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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Erthe Upon Erthe, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Erthe Upon Erthe
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Hilda Murray
+
+Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33768]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins,
+David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
+This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real"
+(Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could not be fully
+displayed have been "unpacked" and shown in brackets:
+
+  [Gh] [gh] (yogh: very common)
+  [&] (Tironian ampersand)
+  êîôû (long vowels, printed with macron; "true" circumflex does
+         not occur)
+
+Other diacritics (rare) as shown as [~e] (e-tilde) and similar.
+
+Mid-word italics representing expanded abbreviations are shown in
+{braces}. Whole-word italics are shown conventionally with _lines_.
+Braces are also used with ^ (caret) for mid-word superscripting (rare);
+superscripts that continue to the end of the word use ^ alone. Boldface
+is shown with #marks#.
+
+Text in [[double brackets]] was added by the transcriber. Except for
+footnotes and the unpacked characters listed above, single brackets are
+in the original.
+
+The pointing-finger symbol is shown as -->. The combinations m~, n~
+and d~ represent letters with a decorative curl.
+
+In the editorial material, some text formatting has been simplified or
+omitted to reduce visual clutter:
+
+  --Footnotes were italicized, with emphatic words in Roman (non-italic)
+  type; this has been "toggled" to plain type with italic emphasis.
+  --Glossary entries were shown in #boldface#, as were all references
+  to "#A# version" and "#B# version".
+  --In the Glossary, page-and-line references in the form "15.33" gave
+  the line number in smaller type.
+
+The author's father was James Murray of the Oxford English Dictionary.]
+
+
+
+
+  Erthe upon Erthe
+
+  EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY
+
+  Original Series, No. 141
+
+  1911 (reprinted 1964)
+
+  Price 30_s._
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+  BRITISH MUSEUM, MS. HARL. 2253. c. 1307. fol. 57 v.
+  (_slightly reduced_)]
+
+
+
+
+  Early English Text Society.
+  Original Series.
+
+
+  The Middle English Poem,
+
+  ERTHE UPON ERTHE,
+
+  Printed From Twenty-Four Manuscripts,
+
+  Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary,
+
+  by
+
+  HILDA M. R. MURRAY
+
+
+  _Published for_
+  THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY
+  _by the_
+  OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
+  LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO
+
+
+
+
+  First Published 1911
+  Reprinted 1964
+
+  Original Series, No. 141
+
+  Reprinted Lithographically in Great Britain
+  at the University Press, Oxford
+  by Vivian Ridler
+  Printer to the University
+
+
+
+
+  To my Father
+
+  QUEM
+  QUAMVIS LONGISSIMO INTERVALLO
+  SEQUI TAMEN CONOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION:
+      The two Versions of the Poem 'Erthe upon Erthe'             ix
+      Descriptive List of MSS. of the Poem                         x
+      The A Version                                              xiv
+      The B Version                                              xvi
+      The Cambridge Text                                         xxv
+      Origin and Growth of the Poem                             xxix
+      Later Versions of the Poem                                xxxv
+      Literary Interest                                      xxxviii
+      Editor's Note                                              xli
+
+  THE #A# VERSION:
+      1. MS. Harleian 2253                                         1
+      2. MS. Harleian 913                                          1
+
+  THE #B# VERSION:
+      1. William Billyng's MS                                      5
+      2. MS. Thornton                                              6
+      3. MS. Selden supra 53                                       7
+      4. MS. Egerton 1995                                          8
+      5. MS. Harleian 1671                                         9
+      6. MS. Brighton                                             10
+      7. The Stratford-on-Avon Inscription                        11
+      8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307                                     12
+      9. MS. Harleian 4486                                        13
+      10. MS. Lambeth 853                                         14
+      11. MS. Laud Miscellaneous 23                               16
+      12. MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi                                19
+      13. MS. Rawlinson Poetical 32                               20
+      14. MS. Porkington 10                                       24
+      15. MS. Balliol 354                                         27
+      16. MS. Harleian 984                                        29
+      17. The Maitland MS.                                        30
+      18. John Reidpeth's MS.                                     31
+
+  THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT                                              32
+
+  NOTES AND ANALOGUES                                             35
+
+  APPENDIX:
+    I. 'Erthe' Poem in Latin, French, and English (Record
+            Office Roll, Ex^r. K. R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1, and
+            MS. British Museum Additional 25478)                  41
+    II. (B Version) additions:
+      19. MS. Trinity College Cambridge R. 3. 21                  47
+      20. MS. Trinity College Cambridge B. 15. 39                 48
+
+  GLOSSARY                                                        50
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+THE TWO VERSIONS OF THE POEM 'ERTHE UPON ERTHE'.
+
+The Middle English poem of _Erthe upon Erthe_ is one which occurs fairly
+frequently in fifteenth-century MSS. and even later. It was a favourite
+theme for Commonplace Books, and was frequently inserted on the spare
+leaves at the beginning or end of a manuscript. From the many texts of
+the poem which have survived, and from the fact that portions of it
+continued to be inscribed on walls and tombstones up to the beginning of
+the nineteenth century, a wide popularity may be deduced. The extant
+versions, moreover, point to a knowledge of the poem throughout the
+greater part of England, as well as in the south of Scotland. The
+grimness of the motive, based on the words _Memento homo quod cinis es
+et in cinerem reverteris_, allies the text both with the earlier group
+of poems relating to _The Soul and the Body_, and with the more or less
+contemporary _Dance of Death_, but whereas the two latter groups can
+claim a popularity which extended over western Europe, _Erthe upon
+Erthe_ exists only in Middle English texts, and in one parallel Latin
+version.[1] It is, indeed, difficult to see how the play upon the word
+_earth_ on which the poem depends could have been reproduced with equal
+success in any language outside English, and the Latin version is
+distinctly inferior in this respect. There would seem, therefore, to be
+good reason for the assumption that _Erthe upon Erthe_ is of English
+origin, belonging to the same class of literature as the English
+versions of the _Soul and Body_ poems.
+
+The earliest texts of the poem known to be extant are found in MSS.
+Harleian 2253 and 913, both dated about the beginning of the fourteenth
+century. The two texts vary greatly in length--MS. Harl. 2253 consists
+of four lines as against seven six-lined stanzas in MS. Harl. 913--and
+the latter text has the parallel Latin rendering mentioned above, but
+they coincide so far as they go, and appear to represent a thirteenth or
+fourteenth-century type of the poem, which may be called the A
+version.[2]
+
+Another poem of the same kind, which differs considerably from the A
+version, but is, in all probability, closely connected with it in
+origin, is common in fifteenth-century MSS. I have traced eighteen texts
+of this version, dating from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century,
+all of which represent or are based upon the same common type, though
+individual transcribers appear to have expanded the theme according to
+their own taste. Such additions may easily be distinguished, since they
+seldom succeed in maintaining either the grim simplicity, or the
+fundamental play upon the word _earth_, which characterize the genuine
+portions of the poem. This common fifteenth-century type may be called
+the B version.
+
+Lastly, a single fifteenth-century MS. (Cambridge University Library,
+Ii, 4. 9) has preserved a text of the poem in which some attempt seems
+to have been made to combine the A with the B version. This text may be
+called the C version, or Cambridge text.
+
+In the following pages an attempt has been made to justify the premises
+in part laid down already, and to show that the A and B versions may be
+traced back to a common source, and that this source was not only
+confined to England, but was itself English.
+
+
+MSS. OF THE POEM 'ERTHE UPON ERTHE'.
+
+The following is a list of the manuscripts in which the poem occurs:--
+
+MSS. of the A Version:
+
+  1. MS. Harl. 2253, fol. 57, v^o, dated c. 1307. Four lines
+    inserted between a French poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort,
+    and an English poem on the Execution of Simon Fraser. Printed by
+    J. Ritson, _Ancient Songs and Ballads from the Reign of K. Henry
+    II to the Revolution_, p. 13 (1790), by E. Flügel, _Anglia_, xxvi.
+    216 (1903), and by W. Heuser, _Die Kildare-Gedichte_ (_Bonner
+    Beiträge zur Anglistik_, xiv. 179) (1904). (See the facsimile
+    opposite the title-page.)
+
+  2. MS. Harl. 913, fol. 62, r^o (c. 1308-1330). Seven six-lined
+    English stanzas alternating with seven of the same purport in
+    Latin. Printed by T. Wright, _Reliquiae Antiquae_, ii. 216 (1841),
+    by F. J. Furnivall, _Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints_, p. 150
+    (printed for the Philological Society, Berlin, 1862), and by
+    W. Heuser, _ibid._, p. 180.
+
+MSS. of the B Version:
+
+  1. William Billyng's MS. (dated 1400-1430). Five four-lined
+    stanzas, preceded by the figure of a naked body, rudely drawn,
+    having a mattock in its right hand, and a spade at its feet. At
+    the end of the poem is a prone figure of a skeleton accompanied by
+    two draped figures.[3] Printed by W. Bateman, _Billyng's Five
+    Wounds of Christ_, no. 3 (Manchester, 1814),[4] 'from a finely
+    written and illuminated parchment roll, about two and
+    three-quarter yards in length: it is without date, but by
+    comparing it with other poetry, it appears to have been written
+    early in the fifteenth century; the illuminations and ornaments
+    with which it is decorated correspond to those of missals written
+    about the reign of Henry V; the style may therefore fix its date
+    between the years 1400 and 1430. The author[5] gives his name and
+    mark at the bottom of the roll.' Reprinted from Bateman's text by
+    J. Montgomery, _The Christian Poet_, edit. 1 and 2, p. 45 (1827),
+    edit. 3, p. 58 (1828).
+
+  2. MS. Thornton (Lincoln Cath. Libr.), fol. 279 (c. 1440). Five
+    stanzas[6] without mark of strophic division. Printed by G. G.
+    Perry, _Religious Poems in Prose and Verse_, p. 95 (E.E.T.S., No.
+    xxvi, 1867, reprinted 1889, p. 96), and by C. Horstmann,
+    _Yorkshire Writers (Richard Rolle of Hampole)_, i. 373 (1895).
+
+  3. MS. Selden supra 53, fol. 159, v^o (c. 1450). Six stanzas
+    (strophic division indicated in the first two), written in a
+    different hand on the back of a spare leaf at the end of the MS.;
+    stanza 5 of the usual B version omitted. Quoted by H. G. Fiedler,
+    _Modern Language Review_ (April 1908), III. iii. 221. Not printed
+    before.
+
+  4. MS. Egerton 1995, fol. 55, r^o (William Gregory's Commonplace
+    Book, dated c. 1430-1450, cf. J. Gairdner, _Collections of a
+    London Citizen_. Camden. Soc. 1876 n.s. xvii). Seven stanzas
+    without strophic division. Not printed before.
+
+  5. MS. Harl. 1671, fol. 1*, r^o (fifteenth century). Seven stanzas
+    written in the left-hand column on the fly-leaf at the beginning
+    of the MS., which consists of a 'large Theological Treatise,
+    imperfect at both ends, which seemeth to have been entituled "The
+    Weye to Paradys"'.[7] The upper portion of the leaf contains a
+    poem in praise of St. Herasmius. Not printed before.
+
+  6. MS. Brighton, fol. 90, v^o (fifteenth century). Seven stanzas.
+    Printed by Fiedler, _M. L. R._ III. iii. 219, from the last leaf
+    of a MS. formerly seen by him in possession of an antiquary at
+    Brighton, and containing a Latin treatise on the seven Sacraments.
+
+  7. Stratford-on-Avon Inscription (after 1450). Seven stanzas,
+    formerly on the west wall of the nave in the Chapel of the Trinity
+    at Stratford-on-Avon, cf. R. B. Wheler, _Hist. and Antiq. of
+    Stratford-on-Avon_, p. 98: 'against the west wall of the nave,
+    upon the south side of the arch was painted the martyrdom of
+    Thomas à Becket, whilst kneeling at the altar of St. Benedict in
+    Canterbury Cathedral; below this was represented the figure of an
+    angel (probably St. Michael) supporting a long scroll, upon which
+    were written the following rude verses: Erth oute of erthe,' &c.
+    'Beneath were two men, holding another scroll over a body wrapt in
+    a winding sheet, and covered with some emblems of mortality with
+    these lines: Whosoo hym be thowghte,' &c. (v. Note on p. 36).
+    These paintings were probably added in the reign of Henry VII,
+    when the Chapel was restored by Sir Hugh Clopton (died 1496), who
+    built New Place opposite the Chapel in 1483. They were discovered
+    in 1804 beneath a coating of whitewash, and were copied and
+    engraved, but have since been more than once re-coated with
+    whitewash, and all trace of the poem has now disappeared.
+    Facsimiles, etched and coloured by hand, exist in Thomas Fisher's
+    _Series of Ancient Allegorical, Historical, and Legendary
+    Paintings in fresco, discovered on the walls of the Chapel of the
+    Trinity, belonging to the Gild of the Holy Cross, at
+    Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, from drawings made at the time
+    of their discovery_ (1807). Printed by R. B. Wheler, _ibid._
+    (1806), by Longfellow, _Outre-Mer_ (_Père-La-Chaise_, note on
+    p. 67), 1851, and by W. P. Reeves, _Mod. Lang. Notes_, IX. iv. 203
+    (April 1894).
+
+  8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307, fol. 2, r^o (after 1458). Eight stanzas,
+    of which three are peculiar to this MS., and are of a more
+    distinctly Northern dialect than the remainder. The poem is the
+    only English text in a MS. containing Latin prose and verse. Two
+    Latin poems in the same hand as _Erthe upon Erthe_ refer to the
+    death of Gilbert Pynchbeck at York in 1458, which would fix the
+    date c. 1460, or later. The three independent stanzas were printed
+    by Fiedler, _ibid._ p. 221.
+
+  9. [8]MS. Harl. 4486, fol. 146, r^o (fifteenth century). Eight
+    stanzas added on the last leaf but one of a copy of _Le Livre de
+    Sydrac_, immediately after the colophon. The last two leaves and
+    the cover of the MS. contain various scribblings in
+    fifteenth-century hands, chiefly of Latin aphorisms and rimes.
+    Folio 147, v^o, contains the signature of Tho. Baker, who may
+    possibly have transcribed the English poem. Not printed before.
+
+  10. MS. Lambeth 853, fol. 35 (c. 1430-1450). Twelve stanzas.
+    Printed by F. J. Furnivall, _Hymns to the Virgin and Christ_,
+    p. 88 (E.E.T.S. 1867, No. xxiv, reprinted 1895).
