
+introduced large additions collected by Henry G. Bohn, 1857.
+London, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, comprising
+French, Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and
+Danish, with English translations and a general Index. By
+Henry G. Bohn. London, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases
+collected from the most authentic sources, alphabetically
+arranged and annotated. By W. Carew Hazlitt. London, 1869.
+8vo. Second edition. London, 1882. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quotations.</i>&mdash;Many Thoughts of Many Minds: being a Treasury
+of References, consisting of Selections<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> from the Writings
+of the most celebrated Authors. Compiled and analytically
+arranged by Henry Southgate. Third edition. London, 1862.
+8vo. Second Series. London, 1871. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quotations.</i>&mdash;Noble Thoughts in Noble Language: a
+Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances in Prose and
+Verse, from the writings of the known good and the great
+unknown. Edited by Henry Southgate. London. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Prose Quotations from Socrates to Macaulay,
+with Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1876.
+Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson,
+with copious Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia,
+1875. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Dictionary of Quotations from the English
+Poets. By Henry G. Bohn. London, 1867. Sq. 8vo. Second
+edition. London. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; An Index to Familiar Quotations, selected
+principally from British Authors, with parallel passages
+from various writers, ancient and modern. By J.C. Grocott.
+Liverpool, 1863. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Familiar Quotations: being an attempt to
+trace to their source passages and phrases in common use. By
+John Bartlett. Author's edition. London, Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Words, Facts and Phrases, a Dictionary of
+Curious, Quaint, and Out-of-the-Way Matters. By Eliezer
+Edwards. London, 1882. Sm. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Quotations.</i>&mdash;The Reader's Handbook of Allusions,
+References, Plots and Stories, with their appendices. By the
+Rev. E. Brewer, LL.D.... Third edition. London, 1882. Sm.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.... By the
+Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, no
+date.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Dictionary of Latin and Greek Quotations,
+Proverbs, Maxims and Mottos, Classical and Medi&aelig;val,
+including Law Terms and Phrases. Edited by H.T. Riley, B.A.
+London, 1880. Sm. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Receipts.</i>&mdash;Cooley's Cyclop&aelig;dia of Practical Receipts and
+Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures,
+Professions and Trades ... designed as a comprehensive
+Supplement to the Pharmacop&#339;ia.... Sixth edition, revised
+and greatly enlarged by Richard V. Tuson. London, 1880. 2
+vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Records.</i>&mdash;Handbook of the Public Record Office. By F.S.
+Thomas, Secretary of the Public Record Office. London, 1853.
+Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Index to the Printed Reports of Sir Francis
+Palgrave, K.H., the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records,
+1840-1861. London, 1865. By John Edwards and Edward James
+Tabrum. In one alphabet.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Ritual" id="Ritual"></a><i>Ritual.</i>&mdash;Hierurgia; or, Transubstantiation, Invocation of
+Saints, Relics and Purgatory, besides those other articles
+of Doctrine set forth in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass
+expounded; and the use of Holy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Water, Incense, and Images
+[etc.] Illustrated. By D. Rock, D.D. Second edition. London,
+1851. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ritual.</i>&mdash;Hierurgia Anglicana; or, Documents and Extracts
+illustrative of the Ritual of the Church in England after
+the Reformation. Edited by Members of the Ecclesiological,
+late Cambridge Camden Society. London, 1848. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sports.</i>&mdash;An Encyclop&aelig;dia of Rural Sports, or complete
+account (historical, practical, and descriptive) of Hunting,
+Shooting, Fishing, Racing, etc., etc. By Delabere P. Blaine.
+A new edition. London, 1840. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Taxes.</i>&mdash;A Sketch of the History of Taxes in England from
+the earliest times to the present day. By Stephen Dowell.
+London, 1876. 8vo. Vol. 1 to the Civil War 1642.</p>
+
+<p><i>Theology.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Topography.</i>&mdash;A Topographical Dictionary of England.... By
+Samuel Lewis. Seventh edition. London, 1849.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.... By
+Samuel Lewis. Fourth edition. London, 1849. 2 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland.... By
+Samuel Lewis. Second edition. London, 1842. 2 vols. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; See <i><a href="#Geography">Geography</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wills.</i>&mdash;An Index to Wills proved in the Court of the
+Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> such of the
+records and other instruments and papers of that Court as
+relate to matters or causes testamentary. By the Rev. John
+Griffiths, M.A., Keeper of the Archives. Oxford, 1862. Roy.
+8vo. In one alphabet, with a chronological list appended.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Zoology" id="Zoology"></a><i>Zoology.</i>&mdash;Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina
+Systematica Generum Animalium tam viventium quam fossilium,
+secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis
+auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis,
+etymologia et familiis, ad quas pertinent, in singulis
+classibus. Auctore L. Agassiz.... Soliduri, 1842-46. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina
+Systematica generum animalium tam viventium quam fossilium,
+secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita sub auspicis et
+sumptibus C.R. Societatis Zoologico-Botanic&aelig; conscriptus a
+Comite Augusto de Marschall [1846-1868]. Vindobon&aelig;, 1873.
+8vo.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>2. <i>Country.</i></p>
+
+<p>A library in a large country house should contain a representative
+collection of English literature, and also a selection of books of
+reference from the previous list. Standard Authors, in their best
+editions, County Histories, Books of Travel, Books on Art, and a
+representative collection of good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> novels, will of course find a place
+upon the shelves. A book such as Stevens's <i>My English Library</i> will be a
+good guide to the foundation of the library, but each collector will have
+his special tastes, and he will need guidance from the more particular
+bibliographies which are ready to his hand, and a note of which will be
+found in Chapter V. Room will also be found for sets of Magazines, such as
+the <i>Gentleman's</i>, the <i>Edinburgh</i>, and the <i>Quarterly</i>, and for the
+Transactions of such Societies as the owner may be member of. The issues
+of Publishing Societies form quite a library of themselves, and an account
+of these will be found in Chapter VII.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen on a previous page how Napoleon wished to form a convenient
+travelling library, in which everything necessary could be presented in a
+comparatively small number of handy volumes. Few men are like Napoleon in
+the wish to carry such a library about with them; but where space is
+scarce there are many who find it necessary to exercise a wise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> spirit of
+selection. This, however, each man must do for himself, as tastes differ
+so widely.</p>
+
+<p>Auguste Comte succeeded in selecting a library in which all that it is
+necessary for a Positivist to know is included in 150 volumes, but this
+result is obtained by putting two or more books together to form one
+volume.</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Positivist Library for the 19th Century.</span></p>
+
+<p>150 Volumes.</p>
+
+<p>I. <i>Poetry.</i> (Thirty Volumes.)</p>
+
+<p>The Iliad and the Odyssey, in 1 vol. without notes.</p>
+
+<p>&AElig;schylus, the King &#338;dipus of Sophocles, and Aristophanes,
+in 1 vol. without notes.</p>
+
+<p>Pindar and Theocritus, with Daphnis and Chloe, in 1 vol.
+without notes.</p>
+
+<p>Plautus and Terence, in 1 vol. without notes.</p>
+
+<p>Virgil complete, Selections from Horace, and Lucan, in 1
+vol. without notes.</p>
+
+<p>Ovid, Tibullus, Juvenal, in 1 vol. without notes.</p>
+
+<p>Fabliaux du Moyen Age, recueillies par Legrand D'Aussy.</p>
+
+<p>Dante, Ariosto, Tasso, and Petrarch, in 1 vol. in Italian.</p>
+
+<p>Select Plays of Metastasio and Alfieri, also in Italian.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I Promessi Sposi, by Manzoni, in 1 vol. in Italian.</p>
+
+<p>Don Quixote, and the Exemplary Novels of Cervantes, in
+Spanish, in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>Select Spanish Dramas, a collection edited by Don Jos&eacute;
+Segundo Florez, in 1 vol. in Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>The Romancero Espagnol, a selection, with the poem of the
+Cid, 1 vol. in Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>Select Plays of P. Corneille.</p>
+
+<p>Moli&egrave;re, complete.</p>
+
+<p>Select Plays of Racine and Voltaire, in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>La Fontaine's Fables, with some from Lamotte and Florian.</p>
+
+<p>Gil Blas, by Lesage.</p>
+
+<p>The Princess of Cleves, Paul and Virginia, and the Last of
+the Abencerrages, to be collected in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>Les Martyres, par Chateaubriand.</p>
+
+<p>Select Plays of Shakespeare.</p>
+
+<p>Paradise Lost and Lyrical Poems of Milton.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson Crusoe and the Vicar of Wakefield, in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>Tom Jones, by Fielding, in English, or translated by Ch&eacute;ron.</p>
+
+<p>The seven masterpieces of Walter Scott&mdash;Ivanhoe, Waverley,
+the Fair Maid of Perth, Quentin Durward, Woodstock (Les
+Puritains), the Heart of Midlothian, the Antiquary.</p>
+
+<p>Select Works of Byron, Don Juan in particular to be
+suppressed.</p>
+
+<p>Select Works of Goethe.</p>
+
+<p>The Arabian Nights.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>II. <i>Science.</i> (Thirty Volumes.)</p>
+
+<p>Arithmetic of Condorcet, Algebra, and Geometry of Clairaut,
+the Trigonometry of Lacroix or Legendre, to form 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>Analytical Geometry of Auguste Comte, preceded by the
+Geometry of Descartes.</p>
+
+<p>Statics, by Poinsot, with all his Memoirs on Mechanics.</p>
+
+<p>Course of Analysis given by Navier at the Ecole
+Polytechnique, preceded by the Reflections on the
+Infinitesimal Calculus by Carnot.</p>
+
+<p>Course of Mechanics given by Navier at the Ecole
+Polytechnique, followed by the Essay of Carnot on Equilibrum
+and Motion.</p>
+
+<p>Theory of Functions, by Lagrange.</p>
+
+<p>Popular Astronomy of Auguste Comte, followed by the
+Plurality of Worlds of Fontenelle.</p>
+
+<p>Mechanical Physics of Fischer, translated and annotated by
+Biot.</p>
+
+<p>Alphabetical Manual of Practical Philosophy, by John Carr.</p>
+
+<p>The Chemistry of Lavoisier.</p>
+
+<p>Chemical Statics, by Berthollet.</p>
+
+<p>Elements of Chemistry, by James Graham.</p>
+
+<p>Manual of Anatomy, by Meckel.</p>
+
+<p>General Anatomy of Bichat, preceded by his Treatise on Life
+and Death.</p>
+
+<p>The first volume of Blainville on the Organization of
+Animals.</p>
+
+<p>Physiology of Richerand, with notes by B&eacute;rard.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Systematic Essay on Biology, by Segond, and his Treatise on
+General Anatomy.</p>
+
+<p>Nouveaux El&eacute;ments de la Science de l'Homme, par Barthez (2nd
+&eacute;dition, 1806).</p>
+
+<p>La Philosophie Zoologique, par Lamarck.</p>
+
+<p>Dum&eacute;ril's Natural History.</p>
+
+<p>The Treatise of Guglielmini on the Nature of Rivers (in
+Italian).</p>
+
+<p>Discourses on the Nature of Animals, by Buffon.</p>
+
+<p>The Art of Prolonging Human Life, by Hufeland, preceded by
+Hippocrates on Air, Water, and Situation, and followed by
+Cornaro's book on a Sober and Temperate Life, to form 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>L'Histoire des Phlegmasies Chroniques, par Broussais,
+preceded by his Propositions de M&eacute;decine, and the Aphorisms
+of Hippocrates (in Latin), without commentary.</p>
+
+<p>Les Eloges des Savans, par Fontenelle et Condorcet.</p>
+
+<p>III. <i>History.</i> (Sixty Volumes.)</p>
+
+<p>L'Abr&eacute;g&eacute; de G&eacute;ographie Universelle, par Malte Brun.</p>
+
+<p>Geographical Dictionary of Rienzi.</p>
+
+<p>Cook's Voyages, and those of Chardin.</p>
+
+<p>History of the French Revolution, by Mignet.</p>
+
+<p>Manual of Modern History, by Heeren.</p>
+
+<p>Le Si&egrave;cle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire.</p>
+
+<p>Memoirs of Madame de Motteville.</p>
+
+<p>The Political Testament of Richelieu, and the Life of
+Cromwell, to form 1 vol.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>History of the Civil Wars of France, by Davila (in Italian).</p>
+
+<p>Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini (in Italian).</p>
+
+<p>Memoirs of Commines.</p>
+
+<p>L'Abr&eacute;g&eacute; de l'Histoire de France, par Bossuet.</p>
+
+<p>The Revolutions of Italy, by Denina.</p>
+
+<p>The History of Spain, by Ascargorta.</p>
+
+<p>History of Charles V., by Robertson.</p>
+
+<p>History of England, by Hume.</p>
+
+<p>Europe in the Middle Ages, by Hallam.</p>
+
+<p>Ecclesiastical History, by Fleury.</p>
+
+<p>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Gibbon.</p>
+
+<p>Manual of Ancient History, by Heeren.</p>
+
+<p>Tacitus (Complete), the Translation of Dureau de la Malle.</p>
+
+<p>Herodotus and Thucydides, in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>Plutarch's Lives, translation of Dacier.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar's Commentaries, and Arrian's Alexander, in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>Voyage of Anacharsis, by Barthelemy.</p>
+
+<p>History of Art among the Ancients, by Winckelmann.</p>
+
+<p>Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci (in Italian).</p>
+
+<p>Memoirs on Music, by Gr&eacute;try.</p>
+
+<p>IV. <i>Synthesis.</i> (Thirty Volumes.)</p>
+
+<p>Aristotle's Politics and Ethics, in 1 vol.</p>
+
+<p>The Bible.</p>
+
+<p>The Koran.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The City of God, by St. Augustine.</p>
+
+<p>The Confessions of St. Augustine, followed by St. Bernard on
+the Love of God.</p>
+
+<p>The Imitation of Jesus Christ, the original, and the
+translation into verse, by Corneille.</p>
+
+<p>The Catechism of Montpellier, preceded by the Exposition of
+Catholic Doctrine, by Bossuet, and followed by St.
+Augustine's Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount.</p>
+
+<p>L'Histoire des Variations Protestantes, par Bossuet.</p>
+
+<p>Discourse on Method, by Descartes, preceded by the Novum
+Organum of Bacon, and followed by the Interpretation of
+Nature, by Diderot.</p>
+
+<p>Selected Thoughts of Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius,
+Pascal, and Vauvenargues, followed by Conseils d'une M&egrave;re,
+by Madame de Lambert, and Consid&eacute;rations sur les M&#339;urs,
+par Duclos.</p>
+
+<p>Discourse on Universal History, by Bossuet, followed by the
+Esquisse Historique, by Condorcet.</p>
+
+<p>Treatise on the Pope, by De Maistre, preceded by the
+Politique Sacr&eacute;e, by Bousset.</p>
+
+<p>Hume's Philosophical Essays, preceded by the two
+Dissertations on the Deaf, and the Blind, by Diderot, and
+followed by Adam Smith's Essay on the History of Astronomy.</p>
+
+<p>Theory of the Beautiful, by Barthez, preceded by the Essay
+on the Beautiful, by Diderot.</p>
+
+<p>Les Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, par
+Cabanis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Treatise on the Functions of the Brain, by Gall, preceded by
+Letters on Animals, by Georges Leroy.</p>
+
+<p>Le Trait&eacute; sur l'Irritation et la Folie, par Broussais (first
+edition).</p>
+
+<p>The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (condensed by Miss
+Martineau), his Positive Politics, his Positivist Catechism,
+and his Subjective Synthesis.</p>
+
+<p>Paris, 3 Dante 66 (Tuesday, 18th July, 1854).</p>
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Auguste Comte</span>,</p>
+<p class='right'>(10 rue Monsieur le Prince).</p></div>
+
+<p>This is an interesting list as having been compiled with special thought
+by a celebrated man, but in many of its details it is little likely to
+find acceptance with the general reader. It seems rather odd to an
+Englishman to find the <i>Princess of Cleves</i> included, while Shakespeare is
+only to be found in a selection of his plays. It is not Comte's fault that
+science has not stood still since 1854, and that his selection of books is
+rather out of date.</p>
+
+<p>A list of a hundred good novels is likely to be useful to many, but few
+lists would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> open to more criticism, for readers differ more as to what
+constitutes a good novel than upon any other branch of literature. The
+following list was contributed by Mr. F.B. Perkins to the <i>Library
+Journal</i> (vol. i. p. 166). The titles are very short, and they are put
+down in no particular order. Most of us will miss some favourite book, but
+two people, Mr. Perkins says, have agreed on this list within four or five
+items. He says he was tempted to add a few alternatives, as Amadis de
+Gaul, Morte d'Arthur, Paul and Virginia, Frankenstein, Rasselas, etc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Don Quixote.<br />
+Gil Blas.<br />
+Pilgrim's Progress.<br />
+Tale of a Tub.<br />
+Gulliver.<br />
+Vicar of Wakefield.<br />
+Robinson Crusoe.<br />
+Arabian Nights.<br />
+Decameron.<br />
+Wilhelm Meister.<br />
+Vathek.<br />
+Corinne.<br />
+Minister's Wooing.<br />
+Undine.<br />
+Sintram.<br />
+Thisdolf.<br />
+Peter Schlemihl.<br />
+Sense and Sensibility.<br />
+Pride and Prejudice.<br />
+Anastasius.<br />
+Amber Witch.<br />
+Mary Powell.<br />
+Household of Sir T. More.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>Cruise of the Midge.<br />
+Guy Mannering.<br />
+Antiquary.<br />
+Bride of Lammermoor.<br />
+Legend of Montrose.<br />
+Rob Roy.<br />
+Woodstock.<br />
+Ivanhoe.<br />
+Talisman.<br />
+Fortunes of Nigel.<br />
+Old Mortality.<br />
+Quentin Durward.<br />
+Heart of Midlothian.<br />
+Kenilworth.<br />
+Fair Maid of Perth.<br />
+Vanity Fair.<br />
+Pendennis.<br />
+Newcomes.<br />
+Esmond.<br />
+Adam Bede.<br />
+Mill on the Floss.<br />
+Romola.<br />
+Middlemarch.<br />
+Pickwick.<br />
+Chuzzlewit.<br />
+Nickleby.<br />
+Copperfield.<br />
+Tale of Two Cities.<br />
+Dombey.<br />
+Oliver Twist.<br />
+Tom Cringle's Log.<br />
+Japhet in Search of a Father.<br />
+Peter Simple.<br />
+Midshipman Easy.<br />
+Scarlet Letter.<br />
+House with the Seven Gables.<br />
+Wandering Jew.<br />
+Mysteries of Paris.<br />
+Humphry Clinker.<br />
+Eug&eacute;nie Grandet.<br />
+Knickerbocker's New York.<br />
+Charles O'Malley.<br />
+Harry Lorrequer.<br />
+Handy Andy.<br />
+Elsie Venner.<br />
+Challenge of Barletta.<br />
+Betrothed (Manzoni's).<br />
+Jane Eyre.<br />
+Counterparts.<br />
+Charles Auchester.<br />
+Tom Brown's Schooldays.<br />
+Tom Brown at Oxford.<br />
+Lady Lee's Widowhood.<br />
+Horseshoe Robinson.<br />
+Pilot.<br />
+Spy.<br />
+Last of the Mohicans.<br />
+My Novel.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>On the Heights.<br />
+Bleak House.<br />
+Tom Jones.<br />
+Three Guardsmen.<br />
+Monte Christo.<br />
+Les Miserables.<br />
+Notre Dame.<br />
+Consuelo.<br />
+Fadette (Fanchon).<br />
+Uncle Tom's Cabin.<br />
+Woman in White.<br />
+Love me little love me long.<br />
+Two Years Ago.<br />
+Yeast.<br />
+Coningsby.<br />
+Young Duke.<br />
+Hyperion.<br />
+Kavanagh.<br />
+Bachelor of the Albany.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 221px;">
+<img src="images/img_140.png" width="221" height="131" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language: a Complete
+Encyclop&aelig;dic Lexicon, Literary, Scientific, and Technological. By John
+Ogilvie, LL.D. New edition. Carefully revised and greatly augmented,
+edited by Charles Annandale, M.A. London, 1882-83. 4 vols. Imp. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded
+mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. Edited by
+James A.H. Murray, LL.D., with the assistance of many Scholars and Men of
+Science. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Royal 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> A second edition appeared in 1871-72.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_141.png" width="500" height="82" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_a.png" width="120" height="121" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A good collection of bibliographies is indispensable for a public library,
+and will also be of great use in a private library when its possessor is a
+true lover of books. One of the most valuable catalogues of this class of
+books is the "Hand-List of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and
+Indexes placed in the Reading Room of the British Museum for Reference"
+(1881). It is not intended to give in this chapter anything like a
+complete account of these books, as a separate volume would be required to
+do justice to them. Here it will be sufficient to indicate some of the
+foremost works in the class. The catalogues of some of our chief libraries
+are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> amongst the most valuable of bibliographies for reference. The
+Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution is one of the
+handsomest ever produced.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Unfortunately the cost of production was too
+great for the funds of the Institution, and the elaborate Catalogue of
+Tracts was discontinued after the letter F.</p>
+
+<p>The London Library being a specially well-selected one, the catalogue
+(which is a good example of a short-titled catalogue) is particularly
+useful for ready reference.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Royal Institution Library is very rich<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> in British Topography, and the
+catalogue forms a convenient handbook.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Catalogue of the Patent Office Library is by no means a model, but the
+second volume forms a good book of reference.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> Many other catalogues
+might be mentioned, but these will be sufficient for our present purpose.
+There is great want of a good Handbook of Literature, with the prices of
+the different books. Until this want is supplied good booksellers'
+catalogues will be found the most trustworthy guides. Pre-eminent among
+these are the catalogues of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> Mr. Quaritch, and the "Catalogue of upwards
+of fifty thousand volumes of ancient and modern books," published by
+Messrs. Willis and Sotheran in 1862. Mr. Quaritch's catalogues are
+classified with an index of subjects and authors.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> A previous General
+Catalogue was issued in 1874, and a Supplement 1875-77 (pp. iv. 1672). Now
+Mr. Quaritch is issuing in sections a new Catalogue on a still larger
+scale, which is of the greatest value.</p>
+
+<p>For the study of early printed books, Hain,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Panzer,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and
+Maittaire's<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> books are indispensable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For general literature Brunet's Manual<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> stands pre-eminent in its
+popularity. It has held its own since 1810, when it was first published in
+three volumes, demy octavo. Graesse's Tr&eacute;sor<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> is less known out of
+Germany, but it also is a work of very great value. Ebert's work<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> is
+somewhat out of date now, but it still has its use. Watt's Bibliotheca<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+is one of the most valuable bibliographies ever published, chiefly on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+account of the index of subjects which gives information that cannot be
+found elsewhere. The titles were largely taken from second-hand sources,
+and are in many instances marred by misprints. Every one who uses it must
+wish that it was brought down to date, but it is scarcely likely that any
+one will sacrifice a life to such labour as would be necessary. Moreover,
+the popular feeling is somewhat adverse to universal bibliographies, and
+it is thought that the literature of his own country is sufficiently large
+a subject for the bibliographer to devote his time to.</p>
+
+<p>English literature has not been neglected by English bibliographers,
+although a full bibliography of our authors is still a crying want.
+Complete lists of the works of some of our greatest authors have still to
+be made, and it is to be hoped that all those who have the cause of
+bibliography at heart will join to remedy the great evil. It would be
+quite possible to compile a really national work by a system of
+co-operation such as was found workable in the case of the Philological<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+Society's Dictionary of the English Language. Sub-editors of the different
+letters might be appointed, and to them all titles could be sent. When the
+question of printing arose, it would be well to commence with the chief
+authors. These bibliographies might be circulated, by which means many
+additions would be made to them, and then they could be incorporated in
+the general alphabet. In such a bibliography books in manuscript ought to
+be included, as well as printed books. Although there is little doubt that
+many books still remain unregistered, we are well supplied with catalogues
+of books made for trade purposes. Maunsell<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> was the first to publish
+such a list, and in 1631 was published a catalogue of books issued between
+1626 and 1631.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> William <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> London<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> published his Catalogue in 1658,
+and Clavell's his in 1696.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Bent's Catalogue, published in 1786, went
+back to 1700,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> and this was continued annually as the London Catalogue.
+The British and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> English Catalogues<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> followed, and the latter is also
+published annually.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>For early printed books, Ames and Herbert's great work<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> is of much
+value, but information respecting our old literature has increased so much
+of late that a new history of typographical antiquities is sadly needed.
+Mr. Blades has done the necessary work for Caxton, but the first English
+printer's successors require similar treatment.</p>
+
+<p>William Thomas Lowndes, the son of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> an eminent bookseller and publisher,
+and himself a bookseller, published in 1834 his <i>Bibliographer's
+Manual</i><a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> which has remained the great authority for English Literature.
+It had become very scarce when Henry Bohn, in 1857, brought out a new
+edition with additions in a series of handy volumes, which is an
+indispensable book of reference, although it is far from being the
+complete work that is required.</p>
+
+<p>Allibone's <i>Dictionary</i><a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> contains much that is omitted in Lowndes's
+Manual, but it is more literary than bibliographical in its scope. The
+well-selected criticisms appended to the titles of the several books are
+of considerable interest and value to the reader. Mr. W.C. Hazlitt's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+Handbooks<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> are exceedingly valuable as containing information
+respecting a class of books which has been much neglected in
+bibliographical works. The compiler has been indefatigable for some years
+past in registering the titles of rare books as they occurred at public
+sales.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Collier's account of rare books,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> founded on his Bridgewater
+Catalogue (1837), is of great use for information respecting
+out-of-the-way literature, as also is Mr. Corser's descriptive Catalogue
+of Old English Poetry.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Accounts of books published in Gaelic,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> in Welsh,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> and in Irish,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+have been published. The works of American authors are included in
+Allibone's <i>Dictionary</i>, referred to under English literature, but special
+books have also been prepared, such as Tr&uuml;bner's Guide,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> Stevens's
+American Books in the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> Museum,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> and Leypoldt's great book, the
+American Catalogue.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Catalogues of Books on America, such as those of
+Obadiah Rich, have also been compiled, but these are more properly special
+bibliographies. France has always stood in a foremost position in respect
+to bibliography, and she alone has a national work on her literature,
+which stands in the very first rank&mdash;this is due to the enthusiastic
+bibliographer Querard.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> A better model as to what a national<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+bibliography should be could not well be found. The catalogue of current
+literature, which bears the name of O. Lorenz, is also an excellent
+work.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>German literature has been, and is, well registered. Heyse,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+Maltzahn,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> Heinsius,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> and Kayser,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> have all produced valuable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+works. Heinsius published his original Lexicon in 1812, and Kayser his in
+1834, and Supplements to both of these have been published about every ten
+years. A more condensed work was commenced by A. Kirchhoff in 1856,
+containing the catalogue of works published from 1851 to 1855; a second
+volume of the next five years appeared in 1861, and since Kirchhoff's
+death Hinrichs has published a volume every five years. The Leipzig
+Book-fairs have had their catalogues ever since 1594, and the half-yearly
+volumes now bearing the name of Hinrichs,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> which have been published
+regularly since 1798, and to which the Fair catalogues succumbed in 1855,
+may be considered as their legitimate successors.</p>
+
+<p>The Literature of Holland is well recorded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> by Campbell<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> and
+Abkoude,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> and for Belgium there is the <i>Bibliographie de Belgique</i>.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+Italy can boast of a Gamba<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> and a Bertocci,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> a public office
+publishes the <i>Bibliografia Italiana</i>.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p>Spain is fortunate in possessing a splendid piece of bibliography in the
+great works of Antonio.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Some years ago, when I was occupied in
+cataloguing one of the chief collections of Spanish books in this country,
+I was in the daily habit of consulting these <i>Bibliothecas</i>, and while
+comparing the books themselves with the printed titles, I seldom found a
+mistake. Hidalgo's<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> work and the Boletin<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> show that at the present
+time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> bibliography is not neglected in that country.</p>
+
+<p>The works of Barbosa Machado<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> and Silva<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> show that Portugal is not
+behind the sister kingdom in the love for bibliography.</p>
+
+<p>Bibliographies of other countries might be mentioned here, but space will
+not permit. There is one branch of general bibliography to which special
+attention has been paid for a long period of years. O. Placcius published
+his <i>Theatrum Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum</i> at Hamburgh in 1674 (2nd ed.
+1708). Villani continued the record of pseudonymous literature by
+publishing at Parma, in 1689, a small volume entitled <i>La Visiera alzata</i>.
+J.C. Mylius published his <i>Bibliotheca Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum</i> at
+Hamburgh in 1740.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Barbier's great work on the Anonymous in French Literature was first
+published in 1806-8, the second edition appeared in 1822-27, and the third
+in 1872-78, as a continuation to the second edition of Querard's <i>Les
+Supercheries Litt&eacute;raires</i>. Querard's work is more curious than useful,
+because the author has entered into minute questions of authorship which
+do not really belong to the domain of bibliography. Manne's volume (1834)
+is not of much value. Lancetti published an octavo volume on Pseudonyms in
+Italian (1836), but Barbier's work was not worthily imitated in any other
+country until Mr. Paterson commenced the publication of the very valuable
+work of the late Mr. Halkett.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> A Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution,
+systematically classed. [London] 1835. 5 vols. royal 8vo. Vol. 1 (1835),
+General Library; vol. 2 (1840), Tracts and Pamphlets arranged in
+alphabetical order as far as the letter F. (never completed); vol. 3
+(1843), General Library, Additions; vol. 4 (1852), Additions from 1843 to
+1852.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Catalogue of the London Library, 12, St. James's Square,
+S.W. With Preface, Laws and Regulations, List of Members and Classified
+Index of Subjects. By Robert Harrison. Fourth edition. Sold at the
+Library, 1875, royal 8vo. pp. 1022.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Supplemental Volume, 1875-1880, sold at the Library, 1881, royal 8vo.
+pp. 219.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> A New Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal
+Institution of Great Britain with Indexes of Authors and Subjects, and a
+list of Historical Pamphlets, Chronologically arranged. By Benjamin
+Vincent. London. Sold at the Royal Institution. 1857, 8vo. pp. xvii.-928.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Vol. II., including the Additions from 1857 to 1882. London. Sold at
+the Royal Institution. 1882. 8vo. pp. xvii.-388.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Catalogue of the Library of the Patent Office, arranged
+alphabetically. In two volumes: vol. 1, Authors; vol. 2, Subjects. London.
+Published and Sold at the Commissioners of Patents Sale Department.
+1881-83. Royal 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> A General Catalogue of Books, offered for sale to the public
+at the affixed prices. By Bernard Quaritch London, 15, Piccadilly, 1880.
+8vo. pp. x.-2395.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> 1457-1500. <span class="smcap">Hain</span> (L.). Repertorium Bibliographicum in quo
+libri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi,
+ordine alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur.
+Stuttgarti&aelig;, 1826-38. 2 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> 1457-1536. <span class="smcap">Panzer</span> (G.W.). Annales Typographici ab artis
+invent&aelig; origine ad annum 1536. Norimberg&aelig;, 1793-1803. 11 vols. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> 1457-1664. <span class="smcap">Maittaire</span> (M.). Annales Typographici ab artis
+invent&aelig; origine ad annum 1664, cum Supplemento Michaelis Denisii. Hag.
+Com. et Vienn&aelig;, 1719-89. 7 vols in 11 parts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brunet</span> (J.C.). Manuel du Libraire, cinqui&egrave;me &eacute;dition.
+Paris, 1860-65. 6 vols. 8vo. Suppl&eacute;ment par P. Deschamps et G. Brunet.
+Paris, 1878-80, 2 vols. Royal 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Graesse</span> (J.G.T.). Tr&eacute;sor de Livres rares et pr&eacute;cieux ou
+Nouveau Dictionnaire Bibliographique. Dresde, 1859-69. 7 vols. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Ebert</span> (F.A.). Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon.
+Leipzig, 1821-30. 2 vols. 4to.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from the German [by A. Brown].
+Oxford, 1837. 4 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Watt</span> (R.). Bibliotheca Britannica: a General Index to
+British and Foreign Literature. In two parts, Authors and Subjects.
+Edinburgh, 1824. 4 vols. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Before 1595. <span class="smcap">Maunsell</span> (A.). Catalogue of English printed
+Books. London, 1595. 4to. Part 1, Divinitie. Part 2, Sciences
+Mathematicall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> 1626-1631. A Catalogue of certaine Bookes which have been
+published and (by authoritie) printed in England both in Latine and
+English, since the year 1626 until November, 1631. London, 1631. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Before 1658. <span class="smcap">London</span> (<span class="smcap">William</span>). A Catalogue of the most
+vendible Books in England, orderly and alphabetically digested. With a
+Supplement. 1658-60. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> 1666-1695. <span class="smcap">Clavell</span> (R.). General Catalogue of Books printed
+in England since the dreadful Fire of London, 1666. Fourth edition.
+London, 1696. Folio.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> 1700-1786. A General Catalogue of Books in all Languages,
+Arts, and Sciences, printed in Great Britain and published in London.
+London (W. Bent), 1786. 8vo.
+</p><p>
+1811. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1811. 8vo.
+</p><p>
+1810-1831. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1831. 8vo.
+</p><p>
+1816-1851. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1851. 8vo.
+Classified Index. London (Hodgson), 1853.
+</p><p>
+1831-1855. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1855.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> 1837-52. The British Catalogue. Sampson Low, 1853. And
+Index. 2 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> 1835-1880. The English Catalogue of Books. Sampson Low. And
+Indexes. 8vo. <i>Continued annually.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> 1471-1600. <span class="smcap">Ames</span> (<span class="smcap">Joseph</span>). Typographical Antiquities: being
+an Historical Account of Printing in England, with some Memoirs of our
+Antient Printers, and a Register of the Books printed by them ... with an
+Appendix concerning Printing in Scotland, Ireland to the same time.
+London, 1749. 4to. 1 vol. Considerably augmented by W. Herbert. London,
+1785-90. 3 vols. 4to. Enlarged by T.F. Dibdin. London, 1810-19. 4 vols.
+4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Lowndes</span> (W.T.), The Bibliographer's Manual of English
+Literature. London, 1834. 4 vols. 8vo. New Edition, by H.G. Bohn. London,
+1857-64. 6 vols. Sm. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Allibone</span> (S.A.). Dictionary of English Literature, and
+British and American Authors. Philadelphia, 1859-71. 3 vols. Royal 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hazlitt</span> (W. <span class="smcap">Carew</span>). Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and
+Dramatic Literature of Great Britain, from the Invention of Printing to
+the Restoration. London (J. Russell Smith), 1867. 8vo.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Collections and Notes, 1867-1876. London (Reeves &amp; Turner), 1876.
+8vo.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Second Series of Bibliographical Collections and Notes on Early
+English Literature, 1474-1700. London (Bernard Quaritch), 1882.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Collier</span> (J.P.). A Bibliographical and Critical Account of
+the rarest books in the English language, alphabetically arranged. London,
+1865. 2 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Corser</span> (T.). Collectanea Anglo-Poetica; or a bibliographical
+and descriptive Catalogue of a portion of a Collection of Early English
+Poetry. Manchester (Chetham Society), 1860-79. 9 vols. Sm. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Gaelic.</i> Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an account of all
+the books which have been published in the Gaelic Language. By John Reid.
+Glasgow, 1832. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>Welsh.</i> Cambrian Bibliography: containing an account of the
+books printed in the Welsh Language; or relating to Wales, from the year
+1546 to the end of the 18th century. By W. Rowlands. Llanidloes, 1869.
+8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>Irish.</i> Transactions of the Iberno-Celtic Society for 1820.
+Containing a chronological account of nearly four hundred Irish writers
+... carried down to the year 1750, with a descriptive Catalogue of such of
+their works as are still extant. By E. O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Tr&uuml;bner's Bibliographical Guide to American Literature: a
+classed list of books published in the United States of America during the
+last forty years. London, 1859. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Catalogue of the American Books in the Library of the
+British Museum. Christmas, 1856. By H. Stevens. London, 1866. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The American Catalogue under the direction of F. Leypoldt.
+New York, 1880. 2 vols. 4to. Suppl. 1876-84. Compiled under the editorial
+direction of R.R. Bowker by Miss Appleton. New York, 1885.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Querard</span> (J.M.). La France Litt&eacute;raire, ou Dictionnaire
+Bibliographique des Savants qui ont &eacute;crit en fran&ccedil;ais, plus
+particuli&egrave;rement pendant les XVIII<sup>e</sup> et XIX<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cles. Paris, 1827-64. 12
+vols. 8vo.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Litt&eacute;rature Fran&ccedil;aise contemporaine (1826-49). Continuation de la
+France Litt&eacute;raire. Paris, 1842-57. 6 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Lorenz</span> (O.). Catalogue de la Librairie Fran&ccedil;aise 1840-1865.
+4 vols. 1866-1875. 2 vols. 8vo. The Catalogue of Books from 1876 to 1885
+is in preparation.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Tables des Mati&egrave;res, 1840-1875. Paris, 1879-80. 2 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> [<span class="smcap">Heyse</span> (C.W.).] B&uuml;cherschatz der deutschen
+National-Litteratur des XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts. Systematisch geordnetes
+Verzeichniss einer reichhaltigen Sammlung deutschen B&uuml;chen. Berlin, 1854.
+8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Maltzahn</span> (W. <span class="smcap">VON</span>). Deutschen B&uuml;cherschatz des sechszehnten,
+siebenzehnten und achtzehnten bis um die Mitte des neunzehnten
+Jahrhunderts. Jena, 1875. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Heinsius</span> (W.). Allgemeines B&uuml;cher Lexicon, 1700-1815.
+Leipzig, 1812-56. 14 vols. 4to. 7th Supplement.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Kayser</span> (C.G.). Index Librorum. Vollst&auml;ndiges
+B&uuml;cher-Lexicon, enthaltend alle von 1750 bis zu Ende des Jahres (-1876) in
+Deutschland ... gedruckten B&uuml;cher. Leipzig, 1834-77. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hinrichs</span> (J.C.). Verzeichniss der B&uuml;cher ... welche in
+Deutschland vom Januar, 1877, bis zum (December, 1885) neu erschienen oder
+neu aufgelegt worden sind. Leipzig, 1876-80. 12mo. <i>In progress.</i>
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Repertorium &uuml;ber die nach den ... Verzeichnissen, 1871-75,
+erschienenen B&uuml;cher. Von E. Baldamus. (1876-80.) Leipzig, 1877-82. 12mo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Campbell</span> (M.F.A.G.). Annales de la Typographie N&eacute;erlandaise
+au XV<sup>e</sup> Si&egrave;cle. La Haye, 1874. 8vo.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; 1<sup>er</sup> Suppl&eacute;ment. La Haye, 1878. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Abkoude</span> (J. <span class="smcap">VAN</span>). Naamregister van de bekendste ...
+Nederduitsche Boeken ... 1600 tot 1761. Nu overzien en tot het jaar 1787
+vermeerderd door R. Arrenberg. Rotterdam, 1788. 4to.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Alphabetische Naamlijst van Boeken 1790 tot 1832, Amsterdam, 1835.
+4to. 1833-1875. Amsterdam, 1858-78. 3 vols. 4to.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Wetenschappelijk Register behoorende bij Brinkman's Alphabetische
+Naamlijsten van Boeken ... 1850-75 ... bewerkt door R. van der Meulen.
+Amsterdam, 1878. 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Bibliographie de Belgique. Journal Officiel de la Librairie.
+Ann&eacute;e 1. Bruxelles, 1876. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gamba</span> (B.). Serie dei testi di Lingua Italiana e di altri
+opere importanti nella Italiana letteratura nel Secolo XV al XIX. Quarta
+edizione. Venezia, 1839. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Bertocci</span> (D.G.). Repertorio bibliografico delle opere
+stampate in Italia nel Secolo XIX. Vol. I. Roma, 1876. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Bibliografia Italiana: Giornale compilato sui documenti
+communicati dal Ministero dell'Istruzione Pubblica. Anno 1-14. 1867-80.
+Firenze, 1868-81. 8vo. In progress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Antonio</span> (N.). Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus sive Hispani
+Scriptores ... ad annum Christi 1500 floruerunt. Matriti, 1788. 2 vols.
+Folia.
+</p><p>
+&mdash;&mdash; Bibliotheca Hispana Nova sive Hispanorum Scriptorum qui ab anno 1500
+ad 1684 floruere notitia. Matriti, 1783-1788. 2 vols. Folio.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hidalgo</span> (D.). Diccionario general de Bibliografia Espa&ntilde;ola.
+Madrid, 1862-79. 6 vols. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Boletin de la Libreria. A&ntilde;o 1. 1873. Madrid, 1874. 8vo. In
+progress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Barbosa Machado</span> (D.). Bibliotheca Lusitana, historica,
+critica e cronologica. Na qual se comprehende a noticia dos authores
+Portuguezes, e das obras que compuser&atilde;o. Lisboa, 1741-59. 4 vols. Folio.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Silva</span> (<span class="smcap">J.F. da</span>). Diccionario bibliographico Portuguez.
+Lisboa, 1858-70. Tom. 1-9. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of
+Great Britain, including the works of Foreigners written in or translated
+into the English Language. By the late Samuel Halkett, and the late Rev.
+John Laing. Edinburgh (William Paterson), 1882-85. Vols. 1, 2, 3 (to
+'Tis).</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_160.png" width="500" height="54" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Special Bibliographies.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_b.png" width="120" height="114" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Bibliographies of special subjects are more useful than any other books in
+the formation of a library. The articles in the new edition of the
+<i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica</i> will be found valuable for this purpose, but
+those who wish for fuller information must refer to Dr. Julius Petzholdt's
+elaborate <i>Bibliotheca Bibliographica</i> (Leipzig, 1866), or to the
+<i>Bibliographie des Bibliographies</i> of M. L&eacute;on Vall&eacute;e (Paris, 1885). The
+late Mr. Cornelius Walford contributed a paper "On Special Collections of
+Books" to the Transactions of the Conference of Librarians, 1877 (pp.
+45-49), in which he specially referred to the subject of Insurance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the present chapter I propose to refer to some of the most useful
+bibliographies, but to save space the full titles will not be given, and
+this is the less necessary as they can mostly be found in the above books
+or in that useful little volume we owe to the authorities of the British
+Museum&mdash;"Hand-list of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and Indexes
+placed in the Reading-room," 1881.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Agriculture.</i>&mdash;Weston's Tracts on Practical Agriculture and
+Gardening (1773), contains a Chronological Catalogue of
+English Authors, and Donaldson's Agricultural Biography
+(1854) brings the subject down to a later date. Victor
+Donatien de Musset-Pathay published a <i>Bibliographie
+Agronomique</i> in 1810, and Loudon's <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia of
+Agriculture</i> contains the Literature and Bibliography of
+Agriculture, British, French, German, and American.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ana.</i>&mdash;In Peignot's <i>Repertoire de Bibliographies
+Sp&eacute;ciales</i> (1810) will be found at pp. 211-268, a list of
+books of Ana, and Gabriel Antoine Joseph H&eacute;cart published at
+Valenciennes, 1821, under the name of J.G. Phitakaer, a
+bibliography entitled "Anagrapheana." Namur's <i>Bibliographie
+des Ouvrages publi&eacute;s sous le nom d'Ana</i> was published at
+Bruxelles in 1839. The late Sir William Stirling Maxwell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+made a collection of books of Ana, a privately printed
+catalogue of which he issued in 1860.</p>
+
+<p><i>Angling.</i>&mdash;Sir Henry Ellis printed privately in 1811 a
+small octavo pamphlet of 21 pages which he entitled "A
+Catalogue of Books on Angling, with some brief notices of
+several of their authors," which was an extract from the
+<i>British Bibliographer</i>. In 1836, Pickering printed a
+<i>Bibliotheca Piscatoria</i>, which was formed upon Sir Henry
+Ellis's corrected copy of the above Catalogue. Mr. J.
+Russell Smith published in 1856 "A Bibliographical Catalogue
+of English writers on Angling and Ichthyology," which was
+soon superceded by the following work by Mr. T. Westwood. "A
+new Bibliotheca Piscatoria, or a general Catalogue of
+Angling and Fishing Literature." London, 1861 (another
+edition, edited conjointly with T. Satchell, 1883). Mr. R.
+Blakey published in 1855, "Angling Literature of all
+Nations." London, 1855. 12mo. Mr. J.J. Manley, M.A.,
+published in 1883, "Literature of Sea and River Fishing," as
+one of the Handbooks of the International Fisheries
+Exhibition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Architecture.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lacroix</span> (E.). Bibliographie des Ing&eacute;nieurs,
+des Architectes, des Chefs d'Usines industrielles, des
+El&egrave;ves des Ecoles polytechniques et professionnelles et des
+Agriculteurs. Premi&egrave;re (&mdash;Troisi&egrave;me) S&eacute;rie. Paris, 1864-67.
+4to.</p>
+
+<p><i>Assurance</i> (<i>Life</i>).&mdash;Lewis Pocock published "A
+Chronological List of Books and Single Papers" relating to
+this subject in 1836, a second edition of which was
+published in 1842.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Astronomy.</i>&mdash;Lalande published his valuable "Bibliographie
+Astronomique" at Paris, 1803. Otto Struve's Catalogue of the
+Library of the Pulkova Observatory, published at St.
+Petersburg in 1860, is highly esteemed by astronomers. The
+first part of the Catalogue of the United States Naval
+Observatory at Washington, by Prof. E.S. Holden, is devoted
+to Astronomical Bibliography.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Houzeau</span> (J.C.) and <span class="smcap">Lancaster</span> (A.), Bibliographie
+g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l'Astronomie. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo. In progress.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Mr. E.B. Knobel, Secretary of the Royal Astronomical
+Society, printed in the <i>Monthly Notices</i> of that Society
+for November, 1876 (pp. 365-392), a very useful short
+Reference Catalogue of Astronomical Papers and Researches,
+referring more especially to (1) Double Stars; (2) Variable
+Stars; (3) Red Stars; (4) Nebul&aelig; and Clusters; (5) Proper
+Motions of Stars; (6) Parallax and Distance of Stars; (7)
+Star Spectra. Mr. E.S. Holden's "Index Catalogue of Books
+and Memoirs relating to Nebul&aelig; and Clusters of Stars" was
+printed in the <i>Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections</i> in
+1877.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bible.</i>&mdash;The famous Le Long published at Paris, in 1713,
+his "Discours historiques sur les principales &eacute;ditions des
+Bibles polyglottes," and in 1723, in two volumes, folio, his
+great work "Bibliotheca Sacra." This was edited and
+continued by A.G. Masch, and published at Hal&aelig; Magd. in
+five volumes, quarto.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> 1774-97. T. Llewelyn published in
+1768 "Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions
+and editions of the Bible." A privately printed "List of
+various editions of the Bible" was issued in 1778, which has
+been attributed to Dr. Ducarel. John Lewis's "Complete
+History of the several Translations of the Holy Bible and
+New Testament into English" was published in 1818, and Dr.
+Henry Cotton's "List of Editions" (Oxford, 1821, 2nd
+edition, 1852) was intended as an Appendix to that work.
+Orme's <i>Bibliotheca Biblica</i> was published at Edinburgh in
+1824, and Hartwell Horne's <i>Manual of Biblical Bibliography</i>
+at London in 1839. Bagster's <i>Bible in Every Land</i> (1848),
+although not strictly bibliographical, must be mentioned
+here, because it gives under each language a notice of all
+versions published in that language. Lowndes' British
+Librarian or Book Collector's Guide. Class I. Religion and
+its History. London, 1839. 8vo. Parts 1, 2, 3 are devoted to
+Holy Scriptures, Biblical Commentaries, Biblical
+Disquisitions, Scripture Biography, Scripture Geography,
+etc. The work itself was left incomplete Dr. H. Cotton
+published at Oxford, in 1855, a work entitled "Rhemes and
+Doway. An Attempt to show what has been done by Roman
+Catholics for the diffusion of the Holy Scriptures in
+English." In 1859 J.G. Shea published at New York a
+"Bibliographical Account of Catholic Bibles, Testaments, and
+other portions of Scripture translated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> from the Latin
+Vulgate, and printed in the United States," and in 1861 E.B.
+O'Callaghan published at Albany a "List of editions of
+the Holy Scriptures and parts thereof, printed in America
+previous to 1860." E. Reuss published at Brunswick, in 1872,
+a Bibliography of the Greek New Testament. Dr. Isaac Hall
+printed a Critical Bibliography of American Greek Testaments
+at Philadelphia in 1883. Mr. Henry Stevens, the eminent
+bibliographer, is a special authority on Bibles, and his
+work, entitled "The Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition, 1877,
+or a bibliographical description of nearly one thousand
+representative Bibles in various languages, chronologically
+arranged" (London, 1878), contains some of the information
+he possesses.</p>
+
+<p><i>Biography.</i>&mdash;Oettinger's <i>Bibliographie Biographique
+Universelle</i> (1854) is a most useful work, although it is
+now unfortunately somewhat out of date.</p>
+
+<p><i>Book-keeping.</i>&mdash;B.F. Foster's <i>Origin and Progress of
+Book-keeping</i> (1852) contains an account of books published
+on this subject from 1543 to 1852.</p>
+
+<p><i>Botany.</i>&mdash;Pritzel's <i>Thesaurus Literatur&aelig; Botanic&aelig;</i> (1851,
+another edition 1872-77) is <i>the</i> Bibliography of the
+subject, and this work is supplemented by Mr. Daydon
+Jackson's Index of Botany, published by the Index Society.
+Trimen's Botanical Bibliography of the British counties,
+London, 1874. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chemistry.</i>&mdash;R. Ruprecht, Bibliotheca Chemica et
+Pharmaceutica, 1858-70. <i>G&ouml;ttingen</i>, 1872.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Classics.</i>&mdash;Dr. Edward Harwood published his "View of the
+various editions of the Greek and Roman Classics" in 1790.
+He was followed in 1802 by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, whose
+work was much enlarged, and reappeared in several editions;
+the fourth and best being published in 1827 (2 vols. 8vo.).
