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diff --git a/33543-h/33543-h.htm b/33543-h/33543-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26f2429 --- /dev/null +++ b/33543-h/33543-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8980 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México, by William E. Duellman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .notes {background-color: #eeeeee; color: #000; padding: .5em; + margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .tocnum {position: absolute; top: auto; right: 20%;} + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .hangindent {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, +México, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: August 27, 2010 [EBook #33543] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES OF MICHOACAN *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.<br /> +<br /> +December 20, 1961<br /> +</p> + + + +<h1>The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1961<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br /> +<br /> +Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.<br /> +Published December 20, 1961<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +PRINTED IN<br /> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1961<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México</h2> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h3>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</h3> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<p> +<span class="tocnum">PAGE</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Introduction</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Acknowledgments</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Historical Account</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Natural Landscape</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Geography of the Herpetofauna</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Annotated List of Species</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amphibia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caudata</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Salientia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reptilia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Testudines</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crocodilia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sauria</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Serpentes</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Species of Questionable Occurrence</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Gazetteer</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Summary</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href="#SUMMARY">141</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Literature Cited</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>For almost 30 years North American herpetologists have been making +extensive collections of reptiles and amphibians in México. Some parts +of the country, because of their accessibility, soon became relatively +well known; other regions lying off the beaten path were bypassed or +inadequately sampled. Principally in the last decade herpetologists have +been entering regions from which no collections previously were +available in an attempt to fill gaps in known distributions and to +discover unknown species of animals. In 1950 Dr. Donald D. Brand led an +exploration party from the University of Texas to the poorly explored +and faunistically unknown region of southwestern Michoacán. James A. +Peters accompanied Brand and collected amphibians and reptiles. In 1951 +I welcomed the opportunity to accompany Brand on a second expedition to +southwestern Michoacán. Such was the beginning of my interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> in the +herpetofauna of the region. I have been fortunate to return to Michoacán +on four successive trips, all of which had as their purpose the +accumulation of data on the herpetofauna that would result in a survey +of the component species and an analysis of their distribution.</p> + +<p>My original intention was to amplify Peters' (1954) study based on the +collections made by him in 1950 and by me in 1951 in the Sierra de +Coalcomán. But it soon became evident that in order to understand the +relationships of the herpetofauna of the Sierra de Coalcomán, the +species inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley and adjacent mountain ranges +would have to be studied. In the course of making that study I examined +all specimens from Michoacán already in museums.</p> + +<p>There have been few detailed herpetofaunal studies in México. The first +such study of any consequence was that by Bogert and Oliver (1945) on +the herpetofauna of Sonora. In that paper the authors analyzed the fauna +from a geographic view and showed the transition from tropical species +in the southern part of the state to members of the Sonoran Desert +assemblage to the north. Martin (1958) made a detailed study of the +herpetofauna of the Gómez Farías region in southern Tamaulipas; he +emphasized the ecological distribution of amphibians and reptiles in +that region with special reference to cloud forests. Duellman (1958c) +presented a preliminary geographic analysis of the herpetofauna of +Colima with special reference to the continuity of the species +inhabiting the lowlands. Zweifel (1960) discussed in detail the +herpetofauna of the Tres Marías Islands and commented on the derivation +of the fauna. Duellman (1960d) provided a detailed account of the +geographic distribution of the amphibians known to occur in the lowlands +of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and attempted to account for the present +patterns of distribution.</p> + +<p>The present report is the first of two parts dealing with the +herpetofauna of Michoacán. The purpose of this part is to present a full +account of the species of amphibians and reptiles known to inhabit the +state of Michoacán; the accounts of the species are accompanied by a +brief description of the natural landscape and of the various +assemblages of species comprising the major faunistic groups within the +region. A gazetteer of collecting localities is appended. The second +part of the study, now in preparation, deals with the ecological and +historical geography of the herpetofauna. Since the present part will be +of interest primarily to systematic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> herpetologists, I have decided to +separate it from the more general material of interest to +biogeographers.</p> + +<p>One of the major problems that faces the worker undertaking a faunal +study is the presence of species or genera of unsettled systematic +status. My work in Michoacán has been no exception; fifteen separate +studies were undertaken in an attempt to solve systematic problems in +certain groups. Some systematic problems still remain but are of little +consequence insofar as the entire faunal picture is concerned, or are so +involved as to be impractical to undertake at this time. In accounts of +species, such problems are mentioned in the hope that they will interest +some worker who will be inclined to investigate them.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Acknowledgments</span></h3> + +<p>While engaged in the study of the herpetofauna of Michoacán I have built +up a debt of gratitude to many individuals, without whose aid my +ambition to complete my study never would have been realized. I am +especially grateful to those individuals who accompanied me in the +field; Lee D. Beatty, Richard E. Etheridge, Carter R. Gilbert, Fred G. +Thompson, Jerome Tulecke, and John Wellman offered stimulating +companionship and valuable assistance. On many occasions they suffered +hardships on behalf of my interests.</p> + +<p>Studies of my own specimens have been augmented by material from other +institutions. For permitting me to examine specimens in their care I am +indebted to W. Frank Blair, Charles M. Bogert, Doris M. Cochran, William +B. Davis, James R. Dixon, the late Emmett R. Dunn, Josef Eiselt, Alice +G. C. Grandison, Norman Hartweg, Robert F. Inger, Arthur Loveridge, the +late Karl P. Schmidt, Hobart M. Smith, Robert C. Stebbins, Margaret +Storey, Edward H. Taylor, and Richard G. Zweifel.</p> + +<p>Several people have aided me in the study of specimens and in the +analysis of data; I am grateful to Donald D. Brand, who first introduced +me to Michoacán; since that time I have benefited much from his +knowledge of the area. James A. Peters provided me with essential +information concerning his field work in southern Michoacán in 1950. +James R. Dixon and Floyd L. Downs have permitted me to use freely the +material and data that they accumulated in their recent field work in +Michoacán. Norman E. Hartweg allowed me to use the specimens and data +that he gathered in his survey of the herpetofauna in the region of +Volcán Parícutin. L. C. Stuart, Charles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> F. Walker, and Richard G. +Zweifel have helped in unraveling some of the systematic and +distributional problems.</p> + +<p>I am especially grateful to my wife, Ann, who for six months helped me +track down elusive species and explore new areas. Furthermore, she has +stimulated me to carry this study to completion.</p> + +<p>Many people in Michoacán favored the field parties with quarters, +transportation, and valuable information, which greatly facilitated the +field work. In this respect I am especially indebted to Ingeniero Ruben +Erbina of Ingenieros Civiles Asociados, who not only let us use his home +as our headquarters, but through a letter of introduction gave us the +"key" to southern Michoacán. Ingeniero Pedro Tonda aided us in Arteaga +and San Salvador. Ingeniero Anastacio Peréz Alfaro of the Comisión +Tepalcatepec in Uruapan provided the latest maps of southern Michoacán +and much essential information pertaining to travel conditions in the +area. Señor Nefty Mendoza gave us a home in Dos Aguas; this kindness +allowed us to work in this interesting region during the height of the +rainy season. Mr. and Mrs. Bob Thomas let us make use of their +facilities at Hacienda Zirimícuaro. The naval officers at the Estación +Marina at Playa Azul made pleasant what might have been a dreadful stay +in that small coastal village. To the managers and pilots of Lineas +Aereas Picho in Uruapan I owe special thanks for going out of their way +on more than one occasion to transport a stranded snake-hunter. +Throughout the months of field work beginning in 1955 I constantly have +been aided by the authorities and workers of the Comisión Tepalcatepec, +a subdivision of the Secretaria de Caminos y Obras Publicas, and of the +private corporation, Ingenieros Civiles Asociados. Much of the field +work in Michoacán was made possible only through the co-operation of the +natives who supplied mules, acted as guides, and aided in the collection +of specimens. I have learned a great deal from these people. They will +never see this report. Their work as guides, muleteers, and collectors +greatly assisted me with the mountains of equipment that had to be piled +on the backs of scrawny mules for transportation to places where the +natives seldom trod. Their efforts in behalf of Don Guillermo never will +be forgotten; I extend an especially hearty <i>muchas gracias</i> to +Benjamin, Ignacio, Jesús, Lorenzo, Mariano, and Remigio.</p> + +<p>Much of the work on this report was done while I was associated with the +Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. I thank Norman E. +Hartweg and T. H. Hubbell for making available<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> to me the facilities of +the museum and for their numerous courtesies that aided me so much.</p> + +<p>My field work in Michoacán was supported by the Museum of Zoology at the +University of Michigan (1951), by the Horace H. Rackham School of +Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan (1955), by the Penrose +Fund of the American Philosophical Society (1956), by the Bache Fund of +the National Academy of Sciences (1958), and by the University of Kansas +Endowment Association (1960).</p> + +<p>Permits for collecting specimens in México were provided by the +Dirección General de Caza through the courtesy of Ing. Juan Lozano +Franco and Luis Macías Arellano.</p> + + +<h3>Historical Account</h3> + +<p>Unlike many parts of southern México and northern Central America, +Michoacán received no attention from the collecting expeditions of the +European museums in the last century. The earliest known herpetological +specimens from Michoacán were obtained by Louis John Xantus, who was +appointed U. S. Consul to Colima in 1859. In April, 1863, Xantus +collected at Volcán Jorullo in Michoacán; in April and May of the same +year he collected along the coast of Michoacán between the Río Cachán +and the Río Nexpa. His small collection of 19 extant specimens is in the +United States National Museum. Alfredo Dugès, a resident of Guanajuato, +México, made early contributions to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of +Michoacán. In 1885 he described <i>Sonora michoacanensis</i>, and in 1891 he +described <i>Eumeces altamirani</i>; from what is known of the distribution +of these species, he probably had collected in the Tepalcatepec Valley. +During their biological survey of México, Edward W. Nelson and Edward A. +Goldman spent a limited amount of time in Michoacán in 1892 and again in +1903 and 1904. Most of their collecting was done on the plateau in the +north-central part of the state; their collections are in the United +States National Museum. While collecting fishes in southern México, Seth +E. Meek obtained some amphibians and reptiles from Lago de Pátzcuaro in +1904; these are in the collections of the Chicago Natural History +Museum. In 1908 Hans Gadow ventured into the then unexplored "tierra +caliente" of the Balsas Valley and collected at Volcán Jorullo and other +localities in the valley. Later in the same year he collected at +Guayabo, San Salvador, and Arteaga in the Sierra de Coalcomán and at +Buena Vista and Cofradía<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> in the Tepalcatepec Valley. His collections +were deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) and the +Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.</p> + +<p>The first thirty years of the present century saw little more field work +in Michoacán. In the 1930's Edward H. Taylor and Hobart M. Smith +collected throughout much of México. At various times they worked in +Michoacán, principally along the road from México City to Guadalajara. +In 1935 Hobart M. Smith spent a week at Hacienda El Sabino south of +Uruapan; he revisited the locality again in 1936 and made a large and +important collection of amphibians and reptiles from the upper limits of +the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Specimens +collected by Smith and Taylor were incorporated into the Edward H. +Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection, which subsequently was deposited in +part in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Illinois and +in part in the Chicago Natural History Museum. In 1939 Hobart M. Smith +collected at Pátzcuaro and between Uruapan and Apatzingán; these +collections, made while he was a Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholar of the +Smithsonian Institution, are deposited in the United States National +Museum. In 1940 and 1941 Frederick A. Shannon, who was a member of the +Hoogstraal Expeditions under the auspices of the Chicago Natural History +Museum, collected on Cerro de Tancítaro and at Apatzingán; an account of +the specimens collected there was published by Schmidt and Shannon +(1947).</p> + +<p>The eruption of Volcán Parícutin in February, 1943, attracted the +attention of many biologists, a group of which from the Museum of +Zoology at the University of Michigan collected in the Cordillera +Volcánica in 1945 and 1947. The amphibians and reptiles were collected +and studied by Norman E. Hartweg. In 1950 James A. Peters accompanied +Donald D. Brand on a preliminary exploration of the western part of the +Sierra de Coalcomán and adjacent Pacific coast of Michoacán; in the same +year Peters collected also on the Mexican Plateau and at Volcán Jorullo. +His specimens are in the Museum of Zoology at the University of +Michigan. Since 1950 many biologists have collected in Michoacán in the +course of work on certain groups of animals or in general surveys. In +this way Raymond Alcorn, Robert W. Dickerman, James R. Dixon, Floyd L. +Downs, Emmet T. Hooper, and Robert R. Miller have contributed to our +knowledge of the herpetofauna.</p> + +<p>As stated previously, my own field work in Michoacán began in 1951, when +I accompanied Donald D. Brand on an exploring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> expedition to the +southern part of the state. In that year a short time was spent on the +Mexican Plateau, principally in the area around Lago de Cuitzeo, and at +Volcán Jorullo. In July and August we made our headquarters at +Coalcomán. From that town the field party travelled southward to Maruata +on the Pacific coast and thence back over the mountains to Coalcomán. +Later in that summer we travelled by mule from Coalcomán southeastward +to the mouth of the Río Nexpa. In 1955, accompanied by Lee D. Beatty, +Carter R. Gilbert, and Fred G. Thompson, I collected in the Tepalcatepec +Valley and at Coalcomán. We made a mule trip from Coalcomán to Cerro de +Barolosa, where we made the first collections from the pine-fir forests +in the Sierra de Coalcomán. Later in the same summer Carter R. Gilbert +and I spent a week at Playa Azul on the Pacific coast. In March, April, +and May, 1956, my wife and I collected for a short time in the +Cordillera Volcánica and on the Mexican Plateau. In early April we moved +into the Tepalcatepec Valley, where we collected intensively between +Churumuco and Tepalcatepec. In May we collected on the Pacific coast +between Boca de Apiza and La Placita. In July and August, 1956, +accompanied by Richard E. Etheridge, we returned to Michoacán and again +collected on the Mexican Plateau and in the Cordillera Volcánica, before +moving into the Tepalcatepec Valley. In an attempt to fill in gaps in +the known distributions of many species and to sample the fauna in some +previously uncollected areas, I returned to Michoacán in June, 1958. +Accompanied by Jerome B. Tulecke and John Wellman, I collected on the +Mexican Plateau in the northwestern part of the state, on the southern +slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica, and in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Most +of our time was spent in the Sierra de Coalcomán, where we collected at +Aguililla, Artega, and Dos Aguas. In 1960 two days were spent in +Michoacán; a small collection was made in the eastern part of the +Cordillera Volcánica. With the exception of the specimens collected in +1960, which are at the Museum of Natural History at the University of +Kansas, the specimens that I have collected in Michoacán are in the +Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NATURAL LANDSCAPE</h2> + + +<p>A proper understanding of the geographical distribution of animals in a +given region is possible only after a thorough acquaintance with the +geography of the region. Likewise, in order to gain a knowledge of the +ecological distribution and relationships of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> components of the +fauna, it is necessary to study the animals in their natural +environments. In order to give the reader a picture of the physical +features and the major animal habitats within the state of Michoacán, +the following brief description is offered. Each of these facets +mentioned below will be elaborated in detail in my final report on the +herpetofauna of Michoacán.</p> + + +<h3>Physiography</h3> + +<p>The state of Michoacán comprises an area of 60,093 square kilometers +(Vivó, 1953). Within this area the rugged terrain has a total relief of +nearly 4000 meters. There have been several attempts to classify the +physiographic provinces of México; the classification used here is a +slight modification of the scheme proposed by Tamayo (1949). I have +tried to keep the system as simple as possible, but still useful in +discussing the distribution of animals living in the region. For general +purposes the state of Michoacán can be divided into lowlands and +highlands as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Lowlands</span><br /></span> +<span class="i2">Pacific Coastal Plain<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Highlands</span><br /></span> +<span class="i2">Mexican Plateau<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Cordillera Volcánica<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Sierra de Coalcomán<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Although the lowlands in the state are continuous, they are only +narrowly connected and thus form two distinct physiographic and biotic +areas. The Pacific Coastal Plain in Michoacán extends for a distance of +about 200 kilometers (airline) from the Río Coahuayana to the Río +Balsas. The coastal plain is broad between the Río Coahuayana and San +Juan de Lima, and between Las Peñas and the Río Balsas, where the hills +rise some 12 kilometers inland from the sea. Between San Juan de Lima +and Las Peñas the mountains extend to the sea; in this region rocky +promontories form precipitous cliffs dropping into the sea. Between the +promontories are small sandy or rocky beaches.</p> + +<p>Lying to the north of the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Sierra del Sur, +but south of the Cordillera Volcánica, is a broad structural depression, +the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. The western part of this basin, which +separates the Sierra de Coalcomán from the Cordillera Volcánica, is the +valley of the Río Tepalcatepec, a major tributary of the Río Balsas. The +eastern part of the basin is the valley of the Río Balsas. From the +point of junction of the two rivers, the Río Balsas flows southward +through a narrow gorge,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> which separates the Sierra de Coalcomán from +the Sierra del Sur, to the Pacific Ocean. In Michoacán the floor of the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin varies from 200 to 700 meters above sea level.</p> + +<p>The central part of México is a vast table-land, the Mexican Plateau, +the southern part of which extends into northern Michoacán. In this +region the terrain is rolling and varies from 1500 to 1900 meters above +sea level. Many small mountain ranges rise from the plateau and break +the continuity of the rolling table-land. Located on the southern part +of the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán are several lakes, the largest of +which are Lago de Chapala, Lago de Cuitzeo, and Lago de Pátzcuaro.</p> + +<p>Bordering the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau is a nearly unbroken +chain of volcanos, the Cordillera Volcánica. The highest peaks in +Michoacán, Cerro San Andrés (3930 meters) and Cerro de Tancítaro (3870 +meters), are in this range. Parts of the Cordillera Volcánica in +Michoacán are known by separate names; these are, from west to east: +Sierra de los Tarascos, Sierra de Ozumatlán, and Serranía de Ucareo.</p> + +<p>Lying between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the Pacific Ocean, and east of +the Río Coahuayana and west of the Río Balsas, is an isolated highland +mass, the Sierra de Coalcomán. This mountain range rises to elevations +of slightly more than 3000 meters. It has a length of about 200 +kilometers and a width of about 80 kilometers. Except for a relatively +low connection with the Cordillera Volcánica, the Sierra de Coalcomán is +isolated from other mountain ranges in southwestern México.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Climate</span></h3> + +<p>The climates in Michoacán vary from tropical in the lowlands to cool +temperate at high elevations in the Sierra de Coalcomán and Cordillera +Volcánica. The highest temperatures are known in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec +Basin, where at Churumuco the mean annual temperature is 29.3° C. and +the range of monthly means is 3.5° C. (Contreras, 1942). Frosts occur +sporadically on the Mexican Plateau, and in the winter snow falls on the +highest mountains.</p> + +<p>Precipitation varies geographically and seasonally. Most of the rain +falls between June and October. In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin +rainfall in the rest of the year is negligible. The annual average +rainfall at Coahuayana on the Pacific Coastal Plain is 871 mm. +(Guzmán-Rivas, 1957:52). In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin rainfall +seldom exceeds 800 mm. per year. In the mountains precipitation is +heavier and somewhat more evenly distributed throughout the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> year, but +still definitely cyclic. For example, Uruapan (elevation, 1500 meters) +receives an average annual rainfall of 1674 mm. (Contreras, 1942). The +prevailing winds are from the Pacific Ocean. The southern (windward) +slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán probably receive more rain than any +other part of the state. The Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin lies in a rain +shadow of the Sierra de Coalcomán, and the Mexican Plateau lies in a +somewhat less drastic rain shadow of the Cordillera Volcánica; these are +the driest regions in the state.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Vegetation and Animal Habitats</span></h3> + +<p>For the purposes of this report I have adopted the classification of +types of vegetation that seem to me most significant in terms of +ecological distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Michoacán. These +types are as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Temperate</span> (1000-4000 meters)<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Fir Forest (2400-4000 meters)<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Pine-oak Forest (1000-4000 meters)<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Mesquite-grassland (1500-2100 meters)<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Tropical</span> (0-1000 meters)<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Arid Tropical Scrub Forest (0-1000 meters)<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Tropical Semi-deciduous Forest (150-600 meters)<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The vegetation of the Pacific Coastal Plain and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec +Basin consists of arid tropical scrub forest, composed of deciduous +trees, which in many places are stunted and widely spaced. In the dry +season there is little cover provided by this forest. In the rainy +season there is a sparse growth of grasses and some shade provided by +the small leaves of the thorny trees.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán the rainfall is heaviest on the southern slopes of the +Sierra de Coalcomán and somewhat less so on the southwestern slopes of +the Cordillera Volcánica. At these relatively low elevations (150 to 600 +meters) there is tropical semi-deciduous forest, characterized by +relatively dense shade throughout the year and by a leaf mulch on the +ground. This type of forest forms the gallery forest along the larger +streams in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin and on the Pacific Coastal +Plain.</p> + +<p>Rainfall also is heavy on the high mountain ridges, where temperatures +are low. On these ridges, fir forest, often mixed with pine and oaks, is +found. This habitat is characterized by a cool, moist climate, many +rotting logs, and a moist ground cover of leaves and needles.</p> + +<p>Most of the mountains are covered with pine-oak forest, which in most +places is decidedly subhumid, but where this forest occurs on the +windward sides of high ridges, it sometimes is noticeably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> humid. In +this forest the important animal habitats include the needle- and +leaf-litter, and in some areas, bromeliads.</p> + +<p>The rolling terrain of the Mexican Plateau supports cacti, small +leguminous trees, and grasses. Like the arid tropical scrub forest, this +type of vegetation, the Mesquite-grassland association, is deciduous and +thus provides little shelter in the dry season. Unlike the areas in +which arid tropical scrub forest is developed, the Mesquite-grassland is +found in areas having warm days and cool nights.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA</h2> + + +<p>Although the main part of my final report on the herpetofauna of +Michoacán will deal with the geographical and ecological patterns of +distribution of the herpetofauna, a brief summary of the faunal +assemblages is presented here.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán there are two major faunal assemblages, one in the +lowlands, and one in the highlands. A large number of the species +inhabiting the lowlands are wide-ranging species, such as <i>Bufo +marinus</i>, <i>Iguana iguana</i>, and <i>Boa constrictor</i>. Sixty-three species +are known to occur on the Pacific Coastal Plain; 41 of these, together +with 36 others occur in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, a physiographic +region to which several species of reptiles are endemic; for example, +<i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i>, <i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>, <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>, +and <i>Eumeces altamirani</i>.</p> + +<p>Generally speaking, the members of the highland faunal assemblage have +more restricted geographic ranges. The major exceptions are those +species that are widely distributed on the Mexican Plateau, such as: +<i>Bufo compactilis</i>, <i>Sceloporus torquatus</i>, and <i>Salvadora bairdi</i>. In +the montane habitats of the Cordillera Volcánica, 45 species of +amphibians and reptiles are known; 34 species have been found in the +Sierra de Coalcomán. Fourteen species are known to occur in both ranges. +Several species are known only from the Cordillera Volcánica and +adjacent highlands, and three species are endemic to the Sierra de +Coalcomán.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES</h2> + + +<p>In the following pages the 176 species and subspecies of amphibians and +reptiles known to occur in the state of Michoacán are discussed in +relation to their variation, life histories, ecology, and distribution +in the state. Data have been gathered from 9676 specimens. I have not +prolonged the accounts of species with information that has been +presented elsewhere. Consequently, the length and completeness of the +accounts are variable. I have given only the information that I consider +a worthwhile contribution to our knowledge of the particular species.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p>The synonymies given at the beginning of each account include the first +use of the trivial name by the original author, the first usage of the +combination that I am using, and, if the circumstances make it +necessary, additional names or combinations that have been proposed +since the publication of the checklists of Mexican amphibians and +reptiles by Smith and Taylor (1945, 1948, and 1950b). References cited +only in the synonymies are not listed in the Literature Cited. Preceding +the discussion of each species is an alphabetical list of the localities +in Michoacán from which specimens have been examined. The listing of a +locality means that one or more specimens, as indicated, has been +examined from that locality. Only for those specimens especially +mentioned in the text are catalogue numbers given. Abbreviations for the +various museums and scientific collections are, as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">AMNH American Museum of Natural History<br /></span> +<span class="i0">ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia<br /></span> +<span class="i0">BMNH British Museum (Natural History)<br /></span> +<span class="i0">CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum<br /></span> +<span class="i0">EHT-HMS Edward H. Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection<br /></span> +<span class="i0">JRD James R. Dixon collection, College Station, Texas<br /></span> +<span class="i0">KU University of Kansas Museum of Natural History<br /></span> +<span class="i0">MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology<br /></span> +<span class="i0">MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology<br /></span> +<span class="i0">NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien<br /></span> +<span class="i0">SU Stanford University Museum of Natural History<br /></span> +<span class="i0">TCWC Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection<br /></span> +<span class="i0">UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of Natural History<br /></span> +<span class="i0">UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology<br /></span> +<span class="i0">USNM United States National Museum<br /></span> +<span class="i0">UTNHC University of Texas Natural History Collection<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Throughout the accounts of the species all measurements are given in +millimeters; if the range of variation is given, the mean follows in +parentheses.</p> + + +<h3>AMPHIBIA</h3> + +<h4>Caudata</h4> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma amblycephalum</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ambystoma amblycephala</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26: 420, November 27, 1940.—Fifteen kilometers west of +Morelia, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Fifteen km. W of Morelia (19); 11 km. SSE of Opopeo (12); 8 +km. S of Pátzcuaro; 24 km. S of Pátzcuaro (2); Quiroga (20); +Tacícuaro (167).</p></div> + +<p>Taylor and Smith (1945:530) presented data on 137 specimens collected at +Tacícuaro on October 1, 1939; these are all larvae and metamorphosing +individuals. Aside from these, the largest larva examined (UMMZ 104962 +from 15 km. W of Morelia) has a snout-vent length of 70.0 mm. and a tail +length of 53.5 mm. The larvae are pale pinkish tan above and somewhat +paler below; there is a lateral row of cream colored spots. The +tail-fin, which is deepest at mid-length, extends to the back of the +head and is flecked with brown. In small larvae the outer edge of the +tail-fin is dark brown. The eyes are large. Two small metamorphosed +specimens (UMMZ 98967) from 24 kilometers south of Pátzcuaro are +tentatively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> referred to this species. These specimens have body lengths +of 49.0 and 45.0 mm. and tail lengths of 36.0 and 31.5 mm., +respectively. They have 17-17 and 16-15 vomerine teeth arranged in a +broad arch behind the choanae, 10 costal grooves, and 7 intercostal +spaces between adpressed toes. The dorsal color is uniform brown; that +of the venter is a dusty cream.</p> + +<p>Larvae were collected from shallow ponds near Quiroga and 15 kilometers +west of Morelia; metamorphosed individuals were taken from beneath logs +in pine and fir forests at elevations from 2300 to 2800 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma dumerili dumerili</b> (Dugès)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Siredon Dumerili</i> Dugès, La Naturaleza, 1:241, 1870—Lago +de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Bathysiredon dumerilii</i>, Dunn, Notulae Naturae, 36:1, +November 9, 1939.</p> + +<p><i>Bathysiredon dumerilii dumerilii</i>, Maldonado-Koerdell, Mem. +y Rev. Acad. Nac. Cien., 56:199, 1948.</p> + +<p><i>Ambystoma</i> (<i>Bathysiredon</i>) <i>dumerili</i>, Tihen, Bull. +Florida State Mus., 3:3, June 20, 1958.</p> + +<p>Lago de Pátzcuaro (22);? Morelia.</p></div> + +<p>For many years this unusual salamander was known from only a few +specimens mostly collected in the last century; Smith and Taylor +(1948:7) stated: "It is presumed that this species is extinct owing to +the introduction of exotic game and food fishes." In 1951 and in 1955 I +had been told that <i>axolotls</i> were sold in the market at Pátzcuaro; +nevertheless, none was found on my visits there. In 1956 Charles M. +Bogert obtained several large specimens at the market in Pátzcuaro. +These establish the continued existence of the salamander in Lago de +Pátzcuaro. On January 27, 1955, R. W. Dickerman procured a specimen (KU +41573) in the market at Morelia. Since fish are brought to Morelia from +Lago de Pátzcuaro, the specimen probably was from that lake. +Nevertheless, the species may occur in other permanent bodies of water +in Michoacán. Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) described <i>Bathysiredon dumerili +queretarensis</i> from San Juan del Río, Queretaro. This locality is about +200 airline kilometers northeast of Lago de Pátzcuaro and is in the Río +Moctezuma drainage.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma ordinarium</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ambystoma ordinaria</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26:422, November 27, 1940.—Four miles west of El Mirador, +near Puerto Hondo, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Axolotl (56); Cerro San Andrés; 22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; 46 +km. E of Morelia (34); 8 km. SE of Opopeo (5); Puerto de +Garnica (8); Puerto Hondo (41); San Gregorio (16); San José +de la Cumbre (20).</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p>Of 16 specimens (KU 51520-35) collected on June 18, 1955, near San +Gregorio, 15 are adult females with swollen cloacae and minute ovarian +eggs. Possibly these specimens had just recently deposited their mature +eggs. In preservative the specimens are black above and dull creamy gray +below. Measurements for the 15 females are: snout-vent length, +80.0-102.0 (92.5); tail length, 69.0-93.0 (84.2); head width, 15.8-20.5 +(17.7); head length, 22.8-26.6 (24.4). A larval specimen with small +gills has a snout-vent length of 72 mm. and a tail length of 62 mm. +Three specimens have 12 costal grooves; the other have 11.</p> + +<p>Of 20 specimens from San José de la Cumbre (UMMZ 112857 and 115143), 14 +are neotenic adults; the others are larvae. In life the salamanders were +blackish to olive-brown above with scattered cream-colored dots on the +dorsum and flanks but in preservative are dull grayish black with +indistinct pale spots and dark reticulations. The belly is pale gray +with indistinct dark spots. Eleven females and three males have the +following measurements, respectively: snout-vent length, 76.0-90.0 +(80.7), 64.0-84.0 (74.3); tail length, 70.0-81.0 (75.0), 58.0-71.0 +(66.7); head width, 19.5-23.5 (20.7), 17.5-20.5 (19.3); head length, +22.0-25.0 (23.0), 20.0-22.5 (21.5). The smallest larva has a snout-vent +length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 38.0 mm. Two individuals have 12 +costal grooves; the others have 11. All of the females contained eggs, +the largest of which were 1.5 mm. in diameter. The stomachs of most of +the specimens were distended with oligochaets, aquatic insect larvae, +and small aquatic beetles.</p> + +<p>A series of 34 larvae (JRD 5904-37) from 46 kilometers east of Morelia +are tentatively referred to this species. These specimens are +olive-brown above with cream-colored spots on the flanks; the dorsal +tail-fin does not extend onto the body.</p> + +<p>This species has been found only at elevations in excess of 2400 meters +in pine and fir forests. At Rancho Axolotl James A. Peters collected +larvae and neotenic individuals in a rocky stream and adults from +beneath rocks and logs in the forest near the stream. Neotenic +individuals and larvae were found in a clear stream in pine-fir forest +at an elevation of 2700 meters near San José de la Cumbre; specimens +were collected there in July, 1955, and again in July, 1956. The site +was visited in April, 1956, at which time the stream consisted of only a +few puddles; no salamanders were found.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma tigrinum velasci</b> Dugès</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ambystoma velasci</i> Dugès, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:142, +1888.—Laguna Santa Isabel, near Guadalupe Hidalgo, Distrito +Federal, México.</p> + +<p><i>Ambystoma tigrinum velasci</i>, Dunn, Copeia, no. 3:157, +November 14, 1940.</p> + +<p>Pátzcuaro (5); Tacícuaro (9).</p></div> + +<p>Definite specific assignment of these specimens, all larvae, cannot be +made at this time. They have shovel-shaped heads and laterally +compressed bodies with the dorsal tail-fin extending anteriorly to the +back of the head. The eyes are small. The body is pale tan with dark +mottling on the tail and flanks. The average snout-vent length for nine +specimens from Tacícuaro is 61.0 mm.</p> + +<p>The larvae from Tacícuaro (UMMZ 89255) were collected by Dyfrig Forbes +in October, 1939; those from Pátzcuaro, presumably Lago de Pátzcuaro +(BMNH 1914.1.28-247-8 and CNHM 948), were collected by Hans Gadow and +Seth Meek in 1908.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pseudoeurycea belli</b> (Gray)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Spelerpes belli</i> Gray, Catalogue Batrachia Gradientia +British Museum, p. 46, 1850.—México. Type locality +restricted to 2 miles east of Río Frío, Puebla, México, by +Smith and Taylor (1950a:341).</p> + +<p><i>Pseudoeurycea bellii</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +30:209, June 12, 1944.</p> + +<p>Axolotl (2); Carapan; Cerro Tancítaro (84); Macho de Agua; +22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; Opopeo; Pátzcuaro (8); Puerto Hondo +(2): San José de la Cumbre; San Juan de Parangaricutiro +(42); Uruapan (5); Zacapu (4).</p></div> + +<p>This salamander seems to reach its greatest abundance in Michoacán in +the Sierra de los Tarascos between Pátzcuaro and Tancítaro, where it is +found at elevations from 1500 to 2900 meters. It is found less commonly +in the eastern part of the Cordillera Volcánica in Michoacán, where it +sometimes occurs in association with <i>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</i>.</p> + +<p>On June 22 and 23, 1955, four clutches of eggs of this species were +found beneath adobe bricks and rocks on the volcanic ash that has buried +the village of San Juan de Parangaricutiro. The eggs were unstalked and +separate, but adherent in clumps of three or four (Pl. 2, Fig. 1). The +outer membranes were covered with fine particles of ash. The ash beneath +the stones where the eggs were found was only slightly moist; one clump +of eggs was partially desiccated. Three complete clutches have 20, 23, +and 34 eggs; one clutch of 15 eggs was being eaten by beetles +(Tenebrionidae: <i>Eleodes</i> sp.). The eggs vary in size from 4.6 to 6.5 +mm. and average 5.3 mm. in diameter. They are unpigmented. Surrounding +the embryo is a vitelline membrane, an inner, and an outer envelope +(Fig. 1). In an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> average-sized egg having an embryo 4 mm. in length, the +diameter of the outer membrane is 5.3 mm., the inner membrane 5.0 mm., +and the vitelline membrane 4.6 mm. All of the eggs contained embryos in +which the limb buds were developed; in about half of these the eyes were +distinctly visible.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig1.jpg" width="400" height="391" alt="Fig. 1. Diagram of an egg of Pseudoeurycea belli from +San Juan de Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. × 10." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Diagram of an egg of Pseudoeurycea belli from +San Juan de Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. × 10.</span> +</div> + +<p>The first heavy rain of the season occurred on the night of June 22, +1955. Thus, at least sometimes, <i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i> lays its eggs +before the onset of the rainy season. A female having a snout-vent +length of 110 mm., collected on June 22, 1955, contained 36 ovarian eggs +having diameters from 3.0 to 3.5 mm. The fact that small juveniles were +collected on the same date indicates that this salamander lays eggs over +a period of several weeks in late spring and early summer.</p> + +<p>The smallest juvenile examined has a snout-vent length of 17.0 mm. and a +tail length of 7.5 mm. Twelve juveniles from the vicinity of San Juan de +Parangaricutiro have an average snout-vent length of 19.4 mm. and an +average tail length of 9.7 mm. In juveniles the adpressed limbs either +touch or overlap by one intercostal space; in adults there are two or +three intercostal spaces between adpressed toes. Therefore the greatest +number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs is found in the +largest specimens. A similar relationship between adpressed limbs (= +length of limbs) and snout-vent length was shown for <i>Plethodon +richmondi</i> by Duellman (1954a). The number of vomerine teeth is +variable; the number of teeth seems to be closely correlated with the +size of the salamander (Fig. 2). A similar correlation between the +number of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> maxillary teeth and body length was reported for +<i>Chiropterotriton multidentatus</i> by Rabb (1958). In 12 juvenile +<i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i> there are 6-13 (8.8) vomerine teeth, and in 11 +adults having snout-vent lengths greater than 90 mm. there are 39-49 +(44.0) vomerine teeth. The coloration of the juveniles resembles that of +the adults (Pl. 1).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> +<img src="images/fig2.jpg" width="650" height="288" alt="Fig. 2. Correlation between the number of vomerine teeth +and snout-vent length in 79 Pseudoeurycea belli from Michoacán." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Correlation between the number of vomerine teeth +and snout-vent length in 79 Pseudoeurycea belli from Michoacán.</span> +</div> + +<p>The differences between this species and <i>Pseudoeurycea gigantea</i> are +minor. Taylor (1939a) distinguished <i>gigantea</i> from <i>belli</i> by the +larger size, fewer intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs, more +vomerine teeth, and absence of occipital spots in <i>gigantea</i>. Taylor and +Smith (1945) stated that in life the spots in <i>gigantea</i> are orange +instead of red as in <i>belli</i>. Five specimens of <i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i> +from Michoacán, including one juvenile, lack occipital spots. In the 34 +living individuals that I have seen from Michoacán the spots varied from +deep red to orange. Therefore, of the characters listed by Taylor (<i>op. +cit.</i>) to diagnose <i>Pseudoeurycea gigantea</i>, only the over-all larger +size and smaller number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs (= +relatively longer limbs) are useful in separating <i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i> +and <i>gigantea</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</b> (Taylor)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Oedipus robertsi</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:287, +July 10, 1939.—Nevado de Toluca, México.</p> + +<p><i>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +30:209, June 12, 1944.</p> + +<p>Atzimba (3); Macho de Agua (9); Puerto Lengua de Vaca (14).</p></div> + +<p>Previously this species has been recorded only from the type locality. +In July, 1956, individuals referable to this species were found at two +sites in pine-fir forest immediately to the east of Macho de Agua and in +pine-oak-fir forest at Atzimba. On August 20, 1958,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> a series was +collected in pine-fir forest at Puerto Lengua de Vaca. These localities +are between 2900 and 3000 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica in eastern +Michoacán.</p> + +<p>In life the coloration of these salamanders was highly variable. The +belly and undersurfaces of the tail and hind limbs were pale gray, with +or without silvery white flecks; the chin was a cream-color and flecked +with silvery white in some specimens. The middorsal area was brown, +orange-brown, or dull grayish yellow. The flanks and lateral surfaces of +the tail were black with yellowish flecks or streaks on the flanks and +yellowish or orange-brown flecks on the tail. The iris was golden brown. +Measurements of eight males and two females are, respectively: +snout-vent length, 42.5-56.0 (49.5), 54.0-60.0 (57.0); tail length, +42.0-56.0 (48.1), 52.0-55.0 (53.5). The smallest juvenile has a +snout-vent length of 28.0 mm. and a tail length of 23.0 mm. Of the 26 +available specimens, six have 12 costal grooves, and the others have 11.</p> + +<p>In comparison with 36 topotypes, the specimens from Michoacán have a +less striking dorsal color pattern; none has a well-defined dorsal +reddish brown area or bold reddish mottling on the tail. Furthermore, +the specimens from Michoacán have paler venters than do topotypic +specimens.</p> + + +<p>Salientia</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rhinophrynus dorsalis</b> Duméril and Bibron</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rhinophrynus dorsalis</i> Duméril and Bibron, Erpétologie +générale, vol. 8:758, 1841.—Veracruz, Veracruz, México.</p> + +<p>Mouth of the Río Balsas (10).</p></div> + +<p>These specimens (BMNH 1914.1.28.181-90) were collected by Gadow in 1908 +and reported by him (1930:72): "Whilst this very sluggish termite-eating +toad is common enough in the sweltering hot country of the state of Vera +Cruz, up to an elevation of 1500 feet, it was unknown on the west side +of the Isthmus until I found it in great numbers near the mouth of the +Balsas River, in and near fresh-water pools, where it attracted +attention by its loud peculiar voice during the pairing season in the +month of July." Subsequently, Peters (1954:3) verified the +identification of these specimens. Although torrential rains fell during +the week in July, 1955, that I spent at Playa Azul near the mouth of the +Río Balsas, the distinctive voice of <i>Rhinophrynus</i> was not heard. +Elsewhere on the Pacific coast of México adult <i>Rhinophrynus</i> have been +reported only from Tehuantepec and a few localities on the coastal +lowlands of Chiapas. Taylor (1942b:37) found on the coast of Guerrero a +tadpole that was referred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> to the genus <i>Rhinophrynus</i> by Orton (1943). +In the summer of 1960 adults of <i>Rhinophrynus</i> were collected near +Acapulco, Guerrero (Fouquette, <i>in litt.</i>). These recent collections +verify the existence of the species along the Pacific lowlands of México +at least as far north as Michoacán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Scaphiopus multiplicatus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 15:52, June 8, 1863.—Valley of México.</p> + +<p><i>Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus</i>, Kellogg, Bull. U. S. +Natl. Mus., 160:22, March 31, 1932.</p> + +<p>Angahuan (5); Cuitzeo (4); Cuseño Station (2); Jiquilpan +(9); Morelia (7); Pátzcuaro (3); Quiroga; Tarécuaro; Uruapan +(24); Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>This small toad has been found at elevations between 1500 and 2500 +meters on the Mexican Plateau and associated mountain ranges; it occurs +in mesquite-grassland and in pine forests. Calling males and females +laden with eggs have been collected in the rainy season in the months of +July and August. The call is a medium-pitched snore. In living +individuals the dorsal ground color varies from pale brown to gray with +dark brown or olive-brown markings. In many individuals the tips of the +small dorsal pustules are red.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bufo coccifer</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo coccifer</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +18:130, 1866—Arriba, Costa Rica.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (27); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (5).</p></div> + +<p>In life the dorsal color pattern consists of a yellowish tan ground +color with dark brown spots; the middorsal stripe is deep yellow or +cream color. The venter is a dusty cream color, and the iris is pale +gold. Males have dark brown horny nuptial tuberosities on the thumb. The +following measurements are of 21 males and four females, respectively: +snout-vent length, 43.5-51.7 (48.1), 55.6-62.6 (59.1); tibia length, +16.6-18.8 (17.6), 18.8-20.3 (19.3); head width, 16.7-19.7 (18.4), +20.6-22.2 (21.4); head length, 13.8-16.6 (14.8), 16.5-18.2 (17.3).</p> + +<p>The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley differ slightly from +specimens from southeastern México and Central America. Those from +Michoacán have low and narrow cranial crests; in about one-half of the +specimens the occipital crest exists only as a row of tubercles, and in +some the postorbital and suborbital crests are barely discernible. +Specimens from the southern part of the range, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, +have much higher and thicker cranial crests; in these the occipital +crest is well defined and extends posteriorly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> to a point back of the +anterior edge of the parotid gland; the postorbital and suborbital +crests are well marked. Of 48 specimens from Esquipulas, Guatemala, all +have high crests, but these are not so well developed as in ten +specimens from Matagalpa, Nicaragua, and three from various localities +in Costa Rica. Six specimens from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, have cranial +crests that are lower than those in specimens from Guatemala. In three +of the specimens from Tehuantepec the occipital crests are reduced to a +series of tubercles. Of six specimens from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, +four have poorly developed occipital crests. These observations suggest +the presence of a cline in the development of the cranial crests; +specimens have higher crests in the southern part of the range than in +the northern part.</p> + +<p>In México <i>Bufo coccifer</i> has been collected only in semi-xeric +habitats, but to the south, from Guatemala to Costa Rica, it has been +found in more upland and humid habitats. Southern specimens are darker +than those from the north, a possible correlation with the differences +in habitat.</p> + +<p>These toads probably range throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley, but they +are unknown from the coast of Michoacán. Breeding choruses were found +after heavy rains on June 24, 1955, and on August 2, 1956. The first was +in a muddy ditch; the second was in a flooded grassy field. The call is +a high-pitched, but not loud, "whirrr." Males were calling from the edge +of the water or from clumps of grass in the water. Clasping pairs were +in the water; amplexus is axillary.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bufo compactilis compactilis</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo compactilis</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:661, +1833.—México. Type locality restricted to Xochimilco, +Distrito Federal, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).