initial commit of ebook 31491HEADmain

12 files changed, 4741 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/31491-8.txt b/31491-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66d182c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1535 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western
+North America, by John A. White
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America
+
+Author: John A. White
+
+Release Date: March 3, 2010 [EBook #31491]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
+Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes: The following change has been made to the text:
+Page 631, added closing parenthesis to "(genus Eutamias of California)"]
+
+
+
+
+The Baculum in the Chipmunks
+of Western North America
+
+BY
+
+JOHN A. WHITE
+
+
+University of Kansas Publications
+Museum of Natural History
+
+Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text
+December 1, 1953
+
+
+University of Kansas
+LAWRENCE
+1953
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
+and Robert W. Wilson
+
+Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text
+
+December 1, 1953
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1953
+
+[Illustration]
+
+24-8968
+
+
+
+
+The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America
+
+By
+
+JOHN A. WHITE
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+Introduction                                                         613
+
+Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments                              614
+
+Variation                                                            614
+
+Key to the Bacula of the Species of Eutamias of
+Western North America                                                615
+
+Accounts by Species                                                  616
+    _Eutamias alpinus_                                               616
+    _E. minimus_                                                     617
+    _E. townsendii_                                                  618
+    _E. sonomae_                                                     619
+    _E. amoenus_                                                     619
+    _E. dorsalis_                                                    620
+    _E. merriami_                                                    621
+    _E. quadrivittatus_                                              621
+    _E. ruficaudus_                                                  622
+    _E. cinereicollis_                                               624
+    _E. quadrimaculatus_                                             624
+    _E. speciosus_                                                   625
+    _E. panamintinus_                                                625
+    _E. umbrinus_                                                    626
+    _E. palmeri_                                                     627
+    _E. bulleri_                                                     627
+
+Figures 1-19. Lateral views of bacula                                629
+
+Discussion                                                           630
+
+Literature Cited                                                     631
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The baculum is the bony part of the penis. In the species of the
+subgenus _Neotamias_ the proximal part of the baculum is termed the
+shaft, and the distal upturned part is termed the tip. On the dorsal
+side of the tip there is a longitudinal ridge termed the keel. The
+proximal end of the shaft is termed the base (see fig. 19). Depending on
+the species, the shaft varies from 2.11 to 5.28 mm. in length, and the
+base may or may not be widened or deepened.
+
+The purpose of this report is to: (1) Show the usefulness of the
+structure of the baculum as a taxonomic character in chipmunks; and (2)
+compare a classification based on the structure of the baculum with a
+classification based on the structure and appearance of the skull and
+skin.
+
+
+
+
+METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+
+    The bacula which were borrowed from the University of Michigan,
+    Museum of Zoology, were processed according to the method
+    described by Friley (1947:395-397), whereas all others were
+    processed according to the method described by White (1951:125).
+    Thus the bacula that were borrowed from the University of
+    Michigan, are maintained there in a separate collection, whereas
+    the bacula borrowed from other museums and those that are at the
+    University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, are housed with
+    the skulls of the corresponding specimens.
+
+    All measurements of the bacula were made by means of an eyepiece
+    micrometer.
+
+    A total of 194 bacula were seen. All of these are in the Museum
+    of Natural History of the University of Kansas, unless otherwise
+    indicated by the following symbols:
+
+        BS    United States Biological Surveys Collection.
+        CN    Chicago Natural History Museum.
+        LA    Los Angeles County Museum.
+        MM    University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
+        NM    United States National Museum.
+        UU    University of Utah, Museum of Zoology.
+
+    I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in my
+    study and thank Drs. Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, and
+    Edwin C. Galbraith, as well as other friends and associates of
+    the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, for
+    encouragement and valuable suggestions. Dr. William L. Jellison,
+    United States Public Health Service, aided me in part of my
+    field work and kindly sent me some specimens of chipmunks. My
+    wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me in
+    many ways.
+
+    For the loan of bacula I thank Dr. William H. Burt, University
+    of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. For permission to search for
+    bacula on study skins, and to process those that were found, I
+    thank Miss Viola S. Schantz, United States Fish and Wildlife
+    Service, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago Natural History Museum,
+    Mr. Kenneth E. Stager, Los Angeles County Museum, Dr. David H.
+    Johnson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Stephen D.
+    Durrant, Museum of Zoology, University of Utah.
+
+    Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas
+    University Endowment Association, the National Science
+    Foundation and the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research,
+    through contract No. NR 161 791.
+
+
+
+
+VARIATION
+
+
+_Individual variation._--Individual variation is small. This is shown by
+a coefficient of variability of only 3.85 in the length of the shaft in
+a series of 12 specimens of _E. umbrinus umbrinus_ from Paradise Park,
+21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah County, Utah.
+
+_Variation with age._--In the chipmunks the baculum varies but little
+with age. In the youngest specimens that I have taken, the M3 and m3
+have not yet erupted and there is no wear on P4 and p4; nevertheless,
+the baculum in these specimens has nearly an adult configuration and
+size. In juvenal _Eutamias minimus_ the tip of the baculum is longer in
+relation to the length of the shaft than it is in adults; the tip is 18
+to 28 per cent of the length of the shaft in adults, as opposed to 29 to
+32 per cent in juveniles.
+
+_Aberrations._--In a small percentage of specimens of _E. minimus_ and
+_E. umbrinus_ the baculum is small and S-shaped, even in adults.
+
+_Variations of taxonomic worth._--Variations in this category are
+described in the section immediately following the key.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE BACULA IN EUTAMIAS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
+
+
+1.  Distal 1/2 to 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base
+    markedly widened.
+
+    2.  Distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward
+        to base of tip.
+
+        3.  Height of keel 1/2 of length of tip; keel markedly
+            enlarged.                         _Eutamias bulleri_, p. 627
+
+        3'. Height of keel 1/4 of length of tip; keel not markedly
+            enlarged.
+                      _Eutamias umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, pp. 626, 627
+
+    2'. Distal 2/3 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward
+        to base of tip.
+
+        4.  Base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip
+            and shaft less than 100°        _Eutamias speciosus_, p. 625
+
+        4'. Base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; angle formed by tip
+            and shaft more than 102°     _Eutamias panamintinus_, p. 625
+
+1'. Distal 1/12 to 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base
+    not markedly widened.
+
+    5.  Shaft thin; shaft less than .20 mm. in diameter at widest
+        point.
+
+        6.  Ridges on either side of keel enlarged, partially
+            obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel 1/10 of
+            length of tip.                    _Eutamias sonomae_, p. 619
+
+        6'. Ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, not partially
+            obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel at least
+            1/7 of length of tip.
+
+            7.  Base not widened or dorsoventrally thickened.
+
+                8.  Shaft more than 4.5 mm. in length; tip 16 per
+                    cent of length of shaft; shaft strongly incised
+                    on dorsal side of base
+                                             _Eutamias merriami_, p. 621
+
+                8'. Shaft less than 4.4 mm. in length; tip more than
+                    25 per cent of length of shaft; shaft not incised
+                    on dorsal side of base.
+
+                    9. Height of keel 1/7 of length of tip; angle
+                        formed by tip and shaft distinct
+                                              _Eutamias alpinus_, p. 616
+
+                    9'. Height of keel at least 1/5 of length of tip;
+                        angle formed by tip and shaft poorly defined.
+
+                        10. Height of keel 1/3 of length of tip;
+                            angle formed by tip and shaft 140°
+                                             _Eutamias dorsalis_, p. 620
+
+                        10'. Height of keel 1/5 of length of tip;
+                            angle formed by tip and shaft 130° or
+                            less.
+
+                            11. Tip more than 29 per cent of length
+                                of shaft.     _Eutamias amoenus_, p. 619
+
+                            11'. Tip less than 28 per cent of length
+                                of shaft.     _Eutamias minimus_, p. 617
+
+            7'. Base widened and dorsoventrally thickened.
+                                           _Eutamias townsendii_, p. 618
+
+    5'. Shaft thick; shaft more than .25 mm. in diameter at widest
+        point.
+
+        12. Length of shaft less than 3.00 mm.; length of tip less
+            than 1.10 mm.    _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, p. 622
+
+        12'. Length of shaft more than 3.10 mm.; length of tip more
+            than 1.15 mm.
+
+            13. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft.
+                                      _Eutamias quadrimaculatus_, p. 624
+
+            13'. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft.
+
+                14. Angle formed by tip and shaft more than 140°;
+                    ridges on either side of tip indistinct.
+                                        _Eutamias cinereicollis_, p. 624
+
+                14'. Angle formed by tip and shaft less than 135°;
+                    ridges on either side of tip distinct.
+
+                    15. Shaft less than 3.65 mm. in length, and .55
+                        mm. or less in diameter at widest point.
+                        _Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, p. 621
+
+                    15'. Shaft usually more than 3.65 mm. in length,
+                        but when shorter, diameter is .60 mm. or more
+                        at widest point.
+
+                        16. Diameter of shaft at widest point less
+                            than .58 mm.; tip less than 35 per cent
+                            of length of shaft.
+                                _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, p. 622
+
+                        16'. Diameter of shaft at widest point more
+                            than .65 mm.; tip more than 40 per cent
+                            of length of shaft.
+                                  _Eutamias ruficaudus simulans_, p. 623
+
+
+
+
+ACCOUNTS BY SPECIES
+
+
+#Eutamias alpinus# (Merriam)
+
+Figure 1
+
+    Pelage silky; tail bright orange beneath; markings relatively
+    obscure; size small; skull broad, flattened, and large in
+    proportion to body.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/7 of length of tip; tip 39 per cent of
+length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 135°; distal 1/3 of shaft
+slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft
+short, 2.17 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, and shaft
+thinner; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_,
+and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter; from _E.
+townsendii_, in base not dorsoventrally thickened, base not so widened;
+from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, base
+not dorsoventrally thickened; from _E. amoenus_, _E. minimus_, and _E.
+dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft more distinct;
+from _E. merriami_, in baculum markedly shorter, base not incised
+dorsally.
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Big Cottonwood Meadows, S of Mount
+    Whitney, 10,000 ft., Inyo Co., California (CN).
+
+
+#Eutamias minimus# (Bachman)
+
+Figure 2
+
+    Coloration varying from light to dark depending on subspecies;
+    size small to medium; rostrum short and stout.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 18 to 28 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 125°; distal 1/2
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to long, 2.44 to
+4.35 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft thinner, base not markedly widened;
+from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E.
+quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, tip shorter; from _E. amoenus_, in
+tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft; from _E. dorsalis_, in
+angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. townsendii_, in tip less
+than 28 per cent of length of shaft, angle formed by tip and shaft 125°
+instead of 130°; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip less
+well-developed, keel higher; from _E. merriami_, in shaft shorter (less
+than 4.40 mm.), base not incised, tip proportionally longer.
+
+For comparison with _E. alpinus_ see the account of that species.
+
+In most places where _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_ occur together they
+can be distinguished without recourse to the baculum, but at Banff and
+Canmore in western Alberta, recourse to the baculum is almost necessary.
+There, as elsewhere, they can be distinguished readily by the shape of
+the bacula.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 72.
+
+    _Eutamias minimus borealis_: Alberta: Canmore, 1 (BS).
+
+    _E. m. cacodemus_: South Dakota: _Shannon Co._: Quinn's Draw,
+    Cheyenne River, 1 (NM); 14 mi. N and 5 mi. W Rockyford, 3,200
+    ft., 1.
+
+    _E. m. confinis_: Wyoming: _Big Horn Co._: 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S
+    Shell, 9,000 ft., 1; 9 mi. E and 9 mi. N Tensleep, 8,200 ft., 1.
+    _Washakie Co._: 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7,000 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. m. consobrinus_: Montana: _Madison Co._: 26 mi. NW West
+    Yellowstone, 6,100 ft., 1. Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 5 mi. E and
+    9 mi. N Pinedale, 9,100 ft., 2. _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi.
+    W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200
+    ft., 2. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N
+    Vernal, 10,050 ft., 8. Colorado: _Jackson Co._: 9-1/2 mi. W and
+    2 mi. N Walden, 8,400 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. m. jacksoni_: Michigan: _Menominee Co._: 7 mi. E Stephenson,
+    4 (MM). Wisconsin: _Juneau Co._: Camp Douglas, 1 (NM).
+
+    _E. m. minimus_: Wyoming: _Natrona Co._: 27 mi. N and 1 mi. E
+    Powder River, 6,075 ft., 1; 16 mi. S and 11 mi. W Waltman, 6,950
+    ft., 1; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6,000 ft., 1.
+    _Uinta Co._: 8-1/2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 7,100 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Ft.
+    Bridger, 6,700 ft., 1; unspecified, 3 (MM). _Sweetwater Co._:
+    Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6,800 ft., 1; 32 mi. S and
+    22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7,025 ft., 3; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 1.
+
+    _E. m. operarius_: Wyoming: _Converse Co._: 21-1/2 mi. S and
+    24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 1. _Carbon Co._: 8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E
+    Savery, 8,800 ft., 1; 5 mi. N and 5 mi. E Savery, 6,900 ft., 1.
+    _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Colorado:
+    _Rocky Mountain National Park_, 1 (MM). _Boulder Co._:
+    Unspecified, 1 (NM). _Gunnison Co._: 7 mi. S and 7 mi. W
+    Gunnison, 8,150 ft., 1. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W
+    Saguache, 10,000 ft., 2. _Archuleta Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM); 5
+    mi. S and 25 mi. W Antonito, 9,600 ft., 3. _Costilla Co._:
+    Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi.
+    E Taos, 8,750 ft., 3.
+
+    _E. m. pallidus_: Montana: _Fergus Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM).
+    _Sweetgrass Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Wyoming: _Campbell Co._:
+    4 mi. S and 3 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; Ivy Creek, 8 mi. W and 5 mi.
+    N Spotted Horse, 3; Middle Butte, 6,010 ft., 38 mi. S and 19 mi.
+    W Gillette, 1.
+
+    _E. m. silvaticus_: South Dakota: _Pennington Co._: Unspecified,
+    1 (MM). _Custer Co._: Unspecified, 2 (MM). Wyoming: _Weston
+    Co._: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6,150 ft., 3.
+
+
+#Eutamias townsendii# (Bachman)
+
+Figure 3
+
+    Pelage tawny to olivaceous; stripes obscure and underparts
+    tawny, or stripes conspicuous and underparts white; tail slender
+    and sparsely haired; size large; skull largest in the subgenus
+    _Neotamias_.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 32 per cent of
+length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5 of shaft
+slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft; shaft
+short, 2.24 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner,
+tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_,
+_E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum
+shorter and smaller; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip
+not enlarged, keel proportionally higher; from _E. amoenus_ and _E.
+dorsalis_, in base widened and thickened, baculum usually shorter; from
+_E. merriami_, in being markedly shorter, and having base widened and
+deepened but not incised dorsally.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_ and _E. minimus_ see the accounts of
+those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 2.
+
+    _E. townsendii townsendii_: Oregon: _Multnomah Co._: Portland, 1
+    (NM).
+
+    _E. t. cooperi_: Oregon: _Hood Co._: Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9
+    mi. ENE Mount Hood, 1.