+J.W. Moss published his "Manual of Classical Bibliography"
+in 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. Henry G. Bohn's General Catalogue,
+Part II. Section I. 1850, contains a valuable list of Greek
+and Latin Classics. Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum
+Classicorum et Gr&aelig;corum et Latinorum (1858) is an elaborate
+work on the subject, and Professor John E.B. Mayor's
+translation and adaptation of Dr. H&uuml;bner's Bibliographical
+Clue to Latin Literature will be found to be a very useful
+handbook.</p>
+
+<p><i>Commerce.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Trade_and_Finance">Trade</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dialects.</i>&mdash;Mr. J. Russell Smith published, in 1839, a
+useful "Bibliographical List of the Works that have been
+published towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects of
+England" (24 pages). When the Rev. Professor Skeat started
+the English Dialect Society, he at once laid the foundation
+of an extensive Bibliographical List to include MSS. as well
+as printed works. This Bibliography is being published by
+the Society in parts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Dictionaries2" id="Dictionaries2"></a><i>Dictionaries.</i>&mdash;William Marsden printed privately, in 1796,
+a valuable "Catalogue of Dictionaries, Vocabularies,
+Grammars, and Alphabets."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Dictionaries.</i>&mdash;Tr&uuml;bner's Catalogue of Dictionaries and
+Grammars (1872, second edition 1882) is a very useful work.
+H.B. Wheatley's account of English Dictionaries was
+published in the Transactions of the Philological Society
+for 1865.</p>
+
+<p><i>Drama.</i>&mdash;A notice of some books in the English Drama will
+be found in Chapter IV. The <i>Biblioth&egrave;que Dramatique de
+Mons. de Soleinne</i> (1843-44, 5 vols.), with its continuation
+to 1861, is a splendid Catalogue, in which the books are
+fully described, with valuable notes and preface.</p>
+
+<p><i>Earthquakes.</i>&mdash;Mr. Robert Mallet's Bibliography of
+Earthquakes will be found in the British Association Report
+for 1858, and Mons. Alexis Perrey's Bibliographie Seismique
+in the Dijon <i>Memoires</i> for 1855, 1856, and 1861.</p>
+
+<p><i>Electricity.</i>&mdash;Sir Francis Ronalds' Catalogue of Books and
+Papers relating to Electricity, Magnetism, and the Electric
+Telegraph (1880) contains a large number of titles. O.
+Salle's Bibliography of Electricity and Magnetism, 1860 to
+1883, was published in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Entomology.</i>&mdash;Dr. Hagen's Bibliotheca Entomologica
+(Leipzig, 1862-63) is a carefully compiled and useful book.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epigrams.</i>&mdash;There is a list of books connected with
+Epigrammatic Literature appended to <i>The Epigrammatists</i>, by
+the Rev. Philip Dodd. 8vo. London, 1870.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Fine Art.</i>&mdash;The First Proofs of the Universal Catalogue of
+Books in Art, compiled for the use of the National Art
+Library and the Schools of Art in the United Kingdom.
+London, 1870. 2 vols. Sm. 4to. Supplement. London, 1877.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Essai d'une Bibliographie de l'Histoire sp&eacute;ciale de la
+Peinture et de la Gravure en Hollande et en Belgique
+(1500-1875), par J.F. van Someren, Amsterdam, 1882. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Freemasonry.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Gowans</span> (W.). Catalogue of Books on
+Freemasonry and kindred subjects. New York, 1858. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Hemsworth</span> (H.W.). Catalogue of Books in the Library at
+Freemasons' Hall, London. Privately printed.</p>
+
+<p>There is a list of books on Freemasonry in Petzholdt's
+Bibliotheca Bibliographica, pp. 468-474. Mr. Folkard printed
+privately a Catalogue of Works on Freemasonry in the Wigan
+Free Library in 1882, and in the Annals of the Grand Lodge
+of Iowa, Vol. IX. Part I. (1883) is a Catalogue of Works on
+this subject in the Library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Future Life.</i>&mdash;Catalogue of Works relating to the Nature,
+Origin, and Destiny of the Soul, by Ezra Abbot. Appended to
+W.R. Alger's Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future
+Life. Philadelphia, 1864. 8vo. Reprinted, New York, 1871.</p>
+
+<p><i>Geography.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Voyages_and_Travels">Voyages and Travels</a></i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Health.</i>&mdash;Catalogue of the International Health Exhibition
+Library. Division I. Health. Division II. Education. London,
+1884. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Heraldry.</i>&mdash;Thomas Moule's valuable <i>Bibliotheca Heraldica
+Magn&aelig; Britanni&aelig;</i> was published in 1822. There is a "List of
+the principal English and Foreign Text-Books on Heraldry" at
+the end of <i>The Handbook of Heraldry</i>, by J.E. Cussans,
+London, 1869.</p>
+
+<p><i>History</i> (<i>General</i>).&mdash;<span class="smcap">Brunet</span> (J.C.). Table M&eacute;thodique en
+forme de Catalogue raisonn&eacute;, Histoire. Paris, 1865. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Oettinger</span> (E.M.). Historisches Archiv. Archives
+historiques, contenant une classification de 17,000 ouvrages
+pour servir &agrave; l'&eacute;tude de l'histoire de tous les si&egrave;cles et
+de toutes les nations. Carlsruhe, 1841. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Great Britain and Ireland.</i>)&mdash;Bishop Nicholson's English,
+Scotch, and Irish Historical Libraries, 1776, will still be
+found useful. Mr. Mullinger's portion of the Introduction to
+the Study of English History (1881) gives the latest
+information on the subject. Sir Duffus Hardy's "Descriptive
+Catalogue of Materials relating to the History of Great
+Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign of Henry VIII."
+is an invaluable book, but is unfortunately incomplete.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>France.</i>)&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lelong</span> (J.). Biblioth&egrave;que Historique (1768-78,
+5 vols, folio). "Les Sources de l'Histoire de France," by A.
+Franklin, was published in 1877.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>History</i> (<i>Germany.</i>)&mdash;Bibliographical Essay on the
+Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, by A. Asher, was published in
+1843.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Holland.</i>)&mdash;<span class="smcap">Nijhoff</span>. Bibliotheca Historico-Neerlandica. La
+Haye, 1871.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Italy.</i>)&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lichtenthal</span> (P.). Manuale Bibliografico del
+Viaggiatore in Italia. Milano, 1844. A Catalogue of Sir
+Richard Colt Hoare's Collection of Books relating to the
+History and Topography of Italy was printed in 1812. The
+Collection was presented to the British Museum by Hoare in
+1825.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Portugal.</i>)&mdash;<span class="smcap">Figaniere.</span> Bibliographia Historica
+Portugueza. Lisboa, 1850.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Spain.</i>)&mdash;<span class="smcap">Munoz y Romero.</span> Diccionario
+bibliografico-historico ... de Espana. Madrid, 1858.</p>
+
+<p><i>Language.</i>&mdash;See <i><a href="#Dictionaries2">Dictionaries</a></i>, <i><a href="#Philology2">Philology</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Law.</i>&mdash;Mr. Stephen R. Griswold contributed an article on
+Law Libraries to the U.S. Report on Libraries (pp. 161-170).
+He writes, "Law books may be classified generally as
+follows: Reports, Treatises, Statute Law. The practice of
+reporting the decisions of the Judges began in the reign of
+Edward I., and from that time we have a series of judicial
+reports of those decisions. In the time of Lord Bacon, these
+reports extended to fifty or sixty volumes. During the two
+hundred and fifty years that have passed since then, nothing
+has been done by way of revision or expurgation; but these
+publications have been constantly increasing, so that at
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> close of the year 1874 the published volumes of reports
+were as follows: English, 1350 volumes; Irish, 175 volumes;
+Scotch, 225 volumes; Canadian, 135 volumes; American, 2400
+volumes. With respect to treatises (including law
+periodicals and digests), and without including more than
+one edition of the same work, it is safe to say that a fair
+collection would embrace at least 2000 volumes. The statute
+law of the United States, if confined to the general or
+revised statutes and codes, may be brought within 100
+volumes. If, however, the sessional acts be included, the
+collection would amount to over 1500 volumes. It is thus
+seen that a fairly complete law library would embrace more
+than 7000 volumes, which could not be placed upon its
+shelves for less than $50,000."</p>
+
+<p><i>Law.</i>&mdash;There is a useful list of legal bibliographies in
+the "Hand-list of Bibliographies in the Reading-room of the
+British Museum" (pp. 40-44). Clarke's <i>Bibliotheca Legum</i>,
+which was compiled by Hartwell Horne (1819), is a valuable
+work. Marvin's <i>Legal Bibliography</i>, which was published at
+Philadelphia in 1847, contains 800 pages. The Catalogue of
+the Law Library in the New York State Library (1856), forms
+a useful guide to the subject, and Herbert G. Sweet's
+"Complete Catalogue of Modern Law Books" is one of the
+latest catalogues of authority.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mathematics.</i>&mdash;A really good bibliography of Mathematics is
+still wanting. The following books, however, all from
+Germany, are useful.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Mathematics.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Murhard</span> (F.W.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica.
+Lipsi&aelig;, 1797-1804. 4 vols.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Rogg</span> (J.). Handbuch der Mathematischen Literatur.
+T&uuml;bingen, 1830.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Sohncke</span> (L.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. 1830-54.
+Leipsic, 1854.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Erlecke</span> (A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. Halle-a.-S.,
+1873.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Professor De Morgan's Arithmetical Books (1847) is a
+model of what a good bibliography ought to be.</p>
+
+<p><i>Medical.</i>&mdash;Dr. Billings contributed a chapter on "Medical
+Libraries in the United States" to the U.S. Report on Public
+Libraries (pp. 171-182), in which he wrote&mdash;"The record of
+the researches, experiences, and speculations relating to
+Medical Science during the last four hundred years is
+contained in between two and three hundred thousand volumes
+and pamphlets; and while the immense majority of these have
+little or nothing of what we call 'practical value,' yet
+there is no one of them which would not be called for by
+some inquirer if he knew of its existence." The writer added
+a list of works of reference which should be in every
+Medical Library.</p>
+
+<p>There have been a specially large number of Medical
+Bibliographies, from Haller's works downwards. James
+Atkinson's Medical Bibliography (1834, A and B only), is an
+amusing book, but of little or no utility. The most useful
+books are Dr. Billings's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> Index Catalogue of the Library of
+the Surgeon-General's Office (Washington, 1880) and the
+Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Medical and
+Chirurgical Society (3 vols. 1879), by B.R. Wheatley.
+Neale's Medical Digest (1877) forms a convenient guide to
+the medical periodicals. The two great French
+dictionaries&mdash;Raige-Delorme and A. Dechambre, Dictionnaire
+Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales (4 series, commenced
+in 1854, and still in progress); Jaccoud, Nouveau
+Dictionnaire de M&eacute;decine et de Chirurgie Pratiques (1864,
+and still in progress)&mdash;contain very valuable references to
+the literature of the various subjects. Of special subjects
+may be mentioned H. Haeser's Bibliotheca Epidemiographica
+(1843), John S. Billings's Bibliography of Cholera in the
+Report of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States
+(1875, pp. 707-1025), Beer's Bibliotheca Ophthalmica (1799),
+Dr. E.J. Waring's Bibliotheca Therapeutica (1878-79, 2
+vols. 8vo.), and Bibliography of Embryology, in Balfour's
+Embryology, vol. ii.</p>
+
+<p><i>Meteorology.</i>&mdash;A full bibliography of books and papers upon
+Meteorology is being prepared at the United States Signal
+Office, and it is reported that 48,000 titles are now in the
+office. There have been several articles on this subject in
+<i>Symons's Meteorological Magazine</i>, the last being in the
+number for December, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mineralogy.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dana</span> (J.D.). Bibliography of Mineralogy.
+1881. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Mining.</i>&mdash;Wigan Free Public Library Index Catalogue of
+Books and Papers relating to Mining, Metallurgy, and
+Manufactures. By Henry Tennyson Folkard, Librarian.
+Southport, 1880. Roy. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Motion (Perpetual).</i>&mdash;Perpetuum Mobile; or, search for
+Self-Motive Power during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
+illustrated from various authentic sources in papers,
+essays, letters, paragraphs, and numerous Patent
+Specifications, with an Introductory Essay. By Henry Dircks,
+C.E. London, 1861. Sm. 8vo. Second Series. London, 1870. Sm.
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Music.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Engel</span> (C.). The Literature of National Music.
+London, 1879. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Catalogue of the Library of the Sacred Harmonic
+Society. A new edition [by W.H. Husk]. London, 1872. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Rimbault</span> (F.). Bibliotheca Madrigaliana, a
+Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works
+published in England during the 16th and 17th centuries,
+under the titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets,
+etc. London, 1847. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>There are bibliographies of the subject in F.L. Kilter's
+History of Music, London, 1876, and F. Clement, Histoire
+g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la Musique Religieuse. Paris, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><i>Natural History.</i>&mdash;Dryander's Catalogue of Sir Joseph
+Banks's Library, now in the British Museum, is the most
+famous bibliography of this subject, although made so many
+years ago. It consists of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> 5 vols. 8vo. (1798-1800). Vol. 1,
+General Writers; Vol. 2, Zoology; Vol. 3, Botany; Vol. 4,
+Mineralogy; Vol. 5, Supplement.</p>
+
+<p><i>Natural History.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Engelmann</span> (W.). Bibliotheca
+Historico-Naturalis. Leipzig, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Zuckold</span> (E.A.). Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis,
+Physico-Chemica et Mathematica. G&ouml;ttingen, 1852.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; See <i><a href="#Zoology2">Zoology</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Philology2" id="Philology2"></a><i>Philology.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Marsden</span> (W.) Bibliotheca Marsdenia,
+Philologica et Orientalis. London, 1827. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Engelmann</span> (W.). Bibliotheca Philologica. Leipzig, 1853.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; See <i><a href="#Dictionaries2">Dictionaries</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Political Economy.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">McCulloch</span> (J.R.) The Literature of
+Political Economy, London, 1845.&mdash;This is a very valuable
+work up to the date of publication, but a good bibliography
+of the subject is still a desideratum. The late Professor
+Stanley Jevons proposed to draw up a Handy Book of the
+Literature for the Index Society, but, to the great loss of
+bibliography, was prevented by other work from undertaking
+it. He contributed a list of Selected Books in Political
+Economy to the <i>Monthly Notes</i> of the Library Association
+(Vol. 3, No. 7).</p>
+
+<p><i>Poor.</i>&mdash;A Catalogue of Publications in the English Language
+on subjects relative to the Poor will be found in Eden's
+<i>State of the Poor</i>, vol. iii. pp. ccclxvii&mdash;ccclxxxvi.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Printing.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Bigmore</span> (E.C.), and <span class="smcap">Wyman</span> (C.W.H.). A
+Bibliography of Printing, with Notes and Illustrations.
+London, 1880. 4to.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; The Literature of Printing. A Catalogue of the Library
+illustrative of the History and Art of Typography,
+Chalcography, and Lithography, by R.M. Hoe. London, 1877.
+8vo.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is a list of some of the bibliographies of the productions
+of the chief printers:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Aldus.</i>&mdash;Annales de l'Imprimerie des Alde ou Histoire des
+trois Manuce et de leurs &eacute;ditions. Par Ant. Aug. Renouard.
+Paris, an XII. Seconde &eacute;dition. Paris, 1825. 8vo. 3 vols.</p>
+
+<p><i>Caxton.</i>&mdash;The Life and Typography of William Caxton,
+England's first Printer, with evidence of his typographical
+connection with Colard Mansion, the Printer at Bruges.
+Compiled from original sources by William Blades. London,
+1861-63. 2 vols. 4to. A condensed edition was published
+under the following title: The Biography and Typography of
+William Caxton, England's first Printer. By William Blades.
+Second edition. London, 1882. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Elzevirs.</i>&mdash;Willems (A.). Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales
+Typographiques. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; C. Pieters. Annales de l'Imprimerie des Elsevier. Gand,
+1858. 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Plantin.</i>&mdash;La Maison Plantin &agrave; Anvers. Par L. Degeorge.
+Deuxi&egrave;me &eacute;dition, augment&eacute;e d'une liste chronologique des
+ouvrages imprim&eacute;s par Plantin &agrave; Anvers de 1555 &agrave; 1589.
+Bruxelles, 1878. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stephens.</i>&mdash;Annales de l'Imprimerie des Estienne, ou
+Histoire de la Famille, des Estienne et de ses &eacute;ditions. Par
+A.A. Renouard. Paris, 1837-38. 8vo. 2 parts.</p>
+
+<p><i>Privately Printed Books.</i>&mdash;The second edition of John
+Martin's Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately Printed
+Books was published in 1854, and a newer work on this
+important subject is much required. Mr. W.P. Courtney has
+been engaged in the production of such a work for some
+years, and the labour could not be in better hands.</p>
+
+<p><i>Proverbs.</i>&mdash;The <i>Bibliographie Par&eacute;miologique</i> of Pierre
+Alexandre Gratet-Duplessis (1847), is one of the most
+elaborate and carefully compiled bibliographies ever
+published. Sir William Stirling Maxwell printed privately a
+catalogue of his collection of books of proverbs, in which
+were specially marked those unknown to Duplessis, or those
+published since the issue of his catalogue.</p>
+
+<p><i>Science.</i>&mdash;An article on the Scientific Libraries in the
+United States was contributed by Dr. Theodore Gill to the
+U.S. Report on Public Libraries (pp. 183-217). It contains
+an account of the various periodical records of work in the
+various departments of science.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Shorthand.</i>&mdash;Thomas Anderson's History of Shorthand, London
+(1882), contains Lists of Writers on Shorthand in different
+languages.</p>
+
+<p><i>Theology.</i>&mdash;There is an article on Theological Libraries in
+the United States, in the U.S. Report on Public Libraries
+(pp. 127-160). The following extract contains some
+particulars respecting these.&mdash;"There are reported
+twenty-four libraries, which contain from 10,000 to 34,000
+volumes; and these twenty-four libraries belong to ten
+different denominations. Three Baptist, two Catholic, two
+Congregational, three Episcopal, one Lutheran, two
+Methodist, seven Presbyterian, one Reformed (Dutch), one
+Reformed (German), and two Unitarian. And, if we include
+those libraries which contain less than 10,000 volumes, the
+list of different denominations to which they belong is
+extended to fifteen or sixteen."</p>
+
+<p>A considerable number of Bibliographies of Theology will be
+found in the British Museum Hand-list. Darling's Cyclop&aelig;dia
+Bibliographica (1854-59), Malcom's Theological Index
+(Boston, 1868), and Zuchold's Bibliotheca Theologica
+(G&ouml;ttingen, 1864), may be specially mentioned.</p>
+
+<p><i>Topography.</i>&mdash;Gough's British Topography (2 vols. 4to.
+1780) is an interesting and useful book, and Upcott's
+Bibliographical Account of the principal works relating to
+British Topography, 3 vols. 8vo. (1818), forms one of the
+best specimens of English bibliography extant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Topography.</i>&mdash;Mr. J.P. Anderson's Book of British
+Topography (1881) is an indispensable book. Mr. Robert
+Harrison has prepared for the Index Society an Index of
+Books on Topography, arranged in one alphabet of places,
+which has not yet been published. Mr. W.H.K. Wright
+contributed a paper on "Special Collections of Local Books
+in Provincial Libraries" to the Transactions of the First
+Annual Meeting of the Library Association, 1878 (pp. 44-50).
+Another paper on the same subject, by Mr. J.H. Nodal,
+appears in the Transactions of the Second Annual Meeting of
+the Library Association, 1879 (pp. 54-60), entitled "Special
+Collections of Books in Lancashire and Cheshire," and in the
+Appendix (pp. 139-148) is a full account of these
+collections in Public Libraries and private hands.</p></div>
+
+<p>An indication of some of the chief bibliographies of particular counties
+and places is here added&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Cornwall: Boase &amp; Courtney, 1874-82. 3 vols. A model
+bibliography.</p>
+
+<p>Devonshire: J. Davidson, 1852.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;Plymouth (Three Towns' Bibliotheca), R.N. Worth, 1872-73.</p>
+
+<p>Dorsetshire: C.H. Mayo, privately printed, 1885.</p>
+
+<p>Gloucestershire: Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, J. Washbourn,
+1823-25.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Gloucestershire: Collectanea Glocestriensia, J.D. Phelps,
+1842.</p>
+
+<p>Hampshire: Bibliotheca Hantoniensis, H.M. Gilbert, 1872?</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;List of Books, Sir W.H. Cope, 1879.</p>
+
+<p>Herefordshire: J. Allen, jun., 1821.</p>
+
+<p>Kent: J. Russell Smith, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Lancashire: H. Fishwick, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Man (Isle of): W. Harrison, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>Norfolk: S. Woodward and W.C. Ewing, 1842.</p>
+
+<p>Nottinghamshire: S.F. Creswell, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>Sussex: G.S. Butler, 1866.</p>
+
+<p>Yorkshire: Rt. Hon. John Smythe, Pontefract, 1809.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;E. Hailstone, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;W. Boyne, 1869.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Trade_and_Finance" id="Trade_and_Finance"></a><i>Trade and Finance.</i>&mdash;Catalogue of Books, comprising the
+Library of William Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England,
+in vol. iii. of the Collection of his "Writings, edited by
+Saxe Bannister," (3 vols. 8vo. London, 1859).</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Enslin und Engelmann. Bibliothek der
+Handlungswissenschaft 1750-1845. Leipzig, 1856.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trials.</i>&mdash;The Catalogue of the Library of the Philosophical
+Institution of Edinburgh (1857) contains (pp. 297-319) a
+very useful list of trials in an alphabet of the persons
+tried. The table is arranged under name, charge, date of
+trial, and reference.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Voyages_and_Travels" id="Voyages_and_Travels"></a><i>Voyages and Travels.</i>&mdash;Locke's Catalogue and character of
+most books of Voyages and Travels is interesting on account
+of Locke's notes. (Locke's Works, 1812, 10 vols. 8vo., vol.
+x. pp. 513-564.)</p>
+
+<p>There are catalogues of books of travels in Pinkerton's
+collection (1814), and Kerr's collection (1822).</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Boucher de la Richaderie, Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle des
+Voyages, Paris, 1808. 6 vols. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Engelmann (W.). Bibliotheca Geographica. Leipzig, 1858.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Zoology2" id="Zoology2"></a><i>Zoology.</i>&mdash;Agassiz's Bibliographia Zoologic&aelig; et Geologic&aelig;,
+published by the Ray Society, 1848-54, was a useful book in
+its day, but it is of no value bibliographically, and the
+titles being mostly taken at second-hand, the work is full
+of blunders.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Carus and Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica, Leipzig
+1861, forms a Supplement to the Bibliotheca
+Historico-Naturalis of Engelmann.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A large number of bibliographies of particular authors have been published
+in this country and abroad, and it may be useful here to make a note of
+some of these.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ariosto, Orlando Furioso: Ulisse Guidi, <i>Bologna</i>, 1861,
+1868. G.J. Ferrazzi, <i>Bassano</i>, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Boccaccio: M. Landau, <i>Napoli</i>, 1881.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Burns: J. Mackie, <i>Kilmar</i>, 1866.</p>
+
+<p>Calderon: E. Dorer, <i>Leipzig</i>, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Camoens: Adamson's Life of Camoens, vol. 2, 1820.</p>
+
+<p>Cervantes: E. Dorer, <i>Leipzig</i>, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Corneille: E. Picot, <i>Paris</i>, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>Dante: Bibliografia Dantesca, <i>Prato</i>, 1845-46. C.U.J.
+Chevalier, 1877. G.A. Scartazzini, Dante in Germania, 1881.
+J. Petzholdt, <i>Dresden</i>, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>Goethe: S. Hirzel, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>Luther: E.G. Vogel, <i>Halle</i>, 1851. J. Edmands,
+<i>Philadelphia</i>, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>Manzoni: A. Vosmara, <i>Milano</i>, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Moli&egrave;re: P. Lacroix, <i>Paris</i>, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Montaigne: J.F. Payer, <i>Paris</i>, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Persius: J. Tarlier, <i>Bruxelles</i>, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>Petrarch: Marsand, <i>Milano</i>, 1826.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;A. Hortis, <i>Trieste</i>, 1874.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;G.J. Ferrazzi, <i>Bassano</i>, 1877. C.U.J. Chevalier,
+Montp&eacute;liard, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>Rabelais: J.C. Brunet, <i>Paris</i>, 1852.</p>
+
+<p>Schiller: L. Unflad, <i>M&uuml;nchen</i>, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>Tasso: G.J. Ferrazzi, <i>Bassano</i>, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>Voltaire: G. Bengesco, <i>Paris</i>, 1882.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Browning: F.J. Furnivall, Browning Society, 1881-2.</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle: R.H. Shepherd, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>Defoe: M. Stace, 1829; Wilson, 1830; Lee, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Dickens: R.H. Shepherd, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;J. Cook, Paisley, 1879.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb: A. Ireland, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>Ruskin: R.H. Shepherd, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>Shakespeare: J. Wilson, 1827; J.O. Halliwell, 1841; Moulin,
+1845; Sillig and Ulrici, 1854; H.G. Bohn, 1864; F. Thimm,
+1865-72; K. Knortz, 1876; Unflad, 1880; Justin Winsor
+(Poems); Birmingham Memorial Library Catalogue (J.D.
+Mullens).</p>
+
+<p>Shelley: H.B. Forman, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>Tennyson: R.H. Shepherd, 1879.</p>
+
+<p>Thackeray: R.H. Shepherd, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Wycliffe: J. Edmands, 1884.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Garnett commenced a MS. list of such special bibliographies as he came
+across in Treatises on the different subjects. This list is added to and
+kept in the Reading Room for use by the Librarians. I was allowed the
+privilege of referring to this very useful list.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 214px;">
+<img src="images/img_183.png" width="214" height="80" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_184.png" width="500" height="82" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Publishing Societies.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_a.png" width="120" height="121" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A large amount of important information is to be found in the publications
+of the numerous Societies formed for the purpose of supplying to their
+subscribers valuable works which are but little likely to find publishers.
+These publications have in a large number of instances added to our
+knowledge of history and literature considerably. The Societies have much
+increased of late years, but no record of the publications is easily to be
+obtained, since the full account given in Bohn's Supplement to Lowndes's
+<i>Bibliographer's Manual</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The earliest of Publishing Societies was the <i>Dilettanti
+Society</i>, instituted in London in 1734,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> which issued some
+fine illustrated volumes of classical travel. A long period
+of time elapsed without any societies of a similar character
+being formed.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Roxburghe Club</i> formed in the year 1812 in
+commemoration of the sale of the magnificent library of John
+third Duke of Roxburghe (died March 19, 1804). It was
+chiefly intended as a Social Club, and a long list of
+bibliographical toasts was run through at the banquets. The
+publications were not at first of any great literary value,
+although some of them were curious and interesting. After a
+time competent editors were employed, and some important
+works produced. Sir Frederick Madden's editions of "Havelok
+the Dane" was issued in 1828, of the Romance of "William and
+the Werwolf" in 1832, and of the old English version of
+"Gesta Romanorum" in 1838. The valuable "Manners and
+Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and
+Fifteenth Centuries," edited by T. Hudson Turner, was
+presented to the Club by Beriah Botfield in 1841; Payne
+Collier's edition of the "Household Books of John Duke of
+Norfolk, and Thomas Earl of Surrey, 1481-1490," was issued
+in 1844, and his "Five Old Plays illustrative of the Early
+Progress of the English Drama" in 1851;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> the Rev. Joseph
+Stevenson's edition of "The Owl and the Nightingale, a Poem
+of the Twelfth Century," was issued in 1838, and his edition
+of "The Ayenbite of Inwyt" in 1855; John Gough Nichols's
+edition of the "Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth"
+appeared in 1857 and 1858 (2 vols.), and Dr. Furnivall's
+edition of Henry Lonelich's "Seynt Graal" in 1863-1864.</p>
+
+<p>Several years elapsed before the second great Printing Club
+was founded. In 1823 <i>The Bannatyne Club</i> was started in
+Edinburgh, chiefly by Sir Walter Scott, for the purpose of
+printing works illustrative of the History, Antiquities and
+Literature of Scotland. It derives its names from George
+Bannatyne (born Feb. 22, 1545, died 1607). A long series of
+books have been issued by the Club to its members, many of
+which are of great interest. The Catalogue of the Abbotsford
+Library was presented in 1839 to the members "by Major Sir
+Walter Scott, Bart., as a slight return for their liberality
+and kindness in agreeing to continue to that Library the
+various valuable works printed under their superintendence."
+In the same year appeared Sir Frederick Madden's edition of
+<i>Sir Gawayne</i>. Bishop Gawin Douglas's "Palace of Honour" was
+printed in 1827, and his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> translation of Virgil's "&AElig;neid" in
+1839 (2 vols.). The Club was closed in 1867.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Maitland Club</i>, which derived its name from Sir Richard
+Maitland of Lethington (born in 1496, died March 20, 1586),
+was instituted in Glasgow in 1828. A volume containing "The
+Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow, 1573 to 1581," was
+presented to the Club in 1832-34; the Poems of Drummond of
+Hawthornden in 1832; Robert Wodrow's "Collection upon the
+Lives of the Reformers and most eminent Ministers of the
+Church of Scotland" in 1834-45 (2 vols.). Dauncey's Ancient
+Scottish Melodies in 1838. Sir Bevis of Hamtoun in the same
+year, the Metrical Romance of Lancelot du Lak in 1839;
+Wodrow's Analecta, or Materials for a History of Remarkable
+Providences, in 1842-3 (4 vols.). Henry Laing's Descriptive
+Catalogue of Ancient Seals, in 1850. The Club was closed in
+1859.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Abbotsford Club</i> was founded in honour of Sir Walter
+Scott in 1834, by Mr. W.B.D.D. Turnbull. The first book
+(issued in 1835) was a volume of "Ancient Mysteries from the
+Digby MS."; "Arthur and Merlin, a Metrical Romance," was
+printed in 1838; "Romances of Sir Guy of Warwick and Rembrun
+his Son," in 1840; "The Legend of St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> Katherine of
+Alexandra," in 1841; "Sir Degaree, a Metrical Romance of the
+end of the nineteenth century," in 1849. The Club was closed
+in 1866.</p>
+
+<p>These Printing Clubs were select in their constitution, and
+the books being printed for the members in small numbers,
+they are difficult to obtain and their price is high.</p>
+
+<p>With the foundation of the Camden Society an entirely new
+system was adopted, and the general body of book lovers,
+poor as well as rich, were appealed to with great success,
+and valuable books were supplied to the subscribers at a
+price which would have been impossible without such means.
+The Camden Society is entitled to this honour on account of
+the general interest of its publications, but the Surtees
+Society was actually the first to inaugurate the new system.
+The subscription fixed was double that which the founders of
+the Camden Society adopted, but it was, perhaps, a bolder
+step to start a Society, appealing to a somewhat restricted
+public with a two guinea subscription, than to appeal to the
+whole reading public with a subscription of one pound.
+Before saying more of the Surtees and Camden Societies, it
+will be necessary to mention some other printing clubs which
+preceded them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>The Oriental Translation Fund</i> was established in 1828,
+with the object of publishing Translations from Eastern MSS.
+into the languages of Europe. When the issue of books was
+discontinued, the stock of such books as remained was sold
+off, and many of these can still be obtained at a cheap
+rate.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Iona Club</i> was instituted in 1833, for the purpose of
+investigating the History, Antiquities, and early Literature
+of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, but little has
+been done in the way of publication. The first book was
+"Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis," and the second,
+"Transactions of the Club," vol. i. in 4 parts. A second
+volume was announced, but never appeared.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Surtees Society</i> was founded at Durham in 1834 for the
+publication of inedited Manuscripts, illustrative of the
+moral, the intellectual, the religious, and the social
+condition of those parts of England and Scotland included on
+the East, between the Humber and the Frith of Forth, and on
+the west, between the Mersey and the Clyde, a region which
+constituted the ancient kingdom of Northumberland. The
+Society is named after Robert Surtees, of Mainforth, author
+of the "History of the County Palatine of Durham." Although
+founded more than fifty years ago, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> Society is still
+flourishing, and carried on with the same vigour as of old.
+The series of publications is a long one, and contains a
+large number of most important works. The second book issued
+was "Wills and Inventories, illustrative of the History,
+Manners, Language, Statistics, etc., of the Northern
+Counties of England, from the Eleventh Century downwards"
+(Part 2 was issued in 1860); the third, "The Towneley
+Mysteries or Miracle Plays"; the fourth, "Testamenta
+Eboracensia: Wills illustrative of the History, Manners,
+Language, Statistics, etc., of the Province of York, from
+1300" (vol. 1). The second volume of this series was issued
+in 1855. "Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter" was issued
+in 1843-44 (2 vols.); "The Durham Household Book; or, the
+Accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from 1530
+to 1534," in 1844.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Camden Society</i>, instituted in 1838, has issued to its
+subscribers a large number of books of the greatest interest
+on historical and literary subjects. The set of publications
+is so well known that it is not necessary to enumerate
+titles here. Among the most valuable are the several volumes
+devoted to the correspondence of certain old families, such
+as the "Plumpton Correspondence" (1839), "Egerton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> Papers"
+(1840), "Rutland Papers" (1842), and "Savile Correspondence"
+(1858). The Romances and Chronicles must also be mentioned,
+and the remarkable edition of the oldest English Dictionary,
+"Promptorium Parvulorum," which was fully and learnedly
+edited by the late Mr. Albert Way. A second series was
+commenced in 1871, which is still continued.</p>
+
+<p>The same year which saw the foundation of the Camden Society
+also gave birth to <i>The English Historical Society</i>. Sixteen
+works of considerable value were issued, but the greatest of
+these is the grand "Codex Diplomaticus &AElig;vi Saxonici" of the
+late J. Mitchell Kemble (1845-48).</p>
+
+<p><i>The Spalding Club</i>, named after John Spalding, Commissary
+Clerk of Aberdeen, and founded at Aberdeen in 1839 for the
+printing of the Historical, Ecclesiastical, Genealogical,
+Topographical, and Literary Remains of the North-Eastern
+Counties of Scotland, was formed on the model of the
+exclusive clubs; but being affected by the more democratic
+constitution of the later printing societies, its
+subscription was fixed at one guinea. Amongst the most
+interesting of the Club's publications are the "Sculptured
+Stones of Scotland" (1856), "Barbour's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> Brus" (1856), and
+the "Fasti Aberdonensis: Selections from the Records of the
+University and King's College of Aberdeen from 1494 to 1854"
+(1854).</p>
+
+<p>The year 1840 saw the foundation of three very important
+Societies, viz. the Parker, the Percy, and the Shakespeare.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Parker Society</i> took its name from the famous
+Archbishop of Canterbury, Martin Parker, and its objects
+were (1) the reprinting, without abridgment, alteration or
+omission, of the best works of the Fathers and early Writers
+of the Reformed English Church published in the period
+between the accession of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth; (2)
+the printing of such works of other writers of the Sixteenth
+Century as may appear desirable (including under both
+classes some of the early English Translations of the
+Foreign Reformers), and (3) the printing of some MSS. of the
+same authors hitherto unpublished. The Society was an
+enormous success, and at one time the list contained seven
+thousand members; but owing to the multitude of copies
+printed, and the somewhat dry character of the books
+themselves, many of them can now be obtained at a
+ridiculously small sum, the price of a complete set usually
+averaging little more than a shilling a volume. When<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> the
+series was completed, a valuable General Index to the whole
+was compiled by Mr. Henry Gough, 1855.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Percy Society</i> took its name from Bishop Percy, author
+of the "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry" (born 1729, died
+1811), and was founded for the purpose of bringing to light
+important but obscure specimens of Ballad Poetry, or Works
+illustrative of that department of Literature. The Society
+was dissolved in 1853, but during the thirteen years of its
+existence it produced a singularly interesting series of
+publications. The number of separate works registered in
+Bohn's Appendix to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual is 94,
+besides "Quippes for Upstart Newfangled Gentlewomen by
+Stephen Gosson," which was suppressed, and "Rhyming Satire
+on the Pride and Vices of Women Now-a-days, by Charles
+Bansley," 1540, which was reprinted in 1841, but not issued.
+The set is much sought after, and fetches a good price.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Shakespeare Society</i> was founded in 1840, to print
+books illustrative of Shakespeare and of the literature of
+his time, and a very valuable collection of works was issued
+to the subscribers during the term of its existence. It was
+dissolved in 1853, and the remaining stock was made up into
+volumes and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> sold off. There was much for the Society still
+to do; but the controversy arising out of the discovery of
+the forgeries connected with John Payne Collier's name made
+it difficult for the Shakespearians to work together with
+harmony.</p>
+
+<p>In this same year the <i>Musical Antiquarian Society</i> was
+founded, and during the seven years of its existence it
+issued books of Madrigals, Operas, Songs, Anthems, etc., by
+early English composers.</p>
+
+<p>In the following year (1841), the <i>Motett Society</i> was
+founded for the publication of Ancient Church Music. Five
+parts only, edited by Dr. Rimbault, were issued.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841 the <i>Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts</i>
+was founded, and a series of works in Syriac, Arabic,
+Sanscrit, and Persian was distributed to the subscribers
+until 1851, when the Society was dissolved.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Wodrow Society</i> was instituted in Edinburgh in 1841,
+for the publication of the early writers of the Reformed
+Church of Scotland, and named after the Rev. Robert Wodrow.
+Among its publications are, "Autobiography and Diary of
+James Melvill," "Correspondence of the Rev. R. Wodrow" (3
+vols.), "History of the Reformation in Scotland, by John
+Knox" (2 vols.). The Society was dissolved in 1848.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>The &AElig;lfric Society</i> was founded in 1842 for the publication
+of those Anglo-Saxon and other literary monuments, both
+civil and ecclesiastical, tending to illustrate the early
+state of England. The publications, which were not numerous,
+were edited by Benjamin Thorpe and J.M. Kemble, and the
+Society was discontinued in 1856.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Chetham Society</i>, founded at Manchester in 1843, for
+the publication of Historical and Literary remains connected
+with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, was
+named after Humphrey Chetham (born 1580, died 1653). The
+Society, which still flourishes, has now produced a very
+long series of important works, and the volumes, which are
+not often met with, keep up their price well.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Sydenham Society</i> for reprinting Standard English Works
+in Medical Literature, and for the Translation of Foreign
+Authors, with notes, was founded in 1843. After printing a
+number of important works, the Society was dissolved in
+1858, and was succeeded by <i>The New Sydenham Society</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Spottiswoode Society</i> was founded at Edinburgh in 1843,
+for the revival and publication of the acknowledged works of
+the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Episcopal Church of
+Scotland, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> rare, authentic, and curious MSS., Pamphlets
+and other Works illustrative of the Civil and Ecclesiastical
+State of Scotland. It takes its name from John Spottiswoode,
+the first duly consecrated Scottish Archbishop after the
+Reformation (born 1566, died 1639.) The late Mr. Hill Burton
+gives an amusing account of the foundation of this Society
+in his delightful <i>Book-Hunter</i>. He writes: "When it was
+proposed to establish an institution for reprinting the
+works of the fathers of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, it
+was naturally deemed that no more worthy or characteristic
+name could be attached to it than that of the venerable
+prelate, who by his learning and virtues had so long adorned
+the Episcopal Chair of Moray and Ross [Robert Jolly], and
+who had shown a special interest in the department of
+literature to which the institution was to be devoted. Hence
+it came to pass that, through a perfectly natural process,
+the Association for the purpose of reprinting the works of
+certain old divines was to be ushered into the world by the
+style and title of the <span class="smcap">Jolly Club</span>. There happened to be
+amongst those concerned, however, certain persons so
+corrupted with the wisdom of this world, as to apprehend
+that the miscellaneous public might fail to trace this
+designation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> to its true origin, and might indeed totally
+mistake the nature and object of the institution,
+attributing to it aims neither consistent with the ascetic
+life of the departed prelate, nor with the pious and
+intellectual object of its founders. The counsels of these
+worldly-minded persons prevailed. The Jolly Club was never
+instituted,&mdash;at least as an association for the reprinting
+of old books of divinity,&mdash;though I am not prepared to say
+that institutions, more than one so designed may not exist
+for other purposes. The object, however, was not entirely
+abandoned. A body of gentlemen united themselves together
+under the name of another Scottish prelate, whose fate had
+been more distinguished, if not more fortunate, and the
+Spottiswoode Society was established. Here, it will be
+observed, there was a passing to the opposite extreme, and
+so intense seems to have been the anxiety to escape from all
+excuse for indecorous jokes or taint of joviality, that the
+word Club, wisely adopted by other bodies of the same kind,
+was abandoned, and this one called itself a Society." The
+publications were discontinued about 1851.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Calvin Translation Society</i> was established at
+Edinburgh in 1843, and its work was completed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> 1855, by
+the publication of twenty-two Commentaries, etc., of the
+great reformer in fifty-two volumes.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Ray Society</i> was founded in 1844 for the publication of
+works on Natural History (Zoology and Botany), and a large
+number of valuable books, fully illustrated, have been
+produced, many of them translations from foreign works. Many
+of the later publications are more elaborately coloured than
+the earlier ones.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Wernerian Club</i> was instituted in 1844 for the
+republication of standard works of Scientific Authors of old
+date.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Handel Society</i> was founded at London in 1844, for the
+purpose of printing the Works of Handel in full score.
+Sixteen volumes were issued, and in 1858 the Society was
+dissolved, the German Handel Society resuming the
+publication.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Hanserd Knollys Society</i> was instituted in 1845 for the
+publication of the works of early English and other Baptist
+writers, and one of these was an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim
+Progress from the text of the first edition. The Society was
+dissolved about 1851.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Caxton Society</i> was instituted in 1845 for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> the
+publication of Chronicles and other writings hitherto
+unpublished, illustrative of the history and miscellaneous
+literature of the middle ages. This Society was formed on a
+somewhat original basis. The members were to pay no annual
+subscription, but they engaged to purchase one copy of all
+books published by the Society. The expense of printing and
+publishing to be defrayed out of the proceeds of the sale,
+and the money remaining over to be paid to the editors.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Cavendish Society</i> was instituted in 1846 for the
+promotion of Chemical Science by the translation and
+publication of valuable works and papers on Chemistry not
+likely to be undertaken by ordinary publishers. During its
+last years the Society existed for the publication of
+Gmelin's voluminous "Handbook of Chemistry," and when this
+work was completed, with a general Index, the Society ceased
+to exist.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Ecclesiastical History Society</i> was instituted in 1846,
+and one of its early publications was the first volume of
+Wood's "Athen&aelig; Oxoniensis," edited by Dr. Bliss, but this
+only contained the life of Anthony Wood himself. The Society
+was dissolved in 1854, after publishing the Book of Common
+Prayer according<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> to a MS. in the Rolls Office, Dublin (3
+vols.), and sundry other works.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Hakluyt Society</i>, named after Richard Hakluyt (born
+1553, died 1616), was founded at the end of 1846 for the
+purpose of printing the most rare and valuable Voyages,
+Travels and Geographical Records, from an early period of
+exploratory enterprise to the circumnavigation of Dampier.
+The first two volumes ("Sir Richard Hawkins's Voyage into
+the South Sea, 1593," and "Select Letters of Columbus") were
+issued in 1847, and the Society still flourishes. Between
+1847 and 1885 the Society has presented to its members an
+important series of books of travel, at the rate of about
+two volumes a year for an annual subscription of one guinea.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Pal&aelig;ontographical Society</i> was founded in 1847 for the
+purpose of figuring and describing a stratigraphical series
+of British Fossils. The annual volumes consist of portions
+of works by the most eminent pal&aelig;ontologists, and these
+works are completed as soon as circumstances allow, but
+several of them are still incomplete.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Arundel Society</i> is so important an institution that it
+cannot be passed over in silence, although, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> the
+publications chiefly consist of engravings,
+chromolithographs, etc., it scarcely comes within the scope
+of this chapter. The Society takes its name from Thomas
+Howard Earl of Arundel, in the reigns of James I. and
+Charles I., who has been styled the "Father of <i>vertu</i> in
+England." It was founded in 1849, and its purpose is to
+diffuse more widely, by means of suitable publications, a
+knowledge both of the history and true principles of
+Painting, Sculpture, and the higher forms of ornamental
+design, to call attention to such masterpieces of the arts
+as are unduly neglected, and to secure some transcript or
+memorial of those which are perishing from ill-treatment or
+decay. The publications of the Society have been very
+successful, and many of them cannot now be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the societies above described have appealed to a
+large public, and endeavoured to obtain a large amount of
+public support; but in 1853 was formed an exclusive society,
+with somewhat the same objects as the Roxburghe Club. <i>The
+Philobiblon Society</i> was instituted chiefly through the
+endeavours of Mr. R. Monckton Milnes (the late Lord
+Houghton) and the late Mons. Sylvain Van de Weyer. The
+number of members was at first fixed at thirty-five, but was
+raised in 1857 to forty, including the patron and honorary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+secretaries. The publications consist chiefly of a series of
+Bibliographical and Historical Miscellanies, contributed by
+the members, which fill several volumes. Besides these there
+are "The Expedition to the Isle of Rhe by Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury," edited and presented to the members by the Earl
+of Powis; "Inventaire de tous les meubles du Cardinal
+Mazarin," edited and presented by H.R.H. the Duke d'Aumale;
+"Memoires de la Cour d'Espagne sous la regne de Charles II.,
+1678-82," edited and presented by William Stirling
+(afterwards Sir William Stirling Maxwell); "The Biography
+and Bibliography of Shakespeare," compiled and presented by
+Henry G. Bohn; "Analyse des Travaux de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; des
+Philobiblon de Londres," par Octave Delepierre.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Ossianic Society</i> was instituted at Dublin in 1853 for
+the preservation and publication of manuscripts in the Irish
+Language, illustrative of the Fenian period of Irish
+history, etc., with literal translations and notes.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Warton Club</i> was instituted in 1854 and issued four
+volumes, after which it was dissolved.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Manx Society</i> was instituted at Douglas, Isle of Man,
+in 1858, for the publication of National Documents of the
+Isle of Man.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All the Societies mentioned above are registered in Henry Bohn's Appendix
+to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, and lists of the publications up to
+1864 are there given. Most of them are also described in Hume's "Learned
+Societies and Printing Clubs of the United Kingdom" (1853). Since,
+however, the publication of these two books, a considerable number of
+important Printing Societies have been formed, and of these a list is not
+readily obtainable, except by direct application to the respective
+Secretaries.</p>
+
+<p>The newly printed General Catalogue of the British Museum in the Reading
+Room however contains a full list of the publications of the various
+Societies under the heading of <i>Academies</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The foundation of the <i>Early English Text Society</i> in 1864
+caused a renewed interest to be taken in the publications of
+the Printing Clubs. The origin of the Society was in this
+wise. When the Philological Society undertook the formation
+of a great English Dictionary, the want of printed copies of
+some of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> chief monuments of the language was keenly
+felt. Mr. F.J. Furnivall, with his usual energy, determined
+to supply the want, and induced the Council of the
+Philological Society to produce some valuable texts. It was
+found, however, that these publications exhausted much of
+the funds of the Society, which was required for the
+printing of the papers read at the ordinary meetings, so
+that it became necessary to discontinue them. Mr. Furnivall,
+then, in conjunction with certain members of the
+Philological Society, founded the Early English Text
+Society. The Society possessed the inestimable advantage of
+having among its founders Mr. Richard Morris (afterwards the
+Rev. Dr. Morris), who entered with fervour into the scheme,
+and produced a large amount of magnificent work for the
+Society. Dr. Furnivall put the objects of the Society
+forward very tersely when he said that none of us should
+rest "till Englishmen shall be able to say of their early
+literature what the Germans can now say with pride of
+theirs&mdash;'every word of it is printed, and every word of it
+is glossed.'"</p>
+
+<p>The Society prospered, and in 1867 an Extra Series was
+started, in which were included books that had already been
+printed, but were difficult to obtain from their rarity and
+price.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One hundred and twenty-six volumes have been issued between
+1864 and 1884, eighty-two volumes of the Original Series and
+forty-four of the Extra Series, and there can be no doubt
+that the publications of the Society have had an immense
+influence in fostering the study of the English language.
+The prefaces and glossaries given with each work contain an
+amount of valuable information not elsewhere to be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>These books throw light upon the growth of the language, and
+place within the reach of a large number of readers works of
+great interest in the literature of the country. The
+greatest work undertaken by the Society is the remarkable
+edition of "William's Vision of Piers the Plowman," which
+Prof. Skeat has produced with an expenditure of great labour
+during nearly twenty years. The last part, containing
+elaborate notes and glossary, was issued in 1884.</p>
+
+<p>The subjects treated of are very various. There is a fair
+sprinkling of Romances, which will always be amongst the
+most interesting of a Society's publications. Manners and
+Customs are largely illustrated in a fair proportion of the
+Texts, as also are questions of Social and Political
+History. Perhaps the least interesting to the general reader
+are the Theological Texts, which are numerous, but the
+writers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> of these were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of
+their times, and although they are apt to be prosy, they are
+pretty sure to introduce some quaint bits which compensate
+for a considerable amount of dulness. These books help us to
+form a correct idea of the beliefs of our forefathers, and
+to disabuse our minds of many mistaken views which we have
+learnt from more popular but less accurate sources.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Ballad Society</i> grew out of the publication, by special
+subscription, of Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript, edited by
+F.J. Furnivall and J.W. Hales. This was issued in
+connection with the Early English Text Society (but not as
+one of its Texts), through the energy of Mr. Furnivall, who
+had many difficulties to overcome before he was able to get
+permission to print the manuscript, which had been very
+faithfully guarded from the eyes of critics. He had to pay
+for the privilege, and in the end the old volume was sold to
+the nation, and it now reposes among the treasures of the
+British Museum. When this useful work was completed, Mr.
+Furnivall was anxious to follow it by a reprint of all the
+known collections of Ballads, such as the Roxburghe,
+Bagford, Rawlinson, Douce, etc., and for this purpose he
+started the Ballad Society in 1868. He himself edited some
+particularly interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> "Ballads from Manuscripts," and an
+elaborate account of Captain Cox's Ballads and Books in a
+new edition of Robert Laneham's Letter on the Entertainment
+at Kenilworth in 1575. The veteran Ballad illustrator, Mr.