+
+  11. MS. Laud Misc. 23, fol. 111, v^o (before 1450). Twelve
+    stanzas, varying very slightly from MS. Lambeth. Not printed
+    before.
+
+  12. MS. Cotton Titus A xxvi, fol. 153, r^o (fifteenth century).
+    Six four-lined stanzas, apparently the beginning of a transcript
+    of MS. Lambeth. Not printed before.
+
+  13. MS. Rawlinson Poetic. 32, v^o (after 1450). Thirty-two
+    stanzas, each of four short lines, corresponding to half the
+    normal stanza; stanzas 17 to 30 are peculiar to this MS. The
+    greater part printed by Fiedler, _ibid._ p. 222.
+
+  14. MS. Porkington 10, fol. 79, v^o (fifteenth century). Twelve
+    six-lined stanzas, of which stanzas 7 to 11 are peculiar to this
+    MS. Printed by Halliwell, _Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse,
+    selected from an inedited MS. of the 15th cent._, p. 39 (Warton
+    Club, 1855), and by Fiedler, ibid. p. 225.
+
+  15. MS. Balliol 354, fol. 207, v^o (Richard Hill's Commonplace
+    Book, dated before 1504). Sixteen stanzas, of which stanzas 6 to
+    14 introduce an independent digression on the Nine Worthies.
+    Printed by Flügel, _Anglia_, xxvi. 94 (1903), and by Roman
+    Dyboski, _Songs, Carols, and Other Misc. Poems_, p. 90 (E.E.T.S.
+    1907, extra ser. ci).
+
+  16. MS. Harl. 984, fol. 72, r^o (sixteenth century). The preceding
+    leaf of the MS. has been torn out, leaving only two lines of what
+    may be assumed to be verse 6, and the whole of verse 7, which
+    occur with other fragments on the last leaf but one.
+
+  17. The Maitland MS. Pepysian Library, Magd. Coll. Cambr., MS.
+    2553, p. 338 (c. 1555-1585). Seven stanzas in the Lowland Scots
+    dialect, with the ascription 'quod Marsar'. Thomas Pinkerton
+    published portions of the MS. in his _Ancient Scottish Poems never
+    before in print . . . from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard
+    Maitland_ (London, 1786), but omitted _Eird upon Eird_. Not
+    printed before.
+
+  18. The Reidpeth MS. Cambridge Univ. Libr. Ll. 5. 10, fol. 43,
+    v^o, copied 1622-1623 'a me Joanne Reidpeth'. Seven stanzas,
+    probably transcribed from the Maitland MS., but concluding 'quod
+    Dumbar'. Not printed before.
+
+MS. of the C Version:
+
+  The Cambridge Text. Cambr. Univ. Libr. Ii. 4. 9, fol. 67, r^o
+    (fifteenth century). Eighty-two lines comprising twenty-two or
+    twenty-three stanzas. The text is followed by a coloured picture
+    of a young knight, standing on a hill with a skeleton below.
+    A scroll proceeding from the knight has the words: _Festina tempus
+    et memento finis_, while one proceeding from the skeleton runs:
+    _In omni opere memorare nouissima et in eternum non peccabis_.
+    Printed by Heuser, _Kildare-Gedichte_, p. 213.
+
+
+THE #A# VERSION.
+
+The A version exists in two forms, one a short popular stanza of four
+lines (MS. Harl. 2253), apparently of the nature of a riddle, the other
+a longer poem of seven English and seven Latin stanzas (MS. Harl. 913),
+each English verse being followed by its Latin equivalent. The metrical
+form of the Latin verses is one often used in Latin poems of the twelfth
+and thirteenth centuries, a six-lined stanza, rimed _aaaabb_, with the
+rhythm of the well-known
+
+  _méum ést propósitúm_  |  _ín tabérna móri._
+
+The English verses are also in the form of a six-lined stanza _aaaabb_,
+but the first four lines have the same loose four-stress rhythm as the
+lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the concluding couplet is on the principle
+of the septenarius. Both the English and the Latin lines rime at the
+caesura as well as at the end of the line, but this is less uniformly
+the rule in the English verses. There is close verbal connexion between
+the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the opening lines of the longer
+poem, as will appear from a comparison of the two:--
+
+_MS. Harl._ 2253.
+
+  Erþe toc of erþe   erþe wyþ woh
+  erþe oþer erþe   to þe erþe droh
+  erþe leyde erþe   in erþene þroh
+  þo heuede erþe of erþe   erþe ynoh
+
+_MS. Harl._ 913.
+
+  whan erþ haþ erþ . iwonne wiþ wow
+  þan erþ mai of erþ . nim hir inow
+  erþ vp erþ . falliþ fol frow
+  erþ toward erþ . delful him drow.
+  of erþ þou were makid . _and_ mon þou art ilich
+  in on erþ awaked . þe pore _and_ þe riche.
+
+The connexion between these two versions might be explained in two ways.
+The short version of MS. Harl. 2253 may be the beginning of a transcript
+of the longer poem in which the scribe broke off because his memory
+failed him, or because he was only acquainted with a popular version of
+the opening lines. On the other hand, the short version may be the
+older, and the more learned composer of the poem in MS. Harl. 913 may
+have been elaborating this and other such riddling stanzas current at
+the time. But any attempt to decide between these two possibilities must
+necessarily depend upon the conclusion formed as to the relation of the
+Latin stanzas in MS. Harl. 913 to their English equivalents, and this
+question will be more conveniently discussed in connexion with the
+general origin of the _Erthe upon Erthe_ poems. As regards the date of
+the two MSS., MS. Harl. 2253 is generally ascribed to the beginning of
+the fourteenth century, and the Kildare MS. (MS. Harl. 913) is dated c.
+1308 by Crofton Croker, c. 1308 to 1330 by Heuser, while Paul Meyer is
+of opinion that it may belong to an earlier period still. The dialect of
+both poems is South Midland, probably of the western part of the
+district. MS. Harl. 2253, which is commonly associated with Leominster,
+has _heuede_ (4). MS. Harl. 913 has _lutil_, _schrud_, _muntid_, _heo_,
+_mon_, _lond_, and S. Midl. forms of verbs. We have therefore two types
+of the A version, standing in close verbal relation to each other, of
+much the same date and dialect, and representing in all probability the
+kind of _Erthe_ poem current at the end of the thirteenth century in the
+South-west Midland district.
+
+
+THE #B# VERSION.
+
+As will appear from the foregoing account of the MSS., the eighteen
+texts of the B version vary considerably in length, many of them
+introducing stanzas which do not recur elsewhere. A comparison of the
+number and arrangement of the stanzas in each text is given on the next
+page, the stanzas being numbered according to the order of their
+arrangement in the text to which they belong, and the corresponding
+stanzas in the various texts grouped under columns. MSS. Thornton,
+Selden, and Egerton have no mark of strophic division, but fall
+naturally into mono-rimed stanzas of four lines. All the remaining texts
+are arranged in four-lined stanzas with mono-rime,[9] with the exception
+of MS. Porkington, which represents an evident expansion of the original
+metrical scheme, an additional long line being attached to each stanza
+by means of a short bob-line, giving a six-lined stanza, _aaaabb_. In
+MS. Rawl. Poet. each long line is written as two short lines, so that
+the usual four-lined stanza appears in this text as two stanzas, each
+consisting of four half-lines. This arrangement is facilitated by the
+regular internal rime on the word _erthe_. The order of the
+fifteenth-century MSS. of the B version observed in the table
+corresponds to that in the foregoing list of MSS., and in the printed
+text, and is not always strictly chronological, it being more convenient
+for purposes of comparison to group the texts according to their length.
+It will be seen that the three late texts (MSS. Harl. 984, Maitland, and
+Reidpeth) revert to the normal seven-stanza type, and that this appears
+to have been the form of the poem known to the compiler of the Cambridge
+text, a comparison of which is added.
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  The printed table has been rotated 90% for this plain-text version.
+  The numerical key (1-18, Cam) and the lettered notes (A, B...) were
+  also added by the transcriber.]
+
+   1. Wm. Billyng's Text
+   2. MS. Thornton
+   3. MS. Selden, supra 53
+   4. MS. Egerton 1995
+   5. MS. Harl. 1671
+   6. MS. Brighton
+   7. Stratford Inscription
+   8. MS. Rawl. C. 307
+   9. MS. Harl. 4486
+  10. MS. Lambeth 853
+  11. MS. Laud Misc. 23
+  12. MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi
+  13. MS. Rawl. Poet.
+  14. MS. Porkington 10
+  15. MS. Balliol 354
+  16. MS. Harl. 984[10]
+  17. MS. Maitland
+  18. MS. Reidpeth
+  Cam The Cambridge Text
+
+  CS Common Stanzas
+  IS Independent Stanzas
+
+  Text| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|11|12| 13   |14|15|16 |17|18| Cam
+  ----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+------+--+--+---+--+--+----
+   CS | 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1.2.   1  1 (1)  1  1   1
+      | 2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  3.4.   2  2 (2)  2  2 3.8.
+      | 3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  6.5.   3  3 (3)  3  3   2
+      | 4  4  5  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  7.8.   4  4 (4)  4  4  10
+      | 5  5 --  5  5  5  5  5  5  8  8 -- 11.12.  5  5 (5)  5  5   9
+      |-- --  4  6  6  6  6 --  6  9  9 --   --    6 15  6   6  6  11
+      |-- --  6  7  7  7  7 --  7 11 11 --   --   12 16  7   7  7  --
+      |                         8 12 12 -- 31.32.
+      |                            5  5  5 15.16.
+      |                            6  6  6    --
+      |                            7  7 --  9.10.
+      |                           10 10 -- 13.14.
+  ----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+------+--+--+--+---+--+---
+   IS |                     [A]              [B]  [C][D]          [E]
+
+  [A] stanzas 6. 7. 8. (3)
+  [B] 17 to 30. (14)
+  [C] 7 to 11 (5)
+  [D] 6 to 14 (9)
+  [E] 6. 7. 13. 18 resemble A Version.
+      4. 5. 12. 14 to 17. 19 to 22 independent (11)
+
+It will be seen from the table that eleven of these texts have seven
+stanzas in common, and that fifteen of them have five in common. Of the
+three remaining texts, MS. Harl. 984 has a missing leaf, but would
+clearly appear to belong to the seven-stanza type, raising the above
+numbers to twelve texts of seven stanzas, and sixteen of five. MS.
+Selden again obviously represents the usual seven-stanza type with the
+accidental omission of verse 5. MS. Titus has four of the customary five
+verses, breaks off to follow the arrangement of the Lambeth MS., and
+comes to an end after copying two of the additional verses in the
+Lambeth text before reaching the usual fifth verse. Assuming that it
+represents a transcription of the Lambeth text, MS. Titus might be
+classed with the five-stanza type, or possibly, like MS. Lambeth, with
+the seven-stanza type. It may therefore be assumed that all eighteen of
+the B texts have five stanzas in common, or are based upon such a common
+type, and that thirteen, or possibly fourteen of them, represent a
+common type with seven stanzas, six of which are further found in the
+Cambridge text. These common stanzas vary very little in the different
+MSS. as regards either the actual text or the order of lines and
+stanzas, and it seems probable that the normal B version consisted of
+seven stanzas, ending with a personal exhortation which has been
+omitted, or possibly not yet added, in five of the texts. In four
+MSS.--Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. P., and Harl. 4486--an interesting final
+stanza, containing a prayer, has been added. Three of these texts, MSS.
+Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P., correspond in three other additional stanzas,
+which seems to point to some closer relationship between them, and two,
+or more strictly one and a half, of these additional stanzas are also
+found in MS. Titus, which appears to be a transcript of the Lambeth
+text. The scribe of MS. Titus followed the Lambeth text until he reached
+the middle of verse 6, when he apparently wearied of the task, and broke
+off with a new couplet of his own, entirely foreign in idea and metre to
+the _Erthe upon Erthe_ poems:--
+
+  Lewe thy syne & lyffe in right,
+  And þan shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght.
+
+The text, as a whole, is badly written with many erasures, and points to
+a careless hand.
+
+The additional stanzas cited in the table as independent contain mere
+variations on the main theme, and it is highly probable that the more
+expanded texts are the later, and represent individual additions to a
+popular poem, since they generally fail to maintain the internal rime on
+the word _erthe_ which is an evident characteristic of the genuine
+verses. In the case of the five MSS. in question, MS. Harl. 4486 might
+be taken to represent the original type, and MSS. Lamb., Laud[11], and
+Titus an expansion of this, while the author of Rawl. P. was obviously
+acquainted with the Lambeth text, or its original, and added to it
+certain stanzas of his own, leaving out three of the verses in Lambeth
+to make room for these. Whether the eighth stanza which MSS. Harl. 4486,
+Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P. have in common belongs to the original type of
+the B version, or was itself a later addition, can scarcely be
+determined, but as it seems to be confined to these four texts, the
+latter view is perhaps the more probable. It must, however, have been
+added early, as it occurs already in MSS. Lamb. and Laud before 1450,
+and preserves the principle of the internal rime on _erthe_. The
+relative dates of MSS. Lambeth and Rawl. P. as fixed by Furnivall and
+Madden (MS. Lamb. 1430-1450, R. P. after 1450) would bear out this
+theory of the relationship between these two texts, and it may further
+be noted that both have the same prefatory _De terra plasmasti me_,
+otherwise found only in MS. Harl. 1671, and that both exhibit the same
+tendency to employ a direct personal mode of address, and to lengthen
+out the original text by superfluous words.
+
+Cf. for example, MS. Harl. 4486, verse 5 (so MS. Laud, verse 8)--
+
+  Why erthe loueth erthe wonder me thynke,
+  Or why that erthe for erthe swete wylle or swynke, &c.
+
+with MS. Lamb. verse 8--
+
+  Whi þat erþe _to myche_ loueþ erþe, wondir me þink,
+  Or whi þat erþe for _superflue_ erþe _to sore_ sweete wole or swynk
+
+and MS. Rawl. P. verse 11--
+
+  Or whi that erthe for the erthe
+  _Unresonably_ swete wol or swynke.
+
+The exact date of the text in MS. Titus is indeterminate, but, as stated
+above, it is evidently based on MS. Lambeth or its original, and might
+be ascribed to c. 1450 or later. The text in MS. Harl. 4486 has been
+added by some later owner of the MS. on the last leaves of a
+fifteenth-century transcript of _Le Livre de Sydrac_. The handwriting of
+_Erthe upon Erthe_ is also fifteenth century, but the exact date again
+cannot be determined. The text, however, is far simpler and nearer to
+the original than that of the other four MSS., and evidently represents
+an earlier type than these, though the actual transcript may be later.
