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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32623-8.txt b/32623-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d73b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/32623-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1354 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, +Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico + +Author: Robert J. Russell + Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32623] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHER *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications~ + ~Museum of Natural History~ + + Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 + + March 15, 1955 + + + Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, + Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México + + + BY + ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence~ + 1955 + + + + + +~University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History~ + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 + Published March 15, 1955 + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence, Kansas~ + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1955 + + 25-5679 + + + + + + Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, + Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México + + By + + Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + + + + +The plateau pocket gopher, _Cratogeomys castanops_, inhabits open +lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican +Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosí and southeastern +Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern +Tamaulipas. This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet +at Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of +south-eastern Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:135-154, June 13, 1934) revised the genus _Cratogeomys_ +and decided that six subspecies of _C. castanops_ occurred in +Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four previously unknown +subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the state two others recorded +from there by Nelson and Goldman, and show that three others named +previously from adjacent Mexican states do occur in Coahuila. This +makes eleven subspecies now known from that state. From Coahuila +Nelson and Goldman had 35 study specimens of _C. castanops_ from seven +localities and we have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. +Consequently we have been able to define with greater certainty, than +formerly was possible, the geographic distribution of _C. castanops_ +in this Mexican state and similarly analyze more completely the +geographic variation. + +Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of _C. castanops_. +The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be +the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of +populations of _C. castanops_ because of the highly dissected +topography and the variability of the soil. _Cratogeomys castanops_ is +a sedentary animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, +preferably sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their +elaborate underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture +and rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for _C. castanops_, and +the animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert +mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular +rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations +present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The +Río Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing +through steep-walled cañons, also seems to be a barrier that this +fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two +sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and +Goldman, _op. cit._: 143). Smaller streams, such as the Río Salado, +Río Nazas and Río Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the +passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of _C. castanops_ +seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unimportant +in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods of _C. +castanops_ are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert +shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern +Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of +low-growing forbs are eaten. + +Three distinct habitats for _C. castanops_ occur in Coahuila. The +state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges +beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Cañon de Boquillas on +the Río Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central border. +This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated northeastern +area which is an inland extension westward of the Coastal Plain and a +more arid and higher western and southern area which is a part of the +"Mesa del Norte" of the Mexican Plateau. In the extreme southeast the +still higher elevated plains and intermontane valleys within the +Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third habitat for populations of this +species. The subspecies of these pocket gophers found in any one of +these three habitats show greater affinity to each other than they do +to any subspecies found in the other habitats. + +Generally speaking, populations of _C. castanops_ from northeastern +Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. +Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from +discontinuity of suitable soils rather than from topography. These +pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which are +found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. In +western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both north-south +and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the passage of _C. +castanops_. Within this large area, pocket gophers occur in desert +basins many of which are enclosed on two or more sides by mountains. +Even so, with the exception of the smaller _C. c. consitus_ of +northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring at lower +elevations in the western and southern part of the state show close +relationships in color and cranial features. Those subspecies in the +higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small size and dark +color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an elevated habitat. + +Males of _C. castanops_ differ greatly from females of equal age; +consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, are +used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given age-group, +females show less individual variation than do males, we have relied +more on the characteristics of the females in this taxonomic study. +Only specimens taken at approximately the same times of the year have +been compared for color of pelage. Capitalized color terms are those +of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., +1912. Specimens made available through the courtesy of the authorities +of the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National +Museum are indicated in the accounts of subspecies as BSC; other +specimens listed are in the collection of the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History. Assistance with field work is acknowledged +from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National +Science Foundation. + +In any one of the lists of "Specimens examined" beyond, the order of +arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those localities +listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map (Figure +1) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers two or more +localities because the localities are close together. In any such +instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type and the names +of the other places follow in Italic type. Measurements in millimeters +are given in table 1 for females and in table 2 for males. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops convexus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas +[= Villa Acuña], Río Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Río, +Texas). + +_Distribution._--Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the +Serranías del Burro (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult +female, this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have +five near topotypes of _convexus_ (including two adult females and one +adult male) and specimens assignable to this subspecies from several +other localities. This subspecies may be characterized as follows: +Size medium (see tables 1 and 2); dorsal profile of skull convex in +females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; zygomata weakly +constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic bullae +inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth +large. + +[Illustration: ~Fig. 1.~ Geographic ranges of the subspecies of + _Cratogeomys castanops_ found in Coahuila, México. + +Guide to subspecies 4. _C. c. bullatus_ 8. _C. c. subsimus_ +1. _C. c. convexus_ 5. _C. c. ustulatus_ 9. _C. c. goldmani_ +2. _C. c. consitus_ 6. _C. c. jucundus_ 10. _C. c. subnubilus_ +3. _C. c. sordidulus_ 7. _C. c. excelsus_ 11. _C. c. planifrons_] + +_Comparisons._--From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_ +Nelson and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Río Grande +in Texas, _convexus_ differs in: Body larger; upper parts more +reddish, especially on sides; skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals +broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary teeth larger. For comparisons +of _convexus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west, +south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--The geographic range of _convexus_ is restricted, being +bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially the +Serranías del Burro, and on the north and east by the Río Grande. The +range of the subspecies found to the southeast may not be continuous +with that of _convexus_. At least, in the area between Villa Acuña and +Piedras Negras, along the Río Grande, no specimens were obtained and +no sign was observed. We suspect that in this area the species occurs +only locally if at all. + +A specimen taken near the Río Grande in Coahuila, opposite Samuels, +Texas, and assigned to _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ by Nelson and +Goldman (op. cit.:140), has been examined by us and is referable to +_convexus_. This specimen is typical of _convexus_ except for the +lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae. +Conspicuous differences between _convexus_ and _angusticeps_ +indicate that the Río Grande is an effective barrier to passage by +these rodents. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Río Grande, 17 +mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Río Grande, opposite Samuels, Val +Verde Co., Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acuña, 5; Cañon del Cochino, 21 mi. E +and 16 mi. N Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops bullatus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist., 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June +1952; obtained by Robert J. Russell, original number 276. + +_Distribution._--Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the +Río Grande to as far southwestward as the Río Sabinas (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body medium for the species (see tables 1 and 2); tail +long; hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer +pelage) and Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; +underparts white to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex +in dorsal outline; zygomata widely flaring; palate short; rostrum +short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; +basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the +north, _bullatus_ differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in +relation to length; rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, +wider; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary +teeth smaller. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_, +found across the Río Grande and upstream from localities where +_bullatus_ is known to occur, _bullatus_ differs in: Body slightly +smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; +rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic +bullae more inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of +_bullatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west and +south, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ in small size resembles +_C. c. tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman of the lower Río Grande +Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial features. +_Cratogeomys c. bullatus_ is smaller than _convexus_ but these two +subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial characters. Both +have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic bullae, short +nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of _bullatus_ with +_angusticeps_, which occurs across the Río Grande but not directly +opposite the range of _bullatus_, indicates that these two subspecies +are less closely related than _bullatus_ is to _tamaulipensis_ and +_convexus_. + +_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ is especially common in sandy +soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow +irrigated fields and other open places between extensive live oak +thickets. South and west of the Río Grande the animals were less +abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small +groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet to +as high as 2,000 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, +810 ft., 2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; _3 mi. S and 12 mi. +E Nava, 800 ft._, 4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E +Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., 1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., +8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and +11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by +W. Kim Clark, original number 1034. + +_Distribution._--Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of +Presa Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo León in the valley +of the Río Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the +vicinity of Vallecillo (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); hind foot +short; upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and +Salmon-Buff strongly mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); +underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull large, especially in females, +and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; palate long; rostrum +broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not conspicuously +inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ found to the +north, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts +darker, more rufous and less buffy; skull larger, especially in +palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic +bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxillary teeth +larger. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ +found to the southeast, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; upper +parts, in winter pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; +underparts paler; skull larger, especially in palate, rostrum and +nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; +pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel instead +of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops +subsimus_, found to the southwest, _ustulatus_ differs in: Tail +shorter; hind foot smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less +pinkish-buff; skull shorter; zygomata less widely flaring; palate +shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; nasals shorter; incisors +narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For comparison of +_ustulatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ to the southwest, +see account of that subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus_ is a large-sized pocket +gopher with a relatively larger, skull. In size o£ skull, _ustulatus_ +is exceeded only by _C. c. subsimus_ found beyond the mountains in the +southern part of Coahuila. In size, _ustulatus_ differs so markedly +from _bullatus_ that the two can be distinguished easily by this +feature alone. The skull of _C. c. convexus_ approaches that of +_ustulatus_ in size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of +rostrum. + +This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Río Salado and its +watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac [= +Rodríques], Nuevo León, are preferred living places. This subspecies +was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as 600 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; _base +of Don Martin Dam_, 2; _2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Río Salado_, 2; +5 mi. SE Don Martin, 1. + +_Records from Nuevo León._--Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W +Anahuac [= Rodríques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodríques], +5; 3 mi. N Lampazos, 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, +20 mi. S Río Salado, 1000 ft., 3. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops jucundus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by +Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2051. + +_Distribution._--Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of +east-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body largest for the species (see table 1); tail long; +hind foot large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in +summer pelage Antimony Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull +medium in size, broad; zygomata moderately flaring; palate medium in +length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately long; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus_, found to the +east, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; +upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging +smaller; zygomata slightly less expanded laterally; palate and nasals +shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae less inflated, +especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary tooth-row +shorter. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_, +found to the southeast, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail +longer; hind foot smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more +ochraceous and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely +flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; tympanic bullae more +inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of convex; +maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomy castanops excelsus_, found +to the southwest, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot +averaging larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; +underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly +smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, especially in females; palate +shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae more +inflated; incisors narrower. From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, +found to the south, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less +yellowish; skull smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; +palate and nasals shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; +maxillary tooth-row shorter. From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_, +found to the north, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail averaging +longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more ochraceous and +less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of +palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; +squamosal breadth greater. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_ is large, exceeding +subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from _subsimus_ in +relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by +_jucundus_ is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous +country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the +distinctive characteristics of _jucundus_ compared with those of +_bullatus_ and _ustulatus_. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to +_tamaulipensis_ by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here +referred to _jucundus_ on the basis of cranial characters and size. + +Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity +of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; _1 mi. +S Hermanas_, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Ciénegas, 2; 5 mi. N and +2 mi. W Monclova, 1; _2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova_, 1; Monclova, 2 +(BSC); Hisachalo [= Huisachalo], 2. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; +obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded +for the most part by higher mountainous country (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); tail short; +hind foot large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and +Orange-Buff (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale +Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size and narrow; zygomata narrow; +rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in length; basioccipital +small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; tympanic bullae +inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_, found beyond +the mountains to the southeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body smaller; +tail shorter; hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more +ochraceous and less yellowish, with plumbeous bases of hairs more +conspicuous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; zygomata less widely +flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisors and +maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops +excelsus_, found to the south and southwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: +Body slightly smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper +parts darker, more ochraceous and less pinkish-buff; underparts +darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull smaller and narrower; +zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel and not +expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation +to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more +inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys +castanops consitus_, found to the north and west, _sordidulus_ differs +in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous +and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; zygomata more +widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; mastoid +bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From +topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird), found to the +northwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper +parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; +skull slightly smaller and narrower; rostrum narrower; nasals slightly +shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly parallel instead of +wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and maxillary +teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the +northeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper +parts slightly darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; +zygomata more nearly parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum +narrower and longer; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid +bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys +castanops bullatus_, found to the east, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body +larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less +buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; +tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is limited to the +Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three sides, +west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which seems to bar +the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this barrier extends +north to the very banks of the Río Grande in the Cañon de Boquillas. +This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with other populations of +_Cratogeomys_ only to the north and northwest. This subspecies is well +characterized by size, color and cranial characteristics. + +_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is not abundant; groups of mounds +constructed by one or a few individuals were found in widely separated +places. Mounds were often small, appeared old and, in other ways, were +inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals were taken at elevations as +low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, +4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1-1/2 +mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., 6; _Ocampo_, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro +Ciénegas, 3250 ft., 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops consitus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., +Chihuahua. + +_Distribution._--Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and +southeast at least into northwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis_ Nelson and +Goldman, specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Río Grande +in Texas, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot +shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less rufous; +underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark buffy; skull decidedly +smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate especially +shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. +From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_, found to the north +along the Río Grande, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; +skull markedly smaller, especially in palate and nasals; zygomata less +widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; mastoid bullae less +inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge-shaped. +From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the east, _consitus_ +differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +paler, more buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or +light buffy instead of pale ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less +widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum decidedly narrower and, +relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth less; incisors +smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_, found to the south, +_consitus_ differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper +parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously +smaller, especially in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less +widely flaring; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; +incisors smaller; maxillary teeth relatively larger. For comparison of +_consitus_ with _Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_, see previous +account. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ is a small pocket gopher +(see tables 1 and 2); the largest adult available to us is much +smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Specimens +from Coahuila assigned to _consitus_ compare favorably with +topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler +and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An immature +male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is tentatively +assigned to _consitus_. This subspecies seems to be rare in +northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered. + +_Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird) may occur along the Río +Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known from +Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, Coahuila, +in 1952. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; +6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, _in_ Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops excelsus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna +de Mayrán, Coahuila. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and +northeastern Durango (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ is characterized by +large size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of _C. +castanops_. Of adjacent subspecies, excelsus most closely resembles +_C. c. subsimus_ which occurs to the east and resembles least _C. c. +consitus_, which occurs to the northwest. + +From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, found to the east, _excelsus_ +differs in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot +shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less yellowish; skull +smaller; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; +incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row shorter. Compared with +topotypes of _C. c. goldmani_, found to the south, _excelsus_ differs +in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage +paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely +flaring; rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and +more inflated; maxillary teeth larger. + +Specimens of _excelsus_ from the vicinity of Torreón, in southwestern +Coahuila, are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical +examples of the subspecies. In small size, at least, these specimens +show some resemblance to _goldmani_ to the south. The range of +_excelsus_ approaches that of _C. c. consitus_ in west-central +Coahuila (see fig. 1), but no evidence of intergradation between these +two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of _excelsus_ with +_consitus_, see account of the latter. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ lives in the deep soils +of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent +parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas in, +and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayrán. East +of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and _C. c. +subsimus_ occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S +Americanos, 3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El +Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 (BSC); _1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, +3700 ft._, 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreón, +12. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops subsimus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in +south-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_, found to the +southwest, _subsimus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper +parts paler, more yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, +having more prominent ridges and crests and deeper fossae for +attachment of muscles; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; +rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; maxillary +teeth larger. From _C. c. subnubilus_, found to the south, _subsimus_ +differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +paler, more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger +in all respects. From _C. c. planifrons_, found at higher elevations +to the southeast, _subsimus_ differs in the same respects as +_subsimus_ differs from _subnubilus_. For comparisons between +_subsimus_ and subspecies to the west, north and northeast, see +accounts above. + + + +TABLE 1. ~Measurements of Adult Female Cratogeomys + from Coahuila, México~ + + +Table legend: + Column A: No. av. or cat. no. + Column B: Total length + Column C: Length of tail + Column D: Length of hind foot + Column E: Condylobasal breadth + Column F: Zygomatic breadth + Column G: Length of palate + Column H: Breadth of rostrum + Column I: Length of nasals + Column J: Squamosal breadth + Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row + +======================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J K +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuña +52259 260 86 37 50.6 31.7 33.8 11.7 16.7 29.1 9.3 +52261 265 83 38 49.3 31.6 32.9 11.8 15.8 28.9 10.6 + + _C. c. bullatus_, vicinity of Nava +5 Av. 256 80 36 47.4 30.6 32.6 10.7 17.1 27.9 9.5 +Min. 242 72 35 47.0 30.6 32.3 10.0 16.5 27.5 9.2 +Max. 263 85 37 47.7 31.1 32.9 11.6 17.8 28.2 9.8 + + _C. c. ustulatus_, vicinity of Don Martin +8 Av. 273 74 36 51.4 33.5 35.4 11.8 18.8 30.1 10.0 +Min. 261 64 35 50.7 32.6 34.8 11.0 17.8 29.1 9.3 +Max. 280 83 38 52.1 34.1 36.5 12.5 19.2 30.8 10.6 + + _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas +4 Av. 296 85 39 50.9 33.0 34.6 11.5 18.0 29.6 9.4 +Min. 294 83 38 49.8 32.1 33.8 11.0 17.0 29.0 9.1 +Max. 298 86 39 51.8 33.8 35.0 11.6 18.6 30.1 9.6 + + _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo +3 Av. 276 79 37 50.4 31.7 34.6 10.9 18.2 30.0 9.1 +Min. 270 75 36 49.5 30.6 33.8 10.3 17.7 29.8 8.9 +Max. 288 85 39 51.4 32.4 35.2 11.4 18.5 30.1 9.2 + + _C. c. consitus_, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila +4 Av. 229 74 32 43.8 28.1 29.6 9.7 16.0 26.2 8.9 +Min. 226 68 31 42.6 27.3 29.4 9.4 15.5 25.7 8.1 +Max. 232 78 32 45.8 28.8 29.9 9.9 16.2 26.9 9.2 + + _C. c. excelsus_, 4 mi. N Acatita +4 Av. 284 82 37 51.4 34.1 35.4 11.6 18.9 31.2 9.5 +Min. 274 77 35 51.1 33.6 34.7 10.4 18.4 30.5 9.2 +Max. 291 86 38 51.6 34.9 36.1 12.1 20.1 31.7 9.9 + + _C. c. subsimus_, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras +34937 287 87 39 53.1 34.9 36.9 11.5 19.4 31.7 10.5 + + Jaral (BSC) +51049 295 104 40 53.2 34.1 36.9 12.6 18.7 29.7 10.0 + + _C. c. goldmani_, 1 mi. S Jimulco +55611 250 85 35 46.0 32.6 31.4 10.7 16.3 27.8 9.8 + + _C. c. subnubilus_, 1 mi. S Carneros +33128 220 65 29 40.8 27.9 27.2 8.7 12.7 24.7 8.1 + + 2 mi. W San Miguel +33132 222 65 30 40.4 26.3 26.6 8.1 13.2 24.5 8.4 + + 1 mi. N Agua Nueva +33127 220 74 29 41.8 24.6 28.4 8.3 14.2 23.9 8.4 + + 8 mi. N La Ventura +34934 235 76 30 42.2 27.9 28.5 9.0 14.3 26.3 7.8 + + _C. c. planifrons_, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas +5 Av. 244 66 32 43.7 28.0 29.1 9.4 14.5 26.2 8.6 +Min. 239 62 31 43.3 27.5 28.7 8.9 13.6 25.3 8.3 +Max. 247 69 33 44.3 28.5 9.4 9.7 15.3 26.8 8.9 +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +TABLE 2. ~Measurements of Adult Male Cratogeomys from Coahuila, México~ + + +Table legend: + Column A: No. av. or cat. no. + Column B: Total length + Column C: Length of tail + Column D: Length of hind foot + Column E: Condylobasal breadth + Column F: Zygomatic breadth + Column G: Length of palate + Column H: Breadth of rostrum + Column I: Length of nasals + Column J: Squamosal breadth + Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row + +======================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J K +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuña +52260 275 89 39 55.0 34.4 37.0 12.6 20.0 30.9 10.4 + + _C. c. bullatus_, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava +48500 261 80 36 49.7 35.3 34.4 12.4 17.1 29.2 9.5 + + La Gacha +57028 250 76 34 49.9 34.0 34.4 11.5 16.6 28.4 9.3 + + _C. c. ustulatus_, Don Martin +34587 280 75 37 54.6 37.3 38.2 13.7 20.6 31.8 10.3 + + _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas +56605 311 80 42 56.9 38.7 40.1 13.3 21.0 32.3 9.9 + + _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo +56733 307 88 37 57.5 49.6 40.3 13.6 22.1 33.1 10.3 + + _C. c. consistus_, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino +54547 289 94 36 53.8 32.6 37.1 12.7 18.8 29.5 9.6 + + _C. c. excelsus_, 2 mi. E Torreón +40224 315 97 41 54.7 37.8 37.6 12.1 19.5 31.4 9.8 + + _C. c. subsimus_, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito +35772 315 105 40 56.4 35.3 39.5 12.5 20.8 33.8 10.6 + + 2 mi. N Santa Cruz +48517 316 89 40 58.2 37.9 40.3 14.1 21.7 34.8 10.3 + + _C. c. goldmani_, W foot Pico de Jimulco +55610 255 82 36 48.9 33.4 33.4 11.7 17.7 29.6 9.3 + + _C. c. subnubilus_, Carneros (BSC) +79484 247 86 34 45.3 30.9 30.8 9.6 15.7 28.4 8.5 + + 8 mi. N La Ventura +34932 250 79 34 46.3 31.8 31.0 9.6 16.4 28.7 8.4 + + _C. c. planifrons_, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo +35779 254 76 34 48.0 32.2 32.6 9.8 16.6 28.0 8.6 +35780 272 85 35 48.8 33.2 34.1 10.5 17.5 29.9 9.5 + + 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga +33122 255 72 35 47.0 32.3 31.2 10.5 15.5 28.7 9.