+
+
+#Eutamias sonomae# Grinnell
+
+Figure 4
+
+    Upper parts rich reddish, more or less dulled by gray; backs of
+    pinnae of ears nearly bare; tail long and bushy; size large;
+    skull large, long, and narrow; rostrum deep.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/10 of length of tip; tip 27 to 31 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/4
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than
+shaft; shaft of medium length, 3.03 to 3.30 mm.; ridges on either side
+of tip strongly developed, partly obscuring keel from side.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in ridges on either side of tip strongly
+developed, shaft thin, base not markedly widened, tip proportionally
+shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_,
+and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thin, ridges on either side of tip
+strongly developed, baculum shorter; from _E. amoenus_ and _E.
+dorsalis_, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip strongly
+developed, base thicker and wider; from _E. merriami_, in markedly
+shorter, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, tip
+proportionally longer, base wider and deeper but not incised dorsally.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, and _E. townsendii_,
+see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 5.
+
+    _E. sonomae alleni_: California: _Marin Co._: Unspecified, 1
+    (NM).
+
+    _E. sonomae sonomae_: California: _Siskiyou Co._: Salmon Mts., W
+    slope, W of Etna, 1 (BS). _Shasta Co._: Redding, 1 (BS).
+    _Mendocino Co._: Cahto, 1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias amoenus# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 5
+
+    Upper parts generally ochraceous; venter frequently buffy; size
+    small to medium; zygomatic arches usually appressed to cranium;
+    frequently difficult to distinguish from _E. minimus_.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 30 to 35 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.37 to 2.96 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner;
+from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_ and _E.
+quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter, tip
+shorter; from _E. dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and
+shaft 130°, usually smaller; from _E. merriami_, in being markedly
+shorter, and in base not being dorsally incised, tip proportionally
+longer.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, and
+_E. sonomae_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+Bacula from skins labeled as _E. amoenus amoenus_ from, Lardo, Valley
+Co., Idaho (MM), Butte Co., Idaho (MM), and Boise National Forest, Idaho
+(BS), resemble the bacula of _E. umbrinus_, and critical study of other
+features of these specimens probably will show that they are _E.
+umbrinus_.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 23.
+
+    _E. amoenus amoenus_: Oregon: _Klamath Co._: Fort Klamath, 1
+    (MM). Idaho: _Valley Co._: Lardo, 1 (BS). _Butte Co._:
+    Unspecified, 1 (MM). Boise National Forest, 1 (BS).
+
+    _E. a. ludibundus_: British Columbia: Moose Lake, 1 (NM).
+
+    _E. a. luteiventris_: Alberta: Banff, 2 (BS). Montana: _Flathead
+    Co._: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 1. _Teton Co._:
+    17-1/8 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N Augusta, 5,100 ft., 2. _Missoula
+    Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Idaho: _Idaho Co._: 20 mi. S and 2
+    mi. E Grangeville, 2. _Fremont Co._: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone,
+    7,000 ft., 5; 9 mi. SW West Yellowstone, 8,500 ft., 1. Wyoming:
+    _Teton Co._: 2-1/2 mi. N and 3-1/2 mi. E Moran, 7,225 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. a. monoensis_: California: _Mono Co._: Leevining Creek, 1
+    (NM).
+
+    _E. a. vallicola_: Montana: _Ravalli Co._: Bass Creek, 3-1/2 mi.
+    NW Stevensville, 3,750 ft., 2.
+
+
+#Eutamias dorsalis# (Baird)
+
+Figure 6
+
+    General tone of upper parts smoky gray; dorsal stripes
+    indistinct or obsolete; skull large.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 29 to 40 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 140°; distal 1/2
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to medium, 2.64 to
+3.69 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not widened, shaft thinner; from _E.
+quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E.
+quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter; from _E.
+merriami_, in shaft markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally, tip
+proportionally longer.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, and _E. amoenus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 12.
+
+    _E. dorsalis dorsalis_: Arizona: _Yavapai Co._: 3 mi. N Ft.
+    Whipple, 5,000 ft., 1 (BS). _Gila Co._: Carr's Ranch, Sierra
+    Ancha Mountains, 1 (BS). _Pima Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New
+    Mexico: _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, 1 (MM); 1 mi. N Cebolleta,
+    1 (MM). _Socorro Co._: San Mateo Mountains, 1 (BS). _Chihuahua_:
+    Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 (BS).
+
+    _E. d. utahensis_: Wyoming: _Sweetwater Co._: W side Green
+    River, 1 mi. N Utah Border, 1. Colorado: _Moffat Co._: Escalante
+    Hills, 20 mi. SE Ladore, 1 (BS). Arizona: _Coconino Co._: Ryan,
+    1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias merriami# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 7
+
+    General tone of upper parts grayish; cheeks and underparts
+    white, more or less dulled by gray; size large; skull large.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 16 per cent of
+length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/10 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base incised dorsally; shaft
+markedly long, 4.88 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base incised dorsally, base not widened,
+shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E.
+ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in base
+incised dorsally, shaft thinner, tip proportionally much shorter.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, and _E. dorsalis_, see the accounts of those
+species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: One from Mount Piņos, Ventura Co.,
+    California (LA).
+
+
+#Eutamias quadrivittatus# (Say)
+
+Figures 8-10
+
+    Color bright and tawny; size medium to large; braincase widened.
+
+Baculum of _E. q. quadrivittatus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low,
+1/4 of length of tip; tip 30 to 44 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed
+laterally; shaft long, 3.17 to 3.62 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. q. hopiensis_, in baculum larger, angle formed by tip
+and shaft less distinct; from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, in shaft and
+tip proportionally shorter; from _E. r. simulans_, in keel
+proportionally lower, shaft usually shorter and narrower; from _E.
+cinereicollis_, in shaft shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft larger,
+ridges on either side of tip more distinct; from _E. quadrimaculatus_,
+in tip proportionally shorter, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E.
+panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base
+not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft
+larger.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, and _E. merriami_, see the
+accounts of those species.
+
+Baculum of _E. q. hopiensis_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/3
+of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally;
+shaft short, 2.64 mm. in length.
+
+Differs from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, _E. r. simulans_, _E.
+cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in being shorter, proportions
+as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_,
+_E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly
+widened, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E. alpinus_, _E.
+minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_,
+and _E. merriami_, except for smaller size, as in _E. q.
+quadrivittatus_.
+
+Bacula of _E. q. hopiensis_ from northeastern Arizona are like those in
+typical _E. q. quadrivittatus_. The specimens from this region, to judge
+from parts of the animal other than the baculum, are intergrades between
+_E. q. hopiensis_ and _E. q. quadrivittatus_. Specimens from near Moab,
+Grand Co., Utah, are typical _E. q. hopiensis_ and the bacula of these
+specimens are considerably smaller than those of specimens of typical
+_E. q. quadrivittatus_. No bacula are known to me that are structurally
+intermediate between those of _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and _E. q.
+hopiensis_.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 21.
+
+    _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_: Colorado: _Gunnison Co._:
+    Sapinero, 1 (BS). _Chaffee Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). _Saguache
+    Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 1. _Fremont
+    Co._: Canon City, 3 (BS). New Mexico: _Rio Arriba Co._: Dulce, 1
+    (BS). _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 4.
+    _Union Co._: Sierra Grande, 1 (BS). _Valencia Co._: Mirror
+    Spring, Mt. Taylor, 3 (MM). _Torrance Co._: S end, E slope,
+    Manzano Mountains, 2 (BS).
+
+    _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_: Utah: _Grand Co._: Mouth of
+    Nigger Bill Canyon, E side Colorado River, 4 mi. N Moab Bridge,
+    4,500 ft., 1 (UU); Moab, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU). Arizona: _Apache
+    Co._: Tunicha Mountains, 1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias ruficaudus# Howell
+
+Figures 11-12
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark tawny; size medium; braincase
+    narrowed.
+
+Baculum of _E. r. ruficaudus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4
+of length of tip; tip 31 to 33 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed
+laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.09 to 4.56 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. r. simulans_, in keel proportionally lower, tip
+proportionally shorter, distal 1/5 of shaft less laterally compressed,
+shaft usually longer; from _E. cinereicollis_, in angle formed by tip
+and shaft smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct;
+from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in tip proportionally longer, shaft usually
+shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer,
+angle formed by tip and shaft larger.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E.
+quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+Baculum of _E. r. simulans_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 2/5
+of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed
+by tip and shaft 130°; distal 2/5 of shaft laterally compressed; base
+slightly wider than shaft; shaft medium to long, 3.30 to 4.26 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. cinereicollis_ in, keel proportionally higher, shaft
+shorter, tip proportionally longer, angle formed by tip and shaft
+smaller, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed; from _E.
+quadrimaculatus_ in, keel proportionally higher, angle formed by tip and
+shaft larger, tip proportionally longer, distal 2/5 of shaft more
+laterally compressed, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E.
+panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base
+not markedly widened, shaft usually longer.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E.
+quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The differences between the bacula of the subspecies _Eutamias
+ruficaudus ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_ are comparable to those
+usually found between species of chipmunks. Consequently, I suspect that
+_E. r. simulans_ and _E. r. ruficaudus_ are specifically distinct and
+suggest that a search would be worth while for specimens in the
+geographic area between the geographic ranges as now known for the two
+kinds to ascertain whether intergradation (the criterion of subspecies)
+occurs. I suppose there is no intergradation but in the absence of
+precise information, I choose not to modify the current taxonomic
+arrangement of _E. r. ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 17.
+
+    _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_: Montana: _Flathead Co._: 1 mi. W and
+    2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 2. _Ravalli Co._: Big Hole Hill,
+    6,000 ft., 2; Big Hole Hill, 6,600 ft., 1; Continental Divide,
+    Big Hole Hill, 7,000 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. r. simulans_: Idaho: _Bonner Co._: Priest Lake, 1 (BS).
+    _Kootenai Co._: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 3. _Shoshone
+    Co._: Mullan, 1 (BS). _Clearwater Co._: 25 mi. E and 16 mi. N
+    Pierce, 6.
+
+
+#Eutamias cinereicollis# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 13
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark grayish tawny; size medium to
+    large; skull large; braincase widened.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip
+34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 145°;
+distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly
+widened; shaft long, 4.88 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in keel lower, ridges on either side
+of tip weakly developed, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E.
+speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E.
+bulleri_, in shaft longer, base not markedly widened, angle formed by
+tip and shaft much larger.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, _E.
+quadrivittatus_, and _E. ruficaudus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Mount Thomas, White Mountains,
+    Apache Co., Arizona (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias quadrimaculatus# (Gray)
+
+Figure 14
+
+    General tone of upper parts bright reddish; pattern
+    inconspicuous; light and dark facial stripes strongly
+    contrasting; size large; skull relatively small and slightly
+    built.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel relatively low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 27
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal
+1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than
+shaft; shaft long, 4.35 to 5.28 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft markedly longer;
+base not markedly widened; angle formed by tip and shaft larger; tip
+proportionally shorter.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks from western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 4.
+
+    California: _Plumas Co._: Mountains near Quincy, 1 (BS). _Placer
+    Co._: Blue Canyon, 1 (NM). _Alpine Co._: Markleeville, 1 (BS); N
+    fork Stanislaus River, 1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias speciosus# (Merriam)
+
+Figure 15
+
+    General tone of upper parts bright; light and dark elements of
+    color pattern strongly contrasting; outer stripes broad and
+    strikingly conspicuous; size medium; skull moderately broadened;
+    dorsal outline of skull strongly arched in profile; upper
+    incisors short and sharply recurved.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel of medium height, 1/3 of length of tip; base
+of keel 1/3 of length of tip; tip 47 to 55 per cent of length of shaft;
+angle formed by tip and shaft 90°; distal 2/3 of shaft markedly
+compressed laterally; base markedly wider than shaft; shaft short to
+medium, 2.11 to 3.17 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. panamintinus_, in base of keel proportionally shorter,
+angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. umbrinus_ and _E.
+palmeri_, in keel higher, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal
+2/3 (not 1/2) of shaft markedly laterally compressed, base markedly
+wider; from _E. bulleri_, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, tip
+proportionally longer, ridges on either side of tip distinct.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The baculum in _E. speciosus frater_ is approximately the same size as
+in _E. umbrinus inyoensis_, but differs in shape as described above.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 6.
+
+    _E. speciosus frater_: California: _Madera Co._: San Joaquin
+    River, near head of N fork, Sierra Nevada Mountains, 2 (BS).
+
+    _E. speciosus sequoiensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount
+    Whitney, 1 (BS); Sequoia National Park, 2 (BS).
+
+    _E. speciosus callipeplus_: California: _Kern Co._: Mount Pinos,
+    1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias panamintinus# (Merriam)
+
+Figure 16
+
+    Dorsal dark stripes reddish; size small to medium; skull of
+    medium size; braincase flattened.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/2
+of length of tip; tip 52 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 110°; distal 2/3 of shaft moderately compressed laterally;
+base markedly widened; shaft short, 2.17 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, in distal 2/3 (rather than
+1/2) of shaft moderately compressed laterally; from _E. bulleri_, in
+keel smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct.
+
+For comparisons with other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The structure of the baculum most closely resembles that of _E.
+speciosus_ and the geographic ranges of these two species are in
+juxtaposition.
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains,
+    Inyo Co., California (CN).
+
+
+#Eutamias umbrinus# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figures 17-18
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark; size medium to large; skull of
+    medium size; braincase narrowed.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 36 to 50 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100°; distal 1/2
+of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft
+short to medium, 2.51 to 3.03 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. bulleri_, in shaft shorter, keel smaller, ridges on
+either side of tip distinct; distal 1/2 of shaft strongly compressed
+laterally. Does not differ from _E. palmeri_.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+Specimens of _E. umbrinus montanus_ from north-central Colorado have, in
+the past (Howell 1929:82), been referred to _E. quadrivittatus
+quadrivittatus_. In many features these two kinds of chipmunks resemble
+each other closely; their bacula, nevertheless, differ markedly (compare
+figs. 8-9 with 17-18).
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 25.
+
+    _E. umbrinus umbrinus_: Wyoming: _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi.
+    W Robertson, 8,700 ft, 1. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21
+    mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 12.
+
+    _E. u. adsitus_: Utah: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range
+    Mountains, 8,500 ft, 1 (BS). _Wayne Co._: Donkey Lake, Boulder
+    Mountain, 10,000 ft., 1 (UU). _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S.,
+    Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 1 (UU).
+
+    _E. u. sedulus_: Utah: _Garfield Co._: Mount Ellen, Henry
+    Mountains, 1 (BS).
+
+    _E. u. inyoensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount Whitney, head
+    of Big Cottonwood Creek, 2 (BS). Nevada: _Elko Co._: W side Ruby
+    Lake, 3 mi. N Elko County Line, 1.
+
+    _E. u. nevadensis_: Nevada: _Clark Co._: Sheep Mountains, 1
+    (MM).
+
+    _E. u. fremonti_: Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale,
+    8,025 ft., 1; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 1.
+
+    _E. u. montanus_: Colorado: _Boulder Co._: 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000
+    ft., 1; 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1.
