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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. Madison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Emma Goldman
+       Biographical Sketch
+
+Author: Charles A. Madison
+
+Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33628]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EMMA GOLDMAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ EMMA GOLDMAN
+
+ _Biographical Sketch_
+
+ By
+ CHARLES A. MADISON
+
+ _Author of_
+ CRITICS AND CRUSADERS
+
+ _Published by_
+ LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB, INC.
+ P. O. Box 842
+
+ General Post Office               New York 1, N. Y.
+
+ May 13, 1960
+
+
+
+
+
+ _Reprinted from_
+ "CRITICS AND CRUSADERS"
+ by CHARLES A. MADISON
+ _with the permission of_
+ FREDERICK UNGAR PUBLISHING CO.
+
+
+
+
+ IN MEMORIAM
+
+ The Libertarian Book Club
+ has published this pamphlet as
+ a tribute to the memory
+ of our brave comrade
+
+ EMMA GOLDMAN
+
+ died May 13, 1940
+
+ to commemorate the twentieth anniversary
+ of her death
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EMMA GOLDMAN 1869 1940]
+
+
+
+
+EMMA GOLDMAN
+
+_ANARCHIST REBEL_
+
+
+The hanging of several anarchists in 1887 as a consequence of the
+Haymarket bombing in Chicago caused many Americans to sympathize with
+the gibbeted radicals. Youths swathed in bright idealism, men and women
+rooted in equalitarian democracy, workers trusting in the rectitude of
+their government--all doubted the guilt of the condemned prisoners and
+were deeply perturbed by the egregious miscarriage of justice. Many of
+them for the first time became aware of the state's ruthless arrogation
+of power, and scores upon scores remained to the end of their lives
+inimical to government and apprehensive of all forms of authority.
+
+Emma Goldman was one of these converts. Resentment against the
+restraints of authority was no new experience for this spirited girl. As
+far back as she could remember she had hated and feared her father, a
+quick-tempered and deeply harassed Orthodox Jew who had vented his
+emotional and financial vexations on his recalcitrant daughter. Unable
+to get from him the love and praise she craved, she had refused to
+submit to his strict discipline and had preferred beatings to blind
+obedience. Consequently she grew up in an atmosphere of repression and
+acrimony. "Since my earliest recollection," she wrote, "home had been
+stifling, my father's presence terrifying. My mother, while less violent
+with her children, never showed much warmth."
+
+At the age of thirteen she began to work in a factory in St. Petersburg,
+and her life became doubly oppressive. She soon learned of the
+revolutionary movement and sympathized with its agitation against
+Czarist autocracy. To escape from the tyranny of her father, the
+irksomeness of the shop, and the repressive measures of the government,
+she fought with all her stubborn strength for the opportunity to
+accompany her beloved sister Helene to the United States. Early in 1886
+the two girls arrived in Rochester to live with their married sister,
+who had preceded them to this country.
+
+Like other penniless immigrants, the seventeen-year-old Emma had no
+alternative but to follow the common groove to the sweatshop. Paid a
+weekly wage of two dollars and a half for sixty-three hours of work, she
+naturally resented the social system which permitted such exploitation.
+Together with other immigrants she had dreamed of the United States as a
+haven of liberty and equality. Instead she found it the home of crass
+materialism and cruel disparity. This disillusionment was deepened by
+the hysterical accounts of the trial in Chicago. She was quick to
+conclude that the accused anarchists were innocent of the charge against
+them; and the vilification not only of the prisoners but of all radicals
+merely hardened her hatred against the enemies of the working poor.
+
+It was easy enough for her to believe John Most's claim in _Die
+Freiheit_ (which chance had brought her way) that Parsons, Spies, and
+the other defendants were to be hanged for nothing more than their
+advocacy of anarchism. What this doctrine was she did not quite know,
+but she assumed it must have merit since it favored poor workers like
+herself. When the jury found the men guilty, she could not accept the
+reality of the dread verdict. Her thoughts clung to the condemned
+anarchists as if they were her brothers. In her passionate yearning to
+do something in their behalf she attended meetings of protest and read
+everything she could find on the case; and she sympathetically
+experienced the torment of a prisoner awaiting execution. In her
+autobiography, _Living My Life_, she wrote that on the day of the
+hangings "I was in a stupor; a feeling of numbness came over me,
+something too horrible even for tears." The very next day, however, she
+became imbued with a surging determination to dedicate herself to the
+cause of the martyred men, to devote her life to the ideals for which
+they had died.
+
+In the meantime, discouraged and lonely, she had welcomed a fellow
+worker's show of affection. She felt no love for him and, as a result of
+an attempted rape at the age of fifteen, she still experienced a
+"violent repulsion" in the presence of men, but she had not the strength
+to refuse his urgent proposal of marriage. She soon learned to her
+dismay that her husband was impotent and not at all as congenial as she
+had thought. However, the very suggestion of a separation enraged her
+father, who had recently come to Rochester. After months of aggravation
+she did go through the then rare and reprehensible rite of Orthodox
+divorce, but she had to leave town to avoid social ostracism. When she
+returned some months later, her former husband again pursued her, and
+his threat of suicide frightened her into remarrying him.