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ is the largest known +subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in +size of body by _C. c. jucundus_ to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, +_subsimus_ is the most closely related to _excelsus_ and shows little +or no relationship to the smaller and darker _C. c. subnubilus_ and +_C. c. planifrons_, which are found at higher elevations to the south +and southeast, respectively. Movements by _subsimus_ to the north, +east, and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of +_subsimus_ from the northeastern part of its range are larger and +darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult +female, assigned to _subsimus_, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is +noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this +subspecies. + +_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ occurs in scattered colonies in +sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Río Salinas. +Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra +Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 3 mi. E Muralla, +3800 ft., 3; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, +4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 ft., 4 (BSC); _Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S +Hipolito_, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and +5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 5000 ft., +1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6200 +ft., 1; _N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, +6500 ft._, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops goldmani+ Merriam + + +1895. _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, + January 31, type from Cañitas, Zacatecas. + + +_Distribution._--Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into +extreme southwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_, +found to the east, _goldmani_ differs in: Body larger, tail and hind +foot longer; color paler, more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; +zygomata more widely flaring; palate larger; rostrum broader; nasals +longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops +rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, _goldmani_ +differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; +palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller. + +_Remarks._--Records of _goldmani_ given here extend the known range of +this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. Specimens +assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favorably with +topotypes of _goldmani_ (see tables 1 and 2) but are slightly paler, +and in this respect show some relationship to _excelsus_. The ranges +of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by mountainous +country in southern Coahuila. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 +ft., 1; _Valley Río Aguanaval, 1 mi. S Jimulco_, 4; 1-1/2 mi. N +Parras, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 13, type from Carneros, 6800 + ft., Coahuila. + + +_Distribution._--Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern +Coahuila and probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and +Nuevo León (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ needs close +comparison only with _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_, found to the +east and from which _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, hind foot and skull +smaller; upper parts, in summer pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and +less dark russet; underparts paler, more whitish and less blackish; +hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; zygomata more widely +flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum broader, +especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth +greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth +smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, +found to the south in San Luis Potosí, _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, +hind foot and all parts of skull smaller; upper parts and underparts +darker, more blackish and less rufous. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ is the smallest +subspecies of _C. castanops_ (see tables 1 and 2). This subspecies is +dark and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep +valley soils in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated +plains. It is differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent +subspecies of _C. castanops_ than is usual in this species, and no +intergrades between _subnubilus_ and other subspecies have been taken. +In the Sierra Guadalupe, _subnubilus_ was trapped at 6700 feet within +twomiles of a place where _subsimus_ was taken at 6500 feet. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., +1; Domingo Cañon, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W +General Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); _1 mi. S Carneros, +6000 ft._, 4; 2 mi. W San Miguel, 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, +6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 ft, 6 (BSC). + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops planifrons+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, + 5000 ft., Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo + León). + + +_Distribution._--Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of +extreme southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo +León and Western Tamaulipas (see fig. 1). + + +_Remarks._--Specimens from Coahuila assigned to _planifrons_ compare +favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are +slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see tables 1 and 2). This +small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than _subnubilus_ but +in other ways is most closely related to _subnubilus_. _Cratogeomys c. +planifrons_ shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, +including _tamaulipensis_, _subsimus_ and _rubellus_, all of which are +considerably larger and paler. + +_Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ is found in both deep and +shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; +in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high +as 8700 feet. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, +7500 ft, 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; _12 mi. W +San Antonio de las Alazanas_, 16; _12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 +ft._, 11; 2 mi. E and 2 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft, 2. + + + +_Transmitted August 23, 1954._ + + + +25-5679 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Emphasis Notation: + _text_ - italicized + +text+ - bold + ~text~ - small caps + +Possible Typos Corrected + Aquanaval => Aguanaval + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket +Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. 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Russell And Rollin H. Baker. +</title> + + <style type="text/css"> + + body {margin-left: 10%;margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1em;} + hr {color:#000;} + .hr2 {width:30%;height:2px;text-align:center;} + table {padding: 1em; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent: 0; font-weight: normal; + color: gray; font-size: 0.7em; text-align: right;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .bold {font-weight: bold;} + .caption1 {font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;} + .caption2 {font-weight: bold;font-size:165%;} + .caption3 {font-weight: bold;font-size:125%;} + .caption4 {font-weight: bold;font-size:115%;} + .caption5 {font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;} + .remarks {font-size:1.25em;} + .vtop {vertical-align:text-top;} + .species {font-weight:bold;} + .justify {text-align:justify;} + .trnt {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 5%; margin-bottom: 5%; + padding: 2em; background-color: #f6f2f2; color: black; border: solid black 1px;} + + </style> + + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, +Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico + +Author: Robert J. Russell + Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32623] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHER *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="trnt"> +<div class="center"><span class="caption3">Transcriber's Notes.</span></div> +<p>This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of +two typographical errors that were corrected, removal of an annotation to +Figure 1, and rejoining the text which was split by the tables in the printed +version, the original text and copies of the included illustrations are presented.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<a name="Typo_Corr"></a> +<span class="caption4">Typographical Errors Corrected:</span> + +<p> Page 603, Paragraph 2: <a href="#subspecies">subpecies => subspecies</a></p> + +<p> Page 607, Paragraph 2: <a href="#Aguanaval">Aquanaval => Aguanaval</a></p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[591]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/bar_double.gif" width="100%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /> +<div class="caption2"><div class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</div></div> +<hr class="hr2" /><br /> +<div class="caption2">Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608</div><br /> +<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_single.gif" width="30%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /> <span class="caption2">March 15, 1955</span> <img src="images/bar_single.gif" width="30%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /></div> +<p> </p> +<div class="caption1">Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, +Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<div class="caption3"><span class="smcap">BY<br /> +ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER</span></div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas<br /> +Lawrence</span><br /> +1955 + +<hr class="hr2" /> +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[592]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption4">Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608<br /> +Published March 15, 1955</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption4"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas<br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</span></div><br /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption5">PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1955<br /> +<img src="images/union_label.gif" width="74" height="27" alt="Look for the Union Label!" /><br /> +25-5679<br /></div> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[593]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2">Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, +Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México</div><br /> + +<div class="caption3">By</div><br /> + +<div class="caption2">Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker</div> +</div> + +<p>The plateau pocket gopher, <i>Cratogeomys castanops</i>, inhabits open +lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican +Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosí and southeastern +Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern Tamaulipas. +This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet at +Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of south-eastern +Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:135-154, June 13, 1934) revised the genus +<i>Cratogeomys</i> and decided that six subspecies of <i>C. castanops</i> occurred +in Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four +previously unknown subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the +state two others recorded from there by Nelson and Goldman, and +show that three others named previously from adjacent Mexican +states do occur in Coahuila. This makes eleven subspecies now +known from that state. From Coahuila Nelson and Goldman had +35 study specimens of <i>C. castanops</i> from seven localities and we +have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. Consequently we have +been able to define with greater certainty, than formerly was possible, +the geographic distribution of <i>C. castanops</i> in this Mexican +state and similarly analyze more completely the geographic variation.</p> + +<p>Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of <i>C. castanops</i>. +The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be +the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of populations +of <i>C. castanops</i> because of the highly dissected topography +and the variability of the soil. <i>Cratogeomys castanops</i> is a sedentary +animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, preferably +sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their elaborate +underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture and +rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for <i>C. castanops</i>, and the +animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert +mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular +rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations +present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The +Río Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[594]</a></span> +through steep-walled cañons, also seems to be a barrier that this +fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two +sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and +Goldman, <i>op. cit.</i>: 143). Smaller streams, such as the Río Salado, +Río Nazas and Río Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the +passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of <i>C. castanops</i> +seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unimportant +in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods +of <i>C. castanops</i> are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert +shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern +Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of low-growing +forbs are eaten.</p> + +<p>Three distinct habitats for <i>C. castanops</i> occur in Coahuila. The +state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges +beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Cañon de Boquillas +on the Río Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central +border. This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated +northeastern area which is an inland extension westward of the +Coastal Plain and a more arid and higher western and southern +area which is a part of the "Mesa del Norte" of the Mexican Plateau. +In the extreme southeast the still higher elevated plains and intermontane +valleys within the Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third +habitat for populations of this species. The subspecies of these +pocket gophers found in any one of these three habitats show greater +affinity to each other than they do to any subspecies found in the +other habitats.</p> + +<p>Generally speaking, populations of <i>C. castanops</i> from northeastern +Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. +Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from discontinuity +of suitable soils rather than from topography. These +pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which +are found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. +In western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both +north-south and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the +passage of <i>C. castanops</i>. Within this large area, pocket gophers +occur in desert basins many of which are enclosed on two or more +sides by mountains. Even so, with the exception of the smaller <i>C. +c. consitus</i> of northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring +at lower elevations in the western and southern part of the state +show close relationships in color and cranial features. Those subspecies +in the higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[595]</a></span> +size and dark color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an +elevated habitat.</p> + +<p>Males of <i>C. castanops</i> differ greatly from females of equal age; +consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, +are used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given +age-group, females show less individual variation than do males, we +have relied more on the characteristics of the females in this taxonomic +study. Only specimens taken at approximately the same +times of the year have been compared for color of pelage. Capitalized +color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color +Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Specimens made available +through the courtesy of the authorities of the Biological Surveys Collection +of the United States National Museum are indicated in the +accounts of subspecies as BSC; other specimens listed are in the +collection of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. +Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University +Endowment Association and the National Science Foundation.</p> + +<p>In any one of the lists of "Specimens examined" beyond, the order +of arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those localities +listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map +(<a href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers +two or more localities because the localities are close together. In +any such instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type +and the names of the other places follow in Italic type. Measurements +in millimeters are given in <a href="#tbl1">table 1</a> for females and in <a href="#tbl2">table 2</a> +for males.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops convexus</span> Nelson and Goldman</div> + +<table summary="Citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1934.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops convexus</i> Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas +[= Villa Acuña], Río Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Río, +Texas).