+William Chappell, undertook to edit the "Roxburghe Ballads,"
+and produced nine parts, when the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth took
+the work off his hands. Mr. Ebsworth had previously
+reproduced the "Bagford Ballads," and he is now the
+editor-in-chief of the Society. The following is a short
+list of the publications of the Society: Nos. 1, 2, 3, 10,
+"Ballads from Manuscripts"; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18,
+19. "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited by Wm. Chappell; No. 7,
+"Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books"; No. 11, "Love Poems
+and Humourous Ones"; Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, "The Bagford
+Ballads." No. 20, "The Amanda Group of Bagford Ballads;"
+Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited
+by the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth. No. 26 completes the fifth
+volume of the "Roxburghe Ballads." There are two more
+volumes to come, and then Mr. Ebsworth will undertake "The
+Civil War and Protectorate Ballads." Much of the work on
+these volumes is done, and they only await an increase in
+the subscription list. It is to be hoped that when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> good
+work done by the Ballad Society is better known, the editor
+will not be kept back in his useful course by the want of
+funds for printing. Mr. Ebsworth's thorough work is too well
+known to need praise here, but it may be noted that his
+volumes contain a remarkable amount of illustration of the
+manners of the time not to be obtained elsewhere. The value
+of this is the more apparent by the system of arrangement in
+marked periods which the editor has adopted.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Chaucer Society</i> was founded in 1868 by Mr. Furnivall,
+"to do honour to Chaucer, and to let the lovers and students
+of him see how far the best unprinted Manuscripts of his
+Works differed from the printed texts." For the Canterbury
+Tales, Mr. Furnivall has printed the six best unprinted MSS.
+in two forms&mdash;(1) in large oblong parts, giving the parallel
+texts; (2) in octavo, each text separately. The six
+manuscripts chosen are&mdash;The Ellesmere; The Lansdowne (Brit.
+Mus.); The Hengwrt; The Corpus, Oxford; The Cambridge
+(University Library); The Petworth. Dr. Furnivall has now
+added Harleian 7334 to complete the series. The Society's
+publications are issued in two series, of which the first
+contains the different Texts of Chaucer's Works,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> and the
+second such originals of and essays on these as can be
+procured, with other illustrative treatises and
+Supplementary Tales.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Spenser Society</i> was founded at Manchester in 1867 for
+the publication of well-printed editions of old English
+authors in limited numbers. The chief publication issued to
+subscribers was a reprint, in three volumes folio, of the
+works of John Taylor, the Water-poet, from the original
+folio. The other publications are in small quarto, and among
+them are the works of John Taylor not included in the folio,
+the works of Wither, etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Roxburghe Library</i> was a subscription series, commenced
+by Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt in 1868, with the same objects as a
+publishing society. It was discontinued in 1870. The
+following is a list of the publications:&mdash;"Romance of Paris
+and Vienne"; "William Browne's Complete Works," 2 vols.;
+"Inedited Tracts of the 16th and 17th Centuries
+(1579-1618)"; "The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor
+and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664"; "George Gascoigne's Complete
+Poems," 2 vols.; "Thomas Carew's Poems."</p>
+
+<p><i>The Harleian Society</i> was founded in 1869. Their chief
+publication has been the late Colonel Chester's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>
+magnificently edited Registers of Westminster Abbey. Other
+Registers published are those of St. Peter's, Cornhill; St.
+Dionis Backchurch; St. Mary Aldermary; St. Thomas the
+Apostle; St. Michael, Cornhill; St. Antholin, Budge Lane;
+and St. John the Baptist, on Wallbrook. Of the other
+publications there are Visitations of Bedfordshire,
+Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Devon, Essex,
+Leicestershire, London 1568, 1633, Nottingham, Oxford,
+Rutland, Somersetshire, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire, and Le
+Neve's Catalogue of Knights.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Hunterian Club</i> was founded at Glasgow in 1871, and
+named after the Hunterian Library in the University. Among
+the publications of the Club are a Series of Tracts by
+Thomas Lodge and Samuel Rowlands; the Poetical Works of
+Alexander Craig; Poetical Works of Patrick Hannay; Sir T.
+Overburie's Vision by Richard Niccols, 1616. The printing of
+the famous Bannatyne Manuscript, compiled by George
+Bannatyne, 1568, was commenced by the Society in 1873, and
+the seventh part, which completed this invaluable collection
+of Scottish Poetry, was issued in 1881.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Folk Lore Society</i> was founded by the late Mr. W.J.
+Thoms (inventor of the term Folk Lore) in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> 1878, and during
+the seven years of its existence it has done much valuable
+work, chiefly through the energetic direction of Mr. G.L.
+Gomme, the Hon. Sec. (now Director). The object of the
+Society is stated to be "the preservation and publication of
+Popular Traditions, Legendary Ballads, Local Proverbial
+Sayings, Superstitions and Old Customs (British and
+Foreign), and all subjects relating to them." The principal
+publication of the Society, the <i>Folk Lore Record</i>, now the
+<i>Folk Lore Journal</i>, was at first issued in volumes, and
+afterwards in monthly numbers. It is now a quarterly. The
+other publications are:&mdash;Henderson's Folk-Lore of the
+Northern Counties of England and the Borders, a new edition;
+Aubrey's Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme; Gregor's Notes
+on the Folk-Lore of the North-east of Scotland; Comparetti's
+Book of Sindibad and Pedroso's Portuguese Folk Tales;
+Black's Folk Medicine; Callaway's Religious System of the
+Amazulu.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1873 saw the formation of several publishing
+Societies.</p>
+
+<p><i>The New Shakspere Society</i> was founded by Dr. F.J.
+Furnivall, for the reading of papers, which have been
+published in a Series of Transactions, and also for the
+publication of collations of the Quarto Plays, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> works
+illustrating the great Dramatist's times. Among the latter
+works are Harrison's Description of England, Stubbes's
+Anatomie of Abuses, Dr. Ingleby's Shakespeare's Centurie of
+Prayse, etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>The English Dialect Society</i> was founded at Cambridge by
+the Rev. Professor Skeat. Its objects are stated to be (1)
+to bring together all those who have made a study of any of
+the Provincial Dialects of England, or who are interested in
+the subject of Provincial English; (2) to combine the
+labours of collectors of Provincial English words by
+providing a common centre to which they may be sent, so as
+to gather material for a general record of all such words;
+(3) to publish (subject to proper revision) such collections
+of Provincial English words that exist at present only in
+manuscript; as well as to reprint such Glossaries of
+provincial words as are not generally accessible, or are
+inserted in books of which the main part relates to other
+subjects; and (4) to supply references to sources of
+information which may be of material assistance to
+word-collectors, students, and all who have a general or
+particular interest in the subject. The publications are
+arranged under the following Series: A, Bibliographical; B,
+Reprinted Glossaries; C, Original Glossaries; D,
+Miscellaneous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> In 1875 the Society was transferred to
+Manchester, and Mr. J.H. Nodal became Honorary Secretary.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Pal&aelig;ographical Society</i> was formed for the purpose of
+reproducing Specimens of Manuscripts, and it has produced a
+Series of Facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts, edited by E.A.
+Bond and E.M. Thompson, Part 1 being issued in 1873.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the year 1877 <i>The Index Society</i> was founded
+for the purpose of producing (1) Indexes of Standard Works;
+(2) Subject Indexes of Science, Literature and Art; and (3)
+a General Reference Index. The publications were commenced
+in 1878, and the First Annual Meeting was held in March,
+1879, the Earl of Carnarvon being the first President. The
+first publication was "What is an Index?" by H.B. Wheatley.
+Among the important books issued by the Society may be
+mentioned Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour";
+Daydon Jackson's "Guide to the Literature of Botany" and
+"Literature of Vegetable Technology," and Rye's "Index of
+Norfolk Topography."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies</i> was
+founded in 1879 for the following objects: (1) To advance
+the study of the Greek language, literature, and art, and to
+illustrate the history of the Greek race<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> in the ancient,
+Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic periods, by the publication of
+memoirs and inedited documents or monuments in a Journal to
+be issued periodically. (2) To collect drawings, facsimiles,
+transcripts, plans, and photographs of Greek inscriptions,
+MSS., works of art, ancient sites and remains, and with this
+view to invite travellers to communicate to the Society
+notes or sketches of arch&aelig;ological and topographical
+interest. (3) To organise means by which members of the
+Society may have increased facilities for visiting ancient
+sites and pursuing arch&aelig;ological researches in countries
+which, at any time, have been the sites of Hellenic
+civilization. Five volumes of the <i>Journal</i> have been
+issued.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Topographical Society of London</i> was formed in 1880.
+The Inaugural Meeting was held at the Mansion House, and the
+first Annual Meeting at Drapers' Hall on Feb. 3, 1882, with
+the Lord Mayor (Sir John Whitaker Ellis), President, in the
+chair. The following reproductions have been issued to
+subscribers:&mdash;Van der Wyngaerde's View of London, ab. 1550,
+7 sheets; Braun &amp; Hogenberg's Plan of London, 1 sheet;
+Visscher's View of London, 4 sheets.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Browning Society</i> was founded by Dr. Furnivall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> in
+1881, and besides papers read at the meetings, the Society
+has issued Dr. Furnivall's "Bibliography of Browning."</p>
+
+<p><i>The Wyclif Society</i> was founded also by Dr. Furnivall in
+1882, for the publication of the complete works of the great
+Reformer.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Pipe Roll Society</i> was established in 1883, and in 1885
+the first three volumes of its publications have been issued
+to the members. These are&mdash;Vol. 1, Pipe Rolls, 5 Hen. II.;
+Vol. 2, 6 Hen. II.; Vol. 3, Introduction.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Oxford Historical Society</i> was formed in 1884, and four
+handsome volumes have been issued for that year and 1885.
+These are&mdash;1, "Register of the University of Oxford" (vol.
+1, 1449-63, 1505-71), edited by the Rev. C.W. Boase; 2,
+"Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne" (vol. 1, July 4,
+1705-March 19, 1707), edited by C.E. Doble, M.A. Both these
+volumes are supplied with temporary Indexes. 3, "The Early
+History of Oxford, 727-1100," by James Parker; 4, "Memories
+of Merton College," by the Hon. George C. Brodrick; 5,
+"Collectanea." First Series. Edited by C.R.L. Fletcher.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Middlesex County Record Society</i> was formed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> 1885
+"for the purpose of publishing the more interesting portions
+of the old County Records of Middlesex, which have lately
+been arranged and calendared by order of the Justices."
+Nothing has been published as yet, but Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson
+is engaged upon the first two volumes, one of which will be
+issued shortly.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Dr. A.B. Grosart has himself printed by
+subscription more works of our Old Writers than many a
+Society, and therefore it is necessary to mention his
+labours here, although a complete list of them cannot be
+given. The chief series are: "The Fuller Worthies Library,"
+39 volumes; "The Chertsey Worthies Library," 14 vols. 4to.,
+and "The Huth Library."</p></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 289px;">
+<img src="images/img_216.png" width="289" height="82" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_217.png" width="500" height="80" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Child's Library.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_t.png" width="120" height="118" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The idea of a Child's Library is to a great extent modern, and it is not
+altogether clear that it is a good one, except in the case of those
+children who have no books of their own. It is far better that each child
+should have his own good books, which he can read over and over again,
+thus thoroughly mastering their contents.</p>
+
+<p>It is a rather wide-spread notion that there is some sort of virtue in
+reading for reading's sake, although really a reading boy may be an idle
+boy. When a book is read, it should be well thought over before another is
+begun, for reading without thought generates no ideas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One advantage of a Child's Library should be that the reader is
+necessarily forced to be careful, so as to return the books uninjured.
+This is a very important point, for children should be taught from their
+earliest years to treat books well, and not to destroy them as they often
+do. We might go farther than this and say that children should be taught
+at school how to handle a book. It is really astonishing to see how few
+persons (not necessarily children) among those who have not grown up among
+books know how to handle them. It is positive torture to a man who loves
+books to see the way they are ordinarily treated. Of course it is not
+necessary to mention the crimes of wetting the fingers to turn over the
+leaves, or turning down pages to mark the place; but those who ought to
+know better will turn a book over on its face at the place where they have
+left off reading, or will turn over pages so carelessly that they give a
+crease to each which will never come out.</p>
+
+<p>For a healthy education it is probably best that a child should have the
+run of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> a library for adults (always provided that dangerous books are
+carefully excluded). A boy is much more likely to enjoy and find benefit
+from the books he selects himself than from those selected for him.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances of the child should be considered in the selection of
+books; thus it is scarcely fair when children are working hard at school
+all day that they should be made to read so-called instructive books in
+the evening. They have earned the right to relaxation and should be
+allowed good novels. To some boys books of Travels and History are more
+acceptable than novels, but all children require some Fiction, and, save
+in a few exceptional cases, their imaginations require to be cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>It will soon be seen whether children have healthy or unhealthy tastes. If
+healthy, they are best left to themselves; if unhealthy, they must be
+directed.</p>
+
+<p>It is easy for the seniors to neglect the children they have under them,
+and it is easy to direct them overmuch, but it is difficult to watch and
+yet let the children<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> go their own way. We are apt, in arranging for
+others, to be too instructive; nothing is less acceptable to children or
+less likely to do them good than to be preached at. Moral reflections in
+books are usually skipped by children, and unless somewhat out of the
+common, probably by grown-up persons as well. Instruction should grow
+naturally out of the theme itself, and form an integral part of it, so
+that high aims and noble thoughts may naturally present themselves to the
+readers.</p>
+
+<p>One of the chapters in the United States Libraries' Report is on "School
+and Asylum Libraries" (pp. 38-59), in which we are informed that New York
+was the pioneer in founding school libraries. "In 1827 Governor De Witt
+Clinton, in his message to the legislature, recommended their formation;
+but it was not till 1835 that the friends of free schools saw their hopes
+realized in the passage of a law which permitted the voters in any school
+district to levy a tax of $20 to begin a library, and a tax of $10 each
+succeeding year to provide for its increase."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another chapter in the same Report is on "Public Libraries and the Young"
+(pp. 412-418), in which Mr. Wm. J. Fletcher advocates the use of the
+library as an addition to the school course. He writes, "It only remains
+now to say that, as we have before intimated, the public library should be
+viewed as an adjunct of the public school system, and to suggest that in
+one or two ways the school may work together with the library in directing
+the reading of the young. There is the matter of themes for the writing of
+compositions; by selecting subjects on which information can be had at the
+library, the teacher can send the pupil to the library as a student, and
+readily put him in communication with, and excite his interest in, classes
+of books to which he has been a stranger and indifferent."</p>
+
+<p>A very interesting book on this subject is entitled "Libraries and
+Schools. Papers selected by Samuel S. Green. New York (F. Leypoldt),
+1883." It contains the following subjects: "The Public Library and the
+Public Schools;" "The Relation of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> Public Library to the Public
+Schools"; "Libraries as Educational Institutions"; "The Public Library as
+an Auxiliary to the Public Schools"; "The Relation of Libraries to the
+School System"; and "A Plan of Systematic Training in Reading at School."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Books for the Young, a Guide for Parents and Children.</i> Compiled by C.
+M. Hewins. New York (F. Leypoldt), 1882," is an extremely useful little
+book. It contains a valuable list of books arranged in classes. Certain
+marks are used to indicate the character of the books, thus the letter
+(<i>c</i>) indicates that the book is especially suitable for children under
+ten, (<i>b</i>) that it is especially suitable for boys, and (<i>g</i>) that it is
+especially suitable for girls.</p>
+
+<p>Prefixed are eight sensible rules as to how to teach the right use of
+books.</p>
+
+<p>Perkins's "Best Reading" contains a good list of books for children (pp.
+299-303).</p>
+
+<p>The children's books of the present day are so beautifully produced that
+the elders are naturally induced to exclaim, "We never<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> had such books as
+these," but probably we enjoyed our books as well as our children do
+theirs. What a thrill of pleasure the middle-aged man feels when a book
+which amused his childhood comes in his way: this, however, is seldom, for
+time has laid his decaying hand upon them&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"All, all are gone, the old familiar faces."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The children for whom Miss Kate Greenaway and Mr. Caldecott draw and Mrs.
+Gatty and Mrs. Ewing wrote are indeed fortunate, but we must not forget
+that Charles and Mary Lamb wrote delightful books for the young, that Miss
+Edgeworth's stories are ever fresh, and that one of the most charming
+children's stories ever written is Mrs. Sherwood's <i>Little Woodman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A short list of a Child's Library is quoted in the <i>Library Journal</i> (vol.
+viii. p. 57) from the <i>Woman's Journal</i>. The family for whom it was chosen
+consisted of children from three to twelve, the two eldest being girls.
+The books are mostly American, and but little known in this country<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+Snow-bound. Illustrated. Whittier.<br />
+Life of Longfellow. Kennedy.<br />
+A Summer in the Azores. Baker.<br />
+Among the Isles of Shoals. Celia Thaxter.<br />
+The boys of '76. Coffin.<br />
+The boys of '61. Coffin.<br />
+Story of our Country. Higginson.<br />
+Sir Walter Raleigh. Towle.<br />
+Child's History of England. Dickens.<br />
+Tales from Shakespear. Lamb.<br />
+Tales from Homer. Church.<br />
+The Wonder-book. Illustrated. Hawthorne.<br />
+Young folks' book of poetry. Campbell.<br />
+Poetry for childhood. Eliot.<br />
+Bits of talk about home matters. H.H.<br />
+The Seven Little Sisters. Andrews.<br />
+Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates. Dodge.<br />
+Room for one more. Mary T. Higginson.<br />
+King Arthur for boys. Lanier.<br />
+Doings of the Bodley family. Scudder.<br />
+Mother-play and Nursery-rhymes.<br />
+Children's Robinson Crusoe.<br />
+The four-footed lovers.<br />
+Mammy Tittleback and her family. H.H.<br />
+The Little Prudy books. Six volumes.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The editor of the <i>Library Journal</i> remarks on the list, "Guest's Lectures
+on English History is better than Dickens's, and the 'Prudy' children are
+so mischievous, so full of young Americanisms, and so far from being
+'wells of English undefiled,' that they are not always good companions for
+boys and girls. I have known a child's English spoiled by reading the
+Prudy books."</p>
+
+<p>Some of the old-fashioned children's books have been reprinted, and these
+will generally be found very acceptable to healthy-minded children, but
+some of the old books are not easily met with. No Child's Library should
+be without a good collection of Fairy Tales, a careful selection of the
+Arabian Nights, or Robinson Crusoe. Gulliver's Travels is very unsuited for
+children, although often treated as a child's book. Berquin's <i>Children's
+Friend</i>, Edgeworth's <i>Parent's Assistant</i> and the Aikins's <i>Evenings at
+Home</i>, will surely still amuse children, although some may think their
+teaching too didactic. It is only by practical experience that we can tell
+what children will like.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> <i>Sandford and Merton</i> is, I believe, usually
+considered as hopelessly out of date, but I have found young hearers
+follow my reading of it with the greatest interest. <i>The Pilgrim's
+Progress</i> will always have as great a fascination for the young as it must
+have for their elders; but there is much preaching in it which must be
+skipped, or the attention of the hearers will flag.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 263px;">
+<img src="images/img_226.png" width="263" height="181" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img_227.png" width="500" height="87" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">One Hundred Books.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/dc_i.png" width="120" height="117" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Fourth Chapter of this Volume two lists of selected books are
+given, viz. The Comtist's Library, and a list of one hundred good novels.
+Since that chapter was written and printed, much public attention has been
+drawn to this branch of our subject by the publication of Sir John
+Lubbock's list of books which he recommended to the members of the Working
+Men's College, when he lectured at that place on "Books." The comments by
+eminent men, which have appeared in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, have also
+attracted attention, and it seems desirable that some note on this list
+should appear in these pages.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The list issued by the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> is as follows:</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Non-Christian Moralists</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Marcus Aurelius, <i>Meditations</i>.<br />
+Epictetus, <i>Encheiridion</i>.<br />
+Confucius, <i>Analects</i>.<br />
+Aristotle, <i>Ethics</i>.<br />
+Mahomet, <i>Koran</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Theology and Devotion</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Apostolic Fathers, <i>Wake's Collection</i>.<br />
+St. Augustine, <i>Confessions</i>.<br />
+Thomas &agrave; Kempis, <i>Imitation</i><br />
+Pascal, <i>Pens&eacute;es</i>.<br />
+Spinoza, <i>Tractatus Theologico-Politicus</i>.<br />
+Butler, <i>Analogy</i>.<br />
+Jeremy Taylor, <i>Holy Living and Holy Dying</i>.<br />
+Keble, <i>Christian Year</i>.<br />
+Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Classics</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>.<br />
+Plato, <i>Ph&aelig;do</i> and <i>Republic</i>.<br />
+&AElig;sop, <i>Fables</i>.<br />
+Demosthenes, <i>De Coron&acirc;</i>.<br />
+Lucretius.<br />
+Plutarch.<br />
+Horace.<br />
+Cicero, <i>De Officiis</i>, <i>De Amiciti&acirc;</i>, and <i>De Senectute</i>.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Epic Poetry</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Homer, <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>.<br />
+Hesiod.<br />
+Virgil.<br />
+Niebelungenlied.<br />
+Malory, <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Eastern Poetry</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Mahabharata</i> and <i>Ramayana</i> (epitomised by Talboys Wheeler).<br />
+Firdausi, <i>Shah-nameh</i> (translated by Atkinson).<br />
+<i>She-king</i> (Chinese Odes).<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Greek Dramatists</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+&AElig;schylus, <i>Prometheus</i>, <i>The House of Atreus</i>, Trilogy, or <i>Pers&aelig;</i>.<br />
+Sophocles, <i>&#338;dipus</i>, Trilogy.<br />
+Euripides, <i>Medea</i>.<br />
+Aristophanes, <i>The Knights</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">History</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Herodotus.<br />
+Thucydides.<br />
+Xenophon, <i>Anabasis</i>.<br />
+Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>.<br />
+Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall</i>.<br />
+Voltaire, <i>Charles XII.</i> or <i>Louis XIV.</i><br />
+Hume, <i>England</i>.<br />
+Grote, <i>Greece</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Philosophy</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>Bacon, <i>Novum Organum</i>.<br />
+Mill, <i>Logic</i> and <i>Political Economy</i>.<br />
+Darwin, <i>Origin of Species</i>.<br />
+Smith, <i>Wealth of Nations</i> (selection).<br />
+Berkeley, <i>Human Knowledge</i>.<br />
+Descartes, <i>Discourse sur la M&eacute;thode</i>.<br />
+Locke, <i>Conduct of the Understanding</i>.<br />
+Lewes, <i>History of Philosophy</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Travels</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Cook, <i>Voyages</i>.<br />
+Darwin, <i>Naturalist in the Beagle</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Poetry and General Literature</span>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakspeare.<br />
+Milton.<br />
+Dante.<br />
+Spenser.<br />
+Scott.<br />
+Wordsworth.<br />
+Pope.<br />
+Southey.<br />
+Longfellow.<br />
+Goldsmith, <i>Vicar of Wakefield</i>.<br />
+Swift, <i>Gulliver's Travels</i>.<br />
+Defoe, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>.<br />
+<i>The Arabian Nights.</i><br />
+<i>Don Quixote.</i><br />
+Boswell, <i>Johnson</i>.<br />
+Burke, <i>Select Works</i>.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>Essayists&mdash;Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson.<br />
+Moli&egrave;re.<br />
+Sheridan.<br />
+Carlyle, <i>Past and Present</i> and <i>French Revolution</i>.<br />
+Goethe, <i>Faust</i> and <i>Wilhelm Meister</i>.<br />
+Marivaux, <i>La Vie de Marianne</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Modern Fiction.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Selections from&mdash;Thackeray, Dickens, George Eliot, Kingsley, Scott, Bulwer-Lytton.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind by the reader that this list, although the one
+sent round for criticism by the editor of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, is not
+really Sir John Lubbock's. This will be found on p. 240. Sir John
+Lubbock's address was not given in full, and the list drawn up by the
+<i>Pall Mall</i>, from the reports in the daily papers, contained in fact only
+about 85 books.</p>
+
+<p>It seems necessary to allude particularly to this imperfect list, because
+it is the only one upon which the critics were asked to give an opinion,
+and their criticisms are peculiarly interesting, as they give us an
+important insight into the tastes and opinions of our teachers. In itself
+it is almost impossible to make a list that will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> be practically useful,
+because tastes and needs differ so widely, that a course of reading
+suitable for one man may be quite unsuitable for another. It is also very
+doubtful whether a conscientious passage through a "cut-and-dried" list of
+books will feed the mind as a more original selection by each reader
+himself would do. It is probably best to start the student well on his way
+and then leave him to pursue it according to his own tastes. Each book
+will help him to another, and consultation with some of the many manuals
+of English literature will guide him towards a good choice. This is in
+effect what Mr. Bond, Principal Librarian of the British Museum, says in
+his reply, to the circular of the editor of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>. He
+writes "The result of several persons putting down the titles of books
+they considered 'best reading' would be an interesting but very imperfect
+bibliography of as many sections of literature;" and, again, "The beginner
+should be advised to read histories of the literature of his own and
+other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> countries&mdash;as Hallam's 'Introduction to the Literature of Europe,'
+Joseph Warton's 'History of English Poetry,' Craik's 'History of English
+Literature,' Paine's History, and others of the same class. These would
+give him a survey of the field, and would quicken his taste for what was
+naturally most congenial to him."</p>
+
+<p>There probably is no better course of reading than that which will
+naturally occur to one who makes an honest attempt to master our own noble
+literature. This is sufficient for the lifetime of most men without
+incursions into foreign literature. All cultivated persons will wish to
+become acquainted with the masterpieces of other nations, but this
+diversion will not be advisable if it takes the reader away from the study
+of the masterpieces of his own literature.</p>
+
+<p>Turning to the comments on the <i>Pall Mall Gazette's</i> list, we may note one
+or two of the most important criticisms. The Prince of Wales very justly
+suggested that Dryden should not be omitted from such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> a list. Mr.
+Chamberlain asked whether the Bible was excluded by accident or design,
+and Mr. Irving suggested that the Bible and Shakespeare form together a
+very comprehensive library.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ruskin's reply is particularly interesting, for he adds but little,
+contenting himself with the work of destruction. He writes, "Putting my
+pen lightly through the needless&mdash;and blottesquely through the rubbish and
+poison of Sir John's list&mdash;I leave enough for a life's liberal
+reading&mdash;and choice for any true worker's loyal reading. I have added one
+quite vital and essential book&mdash;Livy (the two first books), and three
+plays of Aristophanes (<i>Clouds</i>, <i>Birds</i>, and <i>Plutus</i>). Of travels, I
+read myself all old ones I can get hold of; of modern, Humboldt is the
+central model. Forbes (James Forbes in Alps) is essential to the modern
+Swiss tourist&mdash;of sense." Mr. Ruskin puts the word <i>all</i> to Plato,
+<i>everything</i> to Carlyle, and <i>every word</i> to Scott. Pindar's name he adds
+in the list of the classics, and after Bacon's name he writes "chiefly the
+<i>New Atlantis</i>."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The work of destruction is marked by the striking out of all the
+<i>Non-Christian Moralists</i>, of all the Theology and Devotion, with the
+exception of Jeremy Taylor and the <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>. The
+Nibelungenlied and Malory's <i>Morte d'Arthur</i> (which, by the way, is in
+prose) go out, as do Sophocles and Euripides among the Greek Dramatists.
+<i>The Knights</i> is struck out to make way for the three plays of
+Aristophanes mentioned above. Gibbon, Voltaire, Hume, and Grote all go, as
+do all the philosophers but Bacon. Cook's Voyages and Darwin's Naturalist
+in the <i>Beagle</i> share a similar fate. Southey, Longfellow, Swift, Hume,
+Macaulay, and Emerson, Goethe and Marivaux, all are so unfortunate as to
+have Mr. Ruskin's pen driven through their names. Among the novelists
+Dickens and Scott only are left. The names of Thackeray, George Eliot,
+Kingsley, and Bulwer-Lytton are all erased.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ruskin sent a second letter full of wisdom till he came to his reasons
+for striking out Grote's "History of Greece," "Confessions of St.
+Augustine," John Stuart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Mill, Charles Kingsley, Darwin, Gibbon, and
+Voltaire. With these reasons it is to be hoped that few readers will
+agree.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Swinburne makes a new list of his own which is very characteristic.
+No. 3 consists of "Selections from the Bible: comprising Job, the Psalms,
+Ecclesiastes, the Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel; the Gospels of
+St. Matthew and St. Luke, the Gospel and the First Epistle of St. John and
+Epistle of St. James." No. 12 is Villon, and Nos. 45 to 49 consist of the
+plays of Ford, Dekker, Tourneur, Marston, and Middleton; names very dear
+to the lover of our old Drama, but I venture to think names somewhat
+inappropriate in a list of books for a reader who does not make the drama
+a speciality. Lamb's Selections would be sufficient for most readers.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Morris supplies a full list with explanations, which are of
+considerable interest as coming from that distinguished poet.</p>
+
+<p>Archdeacon Farrar gives, perhaps, the best test for a favourite author,
+that is, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> selection of his works in the event of all others being
+destroyed. He writes, "But if all the books in the world were in a blaze,
+the first twelve which I should snatch out of the flames would be the
+Bible, <i>Imitatio Christi</i>, Homer, &AElig;schylus, Thucydides, Tacitus, Virgil,
+Marcus Aurelius, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth. Of living authors
+I would save first the works of Tennyson, Browning and Ruskin."</p>
+
+<p>Another excellent test is that set up by travellers and soldiers. A book
+must be good when one of either of these classes decides to place it among
+his restricted baggage. Mr. H.M. Stanley writes, "You ask me what books I
+carried with me to take across Africa. I carried a great many&mdash;three
+loads, or about 180 lbs. weight; but as my men lessened in numbers,
+stricken by famine, fighting and sickness, they were one by one
+reluctantly thrown away, until finally, when less than 300 miles from the
+Atlantic, I possessed only the Bible, Shakespeare, Carlyle's Sartor
+Resartus, Norie's Navigation, and Nautical Almanac for 1877.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> Poor
+Shakspeare was afterwards burned by demand of the foolish people of Zinga.
+At Bonea, Carlyle and Norie and Nautical Almanac were pitched away, and I
+had only the old Bible left." He then proceeds to give a list of books
+which he allowed himself when "setting out with a tidy battalion of men."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Wolseley writes, "During the mutiny and China war I carried a
+Testament, two volumes of Shakespeare that contained his best plays, and
+since then, when in the field, I have always carried: Book of Common
+Prayer, Thomas &agrave; Kempis, Soldier's Pocket Book.... The book that I like
+reading at odd moments is 'The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.'" He then
+adds, for any distant expedition, a few books of History (Creasy's
+"Decisive Battles," Plutarch's "Lives," Voltaire's "Charles XII.,"
+"C&aelig;sar," by Froude, and Hume's "England"). His Fiction is confined to
+Macaulay's "History of England" and the "Essays."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Quaritch remarks that "Sir John's 'working man' is an ideal creature.
+I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> known many working men, but none of them could have suggested such
+a feast as he has prepared for them." He adds, "In my younger days I had
+no books whatever beyond my school books. Arrived in London in 1842, I
+joined a literary institution, and read all their historical works. To
+read fiction I had no time. A friend of mine read novels all night long,
+and was one morning found dead in his bed." If Mr. Quaritch intends this
+as a warning, he should present the fact for the consideration of those
+readers who swell the numbers of novels in the statistics of the Free
+Libraries.</p>
+
+<p>Looking at the <i>Pall Mall Gazette's</i> list, it naturally occurs to us that
+it would be a great error for an Englishman to arrange his reading so that
+he excluded Chaucer while he included Confucius. Among the names of modern
+novelists it is strange that Jane Austen and Charlotte Bront&euml; should have
+been omitted. In Sir John Lubbock's own list it will be seen that the
+names of Chaucer and Miss Austen occur. Among Essayists one would like to
+have seen at least the names<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> of Charles Lamb, De Quincey, and Landor, and
+many will regret to find such delightful writers as Walton and Thomas
+Fuller omitted. We ought, however, to be grateful to Sir John Lubbock for
+raising a valuable discussion which is likely to draw the attention of
+many readers to books which might otherwise have been most unjustly
+neglected by them.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>The following is Sir John Lubbock's list. It will be seen that several of
+the books, whose absence is remarked on, do really form part of the list,
+and that the objections of the critics are so far met.</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Bible.</i><br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Marcus Aurelius, <i>Meditations</i>.<br />
+Epictetus.<br />
+Confucius, <i>Analects</i>.<br />
+<i>Le Bouddha et sa Religion</i> (St.-Hilaire).<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>Aristotle, <i>Ethics</i>.<br />
+Mahomet, <i>Koran</i> (parts of).<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+<i>Apostolic Fathers</i>, Wake's collection.<br />
+St. Augustine, <i>Confessions</i>.<br />
+Thomas &agrave; Kempis, <i>Imitation</i>.<br />
+Pascal, <i>Pens&eacute;es</i>.<br />
+Spinoza, <i>Tractatus Theologico-Politicus</i>.<br />
+Comte, <i>Cat. of Positive Philosophy</i> (Congreve).<br />
+Butler, <i>Analogy</i>.<br />
+Jeremy Taylor, <i>Holy Living and Holy Dying</i>.<br />
+Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>.<br />
+Keble, <i>Christian Year</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>.<br />
+Plato's Dialogues&mdash;at any rate the <i>Ph&aelig;do</i> and <i>Republic</i>.<br />
+Demosthenes, <i>De Coron&acirc;</i>.<br />
+Lucretius.<br />
+Plutarch.<br />
+Horace.<br />
+Cicero, <i>De Officiis</i>, <i>De Amiciti&acirc;</i>, <i>De Senectute</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Homer, <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>.<br />
+Hesiod.<br />
+Virgil.<br />
+Niebelungenlied.<br />
+Malory, <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Maha-Bharata, <i>Ramayana</i>, epitomized by Talboys<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>Wheeler in the first two vols. of his <i>History of India</i>.<br />
+Firdusi, <i>Shah-nameh</i>. Translated by Atkinson.<br />
+<i>She-king</i> (Chinese Odes).<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+&AElig;schylus, <i>Prometheus</i>, <i>House of Atreus</i>, Trilogy, or <i>Pers&aelig;</i>.<br />
+Sophocles, <i>&#338;dipus</i>, Trilogy.<br />
+Euripides, <i>Medea</i>,<br />
+Aristophanes, <i>The Knights</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Herodotus.<br />
+Xenophon, <i>Anabasis</i>.<br />
+Thucydides.<br />
+Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>.<br />
+Livy.<br />
+Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall</i>.<br />
+Hume, <i>England</i>.<br />
+Grote, <i>Greece</i>.<br />
+Carlyle, <i>French Revolution</i>.<br />
+Green, <i>Short History of England</i>.<br />
+Bacon, <i>Novum Organum</i>.<br />
+Mill, <i>Logic</i> and <i>Political Economy</i>.<br />
+Darwin, <i>Origin of Species</i>.<br />
+Smith, <i>Wealth of Nations</i> (part of).<br />
+Berkeley, <i>Human Knowledge</i>.<br />
+Descartes, <i>Discours sur la M&eacute;thode</i>.<br />
+Locke, <i>Conduct of the Understanding</i>.<br />
+Lewes, <i>History of Philosophy</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>Cook, <i>Voyages</i>.<br />
+Humboldt, <i>Travels</i>.<br />
+Darwin, <i>Naturalist in the Beagle</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Shakespeare.<br />
+Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, and the shorter poems.<br />
+Dante, <i>Divina Commedia</i>.<br />
+Spenser, <i>Faerie Queen</i>.<br />
+Dryden's Poems.<br />
+Chaucer, Morris's (or, if expurgated, Clarke's or Mrs. Haweis's) edition.<br />
+Gray.<br />
+Burns.<br />
+Scott's Poems.<br />
+Wordsworth, Mr. Arnold's selection.<br />
+Heine.<br />
+Pope.<br />
+Southey.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Goldsmith, <i>Vicar of Wakefield</i>.<br />
+Swift, <i>Gulliver's Travels</i>.<br />
+Defoe, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>.<br />
+<i>The Arabian Nights.</i><br />
+Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>.<br />
+Boswell, <i>Johnson</i>.<br />
+Burke, <i>Select Works</i> (Payne).<br />
+Essayists:&mdash;Bacon, Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson.<br />
+Moli&egrave;re.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+Sheridan.<br />
+
+Voltaire, <i>Zadig</i>.<br />
+Carlyle, <i>Past and Present</i>.<br />
+Goethe, <i>Faust</i>, <i>Wilhelm Meister</i>.<br />
+White, <i>Natural History of Selborne</i>.<br />
+Smiles, <i>Self Help</i>.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p>
+Miss Austen, either <i>Emma</i> or <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>.<br />
+Thackeray, <i>Vanity Fair</i> and <i>Pendennis</i>.<br />
+Dickens, <i>Pickwick</i> and <i>David Copperfield</i>.<br />
+George Eliot, <i>Adam Bede</i>.<br />
+Kingsley, <i>Westward Ho</i>!<br />
+Bulwer-Lytton, <i>Last Days of Pompeii</i>.<br />
+Scott's Novels.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 229px;">
+<img src="images/img_244.png" width="229" height="119" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> The whole of the correspondence has been reissued as a <i>Pall
+Mall "Extra"</i> No. 24, and threepence will be well laid out by the
+purchaser of this very interesting pamphlet.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+
+<ul><li>Abbotsford Club, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, Indecent books turned out, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&AElig;lfric Society, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arundel Society, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Authors, Bibliographies of particular, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Ballad Society, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bannatyne Club, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bibliographies (General), <a href="#Page_141">141-159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; (Special), <a href="#Page_160">160-183</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bindings in Charles I.'s Cabinet, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Book Collectors, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Books, One Hundred, <a href="#Page_227">227-244</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Booksellers, Use of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bossange (Hector), Ma Biblioth&egrave;que Fran&ccedil;aise, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burton's Book Hunter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Buy, How to, <a href="#Page_57">57-72</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Calvin Translation Society, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Camden Society, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Catalogues of Public Libraries, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cavendish Society, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caxton Society, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chaucer Society, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> [TN <a href="#Page_208">208</a>].<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Chetham Society, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Child's Library, <a href="#Page_217">217-226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Comte's Positivist Library, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Dibdin's Library Companion, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dilettanti Society, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Durie's Reformed Librarie Keeper, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Early English Text Society, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ecclesiastical History Society, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Edwards (Edward), Report on Formation of Manchester Free Library, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Memoirs of Libraries, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Libraries and Founders of Libraries, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>English Dialect Society, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>English Historical Society, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Fiction in Public Libraries, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Folk Lore Society, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Franklin's foundation of the Philadelphia Library, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>George III.'s list of books, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Goodhugh's Library Manual, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Hakluyt Society, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Handel Society, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hanserd Knollys Society, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harleian Society, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hellenic Studies, Society for the promotion of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hunterian Club, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Index Society, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Iona Club, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Johnson's (Dr.) List of Books, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Libraries, How men have Formed them, <a href="#Page_23">23-56</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; (Cathedral), <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; (Monastic), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; (Private), <a href="#Page_89">89-140</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; (Public), <a href="#Page_73">73-88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; United States Report on, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Louis XVI., his books during his captivity, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lubbock's (Sir John), List of Books, <a href="#Page_227">227-244</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Maitland Club, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Manx Society, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Middlesex County Record Society, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Motett Society, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Musical Antiquarian Society, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Napoleon's Libraries, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Naud&eacute;, Gilbert [TN Gabriel], <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Novels, One Hundred Good, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; in Public Libraries, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Oriental Texts, Society for the Publication of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Oriental Translation Fund, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ossianic Society, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Oxford Historical Society, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Pal&aelig;ographical Society, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pal&aelig;ontographical Society, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Parker Society, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Percy Society, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Perkins's Best Reading, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Philobiblon Society, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pipe Roll Society, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Positivist Library, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Printers, Bibliographies of celebrated, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Ray Society, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Reference, Books of, <a href="#Page_91">91-129</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Roxburghe Club, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Roxburghe Library, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Sales, How to Buy at, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shakespeare Society, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shakspere (New) Society, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Societies (Publishing), <a href="#Page_184">184-216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Spalding Club, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Spenser Society, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Spottiswoode Society, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stevens (Henry), "My English Library," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his paper on Mr. James Lenox, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Surtees Society, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sydenham Society, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Topographical Bibliographies, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Topographical Society of London, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Warton Club, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wernerian Club, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wodrow Society, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wyclif Society, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/img_248.png" width="200" height="279" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class='trnote'>
+<p>Transcriber's Note</p>
+<p>Inconsistent spelling retained</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How to Form a Library, 2nd ed
+
+Author: H. B. Wheatley
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2009 [EBook #30419]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY, 2ND ED ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Christine D. and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  The Book-Lover's Library.
+
+  Edited by
+
+  Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+  HOW
+  TO FORM A LIBRARY
+
+BY
+
+H.B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+
+_SECOND EDITION._
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  A.C. ARMSTRONG & SON, BROADWAY.
+  LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK.
+  1886
+
+
+
+
+_PREFACE._
+
+
+_It will be generally allowed that a handy guide to the formation of
+libraries is required, but it may be that the difficulty of doing justice
+to so large a subject has prevented those who felt the want from
+attempting to fill it. I hope therefore that it will not be considered
+that I have shown temerity by stepping into the vacant place. I cannot
+hope to have done full justice to so important a theme in the small space
+at my disposal, but I think I can say that this little volume contains
+much information which the librarian and the book lover require and cannot
+easily obtain elsewhere. They are probably acquainted with most of this
+information, but the memory will fail us at times and it is then
+convenient to have a record at hand._
+
+_A book of this character is peculiarly open to criticism, but I hope the
+critics will give me credit for knowing more than I have set down. In
+making a list of books of reference, I have had to make a selection, and
+works have been before me that I have decided to omit, although some would
+think them as important as many of those I have included._
+
+_I need not extend this preface with any lengthy explanation of the
+objects of the book, as these are stated in the Introduction, but before
+concluding I may perhaps be allowed to allude to one personal
+circumstance. I had hoped to dedicate this first volume of the Book
+Lover's Library to HENRY BRADSHAW, one of the most original and most
+learned bibliographers that ever lived, but before it was finished the
+spirit of that great man had passed away to the inexpressible grief of all
+who knew him. It is with no desire to shield myself under the shelter of a
+great name, but with a reverent wish to express my own sense of our
+irreparable loss that I dedicate this book (though all unworthy of the
+honour) to his memory._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+        PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                             1
+
+  CHAPTER I. HOW MEN HAVE FORMED LIBRARIES                23
+
+                  II. HOW TO BUY                          57
+
+                 III. PUBLIC LIBRARIES                    73
+
+                  IV. PRIVATE LIBRARIES                   89
+
+                   V. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES             141
+
+                  VI. SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES             160
+
+                 VII. PUBLISHING SOCIETIES               184
+
+                VIII. CHILD'S LIBRARY                    217
+
+                  IX. ONE HUNDRED BOOKS                  227
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Although there can be little difference of opinion among book lovers as to
+the need of a Handbook which shall answer satisfactorily the
+question--"How to Form a Library"--it does not follow that there will be a
+like agreement as to the best shape in which to put the answer. On the one
+side a string of generalities can be of no use to any one, and on the
+other a too great particularity of instruction may be resented by those
+who only require hints on a few points, and feel that they know their own
+business better than any author can tell them.
+
+One of the most important attempts to direct the would-be founder of a
+Library in his way was made as long ago as 1824 by Dr. Dibdin, and the
+result was entitled _The Library Companion_.[1] The book could never have
+been a safe guide, and now it is hopelessly out of date. Tastes change,
+and many books upon the necessity of possessing which Dibdin enlarges are
+now little valued. Dr. Hill Burton writes of this book as follows in his
+_Book-Hunter_: "This, it will be observed, is not intended as a manual of
+rare or curious, or in any way peculiar books, but as the instruction of a
+Nestor on the best books for study and use in all departments of
+literature. Yet one will look in vain there for such names as Montaigne,
+Shaftesbury, Benjamin Franklin, D'Alembert, Turgot, Adam Smith,
+Malebranche, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Fenelon, Burke, Kant, Richter,
+Spinoza, Flechier, and many others. Characteristically enough, if you turn
+up Rousseau in the index, you will find Jean Baptiste, but not Jean
+Jacques. You will search in vain for Dr. Thomas Reid the metaphysician,
+but will readily find Isaac Reed the editor. If you look for Molinaeus, or
+Du Moulin, it is not there, but alphabetical vicinity gives you the good
+fortune to become acquainted with "Moule, Mr., his _Bibliotheca
+Heraldica_." The name of Hooker will be found, not to guide the reader to
+the _Ecclesiastical Polity_, but to Dr. Jackson Hooker's _Tour in
+Iceland_. Lastly, if any one shall search for Hartley _on Man_, he will
+find in the place it might occupy, or has reference to, the editorial
+services of 'Hazlewood, Mr. Joseph.'"
+
+Although this criticism is to a great extent true, it does not do justice
+to Dibdin's book, which contains much interesting and valuable matter, for
+if the _Library Companion_ is used not as a Guide to be followed, but as a
+book for reference, it will be found of considerable use.
+
+William Goodhugh's _English Gentleman's Library Manual, or a Guide to the
+Formation of a Library of Select Literature_, was published in 1827. It
+contains classified lists of library books, but these are not now of much
+value, except for the notes which accompany the titles, and make this work
+eminently readable. There are some literary anecdotes not to be found
+elsewhere.
+
+A most valuable work of reference is Mr. Edward Edwards's Report on the
+formation of the Manchester Free Library, which was printed in 1851. It is
+entitled, "_Librarian's First Report to the Books Sub-Committee on the
+Formation of the Library, June 30, 1851, with Lists of Books suggested for
+purchase_." The Lists are arranged in the following order:--
+
+     1. Works--collective and miscellaneous--of Standard British
+     authors; with a selection of those of the Standard authors
+     of America.
+
+     2. Works relative to the History, Topography, and Biography
+     of the United Kingdom, and of the United States of America.
+
+     3. Works relative to Political Economy, Finance, Trade,
+     Commerce, Agriculture, Mining, Manufactures, Inland
+     Communication, and Public Works.
+
+     4. Works relating to Physics, Mathematics, Mechanics,
+     Practical Engineering, Arts, and Trades, etc.
+
+     5. Voyages and Travels.
+
+     6. Works on Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, and Geology.
+
+     7. Periodical Publications and Transactions of Learned
+     Societies (not included in Lists 2, 3, or 6), Collections,
+     Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers, Atlases, Dictionaries,
+     Bibliographies, Indexes, etc.
+
+These draft lists include 4582 distinct works, extending to about 12,438
+volumes, including pamphlets, but exclusive of 553 Parliamentary Papers
+and Reports, or _Blue Books_. Such a practically useful collection of
+lists of books will not easily be found elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Edwards gives some rules for the formation of Libraries in the second
+volume of his _Memoirs of Libraries_ (p. 629), where he writes, "No task
+is more likely to strip a man of self-conceit than that of having to
+frame, and to carry out in detail a plan for the formation of a large
+Library. When he has once got beyond those departments of knowledge in
+which his own pursuits and tastes have specially interested him, the duty
+becomes a difficult one, and the certainty, that with his best efforts, it
+will be very imperfectly performed is embarrassing and painful. If, on the
+other hand, the task be imposed upon a 'Committee,' there ensues almost
+the certainty that its execution will depend at least as much on chance as
+on plan: that responsibility will be so attenuated as to pass off in
+vapour; and that the collection so brought together will consist of parts
+bearing but a chaotic sort of relation to the whole."
+
+Mr. Henry Stevens printed in 1853 his pretty little book entitled
+_Catalogue of my English Library_, which contains a very useful selection
+of Standard books. In his Introduction the author writes, "It was my
+intention in the outset not to exceed 4000 volumes, but little by little
+the list has increased to 5751 volumes. I have been considerably puzzled
+to know what titles to strike out in my next impression, being well aware
+that what is trash to one person is by no means such to another; also that
+many books of more merit than those admitted have been omitted. You may
+not think it difficult to strike out twenty authors, and to add twenty
+better ones in their place, but let me relate to you a parable. I
+requested twenty men, whose opinions on the Literary Exchange are as good
+as those of the Barings or the Rothschilds on the Royal, each to expunge
+twenty authors and to insert twenty others of better standing in their
+places, promising to exclude in my next impression any author who should
+receive more than five votes. The result was, as may be supposed, not a
+single expulsion or addition."
+
+In 1855 Mons. Hector Bossange produced a companion volume, entitled _Ma
+Bibliotheque Francaise_. It contains a select list of about 7000 volumes,
+and is completed with Indexes of Subjects, Authors, and Persons.
+
+For helpful Bibliographical Guides we often have to look to the United
+States, and we do not look in vain. A most useful Handbook, entitled _The
+Best Reading_, was published in 1872 by George P. Putman, and the work
+edited by F.B. Perkins is now in its fourth edition.[2] The books are
+arranged in an alphabet of subjects, and the titles are short, usually
+being well within a single line. A very useful system of appraisement of
+the value of the books is adopted. Thus: _a_, means that the book so
+marked is considered _the_ book, or as good as any, _at a moderate cost_;
+_b_ means, in like manner, the best of the more elaborate or costly books
+on the subject. In the department of FICTION, a more precise
+classification has been attempted, in which a general idea of the
+relative importance of the _authors_ is indicated by the use of the
+letters _a_, _b_, and _c_, and of the relative value of their several
+works by the asterisks * and **."
+
+Having noted a few of the Guides which are now at hand for the use of the
+founders of a library, we may be allowed to go back somewhat in time, and
+consider how our predecessors treated this same subject, and we can then
+conclude the present Introduction with a consideration of the less
+ambitious attempts to instruct the book collector which may be found in
+papers and articles.
+
+One of the earliest works on the formation of a library was written by
+Bishop Cardona, and published at Tarragona in 1587, in a thin volume
+entitled _De regia S. Laurentii Bibliotheca. De Pontificia Vaticana_
+[etc.].