+
+
+#Eutamias palmeri# Merriam
+
+Figures 17-18
+
+    General tone of upper parts grayish tawny; ocular stripe pale;
+    skull, rostrum, nasals, and upper incisors shorter than in _E.
+    umbrinus_.
+
+Baculum: Indistinguishable from that of _E. umbrinus_. This supports the
+opinion of previous students that _E. palmeri_ is a close relative of
+_E. umbrinus_ which occurs immediately to the north and east.
+Intergradation does not occur between these two species, for, low-lying
+terrain, inhospitable to chipmunks, isolates _E. palmeri_ from its
+relatives. (Verbal information from E. R. Hall.)
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Charleston Peak, 8,000 ft., Clear
+    Creek Co., Nevada.
+
+
+#Eutamias bulleri# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 19
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark; dorsal dark stripes
+    conspicuous and black; size large; skull large.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel high, 1/2 of length of tip; keel long, 1/2 of
+length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 100°; base markedly widened; shaft of medium length, 3.30
+mm.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The large size of the keel of the baculum in this species is distinctive
+among chipmunks of western North America.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 2.
+
+    _E. bulleri bulleri_: Zacatecas: Sierra de Valparaiso, 2 (NM).
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 1-19. Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise
+indicated, of the baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus
+_Neotamias_) of western North America:
+
+  1. _Eutamias alpinus_, No. 12577 CN; from Big Cottonwood Meadow,
+      Tulare Co., California.
+
+  2. _E. minimus consobrinus_, No. 25439; from 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E
+      Robertson, 9,200 ft., Uinta Co., Wyoming.
+
+  3. _E. townsendii cooperi_, No. 53169; from Brooks Meadow, 4,300
+      ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood, Hood River Co., Oregon.
+
+  4. _E. sonomae sonomae_, No. 98436 BS; from Redding, Shasta Co.,
+      California.
+
+  5. _E. amoenus luteiventris_, No. 33811; from 7 mi. W West
+      Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., Fremont Co., Idaho.
+
+  6. _E. dorsalis dorsalis_, No. 213415 BS; from 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple,
+      5,000 ft., Yavapai Co., Arizona.
+
+  7. _E. merriami merriami_, No. 1270 LA; from Mount Pinos, Ventura
+      Co., California.
+
+  8 and 9. _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS;
+      from Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 9 in dorsal view.
+
+  10. _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_, No. 783 UU; from Moab, 4,500 ft.,
+      Grand Co., Utah.
+
+  11. _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, No. 33884; from 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S
+      Summit, 5,000 ft., Flathead Co., Montana.
+
+  12. _E. ruficaudus simulans_, No. 41478; from 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N
+      Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Co., Idaho.
+
+  13. _E. cinereicollis cinereicollis_, No. 208621 BS; from Mount
+      Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona.
+
+  14. _E. quadrimaculatus_, No. 95780 BS; from Mountains near Quincy,
+      Plumas Co., California.
+
+  15. _E. speciosus sequoiensis_, No. 29135/41203 BS; from Mount
+      Whitney, Tulare Co., California.
+
+  16. _E. panamintinus panamintinus_, No. 12502 CN; from Coal Kilns,
+      Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California.
+
+  17. _E. umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062; from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W
+      and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., Utah.
+
+  18. _E. umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S
+      Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view.
+
+  19. _E. bulleri bulleri_, No. 193142 NM; from Sierra del Valparaiso,
+      Zacatecas.]
+
+
+
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+
+In California, Johnson (1943) recognized ten species of chipmunks and
+assigned these to the five main groups of species which were proposed by
+Howell (1929). In characterizing each species, Johnson (_op. cit._) not
+only made a careful study of skins and skulls, but also employed many
+ecological data.
+
+Study of the bacula of the Californian chipmunks supports Johnson's
+(_op. cit._) conclusion that there are ten species, but suggests that
+there are three (not five) groups of species in California--as well as
+elsewhere within the geographic range of the subgenus _Neotamias_. The
+three groups are (see figs. 1-19): 1. _minimus_-group (_E. alpinus_, _E.
+minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_,
+and _E. merriami_); 2. _quadrivittatus_-group (_E. quadrivittatus_, _E.
+ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_); and 3.
+_speciosus_-group (_E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_).
+
+_Eutamias panamintinus_, according to Howell (_op. cit._:78) and Johnson
+(_op. cit._:83), is a near relative of _E. amoenus_. But, the baculum in
+_E. panamintinus_ more closely resembles that in _E. speciosus_ than
+that in _E. amoenus_ (compare figs. 5, 15, and 16). Consequently I have
+placed _E. panamintinus_ in the _speciosus_-group.
+
+In north-central Colorado, specimens that really are _E. umbrinus_
+(subspecies _montanus_) have, in the past (Howell _op. cit._:82), been
+referred to _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, but the bacula of the
+two species differ markedly from each other (compare figs. 8-9 with
+17-18) and permit the specimens readily to be correctly identified to
+species. Further, Howell (_op. cit._:95) placed _E. umbrinus_
+(subspecies _umbrinus_ and _fremonti_ of current usage) in the
+_quadrivittatus_-group, whereas the structure of the baculum leads me to
+place _E. umbrinus_ in the _speciosus_-group.
+
+Thus, groups of species established on the basis of only skulls and
+skins, in a few instances differ from those established on a broader
+basis which includes the bacula.
+
+Johnson (_op. cit._:63) writes, "Each species [of Eutamias] has a
+characteristic habitat which differs from those of other species. Where
+two or more species occur together in a general locality they are
+usually mutually exclusive in their choice of foraging and nesting sites
+and in the time of breeding." Thus he classified the species of
+Californian chipmunks not only by morphologic characteristics but by
+habits and habitats as well. The characteristics of the skulls and skins
+of chipmunks probably reflect the habitats in which these animals live.
+The characteristics of the bacula, on the other hand, may also reflect
+the habitats in which the animals live, but to a lesser degree. Because
+the structures of the bacula are probably less affected by the action of
+the external environment they probably indicate relationships between
+groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do characteristics of
+the skulls and skins.
+
+If the structures of the bacula indicate relationships between groups of
+species of chipmunks more clearly than do the characteristics of the
+skulls and skins, the close resemblance of the skulls of _E.
+quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ may be thought of as convergence. The
+same can be said of _E. amoenus_ and _E. panamintinus_.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+FRILEY, C. E., JR.
+
+  1947. Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. Jour.
+        Mamm., 28:395-397, 1 fig., December 1.
+
+HOWELL, A. H.
+
+  1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and
+        _Eutamias_). N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 maps.
+
+JOHNSON, D. H.
+
+  1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias of
+        California). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls.,
+        12 figs, in text, December 24.
+
+WHITE, J. A.
+
+  1951. A practical method for mounting the bacula of small mammals.
+        Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15.
+
+
+
+
+_Transmitted June 26, 1953._
+
+
+24-8968
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of
+Western North America, by John A. White
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31491-8.txt or 31491-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/4/9/31491/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
+Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/31491-8.zip b/31491-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e08128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-8.zip
diff --git a/31491-h.zip b/31491-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74192b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-h.zip
diff --git a/31491-h/31491-h.htm b/31491-h/31491-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd8f5f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-h/31491-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1655 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America, by John A. White.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin-top: .75em;
+    text-align: justify;
+    margin-bottom: .75em;
+}
+
+ul {list-style-type: none;}
+
+ul.TOC {
+    position: relative;
+    left: 10%;
+    width: 75%;
+}
+
+hr {
+    width: 33%;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 92%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    text-align: right;
+} /* page numbers */
+
+.dichotkey { text-align: right; }
+
+.blockquot {
+    margin-left: 5%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+}
+
+table {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.center   {text-align: center;}
+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.ralign   {float:right;}
+
+.u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+.caption  {
+    margin-left: 15%;
+    margin-right: 15%;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* Images */
+.figcenter   {
+    margin: auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+a,img { border: none; text-decoration: none; }
+
+#tnote { width: 40em;
+    border: 1px dashed #808080;
+    background-color: #f6f6f6;
+    text-align: justify;
+    padding: 0.5em;
+    margin: 80px auto 80px auto;
+}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western
+North America, by John A. White
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America
+
+Author: John A. White
+
+Release Date: March 3, 2010 [EBook #31491]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
+Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_611" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>The Baculum in the Chipmunks<br />
+of Western North America</h1>
+
+<h3>BY<br />
+JOHN A. WHITE</h3>
+
+
+<h4>University of Kansas Publications<br />
+Museum of Natural History</h4>
+
+<h4>Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text<br />
+December 1, 1953</h4>
+
+
+<h4>University of Kansas<br />
+LAWRENCE<br />
+1953</h4>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</a></span></p>
+<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span></h4>
+
+<h4>Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br />
+and Robert W. Wilson</h4>
+
+<h4>Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text<br />
+December 1, 1953</h4>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+Lawrence, Kansas</h4>
+
+<h5>PRINTED BY<br />
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br />
+TOPEKA, KANSAS<br />
+1953</h5>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/ukp-logo.png" width="100" height="35" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h5>24-8968</h5>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</a></span></p>
+<h1>The Baculum in the Chipmunks<br />
+of Western North America</h1>
+
+<h3>By<br />
+JOHN A. WHITE</h3>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Contents" id="Contents"></a><span class="smcap">Contents</span></h3>
+
+<ul class="TOC">
+<li>&nbsp;<span class="ralign">PAGE</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_613">613</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Methods_Materials_and_Acknowledgments">Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_614">614</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Variation">Variation</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_614">614</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Key_to_the_Bacula_in_Eutamias_of_Western_North_America">
+Key to the Bacula of the Species of Eutamias of Western North America</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_615">615</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Accounts_by_Species">Accounts by Species</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_616">616</a></span></li>
+
+<li><ul>
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_alpinus"><i>Eutamias alpinus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_616">616</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_minimus"><i>E. minimus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_617">617</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_townsendii"><i>E. townsendii</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_618">618</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_sonomae"><i>E. sonomae</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_619">619</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_amoenus"><i>E. amoenus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_619">619</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_dorsalis"><i>E. dorsalis</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_620">620</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_merriami"><i>E. merriami</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_621">621</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_quadrivittatus"><i>E. quadrivittatus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_621">621</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_ruficaudus"><i>E. ruficaudus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_622">622</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_cinereicollis"><i>E. cinereicollis</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_624">624</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_quadrimaculatus"><i>E. quadrimaculatus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_624">624</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_speciosus"><i>E. speciosus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_625">625</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_panamintinus"><i>E. panamintinus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_625">625</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_umbrinus"><i>E. umbrinus</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_626">626</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_palmeri"><i>E. palmeri</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_627">627</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Eutamias_bulleri"><i>E. bulleri</i></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_627">627</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Figures_1-19">Figures 1-19. Lateral views of bacula</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_629">629</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Discussion">Discussion</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_630">630</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Literature_Cited">Literature Cited</a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_631">631</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The baculum is the bony part of the penis. In the species of the
+subgenus <i>Neotamias</i> the proximal part of the baculum is termed
+the shaft, and the distal upturned part is termed the tip. On the
+dorsal side of the tip there is a longitudinal ridge termed the keel.
+The proximal end of the shaft is termed the base (see fig. 19).
+Depending on the species, the shaft varies from 2.11 to 5.28 mm. in
+length, and the base may or may not be widened or deepened.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of this report is to: (1) Show the usefulness of the
+structure of the baculum as a taxonomic character in chipmunks;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</a></span>
+and (2) compare a classification based on the structure of the
+baculum with a classification based on the structure and appearance
+of the skull and skin.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Methods_Materials_and_Acknowledgments" id="Methods_Materials_and_Acknowledgments"></a><span class="smcap">Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments</span></h3>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The bacula which were borrowed from the University of Michigan, Museum
+of Zoology, were processed according to the method described by Friley
+(1947:395-397), whereas all others were processed according to the method
+described by White (1951:125). Thus the bacula that were borrowed from
+the University of Michigan, are maintained there in a separate collection,
+whereas the bacula borrowed from other museums and those that are at the
+University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, are housed with the skulls
+of the corresponding specimens.</p>
+
+<p>All measurements of the bacula were made by means of an eyepiece
+micrometer.</p>
+
+<p>A total of 194 bacula were seen. All of these are in the Museum of Natural
+History of the University of Kansas, unless otherwise indicated by the following
+symbols:</p>
+
+<table summary="Explanation of Museum abbreviations">
+  <tr><td>BS</td><td>United States Biological Surveys Collection.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>CN</td><td>Chicago Natural History Museum.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>LA</td><td>Los Angeles County Museum.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>MM</td><td>University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>NM</td><td>United States National Museum.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>UU</td><td>University of Utah, Museum of Zoology.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in my study and
+thank Drs. Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, and Edwin C. Galbraith, as
+well as other friends and associates of the Museum of Natural History, University
+of Kansas, for encouragement and valuable suggestions. Dr. William L.
+Jellison, United States Public Health Service, aided me in part of my field
+work and kindly sent me some specimens of chipmunks. My wife, Alice M.
+White, made the illustrations and helped me in many ways.</p>
+
+<p>For the loan of bacula I thank Dr. William H. Burt, University of Michigan,
+Museum of Zoology. For permission to search for bacula on study skins, and
+to process those that were found, I thank Miss Viola S. Schantz, United States
+Fish and Wildlife Service, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago Natural History
+Museum, Mr. Kenneth E. Stager, Los Angeles County Museum, Dr. David H.