+
+With the exception of these five MSS., it is not easy to group the
+eighteen texts of the B version on any system based upon the additional
+stanzas, since these fail to bear out any theory as to closer
+relationship between individual MSS., though the connexion of ideas is
+often close owing to the similarity of the theme. Thus the nine
+additional stanzas in MS. Balliol contain a digression upon the nine
+worthies with an interesting reference in verse 12 to the Dance of
+Powlis, i.e. the Dance of Death formerly depicted outside St. Paul's
+Cathedral (v. Notes, p. 36). It is in the Cambridge text alone that the
+additional stanzas supply an interesting connexion with the A version,
+which places this text, unfortunately corrupt and difficult to decipher,
+in an important position as a link between A and B.
+
+With regard to possible relationships dependent upon variations in the
+order or arrangement of the lines in the seven common stanzas, it may be
+pointed out that the first verse in MS. Egerton consists of three lines
+only, the usual second line being omitted, and that both MS. Harl. 1671
+and MS. Porkington omit the same line, though each of these supplies a
+new and independent fourth line to fill the gap:--
+
+(_MS. Egerton_ 1995)
+
+  Erthe owte of þe erthe ys wounderly wrought,
+  Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought
+  How erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought.
+
+(_MS. Harl._ 1671)
+
+  Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought,
+  And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all hys thought
+  How that erth apon erth hye myght be brought,
+  _But how that erth scal to the erth thyngketh he noht_.
+
+(_MS. Porkington 10_)
+
+  Erthe vppon erthe is woundyrely wrou[gh]te;
+  Erthe vppon erthe has set al his þou[gh]te
+  How erthe vppon erth to erthe schall be brou[gh]te;
+  _There is none vppon erth has hit in þou[gh]te._
+                                Take hede!
+  Whoso þinkyse on his ende, ful welle schal he spede.
+
+It is obvious that these new lines are an afterthought, especially in
+the case of MS. Porkington, where the rime-word _þou[gh]te_ has to be
+repeated. Possibly these three texts depend upon a common original in
+which the usual second line _Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of
+noght_ was lacking, or MS. Egerton may have been the original of the
+other two. But MS. Harl. 1671 varies from the other two in the first
+line also, using a version which is otherwise confined to the Cambridge
+text--
+
+  Erthe apon erthe ys _waxyne and_ wrought--
+
+and both it and MS. Porkington begin _erthe upon erthe_ like the later
+texts, as opposed to the more usual _erthe owte of erthe_, so that there
+is no clear evidence of a closer relationship between these three texts.
+
+In verse 4, again, an inversion of the customary order of the second or
+third lines is common to MSS. Rawl. C., Porkington, Maitland, Reidpeth,
+and the Stratford-on-Avon inscription, but the verse easily lends itself
+to transposition of the kind, and in MS. Rawl. C. the usual first line
+is also put third, so that the order of lines as compared with the
+normal arrangement becomes 2. 3. 1. 4. Beyond the self-evident fact that
+the Maitland and Reidpeth MSS. must be grouped together, no relationship
+of the MSS. can be deduced from this transposition, though it may point
+to a second popular version with inversion of lines 2 and 3.
+
+One of the most important differences of reading in the common stanzas
+occurs in the first line of the poem, where twelve of the eighteen MSS.
+read _erthe out of erthe_, while the remaining six, as well as the
+Cambridge text, have _erthe upon erthe_. Three of these six are
+definitely later transcripts: MS. Porkington is obviously a later
+modification of the original four-lined stanza, and MSS. Maitland and
+Reidpeth belong to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
+respectively; the beginning of MS. Harl. 984 is not preserved, and the
+remaining two texts, MSS. Selden and Harl. 1671, belong to c. 1450,
+while the Cambridge text, as will be shown later, cannot be regarded as
+original. Evidently _erthe owt of erthe_ was the original reading, but
+the version _erthe upon erthe_ was introduced early, and appears to have
+survived the other. A similar change occurs in the last line of verse 2,
+where MS. Harl. 1671 and the Stratford text substitute _erth upon erth_
+for _out of_, _from_, _of_, of the other texts, and again in the third
+line of verse 4 (l. 2 in the texts mentioned above as transposing these
+lines) where the same two MSS. read _erth upon erth_ for the normal
+_erth unto_ (_into_, _to_) _erthe_; also in the fourth line of verse 7,
+where MSS. Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Maitland, and Reidpeth read _upon_
+for _owte of_. Now the last two lines of the first verse of the poem
+invariably use the phrase _erth upon erthe_, and it occurs repeatedly
+throughout the poem as a synonym for _man_: e.g. verse 2, line 1; 3, ll.
+1, 3; 4, ll. 1, 2 (or 3); 5, l. 3; 6, ll. 1, 3; 7, l. 1. It was very
+natural that the common phrase, and the one best adapted to serve as a
+title to the poem, should tend to replace others, but it seems probable
+that wherever the substitution occurs it may be taken as due to a later
+tradition, and consequently as a proof of non-originality or comparative
+lateness in the text in which it is found. A similar change, and one to
+be explained in a similar way, is the introduction of _wonderly_ for
+_wyckydly_ in the first line of verse 7 on the analogy of the first line
+of the poem, which occurs in MSS. Harl. 1671 and Stratford, and also in
+the late MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth.
+
+Other variations of reading are less noteworthy. In the second line of
+verse 1, ten MSS., ranging from the early Thornton and Lambeth to the
+late Maitland and Reidpeth, read _dignite_, while the others vary
+between _nobley_ (MS. Brighton, cf. the Cambridge text), _nobul þyng_
+(Billyng), _worschyp_ (Selden), and _an abbey_, perhaps an error for
+_nobley_ (Harl. 4486). The remaining three MSS. omit the line. In the
+fourth line of verse 2, the alliterative _piteous parting_ of MSS.
+Billyng, Egerton, Brighton, Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Titus, and Rawl.
+P., is replaced by _hard parting_ not only in the Stratford text and in
+the later MSS. (Porkington, Balliol, Maitland, Reidpeth), but also in
+MSS. Thornton and Rawl. C., while other readings are _dolful_
+(MS. Selden, cf. the Cambridge text) and _heuy_ (MS. Harl. 1671). It is
+difficult here to decide between _piteous_ and _hard_, but the
+preference should probably rest with the alliterative phrase. In the
+fourth line of verse 3, the alliterative _scharpe schowres_ is evidently
+the original reading, and it occurs in all texts except Stratford, Rawl.
+P., and Balliol.
+
+In the first line of verse 4, _erthe goeth upon erthe as moulde upon
+moulde_ occurs in thirteen texts, and two others (Stratford and Balliol,
+cf. also the Cambridge text) keep the rime _mould_ while altering the
+line. The other two readings found, _colde opon colde_ (Rawl. C.), and
+_golde appone golde_ (Thornton), are obviously non-original,
+particularly the latter, which repeats the rime-word _gold_ in two
+successive lines.
+
+Other variations and occasional transpositions of lines occur in
+individual MSS., but are unimportant.
+
+It will thus be seen that the popular traditional version of the poem
+tended to become modified, and even corrupt, already in the fifteenth
+century, and that such modifications are usually more apparent in the
+later texts. It is also evident that individual transcribers felt
+themselves at liberty to expand the traditional version, and that many
+tried their hand at such variations on the original theme, but the
+striking absence of proof of relationship outside the seven stanzas of
+the normal version, as well as the frequent unimportant variations found
+in the common stanzas, seems to point clearly to the conclusion that the
+original was a popular poem of seven, or possibly only five, stanzas,
+widely known over England, and that the more simple and naïve of the
+seventeen texts extant are also more genuine, and nearer to the
+original.
+
+Many of the texts are accompanied by a short prefatory or concluding
+verse in English or Latin. The English verse--
+
+  _When lyffe is most loued, and deth is moste hated,
+  Then dethe draweth his drawght and makyth man full naked_
+
+occurs as a preface in MSS. Harl. 4486 and 1671, Lambeth, Laud, Rawl.
+P., and Egerton, and as a conclusion in Billyng's text. The Latin
+_Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris_ occurs, in full or
+in part, in MSS. Harl. 4486, Egerton, Rawl. C., Lambeth, and Billyng,
+and _De terra plasmasti me_ in MSS. Harl. 1671, Lambeth, and Rawl.
+P. The two stanzas in rime royal on the _Procese of Dethe_ which
+immediately precede _Erthe upon Erthe_ in the Porkington MS. are
+transcribed as a separate poem, and if not separate, would rather belong
+to the preceding text, a translation of the Latin _Visio Philiberti_ in
+rime royal, than to _Erthe upon Erthe_. The latter poem often
+accompanies either a _Dance of Death_ or one of the numerous _Soul and
+Body_ dialogues, no doubt because of the similarity of the theme, but it
+is not necessary to regard these kindred poems as forming an essential
+part of each other. So in the Balliol MS., _Erthe upon Erthe_ is
+preceded by an eight-lined Latin stanza on the theme _vado mori_, which
+is probably part of a _Dance of Death_. Here again no basis for a
+grouping of the MSS. can be found.
+
+The two late texts--MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth--represent a Lowland
+Scots version of the poem, and are obviously copies of the same
+original. Probably the Reidpeth text is a transcription of the Maitland,
+but it contains some obvious misreadings of it, as in verse 3, line 3,
+_bowris_ (Maitl.), _towris_ (Reidpeth) repeating the rime-word; 5,
+l. 20, _within_ (Maitl.), _with_ (Reidpeth). The Maitland MS., compiled
+c. 1555-1585, adds the colophon _quod Marsar_. The later Reidpeth MS.,
+1622-1623, concludes with the words _quod Dumbar_. Mersar, or Marsar, is
+mentioned in Dunbar's _Lament for the Makaris_, and is usually
+identified with a William Mersar of the household of James IV, mentioned
+1500 to 1503. In any case, if he were a contemporary of Dunbar, he could
+scarcely be assigned to a sufficiently early date to account for the
+widespread popularity of _Erthe upon Erthe_ all over England in 1450,
+and the fact that the two MSS. assign the poem to different authors, of
+whom Dunbar is manifestly impossible, and Mersar at least improbable,
+may be explained as an instance of that readiness of posterity to attach
+a known name to a work of unknown origin, of which other examples are
+not wanting. It is, however, of interest to find that the poem had made
+its way to Scotland by 1550 or thereabouts.
+
+As regards dialect, the majority of the MSS. of the B version show
+traces of Northern dialect, most of them preserving the Nth. plural in
+_-is_ in the rimes _touris_, _schowrys_, &c. In verse 3 also the
+majority of the texts have the Nth. _bigged_ or _biggid_, but six (MSS.
+Billyng, Egerton, Rawl. P., Porkington, Balliol, and the Stratford text)
+use the Midl. or Sth. _bilded_ or _billed_. In verse 4 the rime requires
+the form _wold_ rather than the common Nth. _wald_, and even the
+Maitland MS. retains _wold_ for the sake of the rime, whereas MS.
+Reidpeth substitutes _wald_, sacrificing the rime. MSS. Thornton and
+Rawl. C. show distinct Nth. features, such as the verb-endings _-is_
+(pres. ind. 3 sg.), _-and_ (pres. part.), _-id_, _-it_, _-in_ (past
+part.), and MS. Rawl. C. has the Nth. _whate gates at þu gase_ riming
+with _fase_ (_foes_). But few of the MSS. represent pure dialect-forms,
+and an investigation of the dialect of the texts is of little assistance
+towards determining that of the original poem. Such evidence as exists
+points, on the whole, to the North Midland district, and a widespread
+popularity in the North, which led to the later knowledge of the poem
+across the Border, but the popularity was evidently not confined to the
+North, and Southern as well as Northern forms may be traced in both
+early and late transcripts.
+
+
+THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT.
+
+The Cambridge MS., as has been already stated, combines portions of both
+the A and the B version with several independent stanzas. At first sight
+it might appear to represent a transitional stage in the development of
+the B from the A type, but closer examination shows that this is not the
+case, and that the text is merely a later compilation from the two. The
+writer must have had some knowledge both of the longer A version
+represented by MS. Harl. 913, and of the common seven-stanza B type, and
+seems to have tried to combine his recollections in one poem, halting
+between the four-lined and six-lined stanza, repeating himself here and
+there, and adding certain new verses of his own. There is no grouping
+into stanzas in the MS., but a division is easily made by the rimes, and
+these give mono-rimed stanzas of four lines chiefly, with one of six
+lines, and some fragmentary ones of two or three. In one case a stanza
+has been broken up and the two couplets inserted at different points
+(ll. 9-10, 27-28). As has been shown in the table of MSS. of the B
+version, six verses of the B type may be traced, while four verses show
+distinct correspondence with A, and eleven are independent of either.
+A comparison of the similar lines follows:--
+
+  (_MS. Cambr._ Ii. 4. 9) ll. 1-4.
+
+  Erthe vpon erthe is waxin & wrought,
+  Erthe takys on erthe a nobylay of nought;
+  Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his þought
+  How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght.
+
+      (_MS. Harl._ 4486.) B Version.
+
+      1 Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowghte,
+        Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey[12] of nawte,
+        Erthe apon erthe hath sett{e} al his thowghte
+        How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte.
+
+  ll. 9-10, 27-28.
+
+  Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng,
+  But howe erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng.
+  When erthe says to erth: 'My rent þou me bryng,'
+  Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p{ar}tyng.
+
+      2 Erthe apon erthe be he a kyng{e},
+        Butt how erth schall{e} to erthe thynketh{e} he nothyng{e}.
+        When erthe byddeth erthe his rent home bryng{e},
+        Then schall{e} erth{e} owte of erthe haue a pyteous[13]
+            p{ar}tyng{e}.
+
+  ll. 5-8.
+
+  Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr{is};
+  Erthe says to erth: 'This is alle owr{is}.'
+  But q{ua}n erth vpon erth has byg{g}yd his bowr{is}
+  Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr{is}.
+
+      3 Erthe apon erthe wynneth castell{es} & towres.
+        Then seyth{e} erthe to erthe: 'These byth{e} all{e} owres.'
+        When erthe apon erthe hath bygged{e} vp his bowres
+        Then schall{e} erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.
+
+  Cf. l. 66.
+
+  If erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho{u}rs.
+
+  ll. 33-35.
+
+  Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde,
+  Erthe vpon erth glydys as golde,
+  As erthe leve in erthe eu{e}r mor{e} schulde.
+
+      4 Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde.
+        So goeth erthe apon erthe all{e} gleteryng{e} in golde,
+        Lyke as erthe into erthe neu{er} go scholde,
+        And [gh]et schall{e} erthe into erthe rather then be wolde.