+
+Emma now felt herself thwarted and trapped. Twenty years old and
+yearning to make life meaningful, she chafed at the very thought of her
+drab and dreary existence. Her anxiety to elude her father's abuse, to
+free herself from a loveless marriage, to escape the dullness of her
+oppressive environment, only intensified her longing for freedom and
+affection. Consequently she began to nurture her dream of dedicating
+herself to the ideal championed by the Chicago martyrs. One day in
+August 1889 she broke relations with her husband and parents and left
+for New York with money supplied by her ever-devoted sister Helene.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the metropolis Emma felt herself gloriously free. For the first time
+in her life she was completely independent. On the teeming East Side a
+new and wonderful world emerged before her, and she embraced it with
+passionate abandon. Alexander Berkman, a determined doctrinaire at
+eighteen, made her acquaintance the day she arrived and the pair at once
+established an intimate comradeship which endured through many
+vicissitudes to the day of his death. John Most, the impetuous anarchist
+leader, became her lover as well as her mentor and opened new and
+fascinating vistas of the mind. "Most became my idol," she wrote. "I
+adored him." Under his tutelage she read seminal books and learned about
+significant men and ideas. Anarchism assumed definite meaning; the
+struggle by the many in want against the few in power, then so
+pathetically feeble, became to her a war unto death; the goal of social
+freedom appeared tangible and alluringly near. For months her voracious
+hunger for knowledge seemed insatiable, her capacity for emotion
+inexhaustible. This tremendous release of energy was in truth the
+expression of long-pent-up zeal. She threw herself into the radical
+movement of the East Side with the enthusiasm of an inspired visionary.
+
+Her first years in New York were a period of preparation. Along with her
+work in sweatshops, which she had to do to earn her living, she found
+time to familiarize herself with the latest libertarian literature and
+to spend hours on end in intellectual discussion. Nor was she able to
+remain a passive onlooker even during her early apprenticeship. With
+John Most's helpful guidance she went on her first "tour of agitation"
+only a few months after reaching New York. She addressed several
+meetings in as many cities on the eight-hour day, then a timely topic,
+and discovered that she was able to hold the attention of an audience
+and to think quickly while facing its inimical questioning.
+
+That winter the newly formed Cloakmakers' Union called its first general
+strike. Emma immediately "became absorbed in it to the exclusion of
+everything else." Her task was to persuade the timid girl workers to
+join the strike. With prodigious energy she exhorted them at meetings,
+encouraged them at dances and parties, and thus influenced many to
+partake in the common effort to improve working conditions in the
+sweatshops. The strike leaders were greatly impressed by her dynamic
+qualities as an organizer and public speaker.
+
+Emma's association with John Most became strained to the breaking point
+when she perceived that he esteemed her more as a lover than as a fellow
+anarchist. His arrogance irritated her and, much as she admired his
+impassioned eloquence and incisive mind, she could not accept the
+acquiescent role he had assigned her. When his high-handed behavior
+resulted in a factional split, she sided with those who rejected his
+domination. Some time later, when Most derided Berkman's attempt to kill
+Henry C. Frick and disavowed the theory of "propaganda of the deed" of
+which he had been the chief exponent, she came to hate him. At the first
+opportunity she lashed him with a horsewhip at a public meeting and
+denounced him as a renegade. Nor did time bring about a reconciliation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Emma, Alexander Berkman, and a youthful artist were living together in
+congenial intimacy. They worked at their menial tasks during the day and
+devoted their evenings to agitation. Because the progress of anarchism
+in this country was too slow for them, the news of increased
+revolutionary activity in Russia filled them with a romantic nostalgia
+for their native land. They decided to engage in some business until
+they should have saved enough money for the journey back. In the spring
+of 1892 chance brought them to Worcester, Massachusetts, where they were
+soon operating a successful lunchroom.
+
+The bloody consequences of the lockout at the Homestead plant of The
+Carnegie Steel Company inflamed the minds of these youthful idealists.
+The plan to return to Russia was abandoned with little regret. They
+agreed it was their duty to go to the aid of the brutally maltreated
+workers. Berkman insisted that their great moment was at hand, that they
+must give up the lunchroom and leave at once for the scene of the
+fighting. "Being internationalists," he argued, "it mattered not to us
+where the blow was struck by the workers; we must be with them. We must
+bring them our great message and help them see that it was not only for
+the moment that they must strike, but for all time, for a free life, for
+anarchism. Russia had many heroic men and women, but who was there in
+America? Yes, we must go to Homestead, tonight!" Taking with them the
+day's receipts and their personal belongings, they left immediately for
+New York. Berkman, eager to emulate the Russian nihilists who were then
+fighting hangings with assassinations, determined to make Frick, the
+dictatorial general manager, pay with his life for the death of those
+who had worked for him. Unable to perfect a bomb, he decided to use a
+pistol. Emma wanted to accompany him to Pittsburgh, but remained behind
+for the lack of railroad fare. A few days later the resolute youth of
+twenty-one made his way into Frick's office, discharged three bullets
+into his body, and stabbed him several times before being overpowered
+and beaten into unconsciousness.
+
+Prior to the attempt on his life Frick had been severely criticized for
+harsh and arbitrary treatment of his employees. His determination to
+break their union and his reckless use of Pinkertons had antagonized
+even those who normally favored the open shop. Berkman's attack, so
+alien and repugnant to our democratic mores, completely changed the
+situation. Frick became the hero of the day. Journalists and public men
+vied in praise of the victim and execration of the assailant. The fact
+that the latter was of Russian birth and an anarchist only served to
+strengthen his guilt. Although Frick recovered from his wounds with
+extraordinary rapidity and was back at his desk within a fortnight, and
+although the law of Pennsylvania limited punishment for the crime to
+seven years, the defendant was tried without benefit of legal counsel
+and sentenced to twenty-two years' imprisonment.