+Johnson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Stephen D. Durrant, Museum
+of Zoology, University of Utah.</p>
+
+<p>Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University
+Endowment Association, the National Science Foundation and the United States
+Navy, Office of Naval Research, through contract No. NR 161 791.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Variation" id="Variation"></a><span class="smcap">Variation</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Individual variation.</i>&mdash;Individual variation is small. This is
+shown by a coefficient of variability of only 3.85 in the length of
+the shaft in a series of 12 specimens of <i>E. umbrinus umbrinus</i> from
+Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah
+County, Utah.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</a></span><i>Variation with age.</i>&mdash;In the chipmunks the baculum varies but
+little with age. In the youngest specimens that I have taken, the
+M3 and m3 have not yet erupted and there is no wear on P4 and
+p4; nevertheless, the baculum in these specimens has nearly an adult
+configuration and size. In juvenal <i>Eutamias minimus</i> the tip of the
+baculum is longer in relation to the length of the shaft than it is in
+adults; the tip is 18 to 28 per cent of the length of the shaft in adults,
+as opposed to 29 to 32 per cent in juveniles.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aberrations.</i>&mdash;In a small percentage of specimens of <i>E. minimus</i>
+and <i>E. umbrinus</i> the baculum is small and S-shaped, even in adults.</p>
+
+<p><i>Variations of taxonomic worth.</i>&mdash;Variations in this category are
+described in the section immediately following the key.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Key_to_the_Bacula_in_Eutamias_of_Western_North_America" id="Key_to_the_Bacula_in_Eutamias_of_Western_North_America"></a><span class="smcap">Key to the Bacula in Eutamias of Western North America</span></h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1.  Distal 1/2 to 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened.</li>
+<li><ul>
+  <li>2.  Distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward to base of tip.</li>
+  <li><ul>
+    <li>3.  Height of keel 1/2 of length of tip; keel markedly enlarged.</li>
+    <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias bulleri</i>, p. 627</li>
+    <li>3&prime;. Height of keel 1/4 of length of tip; keel not markedly enlarged.</li>
+    <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias umbrinus</i> and <i>E. palmeri</i>, pp. 626, 627</li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li>2&prime;. Distal 2/3 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward to base of tip.</li>
+  <li><ul>
+	<li>4. Base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft less than 100&deg;</li>
+    <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias speciosus</i>, p. 625</li>
+    <li>4&prime;. Base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft more than 102&deg;</li>
+    <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias panamintinus</i>, p. 625</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>1&prime;. Distal 1/12 to 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base not markedly widened.</li>
+<li><ul>
+  <li>5. Shaft thin; shaft less than .20 mm. in diameter at widest point.</li>
+  <li><ul>
+	<li>6. Ridges on either side of keel enlarged, partially obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel 1/10 of length of tip.</li>
+    <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias sonomae</i>, p. 619</li>
+	<li>6&prime;. Ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, not partially obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel at least 1/7 of length of tip.</li>
+    <li><ul>
+	  <li>7. Base not widened or dorsoventrally thickened.</li>
+      <li><ul>
+		<li>8. Shaft more than 4.5 mm. in length; tip 16 per cent of length of shaft; shaft strongly incised on dorsal side of base</li>
+        <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias merriami</i>, p. 621</li>
+		<li>8&prime;. Shaft less than 4.4 mm. in length; tip more than 25 per cent of length of shaft; shaft not incised on dorsal side of base.</li>
+        <li><ul>
+		  <li>9. Height of keel 1/7 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft distinct</li>
+		  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias alpinus</i>, p. 616</li>
+		  <li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</a></span></li>
+		  <li>9&prime;. Height of keel at least 1/5 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft poorly defined.</li>
+          <li><ul>
+			<li>10. Height of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft 140&deg;</li>
+			<li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias dorsalis</i>, p. 620</li>
+			<li>10&prime;. Height of keel 1/5 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft 130&deg; or less.</li>
+            <li><ul>
+			  <li>11. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft.</li>
+			  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias amoenus</i>, p. 619</li>
+			  <li>11&prime;. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft.</li>
+			  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias minimus</i>, p. 617</li>
+              </ul></li>
+            </ul></li>
+          </ul></li>
+        </ul></li>
+        <li>7&prime;. Base widened and dorsoventrally thickened.</li>
+		<li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias townsendii</i>, p. 618</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+	<li>5&prime;. Shaft thick; shaft more than .25 mm. in diameter at widest point.</li>
+    <li><ul>
+	  <li>12. Length of shaft less than 3.00 mm.; length of tip less than 1.10 mm.</li>
+	  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis</i>, p. 622</li>
+	  <li>12&prime;. Length of shaft more than 3.10 mm.; length of tip more than 1.15 mm.</li>
+      <li><ul>
+		<li>13. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft.</li>
+		<li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias quadrimaculatus</i>, p. 624</li>
+		<li>13&prime;. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft.</li>
+        <li><ul>
+		  <li>14. Angle formed by tip and shaft more than 140&deg;; ridges on either side of tip indistinct.</li>
+		  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias cinereicollis</i>, p. 624</li>
+		  <li>14&prime;. Angle formed by tip and shaft less than 135&deg;; ridges on either side of tip distinct.</li>
+          <li><ul>
+			<li>15. Shaft less than 3.65 mm. in length, and .55 mm. or less in diameter at widest point.</li>
+			<li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i>, p. 621</li>
+			<li>15&prime;. Shaft usually more than 3.65 mm. in length, but when shorter, diameter is .60 mm. or more at widest point.</li>
+            <li><ul>
+			  <li>16. Diameter of shaft at widest point less than .58 mm.; tip less than 35 per cent of length of shaft.</li>
+			  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus</i>, p. 622</li>
+			  <li>16&prime;. Diameter of shaft at widest point more than .65 mm.; tip more than 40 per cent of length of shaft.</li>
+			  <li class='dichotkey'><i>Eutamias ruficaudus simulans</i>, p. 623</li>
+            </ul></li>
+          </ul></li>
+        </ul></li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Accounts_by_Species" id="Accounts_by_Species"></a><span class="smcap">Accounts by Species</span></h3>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_alpinus" id="Eutamias_alpinus"></a><b>Eutamias alpinus</b> (Merriam)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 1</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Pelage silky; tail bright orange beneath; markings relatively obscure; size
+small; skull broad, flattened, and large in proportion to body.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/7 of length of tip; tip 39 per cent
+of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 135&deg;; distal 1/3 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft;
+shaft short, 2.17 mm.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</a></span>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not markedly widened, and shaft
+thinner; from <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, and
+<i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter; from <i>E.
+townsendii</i>, in base not dorsoventrally thickened, base not so
+widened; from <i>E. sonomae</i>, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged,
+base not dorsoventrally thickened; from <i>E. amoenus</i>, <i>E.
+minimus</i>, and <i>E. dorsalis</i>, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and
+shaft more distinct; from <i>E. merriami</i>, in baculum markedly shorter,
+base not incised dorsally.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined</i>: One from Big Cottonwood Meadows, S of Mount
+Whitney, 10,000 ft., Inyo Co., California (CN).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_minimus" id="Eutamias_minimus"></a><b>Eutamias minimus</b> (Bachman)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 2</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Coloration varying from light to dark depending on subspecies; size small
+to medium; rostrum short and stout.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 18 to 28
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 125&deg;;
+distal 1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to long,
+2.44 to 4.35 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in shaft thinner, base not markedly widened;
+from <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>,
+in shaft thinner, tip shorter; from <i>E. amoenus</i>, in tip
+less than 28 per cent of length of shaft; from <i>E. dorsalis</i>, in angle
+formed by tip and shaft smaller; from <i>E. townsendii</i>, in tip less
+than 28 per cent of length of shaft, angle formed by tip and shaft
+125&deg; instead of 130&deg;; from <i>E. sonomae</i>, in ridges on either side of tip
+less well-developed, keel higher; from <i>E. merriami</i>, in shaft shorter
+(less than 4.40 mm.), base not incised, tip proportionally longer.</p>
+
+<p>For comparison with <i>E. alpinus</i> see the account of that species.</p>
+
+<p>In most places where <i>E. minimus</i> and <i>E. amoenus</i> occur together
+they can be distinguished without recourse to the baculum, but at
+Banff and Canmore in western Alberta, recourse to the baculum is
+almost necessary. There, as elsewhere, they can be distinguished
+readily by the shape of the bacula.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 72.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eutamias minimus borealis</i>: Alberta: Canmore, 1 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. cacodemus</i>: South Dakota: <i>Shannon Co.</i>: Quinn's Draw, Cheyenne
+River, 1 (NM); 14 mi. N and 5 mi. W Rockyford, 3,200 ft., 1.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>E. m. confinis</i>: Wyoming: <i>Big Horn Co.</i>: 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S Shell, 9,000
+ft., 1; 9 mi. E and 9 mi. N Tensleep, 8,200 ft., 1. <i>Washakie Co.</i>: 9 mi. E and
+4 mi. N Tensleep, 7,000 ft., 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. consobrinus</i>: Montana: <i>Madison Co.</i>: 26 mi. NW West Yellowstone,
+6,100 ft., 1. Wyoming: <i>Sublette Co.</i>: 5 mi. E and 9 mi. N Pinedale, 9,100
+ft., 2. <i>Uinta Co.</i>: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and
+2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 2. Utah: <i>Uintah Co.</i>: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W
+and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 8. Colorado: <i>Jackson Co.</i>: 9-1/2 mi. W and
+2 mi. N Walden, 8,400 ft., 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. jacksoni</i>: Michigan: <i>Menominee Co.</i>: 7 mi. E Stephenson, 4 (MM).
+Wisconsin: <i>Juneau Co.</i>: Camp Douglas, 1 (NM).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. minimus</i>: Wyoming: <i>Natrona Co.</i>: 27 mi. N and 1 mi. E Powder
+River, 6,075 ft., 1; 16 mi. S and 11 mi. W Waltman, 6,950 ft., 1; Sun Ranch,
+5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6,000 ft., 1. <i>Uinta Co.</i>: 8-1/2 mi. W Ft. Bridger,
+7,100 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 6,700 ft., 1; unspecified, 3 (MM). <i>Sweetwater
+Co.</i>: Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6,800 ft., 1; 32 mi. S and
+22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7,025 ft., 3; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. operarius</i>: Wyoming: <i>Converse Co.</i>: 21-1/2 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W
+Douglas, 1. <i>Carbon Co.</i>: 8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8,800 ft., 1; 5 mi. N
+and 5 mi. E Savery, 6,900 ft., 1. <i>Albany Co.</i>: 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000
+ft., 1. Colorado: <i>Rocky Mountain National Park</i>, 1 (MM). <i>Boulder Co.</i>:
+Unspecified, 1 (NM). <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: 7 mi. S and 7 mi. W Gunnison, 8,150
+ft., 1. <i>Saguache Co.</i>: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 2. <i>Archuleta
+Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM); 5 mi. S and 25 mi. W Antonito, 9,600 ft., 3.
+<i>Costilla Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: <i>Taos Co.</i>: 23 mi. S and
+6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 3.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. pallidus</i>: Montana: <i>Fergus Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM). <i>Sweetgrass
+Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Wyoming: <i>Campbell Co.</i>: 4 mi. S and 3 mi. W
+Rockypoint, 1; Ivy Creek, 8 mi. W and 5 mi. N Spotted Horse, 3; Middle Butte,
+6,010 ft., 38 mi. S and 19 mi. W Gillette, 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. m. silvaticus</i>: South Dakota: <i>Pennington Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM).
+<i>Custer Co.</i>: Unspecified, 2 (MM). Wyoming: <i>Weston Co.</i>: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn,
+6,150 ft., 3.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_townsendii" id="Eutamias_townsendii"></a><b>Eutamias townsendii</b> (Bachman)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 3</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Pelage tawny to olivaceous; stripes obscure and underparts tawny, or stripes
+conspicuous and underparts white; tail slender and sparsely haired; size large;
+skull largest in the subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 32 per cent
+of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;; distal 1/5 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than
+shaft; shaft short, 2.24 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner,
+tip proportionally shorter; from <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E.
+cinereicollis</i>, and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in shaft thinner, baculum
+shorter and smaller; from <i>E. sonomae</i>, in ridges on either side of
+tip not enlarged, keel proportionally higher; from <i>E. amoenus</i> and
+<i>E. dorsalis</i>, in base widened and thickened, baculum usually shorter;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</a></span>
+from <i>E. merriami</i>, in being markedly shorter, and having base
+widened and deepened but not incised dorsally.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i> and <i>E. minimus</i> see the accounts
+of those species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 2.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. townsendii townsendii</i>: Oregon: <i>Multnomah Co.</i>: Portland, 1 (NM).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. t. cooperi</i>: Oregon: <i>Hood Co.</i>: Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9 mi. ENE
+Mount Hood, 1.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_sonomae" id="Eutamias_sonomae"></a><b>Eutamias sonomae</b> Grinnell</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 4</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Upper parts rich reddish, more or less dulled by gray; backs of pinnae of
+ears nearly bare; tail long and bushy; size large; skull large, long, and narrow;
+rostrum deep.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/10 of length of tip; tip 27 to 31
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;;
+distal 1/4 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and
+wider than shaft; shaft of medium length, 3.03 to 3.30 mm.; ridges
+on either side of tip strongly developed, partly obscuring keel from
+side.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in ridges on either side of tip strongly developed,
+shaft thin, base not markedly widened, tip proportionally
+shorter; from <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, and
+<i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in shaft thin, ridges on either side of tip strongly
+developed, baculum shorter; from <i>E. amoenus</i> and <i>E. dorsalis</i>, in
+keel lower, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, base
+thicker and wider; from <i>E. merriami</i>, in markedly shorter, ridges
+on either side of tip strongly developed, tip proportionally longer,
+base wider and deeper but not incised dorsally.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, and <i>E. townsendii</i>,
+see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 5.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. sonomae alleni</i>: California: <i>Marin Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (NM).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. sonomae sonomae</i>: California: <i>Siskiyou Co.</i>: Salmon Mts., W slope, W
+of Etna, 1 (BS). <i>Shasta Co.</i>: Redding, 1 (BS). <i>Mendocino Co.</i>: Cahto,
+1 (BS).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_amoenus" id="Eutamias_amoenus"></a><b>Eutamias amoenus</b> (J. A. Allen)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 5</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Upper parts generally ochraceous; venter frequently buffy; size small to
+medium; zygomatic arches usually appressed to cranium; frequently difficult
+to distinguish from <i>E. minimus</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 30 to 35
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</a></span>
+distal 1/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.37 to
+2.96 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner;
+from <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i> and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>,
+in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter, tip shorter;
+from <i>E. dorsalis</i>, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;,
+usually smaller; from <i>E. merriami</i>, in being markedly shorter, and
+in base not being dorsally incised, tip proportionally longer.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, and
+<i>E. sonomae</i>, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p>Bacula from skins labeled as <i>E. amoenus amoenus</i> from, Lardo,
+Valley Co., Idaho (MM), Butte Co., Idaho (MM), and Boise National
+Forest, Idaho (BS), resemble the bacula of <i>E. umbrinus</i>, and
+critical study of other features of these specimens probably will
+show that they are <i>E. umbrinus</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 23.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. amoenus amoenus</i>: Oregon: <i>Klamath Co.</i>: Fort Klamath, 1 (MM).
+Idaho: <i>Valley Co.</i>: Lardo, 1 (BS). <i>Butte Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Boise
+National Forest, 1 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. a. ludibundus</i>: British Columbia: Moose Lake, 1 (NM).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. a. luteiventris</i>: Alberta: Banff, 2 (BS). Montana: <i>Flathead Co.</i>: 1 mi.
+W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 1. <i>Teton Co.</i>: 17-1/8 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N
+Augusta, 5,100 ft., 2. <i>Missoula Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Idaho: <i>Idaho
+Co.</i>: 20 mi. S and 2 mi. E Grangeville, 2. <i>Fremont Co.</i>: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone,
+7,000 ft., 5; 9 mi. SW West Yellowstone, 8,500 ft., 1. Wyoming:
+<i>Teton Co.</i>: 2-1/2 mi. N and 3-1/2 mi. E Moran, 7,225 ft., 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. a. monoensis</i>: California: <i>Mono Co.</i>: Leevining Creek, 1 (NM).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. a. vallicola</i>: Montana: <i>Ravalli Co.</i>: Bass Creek, 3-1/2 mi. NW Stevensville,
+3,750 ft., 2.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_dorsalis" id="Eutamias_dorsalis"></a><b>Eutamias dorsalis</b> (Baird)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 6</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts smoky gray; dorsal stripes indistinct or obsolete;
+skull large.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 29 to 40
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 140&deg;;
+distal 1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to medium,
+2.64 to 3.69 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not widened, shaft thinner; from <i>E.
+quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>,
+in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter; from <i>E. merriami</i>,
+in shaft markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally, tip proportionally
+longer.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</a></span>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+sonomae</i>, and <i>E. amoenus</i>, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 12.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. dorsalis dorsalis</i>: Arizona: <i>Yavapai Co.</i>: 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, 5,000 ft.,
+1 (BS). <i>Gila Co.</i>: Carr's Ranch, Sierra Ancha Mountains, 1 (BS). <i>Pima Co.</i>:
+Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: <i>Valencia Co.</i>: Mount Taylor, 1 (MM);
+1 mi. N Cebolleta, 1 (MM). <i>Socorro Co.</i>: San Mateo Mountains, 1 (BS).
+<i>Chihuahua</i>: Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. d. utahensis</i>: Wyoming: <i>Sweetwater Co.</i>: W side Green River, 1 mi.
+N Utah Border, 1. Colorado: <i>Moffat Co.</i>: Escalante Hills, 20 mi. SE Ladore,
+1 (BS). Arizona: <i>Coconino Co.</i>: Ryan, 1 (BS).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_merriami" id="Eutamias_merriami"></a><b>Eutamias merriami</b> (J. A. Allen)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 7</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts grayish; cheeks and underparts white, more or
+less dulled by gray; size large; skull large.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 16 per cent
+of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;; distal 1/10 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base incised dorsally; shaft
+markedly long, 4.88 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E.
+palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base incised dorsally, base not widened,
+shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E.
+ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in base incised
+dorsally, shaft thinner, tip proportionally much shorter.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>, and <i>E. dorsalis</i>, see the accounts of those
+species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: One from Mount Pi&ntilde;os, Ventura Co., California (LA).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_quadrivittatus" id="Eutamias_quadrivittatus"></a><b>Eutamias quadrivittatus</b> (Say)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figures 8-10</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Color bright and tawny; size medium to large; braincase widened.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum of <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>: Shaft thick; keel proportionally
+low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 30 to 44 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed
+laterally; shaft long, 3.17 to 3.62 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. q. hopiensis</i>, in baculum larger, angle formed by
+tip and shaft less distinct; from <i>E. ruficaudus ruficaudus</i>, in shaft
+and tip proportionally shorter; from <i>E. r. simulans</i>, in keel proportionally
+lower, shaft usually shorter and narrower; from <i>E. cinereicollis</i>,
+in shaft shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft larger, ridges on
+either side of tip more distinct; from <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in tip
+proportionally shorter, shaft shorter; from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</a></span>
+<i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E. palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not
+markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft
+larger.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>, <i>E. dorsalis</i>, and <i>E. merriami</i>, see the accounts
+of those species.</p>
+
+<p>Baculum of <i>E. q. hopiensis</i>: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low,
+1/3 of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed
+by tip and shaft 130&deg;; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally;
+shaft short, 2.64 mm. in length.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. ruficaudus ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. r. simulans</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>,
+and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in being shorter, proportions as in <i>E. q.
+quadrivittatus</i>; from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>,
+<i>E. palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not markedly widened, angle
+formed by tip and shaft larger; from <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E.
+townsendii</i>, <i>E. sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>, <i>E. dorsalis</i>, and <i>E. merriami</i>,
+except for smaller size, as in <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bacula of <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> from northeastern Arizona are like those
+in typical <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>. The specimens from this region, to
+judge from parts of the animal other than the baculum, are intergrades
+between <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> and <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>. Specimens
+from near Moab, Grand Co., Utah, are typical <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> and
+the bacula of these specimens are considerably smaller than those
+of specimens of typical <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>. No bacula are known
+to me that are structurally intermediate between those of <i>E. q.
+quadrivittatus</i> and <i>E. q. hopiensis</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 21.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i>: Colorado: <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: Sapinero, 1
+(BS). <i>Chaffee Co.</i>: Unspecified, 1 (MM). <i>Saguache Co.</i>: 5 mi. N and 22
+mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 1. <i>Fremont Co.</i>: Canon City, 3 (BS). New
+Mexico: <i>Rio Arriba Co.</i>: Dulce, 1 (BS). <i>Taos Co.</i>: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E
+Taos, 8,750 ft., 4. <i>Union Co.</i>: Sierra Grande, 1 (BS). <i>Valencia Co.</i>: Mirror
+Spring, Mt. Taylor, 3 (MM). <i>Torrance Co.</i>: S end, E slope, Manzano Mountains,
+2 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. quadrivittatus hopiensis</i>: Utah: <i>Grand Co.</i>: Mouth of Nigger Bill Canyon,
+E side Colorado River, 4 mi. N Moab Bridge, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU); Moab,
+4,500 ft., 1 (UU). Arizona: <i>Apache Co.</i>: Tunicha Mountains, 1 (BS).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_ruficaudus" id="Eutamias_ruficaudus"></a><b>Eutamias ruficaudus</b> Howell</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figures 11-12</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts dark tawny; size medium; braincase narrowed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum of <i>E. r. ruficaudus</i>: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low,
+1/4 of length of tip; tip 31 to 33 per cent of length of shaft; angle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</a></span>
+formed by tip and shaft 120&deg;; distal 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed
+laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.09 to 4.56 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. r. simulans</i>, in keel proportionally lower, tip
+proportionally shorter, distal 1/5 of shaft less laterally compressed,
+shaft usually longer; from <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, in angle formed by tip
+and shaft smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct;
+from <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in tip proportionally longer, shaft usually
+shorter; from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E. palmeri</i>,
+and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle
+formed by tip and shaft larger.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>, <i>E. dorsalis</i>, <i>E. merriami</i>, and <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>,
+see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p>Baculum of <i>E. r. simulans</i>: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low,
+2/5 of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 130&deg;; distal 2/5 of shaft laterally compressed;
+base slightly wider than shaft; shaft medium to long, 3.30 to 4.26 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. cinereicollis</i> in, keel proportionally higher, shaft
+shorter, tip proportionally longer, angle formed by tip and shaft
+smaller, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed; from <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>
+in, keel proportionally higher, angle formed by tip and
+shaft larger, tip proportionally longer, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally
+compressed, shaft shorter; from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E.
+umbrinus</i>, <i>E. palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in base not markedly widened,
+shaft usually longer.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>, <i>E. dorsalis</i>, <i>E. merriami</i>, and <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>,
+see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p>The differences between the bacula of the subspecies <i>Eutamias
+ruficaudus ruficaudus</i> and <i>E. r. simulans</i> are comparable to those
+usually found between species of chipmunks. Consequently, I
+suspect that <i>E. r. simulans</i> and <i>E. r. ruficaudus</i> are specifically
+distinct and suggest that a search would be worth while for specimens
+in the geographic area between the geographic ranges as
+now known for the two kinds to ascertain whether intergradation
+(the criterion of subspecies) occurs. I suppose there is no intergradation
+but in the absence of precise information, I choose not
+to modify the current taxonomic arrangement of <i>E. r. ruficaudus</i>
+and <i>E. r. simulans</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 17.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>E. ruficaudus ruficaudus</i>: Montana: <i>Flathead Co.</i>: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S
+Summit, 5,000 ft., 2. <i>Ravalli Co.</i>: Big Hole Hill, 6,000 ft., 2; Big Hole Hill,
+6,600 ft., 1; Continental Divide, Big Hole Hill, 7,000 ft., 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. r. simulans</i>: Idaho: <i>Bonner Co.</i>: Priest Lake, 1 (BS). <i>Kootenai Co.</i>:
+13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 3. <i>Shoshone Co.</i>: Mullan, 1 (BS).
+<i>Clearwater Co.</i>: 25 mi. E and 16 mi. N Pierce, 6.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_cinereicollis" id="Eutamias_cinereicollis"></a><b>Eutamias cinereicollis</b> (J. A. Allen)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 13</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts dark grayish tawny; size medium to large; skull
+large; braincase widened.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/5 of length of tip;
+tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 145&deg;;
+distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly widened;
+shaft long, 4.88 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, in keel lower, ridges on either
+side of tip weakly developed, angle formed by tip and shaft larger;
+from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>, <i>E. palmeri</i>, and
+<i>E. bulleri</i>, in shaft longer, base not markedly widened, angle formed
+by tip and shaft much larger.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with <i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>, <i>E. dorsalis</i>, <i>E. merriami</i>, <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>,
+and <i>E. ruficaudus</i>, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined</i>: One from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Apache
+Co., Arizona (BS).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_quadrimaculatus" id="Eutamias_quadrimaculatus"></a><b>Eutamias quadrimaculatus</b> (Gray)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 14</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts bright reddish; pattern inconspicuous; light
+and dark facial stripes strongly contrasting; size large; skull relatively small
+and slightly built.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thick; keel relatively low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip
+27 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120&deg;;
+distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider
+than shaft; shaft long, 4.35 to 5.28 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E.
+umbrinus</i>, <i>E. palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>, in shaft markedly longer; base
+not markedly widened; angle formed by tip and shaft larger; tip
+proportionally shorter.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks from western
+North America, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 4.</p>
+
+<p>California: <i>Plumas Co.</i>: Mountains near Quincy, 1 (BS). <i>Placer Co.</i>:
+Blue Canyon, 1 (NM). <i>Alpine Co.</i>: Markleeville, 1 (BS); N fork Stanislaus
+River, 1 (BS).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">[Pg 625]</a></span><a name="Eutamias_speciosus" id="Eutamias_speciosus"></a><b>Eutamias speciosus</b> (Merriam)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 15</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts bright; light and dark elements of color pattern
+strongly contrasting; outer stripes broad and strikingly conspicuous; size
+medium; skull moderately broadened; dorsal outline of skull strongly arched
+in profile; upper incisors short and sharply recurved.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thick; keel of medium height, 1/3 of length of tip;
+base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; tip 47 to 55 per cent of length of
+shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 90&deg;; distal 2/3 of shaft markedly
+compressed laterally; base markedly wider than shaft; shaft short
+to medium, 2.11 to 3.17 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. panamintinus</i>, in base of keel proportionally
+shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from <i>E. umbrinus</i>
+and <i>E. palmeri</i>, in keel higher, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller,
+distal 2/3 (not 1/2) of shaft markedly laterally compressed, base
+markedly wider; from <i>E. bulleri</i>, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, tip
+proportionally longer, ridges on either side of tip distinct.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western
+North America, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p>The baculum in <i>E. speciosus frater</i> is approximately the same
+size as in <i>E. umbrinus inyoensis</i>, but differs in shape as described
+above.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 6.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. speciosus frater</i>: California: <i>Madera Co.</i>: San Joaquin River, near head
+of N fork, Sierra Nevada Mountains, 2 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. speciosus sequoiensis</i>: California: <i>Tulare Co.</i>: Mount Whitney, 1 (BS);
+Sequoia National Park, 2 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. speciosus callipeplus</i>: California: <i>Kern Co.</i>: Mount Pinos, 1 (BS).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_panamintinus" id="Eutamias_panamintinus"></a><b>Eutamias panamintinus</b> (Merriam)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 16</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dorsal dark stripes reddish; size small to medium; skull of medium size;
+braincase flattened.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/2
+of length of tip; tip 52 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 110&deg;; distal 2/3 of shaft moderately compressed laterally;
+base markedly widened; shaft short, 2.17 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. umbrinus</i> and <i>E. palmeri</i>, in distal 2/3 (rather than
+1/2) of shaft moderately compressed laterally; from <i>E. bulleri</i>, in keel
+smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with other species of chipmunks of western
+North America, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_626" id="Page_626">[Pg 626]</a></span>The structure of the baculum most closely resembles that of <i>E.
+speciosus</i> and the geographic ranges of these two species are in
+juxtaposition.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined</i>: One from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co.,
+California (CN).</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_umbrinus" id="Eutamias_umbrinus"></a><b>Eutamias umbrinus</b> (J. A. Allen)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figures 17-18</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts dark; size medium to large; skull of medium
+size; braincase narrowed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 36 to 50
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100&deg;;
+distal 1/2 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly
+widened; shaft short to medium, 2.51 to 3.03 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>E. bulleri</i>, in shaft shorter, keel smaller, ridges on
+either side of tip distinct; distal 1/2 of shaft strongly compressed
+laterally. Does not differ from <i>E. palmeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western
+North America, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of <i>E. umbrinus montanus</i> from north-central Colorado
+have, in the past (Howell 1929:82), been referred to <i>E.
+quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i>. In many features these two kinds of
+chipmunks resemble each other closely; their bacula, nevertheless,
+differ markedly (compare figs. 8-9 with 17-18).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 25.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. umbrinus umbrinus</i>: Wyoming: <i>Uinta Co.</i>: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W
+Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1. Utah: <i>Uintah Co.</i>: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15
+mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 12.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. u. adsitus</i>: Utah: <i>Beaver Co.</i>: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains,
+8,500 ft., 1 (BS). <i>Wayne Co.</i>: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain, 10,000 ft.,
+1 (UU). <i>Garfield Co.</i>: Wildcat R. S., Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 1 (UU).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. u. sedulus</i>: Utah: <i>Garfield Co.</i>: Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, 1 (BS).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. u. inyoensis</i>: California: <i>Tulare Co.</i>: Mount Whitney, head of Big
+Cottonwood Creek, 2 (BS). Nevada: <i>Elko Co.</i>: W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N
+Elko County Line, 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. u. nevadensis</i>: Nevada: <i>Clark Co.</i>: Sheep Mountains, 1 (MM).</p>
+
+<p><i>E. u. fremonti</i>: Wyoming: <i>Sublette Co.</i>: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 1;
+19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. u. montanus</i>: Colorado: <i>Boulder Co.</i>: 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 1; 1/2  mi.