</p> + +<p><i>Bufo compactilis compactilis</i>, Smith, Herpetologica, 4:7, +September 17, 1947.</p> + +<p>Cuitzeo (2); Emiliano Zapata (20); Jiquilpan (5); La Palma +(5); Morelia; Tupátaro.</p></div> + +<p>The southwestern terminus of the range of this species is on the Mexican +Plateau in Michoacán. All specimens from the state have spotted venters. +In living toads the dorsal ground color was gray or grayish tan with +olive green spots. The vocal sac was brownish gray; the iris was a +bright golden color.</p> + +<p>On June 11, 1958, many individuals were calling from shallow water in a +flooded field at Emiliano Zapata. The call is a slow trill, in which the +individual notes are discernible.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bufo marinus</b> (Linnaeus)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana marina</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1:211, +1758.—America.</p> + +<p><i>Bufo horribilis</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:654, +1833.—Misantla and Veracruz, Veracruz, México. Taylor and +Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 95:551, January 30, 1945.</p> + +<p><i>Bufo angustipes</i> Taylor and Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., +95:553, January 30, 1945.—La Esperanza, Chiapas, México.</p> + +<p>Aguililla; Apatzingán (3); Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio; +Charapendo; Chichihuas; Coahuayana (2); Coalcomán (7); +Cofradía (2); 25 km. S of Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (10); +Huahua, La Playa (13); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula; +Playa Azul (2); Pómaro (2).</p></div> + +<p>This large toad is characteristically found in areas supporting tropical +scrub forest to elevations of about 1000 meters. The species is much +more abundant than the numbers listed above suggest. In the dry season +individuals have been observed in patios, along streams, and by +irrigation ditches. In the rainy season the loud, rattling call of the +males is heard at night throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley and the +coastal lowlands.</p> + +<p>Taylor and Smith (1945:552) revived Wiegmann's <i>Bufo horribilis</i> for the +large toads of México that are here referred to <i>B. marinus</i>. Their +action was based upon the supposition that the "species <i>marinus</i>" is +composite. Although probably true, this supposition has yet to be +proved. Until the large, and apparently related, species of <i>Bufo</i> +inhabiting tropical America have been studied systematically as a unit, +the recognition of segments of the population as either species or +subspecies is meaningless. Taylor and Smith (op. cit.:553) based the +description of a new species, <i>Bufo angustipes</i>, on one rather +emaciated, formalin-hardened female from La Esperanza, Chiapas. The type +(USNM 116513), when compared with numerous specimens of <i>Bufo marinus</i> +from throughout the range of the species in México and northern Central +America, displays no combination of characters to set it off from the +others. Therefore, I suggest that <i>Bufo horribilis</i> Wiegmann and <i>Bufo +angustipes</i> Taylor and Smith be placed in the synonymy of <i>Bufo marinus</i> +(Linnaeus) until future systematic study of the genus and this species +in particular establishes the existence of recognizable taxa.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bufo marmoreus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo marmoreus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:66, +1833.—Veracruz, Veracruz, México.</p> + +<p>Barranca de Bejuco; Coahuayana (11); El Diezmo (2); La +Placita (9); La Orilla (12); Motín del Oro; Ostula (9); +Playa Azul (5); Pómaro (15); Salitre de Estopilas; San Pedro +Naranjestila.</p></div> + +<p>In Michoacán this species is confined to elevations of less than 1000 +meters on the coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> In this +region in the months of June and July, breeding congregations have been +found in temporary pools and along streams.</p> + +<p>Smith and Taylor (1948:39), in their key to the Mexican species of +<i>Bufo</i>, placed emphasis on the nature of the supraorbital and +postorbital crests (whether they form a curve or a sharp angle) in +distinguishing <i>Bufo marmoreus</i> from <i>Bufo perplexus</i>. In the original +description of <i>perplexus</i>, Taylor (1943a:347) characterized the species +as follows: supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp angle, +instead of a curve as in <i>marmoreus</i>; supratympanic crest smaller than +in <i>marmoreus</i>; diagonal lateral stripe lacking in females; +concentration of dorsal tubercles as found in <i>marmoreus</i> lacking in +males. The discovery of specimens in which the crests form a curve and +others in which the crests form an angle in both the Tepalcatepec Valley +and in the coastal lowlands prompted an investigation of these +characters and others throughout the ranges of the species. An +examination of 410 specimens has resulted in the following conclusions.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 1.—Variation in the Shape of the Supraorbital and Postorbital +Cranial Crests in Bufo marmoreus and B. perplexus.</span></h4> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Locality</td><td align='left'> N</td><td align='left'> Curved</td><td align='left'>Intermediate</td><td align='left'> Angular</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tepalcatepec Valley</td><td align='left'> 50</td><td align='left'> 10 (20.0%)</td><td align='left'> 17 (34.0%)</td><td align='left'>23 (46.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Morelos</td><td align='left'> 12</td><td align='left'> 2 (16.6%)</td><td align='left'> 5 (41.7%)</td><td align='left'> 5 (41.7%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Izúcar, Puebla</td><td align='left'> 4</td><td align='left'> 2 (50.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 2 (50.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Southern Sinaloa</td><td align='left'> 1</td><td align='left'> 1(100.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 2(100.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colima</td><td align='left'> 45</td><td align='left'> 25 (55.0%)</td><td align='left'> 18 (40.0%)</td><td align='left'> 2 (5.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast of Michoacán</td><td align='left'> 55</td><td align='left'> 35 (63.6%)</td><td align='left'> 17 (30.9%)</td><td align='left'> 3 (5.5%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Acapulco, Guerrero</td><td align='left'> 7</td><td align='left'> 7(100.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chilpancingo, Guerrero</td><td align='left'> 10</td><td align='left'> 1 (10.0%)</td><td align='left'> 4 (40.0%)</td><td align='left'> 5 (50.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pochutla, Oaxaca</td><td align='left'> 13</td><td align='left'> 6 (46.2%)</td><td align='left'> 6 (46.2%)</td><td align='left'> 1 (7.6%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tehuantepec, Oaxaca</td><td align='left'>177</td><td align='left'> 81 (45.8%)</td><td align='left'> 67 (37.8%)</td><td align='left'>29 (16.4%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonolá, Chiapas</td><td align='left'> 1</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 1(100.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Veracruz</td><td align='left'> 33</td><td align='left'> 26 (78.8%)</td><td align='left'> 6 (18.2%)</td><td align='left'> 1 (3.0%)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='left'>410</td><td align='left'>198 (48.3%)</td><td align='left'>140 (34.2%)</td><td align='left'>72 (17.5%)</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<div class="hangindent"><p>1. Although the highest percentage of +individuals having the supraorbital and postorbital crests +forming a sharp angle is from localities in the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, numerous individuals from +throughout the range of <i>marmoreus</i> have the crests forming +an angle (Table 1).</p> + +<p>2. In all samples of ten or more specimens, some toads have +the supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp +angle, some have the crests forming a curve, and some have +an intermediate condition.</p> + +<p>3. The relative size of the supratympanic crest is highly +variable in all samples examined.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/fig3.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="Fig. 3. Adult male of Bufo perplexus from Apatzingán, +Michoacán. × 1.5." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 3. Adult male of Bufo perplexus from Apatzingán, +Michoacán. × 1.5.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig4.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="Fig. 4. Adult male of Bufo marmoreus from Pómaro, +Michoacán. × 1.5." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 4. Adult male of Bufo marmoreus from Pómaro, +Michoacán. × 1.5.</span> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 1</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;"> +<img src="images/pl1.jpg" width="299" height="600" alt="Hatchling of Pseudoeurycea belli from San Juan de Parangaricutiro, +Michoacán. × 8." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Hatchling of Pseudoeurycea belli from San Juan de Parangaricutiro, +Michoacán. × 8.</span> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 2</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl2-1.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="Fig. 1. Nest and eggs of Pseudoeurycea belli beneath a +rock at San Juan de Parangaricutiro. Approx. natural size." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Nest and eggs of Pseudoeurycea belli beneath a +rock at San Juan de Parangaricutiro. Approx. natural size.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl2-2.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="Fig. 2. Multiple egg clutches of Phyllomedusa +dacnicolor from Coalcomán, Michoacán. 1/3 ×." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Multiple egg clutches of Phyllomedusa +dacnicolor from Coalcomán, Michoacán. 1/3 ×.</span> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 3</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl3-1.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus angustidigitorum +from Paracho, Michoacán. × 4." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus angustidigitorum +from Paracho, Michoacán. × 4.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl3-2.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus fuscus from Los +Cantiles, Michoacán. ×4." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus fuscus from Los +Cantiles, Michoacán. ×4.</span> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 4</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl4-1.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus from +Tuxpan, Michoacán. ×." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus from +Tuxpan, Michoacán. ×.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 595px;"> +<img src="images/pl4-2.jpg" width="595" height="404" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus orarius from +Tecolapa, Colima. × 4." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus orarius from +Tecolapa, Colima. × 4.</span> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 5</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl5-1.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus petersi from +Apatzingán, Michoacán. × 4." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus petersi from +Apatzingán, Michoacán. × 4.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl5-2.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus rufescens from Dos +Aguas, Michoacán. × 4." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus rufescens from Dos +Aguas, Michoacán. × 4.</span> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 6</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl6-1.jpg" width="600" height="424" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Hypopachus caprimimus from +Tuxpan, Michoacán. × 2-1/2." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Hypopachus caprimimus from +Tuxpan, Michoacán. × 2-1/2.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/pl6-2.jpg" width="600" height="429" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis from +Tangamandapio, Michoacán. × 3." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis from +Tangamandapio, Michoacán. × 3.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<div class="hangindent"><p>4. A distinct, pale-colored, diagonal lateral stripe is +found in females only from localities outside of the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin; females from the basin have a +spotted dorsum.</p> + +<p>5. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin usually have a +broad middorsal line that is yellow or pale tan; those from +outside the basin have either a narrow middorsal line or +none.</p> + +<p>6. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin have low, +scattered dorsal tubercles (Fig. 3); males from outside the +basin have a concentration of tubercles in a broad band on +the back (Fig. 4).</p></div> + +<p>Therefore the nature of the cranial crests is of little value in +separating two populations, but the color pattern of the females and the +nature of the dorsal tubercles of the males do show distinct +differences. Furthermore, certain differences in size and proportion are +evident; <i>Bufo marmoreus</i> is a slightly larger toad and has a relatively +longer tibia and longer head than <i>perplexus</i> (Table 2).</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 2.—Comparison of Certain Measurements and Proportions in Bufo +marmoreus and B. perplexus. (Means Are Given in Parentheses Below the +Ranges.)</span></h4> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Tibia length</td><td align='left'>Head length</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Species</td><td align='left'> Sex</td><td align='left'> N</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'> Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. marmoreus</i></td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'>15</td><td align='left'>61.5-72.5</td><td align='left'> 35.9-41.6</td><td align='left'> 28.3-33.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (65.2)</td><td align='left'> (39.0)</td><td align='left'> (31.6)</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. perplexus</i></td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'>20</td><td align='left'>50.0-59.0</td><td align='left'> 33.7-38.1</td><td align='left'> 26.4-31.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (54.9)</td><td align='left'> (36.4)</td><td align='left'> (29.5)</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. marmoreus</i></td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 7</td><td align='left'>68.0-76.0</td><td align='left'> 33.0-36.8</td><td align='left'> 26.8-32.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (70.7)</td><td align='left'> (34.7)</td><td align='left'> (29.6)</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. perplexus</i></td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 6</td><td align='left'>64.1-69.8</td><td align='left'> 32.4-36.9</td><td align='left'> 25.1-29.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (66.8)</td><td align='left'> (35.5)</td><td align='left'> (27.5)</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Taylor (1943a:347) described <i>Bufo perplexus</i> from Mexcala on the Río +Balsas in Guerrero. Among the many paratypes are specimens from Tonolá, +Chiapas, and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. These apparently were referred to +<i>perplexus</i> solely on the nature of the cranial crests. All of the +specimens examined during the course of the present study from the +lowlands of Veracruz and from the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa +southward to Chiapas are referable to <i>Bufo marmoreus</i>; those from the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin are referable to <i>Bufo perplexus</i>, as defined +above. Ten specimens from Chilpancingo, Guerrero (UMMZ 115352), do not +readily fit either species. Perhaps there is gene exchange between the +inland and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> coastal populations through the relatively low pass at +Chilpancingo, at the mouth of the Río Balsas, and near the convergent +headwaters of the Río Coahuayana and Río Tepalcatepec in southern +Jalisco. If this can be demonstrated, then <i>Bufo perplexus</i> would have +to be considered as a subspecies of <i>Bufo marmoreus</i>, instead of an +allopatric species.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bufo perplexus</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo perplexus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29:347, +October 15, 1943.—Balsas River near Mexcala, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (42); Buena Vista (5); Capirio +(3); La Playa (25); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (9); Río +Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S +of Apatzingán; San Salvador (4); Tzitzio; Volcán Jorullo.</p></div> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bufo occidentalis</b> Camerano</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo occidentalis</i> Camerano, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, +14:887, December 31, 1878.—México. Type locality restricted +to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:330). Firschein, Copeia, no. 3:220, September 15, +1950.</p> + +<p><i>Bufo símus</i>, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., +194:42, 1948.</p> + +<p>Barranca Seca (32); Cerro de Barolosa (4); Cerro Tancítaro, +3 km. E of Apo (2); Cerro Tancítaro, 19 km. E. of Apo (10); +Charapendo; Coalcomán (7); Dos Aguas (4); Jacona, Jaramillo +(2); Las Tecatas; Los Reyes (181); Tancítaro (10); Uruapan +(3).</p></div> + +<p>This toad is an inhabitant of pine and oak forests between 900 and 2400 +meters. Near Charapendo on the slopes of the Sierra de los Tarascos and +at Coalcomán it apparently reaches its lowest altitudinal limits. At +both of these localities the pine-oak forest is replaced by arid +tropical scrub forest on the lower slopes.</p> + +<p>Twenty-four tadpoles were collected on May 3 in a quiet section of a +fast stream near Barranca Seca. The tadpoles have a robust body, +broadest about two-thirds the distance from the snout to the posterior +edge of the body, half again as broad as deep. Eyes dorsolateral; +nostrils dorsal, somewhat directed forward, and about three-fifths the +distance from the tip of the snout to the eye; spiracle sinistral and +lateral, located at about midbody; anus median; tail long and slender; +tail-musculature extends nearly to tip of tail; depth of +tail-musculature at mid-length about one-third total depth of tail; +dorsal tail-fin not extending onto body (Fig. 5); average body length of +ten tadpoles having small hind limb buds, 14.4 mm.; average tail length, +22.0 mm.</p> + +<p>Mouth ventral, nearly terminal, about one-third as wide as widest part +of body; anterior lip has no papillae; lower lip bordered by two rows of +papillae and lateral lips by one row of papillae; beaks moderately well +developed, the upper forming a broad arch and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> finely denticulate; tooth +rows 2/3, the upper rows extending to the edge of the lips, subequal in +length, and slightly longer than lower rows, which also are subequal in +length; inner upper tooth row broken medially; inner lower tooth row +sometimes broken (Fig. 6).</p> + +<p>The body is black dorsally and laterally, and bluish gray ventrally; the +tail musculature is brown and stippled with darker brown. The fins are +transparent and stippled with brown, the stippling being most pronounced +on the posterior two-thirds of the upper tail-fin.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig5.jpg" width="600" height="128" alt="Fig. 5. Tadpole of Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ 94269) from +Barranca Seca, Michoacán. × 3." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 5. Tadpole of Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ 94269) from +Barranca Seca, Michoacán. × 3.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/fig6.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="Fig. 6. Mouthparts of larval Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ +94269) from Barranca Seca, Michoacán. × 20." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 6. Mouthparts of larval Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ +94269) from Barranca Seca, Michoacán. × 20.</span> +</div> + +<p>Forty recently metamorphosed individuals average 18.9 mm. in snout-vent +length.</p> + +<p>The relationships of this toad seem to be with <i>Bufo bocourti</i> Brocchi, +an inhabitant of pine and oak forests in the uplands of Chiapas and +Guatemala. In <i>Bufo occidentalis</i> the tympanum usually is indistinct and +sometimes completely covered, and it is absent in <i>bocourti</i>. <i>Bufo +occidentalis</i> has a broader interorbital area and relatively shorter and +more rounded parotid glands than <i>bocourti</i>. The tadpoles of the two +species are nearly identical (see Stuart, 1943:12).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodactylus labialis</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cystignathus labialis</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., +17:90, 1877.—No type locality designated; type locality +restricted to Potrero Viejo, Veracruz, México, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:350).</p> + +<p><i>Leptodactylus labialis</i>, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique au +Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr. +1:20, 1881.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (26); Capirio (5); Cofradía (9); El Sabino (4); +Lombardia; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán (2).</p></div> + +<p>In the Tepalcatepec Valley this frog reaches the northernmost known +limit of its range in western México. Although the species is abundant +in the valley, it apparently is absent from the coastal lowlands. In the +Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i> seems to be more +abundant than <i>labialis</i>. In the rainy season both species have been +heard calling from the same ponds and flooded fields.</p> + +<p>There are only slight differences in size between the sexes; +measurements of 20 males and eight females are, respectively: snout-vent +length, 32.3-39.5 (35.1), 34.1-39.2 (37.2); tibia length, 14.3-17.0 +(15.4), 14.9-16.8 (15.8); head width, 11.0-13.6 (12.0), 12.2-13.2 +(12.6); head length, 12.8-15.1 (13.3), 12.8-14.6 (13.7).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodactylus melanonotus</b> (Hallowell)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cystignathus melanonotus</i> Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 12:485, 1861.—Nicaragua. Type locality +restricted to Recero, Nicaragua, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:320).</p> + +<p><i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i>, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique +au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr. +1:20, 1881.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (103); Capirio; Charapendo (7); Coahuayana; +Cofradía (10); El Sabino (21); La Playa (3); Lombardia (5); +Maruata; Nueva Italia (7); Ostula (9); Playa Azul (11); Río +Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia; Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of +Nueva Italia (6); Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán.</p></div> + + +<p>This species is widespread in the lowlands of the state; it has been +collected up to elevations of 1050 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley. In +the dry season individuals were discovered beneath rocks along streams +and in damp arroyos; in the rainy season they were found wherever there +was water. Males were heard calling from flooded fields, ditches, rocky +streams, and small puddles. The call is a series of individual notes: +"woink, woink, woink."</p> + +<p>Adult males are noticeably smaller than females; measurements for 20 +males and ten females from Apatzingán are, respectively: snout-vent +length, 29.6-34.6 (32.3), 36.3-44.1 (40.8); tibia length, 12.6-15.1 +(14.0), 16.5-19.0 (17.8); head width, 10.8-11.9 (11.3), 12.6-14.8 +(13.7); head length, 11.2-13.2 (11.9), 13.1-14.8 (14.0). Brownish yellow +ventral glands are present in some juveniles and in some adults +collected in the dry season as well as in the rainy season.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodactylus occidentalis</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad. +Sci., 39:349, 1937.—Tepic, Nayarit, México.</p> + +<p>Five km. W of Tangamandapio.</p></div> + +<p>On the night of June 11, 1958, this species was calling from a +hyacinth-choked ditch. Although numerous individuals were heard, only +one specimen was obtained. The frogs were calling from the tangled mat +of hyacinths along with <i>Hyla eximia</i>, <i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</i>, and +<i>Rana pipiens</i>.</p> + +<p>Taylor (1936a:352) characterized this species as follows: "The narrow +head, small maximum size (38 mm. for females, 33 mm. for males), the +character of the postaxillary and postfemoral glands, the narrower +groups of vomerine teeth, clearly distinguish this western Mexican form +from the more robust, larger <i>melanonotus</i> to the south. The call is +likewise fainter and different in quality." Concerning the glands, +Taylor (<i>loc. cit.</i>) remarked: "There is a possibility that the horny +excrescence covering the glands may appear only during the breeding +season. This character is quite as strongly marked in females as in +males." Bogert and Oliver (1945:324) concluded that the population of +<i>Leptodactylus</i> in northwestern México could not be distinguished from +<i>melanonotus</i> in other parts of the country and thus synonymized +<i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> with <i>melanonotus</i>. Bogert and Oliver (op. +cit.: 324) stated that the extent as well as the presence or absence of +ventral glands was highly variable in all samples examined by them.</p> + +<p>Upon seeing numerous living individuals of <i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i> +from many parts of its range in México and individuals of the population +of <i>Leptodactylus</i> in northwestern México (Nayarit and Sinaloa), I was +immediately impressed not so much by the differences in the development +of the ventral glands, but by the color of the glands. The differences +in color are apparent in freshly preserved specimens. With the exception +of <i>Leptodactylus</i> from northwestern México, specimens of <i>melanonotus</i> +from throughout México and northern Central America have yellow or +yellowish brown glands. Specimens from northwestern México have black or +brownish black glands that are conspicuously darker than those found in +<i>melanonotus</i>. Examination of 653 preserved specimens of <i>Leptodactylus +melanonotus</i> from México and Guatemala has failed to reveal specimens +with black ventral glands, like those found in specimens from +northwestern México, to which the name <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> has +been applied. Furthermore, in <i>melanonotus</i> the glands are less distinct +and more extensive than in <i>occidentalis</i>;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> in the latter species glands +are absent from the throat and midventral area, where they often are +present in <i>melanonotus</i> (Fig. 7).</p> + +<p>In some individuals of both species collected in the dry season and in +some collected in the rainy (breeding) season the glands are absent; the +development of these glands, therefore, does not seem to be correlated +with breeding. Likewise, the glands are present or absent in either sex, +and often as not they are present in juveniles. Presence of the glands, +therefore, cannot be correlated either with sexual or ontogenetic +development. Since the glands are found in individuals from all parts of +the range, it is unlikely that there is a correlation between the +development of the glands and the environment.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> +<img src="images/fig7.jpg" width="650" height="338" alt="Fig. 7. Diagrammatic view of ventral surfaces of +Leptodactylus melanonotus (A) and Leptodactylus occidentalis (B), +showing usual position and size of glandular areas. Approx. natural +size." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 7. Diagrammatic view of ventral surfaces of +Leptodactylus melanonotus (A) and Leptodactylus occidentalis (B), +showing usual position and size of glandular areas. Approx. natural +size.</span> +</div> + +<p>Aside from the differences in the ventral glands, the call is different +in the two populations. The call of <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> is a +rather harsh "wack, wack, wack" as contrasted with the more nasal +"woink, woink, woink" of <i>melanonotus</i>. Sound spectrographs are needed +to analyze the differences in calls. None of the specimens of +<i>occidentalis</i> examined approaches in size the largest individuals of +<i>melanonotus</i>; possibly the size of the frogs is another valid character +for separating the species. On the basis of the above data it is evident +that the frogs in northwestern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> México show certain characters that +distinguish them from <i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i>, as it is known +throughout the rest of México. It is not known for certain that +<i>melanonotus</i> and <i>occidentalis</i> are sympatric. Several series of old, +poorly preserved specimens from Nayarit and Sinaloa cannot be placed in +either species, for none has visible ventral glands. <i>Leptodactylus +melanonotus</i> is known from Acaponeta, Nayarit (AMNH 43913-25), and the +following localities in Jalisco: Barro de Navidad (UMMZ 118098), La +Concepción (UMMZ 113081), La Resolana (UMMZ 102104), and Tenachitlán +(UMMZ 113045-6). Records for <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> are: Álamos, +Sonora (AMNH 51356-65); Culiacán (AMNH 49511-9), Chele (UMMZ 110914), +and Rosario (UMMZ 113062) in Sinaloa; Ixtlán del Río (UMMZ 102108), San +Blas (UMMZ 112814, 112994, 110892, 115543), and Tepic (UMMZ 115544) in +Nayarit; Ameca (UMMZ 102106-7) and La Cofradía on the south shore of +Lago de Chapala (UMMZ 102105) in Jalisco; and Tangamandapio, Michoacán +(UMMZ 119145). From these scattered records it appears that +<i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> in the southern part of its range stays in +the uplands, whereas <i>melanonotus</i> is confined to the lowlands.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</b> (Taylor)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus hobartsmithi</i> Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad. +Sci., 39:355, 1937.—Uruapan, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 26:501, November 27, 1940.</p> + +<p>Cascada Tzararacua (6); 21 km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; 29 km. E +of Morelia; Puerto Hondo; San José de la Cumbre (13); +Uruapan (2); Zitácuaro.</p></div> + +<p>Of six specimens from Cascada Tzararacua, five are colored like typical +<i>M. hobartsmithi</i>, having the anterior and posterior surfaces of the +thighs and the upper arms pale pink in life and a grayish brown dorsum +in preservative. The other specimen (UMMZ 94231) has in preservative a +dark brown dorsolateral line on each side enclosing a pale tan area that +extends from the snout to the vent. One specimen from 29 kilometers east +of Morelia (UIMNH 40338) and 13 specimens from San José de la Cumbre +(UMMZ 102111) do not have the prominent tarsal tubercles characteristic +of <i>M. hobartsmithi</i>. Also, in these fourteen specimens the palmar +tubercles are larger, and the dark anal patch more distinct, than in +typical <i>M. hobartsmithi</i>. Possibly these specimens, which are from the +high mountains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> in the eastern part of Michoacán, represent another +species of <i>Microbatrachylus</i>. However, Taylor (1940d:501) reported a +series of <i>M. hobartsmithi</i> from the mountains 10 miles west of Villa +Victoria in the western part of the state of México.</p> + +<p>The largest specimen from Michoacán is a gravid female (UIMNH 16104) +having a snout-vent length of 23.5 mm.</p> + +<p><i>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</i> has been found in rocky ravines along +streams in the Cordillera Volcánica and the southwestern escarpment of +these mountains at elevations from 1450 to 2750 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</b> (Taylor)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus pygmaeus</i> Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad. +Sci., 39:352, 1937.—1 mile north of Rodriguez Clara, +Veracruz, México.</p> + +<p><i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26:500, November 27, 1940.</p> + +<p><i>Microbatrachylus albolabris</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 26:502, November 27, 1940.—2 miles west of Córdoba, +Veracruz, México.</p> + +<p><i>Microbatrachylus minimus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26:507, November 27, 1940.—Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Microbatrachylus imitator</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +28:70, May 15, 1942.—La Esperanza, Chiapas, México.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (328).</p></div> + +<p>This large series (UMMZ 119247-8) was collected on June 22 and 23, 1958, +before the onset of the heavy summer rains. The frogs were found in a +shaded ravine at the north edge of Arteaga; they were obtained during +the day, at which time they were actively moving about in the leaf +litter along a small stream.</p> + +<p>These frogs are all referred to <i>M. pygmaeus</i>, because this is the +earliest name available for frogs showing the variation in +characteristics displayed by this large series. The characters used by +Taylor (1936a, 1940d, 1941a, and 1942b) and Smith and Taylor (1948) to +distinguish the various species of <i>Microbatrachylus</i> include color +pattern, relative length of the hind limb, presence and position of +dorsal dermal folds or pustules, relative size of inner and outer +metatarsal tubercles, and the number of palmar tubercles. All specimens +from Arteaga have two palmar tubercles; the inner and outer metatarsal +tubercles are subequal in size. Furthermore, aside from sexual +difference, there is little variation in the relative length of the hind +limbs (Table 3). However, many color patterns do exist in the series; +each of these color patterns is described below.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 3.—Snout-vent Length Expressed as a Percentage of Tibia Length in +Animals of Six Color Patterns of Microbatrachylus pygmaeus. (Letters +Refer to the Variants Having the Color Pattern Discussed Immediately +Below)</span></h4> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Color Pattern</td><td align='left'>Sex</td><td align='left'>Numberof specimens</td><td align='left'>Range of variation</td><td align='left'>Mean</td><td align='left'>Twice standard error of mean</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"> A</td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'> 25</td><td align='left'>51.4-57.5</td><td align='left'>55.2</td><td align='left'> 3.34</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 25</td><td align='left'>49.3-54.9</td><td align='left'>51.6</td><td align='left'> 3.12</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"> B</td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'> 20</td><td align='left'>51.0-57.1</td><td align='left'>55.4</td><td align='left'> 2.44</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 21</td><td align='left'>47.3-54.9</td><td align='left'>51.2</td><td align='left'> 3.52</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"> C</td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'> 6</td><td align='left'>54.5-56.2</td><td align='left'>55.2</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 6</td><td align='left'>50.0-52.9</td><td align='left'>51.6</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"> D</td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'> 17</td><td align='left'>52.9-58.2</td><td align='left'>55.4</td><td align='left'> 2.64</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 14</td><td align='left'>48.5-56.6</td><td align='left'>52.1</td><td align='left'> 4.16</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2"> E</td><td align='left'> ♂</td><td align='left'> 10</td><td align='left'>50.9-56.9</td><td align='left'>55.1</td><td align='left'> 3.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 7</td><td align='left'>49.6-54.5</td><td align='left'>51.6</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'> F</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'>51.9-52.6</td><td align='left'>52.3</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>A.—225 specimens: Dorsum mottled brown and cream, usually with a dark +spot between the eyes and one or two dark V-shaped marks with the apex +anteriorly on the back; 55 of these have a narrow cream-colored line +from the tip of the snout to the vent and thence onto the posterior +surfaces of the thighs. All are pustulate above; in most specimens the +pustules form no pattern, but in some they tend to form a V in the +scapular region.</p> + +<p>B.—41 specimens: Dorsum pale tan or cream-color with brown mottling on +flanks; a brown interorbital bar and a brown chevron in scapular region. +Dorsum irregularly pustulate; in some specimens the pustules tend to +form a V in the scapular region.</p> + +<p>C.—12 specimens: Dorsum colored like "A", but having a broad yellow +stripe narrowly bordered by black from the tip of the snout to the vent; +in some specimens there is a narrow yellow stripe on the posterior +surfaces of the thighs. The dorsum is irregularly pustulate.</p> + +<p>D.—31 specimens: Dorsum variably streaked with cream-color or pale tan +and brown; usually a broad cream-colored stripe from eyelid to groin +bordered laterally by a somewhat narrower brown stripe; middorsal area +cream-color and separated from dorsolateral cream-colored stripe by a +brown stripe, or middorsal area brown with a cream-colored or yellow, +narrow stripe from tip of snout to vent; a dark stripe from tympanum to +flank; dorsal surfaces of heels creamy white to pale orange; anal patch +brown. A dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump; another +ridge extends posteromedially from the eyelid; scattered pustules on the +dorsum in some specimens.</p> + +<p>E.—17 specimens: A narrow dark stripe from snout, through nostril and +eye, over tympanum, to vent, enclosing a unicolor dorsum (reddish tan to +yellowish tan in life); heels pale tan or yellow above; anal patch +black. A faint dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump, or +part way to rump.</p> + +<p>F.—2 specimens: Mottled brown and cream-color above; upper lips and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +upper arms white. A dermal fold from posterior edge of eyelid to rump; +scattered pustules on dorsum.</p> + +<p>Some of these color variants are assignable to names proposed by Taylor: +"A" and "B" undoubtedly are <i>M. pygmaeus</i> (Taylor, 1936a); "C" probably +is <i>M. pygmaeus</i>; "D" is referable to <i>M. minimus</i> (Taylor, 1940d) in +most characteristics, although the coloration is more nearly like that +of <i>M. lineatissimus</i> (Taylor, 1941a), a larger species characterized by +a relatively long hind limb; "E" apparently is <i>M. imitator</i> (Taylor, +1942b); "F" is <i>M. albolabris</i> (Taylor, 1940d). Examination of series of +these frogs from other parts of México shows a similar composition of +color variants. Of 78 specimens from the Río Sarabia and the village of +Sarabia in Oaxaca (UMMZ 115428-37), 57 are "A," six are "D," three are +"E," and 12 are "F"; of 22 specimens from Teapa, Tabasco (UMMZ 113829), +11 are "A," five are "D," two are "E," and four are "F"; of 33 specimens +from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (USNM 115447-58, 115461-71, 116840-2, +116864-70), ten are "A," 13 are "E," and ten are "F"; of 31 specimens +from La Esperanza, Chiapas (USNM 115477-9, 116827-39, 116849-63), 28 are +"A" and four are "F."</p> + +<p>It is highly doubtful if these color variants are actually distinct +species. Goin (1950 and 1954) in his studies of inheritance of color +pattern in West Indian species of the genus <i>Eleutherodactylus</i> has +shown that similar color pattern variants come from the same clutch of +eggs; furthermore, Goin has worked out the genetic ratios of certain of +these variants. Heathwole (<i>in litt.</i>) obtained "normal" specimens and +individuals having a broad middorsal stripe ("C" in figure 9) from a +clutch of eggs of <i>Eleutherodactylus gollmeri</i>. The presence of a broad +middorsal yellow stripe is common in <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus</i>.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most interesting aspect of variability in color pattern in +Mexican eleutherodactylids is the parallelism between members of the +<i>Eleutherodactylus rhodopis</i>-group and some members of +<i>Microbatrachylus</i>. In the former group there are white-lipped +individuals (<i>Eleutherodactylus beatae</i> Boulenger), individuals having a +unicolor reddish or yellowish dorsum (<i>E. dorsoconcolor</i> Taylor), and +individuals having a dorsal pattern of irregular longitudinal brown and +cream-colored streaks (<i>E. venustus</i> Günther). In the humid forests of +southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, and Chiapas members of both groups +occur sympatrically. A proper understanding of the evolutionary +significance of these variants in the two groups, as well as proper +allocation of the presently recognized species, must await experimental +evidence based on studies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> of the inheritance of color pattern. +Nevertheless, at present it is apparent that certain characters, +especially the nature of the dermal folds and pustules, and the color +pattern, are of little taxonomic value in distinguishing "species" of +<i>Microbatrachylus</i>. The data derived from a study of the large series +from Arteaga, together with that from the other series examined, +suggests that <i>Microbatrachylus albolabris</i>, <i>imitator</i>, <i>minimus</i>, and +<i>pygmaeus</i> are morphotypes of one species. Of these names, <i>pygmaeus</i> is +the oldest. Consequently <i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> has been used here +for the series from Arteaga.</p> + +<p>Although <i>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</i>, a species distinguished from +all of the above by the presence of tubercles on the outer edge of the +tarsus, is known from Michoacán northward into Nayarit, +<i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> previously has not been known north of +Guerrero, where it occurs in habitats similar to that in which it was +collected at Arteaga.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum</b> Taylor</p> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Eleutherodactylus cactorum</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:391, +July 10, 1939.—20 miles northwest of Tehuacán, Puebla, México.</p> + +<p><i>Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus. Novitates, +1813:20, December 23, 1956.</p> + +<p>Cherán; Coalcomán; Uruapan.</p></div> + +<p>The few specimens indicate that this species occurs at moderate to high +elevations in the state. The specimens from Cherán and Uruapan were +obtained in pine forests; the specimen from Coalcomán was found on a +rocky hillside covered with dense forest and located about 100 meters +below the lower limits of the pine forest in the area. A specimen from +Rancho Reparto (elevation 1850 meters) on the west slope of Cerro +Barolosa was lost.</p> + +<p>The specimen from Coalcomán (UMMZ 104728) is a juvenile having a +snout-vent length of 25.0 mm. In life it was tan above, mottled with +olive-green. The ventral surfaces were gray; the hind limbs were +distinctly barred with yellow and brown, and the lips were barred with +yellow and black.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eleutherodactylus occidentalis</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus occidentalis</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 54:91, July 31, 1941.—Hacienda El Florencio, +Zacatecas, México.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua; Coalcomán (2); 19 km. SW of +Coire (3); La Placita (7); Los Reyes; Ostula (4); Pómaro +(2).</p></div> + +<p>The locality records for this species suggest that it is a member of a +group of animals, the distribution of which includes the western part of +the Mexican Plateau and the Pacific lowlands. In Michoacán<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> this frog +has been collected in pine-oak forest at Cascada Tzararacua and at Los +Reyes, in arid scrub forest at Arteaga and Coalcomán, and in tropical +semi-deciduous forest on the lower Pacific slopes of the Sierra de +Coalcomán. On July 5, 1950, James Peters (1954:6) found calling males at +La Placita.</p> + +<p>Most of the specimens are immature; four adult males have snout-vent +lengths of 30.9-33.0 (32.2) mm. In all specimens the first finger is +noticeably longer than the second; the inner metatarsal tubercle is +large, flat, and cream-colored, contrasting with the dark brown sole of +the foot. When the hind limbs are adpressed, the heels broadly overlap. +Characteristically, a dark line extends from the snout, through the eye, +above the tympanum, to a point above the insertion of the forelimb. +Usually there is a dark bar behind the tympanum, two dark brown bars +from the eye to the mouth and thence onto the lower jaw, and another +dark bar on the upper lip between the eye and nostril. One adult from +Arteaga, an adult and a juvenile from La Placita, and one juvenile each +from Coire, Ostula, and Pómaro, have the lower lip barred with dark +brown and white, and have a white stripe extending the length of the +upper lip. In life the dorsum varies from dark gray or olive-brown to +tan or reddish brown.</p> + +<p>This species belongs to a group containing two other populations that +are currently recognized as species—<i>calcitrans</i>, known only from +Omiltemi, Guerrero, and <i>mexicanus</i>, reported from the mountains of +Oaxaca. Another apparently undescribed member of this group has been +collected in the mountains of northern Puebla. The locality records +indicate that the group inhabits the mountains on the periphery of the +Mexican Plateau, except in western México, where <i>Eleutherodactylus +occidentalis</i> extends to the Pacific lowlands.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus vocalis</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26:401, November 27, 1940.—Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (10); El Sabino (8); Salitre de Estopilas (3); +Tumbiscatio (2); Tzitzio (2).</p></div> + +<p>The distributional data on this frog in Michoacán indicate that it +inhabits riparian situations in arroyos and canyons in the lower slopes +of the Cordillera Volcánica and the Sierra de Coalcomán, where it has +been taken at elevations only below 1100 meters.</p> + +<p>The dorsal color of living individuals from Arteaga varied from dark +gray and olive brown to tan and reddish brown. The iris<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> was grayish +brown. In contrast, individuals from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, had pale +golden eyes; specimens from Matías Romero, Oaxaca, had gold eyes heavily +flecked with gray; and individuals from Volcán San Martin, Veracruz, had +bronze eyes.</p> + +<p>The use of the trinomial here is arbitrary. Frogs of the +<i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus</i> group in México (<i>rugulosus</i>, <i>avocalis</i>, +and <i>vocalis</i>) exhibit only slight differences in size, proportions, and +coloration (Duellman, 1958c:6). Furthermore, the named populations are +allopatric. <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis</i>, as defined by +Duellman (<i>loc. cit.</i>), occurs in the foothills of the Sierra Madre +Occidental and associated ranges from central Sinaloa southward into +Michoacán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus angustidigitorum</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomadactylus angustidigitorum</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 26:494, November 27, 1940.—Quiroga, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p>Angahuan (6); Apo; Carapan (21); 19 km. S of Carapan (13); +Cerro Tancítaro (12); Cherán; Corupu (14); Cuseño Station +(14); Opopeo (3); Paracho (11); Parícutin (2); Pátzcuaro +(3); Quiroga (59); San Juan de Parangaricutiro (16); +Tancítaro (25); Uruapan (8); Zacapu (11).</p></div> + +<p>This species is indigenous to the pine-oak forests on the southern rim +of the Mexican Plateau, and has been collected at elevations from 1500 +to 2500 meters. Males have been observed to call from rocks, rock +fences, clumps of grass, and low bushes; the call is a single "peep." At +San Juan de Parangaricutiro numerous specimens were found in the daytime +beneath adobe bricks and lava on the volcanic ash derived from Volcán +Parícutin; at Paracho individuals were found by day beneath rocks in a +pine forest.</p> + +<p>In most specimens the dorsum is dark reddish brown, and the prominent +inguinal glands are cream-color or pale orange (Pl. 3, Fig. 1). Of eight +individuals collected at Paracho, one was reddish brown, two were +pinkish tan, three were dark brown, and two were black.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus fuscus</b> Davis and Dixon</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus fuscus</i> Davis and Dixon, Herpetologica, +11:157, July 15, 1955.—1.5 miles southeast of Huitzilac, +Morelos, México.</p> + +<p>Los Cantiles (2); 28 km. E of Morelia.</p></div> + +<p>The range of this species includes the Sierra Ajusco in México and +Morelos and thence westward to the Serranía Ucareo in Michoacán. The +specimen from 28 kilometers east of Morelia was found in an oak forest +on a steep hillside at an elevation of 2100 meters. One from Los +Cantiles was calling from a steep cliff at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> an elevation of 2200 meters +in pine-oak forest. This specimen (UMMZ 119156) in life had a pale +olive-brown dorsum with irregular dark brown mottling and transverse +bars on the limbs. The interorbital bar, the upper arms, and the tips of +the dorsal pustules were pale orange; the iris was pale grayish gold +(Pl. 3, Fig. 2).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus</b> (Peters)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Liuperus nitidus</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. +878, 1869.—Izúcar de Matamoras, Puebla, México.</p> + +<p><i>Tomodactylus amulae</i> Günther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, +Reptilia and Batrachia, p. 219, April, 1900.—Amula, +Guerrero, México.</p> + +<p><i>Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus</i>, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci., +9:385, December, 1957.</p> + +<p>Copuyo (15); Tuxpan (8); Tzitzio (11).</p></div> + +<p>One specimen from Tzitzio (UMMZ 99155) was referred to <i>Tomodactylus +nitidus petersi</i> by Dixon (1957:390). A re-examination of this specimen, +and examination of ten others from the same locality (UMMZ 121571) +reveals that the relatively small size of the tympanum and absence of +dense ventral spotting place these specimens closer to <i>T. nitidus +nitidus</i> than to <i>T. nitidus petersi</i>.</p> + +<p>The specimens from Tuxpan (UMMZ 114303-4) had in life a gray to olive +tan ground color with dark olive-green markings, bright yellow thighs +with olive-green transverse bands, yellowish tan shanks with olive-green +bars, yellow groin, white inguinal glands with black markings, grayish +white belly with scattered brownish black spots in some specimens, and a +deep golden iris (Pl. 4, Fig. 1). These specimens were found calling +from bushes in a rocky field at an elevation of 1800 meters. The call is +a high-pitched "pee-ee-eep."</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus nitidus orarius</b> Dixon</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus nitidus orarius</i> Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci., +9:392, December, 1957.—4.5 miles southwest of Tecolapa, +Colima, México.</p> + +<p>La Placita (3); Pómaro.</p></div> + +<p>These specimens, referred to <i>Tomodactylus petersi</i> by Duellman +(1954b:5), were included in <i>T. nitidus orarius</i> by Dixon (1957:392). +Color notes based on living individuals from Tecolapa, Colima (UMMZ +114312 and 116922), are: gray above mottled with brown; venter dirty +white; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs bright yellow; iris +pale golden (Pl. 4, Fig. 2). The call is a soft "braa" usually followed +by three high notes: "braaa-eep-ee-eep." In Michoacán this subspecies +has been found only in the coastal region and the lower foothills of the +Sierra de Coalcomán, an area in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> it replaces <i>Tomodactylus nitidus +petersi</i>. This is the only <i>Tomodactylus</i> known to inhabit coastal +lowlands.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</b> Duellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus petersi</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 560:5, October 22, 1954.—Coalcomán, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</i>, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci., +9:390, December, 1957.</p> + +<p>Aguililla; Apatzingán (8); Cascada Tzararacua: Charapendo +(5); Coalcomán (5); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6); El Sabino +(5); La Playa (2); Jiquilpan; Uruapan (2); Volcán Jorullo; +Zamora.</p></div> + +<p>In life, specimens from Apatzingán (UMMZ 114308-9) varied in dorsal +color from grayish tan to pale brown; the dorsal markings were olive +green. The thighs and groin were yellowish orange; the iris was pale +golden, and the vocal sac was purplish gray (Pl. 5, Fig. 1). +Measurements for 13 adult males from the Tepalcatepec Valley are: +snout-vent length, 21.9-26.8 (24.3); tibia length, 8.4-9.9 (9.3); head +width, 7.2-9.2 (7.8); head length, 7.6-8.7 (8.2).</p> + +<p>At Apatzingán and Charapendo in the Tepalcatepec Valley males were found +calling from rocks and bushes in open arid tropical scrub forest. The +call, a triple note "peep-ee-eep," is repeated once every 90 to 135 +seconds. <i>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</i> probably ranges throughout the +Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding foothills. Dixon (1957:392) referred +the specimens from Zamora, Jiquilpan, and Uruapan to this subspecies. +Uruapan is near the lower limits of the pine forest on the slopes of the +Cordillera Volcánica; Zamora and Jiquilpan are on a low part of the +Mexican Plateau southeast of Lago de Chapala.