+
+  ll. 29-32.
+
+  How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke,
+  How erthe for erth wyll swete and swynke.
+  When erth is in {e}rthe broght w{i}t{h}-in the brynke
+  What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty{n}ke.
+
+      5 Why erthe loueth{e} erthe wonder me thynke,
+        Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke,
+        Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w{i}t{h}yn þe brynke,
+        Then schall{e} erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke.
+
+  ll. 36-37.
+
+  Erthe vpon erth mynd eu{er} more þou make
+  How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy{m} take.
+
+      6 Loo erthe apon erthe consyder{e} thow may
+        How erthe co{m}myth to erthe naked all way.
+
+  ll. 19-22.
+
+  Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye,
+  Prykys and prankys on a palfreye;
+  When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye,
+  He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye.
+
+      (_MS. Harl._ 913) A Version.
+      v. 5, ll. 1, 2, 5, 6.
+
+      Erþ is a palfrei to king a{nd} to quene,
+      Erþ is ar la{n}g wei, þouw we lutil wene.
+      Whan erþ haþ erþ wiþ st{r}einþ þus geten,
+      Alast he haþ is leinþ miseislich i-meten.
+
+  ll. 41-46, 23-26.
+
+  Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede,
+  And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede,
+  When he was goty{n} in erth erth to his mede,
+  Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede.
+  Whylke are the wormys the flesch brede?
+  God wote the wormys for to ryght rede.
+  Than xal not be lyky{n}g vnto hy{m}
+  Bu[t] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in,
+  When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn,
+  The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn.
+
+      v. 2.
+
+      Erþ geþ on erþ wrikkend in weden,
+      Erþ toward erþ wormes to feden;
+      Erþ b{er}riþ to erþ al is lif deden;
+      When erþ is i{n} erþe, heo muntid þi meden.
+      When erþ is i{n} erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne;
+      Þan schullen an hu{n}dred wormes wroten on þe skin.
+
+  ll. 63-64.
+
+  Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres,
+  When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo{ur}s;
+
+      v. 6, ll. 5-6.
+
+      Erþ bilt castles, a{nd} erþe bilt toures;
+      Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.
+
+  l. 38.
+
+  Be war{e}, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle.
+
+      v. 6, l. 3.
+
+      Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold.
+
+The additional verses in MS. Cambr. bear some slight resemblance to
+other additional lines found in MSS. of the B type, and this is
+interesting as showing that the writer worked on the same lines in
+expanding his text, and was perhaps acquainted with some of the longer B
+texts. On the other hand characteristic differences in the treatment of
+the theme would seem to support the view that these verses are really
+individual additions and not derived from any of the other texts. The
+lines in question are given below:--
+
+  _MS. Cambr._ ll. 71-82.
+
+  God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde,
+  He had not in this erth but hong{er} & colde,
+  And in this erth also his body was solde,
+  Her{e} in this erth, whan þ{a}t he was xxx^ti [gh]er{e} olde.
+
+      _MS. Rawl. C._ v. 8.
+
+      Now he þ{a}t erthe opon erthe ordande to go
+      Graunt þ{a}t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so,
+      Þat when erthe vnto erthe shall{e} be taken to,
+      Þat þe saule of þis erthe suffre no wo.
+
+  God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou{n}de!
+  He sauyd hijs herth w{i}t{h} many a scharpe wounde,
+  Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou{n}de,
+  He deyd in erth vpon þe rode w{i}t{h} many a blody vou{n}de.
+
+  And God ros ovght of the est this erth for to spede,
+  And went into hell as was gret nede,
+  And toke erth from sorowe þ{i}s erth for to spede,
+  The ryght wey to heuen blys I{esus} Cryst vs lede!
+
+      _MS. Rawl. P._ vv. 31, 32.
+
+      Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe,
+      And suffredist paynes ful stille,
+      Late neuer erthe for the erthe
+      In dedly synne ne spille.
+
+      But that erthe in this erthe
+      Be doynge euer thi wille,
+      So that erthe for the erthe
+      Stye up to thi holi hille.
+
+        (Cf. Harl. 4486, v. 8; Lamb. v. 12; Laud v. 12).
+
+It is therefore evident that the Cambridge text shows knowledge of
+both the A and the B versions, but the text in its existing form must
+represent either a corrupt copy of the original with frequent
+dislocation of lines, or, what is perhaps more likely from the instances
+of repetition of the same words or ideas which occur, a clumsy
+compilation from the two made by some one who perhaps had B before him
+and remembered portions of A imperfectly. Such repetitions occur in
+verses 2 and 18, the latter repeating three of the rime-words of the
+former verse, as well as the phrase _scharpe schowris_; and again in
+verses 4 and 19, and in verses 6, 7, and 13. In any case the text must
+be regarded as later than the A and B versions, and not as forming a
+link between them. The dialect is Northern, but not uniformly so.
+
+
+ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE POEM.
+
+The question as to the source of the poem _Erthe upon Erthe_, and the
+relationship of the A and B versions to the original, and to each other,
+is a difficult one. The existence of a parallel Latin version in one of
+the oldest MSS. is clearly an important point to be taken into
+consideration in any attempt at an investigation of the origin of the
+poem, and it will be well before proceeding further to form some
+conclusion as to the relation in which the English and Latin stanzas in
+MS. Harl. 913 stand to each other. The correspondence of the two
+versions is not strictly verbal, but it is evident that either the
+English or the Latin stanzas represent a rather free rendering of the
+verses which accompany them. In favour of a Latin origin it may be
+pointed out that the metrical form of the Latin stanzas is one
+frequently employed in Latin poems of the time, that the subject is a
+favourite monastic theme, and that the manner of the poem is in keeping
+with contemporary Anglo-Latin compositions, such as the well-known _Cur
+mundus militat sub vana gloria_. The natural tendency would be to
+attribute a poem of the kind to Latin origin, especially if, as in this
+case, a Latin version were forthcoming.
+
+On the other hand, it may be pointed out that the Latin text is not
+known to exist in any other MS., and appears indeed to have no separate
+existence from the English stanzas which accompany it, whereas English
+texts of the poem without trace of a Latin rendering or original are
+very common.[14] The text was one frequently used in epitaphs, but no
+Latin epitaph of the kind is known to have existed, although Latin was
+commonly used in epitaphs at the time when the poem was most widely
+popular.
+
+Further, word-plays of the kind found here upon the word _erthe_ are
+certainly not common in Latin verse of the time, and the Latin text does
+not render the play as effectively as the English does, employing
+alternately the three terms _terra_, _vesta_, _humus_, in place of the
+English _erthe_, and failing to maintain these consistently. The play on
+the word _earth_, which is the most essential feature of the poem, could
+not have been given with the same effect as in English either in Latin
+or in any mediaeval language.[15]
+
+Thirdly, in support of an English origin it may be urged that close
+verbal connexion can be traced between the English text of both
+versions, but more especially of the earlier (A), and other poems dating
+from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, particularly the various
+Dialogues of _The Soul and the Body_:--
+
+  _MS. Harl._ 913, l. 17 (A).
+    When erþ is in erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne.
+
+  _MS. Cambr. Univ. Libr._ Ii. 4. 9, l. 25 (C)
+    When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn,
+    Þe rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn.
+
+      Cf. _Dialogues of Soul and Body_, (_Worcester fragment_)
+      12th cent.
+        'nu þu havest neowe hus inne beþrungen, lowe beoþ helewes.
+        Þin rof liþ on þine breoste, ful . . . colde is þe ibedded.
+
+      (_Bodl. Fragm._) 12th cent.
+        Þe rof bið ibyld þire broste ful neh.
+
+      (_MS. Auchinleck_) 13th cent.
+        Wiþ wormes is now ytaken þin in,
+        Þi bour is bilt wel cold in clay,
+        Þe rof _shal take to_[16] þi chin.
+
+      (_MS. Harl._ 2253) 14th cent.
+        When þe flor is at þy rug,
+        Þe rof ys at þy neose.
+
+      Cf. _Death_ 152 (13th cent.) in Morris, _O. E. Misc._, p. 168
+      (_Jesus MS._).
+        Þi bur is sone ibuld
+          Þat þu schalt wunyen inne,
+        Þe rof _& þe virste_[17]
+          Schal ligge on þine chynne.
+        Nu þe schulen wurmes
+          Wunyen wiþinne.
+
+  _MS. Harl._ 913, l. 66 (A).
+    Erþ bilt castles, & erþe bilt toures;
+    Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.
+
+  _MS. Harl._ 4486 (B); _so other_ B _texts_.
+    Erthe apon erthe wynneth{e} castelles & towres.
+    Then seythe erthe to erthe: 'These byth{e} alle owres'.
+    When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres,
+    Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.
+
+  _MS. Cambr._ 63 (C).
+    Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres,
+    When erþ is layd in erth, blayke is his bours;
+
+  _ibid._ 5-8
+    Erthe vpon erthe has hallys & towris _&c._
+
+      Cf. _Soul & Body Dialogues_ (_MSS. Auchinleck, Digby, Vernon,
+      Laud_).
+        Whare be þine castels & þine tours,
+        Þine chaumbres & þine hei[gh]e halle,
+           .     .     .     .     .
+        Wrecche, ful derk it is þi bour
+        To morn þou schalt þerin falle.
+
+      (_ibid._)
+        Halles hei[gh]e & bours bri[gh]t
+        Y hadde y bilt & mirþes mo.
+
+      (_MS. Harl._ 2253).
+        thi castles & thy toures.
+
+      Cf. _Death_ 29.
+        Ah seoþþen mony mon
+          By-yet bures & halle,
+        Forþi þe wrecche soule
+          Schal into pyne falle.
+
+  _MS. Harl._ 913. 42 (A).
+    Be þou þre ni[gh]t in a þrou[gh], þi frendschip is ilor.[18]
+
+      Cf. _Visio Philiberti_ (_MS. Porkington_).
+        When þou art dede þi frenschype is aslepe.
+
+      Cf. _Soul & Body_ (_MS. Auchinleck_).
+        that alle þine frend beon fro þe fledde.
+
+      Cf. _Death_ 97.
+        Hwer beoð alle þine freond
+          Þet fayre þe bi-hehte
+        And fayre þe igretten
+          Bi weyes and bi strete.
+        Nu heo walleþ wrecche
+          Alle þe forlete
+        Nolde heo non herestonkes[19]
+          Nu þe imete.
+
+  _MS. Cambr._ l. 21 (C).
+    When erth has gotyn erthe alle that he maye
+    He schal haue but seven fote at his laste daye.
+
+      Cf. _Soul & Body_ (_MSS. Auchinl._, _Digby_).
+        Now schaltow haue at al þi siþe
+        Bot seuen fet, vnneþe þat.
+
+The play upon the word _earth_ recurs in other English poems. Cf.
+_A Song on the Times_ (MS. Harl. 913), early fourteenth century--
+
+  [20]Whan erthe hath erthe i-gette
+    And of erthe so hath i-nou[gh],
+  When he is therin i-stekke,
+    Wo is him that was in wou[gh].
+
+where the idea and the two rime-words are the same as in _MS. Harl._
+2253--
+
+  Erþe toe of erþe erþe wyþ woh,
+  Erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh,
+  Erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh,
+  Þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh.
+
+It will be remembered that these two MSS. (Harl. 913 and 2253) are the
+two which preserve texts of the A version, and the opening lines of the
+_Song on the Times_ would appear to give further proof of a connexion
+between the two A texts.
+
+Further, in _MS. Lansdowne_ 762 (v. _Reliquiae Antiquae_ I. 260), under
+the heading _Terram terra tegat_, occur these lines:--
+
+  First to the erthe I bequethe his parte,
+  My wretched careyn is but fowle claye,
+  Like than to like, erthe in erthe to laye;
+  Sith it is, according by it I wolle abide,
+  As for the first parte of my wille, that erthe erthe hide.
+
+In this case the English words are evidently based upon the Latin
+phrase, but this does not disprove an English origin for the poem _Erthe
+upon Erthe_, since any verses of the kind must ultimately have been
+based on the idea that man is dust, and the idea itself must have been
+first presented and have become widely known through such Latin elegiac
+phrases as _Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris_, or _De
+terra plasmasti me_, both of which so frequently accompany _Erthe upon
+Erthe_, or as the above cited _Terram terra tegat_. The verse in _MS.
+Lansdowne_ might rather be considered as supplying further proof of the
+popular tendency to replace such phrases by English verses, expressing
+the same idea, but themselves English, not Latin in origin, and making
+the most of the possible word-play. Such word-plays were evidently
+popular between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Cf. the
+well-known passage in _Piers Plowman_, c. xxi. 389.
+
+  So lyf shal lyf lete ther lyf hath lyf anyented,
+  So that lyf quyte lyf, the olde lawe hit asketh.
+  _Ergo_, soule shal soule quyte and synne to synne wende.
+
+In view of this evidence, I am inclined to think that the Latin version
+in MS. Harl. 913 is the translation, and the English the original, and
+that the oldest form of _Erthe upon Erthe_ which has been preserved is
+that found in the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253:--
+
+  Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh &c.
+
+Short riddling stanzas of the kind, based upon the Latin phrases
+mentioned above, may have been popular in the thirteenth century, and
+this particular one was evidently known and used by the author of the
+_Song on the Times_.[21] The writer of the version preserved in MS.
+Harl. 913 seems to have been a more learned man, acquainted with poems
+like the Dialogues between _the Soul and the Body_, who elaborated the
+four lines of MS. Harl. 2253, and perhaps other verses of the same kind,
+into a poem of seven six-lined stanzas, the additional couplet often
+introducing a new idea precisely as in the case of the similarly
+expanded verse-form in MS. Porkington. Either this man or a later
+transcriber appears to have added the Latin rendering which accompanies
+the poem, and to have further exercised himself in varying the
+word-play. Heuser[22] points out that the mistakes in the MS. would
+support the view that the English text is a copy of an original in
+another dialect, and it is possible that the Latin version belongs to
+this MS. alone, since a second poem in the same MS. is accompanied by an
+unfinished translation into Latin.
+
+This theory as to the origin of the two texts of the A version receives
+further support from the fact that it also accounts most satisfactorily
+for the development and popularity of the B version. Apart from the play
+on the word _erthe_ and the similarity of the theme, there is only one
+point of close verbal connexion between the two versions. In MS. Harl.
+913 (A) the sixth stanza runs as follows:--
+
+    Erþ gette on erþ gersom & gold,
+    Erþ is þi moder, in erþ is þi mold.
+    Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold;
+    Er erþe go to erþe, bild þi long bold.