+
+Justus Lipsius wrote his _De Bibliothecis Syntagma_ at the end of the
+sixteenth century, and next in importance we come to Gabriel Naude, who
+published one of the most famous of bibliographical essays. The first
+edition was published at Paris in 1627, and the second edition in 1644.
+This was reprinted in Paris by J. Liseux in 1876--"_Advis pour dresser une
+Bibliotheque, presente a Monseigneur le President de Mesme_, par G. Naude
+P. Paris, chez Francois Farga, 1627."
+
+This essay was translated by John Evelyn, and dedicated to Lord Chancellor
+Clarendon. "_Instructions concerning erecting of a Library_; Presented to
+My Lord the President De Mesme. By Gabriel Naudeus P., and now interpreted
+by Jo. Evelyn, Esquire, London, 1661."
+
+Naude enlarges on the value of Catalogues, and recommends the book-buyer
+to make known his desires, so that others may help him in the search, or
+supply his wants. He specially mentions two modes of forming a library;
+one is to buy libraries entire, and the other is to hunt at book-stalls.
+He advised the book-buyer not to spend too much upon bindings.
+
+Naude appears to have been a born librarian, for at the early age of
+twenty the President De Mesme appointed him to take charge of his
+library. He left his employer in 1626, in order to finish his medical
+studies. Cardinal Bagni took him to Rome, and when Bagni died, Naude
+became librarian to Cardinal Barberini. Richelieu recalled him to Paris in
+1642, to act as his librarian, but the Minister dying soon afterwards,
+Naude took the same office under Mazarin. During the troubles of the
+Fronde, the librarian had the mortification of seeing the library which he
+had collected dispersed; and in consequence he accepted the offer of Queen
+Christina, to become her librarian at Stockholm. Naude was not happy
+abroad, and when Mazarin appealed to him to reform his scattered library,
+he returned at once, but died on the journey home at Abbeville, July 29,
+1653.
+
+The Mazarin Library consisted of more than 40,000 volumes, arranged in
+seven rooms filled from top to bottom. It was rich in all classes, but
+more particularly in Law and Physic. Naude described it with enthusiasm as
+"the most beautiful and best furnished of any library now in the world,
+or that is likely (if affection does not much deceive me) ever to be
+hereafter." Such should be a library in the formation of which the Kings
+and Princes and Ambassadors of Europe were all helpers. Naude in another
+place called it "the work of my hands and the miracle of my life." Great
+therefore was his dejection when the library was dispersed. Of this he
+said, "Beleeve, if you please, that the ruine of this Library will be more
+carefully marked in all Histories and Calendars, than the taking and
+sacking of Constantinople." Naude's letter on the destruction of the
+Mazarin Library was published in London in 1652, and the pamphlet was
+reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_. "_News from France, or a
+Description of the Library of Cardinall Mazarini, before it was utterly
+ruined._ Sent in a letter from G. Naudaeus, Keeper of the Publick Library.
+London, Printed for Timothy Garthwait, 1652." 4to. 4 leaves.
+
+In 1650 was published at London, by Samuel Hartlib, a little book
+entitled, "_The Reformed Librarie Keeper, with a Supplement to the
+Reformed School, as Subordinate to Colleges in Universities._ By John
+Durie. London, William Du-Gard, 1650."[3]
+
+John Durie's ideas on the educational value of Libraries and the high
+function of the Librarian are similar to those enunciated by Carlyle, when
+he wrote, "The true University of these days is a Collection of Books." Of
+this point, as elaborated in the proposal to establish Professorships of
+Bibliography, we shall have something more to say further on.
+
+It is always interesting to see the views of great men exemplified in the
+selection of books for a Library, and we may with advantage study the
+lists prepared by George III. and Dr. Johnson. The King was a collector of
+the first rank, as is evidenced by his fine library, now in the British
+Museum, and he knew his books well. When he was about to visit Weymouth,
+he wrote to his bookseller for the following books to be supplied to him
+to form a closet library at that watering place. The list was written from
+memory, and it was printed by Dibdin in his _Library Companion_, from the
+original document in the King's own handwriting:
+
+     The Holy Bible. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge.
+
+     New Whole Duty of Man. 8vo.
+
+     The Annual Register. 25 vols. 8vo.
+
+     The History of England, by Rapin. 21 vols. 8vo. 1757.
+
+     Elemens de l'Histoire de France, par Millot. 3 vols. 12mo.
+     1770.
+
+     Siecle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire, 12mo.
+
+     Siecle de Louis XV., par Voltaire, 12mo.
+
+     Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William
+     Blackstone. 4 vols. 8vo. Newest Edition.
+
+     The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, by R. Burn. 4
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     An Abridgement of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     Dictionnaire Francois et Anglois, par M.A. Boyer. 8vo.
+
+     The Works of the English Poets, by Sam. Johnson. 68 vols.
+     12mo.
+
+     A Collection of Poems, by Dodsley, Pearch, and Mendez. 11
+     vols. 12mo.
+
+     A Select Collection of Poems, by J. Nichols. 8 vols. 12mo.
+
+     Shakespeare's Plays, by Steevens.
+
+     OEuvres de Destouches. 5 vols. 12mo.
+
+     The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 vols. 8vo.
+
+     The Works of Jonathan Swift. 24 vols. 12mo.
+
+Dr. Johnson recommended the following list of books to the Rev. Mr. Astle,
+of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, as a good working collection:--
+
+  Rollin's Ancient History.
+  Universal History (Ancient).
+  Puffendorf's Introduction to History.
+  Vertot's History of the Knights of Malta.
+  Vertot's Revolutions of Portugal.
+  Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden.
+  Carte's History of England.
+  Present State of England.
+  Geographical Grammar.
+  Prideaux's Connection.
+  Nelson's Feasts and Fasts.
+  Duty of Man.
+  Gentleman's Religion.
+  Clarendon's History.
+  Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
+  Watts's Logick.
+  Nature Displayed.
+  Lowth's English Grammar.
+  Blackwall on the Classicks.
+  Sherlock's Sermons.
+  Burnet's Life of Hale.
+  Dupin's History of the Church.
+  Shuckford's Connection.
+  Law's Serious Call.
+  Walton's Complete Angler.
+  Sandys's Travels.
+  Sprat's History of the Royal Society.
+  England's Gazetteer.
+  Goldsmith's Roman History.
+  Some Commentaries on the Bible.
+
+It is curious to notice in both these lists how many of the books are now
+quite superseded.
+
+In another place Boswell tells us what were Johnson's views on book
+collecting. "When I mentioned that I had seen in the King's Library
+sixty-three editions of my favourite _Thomas a Kempis_, amongst which it
+was in eight languages, Latin, German, French, Italian, Spanish, English,
+Arabick, and Armenian, he said he thought it unnecessary to collect many
+editions of a book, which were all the same, except as to the paper and
+print; he would have the original, and all the translations, and all the
+editions which had any variations in the text. He approved of the famous
+collection of editions of Horace by Douglas, mentioned by Pope, who is
+said to have had a closet filled with them; and he said every man should
+try to collect one book in that manner, and present it to a Publick
+Library."
+
+Dr. Johnson's notion as to the collection of editions which are alike
+except in the point of paper is scarcely sound, but it has been held by a
+librarian of the present day, as I know to my cost. On one occasion I was
+anxious to see several copies of the first folio of Shakespeare (1623),
+and I visited a certain library which possessed more than one. The
+librarian expressed the opinion that one was quite sufficient for me to
+see, as "they were all alike."
+
+The possessor of a Private Library can act as a _censor morum_ and keep
+out of his collection any books which offend against good morals, but this
+_role_ is one which is unfit for the librarian of a Public Library. He may
+put difficulties in the way of the ordinary reader seeing such books, but
+nevertheless they should be in his library for the use of the student. A
+most amusing instance of misapplied zeal occurred at the Advocates'
+Library on the 27th June, 1754. The Minutes tell the tale in a way that
+speaks for itself and requires no comment. "Mr. James Burnet [afterwards
+Lord Monboddo], and Sir David Dalrymple [afterwards Lord Hailes], Curators
+of the Library, having gone through some accounts of books lately bought,
+and finding therein the three following French books: _Les Contes de La
+Fontaine_, _L'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules_ and _L'Ecumoire_, they
+ordain that the said books be struck out of the Catalogue of the Library,
+and removed from the shelves, as indecent books, unworthy of a place in a
+learned Library."
+
+At a Conference of Representatives of Institutions in Union with the
+Society of Arts held in July, 1855, the question of the compilation of a
+Catalogue of Books fitted for the Libraries of Institutions was raised,
+and shortly afterwards was published, under the sanction of the Council,
+"_A Handbook of Mechanics' Institutions, with Priced Catalogue of Books
+suitable for Libraries, and Periodicals for Reading Rooms_, by W.H.J.
+Traice." A second edition of this book was published in 1863. The list,
+however, is not now of much use, as many of the books have been
+superseded. Theology and Politics are not included in the classification.
+
+In 1868 Mr. Mullins read a paper before a Meeting of the Social Science
+Association at Birmingham, on the management of Free Libraries, and, in
+its reprinted form, this has become a Handbook on the subject: "_Free
+Libraries and News-rooms, their Formation and Management._ By J.D.
+Mullins, Chief Librarian, Birmingham Free Libraries. Third edition.
+London, Sotheran and Co., 1879." An appendix contains copies of the Free
+Libraries Acts and Amendments, and a "Short List of Books for a Free
+Lending Library, ranging in price from 1_s._ to 7_s._ 6_d._ per volume."
+
+Mr. Axon read a paper on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for the
+Co-Operative Congress in 1869, which was reprinted as a pamphlet of eight
+pages: "_Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for Public
+Use._ By Wm. E.A. Axon. London, N. Truebner and Co."
+
+Mr. A.R. Spofford has given a valuable list of books and articles in
+periodicals, on the subject of Libraries in chapter 36 (Library
+Bibliography), of the _Report on Public Libraries in the U.S._ (1876).
+
+The volume of _Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of
+Librarians_, London, 1877, contains two papers on the Selection of Books,
+one by Mr. Robert Harrison, Librarian of the London Library, and the
+other by the late Mr. James M. Anderson, Assistant Librarian of the
+University of St. Andrews. Mr. Harrison gives the following as the three
+guiding principles of selection in forming a library: 1. Policy; 2.
+Utility; 3. Special or Local Appropriateness; and he deals with each
+successively. Mr. Anderson writes that "the selection of books should
+invariably be made (1) in relation to the library itself, and (2) in
+relation to those using it."
+
+We have chiefly to do with the formation of libraries, and therefore the
+use made of them when they are formed cannot well be enlarged upon here,
+but a passing note may be made on the proposal which has been much
+discussed of late years, viz. that for Professorships of Books and
+Reading. The United States Report on Public Libraries contains a chapter
+on this subject by F.B. Perkins and William Matthews (pp. 230-251), and
+Mr. Axon also contributed a paper at the First Annual Meeting of the
+Library Association. The value of such chairs, if well filled, is
+self-evident, for it takes a man a long time (without teaching) to learn
+how best to use books, but very special men would be required as
+Professors. America has done much to show what the duties of such a
+Professor should be, and Harvard College is specially fortunate in
+possessing an officer in Mr. Justin Winsor who is both a model librarian
+and a practical teacher of the art of how best to use the books under his
+charge.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] "_The Library Companion, or the Young Man's Guide and the Old Man's
+Comfort in the Choice of a Library._ By the Rev. T.F. Dibdin, F.R.S.,
+A.S., London, 1824."
+
+[2] _The Best Reading_: Hints on the Selection of Books; on the Formation
+of Libraries, Public and Private; on Courses of Reading, etc., with a
+Classified Bibliography for every reference. Fourth revised and enlarged
+edition, continued to August, 1876, with the addition of Select Lists of
+the best French, German, Spanish, and Italian Literature. Edited by
+Frederic Beecher Perkins; New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1881. Second
+Series, 1876 to 1882, by Lynds E. Jones.
+
+[3] Dr. Richard Garnett read an interesting paper on this book under the
+title of _Librarianship in the Seventeenth Century_, before the Library
+Association. See _Library Chronicle_, vol. i. p. 1 (1884).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HOW MEN HAVE FORMED LIBRARIES.
+
+
+As long as books have existed there have been book collectors. It is easy
+now to collect, for books of interest are to be found on all sides; but in
+old times this was not so, and we must therefore admire the more those men
+who formed their libraries under the greatest difficulties. In a book
+devoted to the formation of libraries it seems but fair to devote some
+space to doing honour to those who have formed libraries, and perhaps some
+practical lessons may be learned from a few historical facts.
+
+Englishmen may well be proud of Richard Aungerville de Bury, a man
+occupying a busy and exalted station, who not only collected books with
+ardour united with judgment, but has left for the benefit of later ages a
+manual which specially endears his memory to all book lovers.
+
+He collected books, and often took them in place of corn for tithes and
+dues, but he also produced books, for he kept copyists in his house. Many
+of these books were carefully preserved in his palace at Durham, but it is
+also pleasant to think of some of them being carefully preserved in the
+noble mansion belonging to his see which stood by the side of the Thames,
+and on the site of the present Adelphi.
+
+Petrarch was a book-loving poet, and he is said to have met the
+book-loving ecclesiastic Richard de Bury at Rome. He gave his library to
+the Church of St. Mark at Venice in 1362; but the guardians allowed the
+books to decay, and few were rescued. Boccaccio bequeathed his library to
+the Augustinians at Florence, but one cannot imagine the books of the
+accomplished author of the _Decameron_ as very well suited for the needs
+of a religious society, and it was probably weeded before Boccaccio's
+death. The remains of the library are still shown to visitors in the
+Laurentian Library, the famous building due to the genius of Michael
+Angelo.
+
+Cardinal John Bessarion gave his fine collection (which included about 600
+Greek MSS.) to St. Mark's in 1468, and in the letter to the Doge which
+accompanied his gift, he tells some interesting particulars of his early
+life as a collector. He writes, "From my youth I have bestowed my pains
+and exertion in the collection of books on various sciences. In former
+days I copied many with my own hands, and I have employed on the purchase
+of others such small means as a frugal and thrifty life permitted me to
+devote to the purpose."
+
+The Rev. Joseph Hunter printed in 1831 a valuable Catalogue of the Library
+of the Priory of Bretton in Yorkshire, and added to it some notices of the
+Libraries belonging to other Religious Houses, in which he gives us a good
+idea of the contents of these libraries. He writes, "On comparing the
+Bretton Catalogue with that of other religious communities, we find the
+libraries of the English monasteries composed of very similar materials.
+They consisted of--
+
+     1. The Scriptures; and these always in an English or the
+     Latin version. A Greek or Hebrew Manuscript of the
+     Scriptures is not found in Leland's notes, or, I believe, in
+     any of the catalogues. In Wetstein's Catalogue of MSS. of
+     the New Testament, only one (Codex 59) is traced into the
+     hands of an English community of religious.
+
+     2. The Commentators.
+
+     3. The Fathers.
+
+     4. Services and Rituals of the Church.
+
+     5. Writers in the Theological Controversies of the Middle
+     Ages.
+
+     6. Moral and Devotional Writings.
+
+     7. Canon Law.
+
+     8. The Schoolmen.
+
+     9. Grammatical Writers.
+
+     10. Writers in Mathematics and Physics.
+
+     11. Medical Writers.
+
+     12. Collections of Epistles.
+
+     13. The Middle Age Poets and Romance-Writers.
+
+     14. The Latin Classics.
+
+     15. The Chronicles.
+
+     16. The Historical Writings of doubtful authority, commonly
+     called Legends.
+
+Most of the manuscripts which composed the monastic libraries were
+destroyed at the Reformation."
+
+Humphry Plantagenet Duke of Gloucester, whose fame has been so lasting as
+the 'good Duke Humphry,' was also a book-collector of renown; but most of
+the old libraries we read about have left but little record of their
+existence: thus the Common Library at Guildhall, founded by Dick
+Whittington in 1420, and added to by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk of
+London, has been entirely destroyed, the books having, in the first
+instance, been carried away by Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset.
+
+Although, as we have seen from Mr. Hunter's remarks, there was a
+considerable amount of variety in the subjects of these manuscript
+collections, we must still bear in mind that in a large number of
+instances the contents of the libraries consisted of little more than
+Breviaries and Service Books. It has been pointed out that this fact is
+illustrated by the union of the offices of Precentor and Armarius in one
+person, who had charge of the Library (Armarium) and its great feeder, the
+Writing-room (Scriptorium), as well as the duty of leading the singing in
+the church. Many lists of old libraries have been preserved, and these
+have been printed in various bibliographical works, thus giving us a
+valuable insight into the reading of our forefathers.
+
+When we come to consider libraries of printed books in place of
+manuscripts, we naturally find a greater variety of subjects collected by
+the famous men who have formed collections. Montaigne, the friend of all
+literary men, could not have been the man we know him to have been if he
+had not lived among his books. Like many a later book-lover, he decorated
+his library with mottoes, and burnt-in his inscriptions letter by letter
+with his own hands. Grotius made his love of books do him a special
+service, for he escaped from prison in a box which went backwards and
+forwards with an exchange of books for his entertainment and instruction.
+
+Grolier and De Thou stand so pre-eminent among book collectors, and from
+the beauty of the copies they possessed the relics of their libraries are
+so frequently seen, that it seems merely necessary here to mention their
+names. But as Frenchmen may well boast of these men, so Englishmen can
+take pride in the possession of the living memory of Archbishop Parker,
+who enriched Cambridge, and of Sir Thomas Bodley, who made the Library at
+Oxford one of the chief glories of our land.
+
+Old Lists of Books are always of interest to us as telling what our
+forefathers cared to have about them, but it is seldom that a list is so
+tantalising as one described by Mr. Edward Edwards in his _Libraries and
+Founders of Libraries_. Anne of Denmark presented her son Charles with a
+splendid series of volumes, bound in crimson and purple velvet. Abraham
+van der Dort, who was keeper of Charles's cabinet, made an inventory of
+this cabinet; and having no notion of how to make a catalogue of books, he
+has managed to leave out all the information we wish for. The inventory is
+among the Harleian MSS. (4718), and the following are specimens of the
+entries:--
+
+     "Im'pris 19 books in Crimson velvet, whereof 18 are bound
+     4to. and y^e 19th in folio, adorn'd with some silver guilt
+     plate, and y^e 2 claspes wanting. Given to y^e King by Queen
+     Ann of famous memory.
+
+     Item, more 15 books, 13 thereof being in long 4to. and y^e 2
+     lesser cover'd over also with purple velvet. Given also to
+     y^e King by y^e said Queen Ann."
+
+Most of the famous private libraries of days gone by have left little
+record of their existence, but Evelyn's collection is still carefully
+preserved at Wotton, the house of the Diarist's later years, and Pepys's
+books continue at Cambridge in the cases he had made for them, and in the
+order he fixed for them. In a long letter to Pepys, dated from Sayes
+Court, 12th August, 1689, Evelyn gives an account of such private
+libraries as he knew of in England, and in London more particularly. He
+first mentions Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom he dedicated his
+translation of Naude's Advice, and who "furnished a very ample library."
+Evelyn observes that England was peculiarly defective in good libraries:
+"Paris alone, I am persuaded, being able to show more than all the three
+nations of Great Britain." He describes Dr. Stillingfleet's, at
+Twickenham, as the very best library.[4] He did not think much either of
+the Earl of Bristol's or of Sir Kenelm Digby's books, but he says Lord
+Maitland's "was certainly the noblest, most substantial and accomplished
+library that ever passed under the spear."
+
+In a useful little volume published at London in 1739, and entitled, _A
+Critical and Historical Account of all the Celebrated Libraries in Foreign
+Countries, as well ancient as modern_, which is stated to be written by "a
+Gentleman of the Temple," are some "General Reflections upon the Choice of
+Books and the Method of furnishing Libraries and Cabinets." As these
+reflections are interesting in themselves, and curious as the views of a
+writer of the middle of the eighteenth century on this important subject,
+I will transfer them bodily to these pages.
+
+"Nothing can be more laudable than forming Libraries, when the founders
+have no other view than to improve themselves and men of letters: but it
+will be necessary, in the first place, to give some directions, which will
+be of great importance towards effecting the design, as well with regard
+to the choice of books as the manner of placing to advantage: nor is it
+sufficient in this case, to be learned, since he who would have a
+collection worthy of the name of a library must of all things have a
+thorough knowledge of books, that he may distinguish such as are valuable
+from the trifling. He must likewise understand the price of Books,
+otherwise he may purchase some at too high a rate, and undervalue others:
+all which requires no small judgment and experience.
+
+"Let us suppose, then, the founder possessed of all those qualifications,
+three things fall next under consideration.
+
+"First, the number of books; secondly, their quality; and, lastly, the
+order in which they ought to be ranged.
+
+"As to the quantity, regard must be had, as well to places as to persons;
+for should a man of moderate fortune propose to have a Library for his own
+use only, it would be imprudent in him to embarrass his affairs in order
+to effect it. Under such circumstances he must rather consider the
+usefulness than the number of books, for which we have the authority of
+Seneca, who tells us that a multitude of books is more burthensome than
+instructive to the understanding.
+
+"But if a private person has riches enough for founding a Library, as well
+for his own use as for the public, he ought to furnish it with the most
+useful volumes in all arts and sciences, and procure such as are scarcest
+and most valuable, from all parts, that the learned, of whom there are
+many classes, may instruct themselves in what may be useful to them, and
+may gratify their enquiries. But as the condition and abilities of such as
+would form Libraries are to be distinguished, so regard must likewise be
+had to places, for it is very difficult to procure, or collect books in
+some countries, without incredible expense; a design of that kind would be
+impracticable in America, Africa, and some parts of Asia; so that nothing
+can be determined as to the number of books, that depending entirely upon
+a variety of circumstances, and the means of procuring them, as has been
+observ'd before.
+
+"As to the second topic, special care must be taken in the choice of
+books, for upon that alone depends the value of a Library. We must not
+form a judgment of books either by their bulk or numbers, but by their
+intrinsic merit and usefulness. Alexander Severus's Library consisted of
+no more than four volumes, that is the works of Plato, Cicero, Virgil, and
+Horace. Melanchthon seems to have imitated that Prince, for his collection
+amounted to four books only, Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and Ptolemy.
+
+"There is another necessary lesson for those who form designs of making
+libraries, that is, that they must disengage themselves from all
+prejudices with regard either to ancient or modern books, for such a wrong
+step often precipitates the judgment, without scrutiny or examination, as
+if truth and knowledge were confined to any particular times or places.
+The ancients and moderns should be placed in collections, indifferently,
+provided they have those characters we hinted before.
+
+"Let us now proceed to the third head, the manner of placing books in such
+order, as that they may be resorted to upon any emergency, without
+difficulty, otherwise they can produce but little advantage either to the
+owners or others.
+
+"The natural method of placing books and manuscripts is to range them in
+separate classes or apartments, according to the science, art, or subject,
+of which they treat.
+
+"Here it will be necessary to observe, that as several authors have
+treated of various subjects, it may be difficult to place them under any
+particular class; Plutarch, for instance, who was an historian, a
+political writer, and a philosopher. The most advisable method then is to
+range them under the head of Miscellaneous Authors, with proper references
+to each subject, but this will be more intelligible by an example.
+
+"Suppose, then, we would know the names of the celebrated Historians of
+the ancients; nothing more is necessary than to inspect the class under
+which the historians are placed, and so of other Faculties. By this
+management, one set of miscellaneous authors will be sufficient, and may
+be resorted to with as much ease and expedition as those who have
+confined themselves to one subject. In choice of books regard must be had
+to the edition, character, paper and binding. As to the price, it is
+difficult to give any positive directions; that of ordinary works is
+easily known, but as to such as are very scarce and curious, we can only
+observe that their price is as uncertain as that of medals and other
+monuments of antiquity, and often depends more on the caprice of the buyer
+than the intrinsic merit of the work, some piquing themselves upon the
+possession of things from no other consideration than their exorbitant
+price."
+
+Dr. Byrom's quaint library is still preserved at Manchester in its
+entirety. Bishop Moore's fine collection finds a resting place in the
+University Library at Cambridge, and the relics of the Library of Harley,
+Earl of Oxford, a mine of manuscript treasure, still remain one of the
+chief glories of the British Museum. How much cause for regret is there
+that the library itself, which Osborne bought and Johnson described, did
+not also find a settled home, instead of being dispersed over the land.
+
+It is greatly to the credit of the rich and busy man to spend his time and
+riches in the collection of a fine library, but still greater honour is
+due to the poor man who does not allow himself to be pulled down by his
+sordid surroundings. The once-famous small-coalman, Thomas Britton,
+furnishes a most remarkable instance of true greatness in a humble
+station, and one, moreover, which was fully recognized in his own day. He
+lived next door to St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, and although he gained
+his living by selling coals from door to door, many persons of the highest
+station were in the habit of attending the musical meetings held at his
+house. He was an excellent chemist as well as a good musician, and Thomas
+Hearne tells us that he left behind him "a valuable collection of musick
+mostly pricked by himself, which was sold upon his death for near an
+hundred pounds," "a considerable collection of musical instruments which
+was sold for fourscore pounds," "not to mention the excellent collection
+of printed books that he also left behind him, both of chemistry and
+musick. Besides these books that he left, he had some years before his
+death (1714) sold by auction a noble collection of books, most of them in
+the Rosicrucian faculty (of which he was a great admirer), whereof there
+is a printed catalogue extant, as there is of those that were sold after
+his death, which catalogue I have by me (by the gift of my very good
+friend Mr. Bagford), and have often looked over with no small surprize and
+wonder, and particularly for the great number of MSS. in the
+before-mentioned faculties that are specified in it."[5]
+
+Dr. Johnson, although a great reader, was not a collector of books. He was
+forced to possess many volumes while he was compiling his Dictionary, but
+when that great labour was completed, he no longer felt the want of them.
+Goldsmith, on the other hand, died possessed of a considerable number of
+books which he required, or had at some time required, for his studies.
+"The Select Collection of Scarce, Curious, and Valuable Books, in English,
+Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and other Languages, late the Library of
+Dr. Goldsmith, deceased," was sold on Tuesday, the 12th of July, 1774, and
+the Catalogue will be found in the Appendix to Forster's Life. There were
+30 lots in folio, 26 in quarto, and 106 in octavo and smaller sizes. Among
+the books of interest in this list are Chaucer's Works, 1602; Davenant's
+Works, 1673; Camoens, by Fanshawe, 1655; Cowley's Works, 1674; Shelton's
+Don Quixote; Raleigh's History of the World, 1614; Bulwer's Artificial
+Changeling, 1653; Verstegan's Antiquities, 1634; Hartlib's Legacie, 1651;
+Sir K. Digby on the Nature of Bodies, 1645; Warton's History of English
+Poetry, 1774; Encyclopedie, 25 vols., 1770; Fielding's Works, 12 vols.,
+1766; Bysshe's Art of Poetry; Hawkins's Origin of the English Drama, 3
+vols., 1773; Percy's Reliques, 3 vols., Dublin, 1766; Sir William
+Temple's Works; and De Bure, Bibliographie Instructive.
+
+A catalogue such as this, made within a few weeks of the death of the
+owner, cannot but have great interest for us. The library could not have
+been a very choice one, for there is little notice of bindings and much
+mention of odd volumes. It was evidently a working collection, containing
+the works of the poets Goldsmith loved, and of the naturalists from whom
+he stole his knowledge.
+
+Gibbon was a true collector, who loved his books, and he must have needed
+them greatly, working as he did at Lausanne away from public libraries.
+After his death the library was purchased by 'Vathek' Beckford, but he
+kept it buried, and it was of no use to any one. Eventually it was sold by
+auction, a portion being bought for the Canton, and another portion going
+to America. There was little in the man Gibbon to be enthusiastic about,
+but it is impossible for any true book lover not to delight in the
+thoroughness of the author of one of the noblest books ever written. The
+fine old house where the _Decline and Fall_ was written and the noble
+library was stored still stands, and the traveller may stroll in the
+garden so beautifully described by Gibbon when he walked to the historical
+_berceau_ and felt that his herculean labour was completed. His heart must
+be preternaturally dull which does not beat quicker as he walks on that
+ground. The thought of a visit some years ago forms one of the most vivid
+of the author's pleasures of memory.
+
+Charles Burney, the Greek scholar, is said to have expended nearly L25,000
+on his library, which consisted of more than 13,000 printed volumes and a
+fine collection of MSS. The library was purchased for the British Museum
+for the sum of L13,500.
+
+Charles Burney probably inherited his love of collecting from his father,
+for Dr. Burney possessed some twenty thousand volumes. These were rather
+an incumbrance to the Doctor, and when he moved to Chelsea Hospital, he
+was in some difficulty respecting them. Mrs. Chapone, when she heard of
+these troubles, proved herself no bibliophile, for she exclaimed, "Twenty
+thousand volumes! bless me! why, how can he so encumber himself? Why does
+he not burn half? for how much must be to spare that never can be worth
+his looking at from such a store! and can he want to keep them all?"
+
+The love of books will often form a tie of connection between very
+divergent characters, and in dealing with men who have formed libraries we
+can bring together the names of those who had but little sympathy with
+each other during life.
+
+George III. was a true book collector, and the magnificent library now
+preserved in the British Museum owes its origin to his own judgment and
+enthusiastic love for the pursuit. Louis XVI. cared but little for books
+until his troubles came thick upon him, and then he sought solace from
+their pages. During that life in the Temple we all know so well from the
+sad reading of its incidents, books were not denied to the persecuted
+royal family. There was a small library in the "little tower," and the
+king drew up a list of books to be supplied to him from the library at the
+Tuileries. The list included the works of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and
+Terence; of Tacitus, Livy, Caesar, Marcus Aurelius, Eutropius, Cornelius
+Nepos, Florus, Justin, Quintus Curtius, Sallust, Suetonius and Velleius
+Paterculus; the _Vies des Saints_, the _Fables de la Fontaine_,
+_Telemaque_, and Rollin's _Traite des Etudes_.[6]
+
+The more we know of Napoleon, and anecdotes of him are continually being
+published in the ever-lengthening series of French memoirs, the less
+heroic appears his figure, but he could not have been entirely bad, for he
+truly loved books. He began life as an author, and would always have books
+about him. He complained if the printing was bad or the binding poor, and
+said, "I will have fine editions and handsome binding. I am rich enough
+for that."[7] Thus spoke the true bibliophile. Mr. Edwards has collected
+much interesting information respecting Napoleon and his libraries, and of
+his labours I here freely avail myself. Bourrienne affirms that the
+authors who chiefly attracted Napoleon in his school days were Polybius,
+Plutarch, and Arrian. "Shortly before he left France for Egypt, Napoleon
+drew up, with his own hand, the scheme of a travelling library, the charge
+of collecting which was given to John Baptist Say, the Economist. It
+comprised about three hundred and twenty volumes, more than half of which
+are historical, and nearly all, as it seems, in French. The ancient
+historians comprised in the list are Thucydides, Plutarch, Polybius,
+Arrian, Tacitus, Livy, and Justin. The poets are Homer, Virgil, Tasso,
+Ariosto, the _Telemaque_ of Fenelon, the _Henriade_ of Voltaire, with
+Ossian and La Fontaine. Among the works of prose fiction are the English
+novelists in forty volumes, of course in translations, and the
+indispensable _Sorrows of Werter_, which, as he himself told Goethe,
+Napoleon had read through seven times prior to October, 1808. In this list
+the Bible, together with the _Koran_ and the _Vedas_, are whimsically, but
+significantly, entered under the heading Politics and Ethics (Politique et
+Morale).[8]
+
+Napoleon was not, however, satisfied with the camp libraries which were
+provided for him; the good editions were too bulky and the small editions
+too mean: so he arranged the plan of a library to be expressly printed for
+him in a thousand duodecimo volumes without margins, bound in thin covers
+and with loose backs. "In this new plan 'Religion' took its place as the
+first class. The Bible was to be there in its best translation, with a
+selection of the most important works of the Fathers of the Church, and a
+series of the best dissertations on those leading religious sects--their
+doctrines and their history--which have powerfully influenced the world.
+This section was limited to forty volumes. The Koran was to be included,
+together with a good book or two on mythology. One hundred and forty
+volumes were allotted to poetry. The epics were to embrace Homer, Lucan,
+Tasso, _Telemachus_, and the _Henriade_. In the dramatic portion Corneille
+and Racine were of course to be included, but of Corneille, said Napoleon,
+you shall print for me 'only what is vital' (ce qui est reste), and from
+Racine you shall omit '_Les Freres ennemis_, the _Alexandre_, and _Les
+Plaideurs_. Of Crebillon, he would have only _Rhadamiste_ and _Atree et
+Thyeste_. Voltaire was to be subject to the same limitation as
+Corneille.'"[9] In prose fiction Napoleon specifies the _Nouvelle Heloise_
+and Rousseau's _Confessions_, the masterpieces of Fielding, Richardson and
+Le Sage, and Voltaire's tales. Soon after this Napoleon proposed a much
+larger scheme for a camp library, in which history alone would occupy
+three thousand volumes. History was to be divided into these sections--I.
+Chronology and Universal History. II. Ancient History (_a._ by ancient
+writers, _b._ by modern writers). III. History of the Lower Empire (in
+like subdivisions). IV. History, both general and particular. V. The
+Modern History of the different States of Europe. The celebrated
+bibliographer Barbier drew up, according to the Emperor's orders, a
+detailed catalogue of the works which should form such a library. "He
+calculated that by employing a hundred and twenty compositors and
+twenty-five editors, the three thousand volumes could be produced, in
+satisfactory shape, and within six years, at a total cost of L163,200,
+supposing fifty copies of each book to be printed."[10] The printing was
+begun, but little was actually done, and in six years Napoleon was in St.
+Helena.
+
+In his last island home Napoleon had a library, and he read largely, often
+aloud, with good effect. It is an interesting fact that among Napoleon's
+papers were found some notes on Geography written when a boy, and these
+close with the words--"_Sainte-Helene--petite ile_."[11]
+
+In recapitulating here the names of a few of the famous men who have
+formed libraries it will be necessary to divide them into two classes, 1,
+those whose fame arises from their habit of collecting, and 2, those
+authors in whose lives we are so much interested that the names of the
+books they possessed are welcomed by us as indications of their
+characters. What can be said of the libraries of the Duke of Roxburghe,
+Earl Spencer, Thomas Grenville, and Richard Heber that has not been said
+often before? Two of these have been dispersed over the world, and two
+remain, one the glory of a noble family, and the other of the nation, or
+perhaps it would be more proper to say both are the glory of the nation,
+for every Englishman must be proud that the Spencer Library still remains
+intact.
+
+Heber left behind him over 100,000 volumes, in eight houses, four in
+England and four on the Continent, and no record remains of this immense
+library but the volumes of the sale catalogues. Such wholesale collection
+appears to be allied to madness, but Heber was no selfish collector, and
+his practice was as liberal as Grolier's motto. His name is enshrined in
+lasting verse by Scott:--
+
+    "Thy volumes, open as thy heart,
+    Delight, amusement, science, art,
+    To every ear and eye impart;
+    Yet who of all that thus employ them,
+    Can like the owner's self enjoy them?--
+    But hark! I hear the distant drum:
+    The day of Flodden Field is come--
+    Adieu, dear Heber! life and health,
+    And store of literary wealth."
+
+    --MARMION, _Introduction to the Sixth Canto_.
+
+The Duke of Sussex was a worthy successor of his father, George III., in
+the ranks of book-collectors, and his library is kept in memory by
+Pettigrew's fine catalogue.
+
+Douce and Malone the critics, and Gough the antiquary, left their
+libraries to the Bodleian, and thus many valuable books are available to
+students in that much-loved resort of his at Oxford. Anthony Morris
+Storer, who is said to have excelled in everything he set his heart on and
+hand to, collected a beautiful library, which he bequeathed to Eton
+College, where it still remains, a joy to look at from the elegance of the
+bindings. His friend Lord Carlisle wrote of him--
+
+    "Whether I Storer sing in hours of joy,
+    When every look bespeaks the inward boy;
+    Or when no more mirth wantons in his breast,
+    And all the man in him appears confest;
+    In mirth, in sadness, sing him how I will,
+    Sense and good nature must attend him still."
+
+Jacob Bryant the antiquary left his library to King's College, Cambridge.
+At one time he intended to have followed Storer's example, and have left
+it to Eton College, but the Provost offended him, and he changed the
+object of his bequest. It is said that when he was discussing the matter,
+the Provost asked whether he would not arrange for the payment of the
+carriage of the books from his house to Eton. He thought this grasping,
+and King's gained the benefit of his change of mind.
+
+Among great authors two of the chief collectors were Scott and Southey.
+Scott's library still remains at Abbotsford, and no one who has ever
+entered that embodiment of the great man's soul can ever forget it. The
+library, with the entire contents of the house, were restored to Scott in
+1830 by his trustees and creditors, "As the best means the creditors have
+of expressing their very high sense of his most honourable conduct, and in
+grateful acknowledgment of the unparalleled and most successful exertions
+he has made, and continues to make for them." The library is rich in the
+subjects which the great author loved, such as Demonology and Witchcraft.
+In a volume of a collection of Ballads and Chapbooks is this note written
+by Scott in 1810: "This little collection of stall tracts and ballads was
+formed by me, when a boy, from the baskets of the travelling pedlars.
+Until put into its present decent binding, it had such charms for the
+servants, that it was repeatedly, and with difficulty, recovered from
+their clutches. It contains most of the pieces that were popular about
+thirty years since, and I dare say many that could not now be procured for
+any price."
+
+It is odd to contrast the book-loving tastes of celebrated authors.
+Southey cared for his books, but Coleridge would cut the leaves of a book
+with a butter knife, and De Quincey's extraordinary treatment of books is
+well described by Mr. Burton in the _Book Hunter_. Charles Lamb's loving
+appreciation of his books is known to all readers of the delightful Elia.
+
+Southey collected more than 14,000 volumes, which sold in 1844 for nearly
+L3000. He began collecting as a boy, for his father had but few books. Mr.
+Edwards enumerates these as follows: The _Spectator_, three or four
+volumes of the _Oxford Magazine_, one volume of the _Freeholder's
+Magazine_, and one of the _Town and Country Magazine_, Pomfret's _Poems_,
+the _Death of Abel_, nine plays (including _Julius Caesar_, _The Indian
+Queen_, and a translation of _Merope_), and a pamphlet.[12]
+
+Southey was probably one of the most representative of literary men. His
+feelings in his library are those of all book-lovers, although he could
+express these feelings in language which few of them have at command:--
+
+    My days among the dead are passed;
+      Around me I behold,
+    Where'er these casual eyes are cast,
+      The mighty minds of old:
+    My never-failing friends are they,
+    With whom I converse day by day.
+
+    With them I take delight in weal,
+      And seek relief in woe;
+    And while I understand and feel
+      How much to them I owe,
+    My cheeks have often been bedewed
+    With tears of thoughtful gratitude.
+
+    My thoughts are with the dead; with them
+      I live in long-past years;
+    Their virtues love, their faults condemn,
+      Partake their hopes and fears,
+    And from their lessons seek and find
+    Instruction with a humble mind.
+
+    My hopes are with the dead; anon
+      My place with them will be
+    And I with them shall travel on
+      Through all futurity;
+    Yet leaving here a name, I trust,
+    That will not perish in the dust.
+
+Mr. Henry Stevens read a paper or rather delivered an address at the
+meeting of the Library Association held at Liverpool in 1883, containing
+his recollections of Mr. James Lenox, the great American book collector. I
+had the pleasure of listening to that address, but I have read it in its
+finished form with even greater delight. It is not often that he who
+pleases you as a speaker also pleases you as writer, but Mr. Stevens
+succeeds in both. If more bibliographers could write their reminiscences
+with the same spirit that he does, we should hear less of the dullness of
+bibliography. I strongly recommend my readers to take an early opportunity
+of perusing this paper in the Liverpool volume of the Transactions of the
+Library Association.
+
+Mr. Stevens, among his anecdotes of Mr. Lenox, records that he "often
+bought duplicates for immediate use, or to lend, rather than grope for the
+copies he knew to be in the stocks in some of his store rooms or chambers,
+notably Stirling's _Artists of Spain_, a high-priced book."
+
+This is a common trouble to large book collectors, who cannot find the
+books they know they possess. The late Mr. Crossley had his books stacked
+away in heaps, and he was often unable to lay his hands upon books of
+which he had several copies.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Armagh, is said to have given L2500 for
+Bishop Stillingfleet's Library.
+
+[5] _Reliquiae Hearnianae_, by Bliss, 2nd edition, 1869, vol. ii. p. 14.
+
+[6] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, p. 115.
+
+[7] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 136.
+
+[8] _Correspondance de Napoleon I^er_, IV. pp. 37, 38, quoted by Edwards,
+_Libraries and Founders_, p. 130.
+
+[9] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 133.
+
+[10] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 135.
+
+[11] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 142.
+
+[12] _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, p. 95.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HOW TO BUY.
+
+
+A discussion has arisen lately in bibliographical journals as to how best
+to supply libraries with their books, the main principle agreed upon being
+that it is the duty of the librarian to buy his books as cheaply as
+possible. Some of these views are stated by Mr. H.R. Tedder in a letter
+printed in the _Library Chronicle_ for July, 1884 (vol. i. p. 120). It
+appears that Professor Dziatzko contends that the books should always be
+bought as cheaply as possible, but that Dr. Julius Petzholdt holds the
+opinion that the chief object of the librarian should be to get his books
+as early as possible and not to wait until they can be had at second-hand.
+Mr. Tedder thinks that the two plans of rapidity of supply and cheapness
+of cost can in some respect be united. Of course there can be no
+difference of opinion in respect to the duty of the librarian to get as
+much for his money as he can, but there are other points which require to
+be considered besides those brought forward before a satisfactory answer
+to the question--How to Buy? can be obtained. There are three points which
+seem to have been very much overlooked in the discussion, which may be
+stated here. 1. Is the librarian's valuable time well occupied by looking
+after cheap copies of books? 2. Will not the proposed action on the part
+of librarians go far to abolish the intelligent second-hand bookseller in
+the same way as the new bookseller has been well-nigh abolished in
+consequence of large discounts? 3. Will not such action prevent the
+publication of excellent books on subjects little likely to be popular?
+
+1. Most librarians find their time pretty well occupied by the ordinary
+duties of buying, arranging, cataloguing, and finding the books under
+their charge, and it will be generally allowed that the librarian's first
+duty is to be in his library, ready to attend to those who wish to consult
+him. Now the value of his time can be roughly estimated for this purpose
+in money, and the value of the time spent in doing work which could be as
+well or better done by a bookseller should fairly be added to the cost of
+the books.
+
+2. It has hitherto been thought advisable to have one or more second-hand
+booksellers attached to an important library, from whom the librarian may
+naturally expect to obtain such books as he requires. Of course a man of
+knowledge and experience must be paid for the exercise of these qualities,
+but the price of books is so variable that it is quite possible that the
+bookseller, from his knowledge, may buy the required books cheaper than
+the librarian himself would pay for them. As far as it is possible to
+judge from the information given us respecting the collection of
+libraries, bookbuyers have little to complain of as to the price paid by
+them to such respectable booksellers as have acted as their agents.
+Perhaps too little stress has been laid upon that characteristic which is
+happily so common among honest men, viz. that the agent is as pleased to
+get wares cheap for a good customer as for himself. Mr. Tedder says in his
+letter, "For rarer books I still consider it safer and cheaper in the long
+run to cultivate business relations with one or more second-hand
+booksellers, and pay them for their knowledge and experience." But is this
+quite fair, and is it not likely that the rarer books will be supplied
+cheaper if the bookseller is allowed to pay himself partly out of the sale
+of the commoner books, which it is now proposed the librarian shall buy
+himself? My contention is that it is for the advantage of libraries that
+intelligent booksellers, ready to place their knowledge at the service of
+the librarians, should exist, and it is unwise and uneconomic to do that
+which may cause this class to cease to exist. Sellers of books must always
+exist, but it is possible to drive out of the trade those who do it the
+most honour. We see what has occurred in the new book trade, and there can
+be little doubt that the book-buyer loses much more than he gains by the
+present system of discount. When the bookseller could obtain sufficient
+profit by the sale of new books to keep his shop open, it was worth his
+while to take some trouble in finding the book required; but now that the
+customer expects to buy a book at trade price, he cannot be surprised if
+he does not give full particulars as to the publisher of the book he
+requires if it is reported to him as "not known." Those only who, by
+taking a large quantity of copies, obtain an extra discount, can make new
+bookselling pay.
+
+3. There are a large number of books which, although real additions to
+literature, can only be expected to obtain a small number of readers and
+buyers. Some of these are not taken by the circulating libraries, and
+publishers, in making their calculations, naturally count upon supplying
+some of the chief libraries of the country. If these libraries wait till
+the book is second-hand, the number of sales is likely to be so much
+reduced that it is not worth while to publish the book at all, to the
+evident damage of the cause of learning.
+
+It has been often suggested that an arrangement should be made by
+libraries in close proximity, so that the same expensive book should not
+be bought by more than one of the libraries. No doubt this is advantageous
+in certain circumstances, but in the case of books with a limited sale it
+would have the same consequence as stated above, and the book would not be
+published at all, or be published at a loss.
+
+Selden wrote in his _Table Talk_: "The giving a bookseller his price for
+his books has this advantage; he that will do so, shall have the refusal
+of whatsoever comes to his hand, and so by that means get many things
+which otherwise he never should have seen." And the dictum is as true now
+as it was in his time.
+
+Many special points arise for consideration when we deal with the
+question--How to buy at sales? and Mr. Edward Edwards gives the following
+four rules for the guidance of the young book-buyer (_Memoirs of
+Libraries_, vol. ii. p. 645):
+
+1. The examination of books before the sale, not during it. 2. A steady
+unintermittent bidding up to his predetermined limit, for all the books
+which he wants, from the first lot to the last; and--if there be any signs
+of a "combination"--for a few others which he may _not_ want. 3. Careful
+avoidance of all interruptions and conversation; with especial
+watchfulness of the hammer immediately after the disposal of those
+especially seductive lots, which may have excited a keen and spirited
+competition. (There is usually on such occasions a sort of "lull," very
+favourable to the acquisition of good bargains.) 4. The uniform
+preservation and storing up of priced catalogues of all important sales
+for future reference.
+
+A case of conscience arises as to whether it is fit and proper for two
+buyers to agree not to oppose each other at a public sale. Mr. Edwards
+says, "At the sales Lord Spencer was a liberal opponent as well as a
+liberal bidder. When Mason's books were sold, for example, in 1798, Lord
+Spencer agreed with the Duke of Roxburghe that they would not oppose each
+other, in bidding for some books of excessive rarity, but when both were
+very earnest in their longings, "toss up, after the book was bought, to
+see who should win it." Thus it was that the Duke obtained his unique, but
+imperfect, copy of Caxton's _Historye of Kynge Blanchardyn and Prince
+Eglantyne_, which, however, came safely to Althorp fourteen years later,
+at a cost of two hundred and fifteen pounds; the Duke having given but
+twenty guineas."[13]
+
+It is easy to understand the inducement which made these two giants agree
+not to oppose each other, but the agreement was dangerously like a
+"knock-out." Mr. Henry Stevens (in his _Recollections of Mr. James
+Lenox_) boldly deals with this question, and condemns any such agreement.
+He writes, "Shortly after, in 1850, there occurred for sale at the same
+auction rooms a copy of '_Aratus, Phaenomena_,' Paris, 1559, in 4^o, with
+a few manuscript notes, and this autograph signature on the title, 'Jo.
+Milton, Pre. 2_s._ 6_d._ 1631.' This I thought would be a desirable
+acquisition for Mr. Lenox, and accordingly I ventured to bid for it as far
+as L40, against my late opponent for the Drake Map, but he secured it at
+L40 10_s._, remarking that 'Mr. Panizzi will not thank you for, thus
+running the British Museum.' 'That remark,' I replied, 'is apparently one
+of your gratuities. Mr. Panizzi is, I think, too much a man of the world
+to grumble at a fair fight. He has won this time, though at considerable
+cost, and I am sure Mr. Lenox will be the first to congratulate him on
+securing such a prize for the British Museum.' 'I did not know you were
+bidding for Mr. Lenox.' 'It was not necessary that you should.' 'Perhaps
+at another time,' said he, 'we may arrange the matter beforehand, so as
+not to oppose each other.' 'Very well,' I replied, 'if you will bring me a
+note from Mr. Panizzi something to this effect: 'Mr. Stevens, please have
+a knock-out with the bearer, the agent of the British Museum, on lot **,
+and greatly oblige Mr. John Bull and your obdt. servant, A.P.,' I will
+consider the proposition, and if Mr. Lenox, or any other of my interested
+correspondents, is not unwilling to combine or conspire to rob or cheat
+the proprietors, the 'thing' may possibly be done. Meanwhile, until this
+arrangement is concluded, let us hold our tongues and pursue an honest
+course.' That man never again suggested to me to join him in a
+'knock-out.'"
+
+In another place Mr. Stevens relates his own experience as to holding two
+commissions, and the necessity of buying the book above the amount of the
+lowest of the two. The circumstance relates to a copy of the small octavo
+Latin edition of the _Columbus Letter_, in eight leaves, at the first
+Libri sale, Feb. 19, 1849. Mr. Stevens writes, "Mr. Brown ordered this lot
+with a limit of 25 guineas, and Mr. Lenox of L25. Now as my chief
+correspondents had been indulged with a good deal of liberty, scarcely
+ever considering their orders completely executed till they had received
+the books and decided whether or not they would keep them, I grew into the
+habit of considering all purchases my own until accepted and paid for.