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus rufescens</b> Duellman and Dixon</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus rufescens</i> Duellman and Dixon, Texas Jour. +Sci., 11:78, March, 1959.—Dos Aguas, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Dos Aguas (14); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6).</p></div> + +<p>Fourteen specimens from the pine-oak forests around Dos Aguas (UMMZ +118503-10, 121498-9) have reddish brown dorsal color and a narrow +cream-colored middorsal line (Pl. 5, Fig. 2). Twelve of these specimens +are adult males having snout-vent lengths of 20.7 to 24.6 (22.5) mm. One +female has a snout-vent length of 24.8 mm., and one juvenile has a +snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Six specimens are from a region of mixture +of pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest at 18 kilometers east +of Dos Aguas (UMMZ 121497, 121500). All are males having snout-vent +lengths of 18.0 to 22.6 (20.7) mm. The dorsum is tan marked with black; +the thighs are yellowish orange.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p>The specimens from 18 kilometers east of Dos Aguas were found on July +22, 1960, by Floyd L. Downs and John Winklemann, who collected calling +males of <i>Tomodactylus rufescens</i> and <i>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</i> at +the same locality. Downs (<i>personal communication</i>) stated the call was +a single note. At Dos Aguas I heard <i>T. rufescens</i> give two calls, one a +single "peep," the other a triple note—"pee-ee-eep."</p> + +<p>In the higher parts of the Sierra de Coalcomán <i>Tomodactylus rufescens</i> +seems to fill the same niche as <i>T. angustidigitorum</i> does in the +Cordillera Volcánica. At lower elevations in their respective mountain +ranges the species occur sympatrically with <i>T. nitidus petersi</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Diaglena reticulata</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Diaglena reticulata</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +28:60, May 15, 1942.—Cerro Arenal, Oaxaca, México.</p> + +<p>Nueva Italia (3); Ostula (7).</p></div> + +<p>Until recently frogs of the genus <i>Diaglena</i> were known only from a few +specimens from southern Sinaloa (<i>Diaglena spatulata</i>) and from the +Pacific lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (<i>Diaglena reticulata</i>). +Peters (1955a) reported specimens from Ostula, Michoacán, and compared +these specimens with one <i>D. reticulata</i> from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, and +four <i>D. spatulata</i> from Sinaloa. This comparison showed that the +specimens from Michoacán, although showing some minor differences from +<i>D. reticulata</i>, are closer to that species than to <i>D. spatulata</i>. +Subsequent to Peters' work, series of both species of <i>Diaglena</i>, +including additional specimens from Michoacán and from Colima, have been +collected, and a more qualified comparison is now possible.</p> + +<p>In comparing specimens of <i>D. spatulata</i> from southern Sinaloa (UMMZ +115322) with specimens of <i>D. reticulata</i> from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (UMMZ +115321), the differences noted by Taylor (1942c:60) were found to be +constant. But specimens from Ostula, Michoacán (UMMZ 104418), and five +individuals from Colima (TNHC 26379-83) were found to be intermediate in +certain characters. The skin of the dorsum in <i>D. reticulata</i> is +granular; that in <i>D. spatulata</i> is smooth. The skin in specimens from +Ostula and Colima is slightly granular. The dorsal ground color of <i>D. +reticulata</i> is yellowish brown with dark reticulations; the dorsal +ground color of <i>D. spatulata</i> is olive-green. Specimens from Ostula and +Colima most closely resemble those from Tehuantepec in coloration, but +the reticulations are more coarse, and the ground color has an +olive-green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> tint. <i>Diaglena reticulata</i> also differs from <i>D. +spatulata</i> in having a larger over-all size, slightly broader head, a +narrower interorbital distance, and a more pointed snout with a deeper +labial shelf (Table 4). The specimens from Ostula and Colima are +intermediate between <i>D. reticulata</i> from Oaxaca and <i>D. spatulata</i> from +Sinaloa in body proportions.</p> + +<p>Of three specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley (JRD 5991-3), only two +are suitable for measuring. These specimens are smaller than adults from +the coastal areas and have broader heads and snouts, but narrower +interorbital distances, than specimens in the other samples (Table 4). +The texture of the skin is like that of specimens from Ostula and +Colima. The coloration resembles that of <i>D. reticulata</i>, but the +reticulations are bold and form indistinct bands on the hind limbs.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 4.—Comparison of Four Characters in Five Samples of Diaglena.</span><br /> +(<span class="smcap">All Data Are for Males; Means Given in Parentheses Below Ranges.</span>)</h4> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Locality</td><td align='left'> Number of<br /> specimens</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'> Head width</td><td align='left'>Interorbital distance</td><td align='left'>Internarial distance</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'>Head width</td><td align='left'> Head width</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oaxaca</td><td align='left'> 9</td><td align='left'>71.1-87.5</td><td align='left'>25.4-29.1</td><td align='left'>63.0-71.4</td><td align='left'> 11.9-13.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (80.7)</td><td align='left'> (27.9)</td><td align='left'> (67.1)</td><td align='left'> (12.9)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast of Michoacán</td><td align='left'> 5</td><td align='left'>72.0-79.2</td><td align='left'>24.3-27.2</td><td align='left'>67.0-73.8</td><td align='left'> 13.7-14.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (74.8)</td><td align='left'> (25.6)</td><td align='left'> (71.4)</td><td align='left'> (14.1)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colima</td><td align='left'> 4</td><td align='left'>71.7-79.6</td><td align='left'>26.1-28.6</td><td align='left'>70.5-75.3</td><td align='left'> 16.0-17.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (74.8)</td><td align='left'> (27.4)</td><td align='left'> (72.0)</td><td align='left'> (16.6)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tepalcatepec Valley</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'>63.0-65.4</td><td align='left'>28.3-32.2</td><td align='left'>57.3-62.4</td><td align='left'> 17.0-20.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (64.2)</td><td align='left'> (30.3)</td><td align='left'> (59.9)</td><td align='left'> (18.6)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sinaloa</td><td align='left'> 11</td><td align='left'>71.9-81.3</td><td align='left'>24.0-27.3</td><td align='left'>70.5-78.1</td><td align='left'> 15.0-17.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (77.3)</td><td align='left'> (25.7)</td><td align='left'> (73.4)</td><td align='left'> (16.1)</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>All specimens from Michoacán and Colima more closely approach <i>Diaglena +reticulata</i> than <i>D. spatulata</i>. The acquisition of additional +specimens, especially from the area between Sinaloa and Colima and from +Guerrero, is necessary to determine the relationships among the various +populations known at present. Both species of <i>Diaglena</i> inhabit +tropical scrub forest; none has been found in the more humid and +tropical semi-deciduous forests. Humid forest replaces the scrub forest +in the lowlands of southern Nayarit and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> northern Jalisco; possibly this +forest acts as a barrier to the distribution of <i>Diaglena</i> and thus +serves as a divider between the ranges of <i>D. spatulata</i> to the north +and <i>D. reticulata</i> to the south.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pternohyla fodiens</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pternohyla fodiens</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. +5, 10:326, 1882.—Presidio, Sinaloa, México.</p> + +<p>Nueva Italia (2).</p></div> + +<p>These specimens (JRD 5994-5) were found on the road near Nueva Italia +during a heavy rain on the night of August 25, 1960, by James R. Dixon. +Both are females having snout-vent lengths of 64.0 and 59.0 mm. They are +typical of the species as it is known from Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, +and Colima.</p> + +<p>These specimens constitute the southernmost record for the species, +which ranges in semi-arid habitats from southern Arizona southward along +the Pacific lowlands of México to Colima and inland on the Mexican +Plateau in Jalisco.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 16:181, September 30, 1864.—Colima, Colima, +México. Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford +Univ., 5:37, April 1, 1957.</p> + +<p><i>Agalychnis alcorni</i> Taylor, Copeia, no. 2:31, June 2, +1952.—Río Tepalcatepec, 17 miles south of Apatzingán, +Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Agalychnis dacnicolor</i>, Duellman, Herpetologica, 13:29, +March 30, 1957.</p> + +<p><i>Phyllomedusa alcorni</i>, Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. +Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:30, April 1, 1957.</p> + +<p>Aguililla (13); Apatzingán (7); Charapendo; Coahuayana (3); +Coalcomán (54); El Sabino; Huetamo Road (2); La Orilla; La +Placita; Nueva Italia (4); 32 km. E of Neuva Italia (2); Río +Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S +of Apatzingán; Salitre de Estopilas (2); Tzitzio (4).</p></div> + +<p>This large tree frog has been found only in the lowlands below elevation +of about 1000 meters, usually in arid tropical scrub forest. Calling +males were heard on rainy nights throughout the rainy season; in nearly +every instance both males and females were found in low trees and +bushes. On summer nights when there had been no rain, adults were found +sitting on bushes in the scrub forest.</p> + +<p>At Coalcomán on July 1, 1955, a chorus was heard at midday. About forty +<i>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</i> were found in one guayava bush at the edge of +a recently dried pond. Individual males were calling; clasping males +were silent. The call is a barking groan. Fifteen individual egg masses +were hanging from branches and leaves in tear-drop fashion. Each egg +mass contained 100 to 350 pale green eggs, located only in the exterior +part of the clear gelatinous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> mass. Two composite egg masses appeared to +have been made up by egg deposition on the part of three to five females +(Pl. 2, Fig. 2).</p> + +<p>As shown by Duellman (1957a), the characters used by Taylor (1952) to +diagnose <i>Phyllomedusa alcorni</i> are sexually dimorphic. Funkhouser +(1957) apparently was unaware of this sexual dimorphism, for she +recognized <i>P. alcorni</i> and <i>P. dacnicolor</i> as distinct species.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phrynohyas inflata</b> (Taylor)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Acrodytes inflata</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 30:64, +June 12, 1944.—La Venta, Guerrero, México.</p> + +<p><i>Phrynohyas inflata</i>, Duellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 96:19, February 1, 1956.</p> + +<p><i>Phrynohyas corasterias</i> Shannon and Humphrey, +Herpetologica, 13:15, March 30, 1957.—4.8 miles east of San +Blas, Nayarit, México.</p> + +<p>Barranca de Bejuco.</p></div> + +<p>One specimen of this large species was collected in 1951; it was found +on a low branch in tropical semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 65 +meters. In life there were olive-gray blotches on a pale gray dorsum; +the iris was a dark golden color.</p> + +<p>This species, which is known from only a few specimens, seems to be +restricted to the coastal lowlands and low foothills from Guerrero +northward to Nayarit. Shannon and Humphrey (1957) described <i>Phrynohyas +corasterias</i> from Nayarit. Their description was based on a small female +having a snout-vent length of 34.4 mm. The new species was diagnosed as +differing from <i>P. inflata</i> in having less webbing on the feet, a poorly +developed supratympanic fold, a more pustulate dorsum, and marked +differences in dorsal pattern, color, and nature of antebrachial +banding. The significance of the webbing was questioned by Shannon and +Humphrey. The nature of the supratympanic fold and dorsal pustules +changes with age (Duellman, 1956a:31). <i>Phrynohyas inflata</i> is known to +attain a snout-vent length of 95 mm. Dermal structures that undergo +ontogenetic change are of little importance in comparing a juvenile with +a large adult. The only significant difference in color pattern between +<i>P. inflata</i> and <i>P. corasterias</i> is the presence of wide transverse +bands on the limbs of the latter. In this respect <i>P. corasterias</i> +approaches <i>P. latifasciata</i>, a species known only from two specimens +from southern Sinaloa. The acquisition of additional specimens from +Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa may show that <i>P. inflata</i> and <i>P. +latifasciata</i> are conspecific, as suggested by Duellman (1956a:21). +Nonetheless, the specimen on which the description of <i>P. corasterias</i> +was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> based is not sufficiently different from the known specimens of <i>P. +inflata</i> to warrant specific recognition.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla arenicolor</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla arenicolor</i> Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +ser. 2, 6:84, July, 1866.—Northern Sonora, México. Type +locality restricted to Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County, +Arizona, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:354).</p> + +<p>Agua Cerca; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Chinapa; Cojumatlán; Dos +Aguas; El Sabino (25); El Espinal; Lago de Camécuaro; +Lombardia (2); Tupátaro; Zinapécuaro.</p></div> + +<p>Altitudinally this frog ranges from 500 to 2100 meters; although the +environments in which it has been found vary from open arid tropical +scrub forest to pine forest, it usually is found near rocky streams in +these habitats. There is great disparity in size between specimens from +the mountains and those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Seven males from +elevations in excess of 1400 meters have an average snout-vent length of +34.7 mm.; nine from elevations below 1000 meters have an average +snout-vent length of 49.1 mm. In life a male collected at night at +Lombardia (UMMZ 112846) had dark brown spots on a grayish brown dorsum; +the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and ventral +surfaces of the hind limbs and palms were yellowish orange. The belly +and tips of digits were white; the vocal sac was purplish brown, and the +iris was dark grayish gold. In contrast, a specimen obtained in the +daytime at Chinapa (UMMZ 119204) had indistinct gray spots on a pale +ashy gray dorsum; the flash colors were yellow. After dark the spots +were dark olive-brown on a grayish brown dorsum.</p> + +<p>Two males were found calling from a rocky stream near Lombardia on July +12, 1955. The call is a nasal "ah-ah-ah-ah."</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla baudini</b> Duméril and Bibron</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla baudinii</i> Duméril and Bibron, Erpétologie générale, +vol. 8:564, 1841.—México. Type locality restricted to +Córdoba, Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:346).</p> + +<p>Aguililla (5); Apatzingán (30); Arteaga; Buena Vista; +Charapendo; Coahuayana; Cofradía (4); El Sabino (12); La +Placita; La Playa; Maruata; Nueva Italia (3); 32 km. E of +Nueva Italia (2); Ostula (4); Río Tepalcatepec, 25 km. S of +Apatzingán (3); Salitre de Estopilas; San José de la Montaña +(2); Tumbiscatio; Tzitzio.</p></div> + +<p>This tree frog is widespread in the coastal lowlands and in the +Tepalcatepec Valley up to elevations of about 1200 meters. It is found +in numbers in the early part of the rainy season, at which time males +were heard calling from bushes and trees along ditches and temporary +ponds. The call is a loud nasal "waank-waank-waank." One individual that +was emitting a long and unusually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> high-pitched call was found to have +one hind limb engulfed by a <i>Leptodeira maculata</i>.</p> + +<p>When active at night these frogs usually are pale tan to reddish brown +above with dark brown markings. A specimen found sitting on a maguey +plant in the daytime was pale ashy gray with a pale green upper lip.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla bistincta</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla bistincta</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 17:87, +1877.—Veracruz, México. Type locality restricted to +Acultzingo, Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:346).</p> + +<p>Cerro San Andrés; Dos Aguas (2); Los Conejos (3); Uruapan +(50).</p></div> + +<p>In the Parque Nacional at Uruapan this species was found in abundance +during the day. The frogs hide in an entanglement of vines and +vegetation overhanging several small spring-fed streams. Tadpoles were +in the rocky streams, and metamorphosing young were on vegetation at the +edges of the streams.</p> + +<p>In life the dorsum is greenish tan with brown mottling; in some +individuals the entire dorsum is dark chocolate brown. The flanks are +pale lemon yellow barred with lavender-brown. Notes on the color of a +living frog from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119193) are: Dorsal ground color a +medium shade of brown with dark brown flecks; flanks black with silvery +white and pale yellow spots; belly pale yellowish white; throat mottled +with grayish brown; iris pale copper color.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig8.jpg" width="600" height="141" alt="Fig. 8. Tadpole of Hyla bistincta (UMMZ 115231) from +Uruapan, Michoacán. × 2." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 8. Tadpole of Hyla bistincta (UMMZ 115231) from +Uruapan, Michoacán. × 2.</span> +</div> + +<p>Description of Tadpole: Body somewhat depressed; maximum width of body +slightly more than one-half of body length. Nostrils placed +dorsolaterally and directed anteriorly, situated about midway between +tip of snout and eye. Eyes of moderate size, dorsolateral in position +and directed upwards. Tail about twice as long as body, thrice as long +as deep, and tapering gradually to a rounded tip. Tail-musculature not +extending to tip of tail fin. Spiracle sinistral, lateral, and situated +at midbody. Vent dextral;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> the cloacal tube extending along ventral part +of tail for a distance equal to about one-eighth of body length (Fig. +8). Average body length of six tadpoles with small hind limb buds, 19.5 +mm.; tail length, 38.3 mm. Mouth ventral, its width equal to about +two-thirds of greatest width of body. Lips bordered by two rows of small +papillae; row of larger papillae between upper lip and outer upper +tooth-row, similar row between lower lip and outer lower tooth-row; +laterally these rows degenerating into numerous small papillae. Horny +beaks well developed; upper beak moderately arched and deeply indented; +lower beak slightly indented. Serrations of beaks blunt and peglike, +moderately developed on both beaks, but slightly stronger on lower one. +Tooth-rows 2/3; upper rows nearly equal in length and slightly longer +than lower rows, which are subequal in length; inner upper tooth row +interrupted medially by rounded notch; inner lower tooth-row turned +downward laterally; teeth in all rows about equal in size, but +decreasing in length laterally (Fig. 9).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/fig9.jpg" width="500" height="333" alt="Fig. 9. Mouthparts of larval Hyla bistincta (UMMZ +115231) from Uruapan, Michoacán. × 15." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 9. Mouthparts of larval Hyla bistincta (UMMZ +115231) from Uruapan, Michoacán. × 15.</span> +</div> + +<p>Color in formalin: pale grayish brown dorsally and laterally; pale gray +ventrally; tail-musculature brown; tail-fin translucent with scattered +melanophores most numerous on upper fin.</p> + +<p>In most details these tadpoles resemble those of <i>Hyla robertsorum</i> +described by Rabb and Mosimann (1955).</p> + +<p>Four metamorphosing young have snout-vent lengths of 23.0-23.5<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> (23.2); +a completely metamorphosed individual has a snout-vent length of 24.8 +mm.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this stream-breeding hylid occurs at elevations of 1,600 to +2,400 meters in the Sierra de Coalcomán and in the mountains rising from +the Mexican Plateau.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla eximia</b> Baird</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla eximia</i> Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +7:61, October 20, 1854.—Valley of México. Type locality +restricted to Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México, by Smith +and Taylor (1950a:329).</p> + +<p><i>Hyla microeximia</i> Maslin, Herpetologica, 13:81, July 10, +1957.—3 miles northwest of Jocotepec, Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>Ciudad Hidalgo (36); Cuitzeo; 29 km. NW of Jacona; Jiquilpan +(2); Lago de Camécuaro (2); Lago de Pátzcuaro (129); Los +Reyes; Morelia; Sahuayo (3); San Gregorio (63); +Tangamandapio (4); Temazcal (26); Tupátaro; Tuxpan (15); +Undameo (2); Uruapan (20); Zacapu; Zamora (27); Zinapécuaro +(10).</p></div> + +<p>More than 80 per cent of the specimens from Michoacán have brown spots +between the lateral and dorsolateral dark stripes, and more than 50 per +cent have spots between the dorsolateral stripes, at least posteriorly. +In comparison with specimens from the Valley of México, those from +Michoacán have more distinct dorsolateral stripes that extend farther +anteriorly, sometimes to the eyelid, and in this respect are more nearly +like those from Jalisco and Nayarit (Taylor, 1939b:425). Some specimens +from the western part of Michoacán possess certain characters used by +Maslin (1957:81) to distinguish <i>Hyla microeximia</i> from <i>H. eximia</i>; +nevertheless, the variation is such that two species cannot be +distinguished in Michoacán. Four series of freshly preserved specimens +have been studied in detail; in the discussion below they are arranged +from west to east; the measurement is for snout-vent length of ten males +from each sample:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Zamora.</i>—Twenty-two specimens (UMMZ 102083), 24.0-27.6 +(26.1) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe, or row of dashes, +present in all specimens; dark spots in lateral and dorsal +green fields; lateral dark stripe confluent with +dorsolateral stripe posteriorly in 18 specimens; white line +not extending to groin.</p> + +<p><i>Temazcal.</i>—Thirty-five specimens (UMMZ 119162), 26.5-31.1 +(28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe of row of spots present +only posteriorly in most; both dorsolateral stripes and +dorsal spots lacking in four specimens; heavy spotting +dorsally in three others; lateral and dorsolateral dark +stripes confluent posteriorly in three; lateral white stripe +extending to groin in 16 specimens.</p> + +<p><i>Ciudad Hidalgo.</i>—Thirty-six specimens (UMMZ 119163), +26.4-30.9 (28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of +spots present only posteriorly in most; no brown spots in +the green fields of many specimens; large brown inguinal +spot in most specimens; heavy spotting dorsally in four; +lateral and dorsolateral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> dark stripes confluent posteriorly +in five; lateral white line extending to groin in most +specimens.</p> + +<p><i>Tuxpan.</i>—Fifteen specimens (UMMZ 115227), 28.7-33.0 (30.5) +mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of dashes in all +specimens; dark spots in lateral green fields, at least +posteriorly in most; dark spots posteriorly in the dorsal +green field in five; lateral dark stripe separated from +dorsolateral stripe in all specimens; lateral white line +extends to the groin in all specimens.</p></div> + +<p>As can be seen from the above descriptions, the distinguishing +characters of <i>Hyla microeximia</i>—confluence of lateral and dorsolateral +dark stripes posteriorly, extent of lateral white stripe, and +distribution of dark spots dorsally—are found in individuals from all +of the populations sampled. In the samples from western Michoacán there +is a higher incidence of <i>microeximia</i>-like frogs than in those from +other parts of the state. <i>Hyla eximia</i> is a wide-ranging species +varying greatly geographically and individually. A thorough review of +the species and related members of the <i>Hyla eximia</i>-group is necessary +before certain populations can justifiably be segregated as subspecies +or species.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán <i>Hyla eximia</i> has been collected in mesquite-grassland, +pine-oak forest, and cultivated areas on the Mexican Plateau from 1500 +to 2300 meters; apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcomán. +This is the most abundant frog on the southern part of the Mexican +Plateau; in the rainy season breeding choruses are found in temporary +pools and in the marshes adjacent to the permanent lakes.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla lafrentzi</b> Mertens and Wolterstorff</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> Mertens and Wolterstorff, Zool. Anz., +84:235, August 25, 1929.—Desierto de los Leones, Distrito +Federal, México.</p> + +<p>Cerro San Andrés (26); Opopeo (9).</p></div> + +<p>In March, 1949, James A. Peters collected this species at elevations of +2400 to 2800 meters on the west slope of Cerro San Andrés. The frogs +were found beneath logs and rocks in a damp canyon in coniferous forest. +Among the juveniles in this series is a completely transformed +individual (UMMZ 102093) having a snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Five +adults have snout-vent lengths of 36.2-39.5 (38.0) mm. <i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> +has noticeably longer hind limbs than <i>H. eximia</i>; in the former, when +the hind limb is brought forward along the body, the tibiotarsal +articulation extends to the snout. There are dark transverse bands on +the hind limbs; the dorsolateral stripe is broken into an anterior and a +posterior segment, and the latter is narrowly bordered by white in most +specimens.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> occurs at higher elevations than any other frog in +Michoacán; the locality records from throughout the range indicate that +it is restricted to pine and pine-fir forests. In these habitats it +replaces <i>Hyla eximia</i>, which inhabits the lower pine-oak forests and +mesquite-grassland on the Mexican Plateau. Ponds are absent at places +where <i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> has been collected; possibly the eggs are laid in +streams.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla smaragdina</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla smaragdina</i> Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:18, March 30, +1940.—6 kilometers east of Cojumatlán, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Hylella azteca</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56:49, +June 16, 1943.—Tepoztlán, Morelos, México.</p> + +<p>Cojumatlán (30); Copuyo (7); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (22); +Ostula (8); Pómaro (3); Sahuayo; Salitre de Estopilas (7).</p></div> + +<p>Taylor (1940a:18) diagnosed this species as having few or no vomerine +teeth, no vocal sac, a rather broad and flat head, two large tubercles +below the anus, a granular venter, and a green dorsum in life. The +specimens on which the description was based are either immature or +non-breeding individuals; all were collected from bromeliads growing on +cacti near Cojumatlán. Another small, flat-headed hylid from Tepoztlán, +Morelos, was described and diagnosed by Taylor (1943b:49) as differing +from <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> in having a vocal sac and a broader head. This +specimen was named <i>Hylella azteca</i>. Specimens from the coastal region +of Michoacán and Colima were referred to <i>Hylella azteca</i> by Peters +(1954:7) and Duellman (1958c:8).</p> + +<p>Comparison of topotypic <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> and the holotype of <i>Hylella +azteca</i> (UIMNH 25044) with the several series of specimens from +Michoacán has resulted in the conclusion that all pertain to only one +species. Although the type series of <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> consists of +immature specimens, the males in that series do possess vocal sacs. +Since these were not breeding individuals, the sacs are not well +developed. The characters of the anal tubercles and the relative width +of the head are of no value in separating the two species. The +apparently aestivating individuals comprising the type series of <i>Hyla +smaragdina</i>, and the type of <i>Hylella azteca</i>, which also was found in a +bromeliad, were green in life. Of the calling males found on the coast +of Michoacán, most were yellowish tan when found; two were pale green, +but soon changed to pale tan. Calling males from Copuyo and Dos Aguas +were pale yellowish tan. Therefore the color of the dorsum is of little +significance in distinguishing the two named populations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p>Males of <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> have been found calling in the months of June +and July from rocky streams; the call is a nasal "haah-haah-haah," +repeated quickly and constantly for as long as 30 seconds. As pointed +out by Duellman (1958c:9), this breeding behavior is unlike that +suggested by Taylor (1943b:51). In Michoacán <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> has been +found in tropical semi-deciduous forest, oak forest, and +mesquite-grassland at elevations from 150 to 1500 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla smithi</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla smithi</i> Boulenger, Zool. Rec. Reptilia and Batrachia, +38:33, 1902.—Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.</p> + +<p>Aguililla (14); Apatzingán (104); Arteaga; Charapendo (5); +Coalcomán (11); El Sabino (44); La Playa (6); Lombardia (2); +Nueva Italia (8); Playa Azul; Salitre de Estopilas (2).</p></div> + +<p>This small hylid is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of +about 1000 meters; it was found infrequently on the coastal lowlands. +Males call from bushes in and around flooded fields and ditches, from +grasses and small herbs in the water and from vegetation overhanging +small streams. The call consists of a series of short, high notes, +somewhat reminiscent of a katydid's song. In the dry season occasional +males were heard calling from irrigated fields near Apatzingán. In the +daytime individuals were found in the axils of leaves of the +elephant-ear plants (<i>Xanthosoma</i>).</p> + +<p>In living individuals the dorsal color usually is uniform pale yellow; +often the lateral white stripe is barely visible. The vocal sac is +bright yellow, and the iris is pale gold. In some individuals there are +scattered dark brown spots or flecks on the back and upper surfaces of +limbs. Twenty males from Apatzingán have the following measurements: +snout-vent length, 22.8-26.0 (25.0) mm., tibia length, 10.7-13.6 (12.6) +mm.; head width, 7.2-8.0 (7.6) mm., head length, 7.1-8.1 (7.7) mm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hypopachus caprimimus</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypopachus caprimimus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26:526, November 27, 1940.—Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Buena Vista; Copuyo (6); Charapendo (3); Cofradía; +Jaramillo; Jungapeo; San Salvador; Tuxpan.</p></div> + +<p>Specimens of <i>Hypopachus</i> from the Balsas drainage in Michoacán have +characters consistent with topotypic <i>H. caprimimus</i>. Eleven specimens +from the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau all have the flanks darker +than the dorsum, a distinct and continuous dark stripe from the occiput +to the groin, a large dark spot in the inguinal region, and a pair of +dark transverse stripes on the thigh and shank<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> (Pl. 6, Fig. 1). With +the exception of three specimens from Charapendo, all have a +predominantly brown venter with round, cream-colored spots.</p> + +<p>Peters (1954:8) referred specimens from Buena Vista and San Salvador to +<i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus</i>. He stated that the specimen (BMNH +1914.1.28.150) from San Salvador had flanks much darker than the dorsum +and a well-defined continuous stripe from the occiput to the groin; this +specimen has the characters of <i>H. caprimimus</i>. The specimen (BMNH +1914.1.28.151) from Buena Vista resembles <i>H. oxyrrhinus</i> in some +characters, but it is not like <i>H. oxyrrhinus ovis</i> on the Mexican +Plateau in Michoacán. The specimen has paired transverse stripes on the +hind limbs as does <i>H. caprimimus</i>, and is here referred to that +species.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this species has been collected in arid tropical scrub +forest at elevations of 200 to 1800 meters in the northern foothills of +the Sierra de Coalcomán, the Tepalcatepec and Tuxpan valleys, and on the +lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica. Calling males have been found +along streams. One specimen from Charapendo was regurgitated by a +<i>Leptodeira maculata</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypopachus ovis</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:520, +November 27, 1940.—Tepic, Nayarit, México.</p> + +<p><i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</i>, Shannon and Humphrey, +Herpetologica, 14:89, July 23, 1958.</p> + +<p>Emiliano Zapata; 30 km. NW of Jacona (2); 10 km. NE of +Pátzcuaro (2); Tangamandapio (16); 24 km. W of Zamora (16).</p></div> + +<p>Thirty-seven specimens from the Mexican Plateau in northwestern +Michoacán agree well with the diagnosis of <i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</i> +by Shannon and Humphrey (1958). With the exception of one specimen from +Tangamandapio, all have dark bellies extensively mottled or spotted with +cream-color. Most of the specimens have some form of an irregular, +usually broken, dark line from the occiput to the groin. In eight +specimens there is no line or linear arrangement of spots; instead the +dorsum is spotted or flecked with dark brown. The ground color of the +dorsum and flanks varies from dull reddish brown to grayish brown; +cream-colored spots are evident on the flanks and posterior surfaces of +the thighs in all specimens (Pl. 6, Fig. 2).</p> + +<p>In comparison with 14 specimens from Quesería, Colima (UMMZ 80001-2), +individuals from the Mexican Plateau have a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> darker venter with bolder +markings, and a more mottled dorsum.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this species has been taken between 1500 and 2200 meters on +the Mexican Plateau, where it inhabits mesquite-grassland and cultivated +areas.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rana dunni</b> Zweifel</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana dunni</i> Zweifel, Copeia, no. 2:78, July 15, 1957.—Lago +de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Lago de Pátzcuaro (23); Río de Morelia, near Undameo (8).</p></div> + +<p>Aside from the type series of this species, there are in the Museum of +Zoology at the University of Michigan six specimens taken from "tanks" +at the limnological station at Pátzcuaro by Paul S. Martin in 1948, and +eight specimens found in shaded ditches along the Río de Morelia by +Robert R. Miller on April 4, 1957. The Río de Morelia flows into Lago de +Cuitzeo; this drainage is separated from Lago de Pátzcuaro by a chain of +hills about 2400 meters in elevation. Dr. Richard G. Zweifel has +examined these specimens and has informed me that, although they differ +slightly from typical <i>Rana dunni</i>, they are much closer to that species +than to <i>Rana montezumae</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rana megapoda</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana megapoda</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:310, +November 12, 1942.—Chapala, Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>La Palma (8).</p></div> + +<p>These specimens (USNM 113998-114005) are from the marshes along the +southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala. Five females have snout-vent +lengths of 124.0-138.1 (131.5), and one male has a snout-vent length of +110.2 mm. Two juveniles have snout-vent lengths of 49.7 and 56.3 mm. The +coloration of the juveniles is more bold than that of the adults. The +body proportions of these specimens agree with those presented by +Zweifel (1957:80).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rana montezumae</b> Baird</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana montezumae</i> Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +7:61, October 20, 1854.—Mexico City, Distrito Federal, +México.</p> + +<p>La Palma; 8 km. NW of Maravatio (10); Sahuayo; Tupátaro (7).</p></div> + +<p>This species probably is more abundant and widespread than is indicated +by the few specimens listed above. It has been found only in the +vicinity of permanent water on the Mexican Plateau and the mountains +rising from the plateau at elevations of 1500<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> to 2000 meters. Its +apparent absence from Lago de Pátzcuaro cannot be explained, unless +<i>Rana dunni</i> replaces it there.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rana pipiens</b> Schreber</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana pipiens</i> Schreber, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 18:185, +1782.—Raccoon, Gloucester County, New Jersey.</p> + +<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (13); Arteaga; Axolotl (16); +Camachines (2); Capirio; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Cerro San +Andrés (6); Charapendo (4); Ciudad Hidalgo; Coalcomán (17); +Cuitzeo (3); El Sabino (10); Jacona (3); 29 km. NW of Jacona +(8); Jiquilpan; La Orilla (3); La Palma (5); La Playa (4); +Lago de Chapala (3); Lago de Pátzcuaro (6); Lombardia; Los +Conejos (67); Los Reyes (7); Macho de Agua; Maravatio; +Morelia (5); Opopeo (3); Pátzcuaro (9); 26 km. S of +Pátzcuaro (52); Puerto Hondo (3); Río Duero, 14 km. E of +Zamora (13); Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán (2); +San Gregorio (38); San José de la Cumbre (5); Tangamandapio; +Zacapu; 18 km. W of Zamora (35).</p></div> + +<p>Except on the Pacific lowlands, this species is abundant throughout the +state. It has been collected from sea level to 2800 meters, the greatest +altitudinal range of any amphibian in Michoacán. It has been found +frequently in the Tepalcatepec Valley; it is not a distinctly highland +species in southern Michoacán, as stated by Peters (1954:9). One +specimen from Aguililla (UMMZ 119257) is an albino. In this specimen +there is a faint pattern on the hind limbs; otherwise the entire body is +creamy white; the eyes are pink.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rana pustulosa</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana pustulosa</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, +11:343, 1883.—Ventanas, Durango, México.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (4); 21 km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (3); +Coalcomán (3); 12 km. ENE of Dos Aguas (3); El Sabino (53); +Los Reyes (3); Tzitzio (4); Uruapan.</p></div> + +<p>Although <i>Rana pustulosa</i> seems to be absent from the Mexican Plateau in +Michoacán, it has been collected at elevations of 850 to 2150 meters on +the slopes of the Cordillera Volcánico and in the Sierra de Coalcomán. +Usually the frogs are found along rocky streams, but at Coalcomán they +were found in a hyacinth-choked old river channel, and at El Sabino, in +irrigation ditches.</p> + +<p>In most specimens the dorsum is dark olive-brown; in some it is pale +olive-tan with dense dark brown mottling on the back and dark transverse +bands on the hind limbs.</p> + +<p>Thirteen tadpoles (UMMZ 94271) taken from a seepage pool by a stream +near Uruapan closely resemble the description of tadpoles of this +species given by Taylor (1942b).</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> +<h2>REPTILIA</h2> + + +<h3>Testudines</h3> + + +<p class="center"><b>Chelonia mydas</b> (Linnaeus)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Testudo mydas</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10:197, +1758.—Type locality restricted to Ascension Island by +Mertens and Müller (1928:23).</p> + +<p><i>Chelonia mydas</i>, Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom., 2:89, +1800.</p> + +<p>Beach between Río Motín and Río Colotlán (2); Maruata; Playa +Azul (4).</p></div> + +<p>Green sea turtles are abundant along the coast of Michoacán. Laying +females and fresh nests were found on August 6-12, 1950, July 14-16, +1951, and July 8-10, 1955. The general account of sea turtles on the +coast of Michoacán that was given by Peters (1957) is supplemented here +by my field notes on the actions of one female observed on the night of +July 14, 1951, near Maruata by Donald D. Brand and I. Because of a full +moon, visibility was excellent.</p> + +<p>In the course of the day several <i>Chelonia</i> were seen in the surf; +shortly after dark the first turtle was observed on the beach. Several +were observed to come out on the beach and crawl nearly to the strand +line, only to return to the sea.</p> + +<p>At 10:20 p. m. one turtle was seen about 15 meters from the water. We +watched this turtle from some distance and observed that by 10:26 p. m. +she had moved about ten meters to a bank of sand about two meters high. +Ten minutes later she had climbed the bank and disappeared over the top +into the brush. We moved closer and remained hidden below the bank. +Although we could not see the turtle, we could hear her movements. +Between 10:37 and 10:57 p. m. the turtle dug, often flipping the dry +sand for a distance of about two meters. When this energetic digging +ceased, we moved up the bank to see that she was facing inland and +sitting in a depression about one and one-half meters in diameter and 30 +centimeters in depth. She had cleaned out this depression in the past 20 +minutes. Between 11:00 and 11:36 p. m. she dug the nest hole by first +scooping sand with one hind flipper and then with the other; when sand +was thrown by one flipper, there was a similar, but weaker, motion by +the other flipper. At 11:36 p. m. she stopped digging. By crawling up +behind the turtle we were able to examine the nest cavity, which +measured 21 centimeters across the top and 38 centimeters deep. The +diameter of the bottom of the hole was estimated to be about 50 +centimeters. At 11:40 p. m. she released the first egg; a minute later +she dropped the second. At 11:42 p. m. the third and fourth eggs were +released; these were coherent, as were the fifth and sixth eggs released +at 11:43 p. m. After this, as many as three eggs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> were dropped at a +time. After laying about 60 eggs, she paused for a minute and then +continued laying. By 11:55 p. m. she had laid 98 eggs; after this, the +process of deposition slowed considerably. She dropped a fragment of an +egg followed by normal eggs. At midnight she deposited a miniature egg +about 20 mm. in diameter. This terminated the deposition. Immediately +she began to cover the nest.</p> + +<p>Within ten minutes after the last egg was deposited the nest had been +covered. The turtle first had been seen at 10:20 p. m.; judging from its +speed and its distance from the water, the turtle probably had been on +land for about ten minutes. About 25 minutes were used in crawling from +the water to the nesting site. One hour and 33 minutes were spent at the +nesting site; of this time twenty minutes were taken for egg deposition. +The turtle was not followed back to the water, but if the return trip +took approximately the same amount of time as required to travel from +the ocean to the nesting site, the total elapsed time from departure to +return to the water was about two and one-half hours.</p> + +<p>We collected the eggs as they were deposited. There were 106 eggs, each +having a diameter of about 40 mm., plus one small egg and a fragment of +another. The turtle had a carapace about one meter in length.</p> + +<p>From our limited observations of sea turtles and their tracks on the +beaches, and from the accounts of these animals by the residents of the +coastal region, great numbers of sea turtles use these relatively +uninhabited beaches for nesting grounds. However, the turtles do not go +unmolested. The natives capture turtles and collect their eggs. Opened +and emptied nests also showed signs of predatory activity on the part of +other mammals. In the vicinity of Playa Azul several turtles were killed +by dogs.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes</b> Wagler</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cinosternon hirtipes</i> Wagler, Naturl. Syst. Amph., p. 37, +1830.—México. Type locality restricted to Mazatlán, +Sinaloa, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:25).</p> + +<p><i>Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes</i>, Schmidt, Check list N Amer. +Amph. Rept., ed. 6, p. 89, 1953.</p> + +<p>Eight km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; Jiquilpan; La Palma; Lago de +Camécuaro (4); Lago de Cuitzeo (3); Lago de Pátzcuaro (8); +14 km. E of Zamora (4).</p></div> + +<p>One specimen from eight kilometers west of Ciudad Hidalgo (UIMNH 24707) +is from the Río Tuxpan, a tributary of the Río Balsas; this is the only +record for the species from the Balsas drainage. All others are from the +lakes or rivers flowing into the lakes on the southern part of the +Mexican Plateau. This species exists<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> in Lago de Pátzcuaro to the +apparent exclusion of the abundant and widespread <i>Kinosternon +integrum</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Kinosternon integrum</b> LeConte</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Kinosternon integrum</i> LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 7:183, 1854.—México. Type locality restricted +to Acapulco, Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:25).</p> + +<p>Agua Cerca (3); Aguililla; Arteaga (8); Apatzingán (7); +Barranca de Herradero; Buenavista (20); Capirio (2); +Charapendo (3); Chupio; Coahuayana (2); Coalcomán (169); +Copuyo (4); El Sabino (8); Jacona; Jiquilpan (12); La Orilla +(2); La Playa (2); Lago de Cuitzeo (27); Las Higuertas; +Lombardia (3); Los Reyes (5); Morelia; Ojos de Agua de San +Telmo; San Pedro Naranjestila; Tacícuaro.</p></div> + +<p>Excepting Lago de Pátzcuaro, <i>Kinosternon integrum</i> occupies all +permanent and temporary ponds, lakes, and streams below 2200 meters +throughout the state. At Coalcomán the species was in roadside ditches, +small puddles, flooded fields, a hyacinth-choked ox-bow of the Río +Coalcomán, as well as in the Río Coalcomán and its tributaries. +Specimens from Arteaga and Barranca de Herradero were found in clear +rocky streams; the one from Las Higuertas was found in a small muddy +pond in pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>On August 26, 1960, James R. Dixon found a copulating pair in a pool at +Capirio. The large series from Coalcomán contains juveniles and adults; +these turtles formed the basis for the study of relative growth of +plastral scutes in this species by Mosimann (1956).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geoemyda rubida perixantha</b> Mosimann and Rabb</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geoemyda rubida perixantha</i> Mosimann and Rabb, Occ. Pap. +Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1, November 9, 1953.—Eight +kilometers south of Tecomán, Colima, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (2); Coahuayana; La Placita; Punta San Juan de +Lima.</p></div> + +<p>These specimens have been discussed in detail by Mosimann and Rabb +(1953). All are from the arid tropical scrub forest; those from the +coastal regions were collected at elevations of less than 40 meters, and +those from the Tepalcatepec Valley were collected at an elevation of 335 +meters.</p> + + +<h3>Crocodilia</h3> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crocodylus acutus acutus</b> Cuvier</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crocodylus acutus</i> Cuvier, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, +10:55, 1807.—Santo Domingo.</p> + +<p><i>Crocodylus acutus acutus</i>, Müller and Hellmich, +Ibero-Amerik. Stud., 13:128, 1940.</p> + +<p>Boca de Apiza (2); Playa Azul (2).</p></div> + +<p>The crocodile or "caiman" is abundant in the brackish lagoons along the +cost of Michoacán; three large adults and several juveniles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> were +observed at Estero Pichi at Playa Azul; others were seen at Mexiquillo +and Maruata. Residents of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin frequently have +reported "caimanes" in the Río Balsas and Río Tepalcatepec, but the +existence of the crocodile in these rivers has not been verified by +specimens.</p> + + +<p>Sauria</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus duellmani</b> Dixon</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus duellmani</i> Dixon, Southwest Nat., 5:37, +April 15, 1960.—Rancho El Espinal, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Fourteen km. SSW of Apatzingán; Capirio; Cafradía (3); El +Espinal (3).</p></div> + +<p>This species is known only from the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it has +been found in open arid situations from 180 to 500 meters. Specimens +were found in the daytime in stumps, dead cacti, and the hollow branches +of the legume, <i>Apoplanesia paniculata</i>. In life adults were pale gray +or grayish tan above and creamy white below. A juvenile having a +snout-vent length of 18 mm. had a pale orange tail with gray +cross-bands. In the adults the tail was colored like the body. The +specimen from 14 kilometers south-southwest of Apatzingán (KU 29764) and +those from Cofradía (BMNH 1914.1.28.28-30) were not listed by Dixon +(1960).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i> Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 22:121, November 15, 1935.—Five miles southwest of +Hermosillo, Sonora, México.</p> + +<p>El Ticuiz (2); La Placita; Ostula (2); Pómaro; San Pedro +Naranjestila.</p></div> + +<p>These specimens have been referred to <i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i> by +James R. Dixon (<i>in litt.</i>), who is currently studying the American +members of the genus. Geckos of this species have been found in tropical +semi-deciduous forest in the coastal lowlands to elevations of 500 +meters. Most specimens were found beneath the bark of standing dead +trees or stumps. Two individuals from El Ticuiz (UMMZ 115102) in life +were dark gray above with brownish tubercles; the belly was a dusty +cream-color. Apparently this species does not enter the Tepalcatepec +Valley, where <i>Phyllodactylus lanei</i> is abundant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus lanei</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus lanei</i> Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +22:125, November 15, 1935.—Tierra Colorado, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (13); 21 km. S of Arteaga: El Sabino (53); La +Playa; Ostula (2); Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (8); +16 km. N of Tafetán.</p></div> + +<p>This widespread species has been taken at elevations of less than 1100 +meters in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, where it occurs in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> riparian +situations in the foothills. Specimens have been collected in tropical +semi-deciduous forest at Ostula and in oak forest south of Arteaga; both +of these localities are on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra de +Coalcomán, a region inhabited by <i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i>. Both +species have been collected at Ostula.</p> + +<p>A juvenile from 21 kilometers south of Arteaga (UMMZ 118933) had +alternating black and white bands on the tail. In life most of the +lizards are dull ashy gray or grayish tan above and white below. +According to Dixon (<i>in litt.</i>), one specimen from Apatzingán (UMMZ +115102) resembles <i>Phyllodactylus magnus</i> in scutellation, but it lacks +the distinctive yellow venter of that species.</p> + +<p>Apparently <i>Phyllodactylus lanei</i> is restricted to rather mesic +environments in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding +foothills; in the more open arid environments on the floor of the valley +it seems to be replaced by <i>Phyllodactylus duellmani</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus</b> Dixon</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus</i> Dixon, Southwest. Nat., +5:40, April 15, 1960.—Río Cupatitzio (= Río Marquez), 6.5 +miles south of Lombardia, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (6).</p></div> + +<p>Two of these specimens (UMMZ 112692-3) were discussed in detail by Dixon +(1960:40) in his description of the species. On August 25, 1960, Dixon +collected four additional specimens at the type locality, a conglomerate +cliff along the Río Marquez. These will be reported by him in his +forthcoming study of the genus.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Anolis dunni</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anolis dunni</i> Smith, Copeia, no. 1:9, May 10, 1936.—Agua +del Obispo, Guerrero, México.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (3); 19 km. S of Arteaga.