+E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_627" id="Page_627">[Pg 627]</a></span><a name="Eutamias_palmeri" id="Eutamias_palmeri"></a><b>Eutamias palmeri</b> Merriam</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figures 17-18</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts grayish tawny; ocular stripe pale; skull, rostrum,
+nasals, and upper incisors shorter than in <i>E. umbrinus</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Indistinguishable from that of <i>E. umbrinus</i>. This supports
+the opinion of previous students that <i>E. palmeri</i> is a close
+relative of <i>E. umbrinus</i> which occurs immediately to the north and
+east. Intergradation does not occur between these two species,
+for, low-lying terrain, inhospitable to chipmunks, isolates <i>E. palmeri</i>
+from its relatives. (Verbal information from E. R. Hall.)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined</i>: One from Charleston Peak, 8,000 ft., Clear Creek Co.,
+Nevada.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Eutamias_bulleri" id="Eutamias_bulleri"></a><b>Eutamias bulleri</b> (J. A. Allen)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Figure 19</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General tone of upper parts dark; dorsal dark stripes conspicuous and black;
+size large; skull large.</p></div>
+
+<p>Baculum: Shaft thick; keel high, 1/2 of length of tip; keel long,
+1/2 of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 100&deg;; base markedly widened; shaft of
+medium length, 3.30 mm.</p>
+
+<p>For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western
+North America, see the accounts of those species.</p>
+
+<p>The large size of the keel of the baculum in this species is distinctive
+among chipmunks of western North America.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i>: 2.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. bulleri bulleri</i>: Zacatecas: Sierra de Valparaiso, 2 (NM).</p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">[Pg 628]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Figs. 1-19.</span> Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise indicated, of the
+baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>) of western
+North America:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>1. <i>Eutamias alpinus</i>, No. 12577 CN; from Big Cottonwood Meadow, Tulare
+Co., California.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>E. minimus consobrinus</i>, No. 25439; from 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson,
+9,200 ft., Uinta Co., Wyoming.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>E. townsendii cooperi</i>, No. 53169; from Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9
+mi. ENE Mt. Hood, Hood River Co., Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>E. sonomae sonomae</i>, No. 98436 BS; from Redding, Shasta Co., California.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>E. amoenus luteiventris</i>, No. 33811; from 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7,000
+ft., Fremont Co., Idaho.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>E. dorsalis dorsalis</i>, No. 213415 BS; from 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, 5,000 ft.,
+Yavapai Co., Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>E. merriami merriami</i>, No. 1270 LA; from Mount Pinos, Ventura Co.,
+California.</p>
+
+<p>8 and 9. <i>E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i>, No. 35648/47919 BS; from Canon
+City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 9 in dorsal view.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>E. quadrivittatus hopiensis</i>, No. 783 UU; from Moab, 4,500 ft., Grand Co.,
+Utah.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>E. ruficaudus ruficaudus</i>, No. 33884; from 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit,
+5,000 ft., Flathead Co., Montana.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>E. ruficaudus simulans</i>, No. 41478; from 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur
+d'Alene, Kootenai Co., Idaho.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>E. cinereicollis cinereicollis</i>, No. 208621 BS; from Mount Thomas, White
+Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>, No. 95780 BS; from Mountains near Quincy, Plumas
+Co., California.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>E. speciosus sequoiensis</i>, No. 29135/41203 BS; from Mount Whitney,
+Tulare Co., California.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>E. panamintinus panamintinus</i>, No. 12502 CN; from Coal Kilns, Panamint
+Mountains, Inyo Co., California.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>E. umbrinus umbrinus</i>, No. 38062; from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15
+mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., Utah.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>E. umbrinus montanus</i>, No. 20105; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400
+ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view.</p>
+
+<p>19. <i>E. bulleri bulleri</i>, No. 193142 NM; from Sierra del Valparaiso, Zacatecas.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_629" id="Page_629">[Pg 629]</a></span>
+<a name="Figures_1-19" id="Figures_1-19"></a>
+<a href="images/fig_1-19_1200.png"><img src="images/fig_1-19_600.png" width="389" height="600" alt="Figs. 1-19. Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise indicated, of the
+baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus Neotamias) of western
+North America" title="Figs. 1-19" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_630" id="Page_630">[Pg 630]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="Discussion" id="Discussion"></a><span class="smcap">Discussion</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>In California, Johnson (1943) recognized ten species of chipmunks
+and assigned these to the five main groups of species which
+were proposed by Howell (1929). In characterizing each species,
+Johnson (<i>op. cit.</i>) not only made a careful study of skins and skulls,
+but also employed many ecological data.</p>
+
+<p>Study of the bacula of the Californian chipmunks supports Johnson's
+(<i>op. cit.</i>) conclusion that there are ten species, but suggests
+that there are three (not five) groups of species in California&mdash;as
+well as elsewhere within the geographic range of the subgenus
+<i>Neotamias</i>. The three groups are (see figs. 1-19): 1. <i>minimus</i>-group
+(<i>E. alpinus</i>, <i>E. minimus</i>, <i>E. townsendii</i>, <i>E. sonomae</i>, <i>E. amoenus</i>,
+<i>E. dorsalis</i>, and <i>E. merriami</i>); 2. <i>quadrivittatus</i>-group (<i>E. quadrivittatus</i>,
+<i>E. ruficaudus</i>, <i>E. cinereicollis</i>, and <i>E. quadrimaculatus</i>);
+and 3. <i>speciosus</i>-group (<i>E. speciosus</i>, <i>E. panamintinus</i>, <i>E. umbrinus</i>,
+<i>E. palmeri</i>, and <i>E. bulleri</i>).</p>
+
+<p><i>Eutamias panamintinus</i>, according to Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>:78) and
+Johnson (<i>op. cit.</i>:83), is a near relative of <i>E. amoenus</i>. But, the
+baculum in <i>E. panamintinus</i> more closely resembles that in <i>E.
+speciosus</i> than that in <i>E. amoenus</i> (compare figs. 5, 15, and 16).
+Consequently I have placed <i>E. panamintinus</i> in the <i>speciosus</i>-group.</p>
+
+<p>In north-central Colorado, specimens that really are <i>E. umbrinus</i>
+(subspecies <i>montanus</i>) have, in the past (Howell <i>op. cit.</i>:82), been
+referred to <i>E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i>, but the bacula of the
+two species differ markedly from each other (compare figs. 8-9
+with 17-18) and permit the specimens readily to be correctly
+identified to species. Further, Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>:95) placed <i>E.
+umbrinus</i> (subspecies <i>umbrinus</i> and <i>fremonti</i> of current usage) in
+the <i>quadrivittatus</i>-group, whereas the structure of the baculum
+leads me to place <i>E. umbrinus</i> in the <i>speciosus</i>-group.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, groups of species established on the basis of only skulls
+and skins, in a few instances differ from those established on a
+broader basis which includes the bacula.</p>
+
+<p>Johnson (<i>op. cit.</i>:63) writes, "Each species [of Eutamias] has a
+characteristic habitat which differs from those of other species.
+Where two or more species occur together in a general locality
+they are usually mutually exclusive in their choice of foraging and
+nesting sites and in the time of breeding." Thus he classified the
+species of Californian chipmunks not only by morphologic characteristics
+but by habits and habitats as well. The characteristics
+of the skulls and skins of chipmunks probably reflect the habitats<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[Pg 631]</a></span>
+in which these animals live. The characteristics of the bacula, on
+the other hand, may also reflect the habitats in which the animals
+live, but to a lesser degree. Because the structures of the bacula
+are probably less affected by the action of the external environment
+they probably indicate relationships between groups of species
+of chipmunks more clearly than do characteristics of the skulls and
+skins.</p>
+
+<p>If the structures of the bacula indicate relationships between
+groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do the characteristics
+of the skulls and skins, the close resemblance of the
+skulls of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> and <i>E. umbrinus</i> may be thought of as
+convergence. The same can be said of <i>E. amoenus</i> and <i>E. panamintinus</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Literature_Cited" id="Literature_Cited"></a><span class="smcap">Literature Cited</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Friley, C. E., Jr.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1947. Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. Jour.
+Mamm., 28:395-397, 1 fig., December 1.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Howell, A. H.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera <i>Tamias</i> and
+<i>Eutamias</i>). N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 maps.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Johnson, D. H.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias of
+California). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls.,
+12 figs, in text, December 24.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">White, J. A.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1951. A practical method for mounting the bacula of small mammals.
+Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<p><i>Transmitted June 26, 1953.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">&#9723;<br />
+24-8968</p>
+
+<div id="tnote"><h4>Transcriber's Note</h4> The following change has been made to the text:
+
+<div class="blockquot">Page 631, added closing parenthesis to "(genus Eutamias of California)"</div></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of
+Western North America, by John A. White
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31491-h.htm or 31491-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/4/9/31491/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
+Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/31491-h/images/fig_1-19_1200.png b/31491-h/images/fig_1-19_1200.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..714aec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-h/images/fig_1-19_1200.png
diff --git a/31491-h/images/fig_1-19_600.png b/31491-h/images/fig_1-19_600.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..765f0be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-h/images/fig_1-19_600.png
diff --git a/31491-h/images/ukp-logo.png b/31491-h/images/ukp-logo.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9cfefe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491-h/images/ukp-logo.png
diff --git a/31491.txt b/31491.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d15a3ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1535 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western
+North America, by John A. White
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America
+
+Author: John A. White
+
+Release Date: March 3, 2010 [EBook #31491]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
+Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes: The following change has been made to the text:
+Page 631, added closing parenthesis to "(genus Eutamias of California)"]
+
+
+
+
+The Baculum in the Chipmunks
+of Western North America
+
+BY
+
+JOHN A. WHITE
+
+
+University of Kansas Publications
+Museum of Natural History
+
+Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text
+December 1, 1953
+
+
+University of Kansas
+LAWRENCE
+1953
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
+and Robert W. Wilson
+
+Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text
+
+December 1, 1953
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1953
+
+[Illustration]
+
+24-8968
+
+
+
+
+The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America
+
+By
+
+JOHN A. WHITE
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+Introduction                                                         613
+
+Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments                              614
+
+Variation                                                            614
+
+Key to the Bacula of the Species of Eutamias of
+Western North America                                                615
+
+Accounts by Species                                                  616
+    _Eutamias alpinus_                                               616
+    _E. minimus_                                                     617
+    _E. townsendii_                                                  618
+    _E. sonomae_                                                     619
+    _E. amoenus_                                                     619
+    _E. dorsalis_                                                    620
+    _E. merriami_                                                    621
+    _E. quadrivittatus_                                              621
+    _E. ruficaudus_                                                  622
+    _E. cinereicollis_                                               624
+    _E. quadrimaculatus_                                             624
+    _E. speciosus_                                                   625
+    _E. panamintinus_                                                625
+    _E. umbrinus_                                                    626
+    _E. palmeri_                                                     627
+    _E. bulleri_                                                     627
+
+Figures 1-19. Lateral views of bacula                                629
+
+Discussion                                                           630
+
+Literature Cited                                                     631
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The baculum is the bony part of the penis. In the species of the
+subgenus _Neotamias_ the proximal part of the baculum is termed the
+shaft, and the distal upturned part is termed the tip. On the dorsal
+side of the tip there is a longitudinal ridge termed the keel. The
+proximal end of the shaft is termed the base (see fig. 19). Depending on
+the species, the shaft varies from 2.11 to 5.28 mm. in length, and the
+base may or may not be widened or deepened.
+
+The purpose of this report is to: (1) Show the usefulness of the
+structure of the baculum as a taxonomic character in chipmunks; and (2)
+compare a classification based on the structure of the baculum with a
+classification based on the structure and appearance of the skull and
+skin.
+
+
+
+
+METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+
+    The bacula which were borrowed from the University of Michigan,
+    Museum of Zoology, were processed according to the method
+    described by Friley (1947:395-397), whereas all others were
+    processed according to the method described by White (1951:125).
+    Thus the bacula that were borrowed from the University of
+    Michigan, are maintained there in a separate collection, whereas
+    the bacula borrowed from other museums and those that are at the
+    University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, are housed with
+    the skulls of the corresponding specimens.
+
+    All measurements of the bacula were made by means of an eyepiece
+    micrometer.
+
+    A total of 194 bacula were seen. All of these are in the Museum
+    of Natural History of the University of Kansas, unless otherwise
+    indicated by the following symbols:
+
+        BS    United States Biological Surveys Collection.
+        CN    Chicago Natural History Museum.
+        LA    Los Angeles County Museum.
+        MM    University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
+        NM    United States National Museum.
+        UU    University of Utah, Museum of Zoology.
+
+    I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in my
+    study and thank Drs. Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, and
+    Edwin C. Galbraith, as well as other friends and associates of
+    the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, for
+    encouragement and valuable suggestions. Dr. William L. Jellison,
+    United States Public Health Service, aided me in part of my
+    field work and kindly sent me some specimens of chipmunks. My
+    wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me in
+    many ways.
+
+    For the loan of bacula I thank Dr. William H. Burt, University
+    of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. For permission to search for
+    bacula on study skins, and to process those that were found, I
+    thank Miss Viola S. Schantz, United States Fish and Wildlife
+    Service, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago Natural History Museum,
+    Mr. Kenneth E. Stager, Los Angeles County Museum, Dr. David H.
+    Johnson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Stephen D.
+    Durrant, Museum of Zoology, University of Utah.
+
+    Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas
+    University Endowment Association, the National Science
+    Foundation and the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research,
+    through contract No. NR 161 791.
+
+
+
+
+VARIATION
+
+
+_Individual variation._--Individual variation is small. This is shown by
+a coefficient of variability of only 3.85 in the length of the shaft in
+a series of 12 specimens of _E. umbrinus umbrinus_ from Paradise Park,
+21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah County, Utah.
+
+_Variation with age._--In the chipmunks the baculum varies but little
+with age. In the youngest specimens that I have taken, the M3 and m3
+have not yet erupted and there is no wear on P4 and p4; nevertheless,
+the baculum in these specimens has nearly an adult configuration and
+size. In juvenal _Eutamias minimus_ the tip of the baculum is longer in
+relation to the length of the shaft than it is in adults; the tip is 18
+to 28 per cent of the length of the shaft in adults, as opposed to 29 to
+32 per cent in juveniles.
+
+_Aberrations._--In a small percentage of specimens of _E. minimus_ and
+_E. umbrinus_ the baculum is small and S-shaped, even in adults.
+
+_Variations of taxonomic worth._--Variations in this category are
+described in the section immediately following the key.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE BACULA IN EUTAMIAS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
+
+
+1.  Distal 1/2 to 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base
+    markedly widened.
+
+    2.  Distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward
+        to base of tip.
+
+        3.  Height of keel 1/2 of length of tip; keel markedly
+            enlarged.                         _Eutamias bulleri_, p. 627
+
+        3'. Height of keel 1/4 of length of tip; keel not markedly
+            enlarged.
+                      _Eutamias umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, pp. 626, 627
+
+    2'. Distal 2/3 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward
+        to base of tip.
+
+        4.  Base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip
+            and shaft less than 100 deg.     _Eutamias speciosus_, p. 625
+
+        4'. Base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; angle formed by tip
+            and shaft more than 102 deg.  _Eutamias panamintinus_, p. 625
+
+1'. Distal 1/12 to 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base
+    not markedly widened.
+
+    5.  Shaft thin; shaft less than .20 mm. in diameter at widest
+        point.
+
+        6.  Ridges on either side of keel enlarged, partially
+            obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel 1/10 of
+            length of tip.                    _Eutamias sonomae_, p. 619
+
+        6'. Ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, not partially
+            obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel at least
+            1/7 of length of tip.
+
+            7.  Base not widened or dorsoventrally thickened.
+
+                8.  Shaft more than 4.5 mm. in length; tip 16 per
+                    cent of length of shaft; shaft strongly incised
+                    on dorsal side of base
+                                             _Eutamias merriami_, p. 621
+
+                8'. Shaft less than 4.4 mm. in length; tip more than
+                    25 per cent of length of shaft; shaft not incised
+                    on dorsal side of base.
+
+                    9. Height of keel 1/7 of length of tip; angle
+                        formed by tip and shaft distinct
+                                              _Eutamias alpinus_, p. 616
+
+                    9'. Height of keel at least 1/5 of length of tip;
+                        angle formed by tip and shaft poorly defined.
+
+                        10. Height of keel 1/3 of length of tip;
+                            angle formed by tip and shaft 140 deg.
+                                             _Eutamias dorsalis_, p. 620
+
+                        10'. Height of keel 1/5 of length of tip;
+                            angle formed by tip and shaft 130 deg. or
+                            less.