+  Erþ bilt castles, and erþe bilt toures;
+  Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.
+
+In the B version, the rimes _gold_ : _mold_, _toures_ : _boures_,
+regularly recur in the third and fourth stanzas, and line 5 of the A
+text is preserved in slightly modified form in the first line of verse
+3:-- (MS. Harl. 4486, vv. 3 and 4)
+
+  Erthe apon erthe wynnethe castelles and towres.
+  Then seythe erthe to erthe: 'These bythe alle owres.'
+  When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres,
+  Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.
+
+  Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde.
+  So goethe erthe apon erthe alle gleterynge in golde,
+  Lyke as erthe unto erthe neuer go scholde,
+  And [gh]et schalle erthe into erthe rather then he wolde.
+
+In the Cambridge text the rime-words _towres_ : _bours_ are introduced
+twice over, representing both the versions given above:--
+
+  (ll. 63, 64)  Erthe bygyth hallys & erthe bygith towres,
+                When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bours;
+
+as in the _A_ version;
+
+  (ll. 5, 7)    Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towris . . .
+                But quan erth vpon erth has bygyd his bowres,
+
+as in the B version.
+
+The two stanzas of the B version which contain these rime-words are the
+two which recur most frequently on tombstones and mural inscriptions,
+and it seems possible that they represent a second early form of the
+_Erthe_ poems. It is evident that the rime-words _gold_ : _mold_,
+_bowres_ : _towres_, depend upon an early tradition. Probably verses
+similar to the short stanza in MS. Harl. 2253, and containing these
+words, were in existence before the learned writer of the longer A text
+in MS. Harl. 913 introduced them in his poem, and, becoming widely
+known, formed the nucleus of the B version. Both the A and the B
+versions might therefore be held to depend upon popular stanzas of this
+kind, which gave rise about the end of the thirteenth century to the
+long poem of MS. Harl. 913, and during the fourteenth century to the
+original of the B version, a poem in seven four-lined stanzas. The
+earlier version is connected more particularly with the Southwest
+Midland district; the later seems to have originated rather in the North
+or North Midlands, but it soon became known all over England, and is
+found in the South of Scotland shortly after 1500. Only one
+fifteenth-century writer, the author of the Cambridge text, shows direct
+knowledge of the A text, but the B version was evidently widely known,
+and a favourite theme for additions and modifications. On tombstones and
+mural inscriptions it survived up to the nineteenth century.
+
+
+LATER VERSIONS OF THE POEM.
+
+As has been already pointed out, the Middle English texts of _Erthe upon
+Erthe_ occur for the most part in the Commonplace Books of the day,
+often on the spare leaves at the beginning or end of the MS., as if the
+collector or some later owner had been struck by the poem and anxious to
+preserve it. That this interest was not confined to the fifteenth
+century is shown by the occurrence of the text in the Maitland and
+Reidpeth MSS. A still later instance of it occurs in the Pillerton
+Hersey Registers, dating from 1559 onwards, where the following
+verse has been scribbled on the last leaf, probably by some
+seventeenth-century clerk (cf. C. C. Stopes, _Athenaeum_, Sept. 19,
+1908):--
+
+  Earth upon earth bould house and bowrs,
+  Earth upon earth sayes all is ours.
+  Earth upon earth when all is wroght,
+  Earth upon earth sayes all is for nought.
+
+Here the first two lines represent a corrupt type of the same lines in
+verse 3 of the B version, while the rimes _wroght_ : _nought_ recall
+verse 1.
+
+Another interesting trace of a late popular version is mentioned in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_ for March, 1824, where a certain Mr. J. Lawrence
+tells how he was invited, during a visit to Beaumont Hall, Essex, to see
+the following inscription, written and decorated by a cow-boy on an
+attic wall:--
+
+  Earth goes upon the earth, glittering like gold;
+  Earth goes to the earth sooner than 'twould;
+  Earth built upon the earth castles and towres;
+  Earth said to the earth, 'All shall be ours.'
+
+Here portions of verses 3 and 4 of the B version have been combined as
+in the epitaphs at Melrose and Clerkenwell cited below, pointing either
+to a corrupt popular version of the B text, or possibly to an earlier
+type[23] in which the rimes _gold_ : _mold_, &c. were immediately
+associated with the rimes _towres_ : _bowres_ as in A (MS. Harl. 913,
+v. 6). The former assumption is the more probable, since the verse
+appears to be directly based upon stanzas 3 and 4 of the usual B
+version.
+
+The majority of the later instances of the text occur on tombstones or
+memorial tablets. The poem was peculiarly adapted for this purpose,
+based as it was on the very words of the Burial Service. Indeed, the
+short verses from which it is here assumed to have originated might well
+be supposed to have been written in the first place as epitaphs, if
+evidence of the use of English epitaphs in the thirteenth century[24]
+were forthcoming. As has been already stated, the seven verses of the
+normal B version occurred in full among the mural paintings in the
+Chapel of the Holy Trinity at Stratford-on-Avon, belonging to the Guild
+of the Holy Cross, where they appear to have been used as a monumental
+inscription already in the latter part of the fifteenth century.
+
+A well-known late instance of the text is the inscription on a tombstone
+in the parish churchyard which surrounds Melrose Abbey, mentioned by
+Scott. The stone is headed as follows:--
+
+                       Memento Mori.
+  Here lyes James Ramsay, portioner of Melrose, who died
+                     July 15th, 1761.
+
+On the back is the following verse:--
+
+  The Earth goeth on the Earth
+    Glistring like gold,
+  The Earth goeth to the Earth
+    Sooner than it wold;
+  The Earth builds on the Earth
+    Castles & Towers,
+  The Earth says to the Earth:
+    'All shall be ours.'
+
+This was translated into German by Theodor Fontane (_Poems_, 4th edit.,
+Berlin, 1892, p. 447). Cf. Fiedler, _Mod. Lang. Review_, April 1908.
+
+Other inscriptions are as follows:--
+
+On an old brass, quoted by W. Williams, _Notes and Queries_, I. vii.
+577, and thought by him to belong to the Church of St. Helen's,
+London[25]:--
+
+           'Here lyeth y^e bodyes of
+        James Pomley, y^e sonne of ould
+         Dominick Pomley and Jane his
+     wyfe: y^e said James deceased y^e 7th
+        day of Januarie Anno Domini 1592
+       he beyng of y^e age of 88 years, &
+       y^e sayd Jane deceased y^e -- day
+                   of -- D --
+
+  Earth goeth upõ Earth as moulde upõ moulde;
+  Earth goeth upõ Earth all glittering as golde,
+  As though earth to y^e earth never turne sholde;
+  And yet shall earth to y^e earth sooner than he wolde.
+
+On a tomb at Edmonton of unknown date (possibly sixteenth century),
+mentioned by Weever (_Ancient Funerall Monuments_) in 1631, and by
+Pettigrew (_Chronicles of the Tombs_, p. 67) in 1857:--
+
+  Erth goyth upon erth as mold upon mold,
+  Erth goyth upon erth al glisteryng in gold,
+  As though erth to erth ner turne shold,
+  And yet must erth to erth soner than he wolde.
+
+Formerly on a headstone in St. James's Churchyard, Clerkenwell,
+deciphered about 1812, but already lost in 1851, probably owing to the
+dismantling of the churchyard. (Cf. _Notes and Queries_, III. i. 389):--
+
+  Earth walks on Earth like glittering gold;
+  Earth says to Earth 'We are but mold'.
+  Earth builds on Earth castles & towers;
+  Earth says to Earth, 'All shall be ours!'
+
+Formerly on a tombstone at St. Martin's, Ludgate, to Florens Caldwell
+esq. of London & Ann Mary Wilde, his wife (Pettigrew, p. 67)[26]:--
+
+  Earth goes to Earth, as mold to mold;
+  Earth treads on Earth, glittering in gold:
+  Earth as to Earth returne ne'er shoulde;
+  Earth shall to Earth goe e'er he wolde.
+    Earth upon Earth consyder may;
+    Earth goes to Earth naked away.
+  Earth though on Earth be stowt & gay
+  Earth shall from Earth passe poore away.
+    Be mercifull & charitable,
+    Relieve the poor as thou art able.
+    A shrowd to the grave
+    Is all thou shalt have.
+
+This interesting monument has unfortunately disappeared. Doubtless there
+are many other traces of the poem to be found, but it appears to have
+been rarely used on tombstones after 1700,[27] and earlier monuments,
+unless specially preserved, are rarely decipherable at the present day.
+
+
+LITERARY INTEREST.
+
+_Erthe upon Erthe_ cannot be said to possess great literary value in
+itself. The interest of the poem lies chiefly in its evident popularity,
+and in the insight it gives into the kind of literature which became
+popular in the Middle Ages. It belongs essentially to the same class as
+the _Soul and Body_ Poems, and the _Dance of Death_. In the early days
+of its introduction into Western Europe, Christianity made great use in
+its appeal to the mass of the people of the fear of death and dread of
+the Judgement. The early monastic writers dwelt upon the idea of man's
+mortality and decay, and the transitoriness of human rank and pleasure.
+Hence the frequency with which such themes as the _Dance of Death_ were
+treated in literature and in art. Closely allied with this idea of the
+fleeting nature of earthly things, and to some extent a result of it,
+was the conception of the separation of man's bodily from his spiritual
+self which pervades all mediaeval post-Christian literature. In Old
+English times already, this sense of a sharp division between the two is
+embodied in No. xliv of the O.E. _Riddles_:--
+
+  [28]Ic wat indryhtne æþelum deorne
+  [gh]iest in [gh]eardum, þæm se grimma ne mæg
+  hunger sceððan ne se hata þurst,
+  yldo ne adle [ne se enga deað],
+  [gh]if him arlice esne þenað,
+  se þe agan sceal [his [gh]eongorscipe]
+  on þam siðfæte: hy gesunde æt ham
+  findaþ witode him wiste [&] blisse,
+  cnosles unrim, care, [gh]if se esne
+  his blaforde hyreð yfle
+  frean on fore, ne wile forht wesan
+  broþer oþrum: him þæt bam sceðeð,
+  þonne hy from bearme begen hweorfað
+  anre magan ellorfuse
+  moddor [&] sweostor.
+
+This sets forth the same conception of the duality in man as is
+represented in the O.E. _Speech of the Soul to the Body_, and in the
+whole group of _Soul and Body_ poems, and the idea recurs constantly in
+other monastic texts, cf. Morris, _O. E. Miscellany_, iii (_Sinners
+Beware_), p. 83:--
+
+      326.  þe feondes heom forþ ledeþ
+              Boþe lychom and saule.
+
+  331-336.  Þe saule seyþ to þe lychome,
+            Accursed wurþe þi nome,
+              Þin heaued and þin heorte.
+            Þu vs hauest iwroht þes schome,
+            And alle þene eche grome
+                Vs schall euer smerte.
+
+_MS. Harl._ 2253, fol. 106, v^o, l. 7: þe fleysh stont a[gh]eyn þe gost.
+
+These two fundamental ideas of the transitoriness and hence
+worthlessness of man's earthly part, and the cleavage between it and his
+spiritual part, lie at the root of much of the mediaeval literature, and
+represent the two not incompatible extremes to which the monastic ideal
+of life, from its very one-sidedness, was capable of leading: on the one
+hand a certain morbid materialism, on the other an ascetic mysticism.
+Nor can it be denied that the mediaeval mind took a certain grim
+pleasure in dwelling upon the more grotesque aspect of these things. The
+O.E. poet found the same enjoyment in describing his '[Gh]ifer'--
+
+  [29]se wyrm, þe þa [gh]ea[gh]las beoð
+  nædle scearpran: se genydeð to
+  ærest eallra on þam eorðsciæfe,
+
+as the painters of the _Dance of Death_ in the drawing of their
+skeletons and emblems of mortality, or the Gothic carver in his
+gargoyles. Perhaps, too, some satisfaction in dwelling upon the
+hollowness of earthly joys, and the bitter fate of those who took their
+fill of them, was not lacking to a few of those who had turned their
+backs upon them.
+
+_Erthe upon Erthe_ is perhaps more especially concerned with the first
+of the two conceptions mentioned above, man's mortality, but, as has
+already been shown, a close connexion exists between it and the _Soul
+and Body_ poems, and though the idea of the duality in man is not
+mentioned, it is certainly present. The poem is more popular in form
+than either the _Dance of Death_ or the various _Soul and Body_
+Dialogues, perhaps because of its purely English origin, and seems to
+represent a later and more popular product of the ideas which gave rise
+to the other two groups. Its short mono-rimed stanza, its jingling
+internal rime, and its half-riddling, half-punning character, appear to
+have especially commended it to popular favour, and it is significant
+that it became most widely-known in its simpler forms.
+
+
+EDITOR'S NOTE.
+
+In preparing the text of this edition, all the available MSS. have been
+consulted, the only two not examined being William Billyng's MS. and the
+Brighton MS., which were formerly in the possession of private owners,
+and have eluded all search for them. As exhaustive a search as was
+possible has been made for other texts of the poem, but it has often
+escaped cataloguing, and it is probable that other copies of the B
+version, at least, exist.
+
+The punctuation, inverted commas, and regular use of initial capitals in
+the text are the Editor's. The MSS. vary in their use of capitals, the
+same MS. being often inconsistent with itself, while the Cambridge text
+frequently employs them for unimportant words in the middle of the line,
+as p. 33, l. 45, Ar, &c. Capitals have been added in the case of all
+proper names. Letters and words which are obscure or illegible in the
+MS., or which appear to have been accidentally omitted, are enclosed in
+square brackets, and a hyphen has been inserted where the MS. separates
+a prefix or particle from the rest of the word. The MS. writings ff, þ,
+[gh], v for u and vice versa, have been retained in the text, and [ll],
+[th] expanded to ll{e}, th{e}, but it was not thought advisable to
+expand m~, n~, to m{e}, n{e}, nor other letters such as d, r, g, when
+written with a final flourish. Fifteenth-century scribes appear to have
+used such flourishes at the end of the word rather as a matter of habit
+than with any particular meaning, and the forms to which expansion of
+them would lead, such as _one_, _onne_ for _on_, are frequently most
+improbable. It was therefore thought better to ignore such flourishes,
+or to indicate the persistent use of them by a footnote.
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  The mid-paragraph characters are "ll" and "th", each with a single
+  stroke through both letters.]
+
+As the conclusions arrived at in the Introduction with regard to the
+relationship of the English and Latin versions in MS. Harl. 913, and the
+verbal connexion with the _Soul and Body_ Dialogues, agree, to some
+extent, with those indicated by Heuser, _Die Kildare-Gedichte_, pp.