</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the Serranías +del Burro (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>--Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult female, +this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have five near topotypes +of <i>convexus</i> (including two adult females and one adult male) and specimens +assignable to this subspecies from several other localities. This subspecies +may be characterized as follows: Size medium (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>); dorsal +profile of skull convex in females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; +zygomata weakly constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic +bullae inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth large.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[596]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="fig1"></a> +<a href="images/pocket_gopher_fig1_lrg.png"><img src="images/pocket_gopher_fig1.png" width="700" height="1015" border="0" alt="Geographic ranges of the subspecies of Cratogeomys castanops" /></a><br /> +<div class="bold"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Geographic ranges of the subspecies of <i>Cratogeomys castanops</i><br /> +found in Coahuila, México.</div><br /> +Click on ap to view larger sized.<br /><br /></div> + + +<table width="493" summary="Taxa List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Guide to subspecies</td><td>4.</td><td><i>C. c. bullatus</i></td><td>8.</td><td><i>C. c. subsimus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td>1.</td><td><i>C. c. convexus</i></td><td>5.</td><td><i>C. c. ustulatus</i></td><td>9.</td><td><i>C. c. goldmani</i></td></tr> +<tr><td>2.</td><td><i>C. c. consitus</i></td><td>6.</td><td><i>C. c. jucundus</i></td><td>10.</td><td><i>C. c. subnubilus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td>3.</td><td><i>C. c. sordidulus</i></td><td>7.</td><td><i>C. c. excelsus</i></td><td>11.</td><td><i>C. c. planifrons</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[597]</a></span> +<i>Comparisons.</i>--From topotypes of <i>Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps</i> Nelson +and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Río Grande in Texas, +<i>convexus</i> differs in: Body larger; upper parts more reddish, especially on sides; +skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary +teeth larger. For comparisons of <i>convexus</i> with the subspecies of <i>C. castanops</i> +found to the west, south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--The geographic range of <i>convexus</i> is restricted, being +bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially +the Serranías del Burro, and on the north and east by the Río +Grande. The range of the subspecies found to the southeast may +not be continuous with that of <i>convexus</i>. At least, in the area between +Villa Acuña and Piedras Negras, along the Río Grande, no +specimens were obtained and no sign was observed. We suspect +that in this area the species occurs only locally if at all.</p> + +<p>A specimen taken near the Río Grande in Coahuila, opposite +Samuels, Texas, and assigned to <i>Cratogeomys castanops clarkii</i> by +Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:140), has been examined by us and +is referable to <i>convexus</i>. This specimen is typical of <i>convexus</i> except +for the lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic +bullae. Conspicuous differences between <i>convexus</i> and <i>angusticeps</i> +indicate that the Río Grande is an effective barrier to passage by +these rodents.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Río Grande, 17 mi. S +Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Río Grande, opposite Samuels, Val Verde Co., +Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acuña, 5; Cañon del Cochino, 21 mi. E and 16 mi. N +Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops bullatus</span> new subspecies</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. +Hist., 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June 1952; obtained by +Robert J. Russell, original number 276.</p> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the Río +Grande to as far southwestward as the Río Sabinas (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>--Body medium for the species (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>); tail long; +hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and +Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; underparts white +to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex in dorsal outline; zygomata +widely flaring; palate short; rostrum short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic +bullae inflated; basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--From <i>Cratogeomys castanops convexus</i>, found to the north, +<i>bullatus</i> differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in relation to length; +rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, wider; tympanic bullae +slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of +<i>Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps</i>, found across the Río Grande and upstream +from localities where <i>bullatus</i> is known to occur, <i>bullatus</i> differs in: Body +slightly smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; +rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic bullae more +inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of <i>bullatus</i> with the subspecies +of <i>C. castanops</i> found to the west and south, see accounts of the subspecies +to follow.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[598]</a></span> +<i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops bullatus</i> in small size resembles +<i>C. c. tamaulipensis</i> Nelson and Goldman of the lower Río +Grande Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial +features. <i>Cratogeomys c. bullatus</i> is smaller than <i>convexus</i> but +these two subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial characters. +Both have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic +bullae, short nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of <i>bullatus</i> +with <i>angusticeps</i>, which occurs across the Río Grande but not directly +opposite the range of <i>bullatus</i>, indicates that these two subspecies +are less closely related than <i>bullatus</i> is to <i>tamaulipensis</i> and +<i>convexus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Cratogeomys castanops bullatus</i> is especially common in sandy +soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow irrigated +fields and other open places between extensive live oak +thickets. South and west of the Río Grande the animals were less +abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small +groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet +to as high as 2,000 feet.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., +2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; <i>3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft.</i>, +4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., +1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., 8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La +Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and 11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus</span> new subspecies</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. +Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by W. Kim +Clark, original number 1034.</p> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of Presa +Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo León in the valley of the Río +Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the vicinity of Vallecillo (see +<a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>--Body large for species (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>); hind foot short; +upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and Salmon-Buff strongly +mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; +skull large, especially in females, and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; +palate long; rostrum broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not conspicuously +inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--From <i>Cratogeomys castanops bullatus</i> found to the north, +<i>ustulatus</i> differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous +and less buffy; skull larger, especially in palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata +more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxillary +teeth larger. From topotypes of <i>Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis</i> +found to the southeast, <i>ustulatus</i> differs in: Body larger; upper parts, in winter +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">[599]</a></span> +pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; underparts paler; skull larger, especially +in palate, rostrum and nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic +bullae more inflated; pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel +instead of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops subsimus</i>, +found to the southwest, <i>ustulatus</i> differs in: Tail shorter; hind foot +smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull shorter; +zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; +nasals shorter; incisors narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For comparison +of <i>ustulatus</i> with the subspecies of <i>C. castanops</i> to the southwest, see account +of that subspecies to follow.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus</i> is a large-sized pocket +gopher with a relatively larger, skull. In size of skull, <i>ustulatus</i> is +exceeded only by <i>C. c. subsimus</i> found beyond the mountains in the +southern part of Coahuila. In size, <i>ustulatus</i> differs so markedly +from <i>bullatus</i> that the two can be distinguished easily by this feature +alone. The skull of <i>C. c. convexus</i> approaches that of <i>ustulatus</i> in +size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of rostrum.</p> + +<p>This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Río Salado and +its watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac +[= Rodríques], Nuevo León, are preferred living places. This subspecies +was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as +600 feet.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; <i>base of Don +Martin Dam</i>, 2; <i>2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Río Salado</i>, 2; 5 mi. SE Don +Martin, 1.</p> + +<p><i>Records from Nuevo León.</i>--Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W Anahuac +[= Rodríques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodríques], 5; 3 mi. N +Lampazos, 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, 20 mi. S Río Salado, +1000 ft., 3.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops jucundus</span> new subspecies</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. +Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by Robert +W. Dickerman, original number 2051.</p> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of east-central +Coahuila (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>--Body largest for the species (see <a href="#tbl1">table 1</a>); tail long; hind foot +large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in summer pelage Antimony +Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull medium in size, broad; zygomata +moderately flaring; palate medium in length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately +long; maxillary teeth small.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--From <i>Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus</i>, found to the east, +jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, +more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging smaller; zygomata slightly less +expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid +bullae less inflated, especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary +tooth-row shorter. From topotypes of <i>Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis</i>, +found to the southeast, <i>jucundus</i> differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">[600]</a></span> +smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; +skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; +tympanic bullae more inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of convex; +maxillary teeth smaller. From <i>Cratogeomy castanops excelsus</i>, found to +the southwest, <i>jucundus</i> differs in: Body larger; hind foot averaging larger; +upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; underparts darker, more +buffy and less whitish; skull slightly smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, especially +in females; palate shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; +mastoid bullae more inflated; incisors narrower. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops +subsimus</i>, found to the south, <i>jucundus</i> differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less yellowish; skull +smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; +rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From +<i>Cratogeomys castanops bullatus</i>, found to the north, <i>jucundus</i> differs in: Body +larger; tail averaging longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more +ochraceous and less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; +skull larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of +palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; squamosal +breadth greater.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops jucundus</i> is large, exceeding +subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from <i>subsimus</i> in +relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by +<i>jucundus</i> is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous +country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the distinctive +characteristics of <i>jucundus</i> compared with those of <i>bullatus</i> +and <i>ustulatus</i>. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to <i>tamaulipensis</i> +by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here referred to +<i>jucundus</i> on the basis of cranial characters and size.</p> + +<p>Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity +of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; <i>1 mi. S +Hermanas</i>, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Ciénegas, 2; 5 mi. N and 2 mi. W +Monclova, 1; <i>2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova</i>, 1; Monclova, 2 (BSC); Hisachalo +[= Huisachalo], 2.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus</span> new subspecies</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. +Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; obtained +by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164.</p> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded for the +most part by higher mountainous country (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>--Body large for species (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>); tail short; hind foot +large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in +fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size +and narrow; zygomata narrow; rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in +length; basioccipital small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; +tympanic bullae inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[601]</a></span> +<i>Comparisons.</i>--From <i>Cratogeomys castanops jucundus</i>, found beyond the +mountains to the southeast, <i>sordidulus</i> differs in: Body smaller; tail shorter; +hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less yellowish, +with plumbeous bases of hairs more conspicuous; underparts darker, more +buffy and less whitish; skull slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; +zygomata less widely flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; +incisors and maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops +excelsus</i>, found to the south and southwest, <i>sordidulus</i> differs in: Body slightly +smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous +and less pinkish-buff; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +smaller and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel +and not expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation +to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors +and maxillary teeth smaller. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops consitus</i>, found to +the north and west, <i>sordidulus</i> differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper +parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; +zygomata more widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; +mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From +topotypes of <i>Cratogeomys castanops clarkii</i> (Baird), found to the northwest, +<i>sordidulus</i> differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts, in winter pelage, +paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; skull slightly smaller and narrower; +rostrum narrower; nasals slightly shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly +parallel instead of wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and +maxillary teeth smaller. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops convexus</i>, found to the +northeast, <i>sordidulus</i> differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts slightly +darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; zygomata more nearly +parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum narrower and longer; nasals +longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth +smaller. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops bullatus</i>, found to the east, <i>sordidulus</i> +differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous +and less buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; +tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus</i> is limited to the +Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three +sides, west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which +seems to bar the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this +barrier extends north to the very banks of the Río Grande in the +Cañon de Boquillas. This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with +other populations of <i>Cratogeomys</i> only to the north and northwest. +This subspecies is well characterized by size, color and cranial characteristics.