+
+                            11. Tip more than 29 per cent of length
+                                of shaft.     _Eutamias amoenus_, p. 619
+
+                            11'. Tip less than 28 per cent of length
+                                of shaft.     _Eutamias minimus_, p. 617
+
+            7'. Base widened and dorsoventrally thickened.
+                                           _Eutamias townsendii_, p. 618
+
+    5'. Shaft thick; shaft more than .25 mm. in diameter at widest
+        point.
+
+        12. Length of shaft less than 3.00 mm.; length of tip less
+            than 1.10 mm.    _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, p. 622
+
+        12'. Length of shaft more than 3.10 mm.; length of tip more
+            than 1.15 mm.
+
+            13. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft.
+                                      _Eutamias quadrimaculatus_, p. 624
+
+            13'. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft.
+
+                14. Angle formed by tip and shaft more than 140 deg.;
+                    ridges on either side of tip indistinct.
+                                        _Eutamias cinereicollis_, p. 624
+
+                14'. Angle formed by tip and shaft less than 135 deg.;
+                    ridges on either side of tip distinct.
+
+                    15. Shaft less than 3.65 mm. in length, and .55
+                        mm. or less in diameter at widest point.
+                        _Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, p. 621
+
+                    15'. Shaft usually more than 3.65 mm. in length,
+                        but when shorter, diameter is .60 mm. or more
+                        at widest point.
+
+                        16. Diameter of shaft at widest point less
+                            than .58 mm.; tip less than 35 per cent
+                            of length of shaft.
+                                _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, p. 622
+
+                        16'. Diameter of shaft at widest point more
+                            than .65 mm.; tip more than 40 per cent
+                            of length of shaft.
+                                  _Eutamias ruficaudus simulans_, p. 623
+
+
+
+
+ACCOUNTS BY SPECIES
+
+
+#Eutamias alpinus# (Merriam)
+
+Figure 1
+
+    Pelage silky; tail bright orange beneath; markings relatively
+    obscure; size small; skull broad, flattened, and large in
+    proportion to body.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/7 of length of tip; tip 39 per cent of
+length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 135 deg.; distal 1/3 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft;
+shaft short, 2.17 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, and shaft
+thinner; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_,
+and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter; from _E.
+townsendii_, in base not dorsoventrally thickened, base not so widened;
+from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, base
+not dorsoventrally thickened; from _E. amoenus_, _E. minimus_, and _E.
+dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft more distinct;
+from _E. merriami_, in baculum markedly shorter, base not incised
+dorsally.
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Big Cottonwood Meadows, S of Mount
+    Whitney, 10,000 ft., Inyo Co., California (CN).
+
+
+#Eutamias minimus# (Bachman)
+
+Figure 2
+
+    Coloration varying from light to dark depending on subspecies;
+    size small to medium; rostrum short and stout.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 18 to 28 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 125 deg.; distal
+1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to long, 2.44 to
+4.35 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft thinner, base not markedly widened;
+from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E.
+quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, tip shorter; from _E. amoenus_, in
+tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft; from _E. dorsalis_, in
+angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. townsendii_, in tip less
+than 28 per cent of length of shaft, angle formed by tip and shaft 125 deg.
+instead of 130 deg.; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip
+less well-developed, keel higher; from _E. merriami_, in shaft shorter
+(less than 4.40 mm.), base not incised, tip proportionally longer.
+
+For comparison with _E. alpinus_ see the account of that species.
+
+In most places where _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_ occur together they
+can be distinguished without recourse to the baculum, but at Banff and
+Canmore in western Alberta, recourse to the baculum is almost necessary.
+There, as elsewhere, they can be distinguished readily by the shape of
+the bacula.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 72.
+
+    _Eutamias minimus borealis_: Alberta: Canmore, 1 (BS).
+
+    _E. m. cacodemus_: South Dakota: _Shannon Co._: Quinn's Draw,
+    Cheyenne River, 1 (NM); 14 mi. N and 5 mi. W Rockyford, 3,200
+    ft., 1.
+
+    _E. m. confinis_: Wyoming: _Big Horn Co._: 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S
+    Shell, 9,000 ft., 1; 9 mi. E and 9 mi. N Tensleep, 8,200 ft., 1.
+    _Washakie Co._: 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7,000 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. m. consobrinus_: Montana: _Madison Co._: 26 mi. NW West
+    Yellowstone, 6,100 ft., 1. Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 5 mi. E and
+    9 mi. N Pinedale, 9,100 ft., 2. _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi.
+    W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200
+    ft., 2. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N
+    Vernal, 10,050 ft., 8. Colorado: _Jackson Co._: 9-1/2 mi. W and
+    2 mi. N Walden, 8,400 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. m. jacksoni_: Michigan: _Menominee Co._: 7 mi. E Stephenson,
+    4 (MM). Wisconsin: _Juneau Co._: Camp Douglas, 1 (NM).
+
+    _E. m. minimus_: Wyoming: _Natrona Co._: 27 mi. N and 1 mi. E
+    Powder River, 6,075 ft., 1; 16 mi. S and 11 mi. W Waltman, 6,950
+    ft., 1; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6,000 ft., 1.
+    _Uinta Co._: 8-1/2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 7,100 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Ft.
+    Bridger, 6,700 ft., 1; unspecified, 3 (MM). _Sweetwater Co._:
+    Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6,800 ft., 1; 32 mi. S and
+    22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7,025 ft., 3; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 1.
+
+    _E. m. operarius_: Wyoming: _Converse Co._: 21-1/2 mi. S and
+    24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 1. _Carbon Co._: 8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E
+    Savery, 8,800 ft., 1; 5 mi. N and 5 mi. E Savery, 6,900 ft., 1.
+    _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Colorado:
+    _Rocky Mountain National Park_, 1 (MM). _Boulder Co._:
+    Unspecified, 1 (NM). _Gunnison Co._: 7 mi. S and 7 mi. W
+    Gunnison, 8,150 ft., 1. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W
+    Saguache, 10,000 ft., 2. _Archuleta Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM); 5
+    mi. S and 25 mi. W Antonito, 9,600 ft., 3. _Costilla Co._:
+    Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi.
+    E Taos, 8,750 ft., 3.
+
+    _E. m. pallidus_: Montana: _Fergus Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM).
+    _Sweetgrass Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Wyoming: _Campbell Co._:
+    4 mi. S and 3 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; Ivy Creek, 8 mi. W and 5 mi.
+    N Spotted Horse, 3; Middle Butte, 6,010 ft., 38 mi. S and 19 mi.
+    W Gillette, 1.
+
+    _E. m. silvaticus_: South Dakota: _Pennington Co._: Unspecified,
+    1 (MM). _Custer Co._: Unspecified, 2 (MM). Wyoming: _Weston
+    Co._: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6,150 ft., 3.
+
+
+#Eutamias townsendii# (Bachman)
+
+Figure 3
+
+    Pelage tawny to olivaceous; stripes obscure and underparts
+    tawny, or stripes conspicuous and underparts white; tail slender
+    and sparsely haired; size large; skull largest in the subgenus
+    _Neotamias_.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 32 per cent of
+length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 1/5 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft;
+shaft short, 2.24 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner,
+tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_,
+_E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum
+shorter and smaller; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip
+not enlarged, keel proportionally higher; from _E. amoenus_ and _E.
+dorsalis_, in base widened and thickened, baculum usually shorter; from
+_E. merriami_, in being markedly shorter, and having base widened and
+deepened but not incised dorsally.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_ and _E. minimus_ see the accounts of
+those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 2.
+
+    _E. townsendii townsendii_: Oregon: _Multnomah Co._: Portland, 1
+    (NM).
+
+    _E. t. cooperi_: Oregon: _Hood Co._: Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9
+    mi. ENE Mount Hood, 1.
+
+
+#Eutamias sonomae# Grinnell
+
+Figure 4
+
+    Upper parts rich reddish, more or less dulled by gray; backs of
+    pinnae of ears nearly bare; tail long and bushy; size large;
+    skull large, long, and narrow; rostrum deep.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/10 of length of tip; tip 27 to 31 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 1/4
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than
+shaft; shaft of medium length, 3.03 to 3.30 mm.; ridges on either side
+of tip strongly developed, partly obscuring keel from side.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in ridges on either side of tip strongly
+developed, shaft thin, base not markedly widened, tip proportionally
+shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_,
+and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thin, ridges on either side of tip
+strongly developed, baculum shorter; from _E. amoenus_ and _E.
+dorsalis_, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip strongly
+developed, base thicker and wider; from _E. merriami_, in markedly
+shorter, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, tip
+proportionally longer, base wider and deeper but not incised dorsally.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, and _E. townsendii_,
+see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 5.
+
+    _E. sonomae alleni_: California: _Marin Co._: Unspecified, 1
+    (NM).
+
+    _E. sonomae sonomae_: California: _Siskiyou Co._: Salmon Mts., W
+    slope, W of Etna, 1 (BS). _Shasta Co._: Redding, 1 (BS).
+    _Mendocino Co._: Cahto, 1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias amoenus# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 5
+
+    Upper parts generally ochraceous; venter frequently buffy; size
+    small to medium; zygomatic arches usually appressed to cranium;
+    frequently difficult to distinguish from _E. minimus_.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 30 to 35 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 1/5
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.37 to 2.96 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner;
+from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_ and _E.
+quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter, tip
+shorter; from _E. dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and
+shaft 130 deg., usually smaller; from _E. merriami_, in being markedly
+shorter, and in base not being dorsally incised, tip proportionally
+longer.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, and
+_E. sonomae_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+Bacula from skins labeled as _E. amoenus amoenus_ from, Lardo, Valley
+Co., Idaho (MM), Butte Co., Idaho (MM), and Boise National Forest, Idaho
+(BS), resemble the bacula of _E. umbrinus_, and critical study of other
+features of these specimens probably will show that they are _E.
+umbrinus_.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 23.
+
+    _E. amoenus amoenus_: Oregon: _Klamath Co._: Fort Klamath, 1
+    (MM). Idaho: _Valley Co._: Lardo, 1 (BS). _Butte Co._:
+    Unspecified, 1 (MM). Boise National Forest, 1 (BS).
+
+    _E. a. ludibundus_: British Columbia: Moose Lake, 1 (NM).
+
+    _E. a. luteiventris_: Alberta: Banff, 2 (BS). Montana: _Flathead
+    Co._: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 1. _Teton Co._:
+    17-1/8 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N Augusta, 5,100 ft., 2. _Missoula
+    Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Idaho: _Idaho Co._: 20 mi. S and 2
+    mi. E Grangeville, 2. _Fremont Co._: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone,
+    7,000 ft., 5; 9 mi. SW West Yellowstone, 8,500 ft., 1. Wyoming:
+    _Teton Co._: 2-1/2 mi. N and 3-1/2 mi. E Moran, 7,225 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. a. monoensis_: California: _Mono Co._: Leevining Creek, 1
+    (NM).
+
+    _E. a. vallicola_: Montana: _Ravalli Co._: Bass Creek, 3-1/2 mi.
+    NW Stevensville, 3,750 ft., 2.
+
+
+#Eutamias dorsalis# (Baird)
+
+Figure 6
+
+    General tone of upper parts smoky gray; dorsal stripes
+    indistinct or obsolete; skull large.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 29 to 40 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 140 deg.; distal 1/2
+of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to medium, 2.64 to
+3.69 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not widened, shaft thinner; from _E.
+quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E.
+quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter; from _E.
+merriami_, in shaft markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally, tip
+proportionally longer.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, and _E. amoenus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 12.
+
+    _E. dorsalis dorsalis_: Arizona: _Yavapai Co._: 3 mi. N Ft.
+    Whipple, 5,000 ft., 1 (BS). _Gila Co._: Carr's Ranch, Sierra
+    Ancha Mountains, 1 (BS). _Pima Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New
+    Mexico: _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, 1 (MM); 1 mi. N Cebolleta,
+    1 (MM). _Socorro Co._: San Mateo Mountains, 1 (BS). _Chihuahua_:
+    Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 (BS).
+
+    _E. d. utahensis_: Wyoming: _Sweetwater Co._: W side Green
+    River, 1 mi. N Utah Border, 1. Colorado: _Moffat Co._: Escalante
+    Hills, 20 mi. SE Ladore, 1 (BS). Arizona: _Coconino Co._: Ryan,
+    1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias merriami# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 7
+
+    General tone of upper parts grayish; cheeks and underparts
+    white, more or less dulled by gray; size large; skull large.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 16 per cent of
+length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 1/10 of
+shaft slightly compressed laterally; base incised dorsally; shaft
+markedly long, 4.88 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base incised dorsally, base not widened,
+shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E.
+ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in base
+incised dorsally, shaft thinner, tip proportionally much shorter.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, and _E. dorsalis_, see the accounts of those
+species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: One from Mount Pinos, Ventura Co.,
+    California (LA).
+
+
+#Eutamias quadrivittatus# (Say)
+
+Figures 8-10
+
+    Color bright and tawny; size medium to large; braincase widened.
+
+Baculum of _E. q. quadrivittatus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low,
+1/4 of length of tip; tip 30 to 44 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed
+laterally; shaft long, 3.17 to 3.62 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. q. hopiensis_, in baculum larger, angle formed by tip
+and shaft less distinct; from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, in shaft and
+tip proportionally shorter; from _E. r. simulans_, in keel
+proportionally lower, shaft usually shorter and narrower; from _E.
+cinereicollis_, in shaft shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft larger,
+ridges on either side of tip more distinct; from _E. quadrimaculatus_,
+in tip proportionally shorter, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E.
+panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base
+not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft
+larger.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, and _E. merriami_, see the
+accounts of those species.
+
+Baculum of _E. q. hopiensis_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/3
+of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally;
+shaft short, 2.64 mm. in length.
+
+Differs from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, _E. r. simulans_, _E.
+cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in being shorter, proportions
+as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_,
+_E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly
+widened, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E. alpinus_, _E.
+minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_,
+and _E. merriami_, except for smaller size, as in _E. q.
+quadrivittatus_.
+
+Bacula of _E. q. hopiensis_ from northeastern Arizona are like those in
+typical _E. q. quadrivittatus_. The specimens from this region, to judge
+from parts of the animal other than the baculum, are intergrades between
+_E. q. hopiensis_ and _E. q. quadrivittatus_. Specimens from near Moab,
+Grand Co., Utah, are typical _E. q. hopiensis_ and the bacula of these
+specimens are considerably smaller than those of specimens of typical
+_E. q. quadrivittatus_. No bacula are known to me that are structurally
+intermediate between those of _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and _E. q.
+hopiensis_.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 21.
+
+    _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_: Colorado: _Gunnison Co._:
+    Sapinero, 1 (BS). _Chaffee Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). _Saguache
+    Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 1. _Fremont
+    Co._: Canon City, 3 (BS). New Mexico: _Rio Arriba Co._: Dulce, 1
+    (BS). _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 4.
+    _Union Co._: Sierra Grande, 1 (BS). _Valencia Co._: Mirror
+    Spring, Mt. Taylor, 3 (MM). _Torrance Co._: S end, E slope,
+    Manzano Mountains, 2 (BS).