+176-80, it is only reasonable to state that the greater part of the work
+upon the subject had been done, and a projected article upon it written
+in reply to Professor Fiedler's in the _Modern Language Review_, before
+I had any knowledge of Heuser's text, and that my conclusions had been
+formed independently of his, though his have helped to strengthen and
+confirm them. Moreover I owe his work a very real debt, since I first
+learned from it of the existence of the Cambridge Text, which has been a
+most important link in the building up of the general theory as to the
+connexion between the different versions of the poem.
+
+In conclusion, it is a pleasure to express thanks for kind and courteous
+assistance to the authorities of the British Museum, the Public Record
+Office, the Bodleian, Cambridge University Library and Lincoln Cathedral
+Library; to the librarian of Lambeth Palace Library, to whom I am
+indebted for the collation of the Lambeth text; to the authorities of
+Magdalene College, Cambridge, for permission to copy and print the
+Maitland text; to Lord Harlech for the loan of the Porkington MS.; to
+Professor Fiedler for permission to use the Brighton text; to Professor
+Priebsch, who pointed out the text in MS. Harl. 4486; to Miss Helen
+Sandison, of Bryn Mawr College, U.S.A., for the discovery of the text in
+the Appendix and for two of the Analogues, and to Professor Skeat for
+valuable advice and suggestions. In particular this text owes much to my
+Father, Sir James Murray of the _Oxford Dictionary_, who has read the
+proofs, and in the midst of his own arduous work has always been ready
+with help and advice, to my friend Miss K. S. Block, Lecturer in English
+at the Royal Holloway College, and, above all, to Dr. Furnivall, in whom
+all scholars and students of English mourn to-day the loss of a great
+pioneer, and an ever-ready friend and adviser.
+
+  OXFORD,
+    _July_ 1910.
+
+
+Since this was sent to press two other copies of the B version have come
+to light at Cambridge, and have by kind permission been inserted on pp.
+47, 48 as Appendix II:--
+
+(B 19) MS. Trinity College R. 3. 21, fol. 33, v^o, a copy of the normal
+B version in seven stanzas.
+
+(B 20) MS. Trinity College B. 15. 39, fol. 170, which contains nine
+stanzas of the expanded text preserved in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and
+appears to represent a distinct copy of the original of these two (see
+Introd. p. xix).
+
+
+    [Footnote 1: A second Latin version of an _Erthe_ poem, together
+    with the same poem in Anglo-French, and in Middle English, occurs
+    on the back of a Roll in the Public Record Office, dating from the
+    time of Edward II (Ex^r. K. R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1; old No.
+    845/21), and in a 19th cent. transcript of this in MS. Brit. Mus.
+    Addit. 25478; it is given in the Appendix. Both the Latin and the
+    French appear to be translations or paraphrases of the English,
+    with an additional verse or two.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: The English text in the Appendix consists of nine
+    four-lined stanzas, and is distinct from either of the two current
+    versions of the poem. It appears to have been suggested by the
+    opening lines of A, and may be regarded as a single sub-type of A,
+    not affecting the main line of argument of the Introduction. (See
+    Appendix, p. 46.)]
+
+    [Footnote 3: This is repeated on each page of Bateman's text, and
+    is, perhaps, his own design.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: See Bateman's Preface.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: Probably not the author but the copier of the MS.:
+    see Notes.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: All the stanzas of the B version are four-lined
+    except MS. Porkington.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: v. Wanley's Catalogue.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: My attention was called to this MS. by the kindness
+    of Prof. Priebech.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: MS. Laud Misc. is not written throughout in metrical
+    lines, but the divisions of the stanzas, and, in most cases, of
+    the lines, are clearly indicated.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: The first leaf of this text has been torn out and
+    the verses in brackets are only conjectural.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: MS. Laud represents, in the main, the same version
+    as MS. Lamb., but the variant readings preclude the idea of its
+    being a copy of Lamb., unless the scribe deliberately tried to
+    modify his original on the lines of Harl. 4486 and Rawl. P. The
+    changes in the text (ll. 26, 27, 47: see Notes) show that it
+    cannot be the original of Lamb. It appears to be a transcript from
+    the same original made about the same date, or a little earlier
+    than the Lambeth text.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: Cf. MS. Brighton _nobley_.]
+
+    [Footnote 13: Cf. MS. Selden _delful_.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: The Latin and Anglo-French texts in the Appendix are
+    evidently renderings of the English poem which accompanies them.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: This is clearly seen in the Latin and French
+    versions in the Appendix where the Latin text uses _terra in
+    terra_, and the French _terre en terre_.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Vernon MS. _to resten on_, Digby, _shal rest right
+    at_.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: Cotton MS. _þe rof þe firste_.]
+
+    [Footnote 18: Cf. Frendles ys þe dede (_Proverbs of Hendyng_,
+    l. 288).]
+
+    [Footnote 19: = heres þonkes, _of their own free will_.]
+
+    [Footnote 20: Compare with this the text in the Appendix which
+    begins:
+        Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wiþ wrong igete--
+    and in the French version:
+        Quant terre auera en terre large terre gayne.]
+
+    [Footnote 21: See the Appendix, p. 46.]
+
+    [Footnote 22: _Die Kildare-Gedichte_ (Bonn, 1904).]
+
+    [Footnote 23: See p. xxxiv above.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: The earliest known epitaphs in English date from the
+    fourteenth century.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: There is no record of this brass at the church of
+    St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: Dated 1590 by Ernest R. Suffling, _Epitaphia_
+    (1909), p. 382.]
+
+    [Footnote 27: A late instance of its use is given by Ch. Box
+    (_Elegies and Epitaphs_, Glouc. 1892) as found by him on the tomb
+    of a bricklayer, who died in 1837, aged 90:--
+        Earth walks upon Earth like glittering gold,
+        Earth says to Earth, 'We are but mould';
+        Earth builds upon Earth castles and towers,
+        Earth says to Earth, 'All is ours'!]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Printed from Grein-Wülcker, _Bibliothek der ags.
+    Poesie_, iii. 212.--(I know of a most noble guest in the
+    dwellings, hidden from men, whom fierce hunger cannot torment, nor
+    burning thirst, nor age, nor sickness [nor close-pressing death],
+    if the servant who shall [bear him company] in his course serves
+    him honourably: they, prospering, shall find abundance and bliss,
+    countless joys, allotted to them at home, but (they shall find)
+    sorrow, if the servant obeys his lord and master ill upon their
+    journey, and will not show him reverence, the one brother to the
+    other: that shall afflict them both, when they two depart,
+    hastening hence, from the bosom of their common kinswoman, mother
+    and sister.)]
+
+    [Footnote 29: Grein-Wülcker, iii. 105.--(The worm whose jaws are
+    sharper than needles, who first of all the worms in the grave
+    forces his way to him.)]
+
+
+
+
+  THE MIDDLE ENGLISH POEM
+
+  ERTHE UPON ERTHE.
+
+
+
+
+  I.
+
+  #A# VERSION.
+
+
+1.
+
+MS. HARLEIAN 2253. c. 1307.                              [fol. 57, v^o.]
+
+  Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh,
+  Erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh,
+  Erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh,
+  Þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh.                                    4
+
+
+2.
+
+MS. HARLEIAN 913. c. 1308-1330.                          [fol. 62, r^o.]
+
+  1   [1]Whan erþ haþ erþ iwonne wiþ wow,
+      Þan erþ mai of erþ nim hír inow.
+      Erþ vp[2] erþ falliþ fol frow[3];
+      Erþ toward erþ delful hi{m} drow.                                4
+  Of erþ þou wer{e} makid, a{nd} mon þou art ilich;
+  In on erþ awaked þe pore a{nd} þe riche.
+
+      T{er}ra{m} p{er} i{n}iuriam cu{m} t{er}ra lucratur,
+      Tu{n}c de t{er}ra cepiam[4] t{er}ra sorciatur.                   8
+      T{er}ra sup{er} aream subito frustratur;           [fol. 62, v^o.]
+      Se t{r}axit ad aridam t{er}raq{ue} tristatur.
+  De t{er}ra plasmaris, es simil{is}[5] virroni,
+  Vna t{er}ra paup{er}es ac dites s{un}t proni.                       12
+
+  2   Erþ geþ on erþ wrikkend in weden,
+      Erþ toward erþ wormes to feden;
+      Erþ b{er}riþ[6] to erþ al is lif deden;
+  When erþ is i{n} erþe, heo muntid[7] þi meden.                      16
+  When erþ is i{n} erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne[8];
+  Þan schullen an hu{n}dred wormes wroten on þe skin.
+
+      Vesta p{er}git uestibus s{upe}r ueste{m} vare,
+      Artat{ur} & uermibus vesta pastu{m} dare;                       20
+      Ac cu{m} gestis o{mn}ibus ad uesta{m} migrare;
+      Cu{m} uesta sit scrobibus, q{u}is wlt[9] suspirare?
+  Cu{m} sit uesta po{n}ita[10], doma ta{n}git mentu{m};
+  Tu{n}c i{n} cute ca{n}dida verru{n}t[11] u{er}mes centu{m}.         24
+
+  3   Erþ askiþ erþ, a{nd} erþ hir answerid,
+      Whi erþ hatid erþ, a{nd} erþ erþ verrid.
+      Erþ haþ erþ, a{nd} erþ erþ teriþ,
+      Erþ geeþ on erþ, a{nd} erþ erþ berriþ.                          28
+  Of erþ þow wer{e} bigun, on erþ þou schalt end;
+  Al þ{a}t þou i{n} erþ wonne[12], to erþ schal hit wend.
+
+      Hum{us} humu{m} repetit, & re{spo}nsu{m} datur,
+      Humu{m} q{u}are n{e}gligit, & humo fruatur.                     32
+      Hum{u}s humu{m} porrigit, sic & operatur,
+      S{upe}r humu{m} p{er}agit, humo q{uod}[13] portatur.
+  Humo sic i{n}ciperis, ac humo meabis;
+  Q{uo}d humo q{ue}sieris, humo totu{m} dabis.                        36
+
+  4   Erþ get hit[14] on erp maist{r}i a{nd} mi[gh]te;   [fol. 63, r^o.]
+      Al we beþ erþ, to erþ we beþ idi[gh]te;
+      Erþ askeþ carayne of ki{n}g a{nd} of kni[gh]t;
+      Whan erþ is i{n} erþ, so low[gh] he be li[gh]t.                 40
+  Whan þi ri[gh]t a{nd} þi wow[gh] wendiþ þe bi-for,
+  Be þou þre ni[gh]t i{n} a þrou[gh], þi f{r}endschip is i-lor.
+
+      Terra ui{m}q{ue}[15] b{r}auivm t{er}ra collucratur;
+      Tot{us} cet{us} hominvm de t{er}ra patratur[16];                44
+      Ops cadau{er} militvm q{ue} regis sc{r}utatur;
+      Cu{m} det{ur} i{n} tumulvm, mox t{er}ra voratur.
+  Cu{m} ius & i{us}ticivm cora{m} te migrabu{n}t,
+  Pauci p{er} t{r}inoctivm morte{m} deplorabu{n}t.                    48
+
+  5   Erþ is a palfrei to king a{nd} to quene,
+      Erþ is ar[17] la{ng} wei, þouw we lutil wene,
+      Þ{a}t weriþ g{r}ouer a{nd} g{r}oy[18] a{nd} schrud so schene,
+      Whan erþ makiþ is liuerei, he g{r}auiþ vs i{n} g{r}ene.         52
+  Whan erþ haþ erp wiþ st{r}einþ þus geten,
+  Alast he haþ is leinþ miseislich i-meten.
+
+      Dic uesta{m}[19] dext{r}arium regiq{ue} regine,
+      It{er} lo{n}gu{m} marium, q{uod} e{st} sine fine,               56
+      I{n}dum{en}tu{m} uarium dans cedit se{n}tine[20],
+      Q{ua}ndo[21] dat corrodium, noa t{r}adit ruine.
+  Cu{m} p{er} fortitudinem tenet hanc luc{r}atam,
+  Capit lo{n}gitudinem mis{er}e metatam.                              60
+
+  6   Erþ gette on erþ gersom a{nd} gold,
+      Erþ is þi moder, in erþ is þi mold.
+      Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold;
+      Er erþe go to erþe, bild þi long bold.                          64
+  Erþ bilt[22] castles, a{nd} erþe bilt toures;          [fol. 63, v^o.]
+  Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.
+
+      Hum{us} q{ue}rit pl{ur}ima sup{er} humu{m} bona,
+      Hum{us} e{st} mat{er} tua, i{n} q{u}a sumas dona[23].           68
+      A{n}i{m}e sis famula s{upe}r humu{m} prona;
+      Domu{m} d{e}i p{er}petra m{un}do cu{m} corona.
+  Ops t{ur}res edificat ac castra de petra;
+  Q{ua}n{do}[24] fatu{m} capiat, penora {sun}t tetra.                 72
+
+  7   Þenk man i{n} lond[25] on þi last ende,
+      Whar of þou co{m} a{nd} whoder schaltou wend.
+      Make þe wel at on wiþ hi{m} þ{a}t is so hend,
+      A{nd} dred þe of þe dome lest sin þe schend.                    76
+  For he is[26] king of blis, a{nd} mon of moch{e} mede,
+  Þ{a}t deliþ þe dai f{r}am ni[gh]t, a{nd} leniþ lif a{nd} dede.
+
+      De fine nouissimo mauors mediteris,
+      Huc q{u}o uen{er}is uico, dic q{u}o g{r}adieris.                80
+      Miti p{r}ude{n}tissimo co{n}cordare deris,
+      Hesides iudic[i]o[27], ne noxa da{m}pneris.
+  Q{uia} rex e{st} gl{or}ie, dans m{en}sura restat;
+  Mutat nocte{m} de die, vita{m} morte{m} prestat.                    84
+
+                                                     Am{en}.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Cf. Reliquiae Antiquae, _II. 216_; Furnivall,
+    Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints, _p. 150_; Heuser,
+    Kildare-Gedichte, _p. 180_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: read _upon_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: in margin _festi{n}e_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: MS. _cepiam_, so Reliq. Ant.; Furn., Heuser,
+    _copiam_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: MS. _simil'_, Furn. _simile_.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: MS. _b'riþ_, Furn., Reliq. Ant. _beriþ_, Heuser
+    _berriþ_, cf. l. 28.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: _muntiþ_, in margin _metit{ur}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: MS. originally _schynne_, _s_ erased.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: _vult_, cf. Furn.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: MS. _põita_, Furn., Heuser _posita_.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: in margin _t{r}ahu{nt}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: in margin _luc{r}ataris_, Heuser _lucrabaris_.]