+
+The ascetic youth was thoroughly dismayed by the calamitous turn of
+events. He regarded Frick as "an enemy of the People," a cruel exploiter
+of labor who had to be destroyed as a concrete warning of the oncoming
+revolution. He gloried in this opportunity to serve the American workers
+in the manner of the Russian nihilists. It pained him therefore to think
+that he owed his failure to kill Frick to the interference of the very
+workers for whom he was ready to die. The attack upon him by John Most
+was distressing enough, but the scornful repudiation by the strikers and
+the coolness of labor everywhere cut him to the heart. Suffering the
+anguish of a living death in one of the worst prisons in the United
+States, he sought comfort in the thought that he was a revolutionist and
+not a would-be murderer. "A revolutionist," he later explained, "would
+rather perish a thousand times than be guilty of what is ordinarily
+called murder. In truth, murder and _Attentat_ are to me opposite terms.
+To remove a tyrant is an act of liberation, the giving of life and
+opportunity to an oppressed people." Some years afterwards he came to
+believe that even such shedding of blood "must be resorted to only as a
+last extremity." It was this faith in the ideal for which he was
+prepared to die that kept him alive through fourteen years of physical
+torture and mental martyrdom. One need only read his _Prison Memoirs of
+an Anarchist_, a work of extraordinary acumen and power, to appreciate
+the high purpose that had motivated him and the strength of character
+that enabled him to turn his prison trials into spiritual triumphs.
+
+Emma, his lover and accomplice, from the very first defended him with
+passionate abandon. To her he was "the idealist whose humanity can
+tolerate no injustice and endure no wrong." The excessive punishment
+dealt to him by the state struck her as barbarous and cowardly. "The
+idealists and visionaries," she asserted years later, "foolish enough to
+throw caution to the winds and express their ardor and faith in some
+supreme deed, have advanced mankind and have enriched the world." At the
+time, however, she grieved to think of her noble companion doomed to
+waste the best years of his life in execrable confinement.
+
+Unable to lighten his suffering, she resolved to double her effort
+towards the realization of their common ideal. A physical breakdown,
+however, forced her to seek rest and medical care. Her sister Helene
+welcomed her back and helped her to regain strength. But the aggravation
+of the unemployment crisis in 1893 caused her to disregard the doctor's
+warning and to return to her post on the East Side. "Committee sessions,
+public meetings, collection of foodstuffs, supervising the feeding of
+the homeless and their numerous children, and, finally, the organization
+of a mass-meeting on Union Square entirely filled my time." As the main
+speaker at this large gathering she excoriated the state for functioning
+only as the protector of the rich and for keeping the poor starved and
+enslaved, like a giant shorn of his strength. Commenting on Cardinal
+Manning's dictum that "necessity knows no law," she continued: "They
+will go on robbing you, your children, and your children's children,
+unless you wake up, unless you become daring enough to demand your
+rights. Well, then, demonstrate before the palaces of the rich; demand
+work. If they do not give you work, demand bread. If they deny you both,
+take bread. It is your sacred right." For this speech she was arrested,
+charged with inciting to riot although the meeting was peaceable, and
+sentenced to one year in Blackwell's Island Penitentiary.
+
+She went to prison in a defiant mood. She was now the avowed enemy of
+the corrupt minions of the state and she knew they would stop at nothing
+to keep her from agitating for a better world--the world for which she
+and Berkman were then in jail. She resolved to fight back and fight
+hard. So long as breath remained in her lungs and strength in her body,
+she would deliver her message to the oppressed masses! No amount of
+torture in prison or persecution outside would deter her in the struggle
+against the state and the powerful rich!
+
+While in prison Emma learned the rudiments of nursing. She liked the
+work better than sewing, and upon her release she persuaded several
+doctors to recommend her as a practical nurse. Wishing to qualify
+herself, she accepted the aid of devoted friends in order to study
+nursing in the Vienna Allgemeines Krankenhaus, a hospital of very high
+repute. While in Europe she lectured in England and Scotland and met the
+leading anarchists in London and on the Continent. She also made
+first-hand acquaintance with the contemporary social theater, on which
+she was later to lecture and write with penetrating insight. In the
+summer of 1896 she returned to this country, qualified as a nurse and
+midwife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Once back in New York, she immediately resumed her anarchist activity.
+Her first concern was to promote an appeal for Berkman's pardon, and
+keen was her sorrow and resentment when it was refused. More than ever
+eager to further their common ideal, and greatly moved by the sporadic
+attacks upon the more aggressive workers, she undertook her first
+continental lecture tour.
+
+     Everywhere workers were slain, everywhere the same butchery!...
+     The masses were millions, yet how weak! To awaken them from
+     their stupor, to make them conscious of their power--that is
+     the great need! Soon, I told myself, I should be able to reach
+     them throughout America. With a tongue of fire I would rouse
+     them to a realization of their dependence and indignity!
+     Glowingly I visioned my first great tour and the opportunities
+     it would offer me to plead our Cause.
+
+Her opportunities fell far short of her expectations, but her words of
+fire ignited the hearts of many who came to scoff.