</p></div> + +<p>Three females from Arteaga (UMMZ 119075) have snout-vent lengths of 41, +41, and 44 mm. In life the pale grayish brown dorsum was marked with +dark brown; the belly was white, and the throat was pale pink. All have +a dark interorbital bar and dark vertical bars on the upper labials. In +two specimens there are only scattered dark flecks on the dorsum; in the +third there is a dark postorbital stripe, a dark lateral stripe, and +four narrow transverse bands on the body. A male from 19 kilometers +south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119076) having a snout-vent length of 49 mm. had +in life a tan dorsum, a broad white stripe from the ear to the groin, +scattered small white spots on the dorsum, and indistinct pale +cream-colored spots on the posterior surfaces of the thighs. This male +has the dark labial bars,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> but lacks the dark interorbital bar, found in +the females. The large rose-pink throat fan extends to about the middle +of the belly. In all of the specimens the middorsal scales are keeled +and much smaller than the smooth pavementlike or slightly imbricate +ventrals. All have two gulars in contact with the mental, five scales +between the nasals, five scales (not including the first labials) in +contact with the rostral, and four rows of loreals. In these characters +these specimens agree well with <i>Anolis dunni</i> from Guerrero, as +diagnosed by Davis (1954b).</p> + +<p>Previously <i>Anolis dunni</i> has been reported only from the vicinity of +Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, a locality situated at an elevation of about +900 meters in pine-oak forest in the Sierra del Sur. All known close +relatives of <i>Anolis dunni</i> occur only in Guerrero: <i>A. taylori</i> Smith +and Spieler from Acapulco, <i>A. gadowi</i> Boulenger from Tierra Colorado, +<i>A. liogaster</i> Boulenger, and <i>A. omiltemanus</i> Davis from Omiltemi. The +present specimens from elevations of about 900 meters in riparian stream +vegetation and oak forest represent the northern known limits of this +group of <i>Anolis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Anolis nebulosus</b> (Wiegmann)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dactyloa nebulosa</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 47, +1834.—México. Type locality restricted to Mazatlán, +Sinaloa, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:66).</p> + +<p><i>Anolis nebulosas</i>, Bocourt, Mission Scientifique au Mexique +et dan l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 2:77, 1873.</p> + +<p>Acahuato (3); Agua Cerca; Apatzingán (4); Araparicuaro (3); +29 km. S of Ario de Rosales (3); 20 km. S of Arteaga (2); +Barranca de Bejuco; Cascada Tzararacua (5); Cerro Tancítaro +(13); Cherán; Chupio (5); Coalcomán (10); Cofradía; Dos +Aguas (10); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (3); El Diezmo; El Sabino +(43); El Ticuiz; Jiquilpan (2); La Orilla; La Placita; La +Playa (3); Los Conejos (2); Los Pozos; Nogueleras (2); +Ostula; 8 km. W of Pátzcuaro (2); 8 km. NE of Pátzcuaro; +Playa Azul (3); Río Cachán; Río Marquez, 10 km. S of +Lombardia; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán; San +Juan de Lima (6); San Pedro Naranjestila; Temazcal; Tuxpan +(2); Tzitzio; Uruapan (74); 11 km. N of Uruapan (2); Volcán +Jorullo; 16 km. E of Zacapu (2); 18 km. W of Zamora; +Ziracuaretiro.</p></div> + +<p>Even with the abundance of material the assignment of a specific name to +these anoles is only tentative, for definite determination between +<i>Anolis nebulosus</i> Wiegmann and <i>A. nebuloides</i> Bocourt is uncertain. +Bocourt (1873:75) distinguished <i>A. nebuloides</i> from <i>A. nebulosus</i> by +the following characters: (1) head scales keeled, not smooth; (2) snout +narrower; (3) ear opening larger; (4) supraorbital semicircles separated +by a row of small scales and not in contact; (5) dorsal scales larger +and subequal in size to the belly scales. Boulenger (1885:77) used the +same characters; Smith and Taylor (1950b:58) in their key to the Mexican +species<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> of <i>Anolis</i> stated that the dorsal scales are slightly smaller +than the ventrals in <i>A. nebulosus</i> and markedly smaller in <i>A. +nebuloides</i>. Smith (<i>in litt.</i>) stated that the characters of the +relative sizes of the dorsal and ventral scales were incorrect in that +key.</p> + +<p>The application of the above criteria to specimens from Michoacán has +not resulted in the recognition of two species. The majority of the +specimens have the supraorbital semicircles separated by at least one +small scale; the head scales, with the exception of those on the snout +in a few individuals, are smooth; the dorsal scales are only slightly +smaller than the ventrals. In other characters of scutellation the +specimens are highly variable. The males in life have an orange throat +fan. Anoles of this kind have been found in Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, +Nayarit, and southern Sinaloa. Near Oaxaca, Oaxaca, specimens were +collected that superficially resemble those from Michoacán and farther +north. These have low keels on the snout scales, dorsals somewhat larger +than the ventrals, and a pink throat fan. In ten males from Oaxaca the +size of the dorsal scales relative to that of the ventrals is 1.00:0.83; +the same ratio for 25 males from Michoacán is 1.00:1.08. In both samples +there are specimens in which the dorsal and ventral scales are about +equal in size.</p> + +<p>Investigations by Richard E. Etheridge on the osteology of <i>Anolis</i>, +including those species here being considered, have revealed relatively +constant differences in the parasternalia and in the caudal vertebrae. +The application of Etheridge's findings to anoline systematics must +await the completion of his study.</p> + +<p>The carination of the scales on the snout <i>versus</i> smooth scales there +seems to be the only significant character given by Bocourt that +distinguishes <i>A. Nebuloides</i> from <i>A. nebulosus</i>. The difference in the +color of the throat fan, which is apparent only in living individuals, +is more striking. Obviously more than one species is represented, as is +borne out by the differences in the color of the throat fan and in the +osteology, but there is uncertainty about the correct name for each +species. On the strength of Bocourt's diagnosis of keeled snout scales +in <i>A. nebuloides</i>, I am applying that name to the population in Oaxaca +and <i>A. nebulosus</i> to the specimens from Michoacán. As arranged here, +the two species can be distinguished, as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>A. nebulosus.</i>—Dorsal scales only slightly smaller than +the ventral scales; snout scales usually smooth; throat-fan +bright orange in adult males.</p> + +<p><i>A. nebuloides.</i>—Dorsal scales somewhat larger than the +ventral scales; snout scales having a low keel; throat-fan +pink in adult males.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<p>With respect to geographic distribution, <i>A. nebulosus</i> has been +collected from southern Sinaloa southward to Michoacán. The lizards here +referred to <i>A. nebuloides</i> have been taken only in pine-oak forest on +the mountain slopes near Oaxaca City. Zweifel and Norris (1955:233) +reported anoles with pink throat-fans from southern Sonora; possibly +those specimens are <i>A. nebuloides</i>; I have not examined them. I have +seen several preserved specimens from the vicinity of Tehuantepec, +Oaxaca. Although they probably belong to this group, those specimens +differ from both <i>A. nebulosus</i> and <i>A. nebuloides</i> in their larger +size, relatively larger head, and much larger throat fan.</p> + +<p>Aside from the minor variation in scutellation, specimens of <i>Anolis +nebulosus</i> from Michoacán vary greatly in coloration. Usually the +females have some form of a broad middorsal pale-colored band. In life +this is dull yellow, tan, or orange. Two females from Dos Aguas are +strikingly different; one (UMMZ 119521) has a broad middorsal orange +stripe that is scalloped laterally and bordered by gray. The other (UMMZ +119081) has a narrow middorsal cream-colored line. Males usually are +unicolor brown or olive-tan; sometimes the middorsal region is darker. +Some individuals have dark cross-bands or chevrons on the dorsum. One +male from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119080) has a cream-colored lateral stripe.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán <i>Anolis nebulosus</i> occurs from sea level to elevations +slightly in excess of 2100 meters, usually in areas of dense cover, +whether this be herbaceous, viney, or woody, ordinarily on the ground as +well as in bushes and trees. One was in a bromeliad growing about ten +meters above the ground. In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley anoles of this +species are most frequently found in the tangled growth along streams. +Above Uruapan they were found in pine-oak forest, and on the Mexican +Plateau between Zamora and Zacapu they were found in a bunch grass-scrub +oak association.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Anolis schmidti</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anolis schmidti</i> Smith, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. +ser., 24:21, January 30, 1939.—Manzanillo, Colima, México.</p> + +<p>La Placita; San Juan de Lima.</p></div> + +<p>Peters (1954:11) reported on the specimen from La Placita; another was +secured at San Juan de Lima in 1956. The latter (UMMZ 115078) is a male +having a snout-vent length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 70.5 mm. The +dorsal ground color is pale tan; there are five pairs of irregular dark +brown dorsolateral blotches. In life the throat fan was pale orange. +These specimens agree with those from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> Colima described by Duellman +(1958c:10). The distribution of <i>Anolis schmidti</i> seems to be restricted +to the coastal lowlands from Michoacán to Nayarit.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Basiliscus vittatus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Basiliscus vittatus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:373, +1828.—México. Type locality restricted to Veracruz, +Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (9); Capirio; Coahuayana (5); El Cerrito; El +Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Maruata (2); Motín +del Oro; Ostula; Playa Azul (3).</p></div> + +<p>This species has been found only on the coast and in the low +Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area it is restricted to riparian +situations along the larger streams. The lizard is abundant in the +mangrove swamps bordering the brackish lagoons on the coast. In July, +1955, scores of individuals were seen around Estero Pichi at Playa Azul. +Adults, especially the large males, are exceedingly wary and difficult +to collect. At all localities where they were found, the lizards were +most often seen in dense bushes, where they are well camouflaged. +Individuals of all sizes were observed to run across the surface of the +ponds.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Iguana iguana rhinolopha</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Iguana rhinolopha</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 44, +1834.—México. Type locality restricted to Córdoba, +Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).</p> + +<p><i>Iguana iguana rhinolopha</i>, Van Denburgh, Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Philadelphia, 1897:461, January 18, 1898.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (8); Capirio (3); El Cerrito; El Ticuiz (2); La +Placita; La Playa (2); Maruata; Playa Azul; Río Cachán.</p></div> + +<p>Like the preceding species, this lizard is always found near water. It +does not ascend the foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán, but in the +Balsas Basin it reaches elevations of 800 meters at La Playa. Large +adults are often seen in the large trees making up the gallery forests +along rivers. From high perches the lizards drop into the water with a +terrific splash. Bright green juveniles were abundant in bushes along +the Río Tepalcatepec in July, 1955.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ctenosaura pectinata</b> (Wiegmann)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cyclura pectinata</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 42, +1834.—México (by inference). Type locality restricted to +Colima, Colima, México, by Bailey (1928:25).</p> + +<p><i>Ctenosaura pectinata</i>, Gray, Catalogue of the lizards... +British Museum, p. 191, 1845.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (27); between Ario de Rosales and La Playa; +Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio (2); Coalcomán (4); El Espinal; +El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; Jazmin (2); La Huacana; La Placita +(8); La Playa (3); Limoncito; Lombardia; Motín del Oro; +Playa Azul; Río Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzingán (2); Río +Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2);? Uruapan; Volcán +Jorullo.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Ctenosaura pectinata</i> is a common lowland species that ascends the +slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Cordillera Volcánica to +elevations of about 1050 meters (approximating the lower limits of the +oak forest). The record from Uruapan (USNM 10234, collected by Dugès) is +doubtful.</p> + +<p>These large lizards are most easily observed on rock fences along roads. +Near Apatzingán innumerable individuals can be seen in mid-morning. +Later in the day, as the sun rises higher in the sky, the lizards +retreat to the shade of the crevices in the fences. The abundance of +these lizards in the Tepalcatepec Valley, together with evidence +gathered from the natives of the valley, indicates that these lizards +are seldom used for human consumption there. On the other hand, several +people in Coalcomán consider the "iguana negra" (local name for +<i>Ctenosaura</i>) to be a delicacy and serve it at every opportunity. In +early July, 1951, brilliant green young of the year were collected at La +Playa and at Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Enyaliosaurus clarki</b> (Bailey)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ctenosaura clarki</i> Bailey, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 73:44, +September 26, 1928.—Ovopeo (= Oropeo), Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i>, Duellman and Duellman, Occ. Pap. +Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 598:1, February 16, 1959.</p> + +<p>Twelve km. SSW of Apatzingán; Capirio (7); Cofradía (3); El +Espinal (2); 32 km. E of Huetamo; Jazmin (5); Oropeo (10); +Rancho Nuevo; Río Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzingán (8); +Tepalcatepec (3); Zicuiran (6).</p></div> + +<p>This species is known only from the low areas of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec +Basin between elevations of 200 and 510 meters. It is commonly found in +the open arid tropical scrub forest dominated by <i>Prosopsis</i> sp., +<i>Apoplanesia paniculata</i>, and <i>Cercidium plurifoliolatum</i>. Continued +collecting in the Tepalcatepec Valley has borne out the suggestions of +Duellman and Duellman (1959) concerning the distribution and abundance +of this lizard. Also, continued collecting in Colima and on the Pacific +coast has failed to reveal the presence of <i>Enyaliosaurus</i> there.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phrynosoma asio</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phrynosoma asio</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +16:178, September 30, 1864.—Colima, Colima, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (4); San Salvador.</p></div> + +<p>In Michoacán this species has been obtained only in the Tepalcatepec +Valley and on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán between 300 +and 700 meters. Apparently the lizard is absent from the coastal +lowlands of Michoacán and Guerrero. The distribution of this species, +therefore, is discontinuous. One population<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> inhabits the lowlands of +Colima and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin inland to northern Guerrero and +Morelos; a southern population inhabits the Plains of Tehuantepec in +Oaxaca.</p> + +<p>A juvenile from Apatzingán (USNM 47739) has a snout-vent length of 40.0 +mm. and a tail length of 19.5 mm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus aeneus aeneus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus aeneus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370, +1828.—México. Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres, +Morelos, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus aeneus aeneus</i>, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 361:6, December 15, 1937.</p> + +<p>Angahuan; Araparicuaro (2); Capácuaro (2); Carapan (11); +Cherán (11); 18 km. WNW of Ciudad Hidalgo (10); Cuseño +Station; Jeráhuaro; Los Conejos (36); Macho de Agua (7); +Opopeo; Paracho (2); Pátzcuaro (4); Pino Gordo; 18 km. W of +Quiroga (2); Tancítaro (49); Uruapan (14); 16 km. NW of +Zacapu (5); between Zacapu and Zamora (2); 13 km. E of +Zinapécuaro; 14 km. SE of Zitácuaro (14).</p></div> + +<p>This small terrestrial species inhabits the pine and fir forests of the +Cordillera Volcánica between elevations of 1850 and 3100 meters; +apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcomán. It seems to prefer +rather open coniferous forests in which there is a more or less +continuous cover of grasses on the ground. On warm sunny days the +lizards can be observed scurrying about in the grass; in the early hours +of the day, or on cold days, they are found beneath stones, logs, or +dead clumps of bunch grass.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus asper</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus asper</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, +1897:497, October, 1897.—La Cumbre de los Arrastrados, +Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (3); 10 km. E of Dos Aguas; Uruapan (41).</p></div> + +<p>This strictly arboreal lizard is abundant in the mixed broad-leafed +forest near Uruapan. The lizards are exceedingly wary and can be +approached only with difficulty. In life males have pale blue bellies; +the throat is pale pink. The pale gray dorsum marked with irregular +darker gray blotches blends well with the color of the tree trunks on +which the lizard lives. The one specimen from Dos Aguas was found on a +pine tree; it provides the only record for the species from the Sierra +de Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus bulleri</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus bulleri</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, +1894:729, April, 1895.—Las Cumbre de los Arrastrados, +Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas (13); Barolosa (9); Dos Aguas (61); 10 +km. NE of Dos Aguas (5).</p></div> + +<p>Heretofore this species has been known only from a few specimens from +scattered localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> southwestern +Jalisco and Sinaloa. The collection of a large series of these lizards +in virgin pine forest at elevations of more than 2000 meters in the +Sierra de Coalcomán now makes possible an analysis of variation in the +species.</p> + +<p>Superficially <i>S. bulleri</i> resembles <i>S. torquatus</i>, but <i>S. bulleri</i> is +smaller, has more dorsal scales, fewer scales in the dark collar, and +fewer femoral pores. In 88 specimens of <i>S. bulleri</i> there are 36-41 +(38.7) dorsal scales and 2 or 3 (2.6) middorsal scales in the collar, as +compared with 28-31 (29.3) dorsal scales and 3 or 4 (3.4) middorsal +scales in the collar of 26 specimens of <i>S. torquatus</i> from Uruapan. In +20 adult males of <i>S. bulleri</i> there are 13-15 (14.3) femoral pores, and +13-16 (14.4) in 11 females; 13 males of <i>S. torquatus</i> have 14-21 (17.3) +femoral pores, and 13 females have 15-21 (16.7). Seventeen adult males +of <i>S. bulleri</i> have snout-vent lengths of 72-91 (82.0); ten females, +71-87 (75.7). In comparison, 13 adult males of <i>S. torquatus</i> have an +average snout-vent length of 88.9 mm., and 13 females, 88.5 mm. In <i>S. +bulleri</i> there is little variation in the head scales. The frontal is in +contact with the interparietal in 63, and not in 24, specimens; the +median frontonasal is in contact with the frontal in 13, and not in 74, +specimens. In 39 specimens there are two canthals, and in 48 there is +one; in 29 specimens there are three preauriculars, and in 58 there are +four.</p> + +<p>In life adult males have a pale blue tail, bright blue belly patches, a +purplish blue throat, and pale blue lines on the sides of the head and +neck.</p> + +<p>This species was obtained at four localities in the high mountains of +the Sierra de Coalcomán. In this mountain range <i>Sceloporus bulleri</i> +apparently replaces <i>S. torquatus</i>, a species that is widespread in the +Cordillera Volcánica and on the Mexican Plateau. At Dos Aguas and at +Acuaro de las Lleguas the lizards were abundant in the tall pine forest, +where they were found on standing pine trees, on pine logs, and on rock +outcroppings.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</b> Dugès</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus intermedius</i> Dugès, La Naturaleza, 4:29, +1877.—La Noria, near Zamora, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus dugesii intermedius</i>, Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 24:663, February 16, 1938.</p> + +<p>Cojumatlán (6); Jiquilpan (11); Lago de Camécuaro; Lago de +Chapala; Morelia (23); Pátzcuaro (84); Quiroga (35); Sahuayo +(4); Tacícuaro (2); Tangamandapio (17); Tangancícuaro (9); +Zacapu (4); Zamora (11); Zinapécuaro (9).</p></div> + +<p>This lizard is strictly an inhabitant of the Mexican Plateau, where it +is found in rocky places, sometimes in pine-oak forest,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> but more +frequently in mesquite-grassland. It is a terrestrial species, and is +most often seen on rock fences at elevations of 1500 to 2200 meters.</p> + +<p>This species differs from <i>S. bulleri</i> and <i>S. torquatus</i> in having two +rows of supraoculars, instead of one; also it has more dorsal scales. +Twenty-six specimens of <i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i> from +Tangamandapio and Tangancícuaro have 44-48 (45.7) dorsal scales, as +compared with an average of 38.7 in <i>S. bulleri</i> and 29.3 in <i>S. +torquatus</i>. In life <i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i> has a dull greenish +gray dorsum; in males the belly patches are bright blue bordered +medially by black, and the throat is bluish gray. The largest specimen +examined is a male having a snout-vent length of 80 mm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus gadowae</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus gadoviae</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, +1905, 2:246, October 7, 1905.—Mezquititlán, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Chupio; El Sabino (77); La Playa (6); Río Marquez, 10 km. S +of Lombardia (11).</p></div> + +<p>Although this species has a rather extensive range in the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in the state of Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos, +and Puebla, it is only locally abundant in that area. Usually these +lizards are found on rocky cliffs in which there are many crevices for +cover. <i>Sceloporus gadowae</i> is abundant on a conglomerate cliff along +the Río Marquez south of Lombardia. Although the closely related <i>S. +pyrocephalus</i> is abundant in the stream valley and in the hills above +the cliff, <i>S. gadowae</i> has been found only on the cliff; few +individuals of <i>S. pyrocephalus</i> have been observed on the cliff. A +similar situation was discovered on a much more extensive conglomerate +cliff along the Río Balsas near Mexcala, Guerrero. Near Tehuitzingo, +Puebla, where <i>S. pyrocephalus</i> was not found, <i>S. gadowae</i> was found on +conglomerate cliffs. Probably there is strong competition between the +two species; possibly this has resulted in the restriction of <i>S. +gadowae</i> to isolated cliff-habitats within the extensive range of the +more widespread <i>S. pyrocephalus</i>.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán <i>Sceloporus gadowae</i> has been found along the lower slopes +of the Cordillera Volcánica at elevations from 250 to 1050 meters. All +of the localities from which this lizard is known lie in the arid +tropical scrub forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus microlepidotus</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, +p. 51, 1834.—México. Type locality restricted to México, +Distrito Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:120).</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus</i>, Smith and Laufe, +Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 48:332, December, 1945.</p> + +<p>Angahuari; Apo (10); Atzimba (3); Carapan (5); Cerro San +Andrés (17); Cerro Tancítaro (18); Corupu; Cuseño Station +(2); Jacona; Jeráhuaro (10); Macho de Agua; Mil Cumbres; 46 +km. E of Morelia; 60 km. E of Morelia (2); Opopeo (14); +Pátzcuaro (30); Puerto Hondo (19); San Gregorio (41); San +José de la Cumbre (8); Sierra Patamba; Tancítaro (233); +Tupátaro; Undameo; Uruapan (180); between Zacapu and Zamora; +24 km. SE of Zitácuaro; between Zurumbeneo and Cerro +Garnica.</p></div> + +<p>This small species of <i>Sceloporus</i> is an ubiquitous inhabitant of the +coniferous forests from 1550 to 3100 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica. +Usually it is seen on tree trunks, but occasionally on the ground. Near +the lower limit of the altitudinal distribution of the species, as at +Uruapan, individuals sometimes are found on broad-leafed trees. +Apparently <i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> replaces <i>S. grammicus +microlepidotus</i> in the Sierra de Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus heterolepis</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, +1894:731, April, 1895.—La Cumbre de los Arrastrados, +Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>Araparicuaro; Cerro Barolosa (6); Dos Aguas (13); Los +Conejos; 11 km. N of Uruapan (3).</p></div> + +<p>Although Michoacán has not previously been included in the range of this +lizard, it was first collected in the state by Gadow in 1908 (BMNH +1914.1.28.69 from Araparicuaro). The description of <i>S. heterolepis</i> +given by Smith (1939:197) can be supplemented by data on the 23 +specimens now in the collections of the Museum of Zoology at the +University of Michigan. All have two canthals; there are 55 to 71 (63.6) +scales in the middorsal row; 1 to 3 rows middorsally are somewhat +enlarged and bordered on either side by a row of larger scales bearing +high keels. There are 14 to 20 (16.2) femoral pores. Eight adult males +have snout-vent lengths from 49 to 61 (58.0) mm. and tail lengths from +57 to 74 (66.0) mm.; four adult females have snout-vent lengths from 52 +to 57 (55.2) mm. and tail lengths from 60 to 66 (63.5) mm. The smallest +of eight juveniles has a snout-vent length of 28 mm. and a tail length +of 32 mm. The dorsum in adults is pale grayish brown; there are three +irregular chevron-shaped dark marks and a triangular dark brown mark +above the insertion of the hind limbs; on the tail are dark brown rings. +There are scattered faint blue flecks on the flanks and narrow +transverse dark lines on the lower limbs. Males<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> have pale bluish green +belly patches and an orange-salmon-colored throat; the belly in females +is pale orange-tan. The juveniles have a more contrasting color pattern; +the dark chevrons on the dorsum are bordered posteriorly by pale gray.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this species has been obtained in pine and pine-fir forests +from 1800 to 2700 meters. On Cerro Barolosa and at Dos Aguas, both in +the Sierra de Coalcomán, the lizards were found beneath the bark of +dead, standing pines. In the Sierra de Coalcomán <i>Sceloporus +heterolepis</i> seems to fill the niche of the small arboreal <i>Sceloporus</i> +in the coniferous forest in southwestern México, a position held by <i>S. +grammicus microlepidotus</i> in the Cordillera Volcánica; the latter +species does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcomán. Five specimens of +<i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> are known from the Cordillera Volcánica, +whereas 603 of <i>S. grammicus microlepidotus</i> have been collected there. +The ecological relationships that exist between the two species in the +Cordillera Volcánica are not known.</p> + +<p>Insofar as is known, <i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> reaches the southern +limits of its range in the Sierra de Coalcomán and in the western part +of the Cordillera Volcánica. Other records for the species are from the +Sierra Madre Occidental in Jalisco. Langebartel (1959) described +<i>Sceloporus shannonorum</i> from the mountains near the Durango-Sinaloa +border; the single specimen of <i>S. shannonorum</i> differs significantly +from <i>S. heterolepis</i> only in having fewer dorsal scales (48). The +acquisition of additional material, especially from Nayarit and northern +Jalisco, probably will provide a basis for showing that these two +populations are conspecific.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus oligoporus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.—Colima, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 24:520, February 16, 1938.</p> + +<p>Aguililla; Apatzingán (50); Arteaga (2); Capirio (2); +Cascada Tzararacua; Charapendo (4); Coahuayana (3); +Coalcomán (32); 19 km. S of Corralito; 27 km. E of Dos +Aguas; El Sabino (55); El Ticuiz; Huetamo (2); Jazmin; +Jungapeo (2); La Orilla (2); La Placita; Limoncito (3); +Playa Azul (5); Tzitzio (8); Uruapan (4); Volcán Jorullo +(2); Ziracuaretiro; Zirimícuaro (13).</p></div> + +<p>All of the specimens from Michoacán seem to be typical <i>S. horridus +oligoporus</i>; none has more than six femoral pores.</p> + +<p>Characteristically this species is found in open arid scrub forest; it +reaches its greatest abundance in rocky areas in which there are +scattered leguminous trees and bushes. It has been found in these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> low +trees and bushes almost as frequently as it has been found on the +ground; none has been seen in large trees or far above the ground. +Altitudinally, this species ranges from sea level to about 1600 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</i> Smith, Proc. U. S. +Natl. Mus., 92:360, November 5, 1942.—Acapulco, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Aguililla; Apatzingán (18); Barranca de Herradero; Capirio +(19); Coahuayana (4); Coalcomán (2); Cofradía (4); El +Cerrito; El Sabino (33); El Ticuiz (3); La Placita (6); +Lombardia (4); Playa Azul; Río Marquez, 10 km. S of +Lombardia (2); Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (4); +Salitre de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); Santa Ana; +Tzitzio; Ziracuaretiro.</p></div> + +<p>Smith (1942a:360) diagnosed <i>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</i> as +having fewer femoral pores than the other subspecies of <i>S. +melanorhinus</i> and as having the lateral belly patches in the males +confluent in the midline. Examination of forty specimens from the +Tepalcatepec Valley and the coastal regions of Michoacán does not +substantiate this diagnosis. The number of femoral pores varies from 15 +to 22 (18.9); 14 individuals (35%) had 20 or more femoral pores. Smith +(<i>loc. cit.</i>) stated that <i>S. melanorhinus</i> in Oaxaca had 18 to 27 +(21.6) femoral pores and that 77 per cent of the specimens had more than +20 femoral pores. Of the 24 males examined from Michoacán, 18 have the +lateral belly patches separated in the midline. Usually they are +separated by no more than one scale, but in some individuals they are +separated by two or more scales. Although the above data minimize +certain differences between the northern and southern populations of +this species, certain of the color pattern characters seem to be +diagnostic of the subspecies inhabiting the Pacific lowlands from +Guerrero to Nayarit. Large adults of <i>S. m. calligaster</i> have only a +faint dorsal pattern, which in the subspecies <i>melanorhinus</i> and +<i>stuarti</i> consists of a series of large, dark, interconnected triangles +on the back. This pattern is present in young and small adults of <i>S. m. +calligaster</i>; furthermore, in this subspecies the ventral coloration of +the males differs from that found in the more southern populations. +Adult males of <i>S. m. calligaster</i> have a black throat, that changes to +brilliant blue posteriorly, and a large white spot medially on the chin. +This spot is present in some specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas, but, if +present, it is much smaller and less distinct than in specimens from +Michoacán. In <i>S. m. calligaster</i> the chest and midventral area are +orange to salmon-color.</p> + +<p>A male from Lombardia in life was colored as follows: Dorsum grayish tan +bearing faint bluish gray flecks; chest deep salmon-orange,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> this color +continuing down midventral area to the somewhat paler groin; belly +patches pale blue fading to pale green laterally; throat black +anteriorly enclosing a white spot; throat blue posteriorly and bluish +green posterolaterally.</p> + +<p>Individual lizards were observed to change in dorsal color from a pale +ashy gray to a rather dull brown. Normally, inactive individuals and +those observed on overcast days were dull brown.</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</i> is found in trees in riparian +situations in the lowlands to elevations of about 1500 meters. It does +not inhabit the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley or +on the coast, but in those areas is found in the gallery forests along +streams and rivers. The lizards are wary and live high in the trees; +they are especially difficult to locate in the rainy season, when the +trees are in full leaf.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus pyrocephalus</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus pyrocephalus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.—Colima, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p>Acahuato (2); Apatzingán (142); Arteaga (4); 26 km. S of +Arteaga (4); Capirio (6); Chinapa; Chupio; 19 km. S of +Corralito (5); El Sabino (220); Jazmin (3); La Placita (8); +La Playa (14); La Salada (6); Lombardia (5); Nueva Italia +(14); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo (2); Oropeo (3); Ostula; +Punta de San Telmo (3); Río Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán +(13); Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (10); Río Marquez, +13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Juan de Lima (2); Santa +Ana (2); Tafetan (2); Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio (6); Volcán +Jorullo (3).</p></div> + +<p>This small species is extremely common in the Tepalcatepec Valley and +noticeably less so on the coast. It is usually found on the ground in +rocky areas, but males frequently have been seen on the trunks of low +trees in the scrub forest. Altitudinally, it ranges from sea level to +slightly more than 1000 meters. The sexes are readily distinguished in +the field (Oliver, 1937; Smith, 1939; Duellman, 1954b). In the dry +season only males were observed in the Tepalcatepec Valley, but in the +rainy season both sexes were found in approximately the same numbers.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus scalaris scalaris</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus scalaris</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370, +1828.—México. Type locality restricted to México, Distrito +Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus scalaris scalaris</i>, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 361:2, December 15, 1937.</p> + +<p>Carapan (2); Cherán; Ciudad Hidalgo; Huingo (3); Jacona (3); +Jiquilpan (2); Lago de Camécuaro (2); Lago de Chapala; Lago +de Cuitzeo (5); Morelia (4); Pátzcuaro (4); Queréndaro; +Quiroga; Tacícuaro (5); Tarécuaro; Zacapu (4); Zamora (4); +Zinapécuaro (11).</p></div> + +<p>This small terrestrial species does not seem to be abundant anywhere in +the state. It sometimes is found in open pine, oak, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> pine-oak forest, +but usually it is observed in areas supporting bunch grass. In such +places the lizards sun and forage on the open ground and quickly take +refuge in the large clumps of grass. Altitudinally, the species ranges +from 1550 to 2300 meters. Although <i>Sceloporus scalaris scalaris</i> has +been found in association with <i>S. dugesi intermedius</i>, <i>S. spinosus</i>, +and <i>S. torquatus</i>, it does not seem to form any close ecological +association with any of these species. In the pine forests of the +Cordillera Volcánica <i>S. s. scalaris</i> is replaced by <i>Sceloporus aeneus +aeneus</i>, another small terrestrial species that occurs in great +abundance throughout the coniferous forests of the Cordillera Volcánica.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus siniferus siniferus</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus siniferus</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., +11:159, 1869.—Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. +Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, by +Smith and Taylor (1950b:134).</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus siniferus siniferus</i>, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. +S. Natl. Mus., 199:134, October 26, 1950.</p> + +<p>Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Barranca de Bejuco (2); +Coahuayana; El Ticuiz (2); La Mira; La Orilla (2); La +Placita (9); Maruata; Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula (4); +Playa Azul (6); Pómaro (2); Puerto de las Higuerita; Santa +Ana (3).</p></div> + +<p>This small terrestrial species inhabits the dense arid tropical scrub +forest on the coast and lower foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán to +elevations of about 150 meters. It also occurs in the lower Balsas +Valley, but it has not been found in the scrub forest of the broad +Tepalcatepec Valley. Perhaps the large number of <i>Sceloporus siniferus</i> +on the coastal lowlands is responsible for the small number there of <i>S. +pyrocephalus</i>, another terrestrial species of about the same size. The +latter is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where <i>S. siniferus +siniferus</i> has not been found. <i>Sceloporus siniferus siniferus</i> is a +fast runner and difficult to collect; consequently, the small number of +specimens available is not indicative of its abundance.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus spinosus spinosus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus spinosus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370, +1828.—México. Type locality restricted to Puebla, Puebla, +México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:116).</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus spinosus spinosus</i>, Martín del Campo, Anal. +Inst. Biol. México, 8:262, 1937.</p> + +<p>Cojumatlán (2); Huetamo Road; Lago de Cuitzeo (4); Maravatio +(8); Tupátaro (2).</p></div> + +<p>Although this species is widespread on the southern part of the Mexican +Plateau, it is uncommon in Michoacán. It has been collected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> only in +rather open situations in the mesquite-grassland on the plateau between +1500 and 2300 meters, where it has been found in association with +<i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i> and <i>S. scalaris scalaris</i>. Most +specimens of <i>Sceloporus spinosus spinosus</i> have been observed on rock +fences. In this habitat the species is the larger member of a pair of +species, the smaller of which is <i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus torquatus torquatus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus torquatus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:369, +1828.—México. Type locality restricted to México, Distrito +Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:126).</p> + +<p><i>Sceloporus torquatus torquatus</i>, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. +Soc., 22:402, 1885.</p> + +<p>Angahuan (31); Araparicuaro; Capácuaro (3); Carapan (11); +Cerro Tancítaro; Cherán; Ciudad Hidalgo; Cojumatlán; +Copándaro (2); Corupu (4); Cuseño Station (9); El Álamo; +Jacona (6); Jiquilpan (2); Jungapeo (3); Lago de Camécuaro; +Lago de Chapala; Lago de Cuitzeo (3); La Palma (2); Los +Conejos (3); Los Reyes (3); Maravatio (9); Morelia (17); +Paracho (3); Pátzcuaro (27); Pino Gordo; Queréndaro (2); +Quiroga; Sahuayo (3); San José de la Cumbre; San Juan de +Panangaricutiro; Tacícuaro (10); Tancítaro (200); +Tangamandapio; Tangancícuaro (3); Temazcal (2); Tupátaro +(5); Uruapan (136); Zacapu; Zinapécuaro (10); Zirimícuaro +(12); Zitácuaro.</p></div> + +<p>This large species inhabits the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera +Volcánica, but not the Sierra de Coalcomán, where apparently it is +replaced by <i>Sceloporus bulleri</i>. <i>Sceloporus torquatus torquatus</i> +usually is found in pine or pine-fir forests at elevations between 1450 +and 3000 meters. In many places it is almost entirely arboreal, but in +areas where there are many fallen trees or rock fences and rock piles, +many individuals have been found on the ground near the rocks or logs. +In the coniferous forests this species is associated with <i>S. grammicus +microtepidotus</i> and <i>S. aeneus aeneus</i>.</p> + +<p>The distinction made by Smith (1938:572) between the subspecies <i>S. +torquatus torquatus</i> and <i>melanogaster</i> is slight. Individuals with pale +bluish spots are found throughout the range of the species in Michoacán; +spotting is especially evident in the young. Individuals having an +incomplete nuchal collar have been found at Maravatio and at Zinapécuaro +in the northern part of the state; in this character these specimens +resemble <i>S. torquatus melanogaster</i>, which is found to the north from +Guanajuato to Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus utiformis</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus utiformis</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.—Colima, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p>Nineteen km. S of Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua (17); +Coahuayana (3); Coalcomán (6); El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz (2); +Ostula (3); Pómaro; Río Cachán; San Juan de Lima; Uruapan +(26).</p></div> + +<p>In Michoacán the range of this species is discontinuous. It has been +found between 1050 and 1550 meters on the slopes of the Cordillera +Volcánica, and on the coast and seaward slopes of the Sierra de +Coalcomán up to an elevation of 900 meters. It is absent from the +Tepalcatepec Valley. At Uruapan and at Cascada Tzararacua this lizard +was found on the ground in oak forest or in open pine-oak forest; on the +coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán it was found on the +ground in the gallery forests along streams, and not in the scrub +forest.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</b> (Schmidt)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Uta tuberculata</i> Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:4, +December 1, 1921.—Colima, Colima, México.</p> + +<p><i>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</i>, Mittleman, Bull. Mus. +Comp. Zool., 91:169, September, 1942.</p> + +<p>Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (2); Chupio; +Coahuayana; Coalcomán (8); El Sabino (2); Jungapeo; La +Orilla (2); La Placita (4); Playa Azul (4); Pómaro (2); San +Salvador (16);? Tupátaro; Uruapan (12); Tzitzio; Zamora.</p></div> + +<p>The known distribution and geographic variation of <i>Urosaurus +bicarinatus</i> in southwestern México presents a confused picture. In +general rugosity, specimens from the coastal region of Michoacán +(Coahuayana, La Orilla, La Placita, Playa Azul, and Pómaro) resemble <i>U. +bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> to the north along the Pacific coast. +Furthermore, specimens from the coast have less stippling in the gular +region than do those from the Sierra de Coalcomán and the slopes of the +Cordillera Volcánica. Specimens from the mountains have greatly carinate +enlarged dorsals, large lateral tubercles, and heavily stippled throats; +in these characters they resemble specimens from Morelos, Guerrero, and +Oaxaca. As mentioned by Peters (1954:14), some specimens from La Orilla +and San Salvador are like <i>U. bicarinatus bicarinatus</i> in certain +characters, and one specimen has the blue ventral patches restricted to +the sternal area, a characteristic of <i>U. bicarinatus anonymorphus</i> of +Oaxaca and eastern Guerrero. Examination of all available specimens from +Michoacán indicates that the nature of the dorsal scales is of little +value in separating the subspecies. The specimens from Michoacán are +here provisionally referred to <i>U. bicarinatus tuberculatus</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> because +cursory examination of specimens from several localities between Nayarit +and Oaxaca shows that there are only minor differences between the named +populations. Individuals from the northern part of the range are more +rugose and have larger blue ventral patches and less gular stippling +than those from the south.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán <i>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> is found in wooded +areas, not in open scrub forest, in the coastal area to elevations of +about 900 meters, and along the slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica and +the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau at elevations from 1000 to 1700 +meters. The record for Tupátaro probably is erroneous, for no other +specimens of this species are known from the central plateau. +Essentially, the distribution of this species parallels that of +<i>Sceloporus utiformis</i>, a strictly terrestrial species. <i>Urosaurus +bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> lives on tree trunks. Below 1000 meters in the +Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> is replaced by +<i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Urosaurus gadowi</b> (Schmidt)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Uta gadovi</i> Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:3, December +1, 1921.—Cofradía, Jalisco, México (in error) = Cofradía, +Michoacán, México (Duellman, 1958b:49).</p> + +<p><i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>, Mittleman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., +91:154, September, 1942.</p> + +<p>Acahuato (2); Apatzingán (56); 12-16 km. S of Apatzingán +(12); Buenavista (7); Capirio (23); Cofradía (21); El Sabino +(13); Guayabo; Jazmin; La Playa; La Salada (3); Nueva Italia +(7); Rancho Nuevo; Río Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán (5); +Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Río Marquez, 13 km. +SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Salvador (2); Santa Ana; +Tepalcatepec; Volcán Jorullo (3); Zicuiran (2); +Ziracuaretiro.</p></div> + +<p>Although individuals of this species have been collected at elevations +slightly exceeding 1200 meters on Volcán Jorullo and at 1100 meters at +Ziracuaretiro on the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica, for +the most part these lizards are found at elevations of less than 800 +meters, where they inhabit the open arid scrub forest of the +Tepalcatepec Valley, a region to which this species is endemic +(Duellman, 1958b:49). These small lizards usually are found on the +trunks and main branches of the small trees in the scrub forest; in this +habitat they are associated with <i>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</i>, a +much larger species.</p> + +<p>Males have a pale orange spot on the throat and a pale blue belly; +females have immaculate venters.</p> + +<p>A specimen from Guayabo on the northern slopes of the Sierra de +Coalcomán was referred to <i>Urosaurus irregularis</i> (Fischer) by Peters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +(1954:15). I have studied this specimen (BMNH 1914.1.28.110), a female +having a snout-vent length of 46 mm., and agree with Peters that it +closely resembles Fischer's description and figure (1882: pl. 17, fig. +1). This specimen and those seen of <i>Urosaurus gadowi</i> all have +pavementlike enlarged dorsal scales that are complete across the +vertical line. In <i>U. gadowi</i> the enlarged dorsals usually are in four +to six irregular rows; in the specimen from Guayabo the dorsals are in +two rows. Although none of the other specimens of <i>U. gadowi</i> examined +has only two rows of enlarged dorsals, I prefer to consider the specimen +from Guayabo as an aberrant individual of that species, rather than <i>U. +irregularis</i>. Guayabo is in the known range of <i>U. gadowi</i>. <i>Urosaurus +irregularis</i> is known only from the type specimen in the Bremen Museum; +the type locality, according to Fischer (1882:232), is "Aus dem +Hochlande von Mexico." If an examination of the type specimen of <i>U. +irregularis</i> shows it to be identical with <i>U. gadowi</i>, then <i>U. +irregularis</i> would be the name for the lizards here referred to <i>U. +gadowi</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Mabuya brachypoda</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mabuya brachypoda</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38 +(1):308, December 20, 1956.—Four kilometers east-southeast +of Los Angeles de Tilarán, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.</p> + +<p>El Sabino (42); La Placita; Playa Azul; Tzitzio (3).</p></div> + +<p>Previously this species has been reported from La Placita as <i>Mabuya +mabouya alliacea</i> by Peters (1954:15). Webb (1958:1311) provided +evidence that Mexican specimens were conspecific with <i>Mabuya +brachypoda</i>, as described from Costa Rica by Taylor (1956:308). The +large series in the Taylor collection studied by Webb and listed by him +as being from Uruapan actually is part of a series collected by Hobart +M. Smith at El Sabino at an elevation of 1050 meters, 30 kilometers +south of Uruapan.</p> + +<p>This species probably ranges throughout the coastal region of the state; +individuals from La Placita and Playa Azul were taken in dense scrub +forest near sea level.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Scincella assata taylori</b> (Oliver)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leiolopisma assatum taylori</i> Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 360:12, November 20, 1937.—Santiago, +Colima, México.</p> + +<p><i>Scincella assata taylori</i>, Mittleman, Herpetologica, 6:20, +June 5, 1950.</p> + +<p>Twenty-one km. S of Arteaga; Ostula.</p></div> + +<p>The specimen from Ostula was obtained in semi-deciduous broad-leaf +forest at an elevation of 120 meters; that from 21 kilometers south of +Arteaga was taken in oak forest at an elevation of 830 meters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> Both +localities are on the coastal slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán. +Probably the species inhabits the heavy forests on the lower slopes of +these mountains. The specimen from south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119117) in +life had a tan dorsum and a bright orange-pink tail.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces altamirani</b> Dugès</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces altamirani</i> Dugès, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485, +1891.—Apatzingán, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Twelve km. E of Apatzingán; El Sabino (4).</p></div> + +<p>One specimen of this rare species was found beneath a rock in the open +scrub forest 12 kilometers east of Apatzingán on July 3, 1955. Another +skink, presumably of this species, was seen at Capirio. The specimen +from east of Apatzingán is a male having a snout-vent length of 97 mm. +and an incomplete tail. In most respects it compares favorably with +accounts of the species given by Taylor (1936b:55 and 1936c:102). The +frontal is divided by a transverse suture; the enlarged dorsal scales +are arranged in 11 pairs anteriorly, followed by 48 unpaired enlarged +scales. The head and middorsal area are brown; there is a pale tan +stripe on the edges of the vertebral and paravertebral rows, bordered by +a dark brown stripe on the paravertebral row, which, in turn, is +bordered by a pale tan stripe on the lateral edge of the paravertebral +scale row and the median edge of the adjacent scale row. The stripes +extend from the neck to the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled +with brown and cream-color; the labials are cream-color barred by brown; +the venter is a pale cream-color.</p> + +<p>Dugès (1891:485) described <i>Eumeces altamirani</i> from "las regiones +cálidas del Estado de Michoacán" and subsequently (1896:480) gave +Apatzingán as a locality for the species. Presumably he had only one +specimen. In 1935 Hobart M. Smith collected the species at El Sabino on +the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica bordering the Tepalcatepec +Valley. All of the known specimens are from this valley and the adjacent +slopes, an area to which the species apparently is endemic.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces colimensis</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces colimensis</i> Taylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., +zool. ser., 20:77, May 15, 1935.—Colima, Colima, México.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán; Salitre de Estopila.</p></div> + +<p>The species was reported by Peters (1954:16); no additional material has +been discovered. The species is known only from foothills and low +mountains at elevations between 130 and 950 meters in Michoacán and +Colima.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces copei</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces copei</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:133, +June 5, 1933.—10 miles southeast of Asunción, México, +México. Cerro Tancítaro (3); Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>This member of the <i>Eumeces brevirostris</i>-group has been found only in +pine or pine-fir forests at elevations from 1800 to 2700 meters. It +probably ranges throughout the high mountains of the state north of the +Tepalcatepec Valley; its apparent absence in other parts of the +Cordillera Volcánica, other than on Cerro Tancítaro, is surprising. The +species has been taken near Asunción in the state of México and at +Lagunas de Zempoala in Morelos.</p> + +<p>In this species the lateral pale yellow stripe, which is bordered below +by dark brown, extends to the groin and onto the base of the tail. The +dorsolateral stripe is separated from the copper-colored middorsum by a +narrow brown stripe.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces dugesi</b> Thominot</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces Dugesii</i> Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. +7, 7:138, 1883.—Guanajuato. Type locality restricted to +Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:169).