+
+    [Footnote 13: MS. _humo [q-]_, Reliq. Ant., Furn. _humoque_, Heuser
+    _humo quod_.]  [[q with line through stem; exact form unclear]]
+
+    [Footnote 14: ? _getith_, in margin _luc{ratur}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: MS. _u[~i]q[gh]_, Reliq. Ant., Furn. _vincit_, Heuser
+    _vimque_.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: MS. _p^{a}rtratur_, Furn. _portratur_.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: MS. _ar_, Heuser _a_.]
+
+    [Footnote 18: Heuser _grey_ (lies _fou and grey_?).]
+
+    [Footnote 19: Furn. _est tam_.]
+
+    [Footnote 20: MS. _s[~e]tine_, Furn. _sentine_, Reliq. Ant.
+    _sentinæ_, so _reginæ_, _ruinæ_.]
+
+    [Footnote 21: MS. _Qñ_, Furn. _omne_.]
+
+    [Footnote 22: in margin _bildiþ_.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: Furn. H. _dorna_.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: MS. _qñ_, Furn. _quin_ or _quando_.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: Heuser ? _ilome_.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: MS. _h^{e}is_.]  [[inserted "e" over line]]
+
+    [Footnote 27: MS. _iudico_: Reliq. Ant. _judicio_, Furn., Heuser
+    _iudicio_.]
+
+
+
+
+  II.
+
+  #B# VERSION.
+
+
+1.
+
+WILLIAM BILLYNG'S MS. c. 1400-1430 ?.
+
+  1   [1]Erth owte of erth is wondyrly wroght,
+      Ffor erth hath geten of erth a nobul thyng of noght,
+      Erthe uppon erthe hath set alle hys thoght
+      How erthe uppon erthe may be hygh broght.                        4
+
+  2   Erthe uppon erthe yet wolde be a kynge,
+      But how erth shall to erth thynketh he nothyng;
+      But when erth byddyth erth his dute hom bryng,
+      Than shall erth fro erth have a peteus[2] partyng.               8
+
+  3   Erth wynnyth uppon erth both castellys and towris;
+      Than sayth erth unto erth: 'This is alle owres'.
+      But whan erth uppon erth hath byllyd all his bowrys,
+      Thanne shalle erth for erth suffer sharpe showres.              12
+
+  4   Erth byldyth uppon erth as molde uppo{n} molde,
+      And erth goth uppo{n} erth glyttryng alle gold,
+      Lyke as erth unto erth neuer goe sholde;
+      Ann justly tha[n][3] shalle erth go to erth
+              rather þa{n}[4] he wolde.                               16
+
+  5   Why man erth loveth erth wondyr me thynke,
+      Or why that erth for erth swet wylle or swynke,
+      Ffor whan erth uppon erth is broght w{i}t{h}i{n} þe[5] brynke,
+      Than shal þe[6] erth of erth have a ryght fowle sty[n]ke[6].    20
+
+  6   Memento[7] ho{mo} quod cinis es {e}t in cinere{m} reverteris.
+      Ffac bene du{m} vivis, post morte[m][8] viv{er}e si vis.
+      Wha{n} lyffe is most louyd and deth most hated,
+      Than deth drawyth hys drawght and maketh ma{n} ful naked.       24
+
+    [Footnote 1: From Bateman's print (William Billyng, Five Wounds of
+    Christ, Manchester, 1814).]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Bateman _petrus_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: B. _tha_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: B. _yã_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: B. _w^{t}i y^e_.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: B. _y^e_; _styke_.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: B. _momento_.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: B. _morte_.]
+
+
+2.
+
+MS. THORNTON. c. 1440.                                       [fol. 279.]
+
+          Memento homo Quod Sinis Es
+          Et in cenerem Reuerteris.
+
+  1   [1]Erthe owte of erthe es wondirly wroghte,
+      Erthe hase getyn one erthe a dignyte of noghte,
+      Erthe appon{e} erthe hase sett alle his thoghte
+      How þat erthe appon{e} erthe may be heghe broghte.               4
+
+  2   Erthe appon{e} erthe wolde be a kynge,
+      Bot howe þ{a}t erthe to erthe sail thynkis he no thynge.
+      When erthe bredis erthe & his rentis[2] home brynge,
+      Thane schalle[3] erthe of erthe hafe full harde partynge.        8
+
+  3   Erthe appon{e} erthe wynnys castells and towrrys.
+      Thane saise[4] erthe vnto erthe: 'This es alle owrris'.
+      When erthe appo{ne} erthe hase bigged vp his bourris,
+      Than schalle erthe for erthe suffire scharpe scowrrys[5].       12
+
+  4   Erthe gose appon{e} erthe as golde appone golde,
+      He that gose appon{e} erthe gleterande as golde,
+      Lyke als erthe neu{er} more[6] goo to erthe scholde,
+      And [gh]itt schal erthe vnto erthe [gh]a
+              rathere þan he wolde.                                   16
+
+  5   Now why þ{a}t erthe luffis erthe wondire me thynke,
+      Or why þ{a}t erthe for erthe scholde oþ{er} swete or swynke,
+      For when þ{a}t erthe appon{e} erthe
+              es broghte w{i}t{h}in brynke,
+      Thane schalle erthe of erthe hafe a foulle stynke.              20
+
+          Mors Soluit Omnia.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Cf. G. G. Perry, Religious Poems in Prose and Verse
+    (E.E.T.S. _No. xxvi. 1867, p. 95, 1889, p. 96_); C. Horstmann,
+    Yorkshire Writers, _1. 373_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: repeated in MS. _rentys_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Perry _sall_, MS., Horstmann _schalle_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: perh. _sase_, MS. indistinct, Perry _thus sase_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: perh. _stourrys_ as in Perry, but all other texts
+    have _schowrys_.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: MS. _more_, Perry _mare_.]
+
+
+3.
+
+MS. SELDEN Supra 53. c. 1450.                           [fol. 159, v^o.]
+
+  1   [1]Erthe apon erthe ys wonderly wroth[2],
+      Erthe apon erthe hath worschyp of nogth,
+      Erthe apon erthe hath set[3] al hys thowth
+      How erthe apon erth myth be hy browth.                           4
+
+  2   Erthe apon erth wolde be a kyng{e};
+      How erth schal to þe erth thy[n]k[4] he no thyng{e}.
+      Whan erth bydyth erth hys rent h[om]e[4] bryng{e},
+      Þan schal erth fro þe erth [haue][5] a delful partyng{e}[6].     8
+
+  3   Erth apon erth wyn[nyth ca[7]]stellys {and} towrys;
+      Þan seyth erth to þe erth: 'Þose beth al owrys'.
+      Whan erth apon erth hath byggyt al hys bowrys[8],
+      Þan schal erth for þe erth suffyr scharpe [s]chowrys[9].        12
+
+  4   Lo erth apon erth consyder þ{o}u may
+      Þ{a}t erth cometh owte of þ{e} erth nakyt alway.
+      Þan how scholde erth apon erthe be prowt [or gay][10]
+      Whan erth schal to þ{e} erth in so pore aray?                   16
+
+  5   Erth goth on erth as molde doþe on molde,
+      Erth goth on erth glydderande in golde,
+      Lyk as erth to erth neuyre go scholde.
+      [Gh]yt schal erth to þ{e} erth rathyr þan þey wolde.            20
+
+  6   I cowsayl erth apon erth þ{a}t wykytly hath wroht,
+      Whyle erth ys apon erth to turne al hys tho[w]th[11].
+      Now pray we to God þ{a}t al erth wrowth,
+      Þat erth owt of erth to blys myth be browth.                    24
+
+    [Footnote 1: The poem is in a different hand on the last leaf of
+    the MS., and the writing is much worn and stained, and in many
+    cases barely legible. A few letters have been re-written in black
+    ink by a later hand.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: _wroht_, cf. _nogth_, _thowth_, _browth_, and similar
+    cases of _th_ for _ht_ in v. 6.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: MS. perhaps _iset_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: MS. obscure.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: omitted in MS.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: _partyn_ re-written in black ink, _ge_ of the
+    original hand still clear.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: MS. stained and illegible; portions of _nyth a_ seem
+    to be visible.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: _bow_ in original hand, _rys_ re-written in black
+    ink.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: The second hand has re-written _chowrys_ ignoring the
+    _s_ which is no longer visible.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: _o_ and _y_ re-written, the rest illegible.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: _w_ no longer legible.]
+
+
+4.
+
+MS. EGERTON 1995. c. 1430-1450.                          [fol. 55, r^o.]
+
+(William Gregory's Commonplace-Book.)
+
+      Memento homo q{uod} cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris.
+      Whenne lyfe ys moste louyde, and dethe ys moste hatyde,
+      Dethe drawythe hys draught{e}, and makythe man nakyde.
+
+  1   Erthe owte of þe erthe ys wounderly wrought{e},                  4
+      Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought{e}
+      Howe erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought{e}[1].
+
+  2   Erthe vppon erthe wolde be a kynge;
+      Howe erthe shalle vnto erthe thynkythe he noo thynge.            8
+      Whenne erthe byddys erthe hys rentys home brynge,
+      Thenne shalle erthe of the erthe haue a pytyus partynge.
+
+  3   Erthe a-pon erthe wynnys castellis and towrys;
+      Thenne erthe saythe vnto[2] erthe: 'Thys ys alle owrys'.        12
+      Whenne erthe a-pon erthe hathe bylde vppe hys bourys,
+      Thenne shalle erthe for the erthe suffer sharpe schowrys.
+
+  4   Erthe goythe a-pon erthe as molde a-pon molde;
+      Erthe gothe a-pon erthe alle gleterynge in golde,               16
+      Lyke as erthe vnto erthe neuyr [go][3] scholde,
+      And yet shalle erthe vnto erthe rathyr thenne he wolde.
+
+  5   Why erthe louythe erthe woundyr I thynke,
+      Or why erthe for the erthe swete wylle or swynke,               20
+      Ffor whenne erthe a-pon erthe ys brought{e} w{i}t{h}yn brynke,
+      Thenne shalle erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke.
+
+  6   Loo erthe a-pon erthe consyder þ{o}u may
+      Howe erthe comythe to erthe nakyd alle day.                     24
+      Why scholde erthe a-pon erthe goo stowte and gay,
+      Syn erthe vnto erthe shalle pas in pore a-ray?
+
+  7   I consylle erthe a-pon erthe þ{a}t wyckydly hathe wrought{e},
+      Whyle erthe ys a-pon erthe to turne vppe hys thought{e},        28
+      And pray to God a-pon erthe that alle the erthe
+              hathe wrought{e},                          [fol. 55, v^o.]
+      That erthe owte of the erthe to blys may be brought.
+
+              Amen. Caue si vis.
+
+    [Footnote 1: The second line in omitted here and in No. 5, where a
+    new line has been added.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _vnt_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Omitted in MS., but required by metre.]
+
+
+5.
+
+MS. HARLEIAN 1671. 15th century.                         [fol. 1*, r^o.]
+
+  1   Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought{e},
+      And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all{e} hys thought{e}
+      Howe that erth{e} apon erth{e} hye myght be brought{e},
+      But how that erth{e} scal to the erth{e}
+              thyngketh{e} he noht{e}.                                 4
+
+  2   Erthe apon erth{e} wolde be a kyng,
+      Butte how that erth{e} schal to erth{e} thynketh he no thynge,
+      Ffor when erth{e} byddyth{e} erth{e} hys rente home[1] brynge,
+      Than hath{e} erth{e} apon erth{e} heuy partyng.                  8
+
+  3   Eerthe apon erth{e} wynnyth castells and touris,
+      And erth{e} sayth{e} to the erth{e}: 'Thys ys all{e} ourys'.
+      Wanne erth{e} apon erth{e} syttyth{e} wyth-in hys bovrys,
+      Ye[gh]t schall{e} erth{e}[2] for the erthe
+              suffre scharpe schourys.                                12
+
+  4   Erth{e} goyth{e} on erth{e} as mowlde apon{ne} mowlde,
+      And erth{e} goyth on erth{e} gletterant as golde,
+      Like as erth{e} apon erth{e} neuer dye schoulde.
+      [Gh]yt schall erth{e} to the erth{e} rather than he wolde.      16
+
+  5   Why that erth{e} louyth erth{e} wond{er} me thynke,
+      Or why that erth{e} apon erth{e} swete or swynke,
+      Ffor whan{ne} erth{e} apon erth{e} ys brought wyth-in the brynke,
+      Than ys erth{e} apon erth{e} botte a fowle stynke.              20
+
+  6   Erth{e} apon erth{e} knoweth{e} eche day
+      Howe erth{e} cometh to the erth{e} naked all{e} waye.
+      Why schulde erth{e} apon erth{e} go stowte or gay,
+      Syth erth{e} apon erth{e} schal passe in pore aray?             24
+
+  7   I cowncell{e} erth{e} apon erth{e} that wonderly hath wrought{e}
+      Whyles that erth{e} ys apon erth{e} to turne all hys thought{e},
+      And y pray to God apon erth{e}
+              that all{e} erth{e} hath wrought{e},
+      That erth{e} out of erth{e} to blysse may be brought{e}. Amen.  28
+
+            [3]Whanne lyf ys moste louyd,
+            And dethe ys most hatyd,
+            Dethe drawyth hys drawghte
+            And maketh a man ful naked.                               32
+                De t{er}ra plasmasti me.
+
+    [Footnote 1: MS. _hime_ crossed out, and _home_ written in same
+    line.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _erht{e}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: written parallel with the poem in the right-hand
+    column. A signature apparently follows, but is indecipherable.]
+
+
+6.
+
+MS. BRIGHTON. 15th century.                              [fol. 90, v^o.]
+
+  1   [1]Erthe oute of erthe   is wondyrly wroghte,
+      Erthe vpon erthe   gete nobley of noughte,
+      Erthe vpon erthe   has sete all his thovghte
+      How erthe vpon erthe   may be hye brovghte.                      4
+
+  2   Erthe vpon erthe   wolde be a kynge,
+      How erthe sall to erthe   thenkys he nothyng,
+      For whan erthe byddes erthe   his rent home brynge,
+      Þan sall erthe from erthe   haf petus p{ar}tynge.                8
+
+  3   Erthe vpon erthe   wynnes castells and tours;
+      Than says erthe vnto erthe:   'This is all ovres'.
+      But whan erthe opon erthe   has bigged his borowes,
+      Than sall erthe for the erthe   sofur sharpe shovres.           12
+
+  4   Erthe gothe vpon erthe   os movlde opon movlde,
+      Erthe gothe opon erthe   glyd{er}yng os golde,
+      Lyke as erthe to erthe   neu{er} go shulde.