+
+For the next twenty years she devoted most of her time to lecturing. She
+spoke wherever there were comrades enough to organize a meeting; and in
+scores of cities, from Maine to Oregon, there were libertarians ready to
+suffer great inconvenience for their cause. At first most of her talks
+were given in Yiddish and German; later, as she attracted more
+Americanized audiences, she spoke mainly in English. Her topics ranged
+widely in content. She expounded the doctrine of anarchism whenever
+possible, but her lectures dealt mainly with current social problems and
+the modern European drama. Shortly before World War I she discussed
+birth control with a frankness that sent her to jail for a fortnight.
+She usually keyed her talks to the intelligence of her auditors, and
+always she spoke with clarity and enthusiasm.
+
+Throughout her years of agitation she exercised extraordinary tact and
+exceptional physical courage. No other woman in America ever had to
+suffer such persistent persecution. She was arrested innumerable times,
+beaten more than once, refused admission to halls where she was to
+speak. Often the police dispersed her audience. Intimidated owners
+frequently refused to rent her meeting places or cancelled contracts at
+the last minute. On various occasions she was met at the train and
+compelled by sheer force to proceed to the next stopping place. In 1912
+she and Ben Reitman, at that time her manager and lover, were driven
+from San Diego and the latter was tarred and tortured.
+
+It must be said that the lawbreakers and defilers of liberty were not
+Emma Goldman and her harassed followers but the sworn guardians of the
+law and leading local citizens. The latter and not the anarchists were
+guilty of violating the rights of free speech and free assembly, of
+beating their victims without cause and of jailing them without warrant.
+It was after one such instance of unprovoked brutality that Emma wrote:
+
+     In no country, Russia not exempt, would the police dare to
+     exercise such brutal power over the lives of men and women. In
+     no country would the people stand for such beastliness and
+     vulgarity. Nor do I know of any people who have so little
+     regard for their own manhood and self-respect as the average
+     American citizen, with all his boasted independence.
+
+The newspapers abetted the police in the lawless treatment of Emma and
+her fellow rebels. They sometimes perverted a grain of truth into
+columns of muck and made "Red Emma" a symbol of all that was dangerous
+and despicable. The rank injustice of this abuse caused the staid New
+York _Sun_ to protest on September 30, 1909: "The popular belief is that
+she preaches bombs and murder, but she certainly does nothing of the
+kind. Bombs are very definite things, and one of the peculiarities of
+her doctrine is its vagueness. The wonder is that with a doctrine so
+vague she managed to strike terror into the stout hearts of the police."
+
+Nor were the police and the press the only perpetrators of this modern
+witch hunt. President Theodore Roosevelt expressed the attitude of many
+persons of privilege and respectability when he blustered: "The
+Anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of all mankind, and his is
+the deeper degree of criminality than any other." When William Buwalda,
+a soldier in the United States Army and the recipient of a medal for
+bravery, shook hands with Emma Goldman at one of her lectures in 1908,
+he was courtmartialed and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. It was
+only as a consequence of numerous public protests that Buwalda was
+pardoned after he had served ten months. The Red Hysteria of 1917-21
+merely climaxed decades of ill-treatment of a militant minority in a
+nation founded on the principles of human rights and individual
+liberty.
+
+If this ugly chapter in recent American history was the work of men of
+property and of public officers, there were numerous other Americans,
+less powerful but of greater probity, who cherished the fundamental
+freedoms of our Founding Fathers. These liberals spoke out forcefully
+against the violation of rights guaranteed by the Constitution. They
+gladly gave of their time and money to the defense of the harassed
+radicals. Because Emma Goldman suffered most from police brutality and
+because her dynamic personality attracted those who came in contact with
+her, she was befriended by scores of Americans in every part of the
+country. These Jeffersonian liberals admired her courage and sincerity
+and helped her to organize her lecture tours and to finance her
+propagandistic and literary ventures.
+
+Emma reached the nadir of her career during the aftermath of President
+McKinley's assassination. With the memory of Alexander Berkman's fate
+still festering in her heart, she said: "Leon Czolgosz and other men of
+his type ... are drawn to some violent expression, even at the sacrifice
+of their own lives, because they cannot supinely witness the misery and
+suffering of their fellows." Even before her attitude was known, she was
+arrested as an accomplice of Czolgosz and treated with extreme savagery
+before being released for lack of evidence.
+
+Even more painful to her was the obtuseness of those anarchists who
+condemned Czolgosz's act as wanton murder. Ironically enough, even
+Berkman wrote from prison to disapprove of the shooting and to
+differentiate it from his own attack upon Frick; in his opinion the
+killing of McKinley was individual terrorism and not a deed motivated by
+social necessity. Emma was shocked by this argument, since to her both
+acts were inspired by the same high idealism and spirit of
+self-sacrifice. Unlike Berkman, who had come to see the futility of
+terrorism in a country like the United States, she was more interested
+in the incentive than in the effectiveness of an assassination. She was
+ostracized for her loyalty to Czolgosz and, as a consequence of his
+execution, suffered severe depression.
+
+Once Emma Goldman had mastered the English language, she was not long in
+wishing to establish a periodical that would carry the message of
+anarchism to those whom she could not reach in person. Outbreaks of
+strikes in this country and increased revolutionary activity in Russia
+only made her more eager for a magazine of her own. In 1905 she was
+serving as manager and interpreter for Paul Orleneff and Alla Nazimova,
+who had come to the United States for a theatrical tour. When Orleneff
+learned of Emma's ambition to publish a periodical, he insisted on
+giving a special performance for her benefit. Although a pouring rain
+kept the audience to a fraction of the expected number, the receipts
+sufficed to pay for the first issue of _Mother Earth_.