</p> + +<p>Carapan (6); Cherán (5); Opopeo (2); 17 km. S of Pátzcuaro +(3); San José de la Cumbre (2); Tancítaro (2); +Tangancícuaro; Uruapan; Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>Individuals of this species frequently have been found beneath rocks and +logs in pine-oak, pine, or fir forests from elevations of 1550 to 1850 +meters. To judge from specimens available, <i>E. dugesi</i> probably is the +most abundant and widespread species of skink in the state.</p> + +<p>In this species the lateral yellow stripe is indistinct and is +persistent only in the axilla; the dorsolateral stripes terminate +anterior to the hind limbs and are not separated from the tan dorsum.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces indubitus</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces indubitus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 21:257, +November 27, 1934.—Near Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.</p> + +<p>Puerto Hondo.</p></div> + +<p>The one specimen of this species from Michoacán was collected by Edward +H. Taylor in pine forest at Puerto Hondo, near Zitácuaro, at an +elevation of about 2750 meters (Taylor, 1935:466). The species is known +from the high mountains of eastern Michoacán, western México, and +northern Morelos.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces parvulus</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces parvulus</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +46:175, October 26, 1933.—Tepic, Nayarit, México.</p> + +<p>El Ticuiz; La Placita; Pómaro (2); San Pedro Naranjestila +(3).</p></div> + +<p>Aside from the specimens reported by Peters (1954:17), one other +specimen was obtained at El Ticuiz. It has 22 scale rows, 3 supraoculars +in contact with the frontal, 2 postlabials, and a unicolored olive-tan +dorsum. In life the anterior dorsolateral stripes were pale pinkish tan, +the labials cream color, the throat white, and the tail pale blue. All +specimens were found in semi-deciduous broad-leaf forest at elevations +of less than 500 meters on the seaward slopes of the Sierra de +Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ameiva undulata sinistra</b> Smith and Laufe</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ameiva undulata sinistra</i> Smith and Laufe, Univ. Kansas +Sci. Bull., 31 (1):59, May 1, 1946.—Manzanillo, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (9); 19 km. S of Arteaga (3); Barranca de Bejuco +(2); Coahuayana (6); Coalcomán (3); El Ticuiz (10); La +Placita (2); Limoncito (3); Ostula (2); Playa Azul; Salitre +de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); San Pedro Naranjestila +(4).</p></div> + +<p>Six males and six females from the Tepalcatepec Valley have more femoral +pores than do 16 males and nine females from the coastal lowlands; the +ranges and average number of femoral pores in the former are 40-50 +(44.8) for males and 38-40 (38.6) for females; males from the coast have +34-44 (39.2), and females have 32-40 (36.2) femoral pores. In all +specimens the number of lamellae beneath the fourth toe varies from 26 +to 33 (29.7). In life juveniles have a pale olive-tan dorsum and a +dorsolateral dark band, superimposed on which is a row of darker brown +spots. The dorsolateral band is bordered below by a narrow cream-colored +stripe. The tail is tan above and grayish white below; the belly is pale +bluish white. Adult males are brilliantly colored in life. A male having +a snout-vent length of 108 mm. had a rusty brown dorsum and bright blue +bars on the flanks separated by dark brown interspaces. The side of the +head was pale green, and the chin and throat were golden yellow. In some +specimens the throat is orange. Juveniles and subadults have dark flecks +on the brown or tan middorsal area, but these are absent in the largest +males.</p> + +<p>This species inhabits the heavily wooded areas in the lowlands to +elevations of about 950 meters. In the Tepalcatepec Valley it has been +found only in gallery forests along streams. In both the Tepalcatepec +Valley and the coastal lowlands there is a noticeable absence of large +adults in the dry season.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus calidipes</b> Duellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 574:1, December 23, 1955.—Capirio, +Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (56); 12-20 km. S of Apatzingán (5); 19 km. E of +Apatzingán (5); 25 km. S of Arteaga; Capirio (57); El +Espinal (13); Jazmin (9); 11 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva +Italia.</p></div> + +<p>This small, distinctive species of the <i>sexlineatus</i>-group of +<i>Cnemidophorus</i> was discovered in the Tepalcatepec Valley in 1955 +(Duellman, 1955); subsequent field studies showed it to be widespread in +the valley (Duellman, 1960c). One specimen (KU 29747) is from the +relatively arid, low Pacific slope of the Sierra de Coalcomán, 25 +kilometers south of Arteaga. All other specimens have been taken at +elevations of 200 to 650 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where the +species characteristically inhabits the open scrub forests of the valley +floor, especially the <i>Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia</i> associations, +where there is a sparse growth of grasses. In this habitat it is most +frequently seen in association with <i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i> +and <i>C. deppei infernalis</i>.</p> + +<p>Aside from the characters given in Table 5, <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i> +differs from other species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> in Michoacán by possessing +a complete (or nearly so) supraorbital semicircle-series of granules; in +other species the granules seldom extend anteriorly beyond the posterior +border of the frontal.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus communis communis</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus communis</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., +17:95, 1877.—No type locality given; type locality +restricted to Colima, Colima, México, by Zweifel (1959a:74).</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus communis communis</i>, Zweifel, Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 117:74, April 27, 1959.</p> + +<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (6); 13 km. S of Arteaga (2); 19 +km. S of Arteaga (3); Capirio (3); Coahuayana (3); Coalcomán +(44); El Ticuiz; between El Ticuiz and Ojos de Agua de San +Telmo; La Placita (6); Pómaro (2); Río Cachán; Salitre de +Estopila; San Juan de Lima.</p></div> + +<p>The specimens from Coalcomán and the coastal localities were referred to +<i>Cnemidophorus sacki copei</i> by Peters (1954:18) and Duellman (1954b:12). +Zweifel (1959a) referred these specimens to <i>Cnemidophorus communis +communis</i> and pointed out the probable sympatry of <i>C. communis</i> and <i>C. +costatus</i> (= <i>sacki</i> of Zweifel) in the Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + +<p>There is considerable geographic variation in the number of dorsal +granules around the midbody. Sixteen specimens from the coastal regions +of Michoacán have 129-146 (136.3) granules; nine from the Tepalcatepec +Valley have 124-137 (128.3), and 44 from Coalcomán at an elevation of +950 meters in the Sierra de Coalcomán, intermediate geographically +between the coast and the Tepalcatepec Valley, have 105-144 (119.7). The +number of granules in specimens from the coast of Michoacán compares +favorably with the range of 118-154 (137.8) for 34 specimens from +Colima, Colima (Zweifel, 1959a:107). Aside from the characters given in +Table 5, <i>C. communis communis</i> can be distinguished from other members +of the <i>Cnemidophorus sexlineatus</i>-group (<i>calidipes</i>, <i>costatus</i>, and +<i>scarlaris</i>) by its relatively small post-antebrachial scales.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 5.—Comparison of the Ten Species and Subspecies of Cnemidophorus +in Michoacán</span> (<span class="smcap">Scale Counts Are for Specimens from Michoacán Only</span>)</h4> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Species</td><td align='left'> Dorsal granules</td><td align='left'> Femoral pores</td><td align='left'> Adult color pattern</td><td align='left'> Throat color</td><td align='left'> Maximum snout-vent length</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>calidipes</i></td><td align='left'> 66-86 (75)</td><td align='left'> 31-47 (39)</td><td align='left'> Light brown dorsum with vertical blue bars and spots</td><td align='left'> Pink</td><td align='left'> 79 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>communis communis</i></td><td align='left'> 105-146 (124)</td><td align='left'>38-52</td><td align='left'>Green dorsum with six rows of yellow spots</td><td align='left'>Pink</td><td align='left'>135 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>costatus occidentalis</i></td><td align='left'> 97-102 (99)</td><td align='left'> 37-43 (39)</td><td align='left'> Cross-bars anteriorly and pale spots posteriorly</td><td align='left'> Pink</td><td align='left'> 126 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>costatus zweifeli</i></td><td align='left'> 91-117 (106)</td><td align='left'>32-49 (41)</td><td align='left'> Lateral and dorsolateral rows of spots; paravertebrals fused with pale green middorsum</td><td align='left'> Pink with blue spot</td><td align='left'>132 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>deppei deppei</i></td><td align='left'> 116-117 (116)</td><td align='left'> 37-38 (37)</td><td align='left'> Green paravertebral and dorsolateral stripes; lateral stripe broken into row of bluish spots</td><td align='left'> Black</td><td align='left'> 93 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>deppei infernalis</i></td><td align='left'> 91-120 (101)</td><td align='left'> 31-43 (36)</td><td align='left'> Green paravertebral and dorsolateral stripes; broad cream lateral stripe; reddish flanks</td><td align='left'> Black</td><td align='left'> 84 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>lineatissimus exoristus</i></td><td align='left'> 108-140 (122)</td><td align='left'> 32-47 (39)</td><td align='left'> Paravertebral stripes fused with yellow middorsal stripe; vertical bars on flanks</td><td align='left'> Pink and black</td><td align='left'> 98 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>lineatissimus lineatissimus</i></td><td align='left'> 117-126 (121)</td><td align='left'> 32-37 (35)</td><td align='left'> Eight distinct stripes plus partially fused vertebrals</td><td align='left'> Bluish-pink and black</td><td align='left'> 96 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>lineatissimus lividus</i></td><td align='left'> 126-164 (148)</td><td align='left'> 32-48 (38)</td><td align='left'> Broad middorsal stripe; paravertebrals distinct; blue lateral spots</td><td align='left'> Pink and black</td><td align='left'> 106 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>scalaris</i></td><td align='left'> 80-92 (86)</td><td align='left'> 32-41 (35)</td><td align='left'> Six distinct cream stripes; tan spots in dark fields</td><td align='left'> Orange-pink</td><td align='left'> 95 mm.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> + +<p>Although this is the largest species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> in Michoacán +(adult males attain a snout-vent length of 135 mm.), it is neither +widespread nor abundant. On the coastal lowlands it occurs primarily +with <i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</i>. In the coastal lowlands +there is little open scrub forest, a type of habitat that seems to be +preferred by <i>C. communis communis</i>. In the Tepalcatepec Valley, <i>C. +communis communis</i> occurs in the open scrub forest with the more +abundant large species <i>C. costatus</i> (subspecies <i>zweifeli</i>). Only in +the scrub forest in the Coalcomán Valley, where no other species of +<i>Cnemidophorus</i> occurs, is <i>C. communis communis</i> abundant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis</b> Gadow</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus communis occidentalis</i> Gadow, Proc. Zool. +Soc. London, 1906, 1:339, August 23, 1906.—Type locality +restricted to Ixtlán, Nayarit, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:182).</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis</i>, Zweifel, Copeia, No. +1:98; March 17, 1961.</p> + +<p>Jiquilpan (4).</p></div> + +<p>Only four specimens from the extreme northwestern part of the state are +referable to this subspecies. These have 97 to 102 dorsal granules at +midbody and lack the blue gular band or spot characteristic of the +subspecies in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Probably <i>C. costatus +occidentalis</i> ranges throughout the Chapala depression, but to the east +it is replaced by <i>Cnemidophorus scalaris scalaris</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</b> Duellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> Duellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:589, May 2, 1960.—Capirio, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (107); Buenavista (3); Capirio (31); Charapendo +(12); Chinapa (2); 19 km. S of Corralito (3); Jazmin (2); +between La Playa and Volcán Jorullo (2); Limoncito (3); 14 +km. S of Lombardia (11); Nueva Italia (15); Río Marquez, 10 +km. S of Lombardia (2); Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva +Italia; Tafetan (18); 14 km. E of Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio +(11); 19 km. S of Tzitzio; Volcán Jorullo (5); +Ziracuaretiro; Zirimícuaro.</p></div> + +<p>These lizards were referred to <i>Cnemidophorus sacki copei</i> by Duellman +(1954b:12 and 1955:6); Duellman (1960a) described the subspecies +<i>zweifeli</i> and assigned it to <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i>. Zweifel (1961:98)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +used the specific name C. <i>costatus</i> for the whiptails on the +southwestern part of the Mexican Plateau (<i>C. c. occidentalis</i>). Since +<i>occidentalis</i> and <i>zweifeli</i> are conspecific, the combination <i>C. +costatus zweifeli</i> is used here for the population inhabiting the +Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + +<p>This lizard is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it lives in +open and dense scrub forest, usually at elevations of less than 1000 +meters. Throughout the valley it is found in association with +<i>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</i>, and in the lower parts of the valley +it also is associated with <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>. Observations made +in the dry season indicate that large adults are not active at that +time.</p> + +<p>On the coastal lowlands and in the valleys in the Sierra de Coalcomán +<i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i> is replaced by <i>C. communis communis</i>. +To the east in the Balsas Basin <i>C. costatus zweifeli</i> intergrades with +<i>C. costatus costatus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus deppei deppei</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus deppei</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. +29, 1834.—México. Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, +Oaxaca, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:179).</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus deppei deppei</i>, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. +Soc., 17:31, 1892.</p> + +<p>Salitre de Estopila; San Pedro Naranjestila.</p></div> + +<p>This small species, which is extremely abundant on the coastal lowlands +of Guerrero, seems to be rare on the coast of Michoacán, where it has +been taken at elevations of 130 and 500 meters in open situations in +otherwise forested areas. Duellman and Wellman (1960:25) discussed these +specimens in relation to their subspecific assignment. They were +referred to <i>Cnemidophorus deppei lineatissimus</i> by Peters (1954:18).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</b> Duellman and Wellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</i> Duellman and Wellman, +Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:32, February 10, +1960.—Mexcala, Guerrero, México.</p> + +<p>Acahuato; Apatzingán (227); Capirio (3); El Sabino; Jazmin; +La Playa (6); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (4); Río Marquez, +10 km. S of Lombardia (6); Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva +Italia (10); south of Tancítaro; Volcán Jorullo (3).</p></div> + +<p>This is one of the most abundant and widespread lizards in the +Tepalcatepec Valley. Throughout its range it is ecologically associated +with <i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i>, which ranges to elevations +somewhat higher than the 1050 meters known for <i>C. deppei infernalis</i>. +This small lizard reaches its greatest abundance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> in grassy areas on the +floor of the Tepalcatepec Valley, where in the +<i>Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia</i> associations it occurs with +<i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>.</p> + +<p>Duellman and Wellman (1960) discussed the variation and relationships of +<i>Cnemidophorus deppei</i>, of which the subspecies <i>infernalis</i> is +restricted to the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus</b> Duellman and Wellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus</i> Duellman and +Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:44, +February 10, 1960.—Rancho Santa Ana, four kilometers +northeast of San Salvador, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Thirteen to 25 km. S of Arteaga (18); Capirio (19); +Limoncito (13); Santa Ana (22).</p></div> + +<p>As in <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>, the distribution of this subspecies +seems to be restricted to the Tepalcatepec Valley, except in the +vicinity of Arteaga, where it occurs on the southern slope of the Sierra +de Coalcomán. As pointed out by Duellman and Wellman (1960:46), the +specimens from south of Arteaga are like those from the Tepalcatepec +Valley in scutellation and coloration, and not like <i>Cnemidophorus +lineatissimus lividus</i> from the geographically closer coastal lowlands.</p> + +<p>In the Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus</i> +inhabits gallery forests along the larger streams; in this habitat it is +associated with <i>Ameiva undulata sinistra</i>. From the other species of +<i>Cnemidophorus</i> in Michoacán, <i>C. lineatissimus exoristus</i> can be +distinguished by the possession of seven longitudinal stripes in adults +and by the characters of scutellation given in Table 5.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. +Soc., 17:94, 1877.—Colima and Guadalajara. Type locality +restricted to Colima, Colima, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:179).</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus</i>, Duellman and +Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:41, +February 10, 1960.</p> + +<p>Boca de Apiza (4).</p></div> + +<p>These specimens have 117 to 126 dorsal granules at midbody, a noticeably +lower count than that for <i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</i> on the +coast of Michoacán, which has 126 to 164 (148). Apparently these +specimens represent immature <i>C. lineatissimus lineatissimus</i>; the +differences between these and <i>C. lineatissimus lividus</i> from nearby +localities indicate that possibly the populations are distinct species +and not subspecies, as suggested by Duellman and Wellman (1960:41).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</b> Duellman and Wellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</i> Duellman and Wellman, +Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:50, February 10, +1960.—Maruata, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Barranca de Bejuco (4); Boca de Apiza (2); Coahuayana (6); +El Ticuiz (7); La Placita (11); Maruata (7); Motín del Oro; +Ostula (5); Playa Azul (4); Playa Cuilala (2); Pómaro (2); +Salitre de Estopila (2); San Pedro Naranjestila.</p></div> + +<p>This is the most abundant and widespread species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> on +the coastal lowlands of Michoacán, where it ranges from sea level to +elevations of about 500 meters. In this area it inhabits dense arid +scrub forest and semi-deciduous broad-leafed forest. Both of these +habitats are continuous, or nearly so, along the lowlands and foothills +of the Sierra de Coalcomán. This in itself may explain the abundance of +<i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus</i> and the relative scarcity of <i>C. deppei</i> +and <i>C. communis</i> in the coastal area, for <i>C. deppei</i> and <i>C. communis</i> +usually inhabit more open arid scrub forest, as occurs in the +Tepalcatepec Valley. Living in the dense scrub forest with <i>C. +lineatissimus</i> is <i>Ameiva undulata sinistra</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus scalaris</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus gularis scalaris</i> Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. +Soc., 17:47, 1892.—Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus scalaris</i>, Zweifel, Bull. American Mus. Nat. +Hist., 117:72, 1959.</p> + +<p>Araro (2); Jacona; Lago de Cuitzeo (42); Morelia; 21 km. N +of Morelia (4).</p></div> + +<p>Zweifel (1959a:72) assigned the small species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> having +a relatively low number of dorsal granules and inhabiting the southern +part of the Mexican Plateau to <i>C. scalaris</i>, which he diagnosed as +rarely exceeding 100 mm. in snout-vent length and always having an +average of less than 100 dorsal granules at midbody and usually less +than 90. Forty-two specimens from the south shore of Lago de Cuitzeo +(UMMZ 119558) have 80-91 (85.8) dorsal granules. Four specimens from 21 +kilometers north of Norelia (UIMNH 6952 and UMMZ 104743) have 89, 78, +92, and 84 granules; one from Morelia (UMMZ 104742) has 78; two from +Araro (UMMZ 119522) have 80 and 87; one from Jacona (UIMNH 24703) has +88.</p> + +<p>Since no large adult males are present in the series from Michoacán, an +adequate comparison of coloration between these and populations on the +northern part of the Mexican Plateau cannot be made. <i>Cnemidophorus +scalaris</i> is a name applied to the lizards inhabiting the Mexican +Plateau from Chihuahua south to Puebla by Zweifel (1959a:72). It is +doubtful if all of the populations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> assigned to this subspecies belong +there; possibly more than one species is involved, but the paucity of +material prevents further analysis at this time.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Heloderma horridum horridum</b> (Wiegmann)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trachyderma horridum</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 22:421, +1829.—México. Type locality restricted to Huajintlán, +Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:193).</p> + +<p><i>Heloderma horridum horridum</i>, Bogert and Martín del Campo, +Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 109:20, April 16, 1956.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; Coalcomán; La Placita; Oropeo; Parácuaro.</p></div> + +<p>This species is known from elevations of less than 1000 meters in the +Tepalcatepec Valley, the Sierra de Coalcomán, and the coastal lowlands. +Specimens from Coalcomán, La Placita, and Parácuaro came from areas of +dense woods; those from Apatzingán and Oropeo might have come from +patches of dense woods in the otherwise open scrub forest of the +Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:379, +1828.—México. Type locality restricted to México, Distrito +Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:201).</p> + +<p><i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</i>, Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Philadelphia, 88:475, October 20, 1936.</p> + +<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas (9); Cerro Barolosa (4); Cerro +Tancítaro (36); Dos Aguas (22); Paracho; Sierra Patamba; +Tinguidín; Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán are noticeably different from +those inhabiting the mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau. Of 45 +specimens from Cerro Tancítaro and adjacent areas on the Mexican Plateau +and in the Cordillera Volcánica, 15 have twelve longitudinal rows of +dorsal scales and 30 have fourteen rows. Of seven specimens from the +state of México, 5 have twelve rows and 2 have fourteen; of nine +specimens from central Veracruz, 8 have twelve rows and one has +fourteen; of six specimens from Hidalgo, 5 have twelve rows and one has +sixteen; of two specimens from Guanajuata, one has fourteen and the +other has sixteen rows. All of the 35 specimens from the Sierra de +Coalcomán have sixteen rows. Furthermore, these specimens have the +superciliary row extended anteriorly, so that the anterior superciliary +is in broad contact with the loreal. Specimens from Cerro Tancítaro have +a shorter superciliary row, so that the anterior superciliary is not in +broad contact with the loreal. These characters were used by Tihen +(1949:220) to distinguish <i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus ciliaris</i> from <i>G. +imbricatus imbricatus</i>. According to Tihen, the subspecies <i>G. +imbricatus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> ciliaris</i> ranges from Guanajuato and Hidalgo northward to +Chihuahua and Coahuila, whereas the nominal subspecies occurs from +Michoacán and Hidalgo southward to Oaxaca. Specimens from the Sierra de +Autlán in Jalisco are like those from Cerro Tancítaro; consequently, +there seems to be no connection between the populations of <i>G. +imbricatus ciliaris</i> in the mountains of the northern part of the +Mexican Plateau with the <i>ciliaris</i>-like individuals found in the Sierra +de Coalcomán. The acquisition and study of additional material from +throughout the range of the species is necessary to clarify the picture +of geographic variation. Until then, I prefer to consider all of the +specimens from Michoacán as <i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</i>.</p> + +<p>The largest specimen is a male having a snout-vent length of 136 mm. Two +juveniles collected in July 24, 1960, have snout-vent lengths of 36 and +42 mm. A specimen having a snout-vent length of 127 mm. and a tail +length of 145 mm. was regurgitated by a <i>Crotalus pusillus</i>, which had a +body length of 550 mm.</p> + +<p><i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</i> is an inhabitant of coniferous +forests. In the Cordillera Volcánica it occurs from 1500 to 3500 meters +at the top of Cerro Tancítaro. In the Sierra de Coalcomán it occurs from +2100 to 2700 meters. On July 4, 1955, a pair was found in copulation +beneath a pine log at 2700 meters on Cerro Barolosa. The male was lying +on top of the female and was holding her head firmly in his jaws; the +male's tail was curled under the female's tail, so that the cloacae were +in contact.</p> + + +<p>Serpentes</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Typhlops braminus</b> (Daudin)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eryx braminus</i> Daudin, Hist.... des reptiles, 7:279, +1803.—Vazagapatam, India.</p> + +<p><i>Typhlops braminus</i>, Cuvier, Règne animal, ed. 2, 2:73, +1829.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; Arteaga.</p></div> + + +<p>Both specimens known from Michoacán were collected by Gadow in 1908. +Peters (1954:20) remarked that the specimen from Arteaga probably does +not indicate a rapid spreading of the species, which most likely was +introduced into México at the time that vessels were stopping at +Acapulco from the Philippines (Taylor, 1940b:444), but instead may +indicate that pack trains from Acapulco passed through the Sierra de +Coalcomán. The occurrence of this snake along a long-used <i>camino</i> +substantiates this belief.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptotyphlops bressoni</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptotyphlops bressoni</i> Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:5, March 9, +1939.—Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>El Sabino.</p></div> + +<p>This species still is known definitely only from the type specimen +collected on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica at the +northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. A specimen (now lost) reported +from Aguililla by Cope (1887:63) possibly represents this species (see +Smith and Taylor, 1945:21, and Peters, 1954:20).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptotyphlops gadowi</b> Duellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptotyphlops gadowi</i> Duellman, Copeia, No. 2:93, May 29, +1956.—Apatzingán, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán.</p></div> + +<p>No additional specimens of this species have been collected since the +species was described by Duellman (1956b:93). Data given with the +specimen by Gadow indicate that it came from his camp above Apatzingán +at an elevation of about 800 meters. Although the exact position of this +camp is unknown, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica above +Apatzingán usually support arid scrub forest at elevations below 1000 +meters. Therefore, this species probably is an inhabitant of the arid +scrub forest.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli</b> Oliver</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptotyphlops bakewelli</i> Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 360:16, November 20, 1937.—Paso del Río, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli</i>, Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. +Mus., 93:445, October 29, 1943.</p> + +<p>La Placita (4); La Salada; Ostula.</p></div> + +<p>The five specimens from the coastal lowlands are from elevations of less +than 150 meters; these were collected by Peters (1954:20); the specimen +from La Salada is from an elevation of 580 meters in the Tepalcatepec +Valley. Peters (<i>loc. cit.</i>) remarked that the rostral and the tip of +the tail that were described as white by Oliver (1937:17) actually are +sulphur-yellow in life.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Loxocemus bicolor</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Loxocemus bicolor</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 13:77, June 30, 1861.—La Unión, El Salvador.</p> + +<p><i>Loxocemus sumichrasti</i> Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6, +4:1, 1876.—Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (6); La Orilla; Lombardia.</p></div> + +<p>As noted by Peters (1954:21), this species was not recorded from +Michoacán by Smith and Taylor (1945:27), but Gadow (1930:30) collected a +specimen at La Orilla in 1908. This specimen (BMNH<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> 1914.1.28.124) is a +male having 235 ventrals and 47 caudals, a dark brown dorsum, and +cream-colored labials and venter. The anterior chin-shields are +considerably longer than the scales bordering the chin-shields. In these +characters this specimen agrees with the diagnosis of <i>Loxocemus +bicolor</i> given by Taylor (1940c:447), who revived <i>Loxocemus +sumichrasti</i> Bocourt. Of the six specimens from Apatzingán in the +Tepalcatepec Valley, three males have 243 to 253 (246.6) ventrals and 44 +to 45 (44.3) caudals; three females have 238 to 247 (244.0) ventrals and +42 to 44 (43.0) caudals. Certain characters of scutellation utilized by +Taylor for separating <i>L. bicolor</i> and <i>L. sumichrasti</i> are inconsistent +in this series. The chin-shields are longer than the adjacent scales, +like those illustrated in <i>L. bicolor</i> by Taylor (<i>op. cit.</i>, fig. 1). +The relative lengths of the prefrontal and internasal sutures are +subequal, or the prefrontal suture is slightly longer. Thus, in these +characters of scutellation these snakes are like <i>L. bicolor</i>, but in +coloration they are like <i>L. sumichrasti</i>; the dorsal color in life was +an iridescent dark bluish gray, and the belly was pale gray or bluish +gray.</p> + +<p>The supposed differences in scutellation between <i>L. bicolor</i> and <i>L. +sumichrasti</i> have been questioned by Woodbury and Woodbury (1944:360); +these authors treated <i>L. sumichrasti</i> as a subspecies of <i>L. bicolor</i>. +As pointed out by Zweifel (1959b:5), such an arrangement is not tenable, +for, although individuals with each kind of color pattern have not been +collected together at any one locality, the over-all geographic picture +is one of sympatric distribution. Only snakes having the coloration of +<i>L. sumichrasti</i> have been collected in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. I +agree with Zweifel (<i>loc. cit.</i>) that on the basis of morphological +similarities and sympatric distribution, <i>L. bicolor</i> and <i>L. +sumichrasti</i> seem to be dimorphic phases of the same species, showing no +more striking differences in coloration than <i>Lampropeltis getulus +californiae</i>, a now classical example of pattern dimorphism in snakes.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán, as in other parts of its range, <i>Loxocemus bicolor</i> +inhabits arid scrub forest environments at low elevations.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Boa constrictor imperator</b> Daudin</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Boa imperator</i> Daudin, Hist. nat.... des reptiles, 5:150, +1803.—México. Type locality restricted to Córdoba, +Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347).</p> + +<p><i>Boa constrictor imperator</i>, Forcart, Herpetologica, 7:199, +December 31, 1951.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (4); Coalcomán; El Sabino (2); La Placita; La +Playa (2); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (2); Río Cachán; Río +Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia; Río Nexpa; Volcán +Jorullo.</p></div> + +<p>These specimens have come from a variety of habitats from elevations of +less than 1,000 meters. The species seems to be equally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> abundant in the +broad-leafed semi-deciduous forests of the coastal foothills and in the +arid Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area most of the specimens were +collected at night.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Coniophanes fissidens dispersus</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coniophanes fissidens dispersus</i> Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. +Mus., 91:106, November 13, 1941.—El Limoncito, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Arteaga.</p></div> + +<p>Further collecting in southern Michoacán has failed to add additional +material of this species, which is known in the state from the one +specimen collected by Gadow in 1908. The species possibly ranges +throughout the coastal foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán. Peters +(1954:21) described the specimen from Arteaga.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Coniophanes lateritius lateritius</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coniophanes lateritius</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 13:524, March 31, 1862.—Guadalajara, Jalisco, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Coniophanes lateritius lateritius</i>, Smith and Grant, +Herpetologica, 14:20, April 25, 1958.</p> + +<p>Nineteen km. S of Arteaga.</p></div> + +<p>The one specimen available from Michoacán of this apparently rare +species was discussed by Wellman (1959:127), who pointed out that +although the specimen was geographically intermediate between the +subspecies <i>C. l. lateritius</i> (Jalisco and Nayarit) and <i>C. l. +melanocephalus</i> (Morelos and Puebla), the specimen (UMMZ 118954) was +like <i>C. l. lateritius</i> in scutellation and in color pattern differed +from other known specimens of the species in having had in life a pale +orange, instead of a brick-red, dorsum. Additional specimens from the +Sierra de Coalcomán will be required in order to determine whether this +specimen is a representative of an orange-colored population or merely +is aberrant in coloration.</p> + +<p>The present specimen is from an elevation of 900 meters in oak forest on +the southern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán; other locality records +for the species indicate that it inhabits broad-leafed forest in +foothills from Nayarit to Puebla.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Conophis vittatus vittatus</b> Peters</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Conophis vittatus</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. +519, 1860.—No type locality given. Type locality restricted +to Laguna Coyuca, Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:331).</p> + +<p><i>Conophis vittatus vittatus</i>, Smith, Jour. Washington Acad. +Sci., 31:119, March 17, 1941.</p> + +<p>Arteaga; Coalcomán (4); La Playa; 19 km. S of Tzitzio.</p></div> + +<p>All specimens of this terrestrial snake have been collected in areas of +scrub forest between 800 and 1100 meters above sea level. Since<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> the +species is known from the coastal regions of Guerrero and Colima, its +absence from the cost of Michoacán is unexplainable; probably the lack +of specimens from these areas is due solely to inadequate collecting.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Conopsis biserialis</b> Taylor and Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Conopsis biserialis</i> Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 28 (2):333, November 12, 1942.—Ten miles west of +Villa Victoria, México, México.</p> + +<p>Capácuaro (5); Cerro San Andrés; Cherán; Ciudad Hidalgo; +Macho de Agua (4): Pátzcuaro (8); Tancítaro (24); Uruapan +(9); 24 km. SE of Zitácuaro (14).</p></div> + +<p>This species is abundant in the coniferous forests at elevations from +1550 to 2800 meters throughout the Cordillera Volcánica; apparently it +does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcomán.</p> + +<p>On August 1, 1956, a copulating pair was found beneath a rock at +Capácuaro.</p> + +<p>One of the best characters to distinguish this species from <i>Toluca +lineata</i>, which occurs with <i>Conopsis</i> throughout its range in +Michoacán, is the presence of large, black ventral blotches in <i>Conopsis +biserialis</i>, as contrasted with the two rows of small black spots in +<i>Toluca lineata</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Conopsis nasus</b> Günther</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Conopsis nasus</i> Günther, Catalogue... snakes... British +Museum, p. 6, 1858.—California (in error). Type locality +restricted to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:330).</p> + +<p>Carapan (2); Erongaricuaro; Maravatio (3); Morelia (2); +Nahuatzen; Pátzcuaro (7); Tacícuaro (8); Tancítaro.</p></div> + +<p>This species has been collected in oak, pine-oak, and fir forests at +elevations of 1900 to 2450 meters on the mountains rising from the +Mexican Plateau. It does not seem to be so abundant as <i>Conopsis +biserialis</i>. Sufficient ecological data to determine differences in +habitat between the two species have not been compiled.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Diadophis dugesi</b> Villada</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Diadophis punctatus dougesii</i> Villada, La Naturaleza, +3:226, 1875.—Potreros de Balbuena, Distrito Federal, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Diadophis dugesii</i>, Blanchard, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., +7:51, December 30, 1942.</p> + +<p>Morelia (2); Pátzcuaro; Quiroga.</p></div> + +<p>Apparently this snake is uncommon in Michoacán. It has been found only +at elevations of 1900 to 2200 meters in pine and pine-oak forests on the +mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti</i> Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. +Mus., 93:418, October 29, 1943.—Acapulco, Guerrero, México.</p> + +<p>Coahuayana; El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Punto San Juan de +Lima; Punto San Telmo.</p></div> + +<p>The few specimens indicate that in Michoacán, as elsewhere on the +Pacific coast of México, this species is restricted to forested regions +on the coastal plain. It does not occur in the Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + +<p>The coloration, in life, of a juvenile (UMMZ 114604) is as follows: The +dorsum is uniform pale grayish tan on posterior one-third of body and on +tail; anteriorly there are pale grayish tan middorsal blotches separated +by grayish white interspaces, which are about one-half the length of the +blotches. Posteriorly the blotches are less distinct, fading into the +uniform grayish tan ground color of the posterior part of the body. The +blotches extend laterally onto the fourth and fifth scale rows. Large +squarish lateral intercalary blotches of darker brown interconnect with +the dorsal blotches. The top of the head is pale olive-brown; a dark +brown postorbital stripe extends from the eye to the posterior edge of +the last upper labial. The labials, chin, and ventrals 1-30 are creamy +white, changing to a dusty cream-color posteriorly; the chin and +ventrals 1-30 are heavily spotted with dark brown. The iris is a +cream-color above and chocolate brown below; the tongue is blue.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Drymarchon corais rubidus</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Drymarchon corais rubidus</i> Smith, Jour. Washington Acad. +Sci., 31:474, November 11, 1941.—Rosario, Sinaloa, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (5); Arroyo El Salto; Arteaga; Capirio; El Sabino +(7); La Palma; La Placita; Ostula; San Juan de Lima.</p></div> + +<p>Not all of the specimens from Michoacán are typical in color pattern of +this subspecies, as defined by Smith (1941a:475). All specimens from the +Tepalcatepec Valley are uniformly black above; they have reddish or +cream-colored chins and the anterior two-thirds of the belly salmon-pink +or reddish buff. Individuals from the Sierra de Coalcomán (Arteaga and +Arroyo El Salto) are like those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Three +specimens from the coastal lowlands differ noticeably in color pattern:</p> + +<p>UMMZ 104504, adult male (Ostula).—Pale brown above flecked with black +anteriorly; at midbody, flecks form narrow transverse bands that become +progressively wider posteriorly, until on tail no brown pigment evident, +all ventrals reddish buff, except last eight, which are black.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<p>UMMZ 104602, adult female (La Placita).—Black above, reddish +cross-bands and flecks on all of body; dorsal and ventral surfaces of +tail black; chin cream-color and entire belly reddish buff.</p> + +<p>UMMZ 114626, adult male (San Juan de Lima).—Black above; dull +rust-colored cross-bands on anterior half of body; chin white; belly +rust-colored on anterior two-thirds of body and black posteriorly.</p> + +<p>One specimen from La Palma on the Mexican Plateau (KU 29275) has the top +of the head an olive-color, the entire dorsum black, the chin and +ventrals 1-42 a cream-color, remainder of venter black, and all of the +labials heavily barred with black. A juvenile from Capirio in the +Tepalcatepec Valley (UMMZ 114627) is black above and has pale +olive-colored flecks on the anterior one-third of the body; the top of +the head is dark olive-brown, and the sides of the head are somewhat +paler. Anteriorly the belly is a cream-color; posteriorly it is black.</p> + +<p>The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley are typical of <i>Drymarchon +corais rubidus</i>. Those from the coastal lowlands differ in having large +areas of brown or red pigment on the dorsum, a condition not mentioned +by Smith in his description of the subspecies. The specimen from La +Palma, like many others from various localities on the Mexican Plateau, +resembles in certain characters <i>D. corais orizabensis</i> (Smith, <i>op. +cit.</i>: 477). Our knowledge of the geographical variation in coloration +in this species is incomplete; many populations have been assigned to +subspecific rank without justification.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this species is found from sea level to 1350 meters in the +Sierra de Coalcomán and to 1300 meters at La Palma on Lago de Chapala. +It has been collected in scrub forest, semi-deciduous broad-leafed +forest, and oak forest.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus</i> Smith, Proc. U. S. +Natl. Mus., 92:383, November 5, 1942.—Miramar, Nayarit, +México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (3); Coahuayana; Coalcomán (3); El Sabino (3); El +Ticuiz; 12 km. S of Tzitzio.</p></div> + +<p>This snake is abundant in the lowlands of the state; the few specimens +listed above are indicative not of the rarity, but rather of the speed +and agility, of this diurnal snake. It most frequently is found near +water, where there is a dense growth of vegetation. One individual was +observed in a large pool inhabited by several small <i>Rana pipiens</i>, and +another was seen along the bank of a hyacinth-choked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> river channel. A +third individual was captured while it was in pursuit of a +<i>Cnemidophorus</i>.</p> + +<p>This species has been collected on the coastal lowlands and seaward +foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán and in the Tepalcatepec Valley to +elevations of 1150 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Elaphe triaspis intermedia</b> (Boettger)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pityophis intermedius</i> Boettger, Ber. Offen. Vereins. +Naturk., 22:148, 1883.—México. Type locality restricted to +Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán, México, by Dowling (1960:74).</p> + +<p><i>Elaphe triaspis intermedia</i>, Mertens and Dowling, +Senckenbergiana, 33:201, November 15, 1952.</p> + +<p>Twenty-four km. E of Apatzingán; Chupio; El Sabino (4); 11 +km. E of Emiliano Zapata.</p></div> + +<p>Dowling (1960) has shown that specimens from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec +Basin have fewer ventrals and caudals than those from the Sierra del Sur +or the coast. All specimens from Michoacán were collected in open +forest, either scrub or oak forest. They were found in drier situations +than those described for the species in southern Tamaulipas by Martin +(1958:69). In Michoacán <i>Elaphe triaspis intermedia</i> is known from the +Tepalcatepec Valley, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica, and +the western edge of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 1350 meters. +It probably occurs in the lower parts of the Sierra de Coalcomán and +along the Pacific coast, for it is known from the coastal lowlands of +Guerrero and Colima. In August, 1951, I saw a snake that probably was +this species in Barranca de Bejuco.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Enulius unicolor</b> (Fischer)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis unicolor</i> Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 7:227, +1882.—México. Type locality restricted to Chilpancingo, +Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:331).</p> + +<p><i>Enulius unicolor</i>, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 25:247, July 10, 1939.</p> + +<p>Between Ario de Rosales and La Playa; Coalcomán; Jungapeo +(4); between Zitácuaro and Tuxpan.</p></div> + +<p>This small snake has been collected from beneath rocks in brushy areas +and broad-leafed forest between 900 and 1800 meters; it has not been +found in coniferous forest. The limited ecological data suggest that the +species inhabits the transition zone between the tropical scrub forest +and the temperate hardwood forest.</p> + +<p>All of the specimens have 17 rows of scales; four males have 169-178 +(174.2) ventrals and 102-111 (106.8) caudals; two females have 192 and +195 ventrals and 96 and 87 caudals. Three individuals have one +postocular on one side and two on the other; in the other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> specimens +there are two postoculars on each side. The largest male has a body +length of 232 mm. and a tail length of 130 mm.; the largest female has a +body length of 274 mm. and a tail length of 119 mm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geagras redimitus</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geagras redimitus</i> Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, ser. 2, 8:141, 1876.</p> + +<p>San Juan de Lima (2).</p></div> + +<p>Previously this species was known definitely only from the Plains of +Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. <i>Sphenocalamus lineolatus</i> was described by Fischer +(1883:5) from Mazatlán; this name has been placed in the synonymy of +<i>Geagras redimitus</i> Cope. Although Fischer gave the type locality only +as "Mazatlán" and did not designate the state, it is probable that the +type originated from Mazatlán, Sinaloa. The present specimens are from a +locality almost midway between Tehuantepec and Mazatlán and support the +possibility that <i>Geagras</i> ranges along the Pacific coast of México from +Oaxaca to Sinaloa.</p> + +<p>The two specimens from Michoacán (UMMZ 114446-7), both males, have 118 +and 122 ventrals, 31 and 33 caudals, body lengths of 108 and 81 mm., and +tail lengths of 20 and 15 mm. Both have 1-1 preoculars, 1-1 postoculars, +1-2 temporals, 6-6 upper labials, and 5-5 lower labials. In life, the +dorsum was pale tan; the top of the head and the middorsal and lateral +stripes were dark brown; the belly was white. The occipital spots were +pale pinkish tan. Both specimens were found beneath rocks in tropical +semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 15 meters on the coastal plain.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geophis dugesi</b> Bocourt</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis dugesii</i> Bocourt, Miss. Scientifique au Mexique et +dans l'Amerique Centrale, Rept., livr. 9:573, +1883.—Tangancícuaro, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Carapan; Tangancícuaro; Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>Aside from the three specimens listed above, there are two (SU 4407-8) +bearing the data "Michoacán." Bocourt (1883:574) stated that the type +specimen from Tangancícuaro had six or seven pale cross-bands on the +anterior part of the body. An illustration, presumably of the same +specimen, by Dugès (1884:Pl. 9) shows five distinct and one indistinct +cross-bands. Of the four specimens that I have examined, none has more +than three pale cross-bands, and one has only one indistinct cross-band. +Two females have 154 and 158 ventrals and 38 and 37 caudals; two males +have 150 and 151 ventrals and 43 and 42 caudals.</p> + +<p>This species is known only from elevations between 1750 and 2050<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> meters +on the southwestern edge of the Mexican Plateau in the state of +Michoacán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geophis incomptus</b> Duellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis incomptus</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 605:3, May 29, 1959.—Dos Aguas, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p>Dos Aguas (15).</p></div> + +<p>This species, which seems to be related to <i>Geophis maculiferus</i>, is +known only from the pine-oak forest in the vicinity of Dos Aguas +(elevation 2100 meters) in the Sierra de Coalcomán. Aside from the five +specimens comprising the type series, there are ten other specimens in +the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan collected by Floyd +L. Downs in July, 1960. Data from these specimens and those comprising +the type series show that in this sample seven males have 146-153 +(149.3) ventrals and 35-37 (36.0) caudals; eight females have 150-154 +(152.4) ventrals and 29-34 (32.5) caudals. The largest specimen is a +female with a body length of 344 mm. and a tail length of 53 mm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geophis maculiferus</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis maculiferus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +27:119, December 30, 1941.—Near Cicio [<i>sic</i>] = Tzitzio, +Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Tzitzio.</p></div> + +<p>The type and only known specimen of <i>Geophis maculiferus</i> (UIMNH 25078) +is a female having 140 ventrals and 30 caudals, dorsal scales in 15 +rows, one postocular, and an anterior temporal. Only one other species +in México has dorsal scales in 15 rows and has an anterior temporal; +that species is <i>G. incomptus</i>, which differs from <i>G. maculiferus</i> in +having six or seven lower labials, instead of five, and in having the +edges of the ventrals dark, instead of a uniformly cream-colored belly.</p> + +<p>The locality from which the specimen was obtained lies at an elevation +of 1630 meters on the southern slope of the Cordillera Volcánica. At +that elevation there is an interdigitation of arid tropical scrub forest +and pine-oak forest; probably <i>Geophis maculiferus</i> inhabits the +pine-oak forest.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geophis nigrocinctus</b> Duellman</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis nigrocinctus</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 605:1, May 29, 1959.—Dos Aguas, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p>Dos Aguas (3).</p></div> + +<p>The three specimens comprising the type series of the species were found +beneath logs and in a stump in pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100 +meters. A discussion of the variation in these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> specimens and of +probable relationships of the species was given by Duellman (1959). +Floyd Downs spent several days at Dos Aguas in July, 1960; although he +found ten specimens of <i>Geophis incomptus</i>, no further specimens of <i>G. +nigrocinctus</i> were obtained.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geophis petersi</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis petersii</i> Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British +Museum, 2:321, September 23, 1894.—Mexico City. Type +locality restricted to Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, by +Smith and Taylor (1950a:335).</p> + +<p>Cherán; Coalcomán; Morelia; Pátzcuaro (6).</p></div> + +<p>This seems to be the most widespread species of <i>Geophis</i> in Michoacán. +It has been found at elevations between 950 and 2350 meters, chiefly in +pine or pine-oak forest. Boulenger (1894:321) described <i>Geophis +petersi</i> from a specimen stated to be from Mexico City, a locality which +probably is in error. The only localities from which the species is +definitely known are those listed in this account.