+
+    _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_: Utah: _Grand Co._: Mouth of
+    Nigger Bill Canyon, E side Colorado River, 4 mi. N Moab Bridge,
+    4,500 ft., 1 (UU); Moab, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU). Arizona: _Apache
+    Co._: Tunicha Mountains, 1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias ruficaudus# Howell
+
+Figures 11-12
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark tawny; size medium; braincase
+    narrowed.
+
+Baculum of _E. r. ruficaudus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4
+of length of tip; tip 31 to 33 per cent of length of shaft; angle
+formed by tip and shaft 120 deg.; distal 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed
+laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.09 to 4.56 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. r. simulans_, in keel proportionally lower, tip
+proportionally shorter, distal 1/5 of shaft less laterally compressed,
+shaft usually longer; from _E. cinereicollis_, in angle formed by tip
+and shaft smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct;
+from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in tip proportionally longer, shaft usually
+shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer,
+angle formed by tip and shaft larger.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E.
+quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+Baculum of _E. r. simulans_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 2/5
+of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed
+by tip and shaft 130 deg.; distal 2/5 of shaft laterally compressed; base
+slightly wider than shaft; shaft medium to long, 3.30 to 4.26 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. cinereicollis_ in, keel proportionally higher, shaft
+shorter, tip proportionally longer, angle formed by tip and shaft
+smaller, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed; from _E.
+quadrimaculatus_ in, keel proportionally higher, angle formed by tip and
+shaft larger, tip proportionally longer, distal 2/5 of shaft more
+laterally compressed, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E.
+panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base
+not markedly widened, shaft usually longer.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E.
+quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The differences between the bacula of the subspecies _Eutamias
+ruficaudus ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_ are comparable to those
+usually found between species of chipmunks. Consequently, I suspect that
+_E. r. simulans_ and _E. r. ruficaudus_ are specifically distinct and
+suggest that a search would be worth while for specimens in the
+geographic area between the geographic ranges as now known for the two
+kinds to ascertain whether intergradation (the criterion of subspecies)
+occurs. I suppose there is no intergradation but in the absence of
+precise information, I choose not to modify the current taxonomic
+arrangement of _E. r. ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 17.
+
+    _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_: Montana: _Flathead Co._: 1 mi. W and
+    2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 2. _Ravalli Co._: Big Hole Hill,
+    6,000 ft., 2; Big Hole Hill, 6,600 ft., 1; Continental Divide,
+    Big Hole Hill, 7,000 ft., 1.
+
+    _E. r. simulans_: Idaho: _Bonner Co._: Priest Lake, 1 (BS).
+    _Kootenai Co._: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 3. _Shoshone
+    Co._: Mullan, 1 (BS). _Clearwater Co._: 25 mi. E and 16 mi. N
+    Pierce, 6.
+
+
+#Eutamias cinereicollis# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 13
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark grayish tawny; size medium to
+    large; skull large; braincase widened.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip
+34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 145 deg.;
+distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly
+widened; shaft long, 4.88 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in keel lower, ridges on either side
+of tip weakly developed, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E.
+speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E.
+bulleri_, in shaft longer, base not markedly widened, angle formed by
+tip and shaft much larger.
+
+For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, _E.
+quadrivittatus_, and _E. ruficaudus_, see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Mount Thomas, White Mountains,
+    Apache Co., Arizona (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias quadrimaculatus# (Gray)
+
+Figure 14
+
+    General tone of upper parts bright reddish; pattern
+    inconspicuous; light and dark facial stripes strongly
+    contrasting; size large; skull relatively small and slightly
+    built.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel relatively low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 27
+per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120 deg.; distal
+1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than
+shaft; shaft long, 4.35 to 5.28 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. townsendii_, _E.
+umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft markedly longer;
+base not markedly widened; angle formed by tip and shaft larger; tip
+proportionally shorter.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks from western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 4.
+
+    California: _Plumas Co._: Mountains near Quincy, 1 (BS). _Placer
+    Co._: Blue Canyon, 1 (NM). _Alpine Co._: Markleeville, 1 (BS); N
+    fork Stanislaus River, 1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias speciosus# (Merriam)
+
+Figure 15
+
+    General tone of upper parts bright; light and dark elements of
+    color pattern strongly contrasting; outer stripes broad and
+    strikingly conspicuous; size medium; skull moderately broadened;
+    dorsal outline of skull strongly arched in profile; upper
+    incisors short and sharply recurved.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel of medium height, 1/3 of length of tip; base
+of keel 1/3 of length of tip; tip 47 to 55 per cent of length of shaft;
+angle formed by tip and shaft 90 deg.; distal 2/3 of shaft markedly
+compressed laterally; base markedly wider than shaft; shaft short to
+medium, 2.11 to 3.17 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. panamintinus_, in base of keel proportionally shorter,
+angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. umbrinus_ and _E.
+palmeri_, in keel higher, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal
+2/3 (not 1/2) of shaft markedly laterally compressed, base markedly
+wider; from _E. bulleri_, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, tip
+proportionally longer, ridges on either side of tip distinct.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The baculum in _E. speciosus frater_ is approximately the same size as
+in _E. umbrinus inyoensis_, but differs in shape as described above.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 6.
+
+    _E. speciosus frater_: California: _Madera Co._: San Joaquin
+    River, near head of N fork, Sierra Nevada Mountains, 2 (BS).
+
+    _E. speciosus sequoiensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount
+    Whitney, 1 (BS); Sequoia National Park, 2 (BS).
+
+    _E. speciosus callipeplus_: California: _Kern Co._: Mount Pinos,
+    1 (BS).
+
+
+#Eutamias panamintinus# (Merriam)
+
+Figure 16
+
+    Dorsal dark stripes reddish; size small to medium; skull of
+    medium size; braincase flattened.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/2
+of length of tip; tip 52 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 110 deg.; distal 2/3 of shaft moderately compressed
+laterally; base markedly widened; shaft short, 2.17 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, in distal 2/3 (rather than
+1/2) of shaft moderately compressed laterally; from _E. bulleri_, in
+keel smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct.
+
+For comparisons with other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The structure of the baculum most closely resembles that of _E.
+speciosus_ and the geographic ranges of these two species are in
+juxtaposition.
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains,
+    Inyo Co., California (CN).
+
+
+#Eutamias umbrinus# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figures 17-18
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark; size medium to large; skull of
+    medium size; braincase narrowed.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 36 to 50 per
+cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100 deg.; distal 1/2
+of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft
+short to medium, 2.51 to 3.03 mm.
+
+Differs from _E. bulleri_, in shaft shorter, keel smaller, ridges on
+either side of tip distinct; distal 1/2 of shaft strongly compressed
+laterally. Does not differ from _E. palmeri_.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+Specimens of _E. umbrinus montanus_ from north-central Colorado have, in
+the past (Howell 1929:82), been referred to _E. quadrivittatus
+quadrivittatus_. In many features these two kinds of chipmunks resemble
+each other closely; their bacula, nevertheless, differ markedly (compare
+figs. 8-9 with 17-18).
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 25.
+
+    _E. umbrinus umbrinus_: Wyoming: _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi.
+    W Robertson, 8,700 ft, 1. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21
+    mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 12.
+
+    _E. u. adsitus_: Utah: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range
+    Mountains, 8,500 ft, 1 (BS). _Wayne Co._: Donkey Lake, Boulder
+    Mountain, 10,000 ft., 1 (UU). _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S.,
+    Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 1 (UU).
+
+    _E. u. sedulus_: Utah: _Garfield Co._: Mount Ellen, Henry
+    Mountains, 1 (BS).
+
+    _E. u. inyoensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount Whitney, head
+    of Big Cottonwood Creek, 2 (BS). Nevada: _Elko Co._: W side Ruby
+    Lake, 3 mi. N Elko County Line, 1.
+
+    _E. u. nevadensis_: Nevada: _Clark Co._: Sheep Mountains, 1
+    (MM).
+
+    _E. u. fremonti_: Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale,
+    8,025 ft., 1; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 1.
+
+    _E. u. montanus_: Colorado: _Boulder Co._: 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000
+    ft., 1; 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1.
+
+
+#Eutamias palmeri# Merriam
+
+Figures 17-18
+
+    General tone of upper parts grayish tawny; ocular stripe pale;
+    skull, rostrum, nasals, and upper incisors shorter than in _E.
+    umbrinus_.
+
+Baculum: Indistinguishable from that of _E. umbrinus_. This supports the
+opinion of previous students that _E. palmeri_ is a close relative of
+_E. umbrinus_ which occurs immediately to the north and east.
+Intergradation does not occur between these two species, for, low-lying
+terrain, inhospitable to chipmunks, isolates _E. palmeri_ from its
+relatives. (Verbal information from E. R. Hall.)
+
+    _Specimen examined_: One from Charleston Peak, 8,000 ft., Clear
+    Creek Co., Nevada.
+
+
+#Eutamias bulleri# (J. A. Allen)
+
+Figure 19
+
+    General tone of upper parts dark; dorsal dark stripes
+    conspicuous and black; size large; skull large.
+
+Baculum: Shaft thick; keel high, 1/2 of length of tip; keel long, 1/2 of
+length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by
+tip and shaft 100 deg.; base markedly widened; shaft of medium length, 3.30
+mm.
+
+For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North
+America, see the accounts of those species.
+
+The large size of the keel of the baculum in this species is distinctive
+among chipmunks of western North America.
+
+    _Specimens examined_: 2.
+
+    _E. bulleri bulleri_: Zacatecas: Sierra de Valparaiso, 2 (NM).
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 1-19. Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise
+indicated, of the baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus
+_Neotamias_) of western North America:
+
+  1. _Eutamias alpinus_, No. 12577 CN; from Big Cottonwood Meadow,
+      Tulare Co., California.
+
+  2. _E. minimus consobrinus_, No. 25439; from 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E
+      Robertson, 9,200 ft., Uinta Co., Wyoming.
+
+  3. _E. townsendii cooperi_, No. 53169; from Brooks Meadow, 4,300
+      ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood, Hood River Co., Oregon.
+
+  4. _E. sonomae sonomae_, No. 98436 BS; from Redding, Shasta Co.,
+      California.
+
+  5. _E. amoenus luteiventris_, No. 33811; from 7 mi. W West
+      Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., Fremont Co., Idaho.
+
+  6. _E. dorsalis dorsalis_, No. 213415 BS; from 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple,
+      5,000 ft., Yavapai Co., Arizona.
+
+  7. _E. merriami merriami_, No. 1270 LA; from Mount Pinos, Ventura
+      Co., California.
+
+  8 and 9. _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS;
+      from Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 9 in dorsal view.
+
+  10. _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_, No. 783 UU; from Moab, 4,500 ft.,
+      Grand Co., Utah.
+
+  11. _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, No. 33884; from 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S
+      Summit, 5,000 ft., Flathead Co., Montana.
+
+  12. _E. ruficaudus simulans_, No. 41478; from 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N
+      Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Co., Idaho.
+
+  13. _E. cinereicollis cinereicollis_, No. 208621 BS; from Mount
+      Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona.
+
+  14. _E. quadrimaculatus_, No. 95780 BS; from Mountains near Quincy,
+      Plumas Co., California.
+
+  15. _E. speciosus sequoiensis_, No. 29135/41203 BS; from Mount
+      Whitney, Tulare Co., California.
+
+  16. _E. panamintinus panamintinus_, No. 12502 CN; from Coal Kilns,
+      Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California.
+
+  17. _E. umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062; from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W
+      and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., Utah.
+
+  18. _E. umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S
+      Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view.
+
+  19. _E. bulleri bulleri_, No. 193142 NM; from Sierra del Valparaiso,
+      Zacatecas.]
+
+
+
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+
+In California, Johnson (1943) recognized ten species of chipmunks and
+assigned these to the five main groups of species which were proposed by
+Howell (1929). In characterizing each species, Johnson (_op. cit._) not
+only made a careful study of skins and skulls, but also employed many
+ecological data.
+
+Study of the bacula of the Californian chipmunks supports Johnson's
+(_op. cit._) conclusion that there are ten species, but suggests that
+there are three (not five) groups of species in California--as well as
+elsewhere within the geographic range of the subgenus _Neotamias_. The
+three groups are (see figs. 1-19): 1. _minimus_-group (_E. alpinus_, _E.
+minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_,
+and _E. merriami_); 2. _quadrivittatus_-group (_E. quadrivittatus_, _E.
+ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_); and 3.
+_speciosus_-group (_E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E.
+palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_).
+
+_Eutamias panamintinus_, according to Howell (_op. cit._:78) and Johnson
+(_op. cit._:83), is a near relative of _E. amoenus_. But, the baculum in
+_E. panamintinus_ more closely resembles that in _E. speciosus_ than
+that in _E. amoenus_ (compare figs. 5, 15, and 16). Consequently I have
+placed _E. panamintinus_ in the _speciosus_-group.
+
+In north-central Colorado, specimens that really are _E. umbrinus_
+(subspecies _montanus_) have, in the past (Howell _op. cit._:82), been
+referred to _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, but the bacula of the
+two species differ markedly from each other (compare figs. 8-9 with
+17-18) and permit the specimens readily to be correctly identified to
+species. Further, Howell (_op. cit._:95) placed _E. umbrinus_
+(subspecies _umbrinus_ and _fremonti_ of current usage) in the
+_quadrivittatus_-group, whereas the structure of the baculum leads me to
+place _E. umbrinus_ in the _speciosus_-group.
+
+Thus, groups of species established on the basis of only skulls and
+skins, in a few instances differ from those established on a broader
+basis which includes the bacula.
+
+Johnson (_op. cit._:63) writes, "Each species [of Eutamias] has a
+characteristic habitat which differs from those of other species. Where
+two or more species occur together in a general locality they are
+usually mutually exclusive in their choice of foraging and nesting sites
+and in the time of breeding." Thus he classified the species of
+Californian chipmunks not only by morphologic characteristics but by
+habits and habitats as well. The characteristics of the skulls and skins
+of chipmunks probably reflect the habitats in which these animals live.
+The characteristics of the bacula, on the other hand, may also reflect
+the habitats in which the animals live, but to a lesser degree. Because
+the structures of the bacula are probably less affected by the action of
+the external environment they probably indicate relationships between
+groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do characteristics of
+the skulls and skins.
+
+If the structures of the bacula indicate relationships between groups of
+species of chipmunks more clearly than do the characteristics of the
+skulls and skins, the close resemblance of the skulls of _E.
+quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ may be thought of as convergence. The
+same can be said of _E. amoenus_ and _E. panamintinus_.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+FRILEY, C. E., JR.
+
+  1947. Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. Jour.
+        Mamm., 28:395-397, 1 fig., December 1.
+
+HOWELL, A. H.
+
+  1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and
+        _Eutamias_). N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 maps.
+
+JOHNSON, D. H.
+
+  1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias of
+        California). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls.,
+        12 figs, in text, December 24.
+
+WHITE, J. A.
+
+  1951. A practical method for mounting the bacula of small mammals.
+        Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15.
+
+
+
+
+_Transmitted June 26, 1953._
+
+
+24-8968
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of
+Western North America, by John A. White
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31491.txt or 31491.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/4/9/31491/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
+Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/31491.zip b/31491.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74b9ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31491.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a0bb72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #31491 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31491)