+
+The scope and purpose of the new monthly, which began to appear in March
+1906, were explained at the outset:
+
+     _Mother Earth_ will endeavor to attract and appeal to all those
+     who oppose encroachment on public and individual life. It will
+     appeal to those who strive for something higher, weary of the
+     commonplace; to those who feel that stagnation is a deadweight
+     on the firm and elastic step of progress; to those who breathe
+     freely only in limitless space; to those who long for the
+     tender shade of a new dawn for a humanity free from the dread
+     of want, the dread of starvation in the face of mountains of
+     riches. The Earth free for the free individual.
+
+Emma Goldman edited the monthly throughout its eleven years of
+existence. In all this time it reflected her views, her interests, her
+dynamic liveliness. Her fellow editors at one time or another were Max
+Baginski, Hippolyte Havel, and Alexander Berkman, but the character of
+the periodical underwent no change as a consequence. Each issue
+contained at least one poem, brief editorials on the events of the
+month, articles on current aspects of anarchism, comments on labor
+strikes and radical activities the world over, reports by Emma on topics
+of interest to her or on her frequent lecture tours, and finally appeals
+for money. Many prominent libertarians contributed essays of a
+philosophical or hortatory nature. It emanated a youthful vigor and an
+exuberance not found in any other contemporary periodical. Its several
+thousand readers were devoted to it and supported it with their limited
+means until the postal censor put an end to the monthly shortly after
+the declaration of war in 1917.
+
+_Mother Earth_ was not Emma Goldman's sole publishing activity. A firm
+believer in the efficacy of educational propaganda, she printed and sold
+a long list of inexpensive tracts. Her table of literature became a
+prominent feature at all her meetings. When no commercial publisher
+would accept Berkman's _Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist_, she collected
+funds and issued the book herself. The volume has since become a classic
+in its field, and stands to this day as a living reminder of the
+dominance of a keen and determined mind over all physical obstacles.
+Emma also brought out her own collection of lectures, _Anarchism and
+Other Essays_. She was able, however, to find a publisher for her
+impressive volume of lectures on _The Social Significance of the Modern
+Drama_, which deals incisively with the European plays that dissect the
+common failures and fallacies of bourgeois society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Face to face with an audience, Emma Goldman was a forceful and witty
+propagandist. Frequently she lifted her rapt hearers to heights from
+which they envisioned a world wholly free and completely delightful. In
+cold print, however, her lectures reveal little of her dynamic appeal.
+They are primarily the work of a forceful agitator: clear, pointed,
+spirited, but without originality or intellectual rigor.
+
+The faithful disciple of Bakunin and Kropotkin, Emma perceived
+civilization as "a continuous struggle of the individual or of groups of
+individuals against the State and even against 'society,' that is,
+against the majority subdued and hypnotized by the State and State
+worship." This conflict, she argued, was bound to last as long as the
+state itself, since it was of the very nature of government to be
+"conservative, static, intolerant of change and opposed to it," while
+the instinct of the individual was to resent restriction, combat
+authority, and seek the benefits of innovation.
+
+Her definition of anarchism first appeared on the masthead of _Mother
+Earth_ in the issue of April 1910: "The philosophy of a new social order
+based on liberty unrestrained by man-made law; the theory that all forms
+of government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful, as
+well as unnecessary." In her oft-repeated lecture on the subject she
+warmly described the benefits to ensue from social revolution:
+
+     Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping
+     of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth;
+     an order that will guarantee to every human being free access
+     to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life,
+     according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations.
+
+To the end of her life Emma avowed the soundness and practicality of her
+doctrine. As late as 1934 she declared in _Harper's Magazine_: "I am
+certain that Anarchism is too vital and too close to human nature ever
+to die. When the failure of modern dictatorship and authoritarian
+philosophies becomes apparent and the realization of failure more
+general, Anarchism will be vindicated." It was her belief that sooner or
+later the mass of mankind would perceive the futility of begging for
+crumbs and would take power into its own hands. Since she scorned
+political means, she expounded the validity of direct action. This
+method she defined as the "conscious individual or collective effort to
+protest against, or remedy, social conditions through the systematic
+assertion of the economic power of the workers." Once the state and
+capitalism were destroyed, anarchism would assume the form of free
+communism, which she described as "a social arrangement based on the
+principle: To each according to his needs; from each according to his
+ability." It must be stressed that although the wording is common to all
+forms of communism, that of Marx and Lenin implies strict centralized
+authority, while that of Kropotkin and Emma Goldman envisions complete
+decentralization and the supremacy of the individual.
+
+No man who has pondered the concept of the good life will fail to
+appreciate the ideal propounded by the anarchists. And one who has
+observed the results of modern dictatorship cannot but sympathize with a
+vision of the future in which the individual is the prime beneficiary of
+all social activity. Yet life often makes mock of man's noblest dreams.
+Emma may have been "the daughter of the dream"; her doctrine remains as
+utopian as it is alluring. There is no gainsaying the fact that modern
+conditions still favor national and industrial centralization. The
+philosophy of anarchism appears less tenable today than ever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Though in no sense a pacifist, Emma Goldman was intensely opposed to
+wars between nations. The very idea of human slaughter on the
+battlefield appeared to her as barbaric and criminal. And to her the
+culprit was the state. Without governments to lead their subjects to
+battle wars would be as unthinkable as duels are now. "No war is
+justified unless it be for the purpose of overthrowing the Capitalist
+system and establishing industrial control for the working class."