</p> + +<p><i>Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus</i> is not abundant; groups of +mounds constructed by one or a few individuals were found in +widely separated places. Mounds were often small, appeared old +and, in other ways, were inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals +were taken at elevations as low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[602]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, +4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1-1/2 mi. NW +Ocampo, 3300 ft., 6; <i>Ocampo</i>, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro Ciénegas, 3250 +ft., 1.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops consitus</span> Nelson and Goldman</div> + +<table summary="citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1934.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops consitus</i> Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., Chihuahua.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and southeast +at least into northwestern Coahuila (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--From <i>Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis</i> Nelson and Goldman, +specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Río Grande in Texas, +<i>consitus</i> differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, +more light buffy and less rufous; underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark +buffy; skull decidedly smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate especially +shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. +From topotypes of <i>Cratogeomys castanops clarkii</i>, found to the north along the +Río Grande, <i>consitus</i> differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper +parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull markedly smaller, especially in +palate and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; +mastoid bullae less inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge-shaped. +From <i>Cratogeomys castanops convexus</i>, found to the east, <i>consitus</i> +differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more +buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or light buffy instead of pale +ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum +decidedly narrower and, relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth +less; incisors smaller. From <i>Cratogeomys castanops excelsus</i>, found to the +south, <i>consitus</i> differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously smaller, especially +in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; mastoid +bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; incisors smaller; maxillary teeth relatively +larger. For comparison of <i>consitus</i> with <i>Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus</i>, +see previous account.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops consitus</i> is a small pocket +gopher (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>); the largest adult available to us is much +smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Specimens +from Coahuila assigned to <i>consitus</i> compare favorably with +topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler +and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An immature +male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is +tentatively assigned to <i>consitus</i>. This subspecies seems to be rare +in northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered.</p> + +<p><i>Cratogeomys castanops clarkii</i> (Baird) may occur along the Río +Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known +from Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, +Coahuila, in 1952.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; 6 +mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, <i>in</i> Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">[603]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops excelsus</span> Nelson and Goldman</div> + +<table summary="citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1934.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops excelsus</i> Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna +de Mayrán, Coahuila.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and northeastern +Durango (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops excelsus</i> is characterized by large +size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of <i>C. castanops</i>. Of adjacent subspecies, +excelsus most closely resembles <i>C. c. subsimus</i> which occurs to the east +and resembles least <i>C. c. consitus</i>, which occurs to the northwest.</p> + +<p>From <i>Cratogeomys castanops subsimus</i>, found to the east, <i>excelsus</i> differs +in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, +more light buffy and less yellowish; skull smaller; palate especially shorter; +rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row +shorter. Compared with topotypes of <i>C. c. goldmani</i>, found to the south, +<i>excelsus</i> differs in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage +paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; +rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and more inflated; +maxillary teeth larger.</p> + +<p>Specimens of <i>excelsus</i> from the vicinity of Torreón, in southwestern Coahuila, +are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical examples of the subspecies. +In small size, at least, these specimens show some resemblance to +<i>goldmani</i> to the south. The range of <i>excelsus</i> approaches that of <i>C. c. consitus</i> +in west-central Coahuila (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>), but no evidence of intergradation between +these two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of <i>excelsus</i> +with <i>consitus</i>, see account of the latter.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops excelsus</i> lives in the deep soils +of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent +parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas +in, and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayrán. +East of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and <i>C. +c. subsimus</i> occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos, +3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 +(BSC); <i>1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft.</i>, 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. +W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreón, 12.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops subsimus</span> Nelson and Goldman</div> + +<table summary="citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1934.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops subsimus</i> Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in south-central +Coahuila (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--From <i>Cratogeomys castanops goldmani</i>, found to the southwest, +<i>subsimus</i> differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more +yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, having more prominent +ridges and crests and deeper fossae for attachment of muscles; zygomata more +widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth +greater; maxillary teeth larger. From <i>C. c. subnubilus</i>, found to the south, +<i>subsimus</i> differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, +more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger in all respects. +From <i>C. c. planifrons</i>, found at higher elevations to the southeast, <i>subsimus</i> differs +in the same respects as <i>subsimus</i> differs from <i>subnubilus</i>. For comparisons +between <i>subsimus</i> and <a name="subspecies"></a><a href="#Typo_Corr">subspecies</a> to the west, north and northeast, see accounts +above.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[604]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<div class="tableblk"><a name="tbl1">TABLE 1.</a> <span class="smcap">Measurements of Adult Female Cratogeomys from<br />Coahuila, México</span><br /> +<br /> +<table class="collist" summary="Column Header List"> +<tr><td>Table legend:<br /> +<table summary="Column Titles"> +<tr><td>Column A:</td><td> No. av. or cat. no.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column B:</td><td> Total length</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column C:</td><td> Length of tail</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column D:</td><td> Length of hind foot</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column E:</td><td> Condylobasal breadth</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column F:</td><td> Zygomatic breadth</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column G:</td><td> Length of palate</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column H:</td><td> Breadth of rostrum</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column I:</td><td> Length of nasals</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column J:</td><td> Squamosal breadth</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column K:</td><td> Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row</td></tr> +</table> +</td></tr> +</table> +<table class="center" width="85%" summary="Species Measurements - Females"> +<tr><td colspan="11"><img src="images/bar_double.gif" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></td></tr> +<tr><td> A </td><td> B </td><td> C </td><td> D </td><td> E </td><td> F </td><td> G </td><td> H </td><td> I </td><td> J </td><td> K </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"><hr /></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. convexus</i>, Villa Acuña</td></tr> +<tr><td>52259</td><td>260</td><td>86</td><td>37</td><td>50.6</td><td>31.7</td><td>33.8</td><td>11.7</td><td>16.7</td><td>29.1</td><td>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td>52261</td><td>265</td><td>83</td><td>38</td><td>49.3</td><td>31.6</td><td>32.9</td><td>11.8</td><td>15.8</td><td>28.9</td><td>10.6</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. bullatus</i>, vicinity of Nava</td></tr> +<tr><td>5 Av.</td><td>256</td><td>80</td><td>36</td><td>47.4</td><td>30.6</td><td>32.6</td><td>10.7</td><td>17.1</td><td>27.9</td><td>9.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>242</td><td>72</td><td>35</td><td>47.0</td><td>30.6</td><td>32.3</td><td>10.0</td><td>16.5</td><td>27.5</td><td>9.2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>263</td><td>85</td><td>37</td><td>47.7</td><td>31.1</td><td>32.9</td><td>11.6</td><td>17.8</td><td>28.2</td><td>9.8</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. ustulatus</i>, vicinity of Don Martin</td></tr> +<tr><td>8 Av.</td><td>273</td><td>74</td><td>36</td><td>51.4</td><td>33.5</td><td>35.4</td><td>11.8</td><td>18.8</td><td>30.1</td><td>10.0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>261</td><td>64</td><td>35</td><td>50.7</td><td>32.6</td><td>34.8</td><td>11.0</td><td>17.8</td><td>29.1</td><td>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>280</td><td>83</td><td>38</td><td>52.1</td><td>34.1</td><td>36.5</td><td>12.5</td><td>19.2</td><td>30.8</td><td>10.6</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. jucundus</i>, Hermanas</td></tr> +<tr><td>4 Av.</td><td>296</td><td>85</td><td>39</td><td>50.9</td><td>33.0</td><td>34.6</td><td>11.5</td><td>18.0</td><td>29.6</td><td>9.4</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>294</td><td>83</td><td>38</td><td>49.8</td><td>32.1</td><td>33.8</td><td>11.0</td><td>17.0</td><td>29.0</td><td>9.1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>298</td><td>86</td><td>39</td><td>51.8</td><td>33.8</td><td>35.0</td><td>11.6</td><td>18.6</td><td>30.1</td><td>9.6</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. sordidulus</i>, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo</td></tr> +<tr><td>3 Av.</td><td>276</td><td>79</td><td>37</td><td>50.4</td><td>31.7</td><td>34.6</td><td>10.9</td><td>18.2</td><td>30.0</td><td>9.1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>270</td><td>75</td><td>36</td><td>49.5</td><td>30.6</td><td>33.8</td><td>10.3</td><td>17.7</td><td>29.8</td><td>8.9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>288</td><td>85</td><td>39</td><td>51.4</td><td>32.4</td><td>35.2</td><td>11.4</td><td>18.5</td><td>30.1</td><td>9.2</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. consitus</i>, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila</td></tr> +<tr><td>4 Av.</td><td>229</td><td>74</td><td>32</td><td>43.8</td><td>28.1</td><td>29.6</td><td>9.7</td><td>16.0</td><td>26.2</td><td>8.9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>226</td><td>68</td><td>31</td><td>42.6</td><td>27.3</td><td>29.4</td><td>9.4</td><td>15.5</td><td>25.7</td><td>8.1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>232</td><td>78</td><td>32</td><td>45.8</td><td>28.8</td><td>29.9</td><td>9.9</td><td>16.2</td><td>26.9</td><td>9.2</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. excelsus</i>, 4 mi. N Acatita</td></tr> +<tr><td>4 Av.</td><td>284</td><td>82</td><td>37</td><td>51.4</td><td>34.1</td><td>35.4</td><td>11.6</td><td>18.9</td><td>31.2</td><td>9.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>274</td><td>77</td><td>35</td><td>51.1</td><td>33.6</td><td>34.7</td><td>10.4</td><td>18.4</td><td>30.5</td><td>9.2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>291</td><td>86</td><td>38</td><td>51.6</td><td>34.9</td><td>36.1</td><td>12.1</td><td>20.1</td><td>31.7</td><td>9.9</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. subsimus</i>, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras</td></tr> +<tr><td>34937</td><td>287</td><td>87</td><td>39</td><td>53.1</td><td>34.9</td><td>36.9</td><td>11.5</td><td>19.4</td><td>31.7</td><td>10.5</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">Jaral (BSC)</td></tr> +<tr><td>51049</td><td>295</td><td>104</td><td>40</td><td>53.2</td><td>34.1</td><td>36.9</td><td>12.6</td><td>18.7</td><td>29.7</td><td>10.0</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. goldmani</i>, 1 mi. S Jimulco</td></tr> +<tr><td>55611</td><td>250</td><td>85</td><td>35</td><td>46.0</td><td>32.6</td><td>31.4</td><td>10.7</td><td>16.3</td><td>27.8</td><td>9.8</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. subnubilus</i>, 1 mi. S Carneros</td></tr> +<tr><td>33128</td><td>220</td><td>65</td><td>29</td><td>40.8</td><td>27.9</td><td>27.2</td><td>8.7</td><td>12.7</td><td>24.7</td><td>8.1</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">2 mi. W San Miguel</td></tr> +<tr><td>33132</td><td>222</td><td>65</td><td>30</td><td>40.4</td><td>26.3</td><td>26.6</td><td>8.1</td><td>13.2</td><td>24.5</td><td>8.4</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">1 mi. N Agua Nueva</td></tr> +<tr><td>33127</td><td>220</td><td>74</td><td>29</td><td>41.8</td><td>24.6</td><td>28.4</td><td>8.3</td><td>14.2</td><td>23.9</td><td>8.4</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">8 mi. N La Ventura</td></tr> +<tr><td>34934</td><td>235</td><td>76</td><td>30</td><td>42.2</td><td>27.9</td><td>28.5</td><td>9.0</td><td>14.3</td><td>26.3</td><td>7.8</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. planifrons</i>, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas</td></tr> +<tr><td>5 Av.</td><td>244</td><td>66</td><td>32</td><td>43.7</td><td>28.0</td><td>29.1</td><td>9.4</td><td>14.5</td><td>26.2</td><td>8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Min.</td><td>239</td><td>62</td><td>31</td><td>43.3</td><td>27.5</td><td>28.7</td><td>8.9</td><td>13.6</td><td>25.3</td><td>8.3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Max.</td><td>247</td><td>69</td><td>33</td><td>44.3</td><td>28.5</td><td>9.4</td><td>9.7</td><td>15.3</td><td>26.8</td><td>8.9</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"><hr /></td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<p> </P> +<p> </P> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">[605]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<div class="tableblk"> +<a name="tbl2">TABLE 2.</a> <span class="smcap">Measurements of Adult Male Cratogeomys from<br />Coahuila, México</span><br /> +<br /> +<table class="collist" summary="Column Header List"> +<tr><td>Table legend:<br /> +<table summary="Column Titles"> +<tr><td>Column A:</td><td> No. av. or cat. no.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column B:</td><td> Total length</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column C:</td><td> Length of tail</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column D:</td><td> Length of hind foot</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column E:</td><td> Condylobasal breadth</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column F:</td><td> Zygomatic breadth</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column G:</td><td> Length of palate</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column H:</td><td> Breadth of rostrum</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column I:</td><td> Length of nasals</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column J:</td><td> Squamosal breadth</td></tr> +<tr><td>Column K:</td><td> Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row</td></tr> +</table> +</td></tr> +</table> +<table class="center"width="85%" summary="Species Measurements - Males"> +<tr><td colspan="11"><img src="images/bar_double.gif" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></td></tr> +<tr><td> A </td><td> B </td><td> C </td><td> D </td><td> E </td><td> F </td><td> G </td><td> H </td><td> I </td><td> J </td><td> K </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"><hr /></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. convexus</i>, Villa Acuña</td></tr> +<tr><td>52260</td><td>275</td><td>89</td><td>39</td><td>55.0</td><td>34.4</td><td>37.0</td><td>12.6</td><td>20.0</td><td>30.9</td><td>10.4</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. bullatus</i>, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava</td></tr> +<tr><td>48500</td><td>261</td><td>80</td><td>36</td><td>49.7</td><td>35.3</td><td>34.