</p> + +<p>Three males and five females from the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera +Volcánica have respectively 140-144 (141.7) and 143-151 (146.0) ventrals +and 39-41 (40.0) and 29-35 (33.2) caudals. All have dorsal scales in 15 +rows, 1 postocular, no anterior temporal, and a relatively small +triangular supraocular. The specimen from Coalcomán (UMMZ 104698) was +referred to <i>Geophis nasalis</i> by Peters (1954:22). This specimen is +abnormal in several characters; in five places there is a fusion and +separation of the vertebral and paravertebral scale rows, producing a +change from 17 to 15 rows of dorsal scales. Fusion of the three rows +takes place at the level of the 8th, 41st, 47th, 54th, and 65th +ventrals. Furthermore, there is a small secondary postocular on each +side of the head. In other characters the specimen is like <i>G. petersi</i>; +the resemblances to that species are greater than to <i>G. nasalis</i>, which +has been recorded from Guatemala and southern Chiapas.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geophis tarascae</b> Hartweg</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis tarascae</i> Hartweg, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 601:1, May 4, 1959.—Uruapan, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Uruapan (3).</p></div> + +<p>A female of this species was collected in the Parque Nacional at the +north edge of Uruapan in 1899, and a male was taken there in 1947; these +specimens were used by Hartweg in his description of the species. Floyd +L. Downs obtained another specimen in the Parque Nacional on July 19, +1960. It has 164 ventrals and 46 caudals; in life, the ground color of +the neck was brown with a purplish tint; the dorsal markings were black; +the chin was a cream-color,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> and the belly was white. This specimen is +distinguished from those of all other species of <i>Geophis</i> in Michoacán +in that it has dark irregular cross-bars on the dorsum and a row of dark +spots on the venter.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 12:246, November 15, 1860.—Cape San Lucas, +Baja California, México.</p> + +<p><i>Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha</i>, Bogert and Oliver, Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:378, March 30, 1945.</p> + +<p>Tupátaro.</p></div> + +<p>The systematic status of the geographic variants of <i>Hypsiglena</i> in +México and southwestern United States has been commented on by several +authors. Tanner (1944) considered <i>H. torquata</i> and <i>H. ochrorhyncha</i> to +be distinct species; Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) and Duellman +(1957b:238) presented evidence indicating that <i>H. torquata</i> and <i>H. +ochrorhyncha</i> intergrade in Sinaloa and southern Sonora. In <i>Hypsiglena</i> +the scutellation, including the numbers of labials, dorsals, ventrals, +and caudals, seem to vary in a clinal manner. Nevertheless, these snakes +can be divided into two distinct populations on the basis of the nuchal +color pattern, consisting of an <i>ochrorhyncha</i>-type (a broad dark +nape-band, the lateral edges of which extend anteriorly and fuse with a +postorbital stripe, and a narrow nape stripe extending from the +posteromedian edges of the parietals to the dark nape band) and a +<i>torquata</i>-type (a somewhat narrower dark nape-band bordered anteriorly +by a pale nuchal area, and no dark nape stripe). Snakes having the +<i>ochrorhyncha</i>-type of nuchal pattern are found on the Mexican Plateau +from Michoacán northward into the desert regions of Sonora and the +southwestern United States. Snakes having the <i>torquata</i>-type of pattern +are found on the coastal lowlands and adjacent slopes of the Sierra +Madre Occidental from southern Sinaloa to Colima and thence inland in +the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin to Morelos and Guerrero. An exception is +<i>Hypsiglena torquata dunklei</i> from Forlón and San Fernando, Tamaulipas; +it has the <i>torquata</i>-type of nuchal pattern. The distributional picture +is somewhat complicated because some individuals having the +<i>torquata</i>-type of nuchal pattern also have a faint nape stripe. If +these are taken as exceptions, the general picture of distribution in +México is <i>H. t. torquata</i> on the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa +southward to the Balsas Basin and <i>H. t. ochrorhyncha</i> on the Mexican +Plateau.</p> + +<p>Smith (1943:433) resurrected <i>Hypsiglena jani</i> Dugès for the snakes of +the <i>ochrorhyncha</i>-type on the southern part of the Mexican<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> Plateau. He +stated that the southern specimens differed from northern ones in having +a nuchal spot 9 or 10 scales in length, as compared with a spot 2 to 6 +scales in length in northern specimens. A cursory examination of +specimens from the areas between Arizona and Michoacán showed that there +is a gradual increase in the size of the spot from north to south. If no +other characters can be found to distinguish the populations, they +should be considered as a single subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Hypsiglena affinis</i> differs from <i>H. torquata</i> in possessing 19 instead +of 21 rows of dorsal scales. Additional material is needed from the +western slopes of Jalisco and the Barrancas in Zacatecas and Durango, +before definite allocation of <i>affinis</i> can be made.</p> + +<p>Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) discussed the status of certain named +populations in Baja California and concluded that only one species +occurs there, and that the species probably is conspecific with <i>H. +torquata</i>. A careful review of the genus <i>Hypsiglena</i> might show that +there is only one species.</p> + +<p>The one specimen from Michoacán (USNM 46513) is from an elevation of +about 2300 meters near the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hypsiglena torquata torquata</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira torquata</i> Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, +5:170.—Laguna Island, Nicaragua (in error).</p> + +<p><i>Hypsiglena torquata torquata</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 25:371, July 10, 1939.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; Capirio; Cofradía.</p></div> + +<p>Specimens from the three mentioned localities have the dark nuchal spot +bordered anteriorly by a pale blotch. In life the specimen from Capirio +(UMMZ 114424) had rich reddish brown dorsal spots; the dorsal ground +color was grayish white above and somewhat more gray laterally. The pale +nuchal area was a cream-color, and the iris was grayish red.</p> + +<p>All of the specimens were found in the arid scrub forest in the +Tepalcatepec Valley at elevations between 200 and 350 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dipsas gracillima</i> Günther, Biol. Centrali-Americana, +Rept., p. 177, July, 1895.—southern México. Type locality +restricted to Acapulco, Guerrero, México, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:331).</p> + +<p><i>Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus. +Novitates, 1961:12, September 16, 1959.</p> + +<p>La Orilla.</p></div> + +<p>The specimen from La Orilla was reported by Peters (1954:23) as +<i>Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri</i>; Zweifel (1959c) showed that <i>I. g. +oliveri</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> did not range west of Tehuantepec and that the snakes +inhabiting the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima were +assignable to the subspecies <i>gracillimus</i>. It may be assumed that this +subspecies ranges throughout the coastal lowlands and foothills of the +Sierra de Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dipsas gemmistrata latistrata</i> Cope, Bull. U. S. Natl. +Mus., 32:68, 1887.—Southern Jalisco. Type locality +restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:334).</p> + +<p><i>Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus. +Novitates, 1961:3, September 16, 1959.</p> + +<p>El Sabino.</p></div> + +<p>The one specimen from Michoacán was collected near the upper limits of +the scrub forest on the slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica. Zweifel +(1959c:10) stated that in certain aspects of coloration this specimen +was like <i>I. gemmistratus gracillimus</i>, but in scutellation and other +features of coloration it was like <i>I. g. latistratus</i>. There are too +few specimens of this species to define the ranges of the various +subspecies with any degree of accuracy, but from the limited number of +specimens available, it seems that <i>I. gemmistratus gracillimus</i> occurs +on the Pacific lowlands from Guerrero northward to Colima. Northward on +the Pacific lowlands from Colima to Sinaloa and in the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin is found <i>I. gemmistratus latistratus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Lampropeltis doliata</b> (Linnaeus)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber doliatus</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:379, +1766.—Charleston, South Carolina.</p> + +<p><i>Lampropeltis doliata</i>, Klauber, Copeia, No. 1:11, April 15, +1948.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán (3); El Sabino; 24 km. W of Morelia; Río Nexpa; +Uruapan.</p></div> + +<p>The few specimens of this species from Michoacán show a wide range of +variation; furthermore, the present systematic status of the subspecies +of <i>Lampropeltis doliata</i> portrays an incongruous pattern of +distribution. Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán have relatively +narrow red bands that are not interrupted dorsally by extensions of the +black rings; the scales in the red bands have black tips. The specimen +from El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5253) and the one from the Río Nexpa on the +coast (USNM 31491) have broader red bands; the scales in the red bands +do not have black tips. A specimen from 24 kilometers west of Morelia +(UIMNH 17782) and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 121508) have the red bands +interrupted dorsally by extensions from the black rings.</p> + +<p>Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán were referred to <i>L. doliata +blanchardi</i> by Peters (1954:24), who noted that in some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> characters +these snakes were like <i>L. d. nelsoni</i> and in others like <i>L. d. +polyzona</i>. The individual from El Sabino was referred to <i>L. d. nelsoni</i> +by Taylor (1940c:465); the one from 24 kilometers west of Morelia was +referred to <i>L. d. arcifera</i> by Smith (1942c:198). If these assignments +are correct, three subspecies of <i>Lampropeltis doliata</i> occur in +Michoacán: <i>blanchardi</i> in the Sierra de Coalcomán, <i>nelsoni</i> on the +coast and in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and <i>arcifera</i> on the Mexican +Plateau and in the Cordillera Volcánica. Such a distribution is +plausible, but the few specimens and our general lack of knowledge of +the variation and relationships of the different populations do not +permit a definite assignment at this time.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Lampropeltis ruthveni</b> Blanchard</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Lampropeltis ruthveni</i> Blanchard, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 81:8, April 28, 1920.—Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p>Morelia; Pátzcuaro; Tacícuaro.</p></div> + +<p>At the present time this species is known definitely from only three +localities on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán. An incomplete skin from +El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5438) was referred to this species by Taylor +(1940c:465); the specimen cannot be found, so verification of the +identification cannot be made at this time.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira latifasciata</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypsiglena latifasciata</i> Günther, Biologia +Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 138, October, +1894.—Southern México. Type locality restricted to +Huajintlán, Morelos, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:331).</p> + +<p><i>Leptodeira latifasciata</i>, Dunn, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., +22:696, December, 1936.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; El Sabino; La Playa; 32 km. E of Nueva Italia.</p></div> + +<p>This nocturnal snake apparently ranges throughout the arid +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of about 1050 meters. It has +been collected only in the arid scrub forest. Aside from the specimens +listed by Duellman (1958a:93), there is one (UMMZ 120223) having eight +body blotches, a body length of 510 mm. and a tail length of 103 mm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira maculata</b> (Hallowell)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Megalops maculatus</i> Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 13:488, March 31, 1862.—"Tahiti." Type +locality restricted to Manzanillo, Colima, México, by +Duellman (1958a:54).</p> + +<p><i>Leptodeira maculata</i>, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist., 114:53, February 24, 1958.</p> + +<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (24); Arteaga (2); Capirio (3); +Charapendo (2); Coahuayana (3); Cofradía; Cuatro Caminos; La +Placita (3); Lombardia (69); Nueva Italia (29); Pómaro; Río +Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Salitre de Estopila; +Tafetan (2); Volcán Jorullo.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> + +<p>This snake is abundant in the arid Tepalcatepec Valley; most of the +specimens have been collected in arid scrub forest at elevations of less +than 500 meters. With the onset of the rains in late June and early +July, large numbers of these snakes can be found around temporary pools, +where they feed on small frogs and toads. In the dry season few +individuals were found, and all of those were beneath cover. Specimens +from the coast have more body-blotches than do those from the +Tepalcatepec Valley (Duellman, 1958a:56); otherwise the snakes show +little variation.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira splendida bressoni</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira bressoni</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +25:321, July 10, 1939.—Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Leptodeira splendida bressoni</i>, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 114:84, February 24, 1958.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán (3); El Sabino (3); Uruapan (5).</p></div> + +<p>The range of <i>Leptodeira splendida bressoni</i> apparently does not overlap +that of <i>Leptodeira maculata</i>; the latter is restricted to the lower +reaches of the arid scrub forest, whereas <i>L. s. bressoni</i> inhabits the +upper limits of the arid scrub forest and the lower part of the pine-oak +forest. Specimens have been collected between 950 and 1630 meters on the +slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica and at 950 meters in the Sierra de +Coalcomán. At Uruapan individuals were found beneath rocks along a +stream and in a stone fence. <i>Leptodeira duellmani</i>, which was described +from Coalcomán by Peters (1954:25), is an aberrant individual of <i>L. s. +bressoni</i> (Duellman, 1958a:56).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptophis diplotropis</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ahaetulla diplotropis</i> Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. +4, 9:25, 1872.—Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> + +<p><i>Leptophis diplotropis</i>, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au +Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Reptiles, livr. 15:835, +1897.</p> + +<p>Between Aguililla and Dos Aguas; Arteaga; Coalcomán; El +Diezmo; El Sabino (5); La Playa; Ocorla.</p></div> + +<p>Most specimens of this species have been collected in tropical +semi-deciduous forest at elevations of less than 1000 meters. In the +Sierra de Coalcomán one was taken in pine-oak forest at an elevation of +1700 meters near Ocorla; another was found in broad-leafed forest +between Aguililla and Dos Aguas at an elevation of 1600 meters. Most +individuals have been seen in trees or bushes. The absence of +broad-leafed forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley probably accounts for the +absence of this snake in that area.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Manolepis putnami</b> (Jan)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dromicus putnami</i> Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi, p. +67, 1863.—San Blas, Nayarit, México.</p> + +<p><i>Manolepsis putnami</i>, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. +Mus., 187:92, October 5, 1945.</p> + +<p>La Placita (3); Maquili; Ostula.</p></div> + +<p>In Michoacán the species has been found only in tropical semi-deciduous +forest on the lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán. From the +observations made by Peters (1954:28), this snake is diurnal and feeds +on teiid lizards.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Masticophis striolatus striolatus</b> Mertens</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber striolatus</i> Mertens, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 32:190, +1934.—Substitute name for <i>Coluber lineatus</i> Bocourt, a +secondary homonym of <i>Coluber lineatus</i> Linnaeus = <i>Lygophis +lineatus</i>. Type locality restricted to Presidio de Mazatlán, +Sinaloa, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:343).</p> + +<p><i>Masticophis striolatus striolatus</i>, Zweifel and Norris, +Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:242, July, 1955.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (4); Arteaga; Coalcomán (3); El Sabino; +Jiquilpan; La Palma; La Playa (3); Lombardia; Nueva Italia; +Río Cachán; Santa Ana; Uruapan (2); Volcán Jorullo; +Ziracuaretiro.</p></div> + +<p>This large diurnal species inhabits open scrub forest and cultivated +terrain from sea level to about 1650 meters. On the Mexican Plateau it +is known from the area around Lago de Chapala, to which it possibly +gained access through the valleys in the headwaters of the Tepalcatepec +drainage. Specimens from southern Michoacán have been reported +previously by Peters (1954:28) and Duellman (1954b:16) as <i>Masticophis +flagellum lineatus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Masticophis taeniatus australis</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Masticophis taeniatus australis</i> Smith, Jour. Washington +Acad. Sci., 31:390, September 11, 1941.—Guanajuato, +Guanajuato, México.</p> + +<p>Tacícuaro (2); Zamora.</p></div> + +<p>This species reaches the southern limit of its distribution in the state +of Michoacán. The limited ecological data available suggest that the +species inhabits the open mesquite grassland of the Mexican Plateau.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Oxybelis aeneus auratus</b> (Bell)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dryinus auratus</i> Bell, Zool. Jour., 2:324, 1825.—México. +Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, by +Smith and Taylor (1950a:340).</p> + +<p><i>Oxybelis aeneus auratus</i>, Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:381, March 30, 1945.</p> + +<p>Coahuayana; El Sabino (4); between Las Tecatas and Las +Higuertas; between Los Pozos and La Ciénega; Playa Azul; +Pómaro (2); between Pómaro and Maruata (2); Punto San Telmo; +Río Tizupan.</p></div> + +<p>On the basis of the number of specimens seen and collected on the +seaward slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán, this is a common snake<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +there. Most specimens were collected in tropical semi-deciduous forest; +others were collected in oak forest to an elevation of 1700 meters. +Apparently <i>Oxybelis</i> does not inhabit the lower parts of the +Tepalcatepec Valley; the only specimens from the inland area are four +from El Sabino, which is situated at about 900 meters on the slopes of +the Cordillera Volcánica. One individual was seen in gallery forest near +Limoncito at an elevation of 730 meters on the northern slopes of the +Sierra de Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pituophis deppei deppei</b> (Duméril)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaphis deppei</i> Duméril, Mem. Acad. Inst. France, 23:453, +1835.—México. Type locality restricted to San Juan +Teotihuacán, México, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:334).</p> + +<p><i>Pituophis deppei deppei</i>, Stull, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 250:1, October 12, 1932.</p> + +<p>Carapan (2); Morelia; Tacámbaro; Tacícuaro; Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>Duellman (1960b) showed that the widespread species <i>Pituophis deppei</i> +was composite and that the "lined subspecies" actually represented +another species, <i>Pituophis lineaticollis</i>. <i>Pituophis deppei</i> occurs +only on the Mexican Plateau; in Michoacán it inhabits mesquite grassland +and oak-bunch grass associations between 1900 and 2200 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Arizona lineaticollis</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 13:300, December 28, 1861.—Southern Mexican +Plateau. Type locality restricted to 24 kilometers northwest +of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México, by Duellman (1960b:607).</p> + +<p><i>Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis</i>, Duellman, Univ. +Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:607, May 2, 1960.</p> + +<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas; Dos Aguas (3); Morelia; Tancítaro +(5).</p></div> + +<p>This species reaches the northern limits of its range in the Sierra de +Coalcomán and on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán. On the plateau it has +been collected in mesquite grassland at elevations between 1500 and 2000 +meters. In the Sierra de Coalcomán individuals were found in open +pine-oak forest at 2100 meters elevation and in a meadow surrounded by +pine-oak forest at 2300 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pseudoficimia frontalis</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Toluca frontalis</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +16:167, September 30, 1864.—Colima, Colima, México.</p> + +<p><i>Pseudoficimia frontalis</i>, Günther, Biologia +Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 96, May, 1893.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; Coalcomán (6); El Sabino (2).</p></div> + +<p>Most specimens were found beneath rocks in grassy areas near the upper +limits of the arid scrub forest, both in the Sierra de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Coalcomán and on +the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica; all are from elevations +of less than 1100 meters. One specimen was found on a road at night near +Apatzingán. This species has been found in similar habitats near +Huajintlán, Guerrero, and in arid scrub forest at lower elevations in +Colima. It is unknown from the coast of Michoacán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pseudoficimia pulcherrima</b> Taylor and Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pseudoficimia pulcherrima</i> Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas +Sci. Bull., 28:246, May 15, 1942.—Huajintlán, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán.</p></div> + +<p>This specimen (CNHM 39208) was reported by Schmidt and Shannon +(1947:81); they stated that it was a paratype of <i>P. pulcherrima</i>. +However, Taylor and Smith (1942a:246) did not mention the specimen; +aside from the type (EHT-HMS 5497), the only other specimen they +designated as belonging to the type series was UMMZ 85711 from +Chilpancingo, Guerrero.</p> + +<p>The taxonomic validity of <i>Pseudoficimia pulcherrima</i> remains doubtful, +for only minor characters distinguish it from <i>P. frontalis</i>. +Furthermore, all known specimens of <i>P. pulcherrima</i> are from within the +geographic range of <i>P. frontalis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia</b> Bailey</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rhadinaea hesperia</i> Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 412:8, May 6, 1940.—Omilteme and Sierra de Burro, +Guerrero. Type locality restricted to Omilteme, Guerrero, +México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:332).</p> + +<p><i>Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia</i>, Smith, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 55:185, December 31, 1942.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (3); Coalcomán; El Sabino (2); Uruapan; Volcán +Jorullo (2).</p></div> + +<p>One specimen from Volcán Jorullo (UMMZ 104494), three from Arteaga (UMMZ +119281), and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 92342) are typical of the subspecies +<i>R. h. hesperia</i> in possessing a lateral cream-colored line on the sixth +and parts of the fifth and seventh dorsal scale rows and in lacking a +dark line on the second scale row. The specimens from El Sabino (EHT-HMS +5441 and UIMNH 18933) and one from Coalcomán (UMMZ 104502) have the +cream-colored line on the sixth and adjacent parts of the fifth and +seventh scale rows and have a dark line on the second scale row. Another +individual from Volcán Jorullo (UMMZ 104682) has cream-colored lines +like the others, but it possesses two lateral dark lines, one on the +second scale row, and one on the third.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<p>Smith (1942d:186) diagnosed <i>Rhadinaea hesperia hesperioides</i> as +differing from the nominal subspecies in having the cream-colored line +on the fourth and fifth scale rows and in possessing a dark line on the +second scale row. The specimens seen all have the lateral cream-colored +line centered on the sixth scale row, as is characteristic of <i>R. h. +hesperia</i>. Although many of the specimens also possess a dark line on +the second scale row, these specimens are here assigned to <i>R. h. +hesperia</i>. Additional specimens are necessary to define accurately the +subspecies and their ranges. Peters (1954:29) assigned the specimens +from Coalcomán to <i>R. h. hesperioides</i>.</p> + +<p>In life the specimens from Arteaga had bright cream-colored temporal +stripes and dorsolateral stripes on the anterior part of the body. The +chin and anterior one-sixth of the belly was white; posteriorly the +venter was bright orange-red.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this snake has been found in tropical semi-deciduous +forest, arid scrub forest, and pine-oak forest at elevations from 850 to +1500 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rhadinaea laureata</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dromicus laureatus</i> Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, +1:419, 1868.—Mexico City.</p> + +<p><i>Rhadinaea laureata</i>, Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British +Museum, 2, p. 179, September 23, 1894.</p> + +<p>Capácuaro; Carapan (8); Cherán (3); Paracho (2); Pátzcuaro; +Tancítaro (10).</p></div> + +<p>This snake is abundant in the Cordillera Volcánica, but it is unknown in +the mountains to the northeast of Morelia or in the Sierra de Coalcomán. +Most specimens were found beneath volcanic rocks imbedded in the ashy +soil in pine forest between 1800 and 2300 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rhadinaea taeniata</b> (Peters)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dromicus taeniatus</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. +275, 1863.—México.</p> + +<p><i>Rhadinaea taeniata</i>, Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 412:14, May 6, 1940.</p> + +<p>Tancítaro (2).</p></div> + +<p>This species, which is known only from a small region in the mountains +of Jalisco and central Michoacán, is represented by two specimens (CNHM +37130 and 39030) collected at Tancítaro (see Schmidt and Shannon, +1947:80).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Salvadora bairdi</b> Jan</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Salvadora Bairdii</i> Jan. Icon. gener. ophid., livr. 2, pl. +3, fig. 2, 1860.—México. Type locality restricted to +Acámbaro, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:330).</p> + +<p>Barranca Seca; Carapan; Cerro San Andrés; Cojumatlán (2); +Jiquilpan; Morelia; Pátzcuaro (4); Quiroga; Sahuayo (2); +Tacícuaro (12); Tancítaro (56); Uruapan (2); Zacapu (2); +between Zitácuaro and Tuxpan (3).</p></div> + +<p>This species is abundant on the Mexican plateau, where it inhabits the +more grassy areas in the mesquite grassland and cutover land in the pine +forests from 1550 to 2500 meters. Davis and Dixon (1957:21) described a +specimen from Zacapu as having two dark paravertebral stripes diverging +on the temporals and extending through the eye onto the loreal, a +characteristic of <i>Salvadora lineata</i>. On the basis of this specimen, +Davis and Dixon suggested that <i>Salvadora bairdi</i> and <i>S. lineata</i> were +subspecifically related. The examination of the large number of +specimens from Michoacán has revealed this kind of coloration in only +one other specimen, an individual from Tacícuaro, in which the stripes +diverge, but do not extend through the eye onto the loreal. Data on +scutellation for the large series from Tancítaro were given by Schmidt +and Shannon (1947:78), and for the series from Tacícuaro by Smith +(1943:466).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Salvadora mexicana</b> (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Zamenis mexicanus</i> Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, +Erpétologie genérale, 7 (pt. 1), p. 695, 1854.—Cape +Corrientes, Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p><i>Salvadora mexicana</i> Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, +12:349, 1863.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (12); Capirio (2); El Sabino (5); Huetamo; La +Placita; La Playa (4); Lombardia; Nueva Italia; Ojos de Agua +de San Telmo; Oropeo; Río Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán; +Santa Ana.</p></div> + +<p>This is one of the most abundant snakes in the arid lowlands of the +Tepalcatepec Valley; observations indicate that it probably is equally +abundant on the coastal lowlands. Near Apatzingán as many as five of +these snakes have been seen in one-half hour. The snakes seem to be +equally abundant and active in the dry season and in the rainy season. +Most individuals were seen on the ground, but two were found in low +trees. On several occasions <i>Salvadora mexicana</i> was observed in pursuit +of lizards on the ground. Captured individuals regurgitated +<i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i>, <i>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</i>, +<i>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</i>, <i>Sceloporus pyrocephalus</i>, and +<i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Salvadora mexicana</i> inhabits only the arid scrub forest at elevations +from sea level to about 1000 meters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sibon nebulatus</b> (Linnaeus)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber nebulatus</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1, p. +222, 1758.—Africa (in error). Type locality restricted to +Jicaltepec, Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:349).</p> + +<p><i>Sibon nebulatus</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:473, +November 27, 1940.</p> + +<p>Aquila.</p></div> + +<p>The one specimen from Michoacán was collected by Peters (1954:30) in +tropical semi-deciduous forest on the coastal foothills of the Sierra de +Coalcomán. As presently known, the range of this species in western +México extends from Chiapas to Nayarit. Throughout this region the +species avoids scrub forest; this may explain its absence in the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</b> (Dugès)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Contia michoacanensis</i> Dugès, <i>in</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. +Philos. Soc., 22:178, 1885.—Michoacán. Type locality +restricted to Apatzingán, Michoacán, México, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:335).</p> + +<p><i>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</i>, Stickel, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 56:116, October 19, 1943.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (3); Coalcomán (3); 12 km. S of Tzitzio.</p></div> + +<p>These specimens, together with all known specimens from the Sierra del +Sur in Guerrero (KU 23790-1, MVZ 45123) and the upper Balsas Basin in +Puebla (UIMNH 41688), are referable to <i>S. m. michoacanensis</i>. The +dorsal pattern consists of a highly variable number of cross-bands of +red, white, and black. In the specimens from Michoacán there are as many +as 17 red cross-bands on the body. One specimen from Apatzingán (CNHM +37141) has just behind the head a white band, bordered on either side by +a narrow black band; posteriorly the body is uniform red. Two specimens +from Coalcomán (UMMZ 109905-6) have respectively 11 and 13 red +cross-bands and 20 and 17 white cross-bands, and the posterior part of +the body is devoid of red color. Other specimens from these localities +have red, black, and white cross-bands throughout the length of the +body.</p> + +<p><i>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</i> is distinguished from <i>S. +michoacanensis mutabilis</i> by the presence of cross-bands on the tail in +the latter (Stickel, 1943:116). One specimen from Coalcomán (UMMZ +109904) has one narrow band on the tail; all others from Michoacán have +uniformly red tails.</p> + +<p>Apparently <i>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</i> ranges in semi-arid +and arid habitats from the upper Balsas Basin in Puebla westward to the +lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán, whereas <i>S. m.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> mutabilis</i> +lives in foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Jalisco +to Nayarit. Zweifel (1959b:6) presented evidence to show that specimens +of <i>S. m. mutabilis</i> supposedly from "Distrito Federal" probably bear +erroneous locality data.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tantilla bocourti</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Homalocranium bocourti</i> Günther, Biologia +Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 149, 1895.—Guanajuato, +Guanajuato, México.</p> + +<p><i>Tantilla bocourti</i>, Cope, Amer. Nat., 30:1021, December, +1896.</p> + +<p>Carapan; Pátzcuaro (2); between Zitácuaro and Río Tuxpan +(11).</p></div> + +<p>This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests and the +pine-oak forests on the Cordillera Volcánica. Data on the series from +between Zitácuaro and the Río Tuxpan were given by Taylor (1940c:481).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tantilla calamarina</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tantilla calamarina</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 18:320, February 13, 1867.—Guadalajara, +Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; La Placita.</p></div> + +<p>Although this snake has been collected at high elevations along the rim +of the Mexican Plateau in Nayarit, Jalisco, México, and Puebla, the +specimens from Michoacán are from arid scrub forest at elevations of +less than 400 meters. The species has been found in similar habitats in +Colima (Oliver, 1937:24) and in Sinaloa and the Tres Marías Islands +(Zweifel, 1960:110).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Toluca lineata lineata</b> Kennicott</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Toluca lineata</i> Kennicott, <i>in</i> Baird, Report on the United +States and Mexican boundary survey, 2, Reptiles, p. 23, +1859.—Valley of México.</p> + +<p><i>Toluca lineata lineata</i>, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas +Sci. Bull., 28:343, May 15, 1942.</p> + +<p>Capácuaro; Carapan (12); Cherán (23); Cojumatlán; Los Reyes; +Morelia (2); Nahuatzen; Paracho (10); Pátzcuaro (17); +Uruapan (2).</p></div> + +<p>This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests between +elevations of about 1550 and 2800 meters. Not infrequently, individuals +have been found in pine-oak forest within these elevations.</p> + +<p>The generic status of <i>Toluca</i> is unsettled. Taylor and Smith (1942b) +separated <i>Toluca</i> from <i>Conopsis</i> by the presence of enlarged and +grooved posterior maxillary teeth in <i>Toluca</i> and their absence in +<i>Conopsis</i>. Bogert and Oliver (1945:378) suggested synonymizing <i>Toluca</i> +with <i>Conopsis</i>. Smith and Laufe (1945:12) defined the generic position +of <i>Toluca</i>. Actually, in deciding the generic position of these snakes, +five genera (<i>Ficimia</i>, <i>Gyalopion</i>, <i>Pseudoficimia</i>, <i>Conopsis</i>, and +<i>Toluca</i>) must be considered. Of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> <i>Ficimia</i> and <i>Gyalopion</i> are +closely related; they have been placed in one genus by some workers. +<i>Pseudoficimia</i> is intermediate between <i>Ficimia-Gyalopion</i> and +<i>Toluca-Conopsis</i>. A workable definition of the supraspecific +classification of these snakes must await a thorough review of the +species.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus</b> (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dipsas biscutata</i> Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, Erpétologie +genérale, 7 (pt. 2):1153, 1854.—México. Type locality +restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:340).</p> + +<p><i>Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus</i>, Smith, Proc. U. S. +Natl. Mus., 91:159, November 10, 1941.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (11); Cofradía; Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (2); La +Placita; La Playa (2); Lombardia (2); Nueva Italia (2); Río +Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán; Tafetán.</p></div> + +<p>In the arid lowlands of the Tepalcatepec Valley and presumably also in +the scrub forest of the coastal lowlands, this is an abundant snake, +which is active only at night. Usually snakes of this species are found +on the ground, but one large individual was observed at night in a low +tree. That individual defied capture by widely opening its mouth and +striking repeatedly at the collector. The excreta of one specimen +contained feathers of an unidentified species of bird.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Trimorphodon latifascia</b> Peters</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trimorphodon biscutata latifascia</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. +Wiss. Berlin, p. 877, 1869.—Puebla, México. Type locality +restricted to Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla, México, by Smith +and Taylor (1950a:341).</p> + +<p><i>Trimorphodon latifascia</i>. Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +25:364, July 10, 1939.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (5); Casada Tzararacua; Coalcomán (2); Lombardia; +14 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva Italia; San Salvador.</p></div> + +<p>In Michoacán this species has been collected in semi-arid habitats at +elevations from 300 to 1430 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley and lower +slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica. In this area it occurs sympatrically +with <i>Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus</i>.</p> + +<p>In life, adults have a pale tan dorsal ground color and rich chocolate +brown cross-bands; the eye is pale grayish tan. A juvenile from +Coalcomán has black cross-bands on a pale grayish tan ground color. As +stated by Schmidt and Shannon (1947:83) and Peters (1954:32), the type +specimen of <i>Trimorphodon fasciolata</i> Smith from Cascada Tzararacua is +indistinguishable from specimens of <i>Trimorphodon latifascia</i>.</p> + +<p>Seven males have 209 to 223 (216.5) ventrals; one female has 227 +ventrals. The number of dark cross-bands on the body varies from 12 to +16 (13.5). The relationships of this species are with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> <i>Trimorphodon +tau</i> on the Mexican Plateau. In fact, additional specimens from the +headwaters of the Tepalcatepec Valley and the lower slopes of the +Mexican Plateau in eastern Michoacán and adjacent Jalisco may show that +the two are conspecific. <i>Trimorphodon latifascia</i> differs from <i>tau</i> in +having fewer dark cross-bands on the body and in lacking an interocular +bar.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Trimorphodon tau</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trimorphodon tau</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 11:151, +1869.—Quiotepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> + +<p>Emiliano Zapata (2); between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo; +Tacícuaro; Tangamandapio.</p></div> + +<p>Two of the specimens from Michoacán (UMMZ 118948 from Tangamandapio and +UIMNH 19138 from Tacícuaro) have cream-colored, Y-shaped marks on the +head. These markings supposedly are characteristic of <i>Trimorphodon +upsilon</i>. One specimen from Emiliano Zapata (UMMZ 118950) and one from +between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo (EHT-HMS 21402) have a cream-colored +line on the parietal suture; in another specimen from Emiliano Zapata +(UMMZ 118949) the anterior end of this line is expanded, giving the +appearance of an incipient "Y". Thus, the nature of the markings on the +head in specimens from Michoacán is intermediate between the typical +condition in <i>Trimorphodon tau</i> and the usual condition in <i>T. upsilon</i>. +Smith and Taylor (1945:148) gave the range of <i>Trimorphodon tau</i> as: +"Central Guerrero, in the Sierra Madre del Sur; central Oaxaca; and the +edge of the plateau in central Michoacán." They gave the range of +<i>Trimorphodon upsilon</i> as: "Southern Chihuahua south to central +Michoacán, east to central Hidalgo." Specimens referable to <i>T. tau</i> +have been found at La Joya de Salas, near Ciudad Victoria, and near +Llera, Tamaulipas (see Smith and Darling, 1952:85, and Martin, 1958:74). +Some of these specimens also show combinations of characteristics of <i>T. +tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i>. Smith and Darling (<i>loc. cit.</i>) suggested that +<i>T. tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i> be considered as subspecies. However, if <i>T. +tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i> are subspecies, intergrades would be expected +between the ranges of the two populations and not on the northeastern +and southwestern periphery of their combined ranges. Instead, the +limited evidence now available suggests that <i>T. tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i> +are names based on a highly variable character of color pattern of the +head, and that only one species is involved.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this species inhabits the mesquite grassland on the Mexican +Plateau.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tropidodipsas occidentala</b> Oliver</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidodipsas occidentala</i> Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 360:20, November 20, 1937.—Comala, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán.</p></div> + +<p>This specimen was reported by Peters (1954:34), who found it beneath a +rock at the mouth of a heavily wooded ravine near Coalcomán at an +elevation of 950 meters. The only other known specimen is from Comala, +Colima, a village, like Coalcomán, that is located near the upper limits +of the arid scrub forest.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Natrix valida isabelleae</b> Conant</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Natrix valida isabelleae</i> Conant, Nat. Hist. Misc., 126:7, +September 15, 1953.—Pie de la Cuesta, Laguna Coyuca, +Guerrero, México.</p> + +<p>Coahuayana; Playa Azul (2); Punto San Juan de Lima.</p></div> + +<p>Three females and one male have, respectively, 133, 135, 135, and 131 +ventrals, and 68, 68, 73, and 75 caudals. The grayish stippling on the +posterior ventral surfaces mentioned by Conant (1953:9) is not visible +on these specimens. In the small individuals from Punto San Juan de Lima +and from Coahuayana there are four longitudinal rows of dark spots on +the dorsum; in two large females from Playa Azul the spots are barely +discernible.</p> + +<p>All of the specimens from Michoacán were found in the coastal lowlands; +those from Playa Azul were collected from a small brackish, +mangrove-lined lagoon.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Storeria storerioides</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidoclonium storerioides</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 17:190, December 26, 1865.—Mexican Plateau. +Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres, Morelos, México, +by Smith and Taylor (1950a:336).</p> + +<p><i>Storeria storerioides</i>, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., +8(3):29, June, 1883.</p> + +<p>Dos Aguas (11); Puerto de Garnica; Tancítaro (11); Tzitzio; +Uruapan; 16 km. NW of Zacapu.</p></div> + +<p>Three males and six females from the Sierra de Coalcomán have, +respectively, 122-128 (125.3) and 126-136 (130.0) ventrals, and 46-47 +(46.7) and 38-42 (39.1) caudals. Four males and eleven females from the +Cordillera Volcánica have, respectively, 124-132 (128.5) and 127-139 +(136.4) ventrals, and 43-48 (44.7) and 38-44 (40.2) caudals. These data +show that, although there is little difference in the number of caudals, +specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán have fewer ventrals than do +specimens from the Cordillera Volcánica. Of eleven specimens from the +Sierra de Coalcomán, two have black bellies. Five others from the Sierra +de Coalcomán and one from Puerto de Garnica in the Cordillera Volcánica +have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> the bellies heavily stippled with black, giving a gray appearance. +Melanistic tendencies in this species have been discussed by Anderson +(1960:64), who examined the specimen from Tzitzio. In life, one specimen +from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119451) had a cream-colored belly; the edges of the +ventrals were dark brick-red.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán this snake inhabits pine-oak, pine, and fir forests at +elevations between 1550 and 2800 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica and +the Sierra de Coalcomán. Most specimens were found beneath rocks; the +one from Tzitzio was removed from the stomach of a Mexican Motmot +(Anderson, 1960:66).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides</b> Cope</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 13:299, December 28, 1861.—Cape San Lucas, +Baja California (in error). Type locality restricted to +Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:330). Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140, June 8, 1951. +Milstead, Texas Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis eques eques</i> (<i>nec.</i> Reuss), Smith, Zoologica, +27:106, October 23, 1942. Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:356, March 30, 1945.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis vicinus</i> Smith, Zoologica, 27:104, October 23, +1942.—Temazcal, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides</i>, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia, +no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.</p> + +<p>Barolosa; Coalcomán; Dos Aguas (3); Los Reyes; Morelia (16); +Opopeo; Pino Gordo; Tacícuaro (16); Tancítaro (14); +Tangamandapio (2); Temazcal (2); Tzintzuntzan; Uruapan.</p></div> + +<p>The snakes comprising the former <i>Thamnophis eques</i>-group have undergone +extensive taxonomic and nomenclatural shuffling by Smith (1942 and +1951), Bogert and Oliver (1945), Milstead (1953), and Fitch and Milstead +(1961). Smith recognized in Michoacán three members of the <i>T. eques</i> (= +<i>dorsalis</i>) complex: <i>eques eques</i>, <i>eques postremus</i>, and <i>vicinus</i>. +Later, Smith (1951) showed that the specific name <i>eques</i> had been +misapplied, so that <i>T. eques eques</i> became <i>T. cyrtopsis cyclides</i>, and +<i>T. eques postremus</i> became <i>T. cyrtopsis postremus</i>; under this +arrangement <i>T. vicinus</i> stood unchanged. In the meantime, Bogert and +Oliver (1945:359) presented a reinterpretation of Smith's data and +suggested that <i>T. vicinus</i>, which differs from <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i> +only in lacking a middorsal stripe, "... is not a species, but only a +pattern phase, possibly a simple mutant of <i>T. e. eques</i>" (= <i>T. +dorsalis cyclides</i>, by present arrangement). Milstead (1953) agreed with +Bogert and Oliver on the status of <i>T. vicinus</i>; furthermore, on the +basis of only a few specimens, Milstead concluded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> that <i>T. cyrtopsis +postremus</i> was not subspecifically distinct from <i>T. cyrtopsis +cyclides</i>. Recently, Fitch and Milstead (1961) showed that <i>Thamnophis +dorsalis</i> Baird and Girard (1853) was the correct name for the snakes +that had been recognized as <i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis</i> Kennicott (1860). +Consequently, the snakes referred to <i>T. eques eques</i> by Smith (1942) +and to <i>T. cyrtopsis cyclides</i> by Smith (1951) and Milstead (1953) are +now <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>.</p> + +<p>Aside from one specimen from Temazcal and nine from Morelia (paratypes +of <i>T. vicinus</i>), only two other specimens completely lacking the +middorsal stripe have been seen; one is a male (UMMZ 102510) having 161 +ventrals and an incomplete tail from Pino Gordo, and the other is a male +(CNHM 39060) from Tancítaro having 158 ventrals and an incomplete tail. +A female from Tancítaro (CNHM 39061) having 153 ventrals and 77 caudals +has no lateral stripes and only a narrow middorsal stripe on the +anterior part of the body. Throughout the region where <i>T. vicinus</i>-like +snakes have been found, typical <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i> occurs in much +greater numbers. I concur with Bogert and Oliver in placing <i>T. vicinus</i> +as a synonym of <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig10.jpg" width="600" height="258" alt="Fig. 10. Dorsal color pattern of Thamnophis dorsalis +cyclides (A) and Thamnophis dorsalis postremus (B)." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 10. Dorsal color pattern of Thamnophis dorsalis +cyclides (A) and Thamnophis dorsalis postremus (B).</span> +</div> + +<p>Milstead (1953) had available few specimens of <i>Thamnophis dorsalis</i> +from the Tepalcatepec Valley. The large series now in existence shows +that the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley differs distinctly from +that inhabiting the Mexican Plateau, Cordillera Volcánica, and Sierra de +Coalcomán. Therefore the name <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> Smith (1942) is +resurrected for the population<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> in the Tepalcatepec Valley. <i>T. dorsalis +cyclides</i> and <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> differ in color pattern (Fig. 10) +and in scutellation (Table 6). Specimens from the Mexican Plateau and +mountain ranges have a distinct light stripe on the second and third +scale rows, a dark brown dorsum having squarish black spots, and a row +of dark spots on the first row of dorsal scales. Specimens from the +Tepalcatepec Valley have a grayish brown dorsum having smaller and less +distinct dark spots and no light stripe on the second and third scale +rows; the first, second, and third rows of scales are colored like the +venter. In some specimens there are small dark flecks on the first row +of dorsal scales.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 6.—Variation in Scutellation in Thamnophis dorsalis.</span></h4> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="2">Character</td><td align='left'>Mexican Plateau</td><td align='left'>Sierra de Coalcomán</td><td align='left'>Tepalcatepec Valley</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="6">Ventrals</td><td align='right'>♀ N</td><td align='left'> 31</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 32</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 164.0</td><td align='left'> 156.5</td><td align='left'> 144.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'>153-171</td><td align='left'> 154-159</td><td align='left'> 138-151</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> ♂ N</td><td align='left'> 19</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 32</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 153.5</td><td align='left'> 154.7</td><td align='left'> 138.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'>149-159</td><td align='left'> 149-159</td><td align='left'> 131-141</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="6">Caudals</td><td align='right'>♀ N</td><td align='left'> 28</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 29</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 83.8</td><td align='left'> 81.0</td><td align='left'> 73.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'>80-100</td><td align='left'> 79-83</td><td align='left'> 70-79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> ♂ N</td><td align='left'> 14</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 28</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 78.0</td><td align='left'> 72.0</td><td align='left'> 68.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'> 71-87</td><td align='left'> 72</td><td align='left'> 63-73</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>One specimen from Uruapan (1550 meters) and one from Coalcomán (950 +meters) are intermediate in color pattern between <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i> +and <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i>. Both have indistinct lateral stripes and +only small dark spots below the stripes. In scutellation these specimens +are like <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>.</p> + +<p>In Michoacán <i>Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides</i> has been collected in a +variety of habitats on the Mexican Plateau: pine-oak forest, fir forest, +marshes, and cleared land from 1550 to 2800 meters. In the Sierra de +Coalcomán one was taken in broad-leafed forest at 950 meters, three in +pine-oak forest at 2100 meters, and one in pine forest at 2300 meters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis dorsalis postremus</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Thamnophis eques postremus</i> Smith, Zoologica, 27:109, +October 23, 1942.—El Sabino, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis postremus</i> Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140, +June 8, 1951.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides</i> (part), Milstead, Texas +Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis dorsalis postremus</i>, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia, +no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (31); Capirio (2); Charapendo; Cuatro Caminos +(22); El Sabino; Lombardia (9); Nueva Italia (8); Uruapan +(3).