+
+Her first contact with war occurred in 1898, when the United States
+attacked Spain. While she abominated the medieval monarchy which
+oppressed the Cubans, she did not want our politicians and
+industrialists to use the liberation of that island as a pretext for
+their imperial aggrandizement. She therefore agitated against the war at
+every one of her lectures, and did not cease to expose our imperialist
+intentions until the end of the fighting. Fortunately for her, the
+liberties of the people were not curbed as a result of the war, and the
+police did not consider her lack of patriotism more provoking than her
+advocacy of anarchism.
+
+In 1914, when war broke out in Europe, she immediately perceived its
+catastrophic nature and condemned its instigators as monstrous
+criminals. Alexander Berkman, who had been enjoying uneasy liberty since
+1906 and who worked closely with her despite their intermittent personal
+and ideological differences, at once joined her in the attack. Both did
+their utmost to rouse the people against our involvement. It was a hard
+and increasingly thankless fight against deep-seated prejudices.
+Consternation struck their hearts when they learned that Peter Kropotkin
+and other eminent anarchists had embraced the cause of the Allies and
+were participating in the propaganda campaign against Germany. Resolved
+to retain their sanity in a world gone mad, they repudiated all
+"warmongers" regardless of their previous professions and intensified
+their efforts to keep the United States out of the European holocaust.
+
+When events moved us in the direction of belligerency, the government
+sought feverishly to regiment the nation for the war struggle. Emma,
+Berkman, and numerous other radicals resisted this martial hysteria with
+all the force at their command. _Mother Earth_ blasted the proponents of
+preparedness in issue after issue and denounced the government for
+trampling upon the Bill of Rights in its hypocritical pretence of making
+the world safe for democracy. Emma denounced the capitalist basis of war
+before crowds of enthusiastic sympathizers. As late as March 1917 she
+wrote:
+
+     I for one will speak against war so long as my voice will last,
+     now and during the war. A thousand times rather would I die
+     calling to the people of America to refuse to be obedient, to
+     refuse military service, to refuse to murder their brothers,
+     than I should ever give my voice in justification of war,
+     except the one war of all the peoples against their despots and
+     exploiters--the Social Revolution.
+
+She and Berkman organized the No-Conscription League for the purpose of
+encouraging conscientious objectors to resist induction into the army.
+Writing in behalf of the League, Emma explained: "We will resist
+conscription by every means in our power, and we will sustain those who,
+for similar reasons, refuse to be conscripted." At several mass-meetings
+she and Berkman expressed these sentiments, knowing that government
+agents were taking notes on their speeches. On June 15, 1917, both were
+arrested and charged with "conspiring against the draft."
+
+The two rebels did not flinch from the ordeal awaiting them. "Tell all
+friends," Emma wrote shortly before their trial, "that we will not
+waver, that we will not compromise, and that if the worst comes, we
+shall go to prison in the proud consciousness that we have remained
+faithful to the spirit of internationalism and to the solidarity of all
+the people of the world." In court they conducted their own defense with
+a facility and frankness that gained the admiration of even their
+detractors. They shrewdly used the courtroom as a forum. In addressing
+the jury they were eloquently polemical.
+
+     It is organized violence on top [Emma asserted] which creates
+     individual violence at the bottom. It is the accumulated
+     indignation against organized wrong, organized crime, organized
+     injustice, which drives the political offender to his act....
+     We are but the atoms in the incessant human struggle towards
+     the light that shines in the darkness--the ideal of economic,
+     political, and spiritual liberation of mankind!
+
+The dramatic trial was in a sense another re-enactment of the age-old
+tragedy in which the rebellious idealist is condemned by the gross
+guardians of society. The obdurate defendants were each given the
+maximum penalty of two years in prison and a fine of ten thousand
+dollars.
+
+Time passed in dreary monotony for Emma in Jefferson City and Berkman in
+Atlanta. The war was fought and won, the millions of American soldiers
+were back from Europe, and peace again prevailed over the earth. But to
+conservatives the specter of Bolshevism had replaced the ogre of
+Prussianism as the enemy of established society. In this country
+Attorney-General Mitchell Palmer, a Quaker and God-fearing man, led the
+manhunt against those who were suspected of sympathy with the Russian
+Revolution. Thousands of men and women were made the victims of an
+Anti-Red hysteria, and hundreds were deported as undesirable aliens.
+When Emma and Berkman were released, they also became subject to
+expulsion. Although she had long been a naturalized citizen by virtue of
+her marriage to a citizen, the Department of Labor ruled otherwise. On
+the night of December 21, 1919, the two rebels together with 247 other
+undesirables were hurried aboard the ancient troopship _Buford_ for
+passage to Russia.
+
+Thirty years of struggle and suffering on this side of the Atlantic had
+so Americanized Emma and Berkman that they could not think of themselves
+as belonging to another country. The ignominy of expulsion and the loss
+of their friends wounded them deeply. Yet they were comforted by the
+thought of the adventure that lay ahead. As the battered _Buford_ plowed
+its billowy way to the shores of Finland they reflected on the ironic
+turn of events which had transformed Czarist Russia into a land of
+revolution and converted the free United States into a citadel of
+reaction. While still in jail they had approved the Bolshevik coup as a
+necessary safeguard of the revolution. They believed that Lenin and his
+fellow leaders, while Marxists and therefore advocates of a strong
+centralized government, were devoted to the principles of freedom and
+equality and therefore deserved the support of all workers and
+libertarians. Now, outcasts from the capitalist stronghold, they longed
+to join their Russian comrades in the defense of the revolution. When
+she reached the Soviet border, Emma later wrote, "my heart trembled with
+anticipation and fervent hope."