+Consequently when positive orders were given, which was very seldom, I
+grew likewise into the habit of buying the lot as cheaply as possible, and
+then awarding it to the correspondent who gave the highest limit. This is
+not always quite fair to the owner; but in my case it would have been
+unfair to myself to make my clients compete, as not unfrequently the
+awarded lot was declined and had to go to another. Well, in the case of
+this Columbus Letter, though I had five or six orders, I purchased it for
+L16 10_s._, and, accordingly, as had been done many times before within
+the last five or six years without a grumble, I awarded it to the highest
+limit, and sent the little book to Mr. John Carter Brown. Hitherto, in
+cases of importance, Mr. Lenox had generally been successful, because he
+usually gave the highest limit. But in this case he rebelled. He wrote
+that the book had gone under his commission of L25, that he knew nobody
+else in the transaction, and that he insisted on having it, or he should
+at once transfer his orders to some one else. I endeavoured to vindicate
+my conduct by stating our long-continued practice, with which he was
+perfectly well acquainted, but without success. He grew more and more
+peremptory, insisting on having the book solely on the ground that it went
+under his limit. At length, after some months of negotiation, Mr. Brown,
+on being made acquainted with the whole correspondence, very kindly, to
+relieve me of the dilemma, sent the book to Mr. Lenox without a word of
+comment or explanation, except that, though it went also below his higher
+limit, he yielded it to Mr. Lenox for peace.... From that time I
+resorted, in cases of duplicate orders from them, to the expedient of
+always putting the lot in at one bid above the lower limit, which, after
+all, I believe is the fairer way in the case of positive orders. This
+sometimes cost one of them a good deal more money, but it abated the
+chafing and generally gave satisfaction. Both thought the old method the
+fairest when they got the prize. But I was obliged, on the new system of
+bidding, to insist on the purchaser keeping the book without the option of
+returning it." There can be no doubt that the latter plan was the most
+satisfactory.
+
+Some persons appear to be under the impression that whatever a book
+fetches at a public sale must be its true value, and that, as the
+encounter is open and public, too much is not likely to be paid by the
+buyer; but this is a great mistake, and prices are often realized at a
+good sale which are greatly in advance of those at which the same books
+are standing unsold in second-hand booksellers' shops.
+
+Much knowledge is required by those who wish to buy with success at
+sales. Books vary greatly in price at different periods, and it is a
+mistake to suppose, from the high prices realized at celebrated sales,
+which are quoted in all the papers, that books are constantly advancing in
+price. Although many have gone up, many others have gone down, and at no
+time probably were good and useful books to be bought so cheap as now. If
+we look at old sale catalogues we shall find early printed books,
+specimens of old English poetry and the drama, fetching merely a fraction
+of what would have to be given for them now; but, on the other hand, we
+shall find pounds then given for standard books which would not now
+realize the same number of shillings; this is specially the case with
+classics.
+
+The following passage from Hearne's _Diaries_ on the fluctuations in
+prices is of interest in this connection:--"The editions of Classicks of
+the first print (commonly called _editones principes_) that used to go at
+prodigious prices are now strangely lowered; occasioned in good measure
+by Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, my friend, being forced to sell many of his
+books, in whose auction these books went cheap, tho' English history and
+antiquities went dear: and yet this gentleman was the chief man that
+raised many curious and classical books so high, by his generous and
+courageous way of bidding."[14]
+
+These first editions, however, realize large prices at the present time,
+as has been seen at the sale of the Sunderland Library. It is experience
+only that will give the necessary knowledge to the book buyer, and no
+rules laid down in books can be of any real practical value in this case.
+Persons who know nothing of books are too apt to suppose that what they
+are inclined to consider exorbitant prices are matters of caprice, but
+this is not so. There is generally a very good reason for the high price.
+
+We must remember that year by year old and curious books become scarcer,
+and the number of libraries where they are locked up increase; thus while
+the demand is greater, the supply diminishes, and the price naturally
+becomes higher. A unique first edition of a great author is surely a
+possession to be proud of, and it is no ignoble ambition to wish to obtain
+it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, 1864, p. 404.
+
+[14] _Reliquiae Hearnianae_, 1869, vol. ii. p. 158.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PUBLIC LIBRARIES.
+
+
+Libraries may broadly be divided into Public and Private, and as private
+libraries will vary according to the special idiosyncrasies of their
+owners, so still more will public libraries vary in character according to
+the public they are intended for. The answer therefore to the
+question--How to form a Public Library?--must depend upon the character of
+the library which it is proposed to form. Up to the period when free town
+libraries were first formed, collections of books were usually intended
+for students; but when the Public Libraries' Acts were passed, a great
+change took place, and libraries being formed for general readers, and
+largely with the object of fostering the habit of reading, an entirely
+new idea of libraries came into existence. The old idea of a library was
+that of a place where books that were wanted could be found, but the new
+idea is that of an educational establishment, where persons who know
+little or nothing of books can go to learn what to read. The new idea has
+naturally caused a number of points to be discussed which were never
+thought of before.
+
+But even in Town Libraries there will be great differences. Thus in such
+places as Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, the Free Libraries should
+be smaller British Museums, and in this spirit their founders have worked;
+but in smaller and less important towns a more modest object has to be
+kept in view, and the wants of readers, more than those of consulters of
+books, have to be considered.
+
+Mr. Beriah Botfield has given a very full account of the contents of the
+libraries spread about the country and associated with the different
+Cathedrals in his _Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of England_, 1849.
+These libraries have mostly been formed upon the same plan, and consist
+very largely of the works of the Fathers, and of old Divinity. Some
+contain also old editions of the classics, and others fine early editions
+of English authors. In former times these libraries were much neglected,
+and many of the books were lost; but the worst instance of injury to a
+library occurred at Lincoln at the beginning of the present century, when
+a large number of Caxtons, Pynsons, Wynkyn de Wordes, etc., were sold to
+Dr. Dibdin, and modern books purchased for the library with the proceeds.
+Dibdin printed a list of his treasures under the title of "The Lincolne
+Nosegay." Mr. Botfield has reprinted this catalogue in his book.
+
+The first chapter of the _United States Report on Public Libraries_ is
+devoted to Public Libraries a hundred years ago. Mr. H.E. Scudder there
+describes some American libraries which were founded in the last century.
+One of these was the Loganian Library of Philadelphia. Here is an extract
+from the will of James Logan, the founder--
+
+"In my library, which I have left to the city of Philadelphia for the
+advancement and facilitating of classical learning, are above one hundred
+volumes of authors, in folio, all in Greek, with mostly their versions.
+All the Roman classics without exception. All the Greek mathematicians,
+viz. Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both his Geography and Almagest, which I
+had in Greek (with Theon's Commentary, in folio, above 700 pages) from my
+learned friend Fabricius, who published fourteen volumes of his
+_Bibliotheque Grecque_, in quarto, in which, after he had finished his
+account of Ptolemy, on my inquiring of him at Hamburgh, how I should find
+it, having long sought for it in vain in England, he sent it to me out of
+his own library, telling me it was so scarce that neither prayers nor
+price could purchase it; besides, there are many of the most valuable
+Latin authors, and a great number of modern mathematicians, with all the
+three editions of Newton, Dr. Watts, Halley, etc." The inscription on the
+house of the Philadelphia Library is well worthy of repetition here. It
+was prepared by Franklin, with the exception of the reference to himself,
+which was inserted by the Committee.
+
+  Be it remembered,
+  in honor of the Philadelphia youth
+  (then chiefly artificers),
+  that in MDCCXXXI
+  they cheerfully,
+  at the instance of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
+  one of their number,
+  instituted the Philadelphia Library,
+  which, though small at first,
+  is become highly valuable and extensively useful,
+  and which the walls of this edifice
+  are now destined to contain and preserve:
+  the first stone of whose foundation
+  was here placed
+  the thirty-first day of August, 1789.
+
+Mr. F.B. Perkins, of the Boston Public Library, contributed to the _Report
+on Public Libraries in the United States_ a useful chapter on "How to make
+Town Libraries successful" (pp. 419-430). The two chief points upon which
+he lays particular stress, and which may be said to form the texts for his
+practical remarks, are: (1) that a Public Library for popular use must be
+managed not only as a literary institution, but also as a business
+concern; and (2) that it is a mistake to choose books of too thoughtful or
+solid a character. He says, "It is vain to go on the principle of
+collecting books that people ought to read, and afterwards trying to coax
+them to read them. The only practical method is to begin by supplying
+books that people already want to read, and afterwards to do whatever
+shall be found possible to elevate their reading tastes and habits."
+
+A series of articles on "How to Start Libraries in Small Towns" was
+published in the _Library Journal_ (vol. i. pp. 161, 213, 249, 313, 355,
+421), and Mr. Axon's _Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries_ has
+already been mentioned. We must not be too rigid in the use of the term
+Public Libraries, and we should certainly include under this description
+those institutional Libraries which, although primarily intended for the
+use of the Members of the Societies to which they belong, can usually be
+consulted by students who are properly introduced.
+
+Of Public Libraries first in order come the great libraries of a nation,
+such as the British Museum. These are supplied by means of the Copyright
+Law, but the librarians are not from this cause exonerated from the
+troubles attendant on the formation of a library. There are old books and
+privately printed and foreign books to be bought, and it is necessary that
+the most catholic spirit should be displayed by the librarians. The same
+may be said in a lesser degree of the great libraries of the more
+important towns.
+
+In England the Universities have noble libraries, more especially those of
+Oxford and Cambridge, but although some colleges possess fine collections
+of books, college libraries are not as a rule kept up to a very high
+standard. The United States Report contains a full account of the college
+libraries in America (pp. 60-126).
+
+The libraries of societies are to a large extent special ones, and my
+brother, the late Mr. B.R. Wheatley, in a paper read before the Conference
+of Librarians, 1877, entitled "Hints on Library Management, so far as
+relates to the Circulation of Books," particularly alluded to this fact.
+He wrote, "Our library is really a medical and surgical section of a great
+Public Library. Taking the five great classes of literature, I suppose
+medicine and its allied sciences may be considered as forming a thirtieth
+of the whole, and, as our books number 30,000, we are, as it were, a
+complete section of a Public Library of nearly a million volumes in
+extent."
+
+The United States Report contains several chapters on special libraries,
+thus chapter 2 is devoted to those of Schools and Asylums; 4, to
+Theological Libraries; 5, to Law; 6, to Medical; and 7, to Scientific
+Libraries. For the formation of special libraries, special bibliographies
+will be required, and for information on this subject reference should be
+made to Chapter VI. of the present work.
+
+When we come to deal with the Free Public Libraries, several ethical
+questions arise, which do not occur in respect to other libraries. One of
+the most pressing of these questions refers to the amount of Fiction read
+by the ordinary frequenters of these libraries.
+
+This point is alluded to in the United States Report on Public Libraries.
+Mr. J.P. Quincy, in the chapter on Free Libraries (p. 389), writes,
+"Surely a state which lays heavy taxes upon the citizen in order that
+children may be taught to read is bound to take some interest in what they
+read; and its representatives may well take cognizance of the fact that an
+increased facility for obtaining works of sensational fiction is not the
+special need of our country at the close of the first century of its
+independence." He mentions a free library in Germanstown, Pa., sustained
+by the liberality of a religious body, and frequented by artisans and
+working people of both sexes. It had been in existence six years in 1876,
+and then contained 7000 volumes. No novels are admitted into the library.
+The following is a passage from the librarian's report of 1874: "In
+watching the use of our library as it is more and more resorted to by the
+younger readers of our community, I have been much interested in its
+influence in weaning them from a desire for works of fiction. On first
+joining the library, the new comers often ask for such books, but failing
+to procure them, and having their attention turned to works of interest
+and instruction, in almost every instance they settle down to good reading
+and cease asking for novels. I am persuaded that much of this vitiated
+taste is cultivated by the purveyors to the reading classes, and that they
+are responsible for an appetite they often profess to deplore, but
+continue to cater to, under the plausible excuse that the public will have
+such works."
+
+Mr. Justin Winsor in chapter 20 (Reading in Popular Libraries) expresses a
+somewhat different view. He writes, "Every year many young readers begin
+their experiences with the library. They find all the instructive reading
+they ought to have in their school books, and frequent the library for
+story books. These swell the issues of fiction, but they prevent the
+statistics of that better reading into which you have allured the older
+ones, from telling as they should in the average."
+
+At the London Conference of Librarians (1877), Mr. P. Cowell, Librarian of
+the Liverpool Public Library, read a paper on the admission of Fiction in
+Free Public Libraries, where he discussed the subject in a very fair
+manner, and deplored the high percentage of novel reading in these
+libraries. At the Second Annual Meeting of the Library Association (1879)
+Mr. J. Taylor Kay, Librarian of Owens College, Manchester, in his paper on
+the Provision of Novels in Rate-supported Libraries, more completely
+condemned this provision. He concluded his paper with these words:
+"Clearly a hard and fast line must be drawn. A distinct refusal by the
+library committees to purchase a single novel or tale would be appreciated
+by the rate-payers. The suggestion of a sub-committee to read this
+literature would not be tolerated, and no man whose time is of value would
+undergo the infliction. The libraries would attain their true position,
+and the donations would certainly be of a higher class, if the aims of the
+committees were known to be higher. Manchester has already curtailed its
+issues of novels. It has been in the vanguard on the education question:
+and let us hope it will be true to its traditions, to its noble impulses,
+and lead the van in directing the educational influence of the free
+libraries, and striking out altogether any expenditure in the
+dissemination of this literature."
+
+This question probably would not have come to the front if it were not
+that the educational value of Free Libraries, as the complement of Board
+Schools, has been very properly put forward by their promoters. With this
+aim in view, it does startle one somewhat to see the completely
+disproportionate supply of novels in the Free Libraries. This often rises
+to 75 per cent. of the total supply, and in some libraries even a higher
+percentage has been reached. There are, however, exceptions. At the
+Baltimore Peabody Institute Fiction did not rise to more than one-tenth of
+the total reading. The following are some figures of subjects circulated
+at that library above 1000:--
+
+  Belles Lettres                4598
+  Fiction                       3999
+  Biography                     2003
+  Greek and Latin Classics      1265
+  History (American)            1137
+  Law                           1051
+  Natural History               1738
+  Theology                      1168
+  Periodicals (Literary)        4728
+  Periodicals (Scientific)      1466
+
+Mr. Cowell says that during the year ending 31st August, 1877, 453,585
+volumes were issued at the reference library alone (Liverpool Free Public
+Library); of these 170,531 were strictly novels. The high-percentage of
+novel reading is not confined to Free Public Libraries, for we find that
+in the Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco, in 1874, 64,509 volumes of
+Prose Fiction were lent out of a total of 78,219. The other high figures
+being Essays, 2280; History, 1823; Biography and Travels, 1664. In the
+College of the City of New York, of the books taken out by students
+between Nov. 1876, and Nov. 1877, 1043 volumes were Novels, the next
+highest numbers were Science, 153; Poetry, 133; History, 130.[15]
+
+In considering this question one naturally asks if the masterpieces of our
+great authors, which every one should read, are to be mixed up with the
+worthless novels constantly being published in the condemnation of
+Fiction; but, to some extent, both Mr. Cowell and Mr. Kay answer this. The
+first of these gentlemen writes: "As to the better class novels, which are
+so graphic in their description of places, costumes, pageantry, men, and
+events, I regret to say that they are not the most popular with those who
+stand in need of their instructive descriptions. I could generally find
+upon the library shelves 'Harold,' 'The Last of the Barons,' 'Westward
+Ho!' 'Hypatia,' 'Ivanhoe,' 'Waverley,' 'Lorna Doone,' etc., when not a
+copy of the least popular of the works of Mrs. Henry Wood, 'Ouida,' Miss
+Braddon, or Rhoda Broughton were to be had." Mr. Kay corroborates this
+opinion in his paper.
+
+Most of us recognize the value of honest fiction for children and the
+overwrought brains of busy men, but the reading of novels of any kind can
+only be justified as a relaxation, and it is a sad fact that there is a
+large class of persons who will read nothing but novels and who call all
+other books dry reading. Upon the minds of this class fiction has a most
+enervating effect, and it is not to be expected that ratepayers will
+desire to increase this class by the indiscriminate supply of novels to
+the Free Libraries. Some persons are so sanguine as to believe that
+readers will be gradually led from the lower species of reading to the
+higher; but there is little confirmation of this hope to be found in the
+case of the confirmed novel readers we see around us.
+
+The librarian who, with ample funds for the purpose, has the duty before
+him of forming a Public Library, sets forward on a pleasant task. He has
+the catalogues of all kinds of libraries to guide him, and he will be able
+to purchase the groundwork of his library at a very cheap rate, for
+probably at no time could sets of standard books be bought at so low a
+price as now. Many books that are not wanted by private persons are
+indispensable for a Public Library, and there being little demand for them
+they can be obtained cheap. When the groundwork has been carefully laid,
+then come some of the difficulties of collecting. Books specially required
+will not easily be obtained, and when they are found, the price will
+probably be a high one. Books of reference will be expensive, and as these
+soon get out of date, they will frequently need renewal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] _Library Journal_, vol. ii. p. 70.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+PRIVATE LIBRARIES.
+
+
+Treating of private libraries, it will be necessary to consider their
+constitution under two heads, according as they are required in town or
+country. In London, for instance, where libraries of all kinds are easily
+accessible, a man need only possess books on his own particular hobby, and
+a good collection of books of reference; but in the country, away from
+public libraries, a well-selected collection of standard books will be
+necessary.
+
+
+1. _Town._
+
+Every one who loves books will be sure to have some favourite authors on
+special subjects of study respecting which he needs no instruction
+farther than that which is ready to his hand. Books on these subjects he
+will need, both in town and country, if he possesses two houses. Some
+collectors make their town house a sort of gathering-place for the
+accessions to their country libraries. Here a class is completed, bound,
+and put in order, and then sent to the country to find its proper place in
+the family library.
+
+This is an age of books of reference, and as knowledge increases, and the
+books which impart it to readers become unwieldy from their multitude,
+there are sure to be forthcoming those who will reduce the facts into a
+handy form. I have gathered in the following pages the titles of some of
+the best books of reference which are to be obtained. Many, if not all of
+these, are to be found in that magnificent library of reference--the
+Reading Room of the British Museum. In some cases where the books are
+constantly being reprinted, dates have been omitted. There are, doubtless,
+many valuable works which I have overlooked, and some Text-books I have
+had to leave out owing to the exigencies of space, but I trust that the
+present list will be found useful.
+
+     _Abbreviations._--Dictionnaire des Abreviations Latines et
+     Francaises usitees dans les inscriptions lapidaires et
+     metalliques, les manuscrits et les chartes du Moyen Age. Par
+     L. Alph. Chassant. Quatrieme edition. Paris, 1876. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Anthropology._--Notes and Queries on Anthropology, for the
+     use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands. Drawn
+     up by a Committee appointed by the British Association.
+     London, 1874. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Antiquities._--Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.
+     Edited by Dr. William Smith. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et
+     Romaines d'apres les textes et les Monuments ... Ouvrage
+     redige ... sous la direction de Ch. Daremberg et Edm.
+     Saglio. Paris, 1873. 4to.
+
+     ---- The Life of the Greeks and Romans described from
+     Antique Monuments, by E. Guhl and W. Koner, translated from
+     the third German edition by F. Hueffer. London, 1875. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Gallus or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augustus. By W.A.
+     Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe. London.
+
+     ---- Charicles: Illustrations of the Private Life of the
+     Ancient Greeks. By W.A. Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe.
+     London.
+
+     _Antiquities._--Archaeological Index to remains of antiquity
+     of the Celtic, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By
+     John Yonge Akerman. London, 1847. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Introduction to English Antiquities. By James
+     Eccleston. London, 1847. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The English Archaeologist's Handbook. By Henry Godwin.
+     Oxford, 1867. 8vo.
+
+     _Architecture._--A Dictionary of the Architecture and
+     Archaeology of the Middle Ages.... By John Britton. London,
+     1838.
+
+     ---- History of Architecture in all countries, from the
+     earliest times to the present day. By James Fergusson.
+     London, 1865-76. 4 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Nicholson's Dictionary of the Science and Practice of
+     Architecture, Building, Carpentry, etc. New edition, edited
+     by Edward Lomax and Thomas Gunyon. London. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- An Encyclopaedia of Architecture, historical,
+     theoretical, and practical. By Joseph Gwilt, revised by
+     Wyatt Papworth. New edition. London, 1876. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Dictionary of Architecture, issued by the
+     Architectural Publication Society. A to Oz. 4 vols. Roy.
+     4to. (In progress.)
+
+     ---- A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian,
+     and Gothic Architecture. Fifth edition, enlarged. Oxford,
+     1850. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa
+     Architecture and Furniture.... By J.C. Loudon. London, 1833.
+     8vo.
+
+     _Arts, Manufactures_, etc.--Ure's Dictionary of Arts,
+     Manufactures, and Mines, containing a clear exposition of
+     their Principles and Practice. By Robert Hunt, assisted by
+     F.W. Rudler. Seventh edition. London, 1875. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Spons' Encyclopaedia of the Industrial Arts,
+     Manufactures, and Commercial Products. London, 1879. 8 vols.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- History of Physical Astronomy. By Robert Grant. London
+     [1852]. A most valuable book, but now out of print and
+     scarce.
+
+     ---- An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients.
+     By G. Cornewall Lewis. London, 1862. 8vo.
+
+     _Bible._--Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its
+     Antiquities, Biography, Mythology, and Geography. By Dr.
+     William Smith. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Biblical Cyclopaedia or Dictionary of Eastern
+     Antiquities, Geography, Natural History, Sacred Annals and
+     Biography, Theology and Biblical Literature, illustrative of
+     the Old and New Testaments. Edited by John Eadie, D.D.,
+     LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, 1870. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Bible Atlas of Maps and Plans to illustrate the
+     Geography and Topography of the Old and New Testaments and
+     the Apocrypha, with Explanatory Notes by Samuel Clark, M.A.
+     Also a complete Index of the Geographical Names ... by
+     George Grove. London, 1868. 4to.
+
+     _Bible._ See _Concordances_.
+
+     _Bibliography._--See Chapters V. and VI.
+
+     _Biography._--Mr. Chancellor Christie contributed a very
+     interesting article to the _Quarterly Review_ (April, 1884)
+     on Biographical Dictionaries, in which he details the
+     history of the struggle between the publishers of the
+     _Biographie Universelle_ and Messrs. Didot, whose Dictionary
+     was eventually entitled _Nouvelle Biographie Generale_. The
+     new edition of the _Biographie Universelle_ (45 vols. Imp.
+     8vo. Paris, 1854) is an invaluable work. Chalmers's
+     Biographical Dictionary (32 vols. 8vo. 1812-17) is a mine of
+     literary wealth, from which compilers have freely dug.
+     Rose's (12 vols. 8vo. 1848) was commenced upon a very
+     comprehensive plan, but the lives were considerably
+     contracted before the work was completed. It is, however, a
+     very useful work. L.B. Phillips's "Dictionary of
+     Biographical Reference" contains 100,000 names, and gives
+     the dates of birth and death, which in many instances is all
+     the information the consulter requires, and should more be
+     required, he is referred to the authority. This book is
+     quite indispensable for every library. There are several
+     national Biographical Dictionaries, and at last a thoroughly
+     satisfactory Biographia Britannica is in course of
+     publication by Messrs. Smith & Elder. The "Dictionary of
+     National Biography, edited by Leslie Stephen," has reached
+     the fifth volume, and extends to Bottisham.
+
+     ---- Robert Chambers's Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
+     Scotsmen (Glasgow, 1835-56. 5 vols. 8vo.) will be found
+     useful.
+
+     _Biography._--Dr. William Allen's "American Biographical
+     Dictionary" was published at Boston in 1857.
+
+     ---- Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains ... Par A.V.
+     Arnault [etc.]. Paris, 1820-25. 20 vols. 8vo. Mr. Edward
+     Smith points this book out to me as specially valuable for
+     information respecting actors in the French Revolution.
+
+     ---- Handbook of Contemporary Biography. By Frederick
+     Martin. London, 1870. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Men of the Time: a Dictionary of Contemporaries.
+     Eleventh edition. Revised by Thompson Cooper. London, 1884.
+     Sm. 8vo. A volume of 1168 pages should contain a fair
+     representation of the men of the day, and yet it is
+     ludicrously incomplete. The literary side is as much
+     overdone as the scientific side is neglected. This is not
+     the place to make a list of shortcomings, but it will
+     probably astonish most of our readers to learn that such
+     eminent Men of the Time as Sir Frederick Abel, Sir Frederick
+     Bramwell, and the late Dr. W.B. Carpenter are not mentioned.
+     As this book has as a high reputation, the editor should
+     thoroughly revise it for a new edition.
+
+     ---- Men of the Reign. A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
+     Characters of both Sexes, who have died during the reign of
+     Queen Victoria. Edited by T. Humphry Ward. (Uniform with
+     "Men of the Time.") London, 1885.
+
+     _Biography._--Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains....
+     Par G. Vapereau. Cinquieme edition. Paris, 1880. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Supplement. Oct. 1881.
+
+     ---- Biographie Nationale des Contemporains, redigee par une
+     Societe de Gens de Lettres sous la direction de M. Ernest
+     Glaeser. Paris, 1878. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire General de Biographie Contemporaine
+     Francaise et Etrangere. Par Ad. Bitard. Paris, 1878. 8vo.
+
+     ---- To this list of Contemporary Biography may be added the
+     Indexes of Obituary Notices published by the Index Society.
+
+     (_Bishops._)--Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, or a Calendar of the
+     principal Ecclesiastical Dignitaries in England and Wales,
+     and of the chief officers in the Universities of Oxford and
+     Cambridge, from the earliest time to the year 1715. Compiled
+     by John Le Neve. Corrected and continued from 1715 to the
+     present time by T. Duffus Hardy. Oxford, 1854. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae. The Succession of the
+     Prelates and Members of Cathedral Bodies in Ireland. By
+     Henry Cotton, D.C.L. Dublin, 1847-60. 5 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Lawyers._)--Lives of the Chief Justices of England. By
+     John Lord Campbell. Second edition. London, 1858. 3 vols.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great
+     Seal of England. By John Lord Campbell. Fourth edition.
+     London, 1856. 10 vols. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     (_Scientific Men._)--Poggendorff (J.C.).
+     Biographisch-Literarisches Handwoerterbuch zur Geschichte der
+     exacten Wissenschaften, enthaltend Nachweisungen ueber
+     Lebensverhaeltnisse und Leistungen von Mathematikern,
+     Astronomen, Physikern, Chemikern, Mineralogen, Geologen
+     u.s.w. aller Voelker und Zeiten. Leipzig, 1863. Roy. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     (_Cambridge._)--Athenae Cantabrigienses. By Charles Henry
+     Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper. Cambridge, 1858-61.
+     Vol. I. 1500-1585. Vol. II. 1586-1609. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1760-1856. Cura Josephi
+     Romilly, A.M. Cantabrigiae, 1856.
+
+     ---- Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1800-1884. Cura Henrici
+     Richardo Luard, S.T.P. Cantabrigiae, 1884.
+
+     (_Oxford._)--Athenae and Fasti Oxonienses. By Ant. a Wood.
+     New edition, with Notes, Additions, and Continuation by the
+     Rev. Dr. P. Bliss. 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
+
+     ---- Catalogue of all Graduates in the University of Oxford,
+     1659-1850. Oxford, 1851. 8vo.
+
+     (_Dublin._)--A Catalogue of Graduates who have proceeded to
+     degrees in the University of Dublin from the earliest
+     recorded Commencements to July, 1866, with Supplement to
+     December 16, 1868. Dublin, 1869. 8vo. Vol. II. 1868-1883.
+     Dublin, 1884. 8vo.
+
+     (_Eton._)--Alumni Etonenses, or a Catalogue of the Provosts
+     and Fellows of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge,
+     from the Foundation in 1443 to the Year 1797. By Thomas
+     Harwood. Birmingham, 1797. 4to.
+
+     (_Westminster._)--The List of the Queen's Scholars of St.
+     Peter's College, Westminster, admitted on that Foundation
+     since 1663, and of such as have been thence elected to
+     Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge, from
+     the Foundation by Queen Elizabeth, 1561, to the present
+     time. Collected by Joseph Welch. A new edition ... by an old
+     King's Scholar. London, 1852. Roy. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Botany._--An Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs; being the
+     Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged.... By J.C.
+     Loudon. London, 1842. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants ... New edition
+     corrected to the present time. Edited by Mrs. Loudon.
+     London, 1855. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Vegetable Kingdom; or the structure, classification
+     and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system. By
+     John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. Third edition. London, 1853.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- International Dictionary of Plants in Latin, German,
+     English and French, for Botanists, and especially
+     Horticulturists, Agriculturists, Students of Forestry and
+     Pharmaceutists, by Dr. William Ulrich. Leipzig, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     _Botany._--Topographical Botany: being Local and Personal
+     Records towards shewing the distribution of British Plants
+     traced through 112 counties and vice-counties of England,
+     Wales and Scotland. By Hewett Cottrell Watson. Second
+     edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1883. 8vo.
+
+     The need of an authoritative list of Botanical names must be
+     frequently felt by a large number of writers, those who have
+     but little knowledge of the science even more than Botanists
+     themselves. The following work will be found useful for this
+     purpose, but there is reason to hope that a much larger and
+     more exhaustive list will shortly be published, as Mr.
+     Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, is, we
+     believe, now engaged upon such a work. "Nomenclator
+     Botanicus seu Synonymia Plantarum Universalis.... Autore
+     Ernesto Theoph. Steudel; editio secunda, Stuttgartiae et
+     Tubingae, 1841." Royal 8vo.
+
+     _Cards._--Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History
+     of Playing Cards. By William Andrew Chatto. London, 1848.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and other Cards in
+     the British Museum, accompanied by a Concise General History
+     of the Subject, and Remarks on Cards of Divination and of a
+     Politico-Historical Character. By William Hughes Willshire,
+     M.D. Printed by order of the Trustees, 1876. Royal 8vo.
+
+     _Chemistry._--A Dictionary of Chemistry and the allied
+     Branches of other Sciences, founded on that of the late Dr.
+     Ure. By Henry Watts. 1863-68. 5 vols. 8vo. Supplement, 1872.
+     Second Supplement, 1879. Third Supplement, 1879-81. 2 vols.
+
+     ---- Handbook of Modern Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic,
+     for the use of Students. By Charles Meymott Tidy, M.B.,
+     F.C.S. London, 1878. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Handbook of Chemistry. By L. Gmelin. Trans. by H.
+     Watts. London, 1848-67. 17 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Industrial Chemistry, based upon the German edition of
+     Payen's "Precis de Chimie Industrielle," edited by B.H.
+     Paul. London, 1878.
+
+     ---- A Treatise on Chemistry. By [Sir] H.E. Roscoe and C.
+     Schorlemmer. London. 8vo.
+
+     _Coins._--A Numismatic Manual. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A.
+     London, 1840. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Silver Coins of England arranged and described by
+     E. Hawkins. London, 1841. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Gold Coins of England arranged and described, being
+     a sequel to Mr. Hawkins's Silver Coins of England, by his
+     grandson, Robert Lloyd Kenyon. London, 1880. 8vo.
+
+     _Commerce._--A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and
+     Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. By the
+     late J.R. McCulloch. Latest edition by A.J. Wilson. London,
+     1882. 8vo.
+
+     ---- History of British Commerce, 1763-1870. By Leone Levi.
+     London, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     _Concordances._
+
+     _Aristophanes._--A Complete Concordance to the Comedies and
+     Fragments of Aristophanes. By Henry Dunbar, M.D. Oxford,
+     1883. 4to.
+
+     _Bible._--A complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of
+     the Old and New Testaments. By Alexander Cruden, M.A.
+     London, 1737. 4to. Second edition 1761, third edition 1769;
+     this is the last corrected by the author. Most of the
+     Concordances published since are founded upon Cruden.
+
+     ---- An Analytical Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, or
+     the Bible presented under distinct and classified heads of
+     topics. Edited by John Eadie, D.D., LL.D. London and
+     Glasgow, 1856. 8vo.
+
+     _Homer._--A Complete Concordance to the Iliad of Homer. By
+     Guy Lushington Prendergast. London, 1875. 4to.
+
+     ---- A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of
+     Homer, to which is added a Concordance to the parallel
+     passages in the Iliad, Odyssey and Hymns. By Henry Dunbar,
+     M.D. Oxford, 1880. 4to.
+
+     _Milton._--A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of
+     Milton. By Guy Lushington Prendergast, Madras Civil Service.
+     Madras, 1857. 4to. Originally published in 12 parts.
+
+     ---- A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of John
+     Milton. By Charles Dexter Cleveland, LL.D. London, 1867. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     The Rev. H.J. Todd compiled a verbal Index to the whole of
+     Milton's Poetry, which was appended to the second edition of
+     his life of the Poet (1809).
+
+     _Pope._--A Concordance to the Works of Alexander Pope. By
+     Edwin Abbott, with an Introduction by Edwin A. Abbott, D.D.
+     London, 1875. Royal 8vo.
+
+     _Shakespeare._--The Complete Concordance to Shakspere: being
+     a verbal Index to all the passages in the dramatic works of
+     the Poet. By Mrs. Cowden Clarke. London, 1845. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Shakespeare-Lexicon: a Complete Dictionary of all the
+     English words, phrases and constructions in the works of the
+     poet. By Dr. Alexander Schmidt. (Berlin and London), 1874. 2
+     vols. royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Concordance to Shakespeare's Poems: an Index to every
+     word therein contained. By Mrs. Horace Howard Furness.
+     Philadelphia, 1874.
+
+     ---- A Handbook Index to the Works of Shakespeare, including
+     references to the phrases, manners, customs, proverbs,
+     songs, particles, etc., which are used or alluded to by the
+     great Dramatist. By J.O. Halliwell, Esq., F.R.S. London,
+     1866. 8vo. Only fifty copies printed.
+
+     _Tennyson._--A Concordance of the entire works of Alfred
+     Tennyson, P.L., D.C.L., F.R.S. By D. Barron Brightwell.
+     London, 1869. 8vo.
+
+     _Tennyson._--Concordance to the works of Alfred Tennyson,
+     Poet Laureate. London, 1870. "The Holy Grail," etc., is
+     indexed separately.
+
+     ---- An Index to "In Memoriam." London, 1862.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Costume._--A Cyclopaedia of Costume or Dictionary of Dress,
+     including Notices of Contemporaneous Fashions on the
+     Continent.... By James Robinson Planche, Somerset Herald.
+     London, 1876-79. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I. Dictionary. Vol. II.
+     General History of Costume in Europe.
+
+     _Councils._--Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating
+     to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited after Spelman and
+     Wilkins, by Arthur West Haddan, B.D., and William Stubbs,
+     M.A. Oxford, 1869. Vol. II. Part I. 1873. Vol. III. 1871.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- England's Sacred Synods. A Constitutional History of
+     the Convocations of the Clergy from the earliest Records of
+     Christianity in Britain to the date of the promulgation of
+     the present Book of Common Prayer, including a List of all
+     Councils, Ecclesiastical as well as Civil, held in England
+     in which the Clergy have been concerned. By James Wayland
+     Joyce, M.A. London, 1855. 8vo.
+
+     _Dates._--See _History_.
+
+     _Dictionaries._
+
+     (_English._)--One of the most useful English Dictionaries is
+     the "Imperial Dictionary" by Ogilvie, which has been edited
+     with great care by Charles Annandale.[16] The vocabulary is
+     very full, the etymology is trustworthy, and the definitions
+     are clear and satisfactory. The engravings which are
+     interspersed with the text are excellent, and greatly add to
+     the utility of the Dictionary.
+
+     For years preparations have been made for a Standard English
+     Dictionary, and at last the work has been commenced under
+     the able editorship of Dr. James A.H. Murray. In 1857, on
+     the suggestion of Archbishop Trench, the Philological
+     Society undertook the preparation of a Dictionary, "which by
+     the completeness of its vocabulary, and by the application
+     of the historical method to the life and use of words, might
+     be worthy of the English language and of English
+     scholarship." The late Mr. Herbert Coleridge and Dr.
+     Furnivall undertook the editorship, and a large number of
+     volunteers came forward to read books and extract
+     quotations. Mr. Coleridge died in the midst of his work, and
+     upon Dr. Furnivall devolved the entire editorship in
+     addition to his other onerous duties as Secretary of the
+     Philological Society. He projected the admirable system of
+     sub-editing, which proved so successful. As the work
+     proceeded several of the most energetic and most competent
+     workers undertook to sub-edit the materials already
+     collected, each one taking a separate letter of the
+     alphabet. Some two million quotations were amassed, but
+     still the man was wanting who would devote his life to
+     forming the Dictionary from these materials. In course of
+     time Dr. Murray came forward, and in 1878 he prepared some
+     specimens for submission to the Delegates of the Clarendon
+     Press, who agreed to publish the Dictionary. The first part
+     was published in 1884, and the second in 1885.[17] It is
+     hoped that in future it will be possible to issue a part
+     every six months. At present the alphabet is carried down to
+     Batten. This is one of the most magnificent pieces of work
+     that has ever been produced in any country, and it is an
+     honour to every one concerned. To the Philological Society
+     who conceived it, to Dr. Murray and his staff who have
+     devoted so much labour and intellect to its production, and
+     to the Clarendon Press who have published it to the world.
+     It is, moreover, an honour to the country which now
+     possesses a well-grounded hope of having, at no distant day,
+     the finest Historical Dictionary ever produced.
+
+     In this connection the _Encyclopaedic Dictionary_, now in
+     course of publication by Messrs. Cassell, should be
+     mentioned as a valuable work.
+
+     Up to a few years ago it was impossible to obtain any
+     satisfactory etymological information on English words from
+     our Dictionaries. Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood partly removed this
+     reproach by the publication of his very valuable "Dictionary
+     of English Etymology" in 1859,[18] but in this work Mr.
+     Wedgwood only dealt with a portion of the vocabulary.
+
+     Professor Skeat commenced the publication of his
+     indispensable "Etymological Dictionary of the English
+     Language" (Clarendon Press) in 1879, and in 1884 he produced
+     a second edition. In 1882 Professor Skeat published "A
+     Concise Etymological Dictionary," which is something more
+     than an abridgment, and a book which should find a place in
+     all libraries of reference.
+
+     A Glossarial Index to the Printed English Literature of the
+     Thirteenth Century. By H. Coleridge. London, 1859. 8vo. This
+     was one of the earliest publications which grew out of the
+     preparations for the great Philological Society's
+     Dictionary. Stratmann's Dictionary of the Old English
+     Language (third edition, Krefeld, 1878) is an indispensable
+     work. A new edition, prepared by Mr. H. Bradley, is about to
+     be issued by the Clarendon Press.
+
+     Of single volume Dictionaries, Mr. Hyde Clarke's "New and
+     Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language as spoken
+     and written" in Weale's Educational Series (price 3_s._
+     6_d._) is one of the most valuable. I have time after time
+     found words there which I have searched for in vain in more
+     important looking Dictionaries. Mr. Clarke claims that he
+     was the first to raise the number of words registered in an
+     English Dictionary to 100,000.
+
+     The Rev. James Stormonth's "Dictionary of the English
+     Language, Pronouncing, Etymological, and Explanatory," is a
+     work of great value. It is so well arranged and printed that
+     it becomes a pleasure to consult it.
+
+     Those who are interested in Dialects will require all the
+     special Dictionaries which have been published, and these
+     may be found in the Bibliography now being compiled by the
+     English Dialect Society, but those who do not make this a
+     special study will be contented with "A Dictionary of
+     Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs,
+     and Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century, by J.O.
+     Halliwell" (fifth edition, London, 1865, 2 vols. 8vo.),
+     which is well-nigh indispensable to all. Nares's Glossary
+     (1822-46, new edition, by J.O. Halliwell and T. Wright, 2
+     vols. 8vo. 1859) is also required by those who make a study
+     of Old English Literature.
+
+
+     The following is a short indication of some of the most
+     useful working Dictionaries:
+
+     _Arabic._--Lane.
+
+     _Greek._--Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, both in
+     4to. and in abridged form in square 12mo.
+
+     _Latin._--The Clarendon Press publish a Latin Dictionary
+     founded on Andrews's edition of Freund, and edited by C.T.
+     Lewis and C. Short, which is of great value. Smith's
+     Dictionary, both the large edition and the smaller one, and
+     that of Riddle are good.
+
+     _French._--The Dictionaries of Fleming and Tibbins, and
+     Spiers, keep up their character, but for idioms the
+     International French and English Dictionary of Hamilton and
+     Legros is the best. For smaller Dictionaries Cassell's is
+     both cheap and good. Bellows's Pocket Dictionary has
+     obtained considerable fame, but those who use it need a good
+     eyesight on account of the smallness of the type. It is,
+     however, beautifully printed. The Standard French
+     Dictionaries of that language alone are the noble work of
+     Littre and the excellent Dictionary of Poitevin (2 vols.
+     4to.). For early French Godefroy's elaborate work, which is
+     now in progress, must be consulted.
+
+     _German._--Fluegel's German and English Dictionary still
+     holds its own, but Koehler's Dictionary is also excellent.
+     Hilpert's and Lucas's Dictionaries, both good ones, are now
+     out of print. Of Standard German Dictionaries Grimm's great
+     work is still in progress. Sanders's Dictionary is also of
+     great value.
+
+     _Danish and Norwegian._--The Dictionary by Ferrall, Repp,
+     Rosing and Larsen is good.
+
+     _Dutch._--Calisch (2 vols. 8vo. 1875).
+
+     _Hebrew._--Fuerst, Gesenius.
+
+     _Icelandic._--Vigfusson.
+
+     _Italian._--Baretti's Dictionary still keeps up its
+     character, but Millhouse's work is also good.
+
+     _Portuguese._--Vieyra.
+
+     _Russian._--Alexandrow.
+
+     _Sanscrit._--Monier Williams. Boehtlingk and Roth.
+
+     _Pali._--Childers.
+
+     _Spanish._--Neumann and Baretti, and also Velasquez.
+
+     _Swedish._--Oman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Drama._--Biographia Dramatica; or a Companion to the
+     Playhouse ... originally compiled in the year 1764 by David
+     Erskine Baker, continued thence to 1782 by Isaac Reed, and
+     brought down to the end of November, 1811 ... by Stephen
+     Jones. London, 1812. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Old English Plays existing either in
+     print or in manuscript, from the earliest times to the close
+     of the seventeenth century; by James O. Halliwell, Esq.,
+     F.R.S. London, 1860. 8vo.
+
+     _Drugs._--Pharmacographia: a History of the Principal Drugs
+     of Vegetable Origin met with in Great Britain and British
+     India. By Friedrich A. Flueckiger, Ph.D., and Daniel Hanbury,
+     F.R.S. Second edition. London, 1879. 8vo.
+
+     _Ecclesiology._--Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical
+     Theology. Edited by the Rev. J.H. Blunt, M.A. Second
+     edition. London, 1872. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. By William Smith,
+     LL.D., and Professor S. Cheatham. London, 1876-80. 2 vols.
+     royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties,
+     and Schools of Religious Thought. Edited by the Rev. John
+     Henry Blunt, M.A. London, 1874. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume,
+     compiled from Ancient Authorities and Examples. By A. Welby
+     Pugin, Architect.... Enlarged and revised by the Rev.
+     Bernard Smith, M.A. Third edition. London, 1868. 4to.
+
+     ---- A Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms.
+     Compiled and arranged by the Rev. Frederick George Lee,
+     D.C.L. London, 1877. Sq. 8vo.
+
+     ---- See _Ritual_.
+
+     _Encyclopaedias._--The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or a
+     Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. Ninth
+     edition. Edinburgh, 1875. 4to. Now in course of publication.
+
+     ---- Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, or Universal Dictionary of
+     Knowledge.... London, 1815-41. 26 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Chambers's Encyclopaedia. 10 vols. royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. By W.T.
+     Brande. 1842. New edition, edited by the Rev. J.W. Cox.
+     London, 1866-67. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Encyclopaedias._--Rees's Cyclopaedia (39 vols., plates 6
+     vols. 1820, 4to.) can be bought excessively cheap, and is
+     well worth a place in a library where room can be found for
+     it, as many of its articles have never been superseded.
+
+     ---- Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIX^e Siecle Francais,
+     Historique, Geographique, Mythologique, Bibliographique,
+     Litteraire, Artistique, Scientifique, etc.... Par Pierre
+     Larousse. Paris, 1866-76. 15 vols. 4to. Supplement, tome 16,
+     1878.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire Universel des Sciences, des Lettres et des
+     Arts ... redige avec la collaboration d'Auteurs speciaux par
+     M.N. Bouillet ... douzieme edition. Paris, 1877. 8vo.
+
+     _Geography._--A General Dictionary of Geography,
+     descriptive, physical, statistical, historical, forming a
+     complete Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith Johnston. New
+     edition. London, 1877. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Library Cyclopaedia of Geography, descriptive,
+     physical, political and historical, forming a New Gazetteer
+     of the World. By James Bryce, M.A. and Keith Johnston.
+     London, 1880. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Index Geographicus, being a List alphabetically
+     arranged of the principal places on the Globe, with the
+     countries and sub-divisions of the countries in which they
+     are situated and their latitudes and longitudes. Compiled
+     specially with reference to Keith Johnston's Royal Atlas,
+     but applicable to all modern atlases and maps, Edinburgh,
+     1864. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Geography._--Etymologisch-Geographisches Lexikon.
+     Separat-Ausgabe des lexikalischen Theils der Nomina
+     Geographica von Dr. J.J. Egli. Leipzig, 1880. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by various
+     writers, edited by Dr. W. Smith. London, 1852. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Scotland._)--Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland. A Survey of
+     Scottish Topography, statistical, biographical and
+     historical. Edited by Francis H. Groome. Edinburgh, 1884.
+     Vol. 1, roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_France._)--Santini. Dictionnaire General ... des Communes
+     de France et des Colonies. Paris. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire des Postes de la Republique Francaise. 6^e
+     edition. Rennes, 1881. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_Italy._)--Il Libro de Comuni del Regno d'Italia. Compilato
+     sopra elementi officiali da Achille Moltedo. Napoli, 1873.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_United States._)--The National Gazetteer, a Geographical
+     Dictionary of the United States.... By L. de Colange, LL.D.
+     London, 1884. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_India._)--Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern
+     Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific.... Edited by
+     Edward Balfour.... Second edition. Madras, 1871-73. 5 vols.
+     Roy. 8vo. Third edition. London, 1885. 3 vols. The first
+     edition was published in 1858, and two Supplements in 1862.
+
+     _Geology._--A Catalogue of British Fossils: comprising the
+     Genera and Species hitherto described, with references to
+     their geological distribution.... By John Morris, F.G.S.
+     Second edition. London, 1854. 8vo.
+
+     _Geology._--Principles of Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell.
+     10th edition. London, 1867-8. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Manual of Elementary Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell.
+     London, 1865. 8vo.
+
+     _History._--Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables from
+     the Creation to the present times.... [Edited by Sir Henry
+     Ellis.] Imp. 8vo. London, 1844.
+
+     ---- Atlas Universel d'Histoire et de Geographie contenant
+     1^e la Chronologie.... 2^e la Geneologie.... 3^e la
+     Geographie.... Par M.N. Bouillet. Deuxieme edition. Paris,
+     1872. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de Geographie
+     contenant 1^e l'Histoire proprement dite.... 2^e la
+     Biographie Universelle.... 3^e la Mythologie.... 4^e la
+     Geographie ancienne et moderne. Par M.N. Bouillet ...
+     ouvrage revu et continue par A Chassang. Nouvelle edition
+     (vingt-cinquieme), avec un Supplement. Paris, 1876. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Map of Europe by Treaty, showing the various
+     political and territorial changes which have taken place
+     since the General Peace of 1814, with numerous maps and
+     notes. By Edward Hertslet, C.B. London, 1875. Vol. 1,
+     1814-1827; vol. 2, 1828-1863; vol. 3, 1864-1875.--This work
+     shows the changes which have taken place in the Map of
+     Europe by Treaty or other International arrangements. It
+     contains a List of Treaties, etc., between Great Britain and
+     Foreign Powers for the maintenance of the Peace of Europe
+     and for the Settlement of European Questions, 1814-75.
+
+     _History._--Moniteur des Dates, contenant un million des
+     renseignements biographiques, genealogiques et historiques.
+     Par Edouard Oettinger. Dresde, 1866-68. 6 thin vols. 4to.
+     Tomes 7, 8, 9, Supplement commence par E.M. Oettinger
+     considerablement augmente ... par Dr. Hugo Schramm. Leipzig,
+     1873-1882.
+
+     ---- Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information
+     relating to all Ages. 16th edition, by Benjamin Vincent.
+     London.
+
+     ---- The Manual of Dates. A Dictionary of Reference of the
+     most important facts and events in the History of the World.
+     By George H. Townsend. Fifth edition entirely remodelled and
+     edited by Frederick Martin. London, 1877. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Encyclopaedia of Chronology, Historical and
+     Biographical. By B.B. Woodward, B.A., and William L.R.
+     Gates. London, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Dictionary of Chronology, or Historical and
+     Statistical Register. Compiled and edited by William Henry
+     Overall, F.S.A. London, 1870. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Anniversary Calendar, Natal Book, and Universal
+     Mirror; embracing anniversaries of persons, events,
+     institutions, and festivals, of all denominations,
+     historical, sacred and domestic, in every period and state
+     of the world. London, 1832. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _History._--An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology
+     of Rome and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to
+     the death of Heraclius. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Edited
+     by the Rev. C.J. Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1853. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Fasti Romani: the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome
+     and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to the death
+     of Justin II. [to the death of Heraclius]. By Henry Fynes
+     Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1845-50. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Fasti Hellenici: the Civil and Literary Chronology of
+     Greece, from the earliest accounts to the death of Augustus.
+     By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1834-51. 3 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Descriptive Catalogue of Materials relating to the
+     History of Great Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign
+     of Henry VII. By Thomas Duffus Hardy. London, 1862-71. Vol.
+     I. From the Roman Period to the Norman Invasion. Vol. II.
+     A.D. 1066 to A.D. 1200. Vol. III. A.D. 1200 to A.D. 1327.
+
+     ---- The Dictionary of English History. Edited by Sidney J.
+     Low, B.A., and F.S. Pulling, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Introduction to the Study of English History. By Samuel
+     R. Gardiner, Hon. LL.D., and J. Bass Mullinger, M.A.
+     London, 1881. 8vo. The Second part by Mr. Mullinger is
+     devoted to Authorities, and is a model of what such a work
+     should be.
+
+     _History._--Handy-Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying
+     Dates with the Christian Era ... with Regnal years of
+     English Sovereigns from the Norman Conquest to the present
+     time, A.D. 1066 to 1874. By John J. Bond. London, 1875. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- The Annals of England: an Epitome of English History,
+     from contemporary writers, the Rolls of Parliament and other
+     Public Records. Library Edition. Oxford and London, 1876.