</p></div> + +<p>The reasons for recognizing the population of <i>Thamnophis dorsalis</i> in +the Tepalcatepec Valley as distinct from that on the surrounding +highlands are presented in the discussion of <i>Thamnophis dorsalis +cyclides</i>. In certain features of coloration and in the low numbers of +ventrals and caudals, <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> shows more resemblance to +<i>T. dorsalis sumichrasti</i> than to <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>. According to +Milstead (1953:367), <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i> ranges southward from the +Río Balsas in southwestern México. If specimens could be obtained from +the upper Balsas Basin they might show that <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> +inhabits that extensive basin.</p> + +<p>In the Tepalcatepec Valley <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> is most frequently +found at night in the rainy season, at which time the snakes are +abundant near temporary pools where frogs are breeding. The absence of +specimens from the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima +indicate that, although the species inhabits the lowlands of the +Tepalcatepec Valley, its range does not include the coastal lowlands.</p> + +<p>A female (UMMZ 119402 from Cuatro Caminos) having 139 ventrals and a +body length of 576 mm., on June 20, 1958, gave birth to 25 young, of +which 18 (9 males and 9 females) were preserved. In body length the +males varied from 132 to 141 (137.3) mm.; the females, 125 to 137 +(133.1) mm. In tail length the males varied from 38 to 44 (42.4) mm.; +females, 35 to 42 (39.7) mm. The males have 138 to 147 (142.2) ventrals +and 70 to 75 (72.9) caudals; females have 131 to 140 (135.8) ventrals +and 63 to 71 (67.0) caudals.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis eques eques</b> (Reuss)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber eques</i> Reuss, Zool. Misc., p. 152, 1834.—México. +Type locality restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, by +Smith and Taylor (1950a:334).</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis macrostemma macrostemma</i>, Smith and Taylor, +Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 187:163, October 5, 1945.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis subcarinata subcarinata</i>, Smith, Herpetologica, +5:63, May 31, 1949.</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis eques eques</i>, Smith, Copeia, no. 2:139, June 8, +1951.</p> + +<p>Jiquilpan; Lago de Cuitzeo; Lago de Pátzcuaro (17); +Pátzcuaro (5); Tangancícuaro; Tupátaro (2); Undameo; Zacapu.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> + +<p>Although this snake has been collected in open pine-oak forest and in +oak-bunch grass associations, it seems to reach its greatest abundance +in marshes on the Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1550 to 2300 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis melanogaster canescens</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Thamnophis melanogaster canescens</i> Smith, Zoologica, +27:117, October 23, 1942.—Chapala, Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p>Lago de Cuitzeo (5); Lago de Pátzcuaro; Pátzcuaro; +Tacícuaro; Tangamandapio (2).</p></div> + +<p>This species of garter snake seems to be most abundant in the marshes +adjacent to the lakes on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán and Jalisco. +At these elevations (1550 to 2200 meters) it often is found in +association with <i>Thamnophis eques eques</i> and sometimes with <i>Thamnophis +dorsalis cyclides</i>. On June 11, 1958, individuals of this species were +found in a hyacinth-choked marsh at Tangamandapio at night.</p> + +<p>One specimen from Tangamandapio (UMMZ 119414) had, in life, a dark +chocolate brown dorsum, reddish brown sides, and cream-colored belly, +chin, and labials. There were no longitudinal dorsal stripes.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis scalaris scaliger</b> (Jan)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidonotus scaliger</i> Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi, +p. 70, 1863.—No type locality designated. Type locality +restricted to Mexico City, Distrito Federal, by Smith and +Taylor (1950a:329).</p> + +<p><i>Thamnophis scalaris scaliger</i>, Smith, Zoologica, 27:103, +October 23, 1942.</p> + +<p>Cerro Tancítaro (2); Nahuatzen; Opopeo; 26 km. S of +Pátzcuaro.</p></div> + +<p>The few specimens of this species from Michoacán have been collected at +elevations from 1800 to 3400 meters in pine or fir forest in the +Cordillera Volcánica.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Micrurus distans michoacanensis</b> (Dugès)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaps diastema michoacanensis</i> Dugès, La Naturaleza, ser. +2, 1:487, 1891.—Michoacán. Type locality restricted to +Apatzingán, Michoacán, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:335).</p> + +<p><i>Micrurus distans michoacanensis</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus. +Novitates, 1953:11, June 26, 1959.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (6).</p></div> + +<p>All specimens were collected in the arid scrub forest of the +Tepalcatepec Valley. The number of black rings on the body varies from +six to eleven. In this respect they agree with the diagnosis of this +subspecies presented by Zweifel (1959b:9).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Micrurus laticollaris</b> (Peters)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaps marcgravii laticollaris</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. +Berlin, p. 877, 1869.—Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla, México.</p> + +<p><i>Micrurus laticollaris</i>, Schmidt, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. +Hist., zool. ser., 20:39, December 11, 1933.</p> + +<p>El Sabino (2); Lombardia.</p></div> + +<p>This species ranges throughout the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin westward +into Colima; specimens from Michoacán were collected in arid scrub +forest at elevations from 500 to 1050 meters. The limited observations +on <i>Micrurus distans michoacanensis</i> and <i>M. laticollaris</i> indicate +that, at least in the Tepalcatepec Valley, <i>M. laticollaris</i> seems to +inhabit slightly more mesic areas than does <i>M. distans michoacanensis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pelamis platurus</b> (Linnaeus)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anguis platura</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:391, +1766.—Pine Island, Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p><i>Pelamis platurus</i>, Gray, Ann. Philos., p. 15, 1825.</p> + +<p>Boca de Apiza.</p></div> + +<p>In November, 1955, Alfonzo Gonzales, a geographer from the University of +Texas, observed sea snakes on the beaches of Michoacán. In May, 1956, +Donald D. Brand of the University of Texas gave me one specimen of +<i>Pelamis platurus</i> that he obtained on March 2, 1956, at Boca de Apiza. +Furthermore, he supplied me with the following observations based on his +field work along the coast of Michoacán from the Río Coahuayana to +Maruata from March 1, to April 15, 1956. At that time many sea snakes +were observed; in some places living and dead individuals were seen on +the beaches; innumerable snakes were seen in the surf. When live +individuals were taken from the beach and thrown into the ocean, they +usually swam to shore. Many partially eaten individuals were seen +protruding from crab holes. Inquiries among the natives resulted in the +following information: Sea snakes are frequently seen between November +and April, but most commonly in March and April, at which time the water +is cold. The natives referred to the sea snakes as "culebra del mar." +Most natives said that the snakes were not poisonous; others did not +know of any venomous properties. In May, 1956, I worked the coastal +region from the Río Coahuayana to La Placita and saw no sea snakes. In +the summer of 1950 James A. Peters, and in the summer of 1951 I worked +nearly the entire coastal region of Michoacán; during<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> that time no +<i>Pelamis</i> were seen. Insofar as I know, this is the first report of such +seasonal activity in <i>Pelamis platurus</i> in the Americas.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus</b> Günther</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ancisdrodon bilineatus</i> Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. +3, 12:364, 1863.—Pacific coast of Guatemala.</p> + +<p><i>Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus</i>, Burger and Robertson, +Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (1):213, October 1, 1951.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán; El Sabino; La Playa; Los Reyes.</p></div> + +<p>All specimens from Michoacán are from inland localities between 300 and +1500 meters. The one from Los Reyes (USNM 46416) was collected by Nelson +and Goldman on February 13, 1903. The elevation of Los Reyes (1500 +meters) seems unusually high for this species, but otherwise there is no +reason to doubt the authenticity of the record. Goldman (1951:192) in +his description of Los Reyes stated: "Los Reyes is near the boundary +between the Lower Austral and Arid Upper Tropical Zones but is +preponderantly tropical in zonal character. The regular crops are mainly +sugar cane, rice, and corn." Thus the biotic features of the area are +not noticeably different from those at El Sabino and La Playa at lower +elevations. The development of extensive agriculture through irrigation +in the Tepalcatepec Valley and planting of rice and sugar-cane in that +area may produce a more widespread habitat for this snake.</p> + +<p>The absence of specimens from the coastal lowlands is due solely to +inadequate collecting; the natives there know the snake and report that +it is not uncommon in certain areas.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Caudisonia basilisca</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, September 30, 1864.—Colima. Type locality +restricted to Colima, Colima, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950a:328).</p> + +<p><i>Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus</i>, Gloyd, Nat. Hist. Misc., +17:1, April 23, 1948.</p> + +<p>Apatzingán (4); Camachines; Coalcomán; El Ticuiz.</p></div> + +<p>Specimens from southern Michoacán have fewer ventrals and caudals than +do those from the northern part of the range; three males and three +females have, respectively, 178, 182, 182, 185, 186, and 188 ventrals, +and 27, 28, 29, 22, 29, and 29 caudals. Klauber (1952:81) gave the +following data for <i>Crotalus basiliscus</i> (based on specimens from the +entire range, except Oaxaca): ventrals in males, 179-201 (191.4), in +females, 185-206 (197.6); caudals in males, 26-36 (30.7), in females, +21-29 (24.4). Klauber (1952:84) remarked that the one specimen that he +had seen from Apatzingán<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> had fewer ventrals and caudals than most other +specimens. The low numbers of ventrals and caudals in specimens from +Michoacán, as compared with more northern populations, may be indicative +of a trend in the reduction of the numbers of these scutes from north to +south. The southernmost examples of <i>Crotalus basiliscus</i> (<i>Crotalus +basiliscus oaxacus</i> from Oaxaca) have 172-175 ventrals and 21 caudals +(Gloyd, 1948).</p> + +<p>In Michoacán <i>Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus</i> has been found in arid +habitats on the coast, in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and in the lower +parts of the Sierra de Coalcomán. All specimens are from localities +below 1070 meters in elevation.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus durissus culminatus</b> Klauber</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus durissus culminatus</i> Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San +Diego, 26:65, August 8, 1952.—El Sabino, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>El Sabino (18).</p></div> + +<p>These specimens are part of the type series and were collected by Hobart +M. Smith near the upper limits of the arid scrub forest at an elevation +of about 1050 meters on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica at +the northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. They were discussed in +detail by Klauber (1952:66-70).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus intermedius intermedius</b> Troschel</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus intermedius</i> Troschel, <i>in</i> von Müller, Reisen in +Vereiningten Staaten, Canada und Mexico, vol. 3, p. 613, +1865.—Type locality unknown.</p> + +<p><i>Crotalus intermedius intermedius</i>, Klauber, Bull. Zool. +Soc. San Diego, 26:9, August 8, 1952.</p> + +<p>Cerro Tancítaro.</p></div> + +<p>The one specimen is from the pine forests on the Cordillera Volcánica. +At the present time this species is known from scattered localities in +west-central Veracruz, Oaxaca, Michoacán, and as <i>Crotalus intermedius +omiltemanus</i> in Central Guerrero. Apparently it is restricted to montane +environments.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus molossus nigrescens</b> Gloyd</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus molossus nigrescens</i> Gloyd, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 325:2, January 28, 1936.—Four miles west of +La Colorada, Zacatecas, México.</p> + +<p>Carapan; Los Conejos; Pátzcuaro; Tacícuaro (5).</p></div> + +<p>In Michoacán this species has been found in pine forests between 1550 +and 2300 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica. I expected to find it in +the Sierra de Coalcomán, but inquiries among the natives living in the +pine forests of that mountain range revealed that the people there have +no knowledge of a large species of rattlesnake.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus polystictus</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Caudisonia polysticta</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 17:191, December 26, 1865.—Tableland of +México. Type locality restricted to Tupátaro, Guanajuata, +México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).</p> + +<p><i>Crotalus polystictus</i> Cope, <i>in</i> Yarrow, Wheeler's Rept. +Geog. Geol. Expl. Surv. W. 100th. Mer., vol. 5, p. 533, +1875.</p> + +<p>Tacícuaro (4); Tupátaro (2).</p></div> + +<p>Formerly this species was abundant in the marshes around Lago de +Chapala. The draining of these marshes probably resulted in reducing the +numbers of these rattlesnakes. The species is known only from the +Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1450 to 2400 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus pusillus</b> Klauber</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus pusillus</i> Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, +26:34, August 8, 1952.—Tancítaro, Michoacán, México.</p> + +<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas (2); Carapan; Cerro Tancítaro (16); +Dos Aguas (12).</p></div> + +<p>Aside from the type series of <i>Crotalus pusillus</i> from Cerro Tancítaro +and one specimen from Carapan referred to the species by Klauber +(1952:38), there are fourteen specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán. +These specimens (UMMZ 112566-7, 118591-9, 118601, 121512-3) are like +<i>Crotalus pusillus</i> from Cerro Tancítaro in having the prefrontals +paired, a black proximal rattle, and the underside of the tail black. +The prefrontals are bordered posteriorly by one scale in two specimens, +by two scales in three specimens, and by three scales in the other nine. +The snakes from the Sierra de Coalcomán have 40 to 46 (42) dorsal body +blotches. Ten males have 150-158 (154.4) ventrals and 29-33 (31.0) +caudals; two females have 157 and 160 ventrals, and 25 and 27 caudals. +The largest specimen is a male having a body length of 545 mm. and a +tail length of 63 mm. The only noticeable difference between the +specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán and the topotypic series is that +the latter have fewer dorsal blotches; the range of variation is 33 to +46 (39.8).</p> + +<p>Most specimens of this species have a grayish brown dorsum and dark +brown dorsal blotches. Two specimens from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 118596 and +118599) are pale brown above and have indistinct blotches.</p> + +<p>One specimen from Dos Aguas regurgitated a large <i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus +imbricatus</i>; of two others from the same locality, one regurgitated a +<i>Sceloporus bulleri</i> and an <i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>. The latter specimen was +collected at the entrance of a small cave, where it probably had +captured the bat.</p> + +<p>In the Cordillera Volcánica <i>Crotalus pusillus</i> has been obtained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> in +pine-oak forest at elevations between 1550 and 1800 meters. In the +Sierra de Coalcomán two specimens were taken in pine forest at an +elevation of 2300 meters; ten other were found beneath rocks and logs in +pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100 meters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus triseriatus aquilus</b> Klauber</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus triseriatus aquilus</i> Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San +Diego, 26:24, August 8, 1952.—Alvarez, San Luis Potosí, +México.</p> + +<p>Morelia (10); Tacícuaro (2).</p></div> + +<p>I am following Klauber (1952) in assigning some of the specimens of this +species from Michoacán to the subspecies <i>aquilus</i> and others to <i>C. t. +triseriatus</i>. The distinguishing characters of these subspecies are +given by Klauber (1952:28). On the basis of the few localities from +which the species is known in Michoacán it seems as though <i>C. t. +aquilus</i> inhabits the open grassy areas on the Mexican Plateau and the +associated open pine-oak or oak-bunch grass habitats to the north and +east of the Cordillera Volcánica. <i>Crotalus triseriatus aquilus</i> has +been collected at elevations from 1600 to 2000 meters in Michoacán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus</b> (Wagler)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Uropsophus triseriatus</i> Wagler, Natürliches System der +Amphibien, p. 176, 1830.—México. (Probably Mexico City.)</p> + +<p><i>Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus</i>, Klauber, Bull. Zool. +Soc. San Diego, 26:19, August 8, 1952.</p> + +<p>Cerro Tancítaro (36); Opopeo; Pátzcuaro.</p></div> + +<p>This small rattlesnake inhabits rocky areas in pine and pine-oak forests +above 1600 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica; it has been collected at +3270 meters on Cerro Tancítaro. The series reported by Schmidt and +Shannon (1947:84) is a mixture of specimens of <i>Crotalus triseriatus</i> +and <i>Crotalus pusillus</i>. The two species are found together on Cerro +Tancítaro, but only <i>Crotalus pusillus</i> inhabits the coniferous forests +of the Sierra de Coalcomán. Klauber (1952:30) stated that despite the +proximity of <i>Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus</i> and <i>Crotalus +triseriatus aquilus</i> in Michoacán, there is no evidence of +intergradation. He went on to suggest that additional material might +show that the two named populations actually are distinct species. The +specimens that have been studied since Klauber's investigations also +show no evidence of intergradation, but there still is no known sympatry +of the populations.</p> + +<p>The small montane rattlesnakes belonging to the species <i>C. pricei</i>, <i>C. +pusillus</i>, and <i>C. triseriatus</i> present a problem in systematics and +distribution worthy of intensive investigation. A knowledge of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +distribution and relationships of the various populations of these +snakes, together with other species also living in isolated populations +on the higher mountains in México, probably will be of great +significance in understanding dispersal and differentiation of animals +during the Pleistocene.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE</h2> + + +<p>Some species for which there are no authentic records from Michoacán can +be expected there on zoogeographic probability. Other species have been +recorded from Michoacán, but these records are doubtful for any one of +several reasons. Fifteen species of such questionable occurrence are +discussed below:</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Syrrhophus modestus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +28:304, May 15, 1942.—Hacienda Paso del Río, Colima, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</i>, Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. +Zool. Univ. Michigan, 594:5, June 6, 1958.</p></div> + +<p>This small terrestrial frog is not uncommon on the coastal lowlands and +foothills in Nayarit and in Colima, where it has been collected within a +few kilometers of the Michoacán border. At Tecolapa, Colima, on August +9, 1956, <i>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</i> was found with <i>Tomodactylus +nitidus orarius</i>, <i>Bufo marinus</i>, <i>Bufo marmoreus</i>, <i>Hyla baudini</i>, +<i>Hyla smithi</i>, and <i>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</i>, all of which occur on the +coastal lowlands of Michoacán. Because of its solitary and secretive +habits, <i>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</i> is not common in collections. +Additional field work on the coast of Michoacán should reveal the +presence of the species there.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Hyla microcephala sartori</b> Smith</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla microcephala sartori</i> Smith, Herpetologica, 7:186, +December 31, 1951.—1 mi. N of Organos, S of El Triente, +Guerrero, México.</p></div> + +<p>On August 28, 1960, J. R. Dixon obtained a series of this species from a +temporary pond 6 kilometers northeast of La Resolana, Jalisco. +Previously, <i>Hyla microcephala sartori</i> had been known only from the +lowlands of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The existence of the species in Jalisco +provides evidence that this frog also occurs in Michoacán and Colima.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Gastrophryne usta usta</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Engystoma ustum</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +18:131, 1866.—Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.</p> + +<p><i>Gastrophryne usta usta</i>, Carvalho, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan, 555:13, July 16, 1954.</p></div> + +<p>Smith and Taylor (1948:93-4) listed specimens of this species from +Organos and El Treinta, Guerrero, and from Paso del Río,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> Quesería, +Santiago, and Tecomán, Colima. The species occurs from Sinaloa and +central Veracruz southward at low elevations to the Isthmus of +Tehuantepec and thence along the Pacific lowlands into Central America. +Almost certainly it occurs on the coastal lowlands in Michoacán. Since +the amphibian fauna of the Tepalcatepec Valley has been better sampled +than that of the coast, I suspect that if <i>Gastrophryne</i> occurred in the +Tepalcatepec Valley, I would have found it there.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Lepidochelys olivacea</b> (Eschscholtz)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Chelonia olivacea</i> Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt. 1, p. 2, +1829.—Manila Bay, Philippine Islands.</p> + +<p><i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>, Girard, United States Exploring +Expedition..., vol. 20, Herpetology, p. 435, 1858.</p></div> + +<p>According to Smith and Taylor (1950b: 15), this sea turtle is known from +the entire Pacific coast of México; these authors reported the species +from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Sonora. Although the only +sea turtle that I observed in Michoacán is <i>Chelonia mydas</i>, others +probably do use the sheltered beaches for nesting. The scanty records of +sea turtles along the Pacific coast of México indicate that <i>Chelonia +mydas</i> and <i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i> are the most abundant species in that +region. There are scattered records of <i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>, <i>Caretta +caretta</i>, and <i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i> along the Pacific coast. The +occurrence of any of these along the coast of Michoacán is probable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima</b> (Gray)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Emys pulcherrima</i> Gray, Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in +British Museum, vol. 1, p. 25.—México. Type locality +restricted to Presidio de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México, by +Smith and Taylor (1950b:30).</p> + +<p><i>Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima</i>, Wettstein, Sitzb. Akad. +Wiss. Wien, 143:18, 1934.</p></div> + +<p>Smith and Taylor (1950b:30) recorded this species from Sonora, Sinaloa, +Nayarit, Colima, and Guerrero; these records indicate that the species +probably is distributed along the Pacific coast of México southward from +southern Sonora. It unquestionably occurs on the coast of Michoacán. +Natives of the coastal lowlands tell of another "tortuga de la tierra" +besides <i>Geoemyda rubida</i>. In the collections of the Museum of Natural +History of the University of Illinois is a specimen of <i>Geoemyda +pulcherrima</i> from Mexcala in the Balsas Basin in northern Guerrero. On +the basis of this specimen it is highly probable that the species also +inhabits the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in Michoacán.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Pseudemys scripta ornata</b> (Gray)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Emys ornata</i> Gray, Synopsis reptilium, p. 30, +1831.—Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México.</p> + +<p><i>Pseudemys scripta ornata</i>, Carr, Herpetologica, 1:135, +December 30, 1938.</p></div> + +<p>The systematics and distribution of <i>Pseudemys scripta</i> in México and +Central America are poorly understood. Smith and Taylor (1950b:32) +recorded this turtle from the Pacific lowlands of Sinaloa, Jalisco, +Oaxaca, and Chiapas. This species is represented by vicarious +populations throughout the Atlantic lowlands of México, northwestern +México, over much of the United States, and also in Baja California. +Along the Pacific coast of México the species seems to be extremely +rare, or, at least, only locally abundant. Since the species has such a +wide distribution, and since it occurs on the Pacific lowlands both to +the north and to the south of Michoacán, it is reasonable to expect its +presence on the coast of Michoacán. Inquiries among the natives living +in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin produced only negative evidence about +the occurrence of <i>Pseudemys</i> in the Río Tepalcatepec and Río Balsas. I +suspect that the best place to search for these turtles on the coast of +Michoacán is in the numerous fresh-water lagoons on the coastal plain.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</b> (Cope)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Perosuchus fuscus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 20:203, November 9, 1868.—Río Magdalena, +Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</i>, Mertens, Senckenbergiana, +26:275, December 22, 1943.</p></div> + +<p>Gadow (1930:50) reported that <i>Caiman sclerops</i> (= <i>Caiman crocodilus +fuscus</i>) inhabited the "tierra caliente" in Michoacán. Smith and Taylor +(1950b:212) accepted Gadow's record for the State, although otherwise +the species is unknown north of Oaxaca. Peters (1954:10) refuted Gadow's +record on the basis that Gadow's collections contained no specimens of +<i>Caiman</i>. The local name "caiman" refers to both <i>Crocodylus</i> and to +<i>Caiman</i>, for, in general, the natives do not distinguish between the +two. "Caimanes" are reported from along the coast of Michoacán, where +the name presumably refers to <i>Crocodylus acutus acutus</i>, and in the +Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin (Gadow, 1930:50; Webber, 1946:267). I have +seen no specimens of either <i>Crocodylus</i> or <i>Caiman</i> from the Balsas +Basin. If crocodilians do occur in the basin, they probably are +<i>Crocodylus acutus acutus</i>. There is no basis, whatsoever, for including +Michoacán in the range of <i>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Bipes canaliculatus</b> Bonnaterre</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bipes canaliculatus</i> Bonnaterre, Encyclopédie méthodique, +Erpétologie, p. 68, 1789.—México. Type locality restricted +to Mexcala, Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:39).</p></div> + +<p>Dugès (1896:480) reported this species from Morelia, Michoacán. Smith +and Taylor (1950b:39), who recorded the species from three localities in +the Balsas Basin in Guerrero, rejected Dugès' record. I, too, am +unwilling to accept Dugès' record. Nevertheless, the species probably +occurs throughout much of the Balsas Basin. This idea is strengthened by +comments made by Storm (1939:342): "The last hard drop, that afternoon, +was down the great Cerro de los Cajones [southwest of Tacámbaro], and +here in the upper forest we came upon... a lizard with front legs and +none behind ... the animal with hands and no feet that señor Smith +[Hobart M. Smith] was seeking!... They're named <i>Bipes caniculatus</i> +(<i>sic.</i>)."</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Coleonyx elegans nemoralis</b> Klauber</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coleonyx elegans nemoralis</i> Klauber, Trans. San Diego Soc. +Nat. Hist., 10:195, March 9, 1949.—Paso del Río, Colima, +México.</p></div> + +<p>Klauber (1945:199) and Smith and Taylor (1950b:43) reported this lizard +from the coastal lowlands of Colima and Guerrero. Davis and Smith +(1953:101) reported it from 8 kilometers northeast of Temilpa, Morelos, +in the upper Balsas Basin. Specimens of this lizard have been collected +infrequently; the few locality records and limited ecological data +indicate that it inhabits dense scrub forest and tropical semi-deciduous +forest. <i>Coleonyx elegans nemoralis</i> is to be expected on the coastal +lowlands, the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán, and on the +lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica along the northern edge of the +Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare</b> (Linnaeus)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Lacerta obricularis</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, +1:1062, 1789.—México (by inference). Type locality +restricted to México, Districto Federal, by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:97).</p> + +<p><i>Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare</i>, Smith, Trans. Kansas +Acad. Sci., 37:290, 1934.</p></div> + +<p>Gadow (1905:213) inferred that <i>Phrynosoma orbiculare</i> occurred at +elevations of more than 3000 feet in Michoacán. There are no specimens +of this species known from Gadow's collections made in Michoacán. Smith +and Taylor (1950b:98) apparently accepted Gadow's statement and recorded +the species from Michoacán: "above 3000 feet (Jorullo?)." Reeve +(1952:940) somehow misconstrued this statement to read "Jorullo, above +Zumpango (Smith and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Taylor, 1950b)." Reeve did not indicate on his map +(1952:939) that the species occurred in Michoacán. In the most recent +review of the species (Horowitz, 1955), no localities are given in +Michoacán. Since <i>Phrynosoma orbiculare</i> is known from central Jalisco, +Guanajuato, Queretaro, and México, its presence at least in northeastern +Michoacán is to be expected, although at the present time there are no +specimens known from the state.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces brevirostris</b> (Günther)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mabouia brevirostris</i> Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. +316, August, 1860.—Oaxaca. Type locality restricted to +Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:168).</p> + +<p><i>Eumeces brevirostris</i>, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au +Mexique et dans l'Amerique Céntrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p. +439, 1879.</p></div> + +<p>Smith and Taylor (1950b:168) Listed this species: "<i>Michoacán</i>: No +specific record." I am unaware of any specimen of this skink from the +state. As presently recognized, this species contains two subspecies. +One of these occurs in the mountains of Oaxaca northward into central +Veracruz; the other, <i>Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus</i>, occurs in +Durango southward to Jalisco, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre +Occidental. Possibly the species occurs in the Sierra de los Tarascos in +Michoacán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eumeces callicephalus</b> Bocourt</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces callacephalus</i> Bocourt, Mission scientifique au +Mexique et dans l'Amerique Céntrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p. +431, 1879.—Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México.</p></div> + +<p>Dugés (1896) in a paper in which he listed several species of <i>Eumeces</i> +in México, reported <i>Eumeces callicephalus</i> from Michoacán, but he gave +no specific locality within the state. Michoacán was included in the +range of the species by Taylor (1936:298) and by Smith and Taylor +(1950b:164). The species definitely is known from southeastern Arizona +southward to Guanajuato. It may occur in Michoacán, but, since there are +three rather widespread species of <i>Eumeces</i> inhabiting the Mexican +Plateau and associated mountain ranges in the northern and northeastern +part of Michoacán, interspecific competition might be a reason for the +absence of <i>Eumeces callicephalus</i> there.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</b> Günther</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira polysticta</i> Günther, Biologia +Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 172, May, 1895.—Belice, +British Honduras.</p> + +<p><i>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</i>, Duellman, Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:72, February 24, 1958.</p></div> + +<p>Although this species occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2000 +meters from Nayarit southward into Central America, no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> specimens are +known from Michoacán. Smith and Taylor (1945:87) listed the species as +occurring in Michoacán, but they had no record on which to base this +report. Probably, the species occurs on the coastal lowlands and seaward +slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis</b> Taylor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidodipsas guerreroensis</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 26:470; November 27, 1940.—Buena Vista, Guerrero, +México.</p> + +<p><i>Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis</i>, Alvarez del Toro and +Smith, Herpetologica, 12:16, March 6, 1956.</p></div> + +<p>Dugès (1896:480) reported a snake, questionably of this species, from +Uruapan, Michoacán. Taylor (1940c) suggested that on geographic grounds +Dugès' record might refer to <i>T. f. guerreroensis</i>, which is known +definitely only from the type locality. <i>Tropidodipsas occidentala</i> is +known from Comala, Colima, and Coalcomán, Michoacán. On zoogeopraphic +grounds that species might be found at Uruapan. Since the specimen +apparently no longer is extant, the identification cannot be +ascertained.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri</b> (Jan)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaps fitzingeri</i> Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 521, +1858.—México. Type locality restricted to Guanajuato, +Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).</p> + +<p><i>Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri</i>, Brown and Smith, Proc. +Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:63, June 25, 1942.</p></div> + +<p>Smith and Taylor (1945:174) recorded the species from Zamora, Michoacán. +Hobart M. Smith (<i>in litt.</i>) stated that this record was based on a +report of <i>Elaps fulvius</i> from Zamora by Dugès (1896:482). Smith guessed +that the report was based on a specimen of <i>Micrurus fitzingeri</i>. The +specimen has not been seen. Although the species is known from +Guanajuato and México, until a specimen is available from Michoacán, the +species should not be considered part of the herpetofauna of Michoacán.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GAZETTEER</h2> + + +<p>The localities in Michoacán here listed are those from which specimens +were examined as well as other localities mentioned in the text. The +localities are arranged alphabetically according to the most definitive +word or words in the total name. For example, Lago de Chapala is listed +as "Chapala (Lago de)" and Cerro de Tancítaro is listed as "Tancítaro +(Cerro de)." Insofar as has been possible, the following information is +given for each locality: geographical co-ordinates to the nearest minute +of north latitude and west longitude, elevation in meters above mean sea +level, a description of its geographical location, type of dominant +vegetation, and in some cases comments concerning collecting sites in +the vicinity. Distances are in kilometers; all are map (air line) +distances, unless otherwise indicated. Many localities visited on mule +trips are given as being a certain number of "mule hours" in a general +direction from another town or village. In order to reach most of these +localities today, one would have to go by mule, and this is the way the +muleteers determine their distances. Some of the elevations are taken +from maps, but most of them were obtained from one or more readings of +altimeters that we carried in the field. The terms used for describing +the vegetation are those defined in the section of the natural +landscape.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + +<p class="notes">Transcriber's note: double click on the map to get a larger image.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 675px;"> +<a href="images/bigmap.jpg"><img src="images/map.jpg" width="675" height="493" alt="Fig. 11." title="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 11. Map of Michoacán showing important localities +mentioned in text. Localities not on this map can be located by +directions given in the gazetteer.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<p>My primary cartographic sources have been: the provisional edition of +maps published by the American Geographic Society (Colima, Guadalajara, +México, and San Luis Potosí sheets published between 1933 and 1940), +scale 1:1,000,000; the preliminary sheets (Colima, Guadalajara, +Guanajuato, and México) published in 1949 with a scale of 1:500,000 of +the Carta Geográfica de la República Méxicana (Dirección de Geografía y +Meterología, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadería); and the Carta de +Cuenca Tepalcatepec (Scale 1:250,000) prepared in 1958 by the Comisión +del Tepalcatepec, Secretaria de Recursos Hidráulicos. I have visited +most of the 181 localities and have gathered data pertaining to +vegetation, altitude, and location. I think, nevertheless, that the +accuracy of some of the locations and elevations as given in the +gazetteer is questionable. This situation can be rectified only by +detailed geographic studies.</p> + +<p>Most of the important towns, villages, rivers, and high mountains are +shown on the accompanying map (Fig. 11). Places not shown on this map +can be located from directions given in the gazetteer.</p> + +<div class="hangindent"><p>Acahuata.—Lat. 19° 10', long. 102° 21', elev. +1040 m. A village north of Apatzingán and on the southern +slope of Cerro de Tancítaro; transition between arid +tropical scrub forest and pine-oak forest; tropical +semi-deciduous forest in barrancas.</p> + +<p>Agua Cerca.—Lat. 19° 06', long. 101° 45', elev. 1550 m. A +ranch south-southwest of Ario de Rosales on the road to La +Huacana; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Aguililla.—Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 47', elev. 860 m.; a +town in a low valley in the Sierra de Coalcomán; arid +tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Álamo (El).—Lat. 19° 42', long. 100° 55', elev. 2300 m. A +ranch 5 kilometers by road east of El Temazcal; pine-oak +forest.</p> + +<p>Angahuan.—Lat. 19° 33', long. 102° 14', elev. 2440 m. A +Tarascan village about 27 kilometers northwest of Uruapan; +pine forest. Much of the land is still covered by a deep +layer of ashes from the nearby Volcán Parícutin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + +<p>Apatzingán.—Lat. 19° 06', long. 102° 22', elev. 335 m. The +largest town in the Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical scrub +forest.</p> + +<p>Apiza (Boca de).—Lat. 18° 42', long. 103° 44', sea level. +The name of the mouth of the Río Coahuayana; sandy beach and +coco palms.</p> + +<p>Apo.—Lat. 19° 25', long. 102° 25', elev. 2160 m. A village +on the western slope of Cerro de Tancítaro; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Aquila.—Lat. 18° 32', long. 103° 30', elev. 150 m. A small +village on the Río Aquila in the seaward foothills of the +Sierra de Coalcomán; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Araparicuaro.—Lat. 19° 22', long. 102° 12', elev. 1525 m. A +village 19 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan on the trail +to Tancítaro; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Araro.—Lat. 19° 54', long. 100° 50', elev. 1830 m. A small +village at the eastern end of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Ario de Rosales.—Lat. 19° 12', long. 101° 42', elev. 1980 +m. A town in the Cordillera Volcánica on the road from +Pátzcuaro to La Huacana; mixed hardwoods and pine forest.</p> + +<p>Arteaga (formerly Carrizal).—Lat. 18° 28', long. 102° 25', +elev. 850 m. A town in the eastern part of the Sierra de +Coalcomán; transition between arid tropical scrub forest and +oak forest.</p> + +<p>Atzimba.—Lat. 19° 39', long. 100° 47', elev. 2900 m. A +national park in the Cordillera Volcánica, located between +Ciudad Hidalgo and Morelia, 32 kilometers by road +west-southwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; mixed pine and fir forest.</p> + +<p>Axolotl (Rancho).—Lat. 19° 47', long. 100° 38', elev. 2900 +m. A settlement on the western slopes of Cerro San Andrés; +pine, oak, and fir forest.</p> + +<p>Balsas (Río).—A large river having its headwaters in +Tlaxcala, Puebla, and northwestern Oaxaca, flowing westward +through an arid valley to the Pacific Ocean, and in its +lower part forming the boundary between Michoacán and +Guerrero.</p> + +<p>Barolosa (Cerro de).—Lat. 18° 52', long. 102° 57', elev. +2900-3050 m. Presumably the highest mountain in the Sierra +de Coalcomán and located about 13 hours by mule +east-northeast of Coalcomán; open pine-oak-fir forest and +alder thickets.</p> + +<p>Barolosa (Rancho).—Lat. 18° 50', long. 103° 00', elev. 2320 +m. A small ranch on the west-northwestern slope of Cerro de +Barolosa, about 11 hours by mule east-northeast of +Coalcomán; open pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Barranca Seca.—Lat. 19° 32', long. 102° 15', elev. 2100 m. +A small village about 7 kilometers northwest of San Juan de +Parangaricutiro; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Bejuco (Barranca de).—Lat. 18° 07', long. 102° 48', elev. +90 m. A barranca in the lower slopes of the Sierra de +Coalcomán just west of the lower reaches of the Río Nexpa; +tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Buenavista (Tomatlán).—Lat. 19° 17', long. 102° 36', elev. +425 m. A village on the Río Masiaco in the Tepalcatepec +Valley, 33 kilometers by road west-northwest of Apatzingán; +open arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Buena Vista.—Lat. 18° 40', long. 102° 09', elev. 600 m. A +ranch on the northeastern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán; +arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Cachán (Río).—Lat. 18° 14', long. 103° 14'. A river formed +by the affluence of the Río Coalcomán and the Río San José +and flowing into the Pacific Ocean at a point indicated by +the co-ordinates given above. Sometimes the name is applied +to the lower part of the river as used here; other times the +name is used for the entire length of the Río Coalcomán.</p> + +<p>Camichines.—Lat. 18° 47', long. 103° 05', elev. 1070 m. A +ranch about 5 kilometers east-northeast of Coalcomán; +transition between arid tropical scrub forest and oak +forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> + +<p>Camécuaro (Lago de).—Lat. 19° 55', long. 102° 13', elev. +1615 m. A small lake (depth to about 10 m.) drained by the +Río Duero and located one kilometer north-northwest of +Tangancícuaro; mesquite-grassland and some cypress and oak +around the lake.</p> + +<p>Cancita (Río).—A tributary of the Río Tepalcatepec flowing +southward from the southeastern slope of Cerro de Tancítaro.</p> + +<p>Cantiles (Los).—Lat. 19° 43', long. 100° 55', elev. 2160 m. +A ranch 33 kilometers by road east of Morelia; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Capácuaro.—Lat. 19° 33', long. 102° 02', elev. 2070 m. A +Tarascan village 18 kilometers by road north of Uruapan; +pine forest.</p> + +<p>Capirio.—Lat. 18° 52', long. 102° 08', elev. 180 m. A +village on the Río Tepalcatepec, 22 kilometers by road south +of Nueva Italia; open arid tropical scrub forest and some +gallery forest along the river.</p> + +<p>Carapan.—Lat. 19° 52', long. 102° 02', elev. 2070 m. A +village on the northern edge of the Sierra de los Tarascos, +32 kilometers by road west of Zacapu; pine-oak forest at +village and to the south; mesquite-grassland immediately to +the north.</p> + +<p>Cerrito (El).—Lat. 18° 45', long. 103° 40', elev. 15 m. A +ranch about 3 kilometers northeast of Coahuayana; tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Chapala (Lago de).—A large lake on the Mexican Plateau at +an elevation of 1525 m., partly in the state of Jalisco. It +is drained by the Río Grande de Santiago, which flows +northward and then westward into the Pacific Ocean. +Immediately to the east of the lake are remnants of once +extensive marshes.</p> + +<p>Charapendo.—Lat. 19° 15', long. 102° 04', elev. 975 m. A +village 24 kilometers by road south of Uruapan near the +upper limit of the arid tropical scrub forest in the +Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + +<p>Cherán.—Lat. 19° 42', long. 101° 57', elev. 2350 m. A +Tarascan village 27 kilometers by road south-southeast of +Carapan; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Chichihuas.—Lat. 18° 47', long. 103° 12', elev. 1200 m. A +ranch about 6 kilometers west-southwest of Coalcomán; scrub +oak forest.</p> + +<p>Chinapa.—Lat. 19° 22', long. 100° 51', elev. 930 m. A small +village on the Río Chinapa, 43 kilometers south of El +Temzcal on the road to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Chupio.—Lat. 19° 10', long. 101° 27', elev. 1080 m. A +village 12 kilometers by road south of Tacámbaro; transition +between arid tropical scrub forest and oak forest.</p> + +<p>Churumuco.—Lat. 18° 37', long. 101° 38', elev. 210 m. A +small town in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Ciénega (La).—Lat. 18° 28', long. 103° 18', elev. 900 m. A +ranch about 3 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Coahuayana.—Lat. 18° 44', long. 103° 31', elev. 15 m. A +village on the coastal plain near the mouth of the Río +Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán.—Lat. 18° 47', long. 103° 08', elev. 945 m. The +largest town in the Sierra de Coalcomán and situated in a +valley about 12 by 6 kilometers; arid tropical scrub forest +on valley floor; oaks and some tropical semi-deciduous +forest on surrounding slopes.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán (Río).—A river having its headwaters northeast of +the town of Coalcomán and flowing southward to join with the +Río San José to form the Río Cachán.</p> + +<p>Coalcomán (Sierra de).—A highland mass outlined by the Río +Coahuayana and its tributaries on the west, the Río +Tepalcatepec on the north, and the Río Balsas on the east, +and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The axis of the sierra +extends for about 200 kilometers in a west-northwest to +east-southeast direction; the mountains are nearly 80 +kilometers in breadth; the highest parts of the range are +about 3000 meters above sea level.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<p>Cofradía.—Lat. 18° 56', long. 102° 17', elev. 215 m. A +ranch about 17 kilometers southeast of Apatzingán; arid +tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Coire.—Lat. 18° 26', long. 103° 22', elev. 300 m. A village +on the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán on the +Río Coire; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Cojumatlán.—Lat. 20° 07', long. 102° 51', elev. 1530 m. A +village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Colola (Río).—A small river emptying into the Pacific Ocean +between Maruata and Punto San Telmo.</p> + +<p>Conejos (Los).—Lat. 19° 22' long. 102° 07', elev. 1850 m. A +village 6 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan, and +sometimes known as Nuevo San Juan; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Copándaro.—Lat. 19° 54', long. 101° 12', elev. 1800 m. A +village on the south edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Copuyo (Capuyo or Copullo).—Lat. 18° 28', long. 100° 56', +elev. 1200 m. A small village about 5 kilometers by road +west of Paso Ancho; transition between arid tropical scrub +forest and oak forest.</p> + +<p>Cordillera Volcánica.—A mountain range along the southern +edge of the Mexican Plateau, roughly along the nineteenth +parallel, and made up of many volcanos; the range extends +from Volcán de Colima on the west to Cofre de Perote and +Orizaba in Veracruz; several of the volcanos reach +elevations of more than 4000 meters.</p> + +<p>Corralito (El).—Lat. 18° 52', long. 102° 38', elev. 270 m. +A small village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, about 30 +kilometers southwest of Apatzingán; arid tropical scrub +forest.</p> + +<p>Corupu (Corupo).—Lat. 19° 28', long. 102° 19', elev. 2450 +m. A village 29 kilometers northwest of Uruapan; pine +forest.</p> + +<p>Cuatro Caminos.—Lat. 19° 00', long. 102° 05' elev. 335 m. A +village 4 kilometers south of Nueva Italia; arid tropical +scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Cuilala (Playa).—Lat. 18° 10', long. 103° 06', sea level. A +sandy beach on the Pacific Ocean just east of La Higuerita.</p> + +<p>Cuitzeo.—Lat. 19° 58', long. 101° 09', 1800 m. A village on +the north shore of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Cuitzeo (Lago de).—A large lakebed on the Mexican Plateau +at an elevation of 1800 m. In dry years there is little +water in the lake, and most of the lakebed is dry; in very +wet years the entire lakebed is flooded. The Río de Morelia +flows into the lake, which has no outlet; surrounding +vegetation is mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Cuseño Station.—Lat. 19° 30', long. 102° 16', elev. 2200 m. +A field station of the American Geological Society +established in 1945 and demolished in 1953; located at the +northern edge of the lava flow at Volcán Parícutin; remnants +of pine forest.</p> + +<p>Diezmo (El).—Lat. 18° 26', long. 103° 19', elev. 850 m. A +ranch about 8 kilometers north of Coire; tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Dos Aguas.—Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 55', elev. 2100 m. A +lumber camp on the eastern slope of Cerro de Barolosa, +located about 22 kilometers west-northwest of Aguililla; +pine-oak forest and some fir forest in sheltered ravines.</p> + +<p>Duero (Río).—A small river having its headwaters near +Tangancícuaro and flowing northwestward into the Río Lerma; +source of irrigation water for surrounding agricultural +area.</p> + +<p>Emiliano Zapata.—Lat. 18° 59', long. 102° 39' elev. 1600 m. +A town 10 kilometers east of Jiquilpan; mesquite-grassland +and irrigated fields.</p> + +<p>Erongaricuaro.—Lat. 19° 35', long. 101° 43', elev. 2150 m. +A Tarascan village on the western shore of Lago de +Pátzcuaro; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Espinal (El).—Lat. 18° 27', long. 102° 07', elev. 500 m. A +ranch in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán, +9 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador; arid +tropical scrub forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + +<p>Estopilas (Salitre de).—Lat. 18° 30', long. 103° 23', elev. +130 m. A small village about 10 kilometers east of Ostula; +tropical semi-deciduous forest and arid tropical scrub +forest.</p> + +<p>Garnica (Cerro).—Lat. 19° 43', long. 100° 48', elev. 3000 +m. A mountain about 8 kilometers north of Pino Gordo; +pine-oak-fir forest.</p> + +<p>Garnica (Puerto de).—Lat. 19° 42', long. 100° 51', elev. +2840 m. A mountain pass 46 kilometers by road west of Ciudad +Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.</p> + +<p>Gregorio (San).—Lat. 19° 25', long. 101° 24', elev. 2200 m. +A ranch about 16 kilometers southeast of Pátzcuaro; pine +forest.</p> + +<p>Guayabo.—Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 15', elev. 760 m. A +village in the Sierra de Coalcomán about 32 kilometers +north-northeast of Arteaga; upper limits of arid tropical +scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Herradero (Barranca de).—Lat. 18° 17', long. 103° 08', +elev. 200-250 m. A barranca south of San Pedro Naranjestila +in the Sierra de Coalcomán; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Hidalgo (Ciudad).—Lat. 19° 32', long. 100° 34', elev. 2100 +m. A town in the valley of the Río Tuxpan; +mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Higuerita (La).—Lat. 18° 12', long. 103° 06', sea level. A +place name on the Pacific coast; sandy beach and arid +tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Higuertas (Las).—Lat. 18° 39', long. 103° 17', elev. 1600 +m. A ranch about 7 hours by mule southwest of Coalcomán; +pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Hondo (Puerto).—Lat. 19° 25', long. 100° 13', elev. 2750 m. +A pass in the mountains, 14 kilometers by road east of +Zitácuaro (just west of Macho de Agua); pine, oak, and fir +forest.</p> + +<p>Huancana (La).—Lat. 18° 58', long. 101° 50', elev. 550 m. A +village in the Balsas Basin; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Huahua (La).—Lat. 18° 12', long. 103° 00', sea level. A +small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub +forest and gallery forest along the Arroyo de Huahua.</p> + +<p>Huetamo.—Lat. 18° 38', long. 100° 53', elev. 300 m. A town +in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Huingo.—Lat. 19° 55', long. 100° 50', elev. 1800 m. A +village on the eastern edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Jacona.