+
+Dismay darkened their days throughout the twenty months of their sojourn
+in Russia. Their official welcome quickly spent itself. They began to
+look about for themselves, to speak privately with fellow anarchists,
+and to seek explanations of events and practices not to their liking.
+The twin demons of inefficiency and stupidity--judged by their American
+and anarchist standards respectively--leered at them wherever they went;
+the black walls of bureaucracy rose before them at every turn. Perverse
+cruelty on the part of the government came to their attention with
+distressing frequency. All their early efforts at rationalization failed
+to excuse the needless hunger, the mass arrests, the arbitrary
+executions. They discussed these events with prominent Bolshevik
+leaders, including Trotsky and Lenin, in the hope of persuading them to
+mitigate conditions injurious to the revolution. In each instance the
+response was either enigmatic or equivocal. Angelica Balabanova, then
+secretary of the Third International and later as disaffected an exile
+as herself, told Emma that life was "a rock on which the highest hopes
+are shattered. Life thwarts the best intentions and breaks the finest
+spirits." Alexandra Kollontay, the hard-headed diplomat, chilled her
+with the advice to stop "brooding over a few dull gray spots." Even
+Lenin impressed her and Berkman as callous and unsympathetic.
+
+Time only deepened their perturbation. After eight months of life in
+Russia, Emma began to doubt the revolution itself. "Its manifestations
+were so completely at variance with what I had conceived and propagated
+as revolution that I did not know any more which was right. My old
+values had been shipwrecked and I myself thrown overboard to sink or
+swim." The climax of her quarrel with the Bolsheviki came a year later
+during the attack upon the mutinous Kronstadt sailors. That hundreds of
+true sons of the revolution should be shot down for sympathizing with
+striking workers seemed to her a crime worse than any committed by the
+Czarist regime. Neither she nor Berkman could any longer stomach such
+ruthless authoritarianism and both left the country as soon as they were
+able to obtain visas.
+
+Once past the Soviet border, the hapless pair became true Ishmaelites,
+without either home or country. No government offered them asylum, and
+few were willing to provide them with even temporary visas. Devoted
+friends had great difficulty in getting Swedish officials to permit the
+two refugees a long-enough stay in Stockholm to procure visas for a
+sojourn in Germany.
+
+Their one great mission now became the unmasking of the Bolsheviki, and
+their attacks were more virulent and hysterical than those of the most
+extreme reactionaries. Berkman's _The Bolshevik Myth_ and Emma's _My
+Disillusionment in Russia_ and _My Further Disillusionment in Russia_
+(the book was published in two separate volumes as a result of an
+inadvertent misunderstanding) are charged with fanatic hatred. Both
+insisted that Lenin and his monstrous crew were perverting the Russian
+Revolution to their own sinister purposes and must be destroyed at all
+costs. They made no effort to view the situation objectively.
+
+In 1924 Emma was permitted to make her home in England. At once she
+busied herself with plans to rouse the people against the Bolsheviki,
+but found herself either snubbed or scorned. The liberals refused to
+support her for fear of endangering Soviet Russia's precarious relations
+with Great Britain; the radicals insisted on the need of bolstering the
+Bolsheviki during the period of revolutionary experimentation. Her
+lectures were poorly attended; her audiences failed to be impressed.
+After two years of discouragement she decided to leave England
+altogether. Shortly before her departure she married James Colton, an
+old rebel, for the convenience of British citizenship.
+
+A vacation in France preceded a lecture tour through Canada. Again on
+American soil, she resumed the old pattern of agitation. But the
+Dominion did not provide sufficient scope for her seething energy. And
+when friends, who had long urged her to write her autobiography,
+provided her with funds for that purpose, she returned to France.
+
+_Living My Life_ appeared in 1932. It is a lively story, palpitating
+with strong feeling and epitomizing the blazing years of her anarchist
+activity. The writing is vivacious, forceful, exciting. The narrative is
+colorful and wholly uninhibited. Emma's strong personality stamps every
+page. She was as dynamic in her numerous amours as in her work for human
+freedom, and she discusses both with equal zest. Her unrepressed egotism
+prompts her to relate personal incidents which have little bearing on
+her own development and none on that of anarchism--incidents that
+sometimes reveal petty malice and that might better have been left
+unrecorded. The final impression, however, is of her generous character,
+her profound devotion to the ideal of liberty, her extraordinary energy,
+her great courage, and her successful insistence on living her life in
+her own way.
+
+When Emma had completed her long book and was ready to resume her role
+as lecturer and agitator, the menace of fascism drove the Bolshevik
+betrayal from the forefront of her mind. A tour through Germany and
+other parts of Europe convinced her that the Nazis were the greater
+threat to freedom and must be fought without let. Late in 1933 she
+returned to Canada and addressed large audiences on such topics as
+"Hitler and His Cohorts," "Germany's Tragedy," and "The Collapse of
+German Culture." With Cassandra-like foresight she argued that England
+and Germany's neighbors were blind to the danger confronting them and
+that if the Nazis were not ousted from power they would destroy
+civilization.