+     8vo. Contains some valuable information as to the sources of
+     history in the Appendix.
+
+     ---- The Representative History of Great Britain and
+     Ireland, being a History of the House of Commons and of the
+     Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of the United Kingdom from
+     the earliest period. By T.H.B. Oldfield. London, 1816. 6
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and events
+     of the year 1862. [By J. Giddings.] London, 1863. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and events
+     of the year 1863. By J. Giddings. London, 1864. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Index to "The Times" Newspaper, 1864, to September,
+     1885. London. 410.
+
+     ---- Annals of our Time, from the accession of Queen
+     Victoria, 1837, to the Peace of Versailles, 1871. By J.
+     Irving. London, 1871. 8vo. Supplement (Feb. 1871-July,
+     1878). London, 1879. 8vo.
+
+     (_France._)--Dictionnaire Historique de la France.... Par
+     Ludovic Lalanne. Paris, 1872. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Insurance._--The Insurance Cyclopaedia, being a Dictionary
+     of the definition of terms used in connexion with the theory
+     and practice of Insurance in all its branches; a
+     Biographical Summary ... a Bibliographical Reportery.... By
+     Cornelius Walford. London, vol. 1, 1871, to vol. 6. Royal
+     8vo.
+
+     _Language._--See _Dictionaries_, _Philology_.
+
+     _Law._--The Law-Dictionary, explaining the rise, progress,
+     and present state of the British Law.... By Sir Thomas
+     Edlyne Tomlins; fourth edition by Thomas Colpitts Granger.
+     London, 1835. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Wharton's Law-Lexicon, forming an Epitome of the Law of
+     England ... seventh edition by J.M. Lely, M.A. London, 1863.
+     Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Constitution and Laws
+     of the United States of America and of the several States of
+     the American Union.... By John Bouvier. Fourteenth edition.
+     Philadelphia, 1870.
+
+     ---- The Lawyer's Reference Manual of Law Books and
+     Citations. By Charles C. Soule. Boston, 1883. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Ancient Law; its connection with the early history of
+     Society, and its relation to modern ideas. By H.S. Maine.
+     London, 1861. 8vo.
+
+     _Law._--Lectures in Jurisprudence. By John Austin. Third
+     edition, revised and edited by R. Campbell. London, 1869. 3
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. By R. Burn.
+     The 30th edition was published in 1869. The 13th edition of
+     Archbold's Justice of the Peace appeared in 1878.
+
+     ---- Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
+     Student's edition.
+
+     _Literature._
+
+     (_English._)--Cyclopaedia of English Literature. Edited by
+     Robert Chambers. Edinburgh, 1843. New edition by Robert
+     Carruthers. Edinburgh. 2 vols. Royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of English Literature, being a Comprehensive
+     Guide to English Authors and their Works. By Davenport
+     Adams. London, n.d. Sq. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Professor Henry Morley's _English Writers_, his _Tables
+     of English Literature_, and his volumes of Selections,
+     entitled _Library of English Literature_, will be found of
+     great value.
+
+     (_American._)--Cyclopaedia of American Literature: embracing
+     personal and critical Notices of Authors, and selections
+     from their writings.... By Evert A. Duyckinck and George L.
+     Duyckinck. Edited to date by M. Laird Simons. Philadelphia,
+     1877. 2 vols. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Poets and Poetry of Europe, with Introductions and
+     Biographical Notices, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. London,
+     1855. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     (_Polish._)--Bentkowskiego (F.). Historya Literatury
+     Polskiey. Warszawie, 1814. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Russian._)--Otto (Friedrich). History of Russian
+     Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. Translated
+     from the German by George Cox. Oxford, 1839. 8vo.
+
+     (_Spanish._)--Ticknor (George). History of Spanish
+     Literature. New York, 1849. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     (_Classical._)--A History of Latin Literature from Ennius to
+     Boethius. By George Augustus Simcox, M.A. London, 1883. 2
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A History of Roman Classical Literature. By R.W.
+     Browne, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A History of Roman Literature. By W.S. Teuffel,
+     translated by Wilhelm Wagner, Ph.D. London, 1873. 2 vols.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature. Edited after
+     Dr. E. Huebner, with large additions by the Rev. John E.B.
+     Mayor. London, 1875. 12mo.
+
+     ---- Guide to the Choice of Classical Books. By Joseph B.
+     Mayor. Third edition, with Supplementary List. London, 1885.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Manuscripts._--Guide to the Historian, the Biographer, the
+     Antiquary, the man of literary curiosity, and the collector
+     of autographs, towards the verification of Manuscripts, by
+     reference to engraved facsimiles of handwriting. [By Dawson
+     Turner.] Yarmouth, 1848. Roy. 8vo. A most valuable
+     alphabetical Index of the names of celebrated men, with
+     references to the books where specimens of their writing can
+     be found.
+
+     _Mathematics._--Dictionnaire des Mathematiques appliques....
+     Par H. Sonnet. Paris, 1867. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Mechanics._--Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary.... By
+     Edward H. Knight. London and New York, 1874-77. 3 vols.
+     royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and Chemical,
+     Manufactures, Mining and Engineering. Edited by Charles
+     Tomlinson. London, 1866. 3 vols. roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Medical._--The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Edited
+     by Robert B. Todd, M.D., F.R.S. London, 1835-59. 5 vols, in
+     6, royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Practical Medicine.... By James
+     Copland. London, 1858. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Expository Lexicon of the terms, ancient and modern,
+     in Medical and General Science; including a complete
+     Medico-Legal Vocabulary.... By R.G. Mayne, M.D. London,
+     1860. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Cooper's Dictionary of Practical Surgery and
+     Encyclopaedia of Surgical Science. New edition brought down
+     to the present time by Samuel A. Lane. London, 1872. 2 vols,
+     royal 8vo.
+
+     ---- Medical Lexicon: a Dictionary of Medical Science ...
+     by Robley Dunglison, M.D., LL.D. A new edition enlarged and
+     thoroughly revised by Richard J. Dunglison, M.D.
+     Philadelphia, 1874. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Monograms._--Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, marques
+     figurees, lettres initiales, noms abreges, etc., avec
+     lesquels les Peintres, Dessinateurs, Graveurs et Sculpteurs
+     ont designe leurs noms. Par Francois Brulliot. Nouvelle
+     edition. Munich, 1832-34. 3 parts. Imp. 8vo.
+
+     _Music._--General History of the Science and Practice of
+     Music. By Sir John Hawkins. London, 1776. 5 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- History of Music from the earliest ages to the present
+     period. By Charles Burney. London, 1776-89. 4 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- Biographie Universelle des Musiciens et Bibliographie
+     generale de la musique. Par F.J. Fetis. Deuxieme edition.
+     Paris, 1860-65. 8 vols. roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Supplement et Complement, publies sous la direction de
+     M. Arthur Pougin. Paris, 1878-80. 2 vols. roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by [Sir] G.
+     Grove. London, 1878. 8vo. In progress.
+
+     _Mythology._--Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and
+     Mythology, edited by Dr. W. Smith. 1845-48. 3 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Natural History._--Dictionary of Natural History Terms,
+     with their derivations, including the various orders,
+     genera, and species. By David H. McNicoll, M.D. London,
+     1863. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Natural History._--See _Botany_, _Zoology_.
+
+     _Painters._--A General Dictionary of Painters.... By Matthew
+     Pilkington, A.M. A new edition, corrected and revised by R.
+     A. Davenport. London, 1852. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Catalague Raisonne of the Works of the most eminent
+     Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters, ... to which is added a
+     Brief Notice of the Scholars and Imitators of the Great
+     Masters of the above schools. By John Smith. London,
+     1829-42. 9 parts. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- The Picture Collector's Manual, adapted to the
+     Professional Man and the Amateur; being a Dictionary of
+     Painters ... together with an alphabetical arrangement of
+     the Scholars, Imitators, and Copyists of the various
+     masters, and a Classification of Subjects. By James R.
+     Hobbes. London, 1849. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Peerage._--Courthope's "Historical Peerage," founded on Sir
+     Nicholas Harris Nicolas's "Synopsis of the Peerage," is an
+     indispensable work, but it only refers to English Titles.
+     Mr. Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour" contains
+     the Peerage and Baronetage of England, Scotland, and
+     Ireland.
+
+     ---- The Official Baronage of England, 1066 to 1885, by
+     James E. Doyle (vols. 1-3. 4to.), has just appeared.
+
+     _Peerage._--Of the current peerages, Burke's, Dod's,
+     Debrett's, and Foster's, all have their points of merit.
+
+     _Periodicals._--Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all
+     countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies
+     in the Natural, Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
+     1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. Library of Harvard
+     University, 1879. 8vo.--In this valuable list of
+     periodicals, which is arranged geographically according to
+     countries with an alphabet under each country, transactions
+     and journals are joined together in the same arrangement. At
+     the end there are an Index of Towns, an Index of Titles, and
+     an Index of Minor Subjects.
+
+     ---- An Index to Periodical Literature. By Wm. Fred. Poole.
+     New York. Roy. 8vo. 1st ed. 1843; 2nd ed. 1848; 3rd ed.
+     1882.
+
+     ---- Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863). Compiled
+     and published by the Royal Society of London. London,
+     1867-72. 6 vols. 4to. (1864-73.) Vol. 7, 1877; Vol. 8,
+     1879.--Vol. 1, A-Clu; Vol. 2, Coa-Gra; Vol. 3, Gre-Lez; Vol.
+     4, Lhe-Poz; Vol. 5, Pra-Tiz; Vol. 6, Tka-Zyl; Vol. 7, A-Hyr;
+     Vol. 8, I-Zwi.
+
+     ---- The celebrated Dr. Thomas Young published in the second
+     volume of his _Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and
+     the Mechanical Arts_ (1807) a most valuable Catalogue of
+     books and papers relating to the subject of his Lectures,
+     which is classified minutely, and occupies 514 quarto pages
+     in double columns. In Kelland's new edition (1845) the
+     references are abridged and inserted after the several
+     lectures to which they refer.
+
+     _Philology._--Max Mueller's "Lectures on the Science of
+     Language"; Marsh's "Lectures" and "Origin and History of the
+     English Language"; Abp. Trench's "English. Past and
+     Present"; "Select Glossary."
+
+     _Physics._--Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy. By A.
+     P. Deschanel. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Elementary Treatise on Physics. By A. Ganot, edited by
+     E. Atkinson. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Plate._--Old English Plate, ecclesiastical, decorative, and
+     domestic, its makers and marks. By Wilfred Joseph Cripps,
+     M.A., F.S.A. Second edition. London, 1881. 8vo.
+
+     _Plays._--See _Drama_.
+
+     _Pottery._--Marks and Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain of
+     the Renaissance and Modern periods, with historical notices
+     of each Manufactory.... By William Chaffers. Fourth edition.
+     London, 1874. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Prices._--History of Prices from 1793 to 1856. By Thomas
+     Tooke and William Newmarch. London, 1838-57. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Prints._--An Introduction to the Study and Collection of
+     Ancient Prints. By William Hughes Willshire, M.D. Edin.
+     Second edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1877. 2 vols.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- The Print Collector, an Introduction to the Knowledge
+     necessary for forming a Collection of Ancient Prints. By J.
+     Maberly, ... Edited with Notes, an Account of Contemporary
+     Etching and Etchers, and a Bibliography of Engraving. By
+     Robert Hoe, jun. New York, 1880. Sq. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Etching and Etchers. By P.G. Hamerton. New edition.
+     London, 1876. 8vo.
+
+     _Printing._--Typographia or the Printers' Instructor:
+     including an Account of the Origin of Printing.... By J.
+     Johnson, Printer. London, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of the Art of Printing. By William Savage.
+     London, 1841. 8vo.
+
+     _Proverbs._--A Hand-Book of Proverbs, comprising an entire
+     republication of Ray's Collection of English Proverbs ...
+     and a complete alphabetical Index ... in which are
+     introduced large additions collected by Henry G. Bohn, 1857.
+     London, 1872.
+
+     ---- A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, comprising French,
+     Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Danish,
+     with English translations and a general Index. By Henry G.
+     Bohn. London, 1867.
+
+     ---- English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases collected from
+     the most authentic sources, alphabetically arranged and
+     annotated. By W. Carew Hazlitt. London, 1869. 8vo. Second
+     edition. London, 1882. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Quotations._--Many Thoughts of Many Minds: being a Treasury
+     of References, consisting of Selections from the Writings
+     of the most celebrated Authors. Compiled and analytically
+     arranged by Henry Southgate. Third edition. London, 1862.
+     8vo. Second Series. London, 1871. 8vo.
+
+     _Quotations._--Noble Thoughts in Noble Language: a
+     Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances in Prose and
+     Verse, from the writings of the known good and the great
+     unknown. Edited by Henry Southgate. London. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Prose Quotations from Socrates to Macaulay, with
+     Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1876. Roy.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson, with
+     copious Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1875.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Quotations from the English Poets. By
+     Henry G. Bohn. London, 1867. Sq. 8vo. Second edition.
+     London. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- An Index to Familiar Quotations, selected principally
+     from British Authors, with parallel passages from various
+     writers, ancient and modern. By J.C. Grocott. Liverpool,
+     1863. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Familiar Quotations: being an attempt to trace to their
+     source passages and phrases in common use. By John Bartlett.
+     Author's edition. London, Sm. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Words, Facts and Phrases, a Dictionary of Curious,
+     Quaint, and Out-of-the-Way Matters. By Eliezer Edwards.
+     London, 1882. Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Quotations._--The Reader's Handbook of Allusions,
+     References, Plots and Stories, with their appendices. By the
+     Rev. E. Brewer, LL.D.... Third edition. London, 1882. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     ---- Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.... By the Rev. E.
+     Cobham Brewer, LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, no date.
+
+     ---- A Dictionary of Latin and Greek Quotations, Proverbs,
+     Maxims and Mottos, Classical and Mediaeval, including Law
+     Terms and Phrases. Edited by H.T. Riley, B.A. London, 1880.
+     Sm. 8vo.
+
+     _Receipts._--Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts and
+     Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures,
+     Professions and Trades ... designed as a comprehensive
+     Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia.... Sixth edition, revised
+     and greatly enlarged by Richard V. Tuson. London, 1880. 2
+     vols. 8vo.
+
+     _Records._--Handbook of the Public Record Office. By F.S.
+     Thomas, Secretary of the Public Record Office. London, 1853.
+     Roy. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Index to the Printed Reports of Sir Francis Palgrave,
+     K.H., the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records, 1840-1861.
+     London, 1865. By John Edwards and Edward James Tabrum. In
+     one alphabet.
+
+     _Ritual._--Hierurgia; or, Transubstantiation, Invocation of
+     Saints, Relics and Purgatory, besides those other articles
+     of Doctrine set forth in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass
+     expounded; and the use of Holy Water, Incense, and Images
+     [etc.] Illustrated. By D. Rock, D.D. Second edition. London,
+     1851. 8vo.
+
+     _Ritual._--Hierurgia Anglicana; or, Documents and Extracts
+     illustrative of the Ritual of the Church in England after
+     the Reformation. Edited by Members of the Ecclesiological,
+     late Cambridge Camden Society. London, 1848. 8vo.
+
+     _Sports._--An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports, or complete
+     account (historical, practical, and descriptive) of Hunting,
+     Shooting, Fishing, Racing, etc., etc. By Delabere P. Blaine.
+     A new edition. London, 1840. 8vo.
+
+     _Taxes._--A Sketch of the History of Taxes in England from
+     the earliest times to the present day. By Stephen Dowell.
+     London, 1876. 8vo. Vol. 1 to the Civil War 1642.
+
+     _Theology._--See _Ecclesiology_.
+
+     _Topography._--A Topographical Dictionary of England.... By
+     Samuel Lewis. Seventh edition. London, 1849.
+
+     ---- A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.... By Samuel
+     Lewis. Fourth edition. London, 1849. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland.... By Samuel
+     Lewis. Second edition. London, 1842. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+     ---- See _Geography_.
+
+     _Wills._--An Index to Wills proved in the Court of the
+     Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and to such of the
+     records and other instruments and papers of that Court as
+     relate to matters or causes testamentary. By the Rev. John
+     Griffiths, M.A., Keeper of the Archives. Oxford, 1862. Roy.
+     8vo. In one alphabet, with a chronological list appended.
+
+     _Zoology._--Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina
+     Systematica Generum Animalium tam viventium quam fossilium,
+     secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis
+     auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis,
+     etymologia et familiis, ad quas pertinent, in singulis
+     classibus. Auctore L. Agassiz.... Soliduri, 1842-46. 4to.
+
+     ---- Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina Systematica
+     generum animalium tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum
+     ordinem alphabeticum disposita sub auspicis et sumptibus
+     C.R. Societatis Zoologico-Botanicae conscriptus a Comite
+     Augusto de Marschall [1846-1868]. Vindobonae, 1873. 8vo.
+
+
+2. _Country._
+
+A library in a large country house should contain a representative
+collection of English literature, and also a selection of books of
+reference from the previous list. Standard Authors, in their best
+editions, County Histories, Books of Travel, Books on Art, and a
+representative collection of good novels, will of course find a place
+upon the shelves. A book such as Stevens's _My English Library_ will be a
+good guide to the foundation of the library, but each collector will have
+his special tastes, and he will need guidance from the more particular
+bibliographies which are ready to his hand, and a note of which will be
+found in Chapter V. Room will also be found for sets of Magazines, such as
+the _Gentleman's_, the _Edinburgh_, and the _Quarterly_, and for the
+Transactions of such Societies as the owner may be member of. The issues
+of Publishing Societies form quite a library of themselves, and an account
+of these will be found in Chapter VII.
+
+We have seen on a previous page how Napoleon wished to form a convenient
+travelling library, in which everything necessary could be presented in a
+comparatively small number of handy volumes. Few men are like Napoleon in
+the wish to carry such a library about with them; but where space is
+scarce there are many who find it necessary to exercise a wise spirit of
+selection. This, however, each man must do for himself, as tastes differ
+so widely.
+
+Auguste Comte succeeded in selecting a library in which all that it is
+necessary for a Positivist to know is included in 150 volumes, but this
+result is obtained by putting two or more books together to form one
+volume.
+
+
+     POSITIVIST LIBRARY FOR THE 19TH CENTURY.
+
+     150 Volumes.
+
+     I. _Poetry._ (Thirty Volumes.)
+
+     The Iliad and the Odyssey, in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     AEschylus, the King OEdipus of Sophocles, and Aristophanes,
+     in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Pindar and Theocritus, with Daphnis and Chloe, in 1 vol.
+     without notes.
+
+     Plautus and Terence, in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Virgil complete, Selections from Horace, and Lucan, in 1
+     vol. without notes.
+
+     Ovid, Tibullus, Juvenal, in 1 vol. without notes.
+
+     Fabliaux du Moyen Age, recueillies par Legrand D'Aussy.
+
+     Dante, Ariosto, Tasso, and Petrarch, in 1 vol. in Italian.
+
+     Select Plays of Metastasio and Alfieri, also in Italian.
+
+     I Promessi Sposi, by Manzoni, in 1 vol. in Italian.
+
+     Don Quixote, and the Exemplary Novels of Cervantes, in
+     Spanish, in 1 vol.
+
+     Select Spanish Dramas, a collection edited by Don Jose
+     Segundo Florez, in 1 vol. in Spanish.
+
+     The Romancero Espagnol, a selection, with the poem of the
+     Cid, 1 vol. in Spanish.
+
+     Select Plays of P. Corneille.
+
+     Moliere, complete.
+
+     Select Plays of Racine and Voltaire, in 1 vol.
+
+     La Fontaine's Fables, with some from Lamotte and Florian.
+
+     Gil Blas, by Lesage.
+
+     The Princess of Cleves, Paul and Virginia, and the Last of
+     the Abencerrages, to be collected in 1 vol.
+
+     Les Martyres, par Chateaubriand.
+
+     Select Plays of Shakespeare.
+
+     Paradise Lost and Lyrical Poems of Milton.
+
+     Robinson Crusoe and the Vicar of Wakefield, in 1 vol.
+
+     Tom Jones, by Fielding, in English, or translated by Cheron.
+
+     The seven masterpieces of Walter Scott--Ivanhoe, Waverley,
+     the Fair Maid of Perth, Quentin Durward, Woodstock (Les
+     Puritains), the Heart of Midlothian, the Antiquary.
+
+     Select Works of Byron, Don Juan in particular to be
+     suppressed.
+
+     Select Works of Goethe.
+
+     The Arabian Nights.
+
+     II. _Science._ (Thirty Volumes.)
+
+     Arithmetic of Condorcet, Algebra, and Geometry of Clairaut,
+     the Trigonometry of Lacroix or Legendre, to form 1 vol.
+
+     Analytical Geometry of Auguste Comte, preceded by the
+     Geometry of Descartes.
+
+     Statics, by Poinsot, with all his Memoirs on Mechanics.
+
+     Course of Analysis given by Navier at the Ecole
+     Polytechnique, preceded by the Reflections on the
+     Infinitesimal Calculus by Carnot.
+
+     Course of Mechanics given by Navier at the Ecole
+     Polytechnique, followed by the Essay of Carnot on Equilibrum
+     and Motion.
+
+     Theory of Functions, by Lagrange.
+
+     Popular Astronomy of Auguste Comte, followed by the
+     Plurality of Worlds of Fontenelle.
+
+     Mechanical Physics of Fischer, translated and annotated by
+     Biot.
+
+     Alphabetical Manual of Practical Philosophy, by John Carr.
+
+     The Chemistry of Lavoisier.
+
+     Chemical Statics, by Berthollet.
+
+     Elements of Chemistry, by James Graham.
+
+     Manual of Anatomy, by Meckel.
+
+     General Anatomy of Bichat, preceded by his Treatise on Life
+     and Death.
+
+     The first volume of Blainville on the Organization of
+     Animals.
+
+     Physiology of Richerand, with notes by Berard.
+
+     Systematic Essay on Biology, by Segond, and his Treatise on
+     General Anatomy.
+
+     Nouveaux Elements de la Science de l'Homme, par Barthez (2nd
+     edition, 1806).
+
+     La Philosophie Zoologique, par Lamarck.
+
+     Dumeril's Natural History.
+
+     The Treatise of Guglielmini on the Nature of Rivers (in
+     Italian).
+
+     Discourses on the Nature of Animals, by Buffon.
+
+     The Art of Prolonging Human Life, by Hufeland, preceded by
+     Hippocrates on Air, Water, and Situation, and followed by
+     Cornaro's book on a Sober and Temperate Life, to form 1 vol.
+
+     L'Histoire des Phlegmasies Chroniques, par Broussais,
+     preceded by his Propositions de Medecine, and the Aphorisms
+     of Hippocrates (in Latin), without commentary.
+
+     Les Eloges des Savans, par Fontenelle et Condorcet.
+
+     III. _History._ (Sixty Volumes.)
+
+     L'Abrege de Geographie Universelle, par Malte Brun.
+
+     Geographical Dictionary of Rienzi.
+
+     Cook's Voyages, and those of Chardin.
+
+     History of the French Revolution, by Mignet.
+
+     Manual of Modern History, by Heeren.
+
+     Le Siecle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire.
+
+     Memoirs of Madame de Motteville.
+
+     The Political Testament of Richelieu, and the Life of
+     Cromwell, to form 1 vol.
+
+     History of the Civil Wars of France, by Davila (in Italian).
+
+     Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini (in Italian).
+
+     Memoirs of Commines.
+
+     L'Abrege de l'Histoire de France, par Bossuet.
+
+     The Revolutions of Italy, by Denina.
+
+     The History of Spain, by Ascargorta.
+
+     History of Charles V., by Robertson.
+
+     History of England, by Hume.
+
+     Europe in the Middle Ages, by Hallam.
+
+     Ecclesiastical History, by Fleury.
+
+     Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Gibbon.
+
+     Manual of Ancient History, by Heeren.
+
+     Tacitus (Complete), the Translation of Dureau de la Malle.
+
+     Herodotus and Thucydides, in 1 vol.
+
+     Plutarch's Lives, translation of Dacier.
+
+     Caesar's Commentaries, and Arrian's Alexander, in 1 vol.
+
+     Voyage of Anacharsis, by Barthelemy.
+
+     History of Art among the Ancients, by Winckelmann.
+
+     Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci (in Italian).
+
+     Memoirs on Music, by Gretry.
+
+     IV. _Synthesis._ (Thirty Volumes.)
+
+     Aristotle's Politics and Ethics, in 1 vol.
+
+     The Bible.
+
+     The Koran.
+
+     The City of God, by St. Augustine.
+
+     The Confessions of St. Augustine, followed by St. Bernard on
+     the Love of God.
+
+     The Imitation of Jesus Christ, the original, and the
+     translation into verse, by Corneille.
+
+     The Catechism of Montpellier, preceded by the Exposition of
+     Catholic Doctrine, by Bossuet, and followed by St.
+     Augustine's Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount.
+
+     L'Histoire des Variations Protestantes, par Bossuet.
+
+     Discourse on Method, by Descartes, preceded by the Novum
+     Organum of Bacon, and followed by the Interpretation of
+     Nature, by Diderot.
+
+     Selected Thoughts of Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius,
+     Pascal, and Vauvenargues, followed by Conseils d'une Mere,
+     by Madame de Lambert, and Considerations sur les Moeurs, par
+     Duclos.
+
+     Discourse on Universal History, by Bossuet, followed by the
+     Esquisse Historique, by Condorcet.
+
+     Treatise on the Pope, by De Maistre, preceded by the
+     Politique Sacree, by Bousset.
+
+     Hume's Philosophical Essays, preceded by the two
+     Dissertations on the Deaf, and the Blind, by Diderot, and
+     followed by Adam Smith's Essay on the History of Astronomy.
+
+     Theory of the Beautiful, by Barthez, preceded by the Essay
+     on the Beautiful, by Diderot.
+
+     Les Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, par
+     Cabanis.
+
+     Treatise on the Functions of the Brain, by Gall, preceded by
+     Letters on Animals, by Georges Leroy.
+
+     Le Traite sur l'Irritation et la Folie, par Broussais (first
+     edition).
+
+     The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (condensed by Miss
+     Martineau), his Positive Politics, his Positivist Catechism,
+     and his Subjective Synthesis.
+
+  Paris, 3 Dante 66 (Tuesday, 18th July, 1854).
+  AUGUSTE COMTE,
+  (10 rue Monsieur le Prince).
+
+
+
+This is an interesting list as having been compiled with special thought
+by a celebrated man, but in many of its details it is little likely to
+find acceptance with the general reader. It seems rather odd to an
+Englishman to find the _Princess of Cleves_ included, while Shakespeare is
+only to be found in a selection of his plays. It is not Comte's fault that
+science has not stood still since 1854, and that his selection of books is
+rather out of date.
+
+A list of a hundred good novels is likely to be useful to many, but few
+lists would be open to more criticism, for readers differ more as to what
+constitutes a good novel than upon any other branch of literature. The
+following list was contributed by Mr. F.B. Perkins to the _Library
+Journal_ (vol. i. p. 166). The titles are very short, and they are put down
+in no particular order. Most of us will miss some favourite book, but two
+people, Mr. Perkins says, have agreed on this list within four or five
+items. He says he was tempted to add a few alternatives, as Amadis de
+Gaul, Morte d'Arthur, Paul and Virginia, Frankenstein, Rasselas, etc.
+
+  Don Quixote.
+  Gil Blas.
+  Pilgrim's Progress.
+  Tale of a Tub.
+  Gulliver.
+  Vicar of Wakefield.
+  Robinson Crusoe.
+  Arabian Nights.
+  Decameron.
+  Wilhelm Meister.
+  Vathek.
+  Corinne.
+  Minister's Wooing.
+  Undine.
+  Sintram.
+  Thisdolf.
+  Peter Schlemihl.
+  Sense and Sensibility.
+  Pride and Prejudice.
+  Anastasius.
+  Amber Witch.
+  Mary Powell.
+  Household of Sir T. More.
+  Cruise of the Midge.
+  Guy Mannering.
+  Antiquary.
+  Bride of Lammermoor.
+  Legend of Montrose.
+  Rob Roy.
+  Woodstock.
+  Ivanhoe.
+  Talisman.
+  Fortunes of Nigel.
+  Old Mortality.
+  Quentin Durward.
+  Heart of Midlothian.
+  Kenilworth.
+  Fair Maid of Perth.
+  Vanity Fair.
+  Pendennis.
+  Newcomes.
+  Esmond.
+  Adam Bede.
+  Mill on the Floss.
+  Romola.
+  Middlemarch.
+  Pickwick.
+  Chuzzlewit.
+  Nickleby.
+  Copperfield.
+  Tale of Two Cities.
+  Dombey.
+  Oliver Twist.
+  Tom Cringle's Log.
+  Japhet in Search of a Father.
+  Peter Simple.
+  Midshipman Easy.
+  Scarlet Letter.
+  House with the Seven Gables.
+  Wandering Jew.
+  Mysteries of Paris.
+  Humphry Clinker.
+  Eugenie Grandet.
+  Knickerbocker's New York.
+  Charles O'Malley.
+  Harry Lorrequer.
+  Handy Andy.
+  Elsie Venner.
+  Challenge of Barletta.
+  Betrothed (Manzoni's).
+  Jane Eyre.
+  Counterparts.
+  Charles Auchester.
+  Tom Brown's Schooldays.
+  Tom Brown at Oxford.
+  Lady Lee's Widowhood.
+  Horseshoe Robinson.
+  Pilot.
+  Spy.
+  Last of the Mohicans.
+  My Novel.
+  On the Heights.
+  Bleak House.
+  Tom Jones.
+  Three Guardsmen.
+  Monte Christo.
+  Les Miserables.
+  Notre Dame.
+  Consuelo.
+  Fadette (Fanchon).
+  Uncle Tom's Cabin.
+  Woman in White.
+  Love me little love me long.
+  Two Years Ago.
+  Yeast.
+  Coningsby.
+  Young Duke.
+  Hyperion.
+  Kavanagh.
+  Bachelor of the Albany.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language: a Complete
+Encyclopaedic Lexicon, Literary, Scientific, and Technological. By John
+Ogilvie, LL.D. New edition. Carefully revised and greatly augmented,
+edited by Charles Annandale, M.A. London, 1882-83. 4 vols. Imp. 8vo.
+
+[17] A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded mainly on
+the materials collected by the Philological Society. Edited by James A.H.
+Murray, LL.D., with the assistance of many Scholars and Men of Science.
+Oxford, Clarendon Press. Royal 4to.
+
+[18] A second edition appeared in 1871-72.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
+
+
+A good collection of bibliographies is indispensable for a public library,
+and will also be of great use in a private library when its possessor is a
+true lover of books. One of the most valuable catalogues of this class of
+books is the "Hand-List of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and
+Indexes placed in the Reading Room of the British Museum for Reference"
+(1881). It is not intended to give in this chapter anything like a
+complete account of these books, as a separate volume would be required to
+do justice to them. Here it will be sufficient to indicate some of the
+foremost works in the class. The catalogues of some of our chief libraries
+are amongst the most valuable of bibliographies for reference. The
+Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution is one of the
+handsomest ever produced.[19] Unfortunately the cost of production was too
+great for the funds of the Institution, and the elaborate Catalogue of
+Tracts was discontinued after the letter F.
+
+The London Library being a specially well-selected one, the catalogue
+(which is a good example of a short-titled catalogue) is particularly
+useful for ready reference.[20]
+
+The Royal Institution Library is very rich in British Topography, and the
+catalogue forms a convenient handbook.[21]
+
+The Catalogue of the Patent Office Library is by no means a model, but the
+second volume forms a good book of reference.[22] Many other catalogues
+might be mentioned, but these will be sufficient for our present purpose.
+There is great want of a good Handbook of Literature, with the prices of
+the different books. Until this want is supplied good booksellers'
+catalogues will be found the most trustworthy guides. Pre-eminent among
+these are the catalogues of Mr. Quaritch, and the "Catalogue of upwards
+of fifty thousand volumes of ancient and modern books," published by
+Messrs. Willis and Sotheran in 1862. Mr. Quaritch's catalogues are
+classified with an index of subjects and authors.[23] A previous General
+Catalogue was issued in 1874, and a Supplement 1875-77 (pp. iv. 1672). Now
+Mr. Quaritch is issuing in sections a new Catalogue on a still larger
+scale, which is of the greatest value.
+
+For the study of early printed books, Hain,[24] Panzer,[25] and
+Maittaire's[26] books are indispensable.
+
+For general literature Brunet's Manual[27] stands pre-eminent in its
+popularity. It has held its own since 1810, when it was first published in
+three volumes, demy octavo. Graesse's Tresor[28] is less known out of
+Germany, but it also is a work of very great value. Ebert's work[29] is
+somewhat out of date now, but it still has its use. Watt's Bibliotheca[30]
+is one of the most valuable bibliographies ever published, chiefly on
+account of the index of subjects which gives information that cannot be
+found elsewhere. The titles were largely taken from second-hand sources,
+and are in many instances marred by misprints. Every one who uses it must
+wish that it was brought down to date, but it is scarcely likely that any
+one will sacrifice a life to such labour as would be necessary. Moreover,
+the popular feeling is somewhat adverse to universal bibliographies, and
+it is thought that the literature of his own country is sufficiently large
+a subject for the bibliographer to devote his time to.
+
+English literature has not been neglected by English bibliographers,
+although a full bibliography of our authors is still a crying want.
+Complete lists of the works of some of our greatest authors have still to
+be made, and it is to be hoped that all those who have the cause of
+bibliography at heart will join to remedy the great evil. It would be
+quite possible to compile a really national work by a system of
+co-operation such as was found workable in the case of the Philological
+Society's Dictionary of the English Language. Sub-editors of the different
+letters might be appointed, and to them all titles could be sent. When the
+question of printing arose, it would be well to commence with the chief
+authors. These bibliographies might be circulated, by which means many
+additions would be made to them, and then they could be incorporated in
+the general alphabet. In such a bibliography books in manuscript ought to
+be included, as well as printed books. Although there is little doubt that
+many books still remain unregistered, we are well supplied with catalogues
+of books made for trade purposes. Maunsell[31] was the first to publish
+such a list, and in 1631 was published a catalogue of books issued between
+1626 and 1631.[32] William London[33] published his Catalogue in 1658,
+and Clavell's his in 1696.[34] Bent's Catalogue, published in 1786, went
+back to 1700,[35] and this was continued annually as the London Catalogue.
+The British and English Catalogues[36] followed, and the latter is also
+published annually.[37]
+
+For early printed books, Ames and Herbert's great work[38] is of much
+value, but information respecting our old literature has increased so much
+of late that a new history of typographical antiquities is sadly needed.
+Mr. Blades has done the necessary work for Caxton, but the first English
+printer's successors require similar treatment.
+
+William Thomas Lowndes, the son of an eminent bookseller and publisher,
+and himself a bookseller, published in 1834 his _Bibliographer's
+Manual_[39] which has remained the great authority for English Literature.
+It had become very scarce when Henry Bohn, in 1857, brought out a new
+edition with additions in a series of handy volumes, which is an
+indispensable book of reference, although it is far from being the
+complete work that is required.
+
+Allibone's _Dictionary_[40] contains much that is omitted in Lowndes's
+Manual, but it is more literary than bibliographical in its scope. The
+well-selected criticisms appended to the titles of the several books are
+of considerable interest and value to the reader. Mr. W.C. Hazlitt's
+Handbooks[41] are exceedingly valuable as containing information
+respecting a class of books which has been much neglected in
+bibliographical works. The compiler has been indefatigable for some years
+past in registering the titles of rare books as they occurred at public
+sales.
+
+Mr. Collier's account of rare books,[42] founded on his Bridgewater
+Catalogue (1837), is of great use for information respecting
+out-of-the-way literature, as also is Mr. Corser's descriptive Catalogue
+of Old English Poetry.[43]
+
+Accounts of books published in Gaelic,[44] in Welsh,[45] and in Irish,[46]
+have been published. The works of American authors are included in
+Allibone's _Dictionary_, referred to under English literature, but special
+books have also been prepared, such as Truebner's Guide,[47] Stevens's
+American Books in the British Museum,[48] and Leypoldt's great book, the
+American Catalogue.[49] Catalogues of Books on America, such as those of
+Obadiah Rich, have also been compiled, but these are more properly special
+bibliographies. France has always stood in a foremost position in respect
+to bibliography, and she alone has a national work on her literature,
+which stands in the very first rank--this is due to the enthusiastic
+bibliographer Querard.[50] A better model as to what a national
+bibliography should be could not well be found. The catalogue of current
+literature, which bears the name of O. Lorenz, is also an excellent
+work.[51]
+
+German literature has been, and is, well registered. Heyse,[52]
+Maltzahn,[53] Heinsius,[54] and Kayser,[55] have all produced valuable
+works. Heinsius published his original Lexicon in 1812, and Kayser his in
+1834, and Supplements to both of these have been published about every ten
+years. A more condensed work was commenced by A. Kirchhoff in 1856,
+containing the catalogue of works published from 1851 to 1855; a second
+volume of the next five years appeared in 1861, and since Kirchhoff's
+death Hinrichs has published a volume every five years. The Leipzig
+Book-fairs have had their catalogues ever since 1594, and the half-yearly
+volumes now bearing the name of Hinrichs,[56] which have been published
+regularly since 1798, and to which the Fair catalogues succumbed in 1855,
+may be considered as their legitimate successors.
+
+The Literature of Holland is well recorded by Campbell[57] and
+Abkoude,[58] and for Belgium there is the _Bibliographie de Belgique_.[59]
+Italy can boast of a Gamba[60] and a Bertocci,[61] and a public office
+publishes the _Bibliografia Italiana_.[62]
+
+Spain is fortunate in possessing a splendid piece of bibliography in the
+great works of Antonio.[63] Some years ago, when I was occupied in
+cataloguing one of the chief collections of Spanish books in this country,
+I was in the daily habit of consulting these _Bibliothecas_, and while
+comparing the books themselves with the printed titles, I seldom found a
+mistake. Hidalgo's[64] work and the Boletin[65] show that at the present
+time bibliography is not neglected in that country.
+
+The works of Barbosa Machado[66] and Silva[67] show that Portugal is not
+behind the sister kingdom in the love for bibliography.
+
+Bibliographies of other countries might be mentioned here, but space will
+not permit. There is one branch of general bibliography to which special
+attention has been paid for a long period of years. O. Placcius published
+his _Theatrum Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum_ at Hamburgh in 1674 (2nd ed.
+1708). Villani continued the record of pseudonymous literature by
+publishing at Parma, in 1689, a small volume entitled _La Visiera alzata_.
+J.C. Mylius published his _Bibliotheca Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum_ at
+Hamburgh in 1740.
+
+Barbier's great work on the Anonymous in French Literature was first
+published in 1806-8, the second edition appeared in 1822-27, and the third
+in 1872-78, as a continuation to the second edition of Querard's _Les
+Supercheries Litteraires_. Querard's work is more curious than useful,
+because the author has entered into minute questions of authorship which
+do not really belong to the domain of bibliography. Manne's volume (1834)
+is not of much value. Lancetti published an octavo volume on Pseudonyms in
+Italian (1836), but Barbier's work was not worthily imitated in any other
+country until Mr. Paterson commenced the publication of the very valuable
+work of the late Mr. Halkett.[68]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] A Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution, systematically
+classed. [London] 1835. 5 vols. royal 8vo. Vol. 1 (1835), General Library;
+vol. 2 (1840), Tracts and Pamphlets arranged in alphabetical order as far
+as the letter F. (never completed); vol. 3 (1843), General Library,
+Additions; vol. 4 (1852), Additions from 1843 to 1852.
+
+[20] Catalogue of the London Library, 12, St. James's Square, S.W. With
+Preface, Laws and Regulations, List of Members and Classified Index of
+Subjects. By Robert Harrison. Fourth edition. Sold at the Library, 1875,
+royal 8vo. pp. 1022.
+
+---- Supplemental Volume, 1875-1880, sold at the Library, 1881, royal 8vo.
+pp. 219.
+
+[21] A New Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution of
+Great Britain with Indexes of Authors and Subjects, and a list of
+Historical Pamphlets, Chronologically arranged. By Benjamin Vincent.
+London. Sold at the Royal Institution. 1857, 8vo. pp. xvii.-928.
+
+---- Vol. II., including the Additions from 1857 to 1882. London. Sold at
+the Royal Institution. 1882. 8vo. pp. xvii.-388.
+
+[22] Catalogue of the Library of the Patent Office, arranged
+alphabetically. In two volumes: vol. 1, Authors; vol. 2, Subjects. London.
+Published and Sold at the Commissioners of Patents Sale Department.
+1881-83. Royal 8vo.
+
+[23] A General Catalogue of Books, offered for sale to the public at the
+affixed prices. By Bernard Quaritch London, 15, Piccadilly, 1880. 8vo. pp.
+x.-2395.
+
+[24] 1457-1500. HAIN (L.). Repertorium Bibliographicum in quo libri omnes
+ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi, ordine
+alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur.
+Stuttgartiae, 1826-38. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+[25] 1457-1536. PANZER (G.W.). Annales Typographici ab artis inventae
+origine ad annum 1536. Norimbergae, 1793-1803. 11 vols. 4to.
+
+[26] 1457-1664. MAITTAIRE (M.). Annales Typographici ab artis inventae
+origine ad annum 1664, cum Supplemento Michaelis Denisii. Hag. Com. et
+Viennae, 1719-89. 7 vols in 11 parts.
+
+[27] BRUNET (J.C.). Manuel du Libraire, cinquieme edition. Paris, 1860-65.
+6 vols. 8vo. Supplement par P. Deschamps et G. Brunet. Paris, 1878-80, 2
+vols. Royal 8vo.
+
+[28] GRAESSE (J.G.T.). Tresor de Livres rares et precieux ou Nouveau
+Dictionnaire Bibliographique. Dresde, 1859-69. 7 vols. 4to.
+
+[29] EBERT (F.A.). Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon. Leipzig,
+1821-30. 2 vols. 4to.
+
+---- A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from the German [by A. Brown].
+Oxford, 1837. 4 vols. 8vo.
+
+[30] WATT (R.). Bibliotheca Britannica: a General Index to British and
+Foreign Literature. In two parts, Authors and Subjects. Edinburgh, 1824. 4
+vols. 4to.
+
+[31] Before 1595. MAUNSELL (A.). Catalogue of English printed Books.
+London, 1595. 4to. Part 1, Divinitie. Part 2, Sciences Mathematicall.
+
+[32] 1626-1631. A Catalogue of certaine Bookes which have been published
+and (by authoritie) printed in England both in Latine and English, since
+the year 1626 until November, 1631. London, 1631. 4to.
+
+[33] Before 1658. LONDON (WILLIAM). A Catalogue of the most vendible Books
+in England, orderly and alphabetically digested. With a Supplement.
+1658-60. 4to.
+
+[34] 1666-1695. CLAVELL (R.). General Catalogue of Books printed in
+England since the dreadful Fire of London, 1666. Fourth edition. London,
+1696. Folio.
+
+[35] 1700-1786. A General Catalogue of Books in all Languages, Arts, and
+Sciences, printed in Great Britain and published in London. London (W.
+Bent), 1786. 8vo.
+
+1811. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1811. 8vo.
+
+1810-1831. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1831. 8vo.
+
+1816-1851. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1851. 8vo.
+Classified Index. London (Hodgson), 1853.
+
+1831-1855. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1855.
+
+[36] 1837-52. The British Catalogue. Sampson Low, 1853. And Index. 2 vols.
+8vo.
+
+[37] 1835-1880. The English Catalogue of Books. Sampson Low. And Indexes.
+8vo. _Continued annually._
+
+[38] 1471-1600. AMES (JOSEPH). Typographical Antiquities: being an
+Historical Account of Printing in England, with some Memoirs of our
+Antient Printers, and a Register of the Books printed by them ... with an
+Appendix concerning Printing in Scotland, Ireland to the same time.
+London, 1749. 4to. 1 vol. Considerably augmented by W. Herbert. London,
+1785-90. 3 vols. 4to. Enlarged by T.F. Dibdin. London, 1810-19. 4 vols.
+4to.
+
+[39] LOWNDES (W.T.), The Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature.
+London, 1834. 4 vols. 8vo. New Edition, by H.G. Bohn. London, 1857-64. 6
+vols. Sm. 8vo.
+
+[40] ALLIBONE (S.A.). Dictionary of English Literature, and British and
+American Authors. Philadelphia, 1859-71. 3 vols. Royal 8vo.
+
+[41] HAZLITT (W. CAREW). Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic
+Literature of Great Britain, from the Invention of Printing to the
+Restoration. London (J. Russell Smith), 1867. 8vo.
+
+---- Collections and Notes, 1867-1876. London (Reeves & Turner), 1876.
+8vo.
+
+---- Second Series of Bibliographical Collections and Notes on Early
+English Literature, 1474-1700. London (Bernard Quaritch), 1882.
+
+[42] COLLIER (J.P.). A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the rarest
+books in the English language, alphabetically arranged. London, 1865. 2
+vols. 8vo.
+
+[43] CORSER (T.). Collectanea Anglo-Poetica; or a bibliographical and
+descriptive Catalogue of a portion of a Collection of Early English
+Poetry. Manchester (Chetham Society), 1860-79. 9 vols. Sm. 4to.
+
+[44] _Gaelic._ Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an account of all the books
+which have been published in the Gaelic Language. By John Reid. Glasgow,
+1832. 8vo.
+
+[45] _Welsh._ Cambrian Bibliography: containing an account of the books
+printed in the Welsh Language; or relating to Wales, from the year 1546 to
+the end of the 18th century. By W. Rowlands. Llanidloes, 1869. 8vo.
+
+[46] _Irish._ Transactions of the Iberno-Celtic Society for 1820.
+Containing a chronological account of nearly four hundred Irish writers
+... carried down to the year 1750, with a descriptive Catalogue of such of
+their works as are still extant. By E. O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820. 4to.
+
+[47] Truebner's Bibliographical Guide to American Literature: a classed
+list of books published in the United States of America during the last
+forty years. London, 1859. 8vo.
+
+[48] Catalogue of the American Books in the Library of the British Museum.
+Christmas, 1856. By H. Stevens. London, 1866. 8vo.
+
+[49] The American Catalogue under the direction of F. Leypoldt. New York,
+1880. 2 vols. 4to. Suppl. 1876-84. Compiled under the editorial direction
+of R.R. Bowker by Miss Appleton. New York, 1885.
+
+[50] QUERARD (J.M.). La France Litteraire, ou Dictionnaire Bibliographique
+des Savants qui ont ecrit en francais, plus particulierement pendant les
+XVIII^e et XIX^e siecles. Paris, 1827-64. 12 vols. 8vo.
+
+---- Litterature Francaise contemporaine (1826-49). Continuation de la
+France Litteraire. Paris, 1842-57. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+[51] LORENZ (O.). Catalogue de la Librairie Francaise 1840-1865. 4 vols.
+1866-1875. 2 vols. 8vo. The Catalogue of Books from 1876 to 1885 is in
+preparation.
+
+---- Tables des Matieres, 1840-1875. Paris, 1879-80. 2 vols. 8vo.
+
+[52] [HEYSE (C.W.).] Buecherschatz der deutschen National-Litteratur des
+XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts. Systematisch geordnetes Verzeichniss einer
+reichhaltigen Sammlung deutschen Buechen. Berlin, 1854. 8vo.
+
+[53] MALTZAHN (W. VON). Deutschen Buecherschatz des sechszehnten,
+siebenzehnten und achtzehnten bis um die Mitte des neunzehnten
+Jahrhunderts. Jena, 1875. 8vo.
+
+[54] HEINSIUS (W.). Allgemeines Buecher Lexicon, 1700-1815. Leipzig,
+1812-56. 14 vols. 4to. 7th Supplement.
+
+[55] KAYSER (C.G.). Index Librorum. Vollstaendiges Buecher-Lexicon,
+enthaltend alle von 1750 bis zu Ende des Jahres (-1876) in Deutschland ...
+gedruckten Buecher. Leipzig, 1834-77. 4to.
+
+[56] HINRICHS (J.C.). Verzeichniss der Buecher ... welche in Deutschland
+vom Januar, 1877, bis zum (December, 1885) neu erschienen oder neu
+aufgelegt worden sind. Leipzig, 1876-80. 12mo. _In progress._
+
+---- Repertorium ueber die nach den ... Verzeichnissen, 1871-75,
+erschienenen Buecher. Von E. Baldamus. (1876-80.) Leipzig, 1877-82. 12mo.
+
+[57] CAMPBELL (M.F.A.G.). Annales de la Typographie Neerlandaise au XV^e
+Siecle. La Haye, 1874. 8vo.
+
+---- 1^{er} Supplement. La Haye, 1878. 8vo.
+
+[58] ABKOUDE (J. VAN). Naamregister van de bekendste ... Nederduitsche
+Boeken ... 1600 tot 1761. Nu overzien en tot het jaar 1787 vermeerderd
+door R. Arrenberg. Rotterdam, 1788. 4to.
+
+---- Alphabetische Naamlijst van Boeken 1790 tot 1832, Amsterdam, 1835.
+4to. 1833-1875. Amsterdam, 1858-78. 3 vols. 4to.
+
+---- Wetenschappelijk Register behoorende bij Brinkman's Alphabetische
+Naamlijsten van Boeken ... 1850-75 ... bewerkt door R. van der Meulen.
+Amsterdam, 1878. 4to.
+
+[59] Bibliographie de Belgique. Journal Officiel de la Librairie. Annee 1.
+Bruxelles, 1876. 8vo.
+
+[60] GAMBA (B.). Serie dei testi di Lingua Italiana e di altri opere
+importanti nella Italiana letteratura del Secolo XV al XIX. Quarta
+edizione. Venezia, 1839. 8vo.
+
+[61] BERTOCCI (D.G.). Repertorio bibliografico delle opere stampate in
+Italia nel Secolo XIX. Vol. I. Roma, 1876. 8vo.
+
+[62] Bibliografia Italiana: Giornale compilato sui documenti communicati
+dal Ministero dell'Istruzione Pubblica. Anno 1-14. 1867-80. Firenze,
+1868-81. 8vo. In progress.