—Lat. 19° 57', long. 102° 18', elev. 1600 m. A small +town, 4.3 kilometers by road southwest of Zamora; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Jaramillo.—Lat. 19° 20', long. 102° 02', elev. 1500 m. A +ranch 9 kilometers by road south of Uruapan; pine-oak +forest.</p> + +<p>Jazmin.—Lat. 18° 52', long. 101° 58', elev. 275 m. A +village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 32 kilometers by road +southeast of Cuatro Caminos; open arid tropical scrub +forest.</p> + +<p>Jeráhuaro.—Lat. 19° 52', long. 100° 35', elev. 2600 m. A +town in the northern part of the state and located east of +Lago de Cuitzeo; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Jiquilpan.—Lat. 19° 59', long. 102° 43', elev. 1570 m. A +town just southeast of Lago de Chapala; mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Jorullo (Volcán).—Lat 19° 00', long. 101° 45', elev. 1300 +m. (crest). A cinder and lava cone rising from the foothills +of the Cordillera Volcánica; arid tropical scrub forest on +lower slopes and pine-oak forest on top.</p> + +<p>Jungapeo.—Lat. 19° 26', long. 100° 29', elev. 1430 m. A +village in the valley of the Río Tuxpan, about 13 kilometers +south of Tuxpan on the southern slopes of the Mexican +Plateau; tropical semi-deciduous forest and pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Lengua de Vaca (Puerto de).—Lat. 19° 26', long. 100° 13', +elev. 2900 m. A pass in the mountains at the +Michoacán-Mexico border through which passes the Mexico +City-Morelia highway; pine and fir forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>Lerma (Río).—A river originating in the state of México and +flowing westward, and forming the northern boundary of the +state of Michoacán, to Lago de Chapala.</p> + +<p>Lima (San Juan de).—Lat. 18° 29', long. 102° 42', sea +level. A ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub +forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Lima (Punta San Juan de).—Lat. 18° 38', long. 102° 43', sea +level. A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean +just southwest of San Juan de Lima; arid tropical scrub +forest.</p> + +<p>Limoncito.—Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 43', elev. 730 m. A +ranch 10 kilometers north of Aguililla; arid tropical scrub +forest; tropical semi-deciduous gallery forest along the +nearby Río Tepecuate.</p> + +<p>Lombardia.—Lat. 19° 08', long. 102° 02', elev. 640 m. A +town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 38 kilometers by road south +of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Lleguas (Acuaro de las).—Lat. 18° 48', long. 102° 52', +elev. 2320 m. A place name for a stream and meadow (Llano de +la Llegua) surrounded by pine-oak forest, located about 10 +hours by mule east of Coalcomán.</p> + +<p>Macho de Agua.—Lat. 19° 25', long. 100° 15', elev. 2850 m. +A ranch just west of Puerto de Lengua de Vaca and 16 +kilometers by road east of Zitácuaro; mixed oak, pine, and +fir forest.</p> + +<p>Maquili.—Lat. 18° 36', long. 103° 32', elev. 120 m. A +village on the Río Aquila about 3 kilometers south-southwest +of Aguila; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Maravatio.—Lat. 19° 53', long. 100° 27', elev. 2010 m. A +town in the Río Lerma Valley; irrigated fields on flats and +pine-oak forest on slopes.</p> + +<p>Marquez (Río).—A tributary to the Río Tepalcatepec, flowing +through a deep gorge (Barranca del Marquez) between +Lombardia and Nueva Italia. The stream originates from +springs near Uruapan, where the stream is known as the Río +Cupatitzio.</p> + +<p>Maruata.—Lat. 18° 17', long. 103° 20', sea level. Place +name for a Nineteenth Century port of little importance near +the mouth of the Río Coire; sandy beach, fresh-water lagoon, +and arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Mexcala (Laguna).—Lat. 18° 29', long. 103° 41', sea level. +A brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves, located just +southwest of El Ticuiz.</p> + +<p>Mil Cumbres.—Lat. 19° 39', long. 100° 47', elev. 2800 m. A +name for a look-out on the México-Morelia highway in Atzimba +National Park, about 32 kilometers by road west-southwest of +Ciudad Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.</p> + +<p>Mira (La).—Lat. 18° 05', long. 102° 20', elev. 20 m. A +small village about 5 kilometers north-northeast of Playa +Azul; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Morelia.—Lat. 19° 43', long. 101° 10', elev. 1900 m. +Capital of and largest city in Michoacán; mesquite-grassland +on flats and pine-oak forest on surrounding hills.</p> + +<p>Morelia (Río de).—A small, intermittent stream originating +in the mountains south of Morelia and emptying into Lago de +Cuitzeo.</p> + +<p>Motín del Oro.—Lat. 18° 14', long. 103° 48', sea level. A +ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Motín (Río).—Lat. 18° 13', long. 103° 48' (mouth). A small +river flowing from the Sierra de Coalcomán into the Pacific +Ocean.</p> + +<p>Nahuatzen (Nauhuatzin).—Lat. 19° 42', long. 101° 50', elev. +2450 m. A Tarascan village in the mountains west of Lago de +Pátzcuaro; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Nexpa (Río).—Lat. 18° 05', long. 102° 47' (mouth). A large +river draining the central part of the Sierra de Coalcomán, +originating near Aguililla, and flowing into the Pacific +Ocean.</p> + +<p>Nogueleras.—Lat. 18° 34', long. 103° 17', elev. 1600 m. A +ranch about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of Coalcomán; +oak forest.</p> + +<p>Nueva Italia.—Lat. 19° 02', long. 102° 07', elev. 380 m. A +town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 59 kilometers by road south +of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<p>Nuevo (Rancho).—Lat. 18° 26', long. 102° 07', elev. 520 m. +A ranch 7 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador +in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán; arid +tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Ocorla.—Lat. 18° 38', long. 103° 07', elev. 885 m. A ranch +about 6 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcomán; scrubby +oak forest.</p> + +<p>Opopeo.—Lat. 19° 24', long. 101° 37', elev. 2800 m. A +village 16 kilometers south of Pátzcuaro; pine and fir +forest.</p> + +<p>Orilla (La).—Lat. 18° 00', long. 102° 12', elev. 10 m. The +site of a former hacienda of the same name near the mouth of +the Río Balsas; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Oropeo.—Lat. 18° 52', long. 101° 48', elev. 300 m. A +village in the Tepalcatepec Valley about 13 kilometers south +of La Huacana; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Ostula.—Lat. 18° 30', long. 103° 28', elev. 120 m. A +village in the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán, +located on the Río Ostula about 16 kilometers east-southeast +of La Placita; arid tropical scrub forest and scattered +tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Ozumatlán (Sierra de).—A range in the Cordillera Volcánica +extending east-northeast from a point south of Morelia to +Queréndaro and reaching elevations in excess of 2600 m.</p> + +<p>Palma (La).—Lat. 20° 09', long. 102° 46', elev. 1525 m. A +village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala; +lake-shore marshes and mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Paracho.—Lat. 19° 39', long. 102° 02', elev. 2375 m. A +Tarascan village in the Cordillera Volcánica, located 35 +kilometers by road north of Uruapan; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Parangaricutiro (San Juan de).—Lat. 19° 30', long. 102° +15', elev. 2200 m. A former Tarascan village that was +destroyed by the eruption of Volcán Parícutin; lava and +volcanic ash amidst open pine forest.</p> + +<p>Parícutin (Volcán).—Lat. 19° 30', long. 102° 16', elev. +2200 m. at base and 2700 m. at summit. A volcano born in +February, 1943; it ceased to be active in December, 1951, +and is located at the north-northeastern base of Cerro de +Tancítaro; volcanic ash and lava amidst open pine forest.</p> + +<p>Paso Ancho.—Lat. 19° 28', long. 100° 52', elev. 1100 m. A +small village 30 kilometers south of El Temazcal on the road +to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Patamba (Sierra).—Lat. 19° 45', long. 102° 21', elev. 3700 +m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about 22 +kilometers southwest of Tangancícuaro; pine forest from 2000 +to 2600 m.; fir forest above 2600 m.</p> + +<p>Pátzcuaro.—Lat. 19° 30', long. 101° 36', elev. 2200 m. A +town near the southeastern shore of Lago de Pátzcuaro; pine +forest.</p> + +<p>Pátzcuaro (Lago de).—A large lake on the southwestern part +of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 2165 m. It has no +outlet. The lake is surrounded by mountains supporting pine +and pine-oak forest. Along the southern and eastern shores +of the lake are small marshes.</p> + +<p>Peñas (Las).—Lat. 18° 03', long. 102° 38', sea level. A +small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub +forest.</p> + +<p>Pichi (Estero).—Lat. 18° 01', long. 102° 24', sea level. A +brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves and coconut groves, +located just east of Playa Azul.</p> + +<p>Pino Gordo.—Lat. 19° 42', long. 100° 45', elev. 2600 m. A +ranch 37 kilometers by road west of Ciudad Hidalgo; pine-oak +forest.</p> + +<p>Placita (La).—Lat. 18° 32', long. 103° 37', elev. 20 m. A +village on the coastal lowlands, located on the Río Aquila; +arid tropical scrub forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest +along the river.</p> + +<p>Playa (La).—Lat. 18° 57', long. 102° 33', elev. 800 m. A +small village on the western edge of the lava flow of Volcán +Jorullo; arid tropical scrub forest and some tropical +semi-deciduous forest in ravines.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<p>Playa Azul.—Lat. 18° 01', long. 102° 25', sea level. A +village on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the Río +Carrizal; arid tropical scrub forest; coconut plantations; +mangrove-lined lagoons.</p> + +<p>Pómaro.—Lat. 18° 18', long. 103° 17', elev. 300 m. An +Indian village in the southern foothills of the Sierra de +Coalcomán, located about 3 hours by mule north-northeast of +Maruata; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Pozos (Los).—Lat. 18° 30', long. 103° 17', elev. 300 m. A +ranch located about 5 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Queréndaro.—Lat. 19° 48', long. 100° 53', elev. 1900 m. A +town on the Mexican Plateau south of Lago de Cuitzeo; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Quiroga.—Lat. 19° 42', long. 101° 30', elev. 2200 m. A +Tarascan town on the north edge of Lago de Pátzcuaro; +mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Reyes (Los).—Lat. 19° 35', long. 102° 28', elev. 1500 m. A +town in western Michoacán, 50 kilometers south-southwest of +Zamora; mesquite-grassland, oak and pine forest.</p> + +<p>Sabino (El).—Lat. 19° 14', long. 102° 03', elev. 1050 m. A +hacienda about 24 kilometers south of Uruapan; arid tropical +scrub forest, many streams, rice fields.</p> + +<p>Sahuayo.—Lat. 20° 05', long. 102° 43', elev. 1550 m. A town +just south of the eastern end of Lago de Chapala; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Salada (La).—Lat. 19° 07', long. 102° 00', elev. 580 m. A +ranch southwest of Lombardia; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Salto (Arroyo El).—Lat. 18° 45', long. 103° 04', elev. 1370 +m. A valley of the Río Flores about 3 hours by mule +east-southeast of Coalcomán; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>San Andrés (Cerro).—Lat. 19° 48', long. 100° 35', elev. +3950 m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about +16 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; oak forest +to 2500 m. and pine and fir forest above 2500 m.</p> + +<p>San José (de la Cumbre).—Lat. 19° 41', long. 100° 50', +elev. 2750 m. A ranch 51 kilometers by road east of Morelia; +pine and fir forest.</p> + +<p>San José (de la Montaña).—Lat. 18° 25', long. 103° 06', +elev. 750 m. A village sometimes called La Guitarra, located +14 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcomán; tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>San Pedro Naranjestila.—Lat. 18° 17', long. 103° 06', elev. +500 m. An Indian village in the southern foothills of the +Sierra de Coalcomán; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>San Salvador.—Lat. 18° 25', long. 102° 08', elev. 700 m. A +small village in the Sierra de Coalcomán, 37 kilometers by +road northeast of Arteaga; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>San Telmo (Ojos de Agua de).—Lat. 18° 37', long. 103° 42', +sea level. A small settlement at the base of Punto San Juan +de Lima; tropical semi-deciduous forest and groves of oil +palms.</p> + +<p>San Telmo (Punta).—Lat. 18° 18', long. 103° 29', sea level. +A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean, on which +there is a lighthouse (El Faro); arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Santa Ana.—Lat. 18° 27', long. 102° 06', elev. 600 m. A +ranch about 4 kilometers by road northeast of San Salvador; +arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Tacámbaro.—Lat. 19° 05', long. 101° 22', elev. 1820 m. A +town in the Cordillera Volcánica; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Tacícuaro.—Lat. 19° 38', long. 101° 18', elev. 2000 m. A +village 21 kilometers east-southeast of Quiroga; +mesquite-grassland and scrubby oak forest.</p> + +<p>Tafetan.—Lat. 19° 43', long. 100° 52', elev. 1000 m. A +village 40 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; arid +tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Tancítaro.—Lat. 19° 20', long. 102° 22', elev. 1850 m. A +small town on the southern slope of Cerro de Tancítaro; +pine-oak forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + +<p>Tancítaro (Cerro de).—Lat. 19° 25', long. 102° 18', elev. +3870 m. at summit. An old volcano in the Cordillera +Volcánica; the southern slope drops into the Tepalcatepec +Valley; the summit is about 30 kilometers west of Uruapan; +pine and oak forest on lower slopes replaced by pine or fir +forest above.</p> + +<p>Tangamandapio.—Lat. 19° 56', long. 102° 25', elev. 1700 m. +A small town on the Mexican Plateau between Jiquilpan and +Zamora; mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.</p> + +<p>Tangancícuaro.—Lat. 19° 52', long. 102° 13', elev. 1770 m. +A town 12 kilometers by road southeast of Zamora; +mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.</p> + +<p>Tarascos (Sierra de los).—A name applied to that part of +the Cordillera Volcánica extending eastward from Cerro de +Tancítaro and Sierra Patamba to Pátzcuaro.</p> + +<p>Tarécuaro.—Lat. 19° 53', long. 102° 29', elev. 1700 m. A +village on the Mexican Plateau, 26 kilometers southwest of +Zamora; mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Tecatas (Las).—Lat. 18° 36', long. 103° 17', elev. 1950 m. +A ranch located about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of +Coalcomán; oak forest.</p> + +<p>Temazcal (El).—Lat. 19° 40', long. 100° 56', elev. 2200 m. +A road junction, 29 kilometers east of Morelia; here the +road to Huetamo leads south from the Mexico City-Morelia +highway; pine forest.</p> + +<p>Tepalcatepec.—Lat. 19° 10', long. 102° 50', elev. 570 m. A +village in the upper Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical +scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Tepalcatepec (Río).—A large river having its headwaters in +southeastern Jalisco and flowing through a broad valley, +which separates the Cordillera Volcánica from the Sierra de +Coalcomán, to the Río Balsas.</p> + +<p>Ticuiz (El).—Lat. 18° 40', long. 103° 40', elev. 10 m. A +village on the coastal plain about 11 kilometers south of +Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical +semi-deciduous forest.</p> + +<p>Tinguidín.—Lat. 19° 45', long. 102° 28', elev. 1800 m. A +small town, 17 kilometers north of Los Reyes; pine-oak +forest.</p> + +<p>Tizupan (Río).—Lat. 18° 09', long. 102° 55' (mouth). A +small river flowing southward from the Sierra de Coalcomán +to the Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>Tlalpujahua.—Lat. 19° 48', long. 100° 10', elev. 2600 m. A +mining town in the northeastern part of the state; pine and +fir forest.</p> + +<p>Tumbiscatio.—Lat. 18° 32', long. 102° 20', elev. 900 m. A +town in the Sierra de Coalcomán; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Tupátaro.—Lat. 19° 53', long. 100° 15', elev. 2050 m. A +village in the northeastern corner of the state, 13 +kilometers northwest of Tlalpujahua; oak forest.</p> + +<p>Tuxpan.—Lat. 19° 35', long. 100° 27', elev. 1850 m. A town +in a basin nearly surrounded by mountains and near the +headwaters of the Río Tuxpan, 19 kilometers by road +east-southeast of Ciudad Hidalgo; arid mesquite-grassland +and irrigated fields.</p> + +<p>Tuxpan (Río).—A river draining the mountains in the eastern +part of the state and flowing southward into the Río Balsas.</p> + +<p>Tzararacua (Cascada).—Lat. 19° 18', long. 102° 02', 1430 m. +A waterfalls of the Río Cupatitzio, 10.5 kilometers by road +south of Uruapan; oak forest with scattered pines.</p> + +<p>Tzintzuntzan.—Lat. 19° 38', long. 101° 35', elev. 2170 m. A +village at the site of the seat of the ancient Tarascan +empire on the eastern shore of Lago de Pátzcuaro; grasslands +and marshes.</p> + +<p>Tzitzio.—Lat. 19° 35', long. 100° 55', elev. 1630 m. A +village 16 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; pine-oak +and arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Ucareo (Serranía de).—A part of the Cordillera Volcánica, +including Cerro San Andrés.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<p>Undameo.—Lat. 19° 34', long. 101° 17', elev. 2000 m. A +village 20 kilometers west-southwest of Morelia; +mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Uruapan.—Lat. 19° 25', long. 102° 02', elev. 1630 m. A +large town on the southern slopes of the Cordillera +Volcánica; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Zacapu.—Lat. 19° 48', long. 101° 47', elev. 2000 m. A town +on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Zamora.—Lat. 19° 59', long. 102° 17', elev. 1570 m. A large +town on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.</p> + +<p>Zicuiran.—Lat. 18° 53', long. 101° 55', elev. 190 m. A +small village 23 kilometers east-southeast of Cuatro +Caminos; arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Zinapécuaro.—Lat. 19° 52', long. 100° 49', elev. 1900 m. A +town near the southeastern end of Lago de Cuitzeo; +mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Ziracuaretiro.—Lat. 19° 25', long. 101° 52', elev. 1230 m. +A village 19 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; transition +between pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest.</p> + +<p>Zirimícuaro.—Lat. 19° 24', long. 101° 56', elev. 1300 m. A +hacienda 13 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; pine-oak +forest and fields of sugar cane.</p> + +<p>Zitácuaro.—Lat. 19° 25', long. 100° 21', elev. 2100 m. A +town in the highlands of eastern Michoacán; pine-oak forest.</p> + +<p>Zurumbeneo.—Lat. 19° 43', long. 101° 02', elev. 2100 m. A +ranch 19 kilometers by road east of Morelia; scrubby oak +forest.</p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SUMMARY" id="SUMMARY"></a>SUMMARY</h2> + + +<p>The preceding analysis of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of +Michoacán shows that the herpetofauna is composed of 176 species and +subspecies definitely recorded from the state, plus ten others that +probably occur there. Ten species are reported for the first time from +Michoacán: <i>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</i>, <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i>, +<i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i>, <i>Pternohyla fodiens</i>, <i>Hypopachus +caprimimus</i>, <i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i>, <i>Anolis dunni</i>, <i>Sceloporus +bulleri</i>, <i>Sceloporus heterolepis,</i> and <i>Geagras redimitus</i>. Five +species that have been reported previously from Michoacán are based on +specimens having unreliable locality data or on misidentifications; +therefore, the following species are not considered to be a part of the +herpetofauna of Michoacán: <i>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</i>, <i>Urosaurus +irregularis</i>, <i>Geophis nasalis</i>, <i>Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis</i>, +and <i>Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri</i>.</p> + +<p>Systematic studies based at least in part on specimens from Michoacán +have resulted in a redefinition of nine species and subspecies: <i>Bufo +marmoreus</i>, <i>Bufo perplexus</i>, <i>Anolis nebulosus</i>, <i>Anolis nebuloides</i>, +<i>Sceloporus bulleri</i>, <i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i>, <i>Sceloporus melanorhinus +calligaster</i>, <i>Hypsiglena torquata torquata</i>, and <i>Hypsiglena torquata +ochrorhyncha</i>.</p> + +<p>Nine species that previously have been recognized as valid have been +placed in synonymy. These are: <i>Bufo horribilis</i> Wiegmann, 1833, and +<i>Bufo angustipes</i> Smith and Taylor, 1945, as synonyms of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> <i>Bufo marinus</i> +(Linnaeus), 1758. <i>Microbatrachylus albolabris</i> Taylor, 1940, +<i>Microbatrachylus minimus</i> Taylor, 1940, and <i>Microbatrachylus imitator</i> +Taylor, 1942, as synonyms of <i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> (Taylor), 1937. +<i>Phrynohyas corasterias</i> Shannon and Humphrey, 1957, as a synonym of +<i>Phrynohyas inflata</i> (Taylor), 1944. <i>Hyla microeximia</i> Maslin, 1957, as +a synonym of <i>Hyla eximia</i> Baird, 1854. <i>Hylella azteca</i> Taylor, 1943, +as a synonym of <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> Taylor, 1940. <i>Loxocemus sumichrasti</i> +Bocourt, 1876, as a synonym of <i>Loxocemus bicolor</i> Cope, 1861. +<i>Eleutherodactylus vocalis</i> Taylor, 1940, is considered to be a +subspecies of <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus</i>. The populations of +<i>Thamnophis dorsalis</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley are shown to be +distinct from those inhabiting the highlands of the state; <i>Thamnophis +dorsalis postremus</i> Smith, 1942, is revived for the population in the +Tepalcatepec Valley.</p> + +<p>Descriptions are given of the tadpoles of <i>Bufo occidentalis</i> and <i>Hyla +bistincta</i>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LITERATURE CITED</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Anderson, J. D.</span></p> + +<p>1960. <i>Storeria storerioides</i> in western Mexico. Herpetologica, 16:63-6, +March 31.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Bogert, C. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Oliver, J. A.</span></p> + +<p>1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, March 30.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Boulenger, G. A.</span></p> + +<p>1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum, vol. II. London, +xiii + 497 pp., November 15.</p> + +<p>1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. II, London, xi ++ 382 pp., September 23.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Conant, R.</span></p> + +<p>1953. Three new water snakes of the genus <i>Natrix</i> from Mexico. Nat. +Hist. Misc., 126:1-9, September 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Contreras Arias, A.</span></p> + +<p>1942. Mapa de las provincias climatologicas de la República Méxicana. +Dir. Meteoro, Hidro. Inst. Geog. México, xxvii + 54 pp.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Cope, E. D.</span></p> + +<p>1861. Contributions to the ophidiology of Lower California, Mexico, and +Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13:292-306, +December 28.</p> + +<p>1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and +Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:1-98.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span></p> + +<p>1954. Three new anoles from Mexico. Herpetologica, 10:1-6, April 20.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Dixon, J. R.</span></p> + +<p>1957. Notes on Mexican snakes (Ophidia). Southwest. Nat., 2:19-27, +January.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p> + +<p>1953. Lizards and turtles of the Mexican state of Morelos. +Herpetologica. 9:100-108, July 22.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Dixon, J. R.</span></p> + +<p>1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus <i>Tomodactylus</i> +in Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 9:379-409, December.</p> + +<p>1960. Two new geckos, genus <i>Phyllodactylus</i> (Reptilia: Sauria), from +Michoacán, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 5:37-42, April 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Dowling, H. G.</span></p> + +<p>1960. A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes, genus <i>Elaphe</i> Fitzinger. VII. +The <i>triaspis</i> section, Zoologica, 45:53-80, August 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span></p> + +<p>1954a. The salamander <i>Plethodon richmondi</i> in southwestern Ohio. +Copeia, 1950 (1):40-45, February 19.</p> + +<p>1954b. The amphibians and reptiles of Jorullo Volcano, Michoacan, +Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 560:1-24, October 22.</p> + +<p>1955. A new whiptail lizard, genus <i>Cnemidorphorus</i>, from Mexico. Occ. +Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 574:1-7, December 23.</p> + +<p>1956a. The frogs of the hylid genus <i>Phrynohyas</i> Fitzinger, 1843. Misc. +Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 96:1-47, February 21.</p> + +<p>1956b. A new snake of the genus <i>Leptotyphlops</i> from Michoacán, México. +Copeia, 1956 (2):93-94, May 29.</p> + +<p>1957a. Sexual dimorphism in the hylid frog <i>Agalychnis dacnicolor</i> Cope, +and the status of <i>Agalychnis alcorni</i> Taylor. Herpetologica, 13:29-30, +March 30.</p> + +<p>1957b. Notes on snakes from the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Herpetologica, +13:237-240, October 31.</p> + +<p>1958a. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus <i>Leptodeira</i>. +Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, February 24.</p> + +<p>1958b. Comments on the type locality and geographic distribution of +<i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>. Copeia, 1958 (1):48-49, February 21.</p> + +<p>1958c. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Colima, Mexico. +Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 589:1-22, March 21.</p> + +<p>1959. Two new snakes, genus <i>Geophis</i>, from Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap. +Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 605:1-9, May 29.</p> + +<p>1960a. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, +México. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:587-598, May 2.</p> + +<p>1960b. A taxonomic study of the Middle American snake Pituophis deppei, +Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:599-610, May 2.</p> + +<p>1960c. Variation, distribution, and ecology of the Mexican teiid lizard +<i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>. Copeia, 1960(2):97-101, June 29.</p> + +<p>1960d. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of +Tehuantepec, México. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13:19-72, +August 16.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Dixon, J. R.</span></p> + +<p>1959. A new frog of the genus <i>Tomodactylus</i> from Michoacán, Mexico. +Texas Jour. Sci., 11:78-82, March.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Duellman, A. S.</span></p> + +<p>1959. Notes on the variation, distribution, and ecology of the iguanid +lizard <i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i>. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, +598:1-10, February 16.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Wellman, J.</span></p> + +<p>1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the <i>deppei</i> group (Genus +<i>Cnemidophorus</i>) in Mexico and Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 111:1-80, February 10.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Dugès, A.</span></p> + +<p>1884. Dos reptiles de Mexico. La Naturaleza, 6:359-362.</p> + +<p>1891. <i>Eumeces altamirani</i> A. Dug. La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485-486.</p> + +<p>1896. Reptiles y batracios de los E. U. Mexicanos. La Naturaleza, ser. +2, 2:479-485.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duméril, A. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bocourt, F.</span></p> + +<p>1870-1909. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, +Recherches zoologiques. Études sur les reptiles. Paris, xiv + 1012 pp.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Fischer, J. G.</span></p> + +<p>1882. Herpetologische Bemerkengen vorzugsweise über Stücke der Sammlung +des Naturhistorischen Museum in Bremen. Abhand. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen, +7:225-238.</p> + +<p>1883. Beschreibungen neuer Reptilien. Akad. Gymnas. Hamburg, 1883:1-16.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Fitch, H. S.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Milstead, W. W.</span></p> + +<p>1961. An older name for <i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis</i> (Kennicott). Copeia, no. +1:112, March 17, 1961.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Funkhouser, A.</span></p> + +<p>1957. A review of the Neotropical tree-frogs of the genus +<i>Phyllomedusa</i>. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:1-90, April +1.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Gadow, H.</span></p> + +<p>1905. Distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc. +London, 1905:191-244, October 7.</p> + +<p>1930. Jorullo. Cambridge Univ. Press, xviii + 100 pp.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Gloyd, H. K.</span></p> + +<p>1948. Description of a neglected subspecies of rattlesnake from Mexico. +Nat. Hist. Misc., 17:1-4, April 23.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Goin, C. J.</span></p> + +<p>1950. Color pattern inheritance in some frogs of the genus +<i>Eleutherodactylus</i>. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9:1-15, March 3.</p> + +<p>1954. Remarks on evolution of color pattern in the <i>gossei</i> group of the +frog genus <i>Eleutherodactylus</i>. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33:185-195, June 4.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Goldman, E. A.</span></p> + +<p>1951. Biological investigations in Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 115, +xii + 476 pp., July 31.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Guzmán-Rivas, P.</span></p> + +<p>1957. Rainfall analysis for some stations in southwest Mexico. <i>In</i> +Brand, Coastal study of southwest Mexico, Part I. Univ. Texas, Austin, +xii + 140 pp., June 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Horowitz, S. B.</span></p> + +<p>1955. An arrangement of the subspecies of the horned toad, <i>Phrynosoma +orbiculare</i> (Iguanidae). Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:209-218, July.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Klauber, L. M.</span></p> + +<p>1945. The geckos of the genus Coleonyx with descriptions of new +subspecies. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:133-216, March 9.</p> + +<p>1952. Taxonomic studies of the rattlesnakes of Mainland Mexico. Bull. +Zool. Soc. San Diego, 26:1-143, August 8.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Langebartel, D. A.</span></p> + +<p>1959. A new lizard (<i>Sceloporus</i>) from the Sierra Madre Occidental of +Mexico. Herpetologica, 15:25-27, February 25.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Maldonado-Koerdell, M.</span></p> + +<p>1948. Los colecciones de anfibios del Museo Alfredo Dugès en la +Universidad de Guanajuato, I—Urodelos. Mem. Revist. Acad. Nac. Cien., +56:185-226.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Martin, P. S.</span></p> + +<p>1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gómez Farías +Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, +101:1-102, April 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Maslin, T. P.</span></p> + +<p>1957. <i>Hyla microeximia</i> sp. n., Hylidae, Amphibia, from Jalisco, +Mexico. Herpetologica, 13:81-86, July 10.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Milstead, W. W.</span></p> + +<p>1953. Geographic variation in the garter snake, <i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis</i>. +Texas Jour. Sci., 5:348-379, September.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mosimann, J. E.</span></p> + +<p>1956. Variation and relative growth in the plastral scutes of the turtle +<i>Kinosternon integrum</i> LeConte. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, +97:1-43, November 7.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mosimann, J. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Rabb, G. B.</span></p> + +<p>1953. A new subspecies of the turtle <i>Geoemyda rubida</i> (Cope) from +western Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1-7, November +9.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Oliver, J. A.</span></p> + +<p>1937. Notes on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the state of +Colima, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 360:1-28, November +20.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Orton, G.</span></p> + +<p>1943. The tadpole of <i>Rhinophrynus dorsalis</i>. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 472:1-8, May 18.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Peters, J. A.</span></p> + +<p>1954. The amphibians and reptiles of the coast and coastal sierra of +Michoacán, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 554:1-37, June +23.</p> + +<p>1955. Notes on the frog genus <i>Diaglena</i> Cope. Nat. Hist. Misc., +143:1-8, March 28.</p> + +<p>1957. The eggs (turtle) and I. Biologist, 39:21-4.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Rabb, G. B.</span></p> + +<p>1958. On certain Mexican salamanders of the plethodontid genus +<i>Chiropterotriton</i>. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 587:1-37, June +6.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Rabb, G. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Mosimann, J. E.</span></p> + +<p>1955. The tadpole of <i>Hyla robertsorum</i> with comments on the affinities +of the species. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 563:1-9, March 29.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Reeve, W. L.</span></p> + +<p>1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards genus +<i>Phrynosoma</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (pt. 2):817-960, February 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Schmidt, K. P.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Shannon, F. A.</span></p> + +<p>1947. Notes on amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, Mexico. Fieldiana, +zool., 31:63-85, February 20.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Shannon, F. A.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Humphrey, F. L.</span></p> + +<p>1957. A new species of <i>Phrynohyas</i> from Nayarit. Herpetologica, +13:15-18, March 30.</p> + +<p>1958. A discussion of the polytypic species, <i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus</i>, +with a description of a new subspecies. Herpetologica, 14:85-95, July +23.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p> + +<p>1938. The lizards of the <i>torquatus</i> group of the genus <i>Sceloporus</i> +Wiegmann, 1828. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 24:539-693, February 16.</p> + +<p>1939. The Mexican and Central American lizards of the genus +<i>Sceloporus</i>. Zool. ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 26:1-397, July 27.</p> + +<p>1941a. A review of the subspecies of the indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon +corais</i>). Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 31:466-481, November 11.</p> + +<p>1941b. Notes on the snake genus <i>Trimorphodon</i>. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., +91:149-168, November 10.</p> + +<p>1942a. Mexican Herpetological Miscellany. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., +92:349-395, November 5.</p> + +<p>1942b. The synonymy of the garter snakes (<i>Thamnophis</i>), with notes on +Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, 27:97-123, October 23.</p> + +<p>1942c. Remarks on the Mexican king snakes of the triangulum group. Proc. +Rochester Acad. Sci., 8:196-207, September 10.</p> + +<p>1942d. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Mexican snakes of +the genus <i>Rhadinaea</i>. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:185-192, December +31.</p> + +<p>1943. Summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in +Mexico under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U. +S. Natl. Mus., 93:393-504, October 29.</p> + +<p>1951. The identity of the ophidian name <i>Coluber eques</i> Reuss. Copeia, +1951 (2):138-140, June 8.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Laufe, L. E.</span></p> + +<p>1945. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca. Herpetologica, +3:1-13, November 21.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span></p> + +<p>1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. U. +S. Natl. Mus., 187:iv + 239 pp., October 5.</p> + +<p>1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U. +S. Natl. Mus., 194: iv + 118 pp., June 17.</p> + +<p>1950a. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas +Sci. Bull., 33, pt. 2:313-380, March 20.</p> + +<p>1950b. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico +exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 199:v + 253, October +26.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Smith, P. W.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Darling, D. M.</span></p> + +<p>1952. Results of a herpetological collection from eastern central +Mexico. Herpetologica, 8:81-86, November 1.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Stickel, W. H.</span></p> + +<p>1943. The Mexican snakes of the genera <i>Sonora</i> and <i>Chionactis</i>, with +notes on the status of other colubrid genera. Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 56:109-128, October 19.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Storm, M.</span></p> + +<p>1939. Hoofways into hot country. Bland Bros., Mexico City, 521 pp.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Stuart, L. C.</span></p> + +<p>1943. Comments on the herpetofauna of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of +Guatemala. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 471:1-28, May 17.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Tamayo, J. L.</span></p> + +<p>1949. Geografía General de Mexico. I—Geografía Fisica. Mexico City, +viii + 628 pp.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Tanner, W. W.</span></p> + +<p>1944. A taxonomic study of the genus <i>Hypsiglena</i>. Great Basin Nat., +5:25-92, December 29.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span></p> + +<p>1936a. New species of amphibia from Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., +39:349-363.</p> + +<p>1936b. The rediscovery of the lizard <i>Eumeces altamirani</i> (Dugès) with +notes on two other Mexican species of the genus. Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 49:55-58, May 1.</p> + +<p>1936c. A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the +genus <i>Eumeces</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 23:1-643, August 15.</p> + +<p>1939a. Concerning Mexican salamanders. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +25:259-313, July 10.</p> + +<p>1939b. Frogs of the <i>Hyla eximia</i> group in Mexico, with descriptions of +two new species. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:421-445, July 10.</p> + +<p>1940a. A new bromeliad frog from northwestern Michoacan. Copeia, 1940 +(1):18-20, March 30.</p> + +<p>1940b. Mexican snakes of the genus <i>Typhlops</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +26:441-444, November 27.</p> + +<p>1940c. Some Mexican serpents. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:445-487, +November 27.</p> + +<p>1940d. Herpetological Miscellany. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:489-571, +November 27.</p> + +<p>1941a. Some Mexican frogs. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:87-94, July +31.</p> + +<p>1941b. Herpetological Miscellany, No. II. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +27:105-138, December 30.</p> + +<p>1942a. New tailless Amphibia from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +28:67-89, May 15.</p> + +<p>1942b. Tadpoles of Mexican Anura. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:37-55, May +15.</p> + +<p>1942c. The frog genus <i>Diaglena</i> with a description of a new species. +Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:57-65, May 15.</p> + +<p>1943a. Herpetological novelties from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +29:343-361, October 15.</p> + +<p>1943b. A new <i>Hylella</i> from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +56:49-52, June 16.</p> + +<p>1952. A new hylid frog of the genus <i>Agalychnis</i> from southwestern +Mexico. Copeia, 1952 (1):31-32, June 2.</p> + +<p>1956. A review of the lizards of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38 +(pt. 1):3-322, December 20.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p> + +<p>1942a. Concerning the snake genus <i>Pseudoficimia</i> Bocourt. Univ. Kansas +Sci. Bull., 28:241-249, November 12.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<p>1942b. The snake genera <i>Conopsis</i> and <i>Toluca</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 28:325-363, November 12.</p> + +<p>1945. Summary of the collections of amphibians made in Mexico under the +Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., +95:521-613, June 30.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Tihen, J. A.</span></p> + +<p>1949. A review of the lizard genus <i>Barisia</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +33:217-256, April 20.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Vivó, J.</span></p> + +<p>1953. Geografía de México. Mexico City, ed. 3, 338 pp.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Webb, R. G.</span></p> + +<p>1958. The status of the Mexican lizards of the genus <i>Mabuya</i>. Univ. +Kansas Sci. Bull., 38:1303-1313, March 2.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Wellman, J.</span></p> + +<p>1959. Notes on the variation in and distribution of the Mexican colubrid +snake <i>Coniophanes lateritius</i>. Herpetologica, 15:127-128, September 10.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Woodbury, A. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Woodbury, D. M.</span></p> + +<p>1944. Notes on Mexican snakes from Oaxaca. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., +34:360-373, November 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Zweifel, R. G.</span></p> + +<p>1957. A new frog of the genus <i>Rana</i> from Michoacán, Mexico. Copeia, +1957 (2):78-83, July 15.</p> + +<p>1959a. Variation in and distribution of lizards of western Mexico +related to <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i>. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +117:57-116, April 27.</p> + +<p>1959b. Additions to the herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico. Amer. Mus. +Novitates, 1953:1-13, June 26.</p> + +<p>1959c. Snakes of the genus <i>Imantodes</i> in western Mexico. Amer. Mus. +Novitates, 1961:1-18, September 16.</p> + +<p>1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History +Expedition to western Mexico. 9. Herpetology of the Tres Marías Islands. +Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 119:77-128, February 29.</p> + +<p>1961. Relationship of two whiptail lizards (genus <i>Cnemidophorus</i>) in +western Mexico. Copeia, no. 1:98-103, March 17.</p> + + +<h4><i>Transmitted April 21, 1961.</i></h4> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h2> + + +<p>Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain +this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas +Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a +particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the +Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There +is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which +meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which +meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request +copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate +number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying +the costs of wrapping and mailing.</p> + +<p>* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not +the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this +series, are as follows:</p> + + +<p>Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638. 1946-1950.</p> + + +<p>*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. +1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and +distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 18 figures in text. June +12, 1951.</p> + +<p>2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George +H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.</p> + +<p>3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. +478-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.</p> + +<p>4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., +and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. +October 10, 1951.</p> + +<p>Index. Pp. 651-681.</p> + + +<p>*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 +plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.</p> + + +<p>*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, <i>taxonomy and distribution</i>. By +Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, +1952.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 +figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.</p> + +<p>2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By +Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. +August 24, 1953.</p> + +<p>3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. +Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.</p> + +<p>4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp. +349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.</p> + +<p>5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S. +Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.</p> + +<p>6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. +479-487. April 21, 1954.</p> + +<p>7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus montanus, in +Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in +text. July 23, 1954.</p> + +<p>8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California +and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.</p> + +<p>9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A. +Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.</p> + +<p>10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin +H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.</p> + +<p>11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall. +Pp. 587-590. November 15. 1954.</p> + +<p>12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in +Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. +March 15. 1955.</p> + +<p>13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico. +By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.</p> + +<p>14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S. +Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.</p> + +<p>15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic +position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624. 2 +figures in text. June 10, 1955.</p> + +<p>Index. Pp. 625-651.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. +1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.</p> + +<p>2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals from Utah. By +Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. +December 10, 1955.</p> + +<p>3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By +Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.</p> + +<p>4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in +Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, +1956.</p> + +<p>5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 +figures in text. May 19, 1956.</p> + +<p>6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By +Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.</p> + +<p>7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 +figures in text. June 15, 1956.</p> + +<p>8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with +description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. +Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.</p> + +<p>9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. +347-351. August 15, 1956.</p> + +<p>10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. +Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.</p> + +<p>11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, +Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.</p> + +<p>12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in +Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. +February 21, 1958.</p> + +<p>13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones, +Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.</p> + +<p>14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J. +Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.</p> + +<p>15. New Subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert +L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.</p> + +<p>16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. +405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.</p> + +<p>17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, +Microtus montanus. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 415-511. 12 figures in text, 2 +tables. August 1, 1959.</p> + +<p>18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. +artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 +map. January 14, 1960.</p> + +<p>19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with +description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and +J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.</p> + +<p>20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, +México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, +1960.</p> + +<p>21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, +México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, +1960.</p> + +<p>22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and +David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.</p> + +<p>23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert +L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.</p> + +<p>Index Pp. 671-690.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison +B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. +September 12, 1956.</p> + +<p>2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima. +By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.</p> + +<p>3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History +Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 +plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.</p> + +<p>4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus +ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 +tables. December 19, 1957.</p> + +<p>5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee. +Pp. 163-211, pls. 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.</p> + +<p>6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. +Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. +November 7, 1958.</p> + +<p>7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By +Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.</p> + +<p>8. Natural history of the salamander. Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. +Johnston and Schad Gerhard. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.</p> + +<p>9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, +México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2, +1960.</p> + +<p>10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei. By +William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-612, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, +1960.</p> + +<p>Index Pp. 611-626.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, +Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text, +July 8, 1959.</p> + +<p>2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.</p> + +<p>3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-218, 49 +figures in text. February 19, 1960.</p> + +<p>4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures +in text. May 2, 1960.</p> + +<p>More numbers will appear in volume 12.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By +Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.</p> + +<p>2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the isthmus of +Tehuantepec, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 +figs. August 16, 1960.</p> + +<p>3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from +Coahuila, México. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figures in +text. August 16, 1960.</p> + +<p>4. Autecology of the Copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls. +13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.</p> + +<p>5. Occurrence of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great +Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. +289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.</p> + +<p>6. Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie +L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.</p> + +<p>7. Geographic variation in the North American Cyprinid Fish, Hybopsis +gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis. +21-24, 2 figures in text. February 10, 1961.</p> + +<p>8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, Genus Ptychohyla—studies of +American hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2 +figures in text. April 27, 1961.</p> + +<p>9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des +Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pis. +26-30, 3 figs. in text. August 11, 1961.</p> + +<p>More numbers will appear in volume 13.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western México. By Sydney Anderson. +Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.</p> + +<p>2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis +on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, +Jr. and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.</p> + +<p>3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. +Pp. 29-67, pls. 1-2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.</p> + +<p>More numbers will appear in volume 14.</p> + + +<p>Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, México. By William +E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs. December 20, 1961.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of +Michoacán, México, by William E. Duellman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES OF MICHOACAN *** + +***** This file should be named 33543-h.htm or 33543-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/4/33543/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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