+
+In January 1934 she was granted permission to visit the United States
+for ninety days. Friends arranged for a two-month lecture tour. Her
+audiences were large, though a good percentage came more out of
+curiosity than to pay homage to her anarchist leadership. Some hotels
+refused to admit her, and detectives and policemen were as conspicuous
+within the halls as in former times. Communists heckled her, but there
+was comparatively little of the excitement and defiance of her previous
+"tours of agitation." In truth neither Emma nor her hearers bothered
+much about the doctrine of anarchism. The immediate menace had become
+not the capitalistic state but fascist authoritarianism (to Emma,
+Bolshevism was "only left-wing fascism"); and she attacked it not as the
+apostolic anarchist but as the passionate libertarian. The end of April
+came all too soon, and again she had to depart from the land in which
+she had spent her best years. Nor did the fact that she was an old woman
+without roots elsewhere make leavetaking any easier.
+
+The following year she sojourned in Canada, lecturing, writing, hoping
+in vain for readmission to the United States. In the spring of 1935 she
+went to France. Berkman was already there, and the two old friends again
+saw much of each other. The day after her sixty-seventh birthday their
+lifelong intimacy was abruptly ended by his suicide; he had been ill for
+some time and characteristically preferred death to a wretched old age.
+The tragic event oppressed her grievously.
+
+The Spanish Civil War, beginning shortly after, provided her with
+much-needed distraction. With energies renewed she at once went to
+Spain. Her previous friendly association with Spanish anarchists made
+her a welcome addition to their ranks. For the next two years she
+devoted herself to bolstering the cause of the Loyalists. Since
+England's sympathy was of crucial importance, she went to London to work
+in behalf of the Spanish government. The callous and undiscerning
+attitude of the ruling Tories deprived her of the last atom of hope. She
+returned to Spain in 1938, wishing to stand beside her comrades during
+their final futile efforts to hold back the fascist inundation.
+
+Early in 1939, with darkness rapidly enveloping the whole of Europe,
+Emma returned to Canada. There she died on May 13, 1940, clinging
+tenaciously to the shreds of her revolutionary ideal until her last
+gasp.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Emma Goldman was unquestionably the most active and audacious rebel of
+her time. An idealist to the core of her being, cherishing liberty as
+the most precious of human possessions, completely dedicated to the full
+and free life for all mankind, she early became the object of
+concentrated contumely and brutal abuse on the part of the defenders of
+the status quo. Her threat to society lay not so much in her
+revolutionary doctrine as in her attacks upon the abuses of capitalism.
+B. R. Tucker and other individualist anarchists were equally opposed to
+authority, but they were not molested so long as they did not concern
+themselves with economic exploitation. Emma, however, had made it her
+duty to fight against injustice toward the worker and the nonconformist.
+Consequently she organized mass-meetings and marches against
+unemployment; she became a picket-leader and fund-raiser, and protested
+openly and persistently against violations of free speech and against
+police brutality. This activity, especially effective because of her
+untiring zeal and bold eloquence, gave her pre-eminence as a dangerous
+enemy of capitalism and subjected her to persecution by the authorities
+until she was driven out of the country.
+
+Quite a few Americans, however, respected her for her honest idealism
+and valued her as a goad stinging the social conscience of our
+complacent public. One of them, William Marion Reedy, called her "the
+daughter of the dream" after a meeting with her in 1908 and added: "She
+threatens all society that is sham, all society that is slavery, all
+society that is a mask of greed and lust." Floyd Dell spoke for many in
+the blithe year of 1912 when he wrote: "She has a legitimate social
+function--that of holding before our eyes the ideals of freedom. She is
+licenced to taunt us with our moral cowardice, to plant in our souls the
+nettles of remorse at having acquiesced so tamely in the brutal artifice
+of present-day society."
+
+For all her courage and iconoclasm, she was deeply feminine in outlook
+and behavior. Her strongest attribute was of an emotional rather than
+intellectual nature: she felt first and thought afterwards. She had an
+extraordinary capacity for believing whatever suited her ideological or
+personal purposes. Rationalization and ratiocination merged in her mind
+very readily. Thus in her autobiography she was punctilious in recording
+the details of her love affairs, presumably in the belief that
+everything she did and felt affected her revolutionary development. Yet
+at all times she was ready to sacrifice her own happiness for the good
+of anarchism.
+
+On her fiftieth birthday, while in prison for obstructing the draft, she
+took stock of her past. "Fifty years--thirty of them on the firing
+line--had they borne fruit or had I merely been repeating Don Quixote's
+idle chase? Had my efforts served only to fill my inner void, to find an
+outlet for the turbulence of my being? Or was it really the ideal that
+had dictated my conscious course?" She had not the slightest doubt,
+however, that her life had not been lived in vain. She had fought
+valiantly, and was to remain on the firing line for another twenty
+years. And while it is in the very nature of an ideal to fail of
+achievement, its mere existence gives life its impetus and its reward.
+Emma's quotation from Ibsen, made while waiting for deportation in
+1919--"that it is the struggle for the ideal that counts, rather than
+the attainment of it"--may well be her epitaph.
+
+
+
+
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+ ANARCHISM
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+ _Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy_
+
+ by
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+
+ _with an appended essay_
+ by
+ RUDOLF ROCKER
+
+ Interpretation of the whole range of the anarchist thought, in one
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+ NINETEEN SEVENTEEN
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+ NATIONALISM AND CULTURE
+
+ _Translated from the German by_ RAY E. CHASE
+ SECOND PRINTING
+
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+ THE SIX
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+ _Great Characters from World Literature_
+
+ "_The Six_ seems to me like a great symphony. A short introduction, a
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+ each of the six stories, which make up the symphony. Each has its own
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