+
+[63] ANTONIO (N.). Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus sive Hispani Scriptores ...
+ad annum Christi 1500 floruerunt. Matriti, 1788. 2 vols. Folia.
+
+---- Bibliotheca Hispana Nova sive Hispanorum Scriptorum qui ab anno 1500
+ad 1684 floruere notitia. Matriti, 1783-1788. 2 vols. Folio.
+
+[64] HIDALGO (D.). Diccionario general de Bibliografia Espanola. Madrid,
+1862-79. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+[65] Boletin de la Libreria. Ano 1. 1873. Madrid, 1874. 8vo. In progress.
+
+[66] BARBOSA MACHADO (D.). Bibliotheca Lusitana, historica, critica e
+cronologica. Na qual se comprehende a noticia dos authores Portuguezes, e
+das obras que compuserao. Lisboa, 1741-59. 4 vols. Folio.
+
+[67] SILVA (J.F. DA). Diccionario bibliographico Portuguez. Lisboa,
+1858-70. Tom. 1-9. 8vo.
+
+[68] A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great
+Britain, including the works of Foreigners written in or translated into
+the English Language. By the late Samuel Halkett, and the late Rev. John
+Laing. Edinburgh (William Paterson), 1882-85. Vols. 1, 2, 3 (to 'Tis).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
+
+
+Bibliographies of special subjects are more useful than any other books in
+the formation of a library. The articles in the new edition of the
+_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ will be found valuable for this purpose, but
+those who wish for fuller information must refer to Dr. Julius Petzholdt's
+elaborate _Bibliotheca Bibliographica_ (Leipzig, 1866), or to the
+_Bibliographie des Bibliographies_ of M. Leon Vallee (Paris, 1885). The
+late Mr. Cornelius Walford contributed a paper "On Special Collections of
+Books" to the Transactions of the Conference of Librarians, 1877 (pp.
+45-49), in which he specially referred to the subject of Insurance.
+
+In the present chapter I propose to refer to some of the most useful
+bibliographies, but to save space the full titles will not be given, and
+this is the less necessary as they can mostly be found in the above books
+or in that useful little volume we owe to the authorities of the British
+Museum--"Hand-list of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and Indexes
+placed in the Reading-room," 1881.
+
+     _Agriculture._--Weston's Tracts on Practical Agriculture and
+     Gardening (1773), contains a Chronological Catalogue of
+     English Authors, and Donaldson's Agricultural Biography
+     (1854) brings the subject down to a later date. Victor
+     Donatien de Musset-Pathay published a _Bibliographie
+     Agronomique_ in 1810, and Loudon's _Encyclopaedia of
+     Agriculture_ contains the Literature and Bibliography of
+     Agriculture, British, French, German, and American.
+
+     _Ana._--In Peignot's _Repertoire de Bibliographies
+     Speciales_ (1810) will be found at pp. 211-268, a list of
+     books of Ana, and Gabriel Antoine Joseph Hecart published at
+     Valenciennes, 1821, under the name of J.G. Phitakaer, a
+     bibliography entitled "Anagrapheana." Namur's _Bibliographie
+     des Ouvrages publies sous le nom d'Ana_ was published at
+     Bruxelles in 1839. The late Sir William Stirling Maxwell
+     made a collection of books of Ana, a privately printed
+     catalogue of which he issued in 1860.
+
+     _Angling._--Sir Henry Ellis printed privately in 1811 a
+     small octavo pamphlet of 21 pages which he entitled "A
+     Catalogue of Books on Angling, with some brief notices of
+     several of their authors," which was an extract from the
+     _British Bibliographer_. In 1836, Pickering printed a
+     _Bibliotheca Piscatoria_, which was formed upon Sir Henry
+     Ellis's corrected copy of the above Catalogue. Mr. J.
+     Russell Smith published in 1856 "A Bibliographical Catalogue
+     of English writers on Angling and Ichthyology," which was
+     soon superceded by the following work by Mr. T. Westwood. "A
+     new Bibliotheca Piscatoria, or a general Catalogue of
+     Angling and Fishing Literature." London, 1861 (another
+     edition, edited conjointly with T. Satchell, 1883). Mr. R.
+     Blakey published in 1855, "Angling Literature of all
+     Nations." London, 1855. 12mo. Mr. J.J. Manley, M.A.,
+     published in 1883, "Literature of Sea and River Fishing," as
+     one of the Handbooks of the International Fisheries
+     Exhibition.
+
+     _Architecture._--LACROIX (E.). Bibliographie des Ingenieurs,
+     des Architectes, des Chefs d'Usines industrielles, des
+     Eleves des Ecoles polytechniques et professionnelles et des
+     Agriculteurs. Premiere (--Troisieme) Serie. Paris, 1864-67.
+     4to.
+
+     _Assurance_ (_Life_).--Lewis Pocock published "A
+     Chronological List of Books and Single Papers" relating to
+     this subject in 1836, a second edition of which was
+     published in 1842.
+
+     _Astronomy._--Lalande published his valuable "Bibliographie
+     Astronomique" at Paris, 1803. Otto Struve's Catalogue of the
+     Library of the Pulkova Observatory, published at St.
+     Petersburg in 1860, is highly esteemed by astronomers. The
+     first part of the Catalogue of the United States Naval
+     Observatory at Washington, by Prof. E.S. Holden, is devoted
+     to Astronomical Bibliography.
+
+     ---- HOUZEAU (J.C.) and LANCASTER (A.), Bibliographie
+     generale de l'Astronomie. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo. In progress.
+
+     ---- Mr. E.B. Knobel, Secretary of the Royal Astronomical
+     Society, printed in the _Monthly Notices_ of that Society
+     for November, 1876 (pp. 365-392), a very useful short
+     Reference Catalogue of Astronomical Papers and Researches,
+     referring more especially to (1) Double Stars; (2) Variable
+     Stars; (3) Red Stars; (4) Nebulae and Clusters; (5) Proper
+     Motions of Stars; (6) Parallax and Distance of Stars; (7)
+     Star Spectra. Mr. E.S. Holden's "Index Catalogue of Books
+     and Memoirs relating to Nebulae and Clusters of Stars" was
+     printed in the _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_ in
+     1877.
+
+     _Bible._--The famous Le Long published at Paris, in 1713,
+     his "Discours historiques sur les principales editions des
+     Bibles polyglottes," and in 1723, in two volumes, folio, his
+     great work "Bibliotheca Sacra." This was edited and
+     continued by A.G. Masch, and published at Halae Magd. in five
+     volumes, quarto. 1774-97. T. Llewelyn published in 1768
+     "Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions and
+     editions of the Bible." A privately printed "List of various
+     editions of the Bible" was issued in 1778, which has been
+     attributed to Dr. Ducarel. John Lewis's "Complete History of
+     the several Translations of the Holy Bible and New Testament
+     into English" was published in 1818, and Dr. Henry Cotton's
+     "List of Editions" (Oxford, 1821, 2nd edition, 1852) was
+     intended as an Appendix to that work. Orme's _Bibliotheca
+     Biblica_ was published at Edinburgh in 1824, and Hartwell
+     Horne's _Manual of Biblical Bibliography_ at London in 1839.
+     Bagster's _Bible in Every Land_ (1848), although not
+     strictly bibliographical, must be mentioned here, because it
+     gives under each language a notice of all versions published
+     in that language. Lowndes' British Librarian or Book
+     Collector's Guide. Class I. Religion and its History.
+     London, 1839. 8vo. Parts 1, 2, 3 are devoted to Holy
+     Scriptures, Biblical Commentaries, Biblical Disquisitions,
+     Scripture Biography, Scripture Geography, etc. The work
+     itself was left incomplete Dr. H. Cotton published at
+     Oxford, in 1855, a work entitled "Rhemes and Doway. An
+     Attempt to show what has been done by Roman Catholics for
+     the diffusion of the Holy Scriptures in English." In 1859
+     J.G. Shea published at New York a "Bibliographical Account
+     of Catholic Bibles, Testaments, and other portions of
+     Scripture translated from the Latin Vulgate, and printed in
+     the United States," and in 1861 E.B. O'Callaghan published
+     at Albany a "List of editions of the Holy Scriptures and
+     parts thereof, printed in America previous to 1860." E.
+     Reuss published at Brunswick, in 1872, a Bibliography of the
+     Greek New Testament. Dr. Isaac Hall printed a Critical
+     Bibliography of American Greek Testaments at Philadelphia in
+     1883. Mr. Henry Stevens, the eminent bibliographer, is a
+     special authority on Bibles, and his work, entitled "The
+     Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition, 1877, or a bibliographical
+     description of nearly one thousand representative Bibles in
+     various languages, chronologically arranged" (London, 1878),
+     contains some of the information he possesses.
+
+     _Biography._--Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique
+     Universelle_ (1854) is a most useful work, although it is
+     now unfortunately somewhat out of date.
+
+     _Book-keeping._--B.F. Foster's _Origin and Progress of
+     Book-keeping_ (1852) contains an account of books published
+     on this subject from 1543 to 1852.
+
+     _Botany._--Pritzel's _Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae_ (1851,
+     another edition 1872-77) is _the_ Bibliography of the
+     subject, and this work is supplemented by Mr. Daydon
+     Jackson's Index of Botany, published by the Index Society.
+     Trimen's Botanical Bibliography of the British counties,
+     London, 1874. 8vo.
+
+     _Chemistry._--R. Ruprecht, Bibliotheca Chemica et
+     Pharmaceutica, 1858-70. _Goettingen_, 1872.
+
+     _Classics._--Dr. Edward Harwood published his "View of the
+     various editions of the Greek and Roman Classics" in 1790.
+     He was followed in 1802 by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, whose
+     work was much enlarged, and reappeared in several editions;
+     the fourth and best being published in 1827 (2 vols. 8vo.).
+     J.W. Moss published his "Manual of Classical Bibliography"
+     in 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. Henry G. Bohn's General Catalogue,
+     Part II. Section I. 1850, contains a valuable list of Greek
+     and Latin Classics. Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum
+     Classicorum et Graecorum et Latinorum (1858) is an elaborate
+     work on the subject, and Professor John E.B. Mayor's
+     translation and adaptation of Dr. Huebner's Bibliographical
+     Clue to Latin Literature will be found to be a very useful
+     handbook.
+
+     _Commerce._--See _Trade_.
+
+     _Dialects._--Mr. J. Russell Smith published, in 1839, a
+     useful "Bibliographical List of the Works that have been
+     published towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects of
+     England" (24 pages). When the Rev. Professor Skeat started
+     the English Dialect Society, he at once laid the foundation
+     of an extensive Bibliographical List to include MSS. as well
+     as printed works. This Bibliography is being published by
+     the Society in parts.
+
+     _Dictionaries._--William Marsden printed privately, in 1796,
+     a valuable "Catalogue of Dictionaries, Vocabularies,
+     Grammars, and Alphabets."
+
+     _Dictionaries._--Truebner's Catalogue of Dictionaries and
+     Grammars (1872, second edition 1882) is a very useful work.
+     H.B. Wheatley's account of English Dictionaries was
+     published in the Transactions of the Philological Society
+     for 1865.
+
+     _Drama._--A notice of some books in the English Drama will
+     be found in Chapter IV. The _Bibliotheque Dramatique de
+     Mons. de Soleinne_ (1843-44, 5 vols.), with its continuation
+     to 1861, is a splendid Catalogue, in which the books are
+     fully described, with valuable notes and preface.
+
+     _Earthquakes._--Mr. Robert Mallet's Bibliography of
+     Earthquakes will be found in the British Association Report
+     for 1858, and Mons. Alexis Perrey's Bibliographie Seismique
+     in the Dijon _Memoires_ for 1855, 1856, and 1861.
+
+     _Electricity._--Sir Francis Ronalds' Catalogue of Books and
+     Papers relating to Electricity, Magnetism, and the Electric
+     Telegraph (1880) contains a large number of titles. O.
+     Salle's Bibliography of Electricity and Magnetism, 1860 to
+     1883, was published in 1884.
+
+     _Entomology._--Dr. Hagen's Bibliotheca Entomologica
+     (Leipzig, 1862-63) is a carefully compiled and useful book.
+
+     _Epigrams._--There is a list of books connected with
+     Epigrammatic Literature appended to _The Epigrammatists_, by
+     the Rev. Philip Dodd. 8vo. London, 1870.
+
+     _Fine Art._--The First Proofs of the Universal Catalogue of
+     Books in Art, compiled for the use of the National Art
+     Library and the Schools of Art in the United Kingdom.
+     London, 1870. 2 vols. Sm. 4to. Supplement. London, 1877.
+
+     ---- Essai d'une Bibliographie de l'Histoire speciale de la
+     Peinture et de la Gravure en Hollande et en Belgique
+     (1500-1875), par J.F. van Someren, Amsterdam, 1882. 8vo.
+
+     _Freemasonry._--GOWANS (W.). Catalogue of Books on
+     Freemasonry and kindred subjects. New York, 1858. 8vo.
+
+     ---- HEMSWORTH (H.W.). Catalogue of Books in the Library at
+     Freemasons' Hall, London. Privately printed.
+
+     There is a list of books on Freemasonry in Petzholdt's
+     Bibliotheca Bibliographica, pp. 468-474. Mr. Folkard printed
+     privately a Catalogue of Works on Freemasonry in the Wigan
+     Free Library in 1882, and in the Annals of the Grand Lodge
+     of Iowa, Vol. IX. Part I. (1883) is a Catalogue of Works on
+     this subject in the Library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa.
+
+     _Future Life._--Catalogue of Works relating to the Nature,
+     Origin, and Destiny of the Soul, by Ezra Abbot. Appended to
+     W.R. Alger's Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future
+     Life. Philadelphia, 1864. 8vo. Reprinted, New York, 1871.
+
+     _Geography._--See _Voyages and Travels_.
+
+     _Health._--Catalogue of the International Health Exhibition
+     Library. Division I. Health. Division II. Education. London,
+     1884. 8vo.
+
+     _Heraldry._--Thomas Moule's valuable _Bibliotheca Heraldica
+     Magnae Britanniae_ was published in 1822. There is a "List of
+     the principal English and Foreign Text-Books on Heraldry" at
+     the end of _The Handbook of Heraldry_, by J.E. Cussans,
+     London, 1869.
+
+     _History_ (_General_).--BRUNET (J.C.). Table Methodique en
+     forme de Catalogue raisonne, Histoire. Paris, 1865. 8vo.
+
+     ---- OETTINGER (E.M.). Historisches Archiv. Archives
+     historiques, contenant une classification de 17,000 ouvrages
+     pour servir a l'etude de l'histoire de tous les siecles et
+     de toutes les nations. Carlsruhe, 1841. 4to.
+
+     (_Great Britain and Ireland._)--Bishop Nicholson's English,
+     Scotch, and Irish Historical Libraries, 1776, will still be
+     found useful. Mr. Mullinger's portion of the Introduction to
+     the Study of English History (1881) gives the latest
+     information on the subject. Sir Duffus Hardy's "Descriptive
+     Catalogue of Materials relating to the History of Great
+     Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign of Henry VIII."
+     is an invaluable book, but is unfortunately incomplete.
+
+     (_France._)--LELONG (J.). Bibliotheque Historique (1768-78,
+     5 vols, folio). "Les Sources de l'Histoire de France," by A.
+     Franklin, was published in 1877.
+
+     _History_ (_Germany._)--Bibliographical Essay on the
+     Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, by A. Asher, was published in
+     1843.
+
+     (_Holland._)--NIJHOFF. Bibliotheca Historico-Neerlandica. La
+     Haye, 1871.
+
+     (_Italy._)--LICHTENTHAL (P.). Manuale Bibliografico del
+     Viaggiatore in Italia. Milano, 1844. A Catalogue of Sir
+     Richard Colt Hoare's Collection of Books relating to the
+     History and Topography of Italy was printed in 1812. The
+     Collection was presented to the British Museum by Hoare in
+     1825.
+
+     (_Portugal._)--FIGANIERE. Bibliographia Historica
+     Portugueza. Lisboa, 1850.
+
+     (_Spain._)--MUNOZ Y ROMERO. Diccionario
+     bibliografico-historico ... de Espana. Madrid, 1858.
+
+     _Language._--See _Dictionaries_, _Philology_.
+
+     _Law._--Mr. Stephen R. Griswold contributed an article on
+     Law Libraries to the U.S. Report on Libraries (pp. 161-170).
+     He writes, "Law books may be classified generally as
+     follows: Reports, Treatises, Statute Law. The practice of
+     reporting the decisions of the Judges began in the reign of
+     Edward I., and from that time we have a series of judicial
+     reports of those decisions. In the time of Lord Bacon, these
+     reports extended to fifty or sixty volumes. During the two
+     hundred and fifty years that have passed since then, nothing
+     has been done by way of revision or expurgation; but these
+     publications have been constantly increasing, so that at
+     the close of the year 1874 the published volumes of reports
+     were as follows: English, 1350 volumes; Irish, 175 volumes;
+     Scotch, 225 volumes; Canadian, 135 volumes; American, 2400
+     volumes. With respect to treatises (including law
+     periodicals and digests), and without including more than
+     one edition of the same work, it is safe to say that a fair
+     collection would embrace at least 2000 volumes. The statute
+     law of the United States, if confined to the general or
+     revised statutes and codes, may be brought within 100
+     volumes. If, however, the sessional acts be included, the
+     collection would amount to over 1500 volumes. It is thus
+     seen that a fairly complete law library would embrace more
+     than 7000 volumes, which could not be placed upon its
+     shelves for less than $50,000."
+
+     _Law._--There is a useful list of legal bibliographies in
+     the "Hand-list of Bibliographies in the Reading-room of the
+     British Museum" (pp. 40-44). Clarke's _Bibliotheca Legum_,
+     which was compiled by Hartwell Horne (1819), is a valuable
+     work. Marvin's _Legal Bibliography_, which was published at
+     Philadelphia in 1847, contains 800 pages. The Catalogue of
+     the Law Library in the New York State Library (1856), forms
+     a useful guide to the subject, and Herbert G. Sweet's
+     "Complete Catalogue of Modern Law Books" is one of the
+     latest catalogues of authority.
+
+     _Mathematics._--A really good bibliography of Mathematics is
+     still wanting. The following books, however, all from
+     Germany, are useful.
+
+     _Mathematics._--MURHARD (F.W.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica.
+     Lipsiae, 1797-1804. 4 vols.
+
+     ---- ROGG (J.). Handbuch der Mathematischen Literatur.
+     Tuebingen, 1830.
+
+     ---- SOHNCKE (L.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. 1830-54.
+     Leipsic, 1854.
+
+     ---- ERLECKE (A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. Halle-a.-S.,
+     1873.
+
+     ---- Professor De Morgan's Arithmetical Books (1847) is a
+     model of what a good bibliography ought to be.
+
+     _Medical._--Dr. Billings contributed a chapter on "Medical
+     Libraries in the United States" to the U.S. Report on Public
+     Libraries (pp. 171-182), in which he wrote--"The record of
+     the researches, experiences, and speculations relating to
+     Medical Science during the last four hundred years is
+     contained in between two and three hundred thousand volumes
+     and pamphlets; and while the immense majority of these have
+     little or nothing of what we call 'practical value,' yet
+     there is no one of them which would not be called for by
+     some inquirer if he knew of its existence." The writer added
+     a list of works of reference which should be in every
+     Medical Library.
+
+     There have been a specially large number of Medical
+     Bibliographies, from Haller's works downwards. James
+     Atkinson's Medical Bibliography (1834, A and B only), is an
+     amusing book, but of little or no utility. The most useful
+     books are Dr. Billings's Index Catalogue of the Library of
+     the Surgeon-General's Office (Washington, 1880) and the
+     Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Medical and
+     Chirurgical Society (3 vols. 1879), by B.R. Wheatley.
+     Neale's Medical Digest (1877) forms a convenient guide to
+     the medical periodicals. The two great French
+     dictionaries--Raige-Delorme and A. Dechambre, Dictionnaire
+     Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales (4 series, commenced
+     in 1854, and still in progress); Jaccoud, Nouveau
+     Dictionnaire de Medecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques (1864,
+     and still in progress)--contain very valuable references to
+     the literature of the various subjects. Of special subjects
+     may be mentioned H. Haeser's Bibliotheca Epidemiographica
+     (1843), John S. Billings's Bibliography of Cholera in the
+     Report of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States
+     (1875, pp. 707-1025), Beer's Bibliotheca Ophthalmica (1799),
+     Dr. E.J. Waring's Bibliotheca Therapeutica (1878-79, 2 vols.
+     8vo.), and Bibliography of Embryology, in Balfour's
+     Embryology, vol. ii.
+
+     _Meteorology._--A full bibliography of books and papers upon
+     Meteorology is being prepared at the United States Signal
+     Office, and it is reported that 48,000 titles are now in the
+     office. There have been several articles on this subject in
+     _Symons's Meteorological Magazine_, the last being in the
+     number for December, 1885.
+
+     _Mineralogy._--DANA (J.D.). Bibliography of Mineralogy.
+     1881. 8vo.
+
+     _Mining._--Wigan Free Public Library Index Catalogue of
+     Books and Papers relating to Mining, Metallurgy, and
+     Manufactures. By Henry Tennyson Folkard, Librarian.
+     Southport, 1880. Roy. 8vo.
+
+     _Motion (Perpetual)._--Perpetuum Mobile; or, search for
+     Self-Motive Power during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
+     illustrated from various authentic sources in papers,
+     essays, letters, paragraphs, and numerous Patent
+     Specifications, with an Introductory Essay. By Henry Dircks,
+     C.E. London, 1861. Sm. 8vo. Second Series. London, 1870. Sm.
+     8vo.
+
+     _Music._--ENGEL (C.). The Literature of National Music.
+     London, 1879. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Catalogue of the Library of the Sacred Harmonic
+     Society. A new edition [by W.H. Husk]. London, 1872. 8vo.
+
+     ---- RIMBAULT (F.). Bibliotheca Madrigaliana, a
+     Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works
+     published in England during the 16th and 17th centuries,
+     under the titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets,
+     etc. London, 1847. 8vo.
+
+     There are bibliographies of the subject in F.L. Kilter's
+     History of Music, London, 1876, and F. Clement, Histoire
+     generale de la Musique Religieuse. Paris, 1861.
+
+     _Natural History._--Dryander's Catalogue of Sir Joseph
+     Banks's Library, now in the British Museum, is the most
+     famous bibliography of this subject, although made so many
+     years ago. It consists of 5 vols. 8vo. (1798-1800). Vol. 1,
+     General Writers; Vol. 2, Zoology; Vol. 3, Botany; Vol. 4,
+     Mineralogy; Vol. 5, Supplement.
+
+     _Natural History._--ENGELMANN (W.). Bibliotheca
+     Historico-Naturalis. Leipzig, 1846.
+
+     ---- ZUCKOLD (E.A.). Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis,
+     Physico-Chemica et Mathematica. Goettingen, 1852.
+
+     ---- See _Zoology_.
+
+     _Philology._--MARSDEN (W.) Bibliotheca Marsdenia,
+     Philologica et Orientalis. London, 1827. 4to.
+
+     ---- ENGELMANN (W.). Bibliotheca Philologica. Leipzig, 1853.
+
+     ---- See _Dictionaries_.
+
+     _Political Economy._--MCCULLOCH (J.R.) The Literature of
+     Political Economy, London, 1845.--This is a very valuable
+     work up to the date of publication, but a good bibliography
+     of the subject is still a desideratum. The late Professor
+     Stanley Jevons proposed to draw up a Handy Book of the
+     Literature for the Index Society, but, to the great loss of
+     bibliography, was prevented by other work from undertaking
+     it. He contributed a list of Selected Books in Political
+     Economy to the _Monthly Notes_ of the Library Association
+     (Vol. 3, No. 7).
+
+     _Poor._--A Catalogue of Publications in the English Language
+     on subjects relative to the Poor will be found in Eden's
+     _State of the Poor_, vol. iii. pp. ccclxvii--ccclxxxvi.
+
+     _Printing._--BIGMORE (E.C.), and WYMAN (C.W.H.). A
+     Bibliography of Printing, with Notes and Illustrations.
+     London, 1880. 4to.
+
+     ---- The Literature of Printing. A Catalogue of the Library
+     illustrative of the History and Art of Typography,
+     Chalcography, and Lithography, by R.M. Hoe. London, 1877.
+     8vo.
+
+The following is a list of some of the bibliographies of the productions
+of the chief printers:
+
+     _Aldus._--Annales de l'Imprimerie des Alde ou Histoire des
+     trois Manuce et de leurs editions. Par Ant. Aug. Renouard.
+     Paris, an XII. Seconde edition. Paris, 1825. 8vo. 3 vols.
+
+     _Caxton._--The Life and Typography of William Caxton,
+     England's first Printer, with evidence of his typographical
+     connection with Colard Mansion, the Printer at Bruges.
+     Compiled from original sources by William Blades. London,
+     1861-63. 2 vols. 4to. A condensed edition was published
+     under the following title: The Biography and Typography of
+     William Caxton, England's first Printer. By William Blades.
+     Second edition. London, 1882. 8vo.
+
+     _Elzevirs._--Willems (A.). Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales
+     Typographiques. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo.
+
+     ---- C. Pieters. Annales de l'Imprimerie des Elsevier. Gand,
+     1858. 8vo.
+
+     _Plantin._--La Maison Plantin a Anvers. Par L. Degeorge.
+     Deuxieme edition, augmentee d'une liste chronologique des
+     ouvrages imprimes par Plantin a Anvers de 1555 a 1589.
+     Bruxelles, 1878. 8vo.
+
+     _Stephens._--Annales de l'Imprimerie des Estienne, ou
+     Histoire de la Famille, des Estienne et de ses editions. Par
+     A.A. Renouard. Paris, 1837-38. 8vo. 2 parts.
+
+     _Privately Printed Books._--The second edition of John
+     Martin's Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately Printed
+     Books was published in 1854, and a newer work on this
+     important subject is much required. Mr. W.P. Courtney has
+     been engaged in the production of such a work for some
+     years, and the labour could not be in better hands.
+
+     _Proverbs._--The _Bibliographie Paremiologique_ of Pierre
+     Alexandre Gratet-Duplessis (1847), is one of the most
+     elaborate and carefully compiled bibliographies ever
+     published. Sir William Stirling Maxwell printed privately a
+     catalogue of his collection of books of proverbs, in which
+     were specially marked those unknown to Duplessis, or those
+     published since the issue of his catalogue.
+
+     _Science._--An article on the Scientific Libraries in the
+     United States was contributed by Dr. Theodore Gill to the
+     U.S. Report on Public Libraries (pp. 183-217). It contains
+     an account of the various periodical records of work in the
+     various departments of science.
+
+     _Shorthand._--Thomas Anderson's History of Shorthand, London
+     (1882), contains Lists of Writers on Shorthand in different
+     languages.
+
+     _Theology._--There is an article on Theological Libraries in
+     the United States, in the U.S. Report on Public Libraries
+     (pp. 127-160). The following extract contains some
+     particulars respecting these.--"There are reported
+     twenty-four libraries, which contain from 10,000 to 34,000
+     volumes; and these twenty-four libraries belong to ten
+     different denominations. Three Baptist, two Catholic, two
+     Congregational, three Episcopal, one Lutheran, two
+     Methodist, seven Presbyterian, one Reformed (Dutch), one
+     Reformed (German), and two Unitarian. And, if we include
+     those libraries which contain less than 10,000 volumes, the
+     list of different denominations to which they belong is
+     extended to fifteen or sixteen."
+
+     A considerable number of Bibliographies of Theology will be
+     found in the British Museum Hand-list. Darling's Cyclopaedia
+     Bibliographica (1854-59), Malcom's Theological Index
+     (Boston, 1868), and Zuchold's Bibliotheca Theologica
+     (Goettingen, 1864), may be specially mentioned.
+
+     _Topography._--Gough's British Topography (2 vols. 4to.
+     1780) is an interesting and useful book, and Upcott's
+     Bibliographical Account of the principal works relating to
+     British Topography, 3 vols. 8vo. (1818), forms one of the
+     best specimens of English bibliography extant.
+
+     _Topography._--Mr. J.P. Anderson's Book of British
+     Topography (1881) is an indispensable book. Mr. Robert
+     Harrison has prepared for the Index Society an Index of
+     Books on Topography, arranged in one alphabet of places,
+     which has not yet been published. Mr. W.H.K. Wright
+     contributed a paper on "Special Collections of Local Books
+     in Provincial Libraries" to the Transactions of the First
+     Annual Meeting of the Library Association, 1878 (pp. 44-50).
+     Another paper on the same subject, by Mr. J.H. Nodal,
+     appears in the Transactions of the Second Annual Meeting of
+     the Library Association, 1879 (pp. 54-60), entitled "Special
+     Collections of Books in Lancashire and Cheshire," and in the
+     Appendix (pp. 139-148) is a full account of these
+     collections in Public Libraries and private hands.
+
+An indication of some of the chief bibliographies of particular counties
+and places is here added--
+
+     Cornwall: Boase & Courtney, 1874-82. 3 vols. A model
+     bibliography.
+
+     Devonshire: J. Davidson, 1852.
+
+        "       Plymouth (Three Towns' Bibliotheca), R.N. Worth, 1872-73.
+
+     Dorsetshire: C.H. Mayo, privately printed, 1885.
+
+     Gloucestershire: Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, J. Washbourn,
+     1823-25.
+
+     Gloucestershire: Collectanea Glocestriensia, J.D. Phelps,
+     1842.
+
+     Hampshire: Bibliotheca Hantoniensis, H.M. Gilbert, 1872?
+
+        "       List of Books, Sir W.H. Cope, 1879.
+
+     Herefordshire: J. Allen, jun., 1821.
+
+     Kent: J. Russell Smith, 1837.
+
+     Lancashire: H. Fishwick, 1875.
+
+     Man (Isle of): W. Harrison, 1876.
+
+     Norfolk: S. Woodward and W.C. Ewing, 1842.
+
+     Nottinghamshire: S.F. Creswell, 1863.
+
+     Sussex: G.S. Butler, 1866.
+
+     Yorkshire: Rt. Hon. John Smythe, Pontefract, 1809.
+
+        "       E. Hailstone, 1858.
+
+        "       W. Boyne, 1869.
+
+     _Trade and Finance._--Catalogue of Books, comprising the
+     Library of William Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England,
+     in vol. iii. of the Collection of his "Writings, edited by
+     Saxe Bannister," (3 vols. 8vo. London, 1859).
+
+     ---- Enslin und Engelmann. Bibliothek der
+     Handlungswissenschaft 1750-1845. Leipzig, 1856.
+
+     _Trials._--The Catalogue of the Library of the Philosophical
+     Institution of Edinburgh (1857) contains (pp. 297-319) a
+     very useful list of trials in an alphabet of the persons
+     tried. The table is arranged under name, charge, date of
+     trial, and reference.
+
+     _Voyages and Travels._--Locke's Catalogue and character of
+     most books of Voyages and Travels is interesting on account
+     of Locke's notes. (Locke's Works, 1812, 10 vols. 8vo., vol.
+     x. pp. 513-564.)
+
+     There are catalogues of books of travels in Pinkerton's
+     collection (1814), and Kerr's collection (1822).
+
+     ---- Boucher de la Richaderie, Bibliotheque Universelle des
+     Voyages, Paris, 1808. 6 vols. 8vo.
+
+     ---- Engelmann (W.). Bibliotheca Geographica. Leipzig, 1858.
+
+     _Zoology._--Agassiz's Bibliographia Zoologicae et Geologicae,
+     published by the Ray Society, 1848-54, was a useful book in
+     its day, but it is of no value bibliographically, and the
+     titles being mostly taken at second-hand, the work is full
+     of blunders.
+
+     ---- Carus and Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica, Leipzig
+     1861, forms a Supplement to the Bibliotheca
+     Historico-Naturalis of Engelmann.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A large number of bibliographies of particular authors have been published
+in this country and abroad, and it may be useful here to make a note of
+some of these.
+
+     Ariosto, Orlando Furioso: Ulisse Guidi, _Bologna_, 1861,
+     1868. G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1881.
+
+     Boccaccio: M. Landau, _Napoli_, 1881.
+
+     Burns: J. Mackie, _Kilmar_, 1866.
+
+     Calderon: E. Dorer, _Leipzig_, 1881.
+
+     Camoens: Adamson's Life of Camoens, vol. 2, 1820.
+
+     Cervantes: E. Dorer, _Leipzig_, 1881.
+
+     Corneille: E. Picot, _Paris_, 1876.
+
+     Dante: Bibliografia Dantesca, _Prato_, 1845-46. C.U.J.
+     Chevalier, 1877. G.A. Scartazzini, Dante in Germania, 1881.
+     J. Petzholdt, _Dresden_, 1880.
+
+     Goethe: S. Hirzel, 1878.
+
+     Luther: E.G. Vogel, _Halle_, 1851. J. Edmands,
+     _Philadelphia_, 1883.
+
+     Manzoni: A. Vosmara, _Milano_, 1875.
+
+     Moliere: P. Lacroix, _Paris_, 1875.
+
+     Montaigne: J.F. Payer, _Paris_, 1837.
+
+     Persius: J. Tarlier, _Bruxelles_, 1848.
+
+     Petrarch: Marsand, _Milano_, 1826.
+
+        "    A. Hortis, _Trieste_, 1874.
+
+        "    G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1877. C.U.J. Chevalier,
+     Montpeliard, 1880.
+
+     Rabelais: J.C. Brunet, _Paris_, 1852.
+
+     Schiller: L. Unflad, _Muenchen_, 1878.
+
+     Tasso: G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1880.
+
+     Voltaire: G. Bengesco, _Paris_, 1882.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Browning: F.J. Furnivall, Browning Society, 1881-2.
+
+     Carlyle: R.H. Shepherd, 1882.
+
+     Defoe: M. Stace, 1829; Wilson, 1830; Lee, 1862.
+
+     Dickens: R.H. Shepherd, 1881.
+
+        "    J. Cook, Paisley, 1879.
+
+     Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb: A. Ireland, 1868.
+
+     Ruskin: R.H. Shepherd, 1882.
+
+     Shakespeare: J. Wilson, 1827; J.O. Halliwell, 1841; Moulin,
+     1845; Sillig and Ulrici, 1854; H.G. Bohn, 1864; F. Thimm,
+     1865-72; K. Knortz, 1876; Unflad, 1880; Justin Winsor
+     (Poems); Birmingham Memorial Library Catalogue (J.D.
+     Mullens).
+
+     Shelley: H.B. Forman, 1886.
+
+     Tennyson: R.H. Shepherd, 1879.
+
+     Thackeray: R.H. Shepherd, 1881.
+
+     Wycliffe: J. Edmands, 1884.
+
+Dr. Garnett commenced a MS. list of such special bibliographies as he came
+across in Treatises on the different subjects. This list is added to and
+kept in the Reading Room for use by the Librarians. I was allowed the
+privilege of referring to this very useful list.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+PUBLISHING SOCIETIES.
+
+
+A large amount of important information is to be found in the publications
+of the numerous Societies formed for the purpose of supplying to their
+subscribers valuable works which are but little likely to find publishers.
+These publications have in a large number of instances added to our
+knowledge of history and literature considerably. The Societies have much
+increased of late years, but no record of the publications is easily to be
+obtained, since the full account given in Bohn's Supplement to Lowndes's
+_Bibliographer's Manual_.
+
+     The earliest of Publishing Societies was the _Dilettanti
+     Society_, instituted in London in 1734, which issued some
+     fine illustrated volumes of classical travel. A long period
+     of time elapsed without any societies of a similar character
+     being formed.
+
+     _The Roxburghe Club_ formed in the year 1812 in
+     commemoration of the sale of the magnificent library of John
+     third Duke of Roxburghe (died March 19, 1804). It was
+     chiefly intended as a Social Club, and a long list of
+     bibliographical toasts was run through at the banquets. The
+     publications were not at first of any great literary value,
+     although some of them were curious and interesting. After a
+     time competent editors were employed, and some important
+     works produced. Sir Frederick Madden's editions of "Havelok
+     the Dane" was issued in 1828, of the Romance of "William and
+     the Werwolf" in 1832, and of the old English version of
+     "Gesta Romanorum" in 1838. The valuable "Manners and
+     Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and
+     Fifteenth Centuries," edited by T. Hudson Turner, was
+     presented to the Club by Beriah Botfield in 1841; Payne
+     Collier's edition of the "Household Books of John Duke of
+     Norfolk, and Thomas Earl of Surrey, 1481-1490," was issued
+     in 1844, and his "Five Old Plays illustrative of the Early
+     Progress of the English Drama" in 1851; the Rev. Joseph
+     Stevenson's edition of "The Owl and the Nightingale, a Poem
+     of the Twelfth Century," was issued in 1838, and his edition
+     of "The Ayenbite of Inwyt" in 1855; John Gough Nichols's
+     edition of the "Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth"
+     appeared in 1857 and 1858 (2 vols.), and Dr. Furnivall's
+     edition of Henry Lonelich's "Seynt Graal" in 1863-1864.
+
+     Several years elapsed before the second great Printing Club
+     was founded. In 1823 _The Bannatyne Club_ was started in
+     Edinburgh, chiefly by Sir Walter Scott, for the purpose of
+     printing works illustrative of the History, Antiquities and
+     Literature of Scotland. It derives its names from George
+     Bannatyne (born Feb. 22, 1545, died 1607). A long series of
+     books have been issued by the Club to its members, many of
+     which are of great interest. The Catalogue of the Abbotsford
+     Library was presented in 1839 to the members "by Major Sir
+     Walter Scott, Bart., as a slight return for their liberality
+     and kindness in agreeing to continue to that Library the
+     various valuable works printed under their superintendence."
+     In the same year appeared Sir Frederick Madden's edition of
+     _Sir Gawayne_. Bishop Gawin Douglas's "Palace of Honour" was
+     printed in 1827, and his translation of Virgil's "AEneid" in
+     1839 (2 vols.). The Club was closed in 1867.
+
+     _The Maitland Club_, which derived its name from Sir Richard
+     Maitland of Lethington (born in 1496, died March 20, 1586),
+     was instituted in Glasgow in 1828. A volume containing "The
+     Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow, 1573 to 1581," was
+     presented to the Club in 1832-34; the Poems of Drummond of
+     Hawthornden in 1832; Robert Wodrow's "Collection upon the
+     Lives of the Reformers and most eminent Ministers of the
+     Church of Scotland" in 1834-45 (2 vols.). Dauncey's Ancient
+     Scottish Melodies in 1838. Sir Bevis of Hamtoun in the same
+     year, the Metrical Romance of Lancelot du Lak in 1839;
+     Wodrow's Analecta, or Materials for a History of Remarkable
+     Providences, in 1842-3 (4 vols.). Henry Laing's Descriptive
+     Catalogue of Ancient Seals, in 1850. The Club was closed in
+     1859.
+
+     _The Abbotsford Club_ was founded in honour of Sir Walter
+     Scott in 1834, by Mr. W.B.D.D. Turnbull. The first book
+     (issued in 1835) was a volume of "Ancient Mysteries from the
+     Digby MS."; "Arthur and Merlin, a Metrical Romance," was
+     printed in 1838; "Romances of Sir Guy of Warwick and Rembrun
+     his Son," in 1840; "The Legend of St. Katherine of
+     Alexandra," in 1841; "Sir Degaree, a Metrical Romance of the
+     end of the nineteenth century," in 1849. The Club was closed
+     in 1866.
+
+     These Printing Clubs were select in their constitution, and
+     the books being printed for the members in small numbers,
+     they are difficult to obtain and their price is high.
+
+     With the foundation of the Camden Society an entirely new
+     system was adopted, and the general body of book lovers,
+     poor as well as rich, were appealed to with great success,
+     and valuable books were supplied to the subscribers at a
+     price which would have been impossible without such means.
+     The Camden Society is entitled to this honour on account of
+     the general interest of its publications, but the Surtees
+     Society was actually the first to inaugurate the new system.
+     The subscription fixed was double that which the founders of
+     the Camden Society adopted, but it was, perhaps, a bolder
+     step to start a Society, appealing to a somewhat restricted
+     public with a two guinea subscription, than to appeal to the
+     whole reading public with a subscription of one pound.
+     Before saying more of the Surtees and Camden Societies, it
+     will be necessary to mention some other printing clubs which
+     preceded them.
+
+     _The Oriental Translation Fund_ was established in 1828,
+     with the object of publishing Translations from Eastern MSS.
+     into the languages of Europe. When the issue of books was
+     discontinued, the stock of such books as remained was sold
+     off, and many of these can still be obtained at a cheap
+     rate.
+
+     _The Iona Club_ was instituted in 1833, for the purpose of
+     investigating the History, Antiquities, and early Literature
+     of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, but little has
+     been done in the way of publication. The first book was
+     "Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis," and the second,
+     "Transactions of the Club," vol. i. in 4 parts. A second
+     volume was announced, but never appeared.
+
+     _The Surtees Society_ was founded at Durham in 1834 for the
+     publication of inedited Manuscripts, illustrative of the
+     moral, the intellectual, the religious, and the social
+     condition of those parts of England and Scotland included on
+     the East, between the Humber and the Frith of Forth, and on
+     the west, between the Mersey and the Clyde, a region which
+     constituted the ancient kingdom of Northumberland. The
+     Society is named after Robert Surtees, of Mainforth, author
+     of the "History of the County Palatine of Durham." Although
+     founded more than fifty years ago, the Society is still
+     flourishing, and carried on with the same vigour as of old.
+     The series of publications is a long one, and contains a
+     large number of most important works. The second book issued
+     was "Wills and Inventories, illustrative of the History,
+     Manners, Language, Statistics, etc., of the Northern
+     Counties of England, from the Eleventh Century downwards"
+     (Part 2 was issued in 1860); the third, "The Towneley
+     Mysteries or Miracle Plays"; the fourth, "Testamenta
+     Eboracensia: Wills illustrative of the History, Manners,
+     Language, Statistics, etc., of the Province of York, from
+     1300" (vol. 1). The second volume of this series was issued
+     in 1855. "Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter" was issued
+     in 1843-44 (2 vols.); "The Durham Household Book; or, the
+     Accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from 1530
+     to 1534," in 1844.
+
+     _The Camden Society_, instituted in 1838, has issued to its
+     subscribers a large number of books of the greatest interest
+     on historical and literary subjects. The set of publications
+     is so well known that it is not necessary to enumerate
+     titles here. Among the most valuable are the several volumes
+     devoted to the correspondence of certain old families, such
+     as the "Plumpton Correspondence" (1839), "Egerton Papers"
+     (1840), "Rutland Papers" (1842), and "Savile Correspondence"
+     (1858). The Romances and Chronicles must also be mentioned,
+     and the remarkable edition of the oldest English Dictionary,
+     "Promptorium Parvulorum," which was fully and learnedly
+     edited by the late Mr. Albert Way. A second series was
+     commenced in 1871, which is still continued.
+
+     The same year which saw the foundation of the Camden Society
+     also gave birth to _The English Historical Society_. Sixteen
+     works of considerable value were issued, but the greatest of
+     these is the grand "Codex Diplomaticus AEvi Saxonici" of the
+     late J. Mitchell Kemble (1845-48).
+
+     _The Spalding Club_, named after John Spalding, Commissary
+     Clerk of Aberdeen, and founded at Aberdeen in 1839 for the
+     printing of the Historical, Ecclesiastical, Genealogical,
+     Topographical, and Literary Remains of the North-Eastern
+     Counties of Scotland, was formed on the model of the
+     exclusive clubs; but being affected by the more democratic
+     constitution of the later printing societies, its
+     subscription was fixed at one guinea. Amongst the most
+     interesting of the Club's publications are the "Sculptured
+     Stones of Scotland" (1856), "Barbour's Brus" (1856), and
+     the "Fasti Aberdonensis: Selections from the Records of the
+     University and King's College of Aberdeen from 1494 to 1854"
+     (1854).
+
+     The year 1840 saw the foundation of three very important
+     Societies, viz. the Parker, the Percy, and the Shakespeare.
+
+     _The Parker Society_ took its name from the famous
+     Archbishop of Canterbury, Martin Parker, and its objects
+     were (1) the reprinting, without abridgment, alteration or
+     omission, of the best works of the Fathers and early Writers
+     of the Reformed English Church published in the period
+     between the accession of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth; (2)
+     the printing of such works of other writers of the Sixteenth
+     Century as may appear desirable (including under both
+     classes some of the early English Translations of the
+     Foreign Reformers), and (3) the printing of some MSS. of the
+     same authors hitherto unpublished. The Society was an
+     enormous success, and at one time the list contained seven
+     thousand members; but owing to the multitude of copies
+     printed, and the somewhat dry character of the books
+     themselves, many of them can now be obtained at a
+     ridiculously small sum, the price of a complete set usually
+     averaging little more than a shilling a volume. When the
+     series was completed, a valuable General Index to the whole
+     was compiled by Mr. Henry Gough, 1855.
+
+     _The Percy Society_ took its name from Bishop Percy, author
+     of the "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry" (born 1729, died
+     1811), and was founded for the purpose of bringing to light
+     important but obscure specimens of Ballad Poetry, or Works
+     illustrative of that department of Literature. The Society
+     was dissolved in 1853, but during the thirteen years of its
+     existence it produced a singularly interesting series of
+     publications. The number of separate works registered in
+     Bohn's Appendix to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual is 94,
+     besides "Quippes for Upstart Newfangled Gentlewomen by
+     Stephen Gosson," which was suppressed, and "Rhyming Satire
+     on the Pride and Vices of Women Now-a-days, by Charles
+     Bansley," 1540, which was reprinted in 1841, but not issued.
+     The set is much sought after, and fetches a good price.
+
+     _The Shakespeare Society_ was founded in 1840, to print
+     books illustrative of Shakespeare and of the literature of
+     his time, and a very valuable collection of works was issued
+     to the subscribers during the term of its existence. It was
+     dissolved in 1853, and the remaining stock was made up into
+     volumes and sold off. There was much for the Society still
+     to do; but the controversy arising out of the discovery of
+     the forgeries connected with John Payne Collier's name made
+     it difficult for the Shakespearians to work together with
+     harmony.
+
+     In this same year the _Musical Antiquarian Society_ was
+     founded, and during the seven years of its existence it
+     issued books of Madrigals, Operas, Songs, Anthems, etc., by
+     early English composers.
+
+     In the following year (1841), the _Motett Society_ was
+     founded for the publication of Ancient Church Music. Five
+     parts only, edited by Dr. Rimbault, were issued.
+
+     In 1841 the _Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts_
+     was founded, and a series of works in Syriac, Arabic,
+     Sanscrit, and Persian was distributed to the subscribers
+     until 1851, when the Society was dissolved.
+
+     _The Wodrow Society_ was instituted in Edinburgh in 1841,
+     for the publication of the early writers of the Reformed
+     Church of Scotland, and named after the Rev. Robert Wodrow.
+     Among its publications are, "Autobiography and Diary of
+     James Melvill," "Correspondence of the Rev. R. Wodrow" (3
+     vols.), "History of the Reformation in Scotland, by John
+     Knox" (2 vols.). The Society was dissolved in 1848.
+
+     _The AElfric Society_ was founded in 1842 for the publication
+     of those Anglo-Saxon and other literary monuments, both
+     civil and ecclesiastical, tending to illustrate the early
+     state of England. The publications, which were not numerous,
+     were edited by Benjamin Thorpe and J.M. Kemble, and the
+     Society was discontinued in 1856.
+
+     _The Chetham Society_, founded at Manchester in 1843, for
+     the publication of Historical and Literary remains connected
+     with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, was
+     named after Humphrey Chetham (born 1580, died 1653). The
+     Society, which still flourishes, has now produced a very
+     long series of important works, and the volumes, which are
+     not often met with, keep up their price well.
+
+     _The Sydenham Society_ for reprinting Standard English Works
+     in Medical Literature, and for the Translation of Foreign
+     Authors, with notes, was founded in 1843. After printing a
+     number of important works, the Society was dissolved in
+     1858, and was succeeded by _The New Sydenham Society_.
+
+     _The Spottiswoode Society_ was founded at Edinburgh in 1843,
+     for the revival and publication of the acknowledged works of
+     the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Episcopal Church of
+     Scotland, and rare, authentic, and curious MSS., Pamphlets
+     and other Works illustrative of the Civil and Ecclesiastical
+     State of Scotland. It takes its name from John Spottiswoode,
+     the first duly consecrated Scottish Archbishop after the
+     Reformation (born 1566, died 1639.) The late Mr. Hill Burton
+     gives an amusing account of the foundation of this Society
+     in his delightful _Book-Hunter_. He writes: "When it was
+     proposed to establish an institution for reprinting the
+     works of the fathers of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, it
+     was naturally deemed that no more worthy or characteristic
+     name could be attached to it than that of the venerable
+     prelate, who by his learning and virtues had so long adorned
+     the Episcopal Chair of Moray and Ross [Robert Jolly], and
+     who had shown a special interest in the department of
+     literature to which the institution was to be devoted. Hence
+     it came to pass that, through a perfectly natural process,
+     the Association for the purpose of reprinting the works of
+     certain old divines was to be ushered into the world by the
+     style and title of the JOLLY CLUB. There happened to be
+     amongst those concerned, however, certain persons so
+     corrupted with the wisdom of this world, as to apprehend
+     that the miscellaneous public might fail to trace this
+     designation to its true origin, and might indeed totally
+     mistake the nature and object of the institution,
+     attributing to it aims neither consistent with the ascetic
+     life of the departed prelate, nor with the pious and
+     intellectual object of its founders. The counsels of these
+     worldly-minded persons prevailed. The Jolly Club was never
+     instituted,--at least as an association for the reprinting
+     of old books of divinity,--though I am not prepared to say
+     that institutions, more than one so designed may not exist
+     for other purposes. The object, however, was not entirely
+     abandoned. A body of gentlemen united themselves together
+     under the name of another Scottish prelate, whose fate had
+     been more distinguished, if not more fortunate, and the
+     Spottiswoode Society was established. Here, it will be
+     observed, there was a passing to the opposite extreme, and
+     so intense seems to have been the anxiety to escape from all
+     excuse for indecorous jokes or taint of joviality, that the
+     word Club, wisely adopted by other bodies of the same kind,
+     was abandoned, and this one called itself a Society." The
+     publications were discontinued about 1851.