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>17.1</td><td>29.2</td><td>9.5</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">La Gacha</td></tr> +<tr><td>57028</td><td>250</td><td>76</td><td>34</td><td>49.9</td><td>34.0</td><td>34.4</td><td>11.5</td><td>16.6</td><td>28.4</td><td>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. ustulatus</i>, Don Martin</td></tr> +<tr><td>34587</td><td>280</td><td>75</td><td>37</td><td>54.6</td><td>37.3</td><td>38.2</td><td>13.7</td><td>20.6</td><td>31.8</td><td>10.3</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. jucundus</i>, Hermanas</td></tr> +<tr><td>56605</td><td>311</td><td>80</td><td>42</td><td>56.9</td><td>38.7</td><td>40.1</td><td>13.3</td><td>21.0</td><td>32.3</td><td>9.9</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. sordidulus</i>, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo</td></tr> +<tr><td>56733</td><td>307</td><td>88</td><td>37</td><td>57.5</td><td>49.6</td><td>40.3</td><td>13.6</td><td>22.1</td><td>33.1</td><td>10.3</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. consistus</i>, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino</td></tr> +<tr><td>54547</td><td>289</td><td>94</td><td>36</td><td>53.8</td><td>32.6</td><td>37.1</td><td>12.7</td><td>18.8</td><td>29.5</td><td>9.6</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. excelsus</i>, 2 mi. E Torreón</td></tr> +<tr><td>40224</td><td>315</td><td>97</td><td>41</td><td>54.7</td><td>37.8</td><td>37.6</td><td>12.1</td><td>19.5</td><td>31.4</td><td>9.8</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. subsimus</i>, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito</td></tr> +<tr><td>35772</td><td>315</td><td>105</td><td>40</td><td>56.4</td><td>35.3</td><td>39.5</td><td>12.5</td><td>20.8</td><td>33.8</td><td>10.6</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">2 mi. N Santa Cruz</td></tr> +<tr><td>48517</td><td>316</td><td>89</td><td>40</td><td>58.2</td><td>37.9</td><td>40.3</td><td>14.1</td><td>21.7</td><td>34.8</td><td>10.3</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. goldmani</i>, W foot Pico de Jimulco</td></tr> +<tr><td>55610</td><td>255</td><td>82</td><td>36</td><td>48.9</td><td>33.4</td><td>33.4</td><td>11.7</td><td>17.7</td><td>29.6</td><td>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. subnubilus</i>, Carneros (BSC)</td></tr> +<tr><td>79484</td><td>247</td><td>86</td><td>34</td><td>45.3</td><td>30.9</td><td>30.8</td><td>9.6</td><td>15.7</td><td>28.4</td><td>8.5</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">8 mi. N La Ventura</td></tr> +<tr><td>34932</td><td>250</td><td>79</td><td>34</td><td>46.3</td><td>31.8</td><td>31.0</td><td>9.6</td><td>16.4</td><td>28.7</td><td>8.4</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center"><i>C. c. planifrons</i>, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo</td></tr> +<tr><td>35779</td><td>254</td><td>76</td><td>34</td><td>48.0</td><td>32.2</td><td>32.6</td><td>9.8</td><td>16.6</td><td>28.0</td><td>8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td>35780</td><td>272</td><td>85</td><td>35</td><td>48.8</td><td>33.2</td><td>34.1</td><td>10.5</td><td>17.5</td><td>29.9</td><td>9.5</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11" class="center">12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga</td></tr> +<tr><td>33122</td><td>255</td><td>72</td><td>35</td><td>47.0</td><td>32.3</td><td>31.2</td><td>10.5</td><td>15.5</td><td>28.7</td><td>9.0</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"><hr /></td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">[606]</a></span> +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops subsimus</i> is the largest known +subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in +size of body by <i>C. c. jucundus</i> to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, +<i>subsimus</i> is the most closely related to <i>excelsus</i> and shows little or +no relationship to the smaller and darker <i>C. c. subnubilus</i> and <i>C. c. +planifrons</i>, which are found at higher elevations to the south and +southeast, respectively. Movements by <i>subsimus</i> to the north, east, +and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of +<i>subsimus</i> from the northeastern part of its range are larger and +darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult +female, assigned to <i>subsimus</i>, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is +noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Cratogeomys castanops subsimus</i> occurs in scattered colonies in +sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Río Salinas. +Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra +Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 3 mi. E Muralla, 3800 ft., +3; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, 4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 +ft., 4 (BSC); <i>Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito</i>, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W +Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and 5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 +mi. E Parras, 5000 ft., 1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General +Cepeda, 6200 ft., 1; <i>N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General +Cepeda, 6500 ft.</i>, 1.</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops goldmani</span> Merriam</div> + +<table summary="Citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1895.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops goldmani</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, +January 31, type from Cañitas, Zacatecas.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into extreme +southwestern Coahuila (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--Compared with <i>Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus</i>, found to +the east, <i>goldmani</i> differs in: Body larger, tail and hind foot longer; color paler, +more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate +larger; rostrum broader; nasals longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with +<i>Cratogeomys castanops rubellus</i> Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, +<i>goldmani</i> differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; +palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller.</p> + +<p><span class="remarks"><i>Remarks.</i>--Records of <i>goldmani</i> given here extend the known +range of this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. +Specimens assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favorably </span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">[607]</a></span> +<span class="remarks">with topotypes of <i>goldmani</i> (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>) but are slightly +paler, and in this respect show some relationship to <i>excelsus</i>. The +ranges of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by mountainous +country in southern Coahuila.</span></p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 ft., 1; +<i>Valley Río <a name="Aguanaval"></a><a href="#Typo_Corr">Aguanaval</a>, 1 mi. S Jimulco</i>, 4; 1-1/2 mi. N Parras, 1.</p> + +<div class="center"><b>Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus</b> Nelson and Goldman</div> + +<table summary="Citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1934.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus</i> Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 13, type from Carneros, 6800 ft., +Coahuila.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern Coahuila and +probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León (see +fig. 1).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus</i> needs close comparison +only with <i>Cratogeomys castanops planifrons</i>, found to the east and from which +<i>subnubilus</i> differs in: Body, hind foot and skull smaller; upper parts, in summer +pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and less dark russet; underparts paler, more +whitish and less blackish; hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; +zygomata more widely flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum +broader, especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth +greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth smaller. From +<i>Cratogeomys castanops rubellus</i> Nelson and Goldman, found to the south in +San Luis Potosí, <i>subnubilus</i> differs in: Body, hind foot and all parts of skull +smaller; upper parts and underparts darker, more blackish and less rufous.</p> + +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--<i>Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus</i> is the smallest subspecies +of <i>C. castanops</i> (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>). This subspecies is dark +and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep valley soils +in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated plains. It is +differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent subspecies of +<i>C. castanops</i> than is usual in this species, and no intergrades between +<i>subnubilus</i> and other subspecies have been taken. In the +Sierra Guadalupe, <i>subnubilus</i> was trapped at 6700 feet within two +miles of a place where <i>subsimus</i> was taken at 6500 feet.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., 1; +Domingo Cañon, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W General +Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); <i>1 mi. S Carneros, 6000 ft.</i>, 4; 2 mi. W +San Miguel, 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, 6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 +ft, 6 (BSC).</p> + +<div class="center"><span class="species">Cratogeomys castanops planifrons</span> Nelson and Goldman</div> + +<table summary="Citation"> +<tr><td class="vtop">1934.</td><td class="justify"><i>Cratogeomys castanops planifrons</i> Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, 5000 ft., +Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo León).</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>--Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of extreme +southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo León and Western +Tamaulipas (see <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[608]</a></span> +<div class="remarks"><p><i>Remarks.</i>--Specimens from Coahuila assigned to <i>planifrons</i> compare +favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are +slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see <a href="#tbl1">tables 1 and 2</a>). This +small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than <i>subnubilus</i> but in +other ways is most closely related to <i>subnubilus</i>. <i>Cratogeomys c. +planifrons</i> shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, including +<i>tamaulipensis</i>, <i>subsimus</i> and <i>rubellus</i>, all of which are considerably +larger and paler.</p> + +<p><i>Cratogeomys castanops planifrons</i> is found in both deep and +shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; +in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high +as 8700 feet.</p></div> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>--Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, 7500 +ft, 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; <i>12 mi. W San Antonio +de las Alazanas</i>, 16; <i>12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 ft.</i>, 11; 2 mi. E and 2 +mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft, 2.</p> + +<p><i>Transmitted August 23, 1954.</i></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_end" id="Page_end">[End]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<div class="center"><img src="images/square.gif" width="16" height="17" alt="square" /><br /> +25-5679</div> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket +Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. 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Russell and Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico + +Author: Robert J. Russell + Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32623] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHER *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications~ + ~Museum of Natural History~ + + Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 + + March 15, 1955 + + + Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, + Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico + + + BY + ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence~ + 1955 + + + + + +~University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History~ + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 + Published March 15, 1955 + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence, Kansas~ + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1955 + + 25-5679 + + + + + + Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, + Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico + + By + + Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + + + + +The plateau pocket gopher, _Cratogeomys castanops_, inhabits open +lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican +Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosi and southeastern +Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern +Tamaulipas. This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet +at Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of +south-eastern Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:135-154, June 13, 1934) revised the genus _Cratogeomys_ +and decided that six subspecies of _C. castanops_ occurred in +Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four previously unknown +subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the state two others recorded +from there by Nelson and Goldman, and show that three others named +previously from adjacent Mexican states do occur in Coahuila. This +makes eleven subspecies now known from that state. From Coahuila +Nelson and Goldman had 35 study specimens of _C. castanops_ from seven +localities and we have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. +Consequently we have been able to define with greater certainty, than +formerly was possible, the geographic distribution of _C. castanops_ +in this Mexican state and similarly analyze more completely the +geographic variation. + +Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of _C. castanops_. +The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be +the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of +populations of _C. castanops_ because of the highly dissected +topography and the variability of the soil. _Cratogeomys castanops_ is +a sedentary animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, +preferably sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their +elaborate underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture +and rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for _C. castanops_, and +the animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert +mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular +rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations +present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The +Rio Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing +through steep-walled canons, also seems to be a barrier that this +fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two +sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and +Goldman, _op. cit._: 143). Smaller streams, such as the Rio Salado, +Rio Nazas and Rio Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the +passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of _C. castanops_ +seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unimportant +in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods of _C. +castanops_ are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert +shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern +Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of +low-growing forbs are eaten. + +Three distinct habitats for _C. castanops_ occur in Coahuila. The +state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges +beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Canon de Boquillas on +the Rio Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central border. +This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated northeastern +area which is an inland extension westward of the Coastal Plain and a +more arid and higher western and southern area which is a part of the +"Mesa del Norte" of the Mexican Plateau. In the extreme southeast the +still higher elevated plains and intermontane valleys within the +Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third habitat for populations of this +species. The subspecies of these pocket gophers found in any one of +these three habitats show greater affinity to each other than they do +to any subspecies found in the other habitats. + +Generally speaking, populations of _C. castanops_ from northeastern +Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. +Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from +discontinuity of suitable soils rather than from topography. These +pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which are +found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. In +western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both north-south +and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the passage of _C. +castanops_. Within this large area, pocket gophers occur in desert +basins many of which are enclosed on two or more sides by mountains. +Even so, with the exception of the smaller _C. c. consitus_ of +northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring at lower +elevations in the western and southern part of the state show close +relationships in color and cranial features. Those subspecies in the +higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small size and dark +color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an elevated habitat. + +Males of _C. castanops_ differ greatly from females of equal age; +consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, are +used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given age-group, +females show less individual variation than do males, we have relied +more on the characteristics of the females in this taxonomic study. +Only specimens taken at approximately the same times of the year have +been compared for color of pelage. Capitalized color terms are those +of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., +1912. Specimens made available through the courtesy of the authorities +of the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National +Museum are indicated in the accounts of subspecies as BSC; other +specimens listed are in the collection of the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History. Assistance with field work is acknowledged +from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National +Science Foundation. + +In any one of the lists of "Specimens examined" beyond, the order of +arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those localities +listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map (Figure +1) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers two or more +localities because the localities are close together. In any such +instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type and the names +of the other places follow in Italic type. Measurements in millimeters +are given in table 1 for females and in table 2 for males. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops convexus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas +[= Villa Acuna], Rio Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Rio, +Texas). + +_Distribution._--Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the +Serranias del Burro (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult +female, this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have +five near topotypes of _convexus_ (including two adult females and one +adult male) and specimens assignable to this subspecies from several +other localities. This subspecies may be characterized as follows: +Size medium (see tables 1 and 2); dorsal profile of skull convex in +females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; zygomata weakly +constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic bullae +inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth +large. + +[Illustration: ~Fig. 1.~ Geographic ranges of the subspecies of + _Cratogeomys castanops_ found in Coahuila, Mexico. + +Guide to subspecies 4. _C. c. bullatus_ 8. _C. c. subsimus_ +1. _C. c. convexus_ 5. _C. c. ustulatus_ 9. _C. c. goldmani_ +2. _C. c. consitus_ 6. _C. c. jucundus_ 10. _C. c. subnubilus_ +3. _C. c. sordidulus_ 7. _C. c. excelsus_ 11. _C. c. planifrons_] + +_Comparisons._--From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_ +Nelson and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Rio Grande +in Texas, _convexus_ differs in: Body larger; upper parts more +reddish, especially on sides; skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals +broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary teeth larger. For comparisons +of _convexus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west, +south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--The geographic range of _convexus_ is restricted, being +bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially the +Serranias del Burro, and on the north and east by the Rio Grande. The +range of the subspecies found to the southeast may not be continuous +with that of _convexus_. At least, in the area between Villa Acuna and +Piedras Negras, along the Rio Grande, no specimens were obtained and +no sign was observed. We suspect that in this area the species occurs +only locally if at all. + +A specimen taken near the Rio Grande in Coahuila, opposite Samuels, +Texas, and assigned to _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ by Nelson and +Goldman (op. cit.:140), has been examined by us and is referable to +_convexus_. This specimen is typical of _convexus_ except for the +lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae. +Conspicuous differences between _convexus_ and _angusticeps_ +indicate that the Rio Grande is an effective barrier to passage by +these rodents. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Rio Grande, 17 +mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Rio Grande, opposite Samuels, Val +Verde Co., Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acuna, 5; Canon del Cochino, 21 mi. E +and 16 mi. N Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops bullatus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist., 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June +1952; obtained by Robert J. Russell, original number 276. + +_Distribution._--Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the +Rio Grande to as far southwestward as the Rio Sabinas (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body medium for the species (see tables 1 and 2); tail +long; hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer +pelage) and Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; +underparts white to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex +in dorsal outline; zygomata widely flaring; palate short; rostrum +short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; +basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the +north, _bullatus_ differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in +relation to length; rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, +wider; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary +teeth smaller. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_, +found across the Rio Grande and upstream from localities where +_bullatus_ is known to occur, _bullatus_ differs in: Body slightly +smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; +rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic +bullae more inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of +_bullatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west and +south, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ in small size resembles +_C. c. tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman of the lower Rio Grande +Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial features. +_Cratogeomys c. bullatus_ is smaller than _convexus_ but these two +subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial characters. Both +have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic bullae, short +nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of _bullatus_ with +_angusticeps_, which occurs across the Rio Grande but not directly +opposite the range of _bullatus_, indicates that these two subspecies +are less closely related than _bullatus_ is to _tamaulipensis_ and +_convexus_. + +_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ is especially common in sandy +soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow +irrigated fields and other open places between extensive live oak +thickets. South and west of the Rio Grande the animals were less +abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small +groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet to +as high as 2,000 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, +810 ft., 2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; _3 mi. S and 12 mi. +E Nava, 800 ft._, 4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E +Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., 1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., +8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and +11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by +W. Kim Clark, original number 1034. + +_Distribution._--Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of +Presa Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo Leon in the valley +of the Rio Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the +vicinity of Vallecillo (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); hind foot +short; upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and +Salmon-Buff strongly mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); +underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull large, especially in females, +and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; palate long; rostrum +broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not conspicuously +inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ found to the +north, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts +darker, more rufous and less buffy; skull larger, especially in +palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic +bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxillary teeth +larger. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ +found to the southeast, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; upper +parts, in winter pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; +underparts paler; skull larger, especially in palate, rostrum and +nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; +pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel instead +of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops +subsimus_, found to the southwest, _ustulatus_ differs in: Tail +shorter; hind foot smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less +pinkish-buff; skull shorter; zygomata less widely flaring; palate +shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; nasals shorter; incisors +narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For comparison of +_ustulatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ to the southwest, +see account of that subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus_ is a large-sized pocket +gopher with a relatively larger, skull. In size oL skull, _ustulatus_ +is exceeded only by _C. c. subsimus_ found beyond the mountains in the +southern part of Coahuila. In size, _ustulatus_ differs so markedly +from _bullatus_ that the two can be distinguished easily by this +feature alone. The skull of _C. c. convexus_ approaches that of +_ustulatus_ in size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of +rostrum. + +This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Rio Salado and its +watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac [= +Rodriques], Nuevo Leon, are preferred living places. This subspecies +was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as 600 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; _base +of Don Martin Dam_, 2; _2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Rio Salado_, 2; +5 mi. SE Don Martin, 1. + +_Records from Nuevo Leon._--Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W +Anahuac [= Rodriques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodriques], +5; 3 mi. N Lampazos, 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, +20 mi. S Rio Salado, 1000 ft., 3. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops jucundus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by +Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2051. + +_Distribution._--Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of +east-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body largest for the species (see table 1); tail long; +hind foot large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in +summer pelage Antimony Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull +medium in size, broad; zygomata moderately flaring; palate medium in +length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately long; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus_, found to the +east, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; +upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging +smaller; zygomata slightly less expanded laterally; palate and nasals +shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae less inflated, +especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary tooth-row +shorter. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_, +found to the southeast, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail +longer; hind foot smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more +ochraceous and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely +flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; tympanic bullae more +inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of convex; +maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomy castanops excelsus_, found +to the southwest, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot +averaging larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; +underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly +smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, especially in females; palate +shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae more +inflated; incisors narrower. From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, +found to the south, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less +yellowish; skull smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; +palate and nasals shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; +maxillary tooth-row shorter. From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_, +found to the north, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail averaging +longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more ochraceous and +less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of +palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; +squamosal breadth greater. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_ is large, exceeding +subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from _subsimus_ in +relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by +_jucundus_ is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous +country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the +distinctive characteristics of _jucundus_ compared with those of +_bullatus_ and _ustulatus_. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to +_tamaulipensis_ by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here +referred to _jucundus_ on the basis of cranial characters and size. + +Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity +of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; _1 mi. +S Hermanas_, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Cienegas, 2; 5 mi. N and +2 mi. W Monclova, 1; _2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova_, 1; Monclova, 2 +(BSC); Hisachalo [= Huisachalo], 2. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; +obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded +for the most part by higher mountainous country (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); tail short; +hind foot large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and +Orange-Buff (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale +Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size and narrow; zygomata narrow; +rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in length; basioccipital +small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; tympanic bullae +inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_, found beyond +the mountains to the southeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body smaller; +tail shorter; hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more +ochraceous and less yellowish, with plumbeous bases of hairs more +conspicuous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; zygomata less widely +flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisors and +maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops +excelsus_, found to the south and southwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: +Body slightly smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper +parts darker, more ochraceous and less pinkish-buff; underparts +darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull smaller and narrower; +zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel and not +expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation +to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more +inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys +castanops consitus_, found to the north and west, _sordidulus_ differs +in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous +and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; zygomata more +widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; mastoid +bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From +topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird), found to the +northwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper +parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; +skull slightly smaller and narrower; rostrum narrower; nasals slightly +shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly parallel instead of +wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and maxillary +teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the +northeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper +parts slightly darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; +zygomata more nearly parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum +narrower and longer; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid +bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys +castanops bullatus_, found to the east, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body +larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less +buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; +tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is limited to the +Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three sides, +west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which seems to bar +the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this barrier extends +north to the very banks of the Rio Grande in the Canon de Boquillas. +This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with other populations of +_Cratogeomys_ only to the north and northwest. This subspecies is well +characterized by size, color and cranial characteristics. + +_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is not abundant; groups of mounds +constructed by one or a few individuals were found in widely separated +places. Mounds were often small, appeared old and, in other ways, were +inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals were taken at elevations as +low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, +4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1-1/2 +mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., 6; _Ocampo_, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro +Cienegas, 3250 ft., 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops consitus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., +Chihuahua. + +_Distribution._--Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and +southeast at least into northwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis_ Nelson and +Goldman, specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Rio Grande +in Texas, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot +shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less rufous; +underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark buffy; skull decidedly +smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate especially +shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. +From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_, found to the north +along the Rio Grande, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; +skull markedly smaller, especially in palate and nasals; zygomata less +widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; mastoid bullae less +inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge-shaped. +From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the east, _consitus_ +differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +paler, more buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or +light buffy instead of pale ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less +widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum decidedly narrower and, +relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth less; incisors +smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_, found to the south, +_consitus_ differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper +parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously +smaller, especially in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less +widely flaring; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; +incisors smaller; maxillary teeth relatively larger. For comparison of +_consitus_ with _Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_, see previous +account. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ is a small pocket gopher +(see tables 1 and 2); the largest adult available to us is much +smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Specimens +from Coahuila assigned to _consitus_ compare favorably with +topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler +and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An immature +male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is tentatively +assigned to _consitus_. This subspecies seems to be rare in +northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered. + +_Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird) may occur along the Rio +Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known from +Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, Coahuila, +in 1952. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; +6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, _in_ Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops excelsus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna +de Mayran, Coahuila. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and +northeastern Durango (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ is characterized by +large size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of _C. +castanops_. Of adjacent subspecies, excelsus most closely resembles +_C. c. subsimus_ which occurs to the east and resembles least _C. c. +consitus_, which occurs to the northwest. + +From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, found to the east, _excelsus_ +differs in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot +shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less yellowish; skull +smaller; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; +incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row shorter. Compared with +topotypes of _C. c. goldmani_, found to the south, _excelsus_ differs +in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage +paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely +flaring; rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and +more inflated; maxillary teeth larger. + +Specimens of _excelsus_ from the vicinity of Torreon, in southwestern +Coahuila, are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical +examples of the subspecies. In small size, at least, these specimens +show some resemblance to _goldmani_ to the south. The range of +_excelsus_ approaches that of _C. c. consitus_ in west-central +Coahuila (see fig. 1), but no evidence of intergradation between these +two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of _excelsus_ with +_consitus_, see account of the latter. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ lives in the deep soils +of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent +parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas in, +and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayran. East +of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and _C. c. +subsimus_ occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S +Americanos, 3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El +Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 (BSC); _1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, +3700 ft._, 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreon, +12. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops subsimus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in +south-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_, found to the +southwest, _subsimus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper +parts paler, more yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, +having more prominent ridges and crests and deeper fossae for +attachment of muscles; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; +rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; maxillary +teeth larger. From _C. c. subnubilus_, found to the south, _subsimus_ +differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +paler, more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger +in all respects. From _C. c. planifrons_, found at higher elevations +to the southeast, _subsimus_ differs in the same respects as +_subsimus_ differs from _subnubilus_. For comparisons between +_subsimus_ and subspecies to the west, north and northeast, see +accounts above. + + + +TABLE 1. ~Measurements of Adult Female Cratogeomys + from Coahuila, Mexico~ + + +Table legend: + Column A: No. av. or cat. no. + Column B: Total length + Column C: Length of tail + Column D: Length of hind foot + Column E: Condylobasal breadth + Column F: Zygomatic breadth + Column G: Length of palate + Column H: Breadth of rostrum + Column I: Length of nasals + Column J: Squamosal breadth + Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row + +======================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J K +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuna +52259 260 86 37 50.6 31.7 33.8 11.7 16.7 29.1 9.3 +52261 265 83 38 49.3 31.6 32.9 11.8 15.8 28.9 10.6 + + _C. c. bullatus_, vicinity of Nava +5 Av. 256 80 36 47.4 30.6 32.6 10.7 17.1 27.9 9.5 +Min. 242 72 35 47.0 30.6 32.3 10.0 16.5 27.5 9.2 +Max. 263 85 37 47.7 31.1 32.9 11.6 17.8 28.2 9.8 + + _C. c. ustulatus_, vicinity of Don Martin +8 Av. 273 74 36 51.4 33.5 35.4 11.8 18.8 30.1 10.0 +Min. 261 64 35 50.7 32.6 34.8 11.0 17.8 29.1 9.3 +Max. 280 83 38 52.1 34.1 36.5 12.5 19.2 30.8 10.6 + + _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas +4 Av. 296 85 39 50.9 33.0 34.6 11.5 18.0 29.6 9.4 +Min. 294 83 38 49.8 32.1 33.8 11.0 17.0 29.0 9.1 +Max. 298 86 39 51.8 33.8 35.0 11.6 18.6 30.1 9.6 + + _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo +3 Av. 276 79 37 50.4 31.7 34.6 10.9 18.2 30.0 9.1 +Min. 270 75 36 49.5 30.6 33.8 10.3 17.7 29.8 8.9 +Max. 288 85 39 51.4 32.4 35.2 11.4 18.5 30.1 9.2 + + _C. c. consitus_, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila +4 Av. 229 74 32 43.8 28.1 29.6 9.7 16.0 26.2 8.9 +Min. 226 68 31 42.6 27.3 29.4 9.4 15.5 25.7 8.1 +Max. 232 78 32 45.8 28.8 29.9 9.9 16.2 26.9 9.2 + + _C. c. excelsus_, 4 mi. N Acatita +4 Av. 284 82 37 51.4 34.1 35.4 11.6 18.9 31.2 9.5 +Min. 274 77 35 51.1 33.6 34.7 10.4 18.4 30.5 9.2 +Max. 291 86 38 51.6 34.9 36.1 12.1 20.1 31.7 9.9 + + _C. c. subsimus_, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras +34937 287 87 39 53.1 34.9 36.9 11.5 19.4 31.7 10.5 + + Jaral (BSC) +51049 295 104 40 53.2 34.1 36.9 12.6 18.7 29.7 10.0 + + _C. c. goldmani_, 1 mi. S Jimulco +55611 250 85 35 46.0 32.6 31.4 10.7 16.3 27.8 9.8 + + _C. c. subnubilus_, 1 mi. S Carneros +33128 220 65 29 40.8 27.9 27.2 8.7 12.7 24.7 8.1 + + 2 mi. W San Miguel +33132 222 65 30 40.4 26.3 26.6 8.1 13.2 24.5 8.4 + + 1 mi. N Agua Nueva +33127 220 74 29 41.8 24.6 28.4 8.3 14.2 23.9 8.4 + + 8 mi. N La Ventura +34934 235 76 30 42.2 27.9 28.5 9.0 14.3 26.3 7.8 + + _C. c. planifrons_, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas +5 Av. 244 66 32 43.7 28.0 29.1 9.4 14.5 26.2 8.6 +Min. 239 62 31 43.3 27.5 28.7 8.9 13.6 25.3 8.3 +Max. 247 69 33 44.3 28.5 9.4 9.7 15.3 26.8 8.9 +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +TABLE 2. ~Measurements of Adult Male Cratogeomys from Coahuila, Mexico~ + + +Table legend: + Column A: No. av. or cat. no. + Column B: Total length + Column C: Length of tail + Column D: Length of hind foot + Column E: Condylobasal breadth + Column F: Zygomatic breadth + Column G: Length of palate + Column H: Breadth of rostrum + Column I: Length of nasals + Column J: Squamosal breadth + Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row + +======================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J K +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuna +52260 275 89 39 55.0 34.4 37.0 12.6 20.0 30.9 10.4 + + _C. c. bullatus_, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava +48500 261 80 36 49.7 35.3 34.4 12.4 17.1 29.2 9.5 + + La Gacha +57028 250 76 34 49.9 34.0 34.4 11.5 16.6 28.4 9.3 + + _C. c. ustulatus_, Don Martin +34587 280 75 37 54.6 37.3 38.2 13.7 20.6 31.8 10.3 + + _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas +56605 311 80 42 56.9 38.7 40.1 13.3 21.0 32.3 9.9 + + _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo +56733 307 88 37 57.5 49.6 40.3 13.6 22.1 33.1 10.3 + + _C. c. consistus_, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino +54547 289 94 36 53.8 32.6 37.1 12.7 18.8 29.5 9.6 + + _C. c. excelsus_, 2 mi. E Torreon +40224 315 97 41 54.7 37.8 37.6 12.1 19.5 31.4 9.8 + + _C. c. subsimus_, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito +35772 315 105 40 56.4 35.3 39.5 12.5 20.8 33.8 10.6 + + 2 mi. N Santa Cruz +48517 316 89 40 58.2 37.9 40.3 14.1 21.7 34.8 10.3 + + _C. c. goldmani_, W foot Pico de Jimulco +55610 255 82 36 48.9 33.4 33.4 11.7 17.7 29.6 9.3 + + _C. c. subnubilus_, Carneros (BSC) +79484 247 86 34 45.3 30.9 30.8 9.6 15.7 28.4 8.5 + + 8 mi. N La Ventura +34932 250 79 34 46.3 31.8 31.0 9.6 16.4 28.7 8.4 + + _C. c. planifrons_, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo +35779 254 76 34 48.0 32.2 32.6 9.8 16.6 28.0 8.6 +35780 272 85 35 48.8 33.2 34.1 10.5 17.5 29.9 9.5 + + 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga +33122 255 72 35 47.0 32.3 31.2 10.5 15.5 28.7 9.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ is the largest known +subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in +size of body by _C. c. jucundus_ to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, +_subsimus_ is the most closely related to _excelsus_ and shows little +or no relationship to the smaller and darker _C. c. subnubilus_ and +_C. c. planifrons_, which are found at higher elevations to the south +and southeast, respectively. Movements by _subsimus_ to the north, +east, and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of +_subsimus_ from the northeastern part of its range are larger and +darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult +female, assigned to _subsimus_, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is +noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this +subspecies. + +_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ occurs in scattered colonies in +sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Rio Salinas. +Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra +Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 3 mi. E Muralla, +3800 ft., 3; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, +4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 ft., 4 (BSC); _Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S +Hipolito_, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and +5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 5000 ft., +1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6200 +ft., 1; _N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, +6500 ft._, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops goldmani+ Merriam + + +1895. _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, + January 31, type from Canitas, Zacatecas. + + +_Distribution._--Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into +extreme southwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_, +found to the east, _goldmani_ differs in: Body larger, tail and hind +foot longer; color paler, more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; +zygomata more widely flaring; palate larger; rostrum broader; nasals +longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops +rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, _goldmani_ +differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; +palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller. + +_Remarks._--Records of _goldmani_ given here extend the known range of +this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. Specimens +assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favorably with +topotypes of _goldmani_ (see tables 1 and 2) but are slightly paler, +and in this respect show some relationship to _excelsus_. The ranges +of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by mountainous +country in southern Coahuila. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 +ft., 1; _Valley Rio Aguanaval, 1 mi. S Jimulco_, 4; 1-1/2 mi. N +Parras, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 13, type from Carneros, 6800 + ft., Coahuila. + + +_Distribution._--Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern +Coahuila and probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and +Nuevo Leon (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ needs close +comparison only with _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_, found to the +east and from which _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, hind foot and skull +smaller; upper parts, in summer pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and +less dark russet; underparts paler, more whitish and less blackish; +hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; zygomata more widely +flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum broader, +especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth +greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth +smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, +found to the south in San Luis Potosi, _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, +hind foot and all parts of skull smaller; upper parts and underparts +darker, more blackish and less rufous. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ is the smallest +subspecies of _C. castanops_ (see tables 1 and 2). This subspecies is +dark and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep +valley soils in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated +plains. It is differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent +subspecies of _C. castanops_ than is usual in this species, and no +intergrades between _subnubilus_ and other subspecies have been taken. +In the Sierra Guadalupe, _subnubilus_ was trapped at 6700 feet within +twomiles of a place where _subsimus_ was taken at 6500 feet. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., +1; Domingo Canon, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W +General Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); _1 mi. S Carneros, +6000 ft._, 4; 2 mi. W San Miguel, 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, +6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 ft, 6 (BSC). + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops planifrons+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, + 5000 ft., Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo + Leon). + + +_Distribution._--Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of +extreme southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo +Leon and Western Tamaulipas (see fig. 1). + + +_Remarks._--Specimens from Coahuila assigned to _planifrons_ compare +favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are +slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see tables 1 and 2). This +small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than _subnubilus_ but +in other ways is most closely related to _subnubilus_. _Cratogeomys c. +planifrons_ shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, +including _tamaulipensis_, _subsimus_ and _rubellus_, all of which are +considerably larger and paler. + +_Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ is found in both deep and +shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; +in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high +as 8700 feet. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, +7500 ft, 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; _12 mi. W +San Antonio de las Alazanas_, 16; _12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 +ft._, 11; 2 mi. E and 2 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft, 2. + + + +_Transmitted August 23, 1954._ + + + +25-5679 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Emphasis Notation: + _text_ - italicized + +text+ - bold + ~text~ - small caps + +Possible Typos Corrected + Aquanaval => Aguanaval + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket +Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. 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