+
+     _The Calvin Translation Society_ was established at
+     Edinburgh in 1843, and its work was completed in 1855, by
+     the publication of twenty-two Commentaries, etc., of the
+     great reformer in fifty-two volumes.
+
+     _The Ray Society_ was founded in 1844 for the publication of
+     works on Natural History (Zoology and Botany), and a large
+     number of valuable books, fully illustrated, have been
+     produced, many of them translations from foreign works. Many
+     of the later publications are more elaborately coloured than
+     the earlier ones.
+
+     _The Wernerian Club_ was instituted in 1844 for the
+     republication of standard works of Scientific Authors of old
+     date.
+
+     _The Handel Society_ was founded at London in 1844, for the
+     purpose of printing the Works of Handel in full score.
+     Sixteen volumes were issued, and in 1858 the Society was
+     dissolved, the German Handel Society resuming the
+     publication.
+
+     _The Hanserd Knollys Society_ was instituted in 1845 for the
+     publication of the works of early English and other Baptist
+     writers, and one of these was an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim
+     Progress from the text of the first edition. The Society was
+     dissolved about 1851.
+
+     _The Caxton Society_ was instituted in 1845 for the
+     publication of Chronicles and other writings hitherto
+     unpublished, illustrative of the history and miscellaneous
+     literature of the middle ages. This Society was formed on a
+     somewhat original basis. The members were to pay no annual
+     subscription, but they engaged to purchase one copy of all
+     books published by the Society. The expense of printing and
+     publishing to be defrayed out of the proceeds of the sale,
+     and the money remaining over to be paid to the editors.
+
+     _The Cavendish Society_ was instituted in 1846 for the
+     promotion of Chemical Science by the translation and
+     publication of valuable works and papers on Chemistry not
+     likely to be undertaken by ordinary publishers. During its
+     last years the Society existed for the publication of
+     Gmelin's voluminous "Handbook of Chemistry," and when this
+     work was completed, with a general Index, the Society ceased
+     to exist.
+
+     _The Ecclesiastical History Society_ was instituted in 1846,
+     and one of its early publications was the first volume of
+     Wood's "Athenae Oxoniensis," edited by Dr. Bliss, but this
+     only contained the life of Anthony Wood himself. The Society
+     was dissolved in 1854, after publishing the Book of Common
+     Prayer according to a MS. in the Rolls Office, Dublin (3
+     vols.), and sundry other works.
+
+     _The Hakluyt Society_, named after Richard Hakluyt (born
+     1553, died 1616), was founded at the end of 1846 for the
+     purpose of printing the most rare and valuable Voyages,
+     Travels and Geographical Records, from an early period of
+     exploratory enterprise to the circumnavigation of Dampier.
+     The first two volumes ("Sir Richard Hawkins's Voyage into
+     the South Sea, 1593," and "Select Letters of Columbus") were
+     issued in 1847, and the Society still flourishes. Between
+     1847 and 1885 the Society has presented to its members an
+     important series of books of travel, at the rate of about
+     two volumes a year for an annual subscription of one guinea.
+
+     _The Palaeontographical Society_ was founded in 1847 for the
+     purpose of figuring and describing a stratigraphical series
+     of British Fossils. The annual volumes consist of portions
+     of works by the most eminent palaeontologists, and these
+     works are completed as soon as circumstances allow, but
+     several of them are still incomplete.
+
+     _The Arundel Society_ is so important an institution that it
+     cannot be passed over in silence, although, as the
+     publications chiefly consist of engravings,
+     chromolithographs, etc., it scarcely comes within the scope
+     of this chapter. The Society takes its name from Thomas
+     Howard Earl of Arundel, in the reigns of James I. and
+     Charles I., who has been styled the "Father of _vertu_ in
+     England." It was founded in 1849, and its purpose is to
+     diffuse more widely, by means of suitable publications, a
+     knowledge both of the history and true principles of
+     Painting, Sculpture, and the higher forms of ornamental
+     design, to call attention to such masterpieces of the arts
+     as are unduly neglected, and to secure some transcript or
+     memorial of those which are perishing from ill-treatment or
+     decay. The publications of the Society have been very
+     successful, and many of them cannot now be obtained.
+
+     Most of the societies above described have appealed to a
+     large public, and endeavoured to obtain a large amount of
+     public support; but in 1853 was formed an exclusive society,
+     with somewhat the same objects as the Roxburghe Club. _The
+     Philobiblon Society_ was instituted chiefly through the
+     endeavours of Mr. R. Monckton Milnes (the late Lord
+     Houghton) and the late Mons. Sylvain Van de Weyer. The
+     number of members was at first fixed at thirty-five, but was
+     raised in 1857 to forty, including the patron and honorary
+     secretaries. The publications consist chiefly of a series of
+     Bibliographical and Historical Miscellanies, contributed by
+     the members, which fill several volumes. Besides these there
+     are "The Expedition to the Isle of Rhe by Lord Herbert of
+     Cherbury," edited and presented to the members by the Earl
+     of Powis; "Inventaire de tous les meubles du Cardinal
+     Mazarin," edited and presented by H.R.H. the Duke d'Aumale;
+     "Memoires de la Cour d'Espagne sous la regne de Charles II.,
+     1678-82," edited and presented by William Stirling
+     (afterwards Sir William Stirling Maxwell); "The Biography
+     and Bibliography of Shakespeare," compiled and presented by
+     Henry G. Bohn; "Analyse des Travaux de la Societe des
+     Philobiblon de Londres," par Octave Delepierre.
+
+     _The Ossianic Society_ was instituted at Dublin in 1853 for
+     the preservation and publication of manuscripts in the Irish
+     Language, illustrative of the Fenian period of Irish
+     history, etc., with literal translations and notes.
+
+     _The Warton Club_ was instituted in 1854 and issued four
+     volumes, after which it was dissolved.
+
+     _The Manx Society_ was instituted at Douglas, Isle of Man,
+     in 1858, for the publication of National Documents of the
+     Isle of Man.
+
+All the Societies mentioned above are registered in Henry Bohn's Appendix
+to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, and lists of the publications up to
+1864 are there given. Most of them are also described in Hume's "Learned
+Societies and Printing Clubs of the United Kingdom" (1853). Since,
+however, the publication of these two books, a considerable number of
+important Printing Societies have been formed, and of these a list is not
+readily obtainable, except by direct application to the respective
+Secretaries.
+
+The newly printed General Catalogue of the British Museum in the Reading
+Room however contains a full list of the publications of the various
+Societies under the heading of _Academies_.
+
+     The foundation of the _Early English Text Society_ in 1864
+     caused a renewed interest to be taken in the publications of
+     the Printing Clubs. The origin of the Society was in this
+     wise. When the Philological Society undertook the formation
+     of a great English Dictionary, the want of printed copies of
+     some of the chief monuments of the language was keenly
+     felt. Mr. F.J. Furnivall, with his usual energy, determined
+     to supply the want, and induced the Council of the
+     Philological Society to produce some valuable texts. It was
+     found, however, that these publications exhausted much of
+     the funds of the Society, which was required for the
+     printing of the papers read at the ordinary meetings, so
+     that it became necessary to discontinue them. Mr. Furnivall,
+     then, in conjunction with certain members of the
+     Philological Society, founded the Early English Text
+     Society. The Society possessed the inestimable advantage of
+     having among its founders Mr. Richard Morris (afterwards the
+     Rev. Dr. Morris), who entered with fervour into the scheme,
+     and produced a large amount of magnificent work for the
+     Society. Dr. Furnivall put the objects of the Society
+     forward very tersely when he said that none of us should
+     rest "till Englishmen shall be able to say of their early
+     literature what the Germans can now say with pride of
+     theirs--'every word of it is printed, and every word of it
+     is glossed.'"
+
+     The Society prospered, and in 1867 an Extra Series was
+     started, in which were included books that had already been
+     printed, but were difficult to obtain from their rarity and
+     price.
+
+     One hundred and twenty-six volumes have been issued between
+     1864 and 1884, eighty-two volumes of the Original Series and
+     forty-four of the Extra Series, and there can be no doubt
+     that the publications of the Society have had an immense
+     influence in fostering the study of the English language.
+     The prefaces and glossaries given with each work contain an
+     amount of valuable information not elsewhere to be obtained.
+
+     These books throw light upon the growth of the language, and
+     place within the reach of a large number of readers works of
+     great interest in the literature of the country. The
+     greatest work undertaken by the Society is the remarkable
+     edition of "William's Vision of Piers the Plowman," which
+     Prof. Skeat has produced with an expenditure of great labour
+     during nearly twenty years. The last part, containing
+     elaborate notes and glossary, was issued in 1884.
+
+     The subjects treated of are very various. There is a fair
+     sprinkling of Romances, which will always be amongst the
+     most interesting of a Society's publications. Manners and
+     Customs are largely illustrated in a fair proportion of the
+     Texts, as also are questions of Social and Political
+     History. Perhaps the least interesting to the general reader
+     are the Theological Texts, which are numerous, but the
+     writers of these were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of
+     their times, and although they are apt to be prosy, they are
+     pretty sure to introduce some quaint bits which compensate
+     for a considerable amount of dulness. These books help us to
+     form a correct idea of the beliefs of our forefathers, and
+     to disabuse our minds of many mistaken views which we have
+     learnt from more popular but less accurate sources.
+
+     _The Ballad Society_ grew out of the publication, by special
+     subscription, of Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript, edited by
+     F.J. Furnivall and J.W. Hales. This was issued in connection
+     with the Early English Text Society (but not as one of its
+     Texts), through the energy of Mr. Furnivall, who had many
+     difficulties to overcome before he was able to get
+     permission to print the manuscript, which had been very
+     faithfully guarded from the eyes of critics. He had to pay
+     for the privilege, and in the end the old volume was sold to
+     the nation, and it now reposes among the treasures of the
+     British Museum. When this useful work was completed, Mr.
+     Furnivall was anxious to follow it by a reprint of all the
+     known collections of Ballads, such as the Roxburghe,
+     Bagford, Rawlinson, Douce, etc., and for this purpose he
+     started the Ballad Society in 1868. He himself edited some
+     particularly interesting "Ballads from Manuscripts," and an
+     elaborate account of Captain Cox's Ballads and Books in a
+     new edition of Robert Laneham's Letter on the Entertainment
+     at Kenilworth in 1575. The veteran Ballad illustrator, Mr.
+     William Chappell, undertook to edit the "Roxburghe Ballads,"
+     and produced nine parts, when the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth took
+     the work off his hands. Mr. Ebsworth had previously
+     reproduced the "Bagford Ballads," and he is now the
+     editor-in-chief of the Society. The following is a short
+     list of the publications of the Society: Nos. 1, 2, 3, 10,
+     "Ballads from Manuscripts"; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18,
+     19. "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited by Wm. Chappell; No. 7,
+     "Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books"; No. 11, "Love Poems
+     and Humourous Ones"; Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, "The Bagford
+     Ballads." No. 20, "The Amanda Group of Bagford Ballads;"
+     Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited
+     by the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth. No. 26 completes the fifth volume
+     of the "Roxburghe Ballads." There are two more volumes to
+     come, and then Mr. Ebsworth will undertake "The Civil War
+     and Protectorate Ballads." Much of the work on these volumes
+     is done, and they only await an increase in the subscription
+     list. It is to be hoped that when the good work done by the
+     Ballad Society is better known, the editor will not be kept
+     back in his useful course by the want of funds for printing.
+     Mr. Ebsworth's thorough work is too well known to need
+     praise here, but it may be noted that his volumes contain a
+     remarkable amount of illustration of the manners of the time
+     not to be obtained elsewhere. The value of this is the more
+     apparent by the system of arrangement in marked periods
+     which the editor has adopted.
+
+     _The Chaucer Society_ was founded in 1868 by Mr. Furnivall,
+     "to do honour to Chaucer, and to let the lovers and students
+     of him see how far the best unprinted Manuscripts of his
+     Works differed from the printed texts." For the Canterbury
+     Tales, Mr. Furnivall has printed the six best unprinted MSS.
+     in two forms--(1) in large oblong parts, giving the parallel
+     texts; (2) in octavo, each text separately. The six
+     manuscripts chosen are--The Ellesmere; The Lansdowne (Brit.
+     Mus.); The Hengwrt; The Corpus, Oxford; The Cambridge
+     (University Library); The Petworth. Dr. Furnivall has now
+     added Harleian 7334 to complete the series. The Society's
+     publications are issued in two series, of which the first
+     contains the different Texts of Chaucer's Works, and the
+     second such originals of and essays on these as can be
+     procured, with other illustrative treatises and
+     Supplementary Tales.
+
+     _The Spenser Society_ was founded at Manchester in 1867 for
+     the publication of well-printed editions of old English
+     authors in limited numbers. The chief publication issued to
+     subscribers was a reprint, in three volumes folio, of the
+     works of John Taylor, the Water-poet, from the original
+     folio. The other publications are in small quarto, and among
+     them are the works of John Taylor not included in the folio,
+     the works of Wither, etc.
+
+     _The Roxburghe Library_ was a subscription series, commenced
+     by Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt in 1868, with the same objects as a
+     publishing society. It was discontinued in 1870. The
+     following is a list of the publications:--"Romance of Paris
+     and Vienne"; "William Browne's Complete Works," 2 vols.;
+     "Inedited Tracts of the 16th and 17th Centuries
+     (1579-1618)"; "The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor
+     and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664"; "George Gascoigne's Complete
+     Poems," 2 vols.; "Thomas Carew's Poems."
+
+     _The Harleian Society_ was founded in 1869. Their chief
+     publication has been the late Colonel Chester's
+     magnificently edited Registers of Westminster Abbey. Other
+     Registers published are those of St. Peter's, Cornhill; St.
+     Dionis Backchurch; St. Mary Aldermary; St. Thomas the
+     Apostle; St. Michael, Cornhill; St. Antholin, Budge Lane;
+     and St. John the Baptist, on Wallbrook. Of the other
+     publications there are Visitations of Bedfordshire,
+     Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Devon, Essex,
+     Leicestershire, London 1568, 1633, Nottingham, Oxford,
+     Rutland, Somersetshire, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire, and Le
+     Neve's Catalogue of Knights.
+
+     _The Hunterian Club_ was founded at Glasgow in 1871, and
+     named after the Hunterian Library in the University. Among
+     the publications of the Club are a Series of Tracts by
+     Thomas Lodge and Samuel Rowlands; the Poetical Works of
+     Alexander Craig; Poetical Works of Patrick Hannay; Sir T.
+     Overburie's Vision by Richard Niccols, 1616. The printing of
+     the famous Bannatyne Manuscript, compiled by George
+     Bannatyne, 1568, was commenced by the Society in 1873, and
+     the seventh part, which completed this invaluable collection
+     of Scottish Poetry, was issued in 1881.
+
+     _The Folk Lore Society_ was founded by the late Mr. W.J.
+     Thoms (inventor of the term Folk Lore) in 1878, and during
+     the seven years of its existence it has done much valuable
+     work, chiefly through the energetic direction of Mr. G.L.
+     Gomme, the Hon. Sec. (now Director). The object of the
+     Society is stated to be "the preservation and publication of
+     Popular Traditions, Legendary Ballads, Local Proverbial
+     Sayings, Superstitions and Old Customs (British and
+     Foreign), and all subjects relating to them." The principal
+     publication of the Society, the _Folk Lore Record_, now the
+     _Folk Lore Journal_, was at first issued in volumes, and
+     afterwards in monthly numbers. It is now a quarterly. The
+     other publications are:--Henderson's Folk-Lore of the
+     Northern Counties of England and the Borders, a new edition;
+     Aubrey's Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme; Gregor's Notes
+     on the Folk-Lore of the North-east of Scotland; Comparetti's
+     Book of Sindibad and Pedroso's Portuguese Folk Tales;
+     Black's Folk Medicine; Callaway's Religious System of the
+     Amazulu.
+
+     The year 1873 saw the formation of several publishing
+     Societies.
+
+     _The New Shakspere Society_ was founded by Dr. F.J.
+     Furnivall, for the reading of papers, which have been
+     published in a Series of Transactions, and also for the
+     publication of collations of the Quarto Plays, and works
+     illustrating the great Dramatist's times. Among the latter
+     works are Harrison's Description of England, Stubbes's
+     Anatomie of Abuses, Dr. Ingleby's Shakespeare's Centurie of
+     Prayse, etc.
+
+     _The English Dialect Society_ was founded at Cambridge by
+     the Rev. Professor Skeat. Its objects are stated to be (1)
+     to bring together all those who have made a study of any of
+     the Provincial Dialects of England, or who are interested in
+     the subject of Provincial English; (2) to combine the
+     labours of collectors of Provincial English words by
+     providing a common centre to which they may be sent, so as
+     to gather material for a general record of all such words;
+     (3) to publish (subject to proper revision) such collections
+     of Provincial English words that exist at present only in
+     manuscript; as well as to reprint such Glossaries of
+     provincial words as are not generally accessible, or are
+     inserted in books of which the main part relates to other
+     subjects; and (4) to supply references to sources of
+     information which may be of material assistance to
+     word-collectors, students, and all who have a general or
+     particular interest in the subject. The publications are
+     arranged under the following Series: A, Bibliographical; B,
+     Reprinted Glossaries; C, Original Glossaries; D,
+     Miscellaneous. In 1875 the Society was transferred to
+     Manchester, and Mr. J.H. Nodal became Honorary Secretary.
+
+     _The Palaeographical Society_ was formed for the purpose of
+     reproducing Specimens of Manuscripts, and it has produced a
+     Series of Facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts, edited by E.A.
+     Bond and E.M. Thompson, Part 1 being issued in 1873.
+
+     At the end of the year 1877 _The Index Society_ was founded
+     for the purpose of producing (1) Indexes of Standard Works;
+     (2) Subject Indexes of Science, Literature and Art; and (3)
+     a General Reference Index. The publications were commenced
+     in 1878, and the First Annual Meeting was held in March,
+     1879, the Earl of Carnarvon being the first President. The
+     first publication was "What is an Index?" by H.B. Wheatley.
+     Among the important books issued by the Society may be
+     mentioned Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour";
+     Daydon Jackson's "Guide to the Literature of Botany" and
+     "Literature of Vegetable Technology," and Rye's "Index of
+     Norfolk Topography."
+
+     The _Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies_ was
+     founded in 1879 for the following objects: (1) To advance
+     the study of the Greek language, literature, and art, and to
+     illustrate the history of the Greek race in the ancient,
+     Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic periods, by the publication of
+     memoirs and inedited documents or monuments in a Journal to
+     be issued periodically. (2) To collect drawings, facsimiles,
+     transcripts, plans, and photographs of Greek inscriptions,
+     MSS., works of art, ancient sites and remains, and with this
+     view to invite travellers to communicate to the Society
+     notes or sketches of archaeological and topographical
+     interest. (3) To organise means by which members of the
+     Society may have increased facilities for visiting ancient
+     sites and pursuing archaeological researches in countries
+     which, at any time, have been the sites of Hellenic
+     civilization. Five volumes of the _Journal_ have been
+     issued.
+
+     _The Topographical Society of London_ was formed in 1880.
+     The Inaugural Meeting was held at the Mansion House, and the
+     first Annual Meeting at Drapers' Hall on Feb. 3, 1882, with
+     the Lord Mayor (Sir John Whitaker Ellis), President, in the
+     chair. The following reproductions have been issued to
+     subscribers:--Van der Wyngaerde's View of London, ab. 1550,
+     7 sheets; Braun & Hogenberg's Plan of London, 1 sheet;
+     Visscher's View of London, 4 sheets.
+
+     _The Browning Society_ was founded by Dr. Furnivall in
+     1881, and besides papers read at the meetings, the Society
+     has issued Dr. Furnivall's "Bibliography of Browning."
+
+     _The Wyclif Society_ was founded also by Dr. Furnivall in
+     1882, for the publication of the complete works of the great
+     Reformer.
+
+     _The Pipe Roll Society_ was established in 1883, and in 1885
+     the first three volumes of its publications have been issued
+     to the members. These are--Vol. 1, Pipe Rolls, 5 Hen. II.;
+     Vol. 2, 6 Hen. II.; Vol. 3, Introduction.
+
+     _The Oxford Historical Society_ was formed in 1884, and four
+     handsome volumes have been issued for that year and 1885.
+     These are--1, "Register of the University of Oxford" (vol.
+     1, 1449-63, 1505-71), edited by the Rev. C.W. Boase; 2,
+     "Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne" (vol. 1, July 4,
+     1705-March 19, 1707), edited by C.E. Doble, M.A. Both these
+     volumes are supplied with temporary Indexes. 3, "The Early
+     History of Oxford, 727-1100," by James Parker; 4, "Memories
+     of Merton College," by the Hon. George C. Brodrick; 5,
+     "Collectanea." First Series. Edited by C.R.L. Fletcher.
+
+     _The Middlesex County Record Society_ was formed in 1885
+     "for the purpose of publishing the more interesting portions
+     of the old County Records of Middlesex, which have lately
+     been arranged and calendared by order of the Justices."
+     Nothing has been published as yet, but Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson
+     is engaged upon the first two volumes, one of which will be
+     issued shortly.
+
+     The Rev. Dr. A.B. Grosart has himself printed by
+     subscription more works of our Old Writers than many a
+     Society, and therefore it is necessary to mention his
+     labours here, although a complete list of them cannot be
+     given. The chief series are: "The Fuller Worthies Library,"
+     39 volumes; "The Chertsey Worthies Library," 14 vols. 4to.,
+     and "The Huth Library."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHILD'S LIBRARY.
+
+
+The idea of a Child's Library is to a great extent modern, and it is not
+altogether clear that it is a good one, except in the case of those
+children who have no books of their own. It is far better that each child
+should have his own good books, which he can read over and over again,
+thus thoroughly mastering their contents.
+
+It is a rather wide-spread notion that there is some sort of virtue in
+reading for reading's sake, although really a reading boy may be an idle
+boy. When a book is read, it should be well thought over before another is
+begun, for reading without thought generates no ideas.
+
+One advantage of a Child's Library should be that the reader is
+necessarily forced to be careful, so as to return the books uninjured.
+This is a very important point, for children should be taught from their
+earliest years to treat books well, and not to destroy them as they often
+do. We might go farther than this and say that children should be taught
+at school how to handle a book. It is really astonishing to see how few
+persons (not necessarily children) among those who have not grown up among
+books know how to handle them. It is positive torture to a man who loves
+books to see the way they are ordinarily treated. Of course it is not
+necessary to mention the crimes of wetting the fingers to turn over the
+leaves, or turning down pages to mark the place; but those who ought to
+know better will turn a book over on its face at the place where they have
+left off reading, or will turn over pages so carelessly that they give a
+crease to each which will never come out.
+
+For a healthy education it is probably best that a child should have the
+run of a library for adults (always provided that dangerous books are
+carefully excluded). A boy is much more likely to enjoy and find benefit
+from the books he selects himself than from those selected for him.
+
+The circumstances of the child should be considered in the selection of
+books; thus it is scarcely fair when children are working hard at school
+all day that they should be made to read so-called instructive books in
+the evening. They have earned the right to relaxation and should be
+allowed good novels. To some boys books of Travels and History are more
+acceptable than novels, but all children require some Fiction, and, save
+in a few exceptional cases, their imaginations require to be cultivated.
+
+It will soon be seen whether children have healthy or unhealthy tastes. If
+healthy, they are best left to themselves; if unhealthy, they must be
+directed.
+
+It is easy for the seniors to neglect the children they have under them,
+and it is easy to direct them overmuch, but it is difficult to watch and
+yet let the children go their own way. We are apt, in arranging for
+others, to be too instructive; nothing is less acceptable to children or
+less likely to do them good than to be preached at. Moral reflections in
+books are usually skipped by children, and unless somewhat out of the
+common, probably by grown-up persons as well. Instruction should grow
+naturally out of the theme itself, and form an integral part of it, so
+that high aims and noble thoughts may naturally present themselves to the
+readers.
+
+One of the chapters in the United States Libraries' Report is on "School
+and Asylum Libraries" (pp. 38-59), in which we are informed that New York
+was the pioneer in founding school libraries. "In 1827 Governor De Witt
+Clinton, in his message to the legislature, recommended their formation;
+but it was not till 1835 that the friends of free schools saw their hopes
+realized in the passage of a law which permitted the voters in any school
+district to levy a tax of $20 to begin a library, and a tax of $10 each
+succeeding year to provide for its increase."
+
+Another chapter in the same Report is on "Public Libraries and the Young"
+(pp. 412-418), in which Mr. Wm. J. Fletcher advocates the use of the
+library as an addition to the school course. He writes, "It only remains
+now to say that, as we have before intimated, the public library should be
+viewed as an adjunct of the public school system, and to suggest that in
+one or two ways the school may work together with the library in directing
+the reading of the young. There is the matter of themes for the writing of
+compositions; by selecting subjects on which information can be had at the
+library, the teacher can send the pupil to the library as a student, and
+readily put him in communication with, and excite his interest in, classes
+of books to which he has been a stranger and indifferent."
+
+A very interesting book on this subject is entitled "Libraries and
+Schools. Papers selected by Samuel S. Green. New York (F. Leypoldt),
+1883." It contains the following subjects: "The Public Library and the
+Public Schools;" "The Relation of the Public Library to the Public
+Schools"; "Libraries as Educational Institutions"; "The Public Library as
+an Auxiliary to the Public Schools"; "The Relation of Libraries to the
+School System"; and "A Plan of Systematic Training in Reading at School."
+
+"_Books for the Young, a Guide for Parents and Children._ Compiled by C.
+M. Hewins. New York (F. Leypoldt), 1882," is an extremely useful little
+book. It contains a valuable list of books arranged in classes. Certain
+marks are used to indicate the character of the books, thus the letter
+(_c_) indicates that the book is especially suitable for children under
+ten, (_b_) that it is especially suitable for boys, and (_g_) that it is
+especially suitable for girls.
+
+Prefixed are eight sensible rules as to how to teach the right use of
+books.
+
+Perkins's "Best Reading" contains a good list of books for children (pp.
+299-303).
+
+The children's books of the present day are so beautifully produced that
+the elders are naturally induced to exclaim, "We never had such books as
+these," but probably we enjoyed our books as well as our children do
+theirs. What a thrill of pleasure the middle-aged man feels when a book
+which amused his childhood comes in his way: this, however, is seldom, for
+time has laid his decaying hand upon them--
+
+    "All, all are gone, the old familiar faces."
+
+The children for whom Miss Kate Greenaway and Mr. Caldecott draw and Mrs.
+Gatty and Mrs. Ewing wrote are indeed fortunate, but we must not forget
+that Charles and Mary Lamb wrote delightful books for the young, that Miss
+Edgeworth's stories are ever fresh, and that one of the most charming
+children's stories ever written is Mrs. Sherwood's _Little Woodman_.
+
+A short list of a Child's Library is quoted in the _Library Journal_ (vol.
+viii. p. 57) from the _Woman's Journal_. The family for whom it was chosen
+consisted of children from three to twelve, the two eldest being girls.
+The books are mostly American, and but little known in this country--
+
+  Snow-bound. Illustrated. Whittier.
+  Life of Longfellow. Kennedy.
+  A Summer in the Azores. Baker.
+  Among the Isles of Shoals. Celia Thaxter.
+  The boys of '76. Coffin.
+  The boys of '61. Coffin.
+  Story of our Country. Higginson.
+  Sir Walter Raleigh. Towle.
+  Child's History of England. Dickens.
+  Tales from Shakespear. Lamb.
+  Tales from Homer. Church.
+  The Wonder-book. Illustrated. Hawthorne.
+  Young folks' book of poetry. Campbell.
+  Poetry for childhood. Eliot.
+  Bits of talk about home matters. H.H.
+  The Seven Little Sisters. Andrews.
+  Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates. Dodge.
+  Room for one more. Mary T. Higginson.
+  King Arthur for boys. Lanier.
+  Doings of the Bodley family. Scudder.
+  Mother-play and Nursery-rhymes.
+  Children's Robinson Crusoe.
+  The four-footed lovers.
+  Mammy Tittleback and her family. H.H.
+  The Little Prudy books. Six volumes.
+
+The editor of the _Library Journal_ remarks on the list, "Guest's Lectures
+on English History is better than Dickens's, and the 'Prudy' children are
+so mischievous, so full of young Americanisms, and so far from being
+'wells of English undefiled,' that they are not always good companions for
+boys and girls. I have known a child's English spoiled by reading the
+Prudy books."
+
+Some of the old-fashioned children's books have been reprinted, and these
+will generally be found very acceptable to healthy-minded children, but
+some of the old books are not easily met with. No Child's Library should
+be without a good collection of Fairy Tales, a careful selection of the
+Arabian Nights, or Robinson Crusoe. Gulliver's Travels is very unsuited for
+children, although often treated as a child's book. Berquin's _Children's
+Friend_, Edgeworth's _Parent's Assistant_ and the Aikins's _Evenings at
+Home_, will surely still amuse children, although some may think their
+teaching too didactic. It is only by practical experience that we can tell
+what children will like. _Sandford and Merton_ is, I believe, usually
+considered as hopelessly out of date, but I have found young hearers
+follow my reading of it with the greatest interest. _The Pilgrim's
+Progress_ will always have as great a fascination for the young as it must
+have for their elders; but there is much preaching in it which must be
+skipped, or the attention of the hearers will flag.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ONE HUNDRED BOOKS.
+
+
+In the Fourth Chapter of this Volume two lists of selected books are
+given, viz. The Comtist's Library, and a list of one hundred good novels.
+Since that chapter was written and printed, much public attention has been
+drawn to this branch of our subject by the publication of Sir John
+Lubbock's list of books which he recommended to the members of the Working
+Men's College, when he lectured at that place on "Books." The comments by
+eminent men, which have appeared in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, have also
+attracted attention, and it seems desirable that some note on this list
+should appear in these pages.
+
+The list issued by the _Pall Mall Gazette_ is as follows:
+
+NON-CHRISTIAN MORALISTS.
+
+  Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_.
+  Epictetus, _Encheiridion_.
+  Confucius, _Analects_.
+  Aristotle, _Ethics_.
+  Mahomet, _Koran_.
+
+THEOLOGY AND DEVOTION.
+
+  Apostolic Fathers, _Wake's Collection_.
+  St. Augustine, _Confessions_.
+  Thomas a Kempis, _Imitation_
+  Pascal, _Pensees_.
+  Spinoza, _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_.
+  Butler, _Analogy_.
+  Jeremy Taylor, _Holy Living and Holy Dying_.
+  Keble, _Christian Year_.
+  Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_.
+
+CLASSICS.
+
+  Aristotle, _Politics_.
+  Plato, _Phaedo_ and _Republic_.
+  AEsop, _Fables_.
+  Demosthenes, _De Corona_.
+  Lucretius.
+  Plutarch.
+  Horace.
+  Cicero, _De Officiis_, _De Amicitia_, and _De Senectute_.
+
+EPIC POETRY.
+
+  Homer, _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_.
+  Hesiod.
+  Virgil.
+  Niebelungenlied.
+  Malory, _Morte d'Arthur_.
+
+EASTERN POETRY.
+
+  _Mahabharata_ and _Ramayana_ (epitomised by Talboys Wheeler).
+  Firdausi, _Shah-nameh_ (translated by Atkinson).
+  _She-king_ (Chinese Odes).
+
+GREEK DRAMATISTS.
+
+  AEschylus, _Prometheus_, _The House of Atreus_, Trilogy, or _Persae_.
+  Sophocles, _OEdipus_, Trilogy.
+  Euripides, _Medea_.
+  Aristophanes, _The Knights_.
+
+HISTORY.
+
+  Herodotus.
+  Thucydides.
+  Xenophon, _Anabasis_.
+  Tacitus, _Germania_.
+  Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_.
+  Voltaire, _Charles XII._ or _Louis XIV._
+  Hume, _England_.
+  Grote, _Greece_.
+
+PHILOSOPHY.
+
+  Bacon, _Novum Organum_.
+  Mill, _Logic_ and _Political Economy_.
+  Darwin, _Origin of Species_.
+  Smith, _Wealth of Nations_ (selection).
+  Berkeley, _Human Knowledge_.
+  Descartes, _Discourse sur la Methode_.
+  Locke, _Conduct of the Understanding_.
+  Lewes, _History of Philosophy_.
+
+TRAVELS.
+
+  Cook, _Voyages_.
+  Darwin, _Naturalist in the Beagle_.
+
+POETRY AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
+
+  Shakspeare.
+  Milton.
+  Dante.
+  Spenser.
+  Scott.
+  Wordsworth.
+  Pope.
+  Southey.
+  Longfellow.
+  Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_.
+  Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_.
+  Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_.
+  _The Arabian Nights._
+  _Don Quixote._
+  Boswell, _Johnson_.
+  Burke, _Select Works_.
+  Essayists--Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson.
+  Moliere.
+  Sheridan.
+  Carlyle, _Past and Present_ and _French Revolution_.
+  Goethe, _Faust_ and _Wilhelm Meister_.
+  Marivaux, _La Vie de Marianne_.
+
+MODERN FICTION.
+
+  Selections from--Thackeray, Dickens, George Eliot, Kingsley, Scott,
+  Bulwer-Lytton.
+
+It must be borne in mind by the reader that this list, although the one
+sent round for criticism by the editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_, is not
+really Sir John Lubbock's. This will be found on p. 240. Sir John
+Lubbock's address was not given in full, and the list drawn up by the
+_Pall Mall_, from the reports in the daily papers, contained in fact only
+about 85 books.
+
+It seems necessary to allude particularly to this imperfect list, because
+it is the only one upon which the critics were asked to give an opinion,
+and their criticisms are peculiarly interesting, as they give us an
+important insight into the tastes and opinions of our teachers. In itself
+it is almost impossible to make a list that will be practically useful,
+because tastes and needs differ so widely, that a course of reading
+suitable for one man may be quite unsuitable for another. It is also very
+doubtful whether a conscientious passage through a "cut-and-dried" list of
+books will feed the mind as a more original selection by each reader
+himself would do. It is probably best to start the student well on his way
+and then leave him to pursue it according to his own tastes. Each book
+will help him to another, and consultation with some of the many manuals
+of English literature will guide him towards a good choice. This is in
+effect what Mr. Bond, Principal Librarian of the British Museum, says in
+his reply, to the circular of the editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_. He
+writes "The result of several persons putting down the titles of books
+they considered 'best reading' would be an interesting but very imperfect
+bibliography of as many sections of literature;" and, again, "The beginner
+should be advised to read histories of the literature of his own and
+other countries--as Hallam's 'Introduction to the Literature of Europe,'
+Joseph Warton's 'History of English Poetry,' Craik's 'History of English
+Literature,' Paine's History, and others of the same class. These would
+give him a survey of the field, and would quicken his taste for what was
+naturally most congenial to him."
+
+There probably is no better course of reading than that which will
+naturally occur to one who makes an honest attempt to master our own noble
+literature. This is sufficient for the lifetime of most men without
+incursions into foreign literature. All cultivated persons will wish to
+become acquainted with the masterpieces of other nations, but this
+diversion will not be advisable if it takes the reader away from the study
+of the masterpieces of his own literature.
+
+Turning to the comments on the _Pall Mall Gazette's_ list, we may note one
+or two of the most important criticisms. The Prince of Wales very justly
+suggested that Dryden should not be omitted from such a list. Mr.
+Chamberlain asked whether the Bible was excluded by accident or design,
+and Mr. Irving suggested that the Bible and Shakespeare form together a
+very comprehensive library.
+
+Mr. Ruskin's reply is particularly interesting, for he adds but little,
+contenting himself with the work of destruction. He writes, "Putting my
+pen lightly through the needless--and blottesquely through the rubbish and
+poison of Sir John's list--I leave enough for a life's liberal
+reading--and choice for any true worker's loyal reading. I have added one
+quite vital and essential book--Livy (the two first books), and three
+plays of Aristophanes (_Clouds_, _Birds_, and _Plutus_). Of travels, I
+read myself all old ones I can get hold of; of modern, Humboldt is the
+central model. Forbes (James Forbes in Alps) is essential to the modern
+Swiss tourist--of sense." Mr. Ruskin puts the word _all_ to Plato,
+_everything_ to Carlyle, and _every word_ to Scott. Pindar's name he adds
+in the list of the classics, and after Bacon's name he writes "chiefly the
+_New Atlantis_."
+
+The work of destruction is marked by the striking out of all the
+_Non-Christian Moralists_, of all the Theology and Devotion, with the
+exception of Jeremy Taylor and the _Pilgrim's Progress_. The
+Nibelungenlied and Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_ (which, by the way, is in
+prose) go out, as do Sophocles and Euripides among the Greek Dramatists.
+_The Knights_ is struck out to make way for the three plays of
+Aristophanes mentioned above. Gibbon, Voltaire, Hume, and Grote all go, as
+do all the philosophers but Bacon. Cook's Voyages and Darwin's Naturalist
+in the _Beagle_ share a similar fate. Southey, Longfellow, Swift, Hume,
+Macaulay, and Emerson, Goethe and Marivaux, all are so unfortunate as to
+have Mr. Ruskin's pen driven through their names. Among the novelists
+Dickens and Scott only are left. The names of Thackeray, George Eliot,
+Kingsley, and Bulwer-Lytton are all erased.
+
+Mr. Ruskin sent a second letter full of wisdom till he came to his reasons
+for striking out Grote's "History of Greece," "Confessions of St.
+Augustine," John Stuart Mill, Charles Kingsley, Darwin, Gibbon, and
+Voltaire. With these reasons it is to be hoped that few readers will
+agree.
+
+Mr. Swinburne makes a new list of his own which is very characteristic.
+No. 3 consists of "Selections from the Bible: comprising Job, the Psalms,
+Ecclesiastes, the Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel; the Gospels of
+St. Matthew and St. Luke, the Gospel and the First Epistle of St. John and
+Epistle of St. James." No. 12 is Villon, and Nos. 45 to 49 consist of the
+plays of Ford, Dekker, Tourneur, Marston, and Middleton; names very dear
+to the lover of our old Drama, but I venture to think names somewhat
+inappropriate in a list of books for a reader who does not make the drama
+a speciality. Lamb's Selections would be sufficient for most readers.
+
+Mr. William Morris supplies a full list with explanations, which are of
+considerable interest as coming from that distinguished poet.
+
+Archdeacon Farrar gives, perhaps, the best test for a favourite author,
+that is, the selection of his works in the event of all others being
+destroyed. He writes, "But if all the books in the world were in a blaze,
+the first twelve which I should snatch out of the flames would be the
+Bible, _Imitatio Christi_, Homer, AEschylus, Thucydides, Tacitus, Virgil,
+Marcus Aurelius, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth. Of living authors
+I would save first the works of Tennyson, Browning and Ruskin."
+
+Another excellent test is that set up by travellers and soldiers. A book
+must be good when one of either of these classes decides to place it among
+his restricted baggage. Mr. H.M. Stanley writes, "You ask me what books I
+carried with me to take across Africa. I carried a great many--three
+loads, or about 180 lbs. weight; but as my men lessened in numbers,
+stricken by famine, fighting and sickness, they were one by one
+reluctantly thrown away, until finally, when less than 300 miles from the
+Atlantic, I possessed only the Bible, Shakespeare, Carlyle's Sartor
+Resartus, Norie's Navigation, and Nautical Almanac for 1877. Poor
+Shakspeare was afterwards burned by demand of the foolish people of Zinga.
+At Bonea, Carlyle and Norie and Nautical Almanac were pitched away, and I
+had only the old Bible left." He then proceeds to give a list of books
+which he allowed himself when "setting out with a tidy battalion of men."
+
+Lord Wolseley writes, "During the mutiny and China war I carried a
+Testament, two volumes of Shakespeare that contained his best plays, and
+since then, when in the field, I have always carried: Book of Common
+Prayer, Thomas a Kempis, Soldier's Pocket Book.... The book that I like
+reading at odd moments is 'The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.'" He then
+adds, for any distant expedition, a few books of History (Creasy's
+"Decisive Battles," Plutarch's "Lives," Voltaire's "Charles XII.,"
+"Caesar," by Froude, and Hume's "England"). His Fiction is confined to
+Macaulay's "History of England" and the "Essays."
+
+Mr. Quaritch remarks that "Sir John's 'working man' is an ideal creature.
+I have known many working men, but none of them could have suggested such
+a feast as he has prepared for them." He adds, "In my younger days I had
+no books whatever beyond my school books. Arrived in London in 1842, I
+joined a literary institution, and read all their historical works. To
+read fiction I had no time. A friend of mine read novels all night long,
+and was one morning found dead in his bed." If Mr. Quaritch intends this
+as a warning, he should present the fact for the consideration of those
+readers who swell the numbers of novels in the statistics of the Free
+Libraries.
+
+Looking at the _Pall Mall Gazette's_ list, it naturally occurs to us that
+it would be a great error for an Englishman to arrange his reading so that
+he excluded Chaucer while he included Confucius. Among the names of modern
+novelists it is strange that Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte should have
+been omitted. In Sir John Lubbock's own list it will be seen that the
+names of Chaucer and Miss Austen occur. Among Essayists one would like to
+have seen at least the names of Charles Lamb, De Quincey, and Landor, and
+many will regret to find such delightful writers as Walton and Thomas
+Fuller omitted. We ought, however, to be grateful to Sir John Lubbock for
+raising a valuable discussion which is likely to draw the attention of
+many readers to books which might otherwise have been most unjustly
+neglected by them.[69]
+
+The following is Sir John Lubbock's list. It will be seen that several of
+the books, whose absence is remarked on, do really form part of the list,
+and that the objections of the critics are so far met.
+
+  _The Bible._
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_.
+  Epictetus.
+  Confucius, _Analects_.
+  _Le Bouddha et sa Religion_ (St.-Hilaire).
+  Aristotle, _Ethics_.
+  Mahomet, _Koran_ (parts of).
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Apostolic Fathers_, Wake's collection.
+  St. Augustine, _Confessions_.
+  Thomas a Kempis, _Imitation_.
+  Pascal, _Pensees_.
+  Spinoza, _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_.
+  Comte, _Cat. of Positive Philosophy_ (Congreve).
+  Butler, _Analogy_.
+  Jeremy Taylor, _Holy Living and Holy Dying_.
+  Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_.
+  Keble, _Christian Year_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Aristotle, _Politics_.
+  Plato's Dialogues--at any rate the _Phaedo_ and _Republic_.
+  Demosthenes, _De Corona_.
+  Lucretius.
+  Plutarch.
+  Horace.
+  Cicero, _De Officiis_, _De Amicitia_, _De Senectute_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Homer, _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_.
+  Hesiod.
+  Virgil.
+  Niebelungenlied.
+  Malory, _Morte d'Arthur_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Maha-Bharata, _Ramayana_, epitomized by Talboys
+  Wheeler in the first two vols. of his _History of India_.
+  Firdusi, _Shah-nameh_. Translated by Atkinson.
+  _She-king_ (Chinese Odes).
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  AEschylus, _Prometheus_, _House of Atreus_, Trilogy, or _Persae_.
+  Sophocles, _OEdipus_, Trilogy.
+  Euripides, _Medea_,
+  Aristophanes, _The Knights_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Herodotus.
+  Xenophon, _Anabasis_.
+  Thucydides.
+  Tacitus, _Germania_.
+  Livy.
+  Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_.
+  Hume, _England_.
+  Grote, _Greece_.
+  Carlyle, _French Revolution_.
+  Green, _Short History of England_.
+  Bacon, _Novum Organum_.
+  Mill, _Logic_ and _Political Economy_.
+  Darwin, _Origin of Species_.
+  Smith, _Wealth of Nations_ (part of).
+  Berkeley, _Human Knowledge_.
+  Descartes, _Discours sur la Methode_.
+  Locke, _Conduct of the Understanding_.
+  Lewes, _History of Philosophy_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Cook, _Voyages_.
+  Humboldt, _Travels_.
+  Darwin, _Naturalist in the Beagle_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Shakespeare.
+  Milton, _Paradise Lost_, and the shorter poems.
+  Dante, _Divina Commedia_.
+  Spenser, _Faerie Queen_.
+  Dryden's Poems.
+  Chaucer, Morris's (or, if expurgated, Clarke's or Mrs. Haweis's) edition.
+  Gray.
+  Burns.
+  Scott's Poems.
+  Wordsworth, Mr. Arnold's selection.
+  Heine.
+  Pope.
+  Southey.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_.
+  Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_.
+  Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_.
+  _The Arabian Nights._
+  Cervantes, _Don Quixote_.
+  Boswell, _Johnson_.
+  Burke, _Select Works_ (Payne).
+  Essayists:--Bacon, Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson.
+  Moliere.
+  Sheridan.
+
+  Voltaire, _Zadig_.
+  Carlyle, _Past and Present_.
+  Goethe, _Faust_, _Wilhelm Meister_.
+  White, _Natural History of Selborne_.
+  Smiles, _Self Help_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Miss Austen, either _Emma_ or _Pride and Prejudice_.
+  Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ and _Pendennis_.
+  Dickens, _Pickwick_ and _David Copperfield_.
+  George Eliot, _Adam Bede_.
+  Kingsley, _Westward Ho_!
+  Bulwer-Lytton, _Last Days of Pompeii_.
+  Scott's Novels.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[69] The whole of the correspondence has been reissued as a _Pall Mall
+"Extra"_ No. 24, and threepence will be well laid out by the purchaser of
+this very interesting pamphlet.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Abbotsford Club, 187.
+
+  Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, Indecent books turned out, 18.
+
+  AElfric Society, 195.
+
+  Arundel Society, 200.
+
+  Authors, Bibliographies of particular, 181.
+
+
+  Ballad Society, 206.
+
+  Bannatyne Club, 186.
+
+  Bibliographies (General), 141-159.
+
+  ---- (Special), 160-183.
+
+  Bindings in Charles I.'s Cabinet, 29.
+
+  Book Collectors, 23.
+
+  Books, One Hundred, 227-244.
+
+  Booksellers, Use of, 58.
+
+  Bossange (Hector), Ma Bibliotheque Francaise, 7.
+
+  Burton's Book Hunter, 2, 53, 196.
+
+  Buy, How to, 57-72.
+
+
+  Calvin Translation Society, 197.
+
+  Camden Society, 190.
+
+  Catalogues of Public Libraries, 141.
+
+  Cavendish Society, 199.
+
+  Caxton Society, 198.
+
+  Chaucer Society, 28.[TN 208]
+
+  Chetham Society, 195.
+
+  Child's Library, 217-226.
+
+  Comte's Positivist Library, 131.
+
+
+  Dibdin's Library Companion, 2.
+
+  Dilettanti Society, 184.
+
+  Durie's Reformed Librarie Keeper, 13.
+
+
+  Early English Text Society, 203.
+
+  Ecclesiastical History Society, 199.
+
+  Edwards (Edward), Report on Formation of Manchester Free Library, 4.
+  ---- Memoirs of Libraries, 5, 63.
+  ---- Libraries and Founders of Libraries, 29, 44.
+
+  English Dialect Society, 212.
+
+  English Historical Society, 191.
+
+
+  Fiction in Public Libraries, 81.
+
+  Folk Lore Society, 210.
+
+  Franklin's foundation of the Philadelphia Library, 77.
+
+
+  George III.'s list of books, 14.
+
+  Goodhugh's Library Manual, 3.
+
+
+  Hakluyt Society, 200.
+
+  Handel Society, 198.
+
+  Hanserd Knollys Society, 198.
+
+  Harleian Society, 209.
+
+  Hellenic Studies, Society for the promotion of, 213.
+
+  Hunterian Club, 210.
+
+
+  Index Society, 213.
+
+  Iona Club, 189.
+
+
+  Johnson's (Dr.) List of Books, 15.
+
+
+  Libraries, How men have Formed them, 23-56.
+
+  ---- (Cathedral), 75.
+
+  ---- (Monastic), 25.
+
+  ---- (Private), 89-140.
+
+  ---- (Public), 73-88.
+
+  ---- United States Report on, 20, 75, 220.
+
+  Louis XVI., his books during his captivity, 43.
+
+  Lubbock's (Sir John), List of Books, 227-244.
+
+
+  Maitland Club, 187.
+
+  Manx Society, 202.
+
+  Middlesex County Record Society, 215.
+
+  Motett Society, 194.
+
+  Musical Antiquarian Society, 194.
+
+
+  Napoleon's Libraries, 44.
+
+  Naude, Gilbert [TN Gabriel], 9.
+
+  Novels, One Hundred Good, 138.
+
+  ---- in Public Libraries, 81.
+
+
+  Oriental Texts, Society for the Publication of, 194.
+
+  Oriental Translation Fund, 189.
+
+  Ossianic Society, 202.
+
+  Oxford Historical Society, 215.
+
+
+  Palaeographical Society, 213.
+
+  Palaeontographical Society, 200.
+
+  Parker Society, 192.
+
+  Percy Society, 193.
+
+  Perkins's Best Reading, 8.
+
+  Philobiblon Society, 201.
+
+  Pipe Roll Society, 215.
+
+  Positivist Library, 131.
+
+  Printers, Bibliographies of celebrated, 176.
+
+
+  Ray Society, 198.
+
+  Reference, Books of, 91-129.
+
+  Roxburghe Club, 185.
+
+  Roxburghe Library, 209.
+
+
+  Sales, How to Buy at, 63.
+
+  Shakespeare Society, 193.
+
+  Shakspere (New) Society, 211.
+
+  Societies (Publishing), 184-216.
+
+  Spalding Club, 191.
+
+  Spenser Society, 209.
+
+  Spottiswoode Society, 195.
+
+  Stevens (Henry), "My English Library," 6.
+  ---- his paper on Mr. James Lenox, 55, 64.
+
+  Surtees Society, 189.
+
+  Sydenham Society, 195.
+
+
+  Topographical Bibliographies, 179.
+
+  Topographical Society of London, 214.
+
+
+  Warton Club, 202.
+
+  Wernerian Club, 198.
+
+  Wodrow Society, 194.
+
+  Wyclif Society, 215
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+Inconsistent spelling retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY, 2ND ED ***
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