+      [Gh]yte shall erthe to erthe   rather þan he wolde.             16
+
+  5   Why þ{a}t erthe loues erthe   wond{er} me thynkes,
+      Vr why þ{a}t erthe vpon erthe   swetys or swynkes,
+      Ffor whan erthe opon erthe   is brente w{i}t{h}in þe brynkes,
+      Þan sall erthe of the erthe   hafe a foule stynke.              20
+
+  6   Lo erthe vpon erthe   consider þou may
+      How erthe comes into þe erthe   nakyd all way.
+      Why sulde erthe vpon erthe   go stovte or gay,
+      Sethen erthe oute of erthe   sall passe in por aray?            24
+
+  7   I concell erthe opon erthe   þ{a}t wykkydly has wrouthe,
+      The whyle þ{a}t erthe is vpon erthe   to turn vp his thouthe,
+      And praye to God vpon erthe   þat all the erthe wrouhte,
+      Þ{a}t erthe oute of erthe   to blys may be browthe.             28
+
+    [Footnote 1: Printed, by kind permission, from H. G. Fiedler's
+    text (Mod. Lang. Review, _III. iii. 219_).]
+
+
+7.
+
+STRATFORD-ON-AVON INSCRIPTION.  15th century.
+
+(Formerly in the Chapel of the Trinity.)
+
+  1   Erthe oute of erth ys wondurly wroght,
+      Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of noght,
+      Erth ypon erth hath sett[1] all hys thowht
+      How erth apon erth may be hey browght.                           4
+
+  2   Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng,
+      But how that erth gott to erth he thyngkys[2] nothyng.
+      When erth byddys erth hys rentys whom bryng,
+      Then schall erth apon erth haue a hard p{ar}tyng[3].             8
+
+  3   Erth apon erth wy{n}nys castellys and towrys;
+      Then seth erth vnto erth: 'Thys ys all owrys'.
+      When erth apon erth hath bylde hye[4] bowrys,
+      Then schall erth for erth suffur many hard schowrys.            12
+
+  4   Erth goth apon erth as man apon mowld,
+      Lyke as erth apon erth neu{er}[5] goo schold.
+      Erth goth apon erth as glisteryng gold,
+      And yet schall erth vnto erth rather then he wold.              16
+
+  5   Why that erth loueth erth wondur me thynke,
+      Or why that erth wold for erth other swett or swynke.
+      When erth apon erth ys broght w{ith}yn the brynke,
+      Then schall erth apon erth have a fowll stynke.                 20
+
+  6   Lo erth on erth, consedur thow may
+      How erth co{m}myth to erth nakyd all way.
+      Why schall erth apon erth goo stowte or gay,
+      Seth erth out of erth schall passe yn poor aray?                24
+
+  7   I counsill erth apone erth that ys wondurly wrogt,
+      The w{h}yll[6] þ{a}t erth ys apon erthe to torne hys thowht,
+      And pray to God vpon erth þ{a}t all erth wroght,
+      That all crystyn soullys to þe[7] blis may be broght.           28
+
+    [Footnote 1: Fisher (Facsimile of inscription) _seth_; Reeves
+    (Mod. Lang. Notes, ix. 4, 203) _sett_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Reeves _thynkys_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Fisher, Reeves _ptyng_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: Fisher _hye_, Reeves _hys_; cf. H. 4486 hath _bygged
+    hy his bowres_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: Fisher _neuu_.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: Fisher, Reeves _w^{h}yll_.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: Fisher _y_ for _y^e_.]
+
+
+8.
+
+MS. RAWLINSON C. 307. c. 1460.                            [fol. 2, r^o.]
+
+Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris.
+
+  1   Erthe opon erthe hath set all{e} his thoght
+      How that erthe opon erthe may be hy broght.
+      Erthe oute of erthe is wonderly wroght,
+      Erthe hase of erthe a dignytie of noght.                         4
+
+  2   Erthe opon erthe wolde be a kyng,
+      Bot how erthe shall{e} to erthe thynkis he nothyng.
+      Ya bot when erthe byddis erthe his rentis hym bryng,
+      Than shall{e} erthe hafe of erthe a full{e} harde p{ar}tyng.     8
+
+  3   Erthe opon erthe byggis castels and towres,
+      Than sais erthe vnto erthe: 'All{e} þis is ours'.
+      Ya bot when erthe opon erthe hath byggid vp his bowres,
+      Than shall{e} erthe[1] for erthe suffre sharpe showres.         12
+
+  4   Erth{e} gose on erthe[1] glitterand as golde,
+      Like as erthe[1] vnto erthe[1] neu{er} go shulde.
+      Ya bot when erthe goeth on erthe as colde opon colde,
+      Yit shall{e} erthe vnto erthe rather þan{ne} he wolde.          16
+
+  5   Whi that erthe luffis erthe wondre me thynke,
+      Or whi þat erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke,
+      Ffor when erthe[1] opon erthe is brought with-in brynke,
+      Than shall{e} erthe hafe of erthe[1] a wonder foule stynke.     20
+
+  6   What may erthe say to erthe at beste tyme of all{e}?
+      Noght bot þ{a}t erthe opon erthe shall{e} hafe a fall{e}.
+      Bot when erthe oute of erthe[1]
+              shall{e} com to the laste call{e},
+      Than sall{e} erthe be[2] full{e} ferde for þe sely sall{e}.     24
+
+  7   Beholde þ{o}u erthe opon erthe what worship þ{o}u hase,
+      And thynk þ{o}u erthe opon erthe what maistres þ{o}u mase,
+      And how erthe opon erthe what gatis at þ{o}u gase,
+      And þ{o}u sall{e} fynde it forsuthe
+              that þ{o}u haste many fase.                             28
+
+  8   Now he þ{a}t erthe opon erthe ordande[3] to go
+      Graunte þ{a}t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so,
+      Þat when erthe vnto erthe shall{e} be taken to,
+      That þe saule of þis erthe suffre no wo.                        32
+
+    [Footnote: Final _n_ is often written _n~_; so _m~_.]
+
+    [Footnote 1: possibly MS. _ertha_; final _e_ in this MS. is often
+    written very like _a_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: looks like _ba_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: looks like _ordanda_.]
+
+
+9.
+
+MS. HARLEIAN 4486. 15th century.                        [fol. 146, r^o.]
+
+      Memento homo q{uo}d cinis es & [in] cinerem reu{er}teris,
+      Ffac b{e}n{e} du{m} viuis, post morte{m} viuere si vis.
+      When[1] lyffe is most loued[1], & deth is moste hated,
+      Then dethe[2] draweth{e} his drawght{e}
+              & makyth{e} man full{e} naked.                           4
+
+  1   Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowght{e},
+      Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey of nawte,
+      Erthe apon erthe hath{e} sett all{e} his thowghte
+      How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte.                          8
+
+  2   Erthe apon erthe be he[3] a kyng{e},
+      Butt how erth{e} schall{e} to erthe thynketh{e} he nothyng{e}.
+      [4]When erthe byddeth{e} erthe his rent home bryng{e},
+      Then schall{e} erthe owte of erthe
+              haue a pyteous p{ar}tyng{e}.                            12
+
+  3   Erthe apon erthe wynneth{e} castell{es} & towres.
+      Then seyth{e} erthe to erthe: 'These byth{e} all{e} owres'.
+      When erthe apon erthe hath bygged{e} vp his bowres,
+      Then schall{e} erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.     16
+
+  4   Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde.
+      So goeth{e} erthe apon erthe all{e} gleteryng{e} in golde,
+      Lyke as erthe into erthe neu{er} go scholde,
+      And [gh]et schalle erthe into erth{e} rather then he wolde.     20
+
+  5   Why erthe loueth{e} erthe wonder me thynke,
+      Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke,
+      Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w{i}t{h}yn þe brynke,
+      Then schall{e} erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke.          24
+
+  6   Loo, erthe apon erthe, consyder{e} thow may
+      How erthe com{m}yth{e} to erthe naked all{e} way.
+      Why scholde erthe apon erthe go stowte or gay,
+      Whan erthe schall{e} passe owte of erthe in a pore aray?        28
+
+                                                        [fol. 146, v^o.]
+  7   Therfor erthe apon erthe that wykedly hast wrought{e},
+      Whyle erthe is apon erthe torne agayne thy thowght{e},
+      And pray to God apon erthe that all{e} erthe hath wroughte
+      That this erthe apon this erthe to blysse may be browte.        32
+
+  8   Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ylle,
+      Lett neu{er} this erthe for this erthe i{n} myschyffe spylle,
+      But that this erthe in this erthe
+              be eu{er} worchyng{e} thy wylle,
+      So that this erthe fro þ{is} erthe
+              may stye vp to thy hylle.                               36
+
+                                                       Amen.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Final _n_ is uniformly written _n~_ in this text
+    excepting in the word _in_. Final _d_ is frequently written
+    _[d+]_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2, 3: _added above the line._]
+
+    [Footnote 4: The first words in ll. 11, 14, 15 seem to have been
+    freshened up.]
+
+
+10. MS. LAMBETH 853. c. 1430-1450.                            [fol. 35.]
+
+      Whanne liif is moost loued, and deeþ is moost hatid:
+      Þanne dooþ deeþ drawe his draw[gh]t, & makiþ ma{n} ful nakid.
+                  De terra plasmasti me, _&c._
+
+  1   Erþe out of erþe is wondirly wrou[gh]t,                          4
+      Erþe of erþe haþ gete a dignyte of nou[gh]t,
+      Erþe upo{n} erþe haþ sett al his þou[gh]t,
+      How þat erþe upon erþe may be hi[gh] brou[gh]t.
+
+  2   Erþe upon erþe wold he be a king;                                8
+      B{u}t how erþe schal to erþe þenkiþ he no [fol. 36] þing;
+      Wha{n}ne þat erþe biddiþ erþe hise rentis hom bring,
+      Þan schal erþe out of erþe haue a piteuous parting.
+
+  3   Erþe vpon erþe wy{n}neþ castels & touris,                       12
+      Þan seiþ erþe to erþe: 'Now is þis al houris'.
+      Wha{n}ne erþe upon erþe haþ biggid up hise boure[s],
+      Þanne schal erþe upo{n} erþe suffir scharpe schouris.
+
+  4   Erþe gooth vpon erþe as molde upon molde,                       16
+      So gooth erþe upon erþe al gliteringe in golde,
+      Like as erþe vnto erþe neu{er}e go schulde,
+      And [gh]it schal erþe vnto erthe raþ{er} þan he wolde.
+
+  5   O þ{o}u wrecchid erþe þat on erþe traueilist ny[gh]t and day,   20
+      To florische þe erþe, to peynte þe erþe wit{h} wantowne aray,
+      [Gh]it schal þou erþe for al þi erþe,
+              make þou it neu{er}e so queynte & gay,
+      Out of þis erþe in-to þe erþe,
+              þ{er}e to clinge as a clot of clay. [fol. 37.]
+
+  6   O wrecchid man whi art þ{o}u proud, þat art of þe erþe makid?   24
+      Hid{er} brou[gh]ttist þou no schroud,
+              but poore come þou and nakid.
+      Whanne þi soule is went out, & þi bodi in erþe rakid,
+      Þan þi bodi þat was rank & undeuout, of alle men is bihatid.
+
+  7   Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wrecchid garnement;         28
+      To hide þis erþe, to happe þis erþe, to hi{m} was cloþinge lente;
+      Now gooþ erþe upon erþe, ruli raggid and rent,
+      Þ{er}fore schal erþe vndir þe erþe haue hidiose turment.
+
+  8   Whi þat erþe to myche loueþ erþe wondir me þink,                32
+      Or whi þat erþe for sup{er}flue erþe
+              to sore sweete wole or swynk;
+      Ffor wha{n}ne þat erþe upo{n} erþe is brou[gh]t
+              w{i}t{h}i{n}ne þe brink,
+      Þan schal erþe of þe erþe haue a rewful swynk.
+
+  9   Lo erþe upon erþe considere þou may,                            36
+      How erþe comeþ i{n}to erþe nakid al way, [fol. 38.]
+      Whi schulde erþe upon erþe go now so stoute or gay,
+      Wha{n}ne erþe schal passe out of erþe in so poore aray?
+
+  10  Wolde God þ{er}fore þis erþe, while þat he is upon this erþe,
+            Vpon þis wolde he{r}tili þinke,                           40
+      & how þe erþe out of þe erþe schal haue his a[gh]en-risynge,
+      And þis erþe for þis erþe schal [gh]eelde streite rekenyng;
+      Schulde neu{er}e þan þis erþe for þis erþe mysplese heuene king.
+
+  11  Þerfore þou erþe upon erþe put so wickidli hast wrou[gh]t,      44
+      While þat þou erþe art upon erþe turne a[gh]en þi þou[gh]t,
+      And praie to þat God upo{n} erþe þat al þe erþe haþ wrou[gh]t,
+      Þat þou erþe upon erþe to blis may be brou[gh]t.
+
+  12  O þou Lord þat madist þis erþe for þis erþe & suffridist
+              heere peynes ille,                                      48
+      Lete neu{er}e þis erþe for þis erþe myscheue ne spille,
+      But þat þis erþe on þis [fol. 39] erþe
+              be eu{er}e worchinge þi wille,
+      So þ{a}t þis erþe from þis erþe may stie up to þin hi[gh] hille.
+
+                                                       Amen.
+
+      Memento homo quod cinis es, et i{n} cinere{m} reu{er}teris,     52
+      Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu{er}e si uis.
+      Tangere qui gaudet. meretricem qualiter audet.
+      Palmis pollutis. regem tractare salutis.
+      Credo in deum patrem omnipotentem.                              56
+
+  (_Here follows the Creed in English verse._)
+
+
+11.
+
+MS. LAUD MISC. 23. Before 1450.                         [fol. 111, v^o.]
+
+      Whan lyf is moost louyd & deeþ is moost hatyd:
+      Thanne deeth drawyth his draut and makith man ful nakid.
+
+  1   Erthe out of erthe is wo{n}dirly wrou[gh]t,
+      Erthe of the erthe hath gete a dignyte of nowth{e},              4
+      Erthe vp-on e{r}the hath set al his thou[gh]t
+      How that erthe vp-on erthe may be hy[gh] browth.
+
+  2   Erthe vp-on erthe wolde be a kyng;
+      But how erthe shal to erthe thinkiþ he no thi{n}g;               8
+      Wha{n} that erthe biddeth erthe his rentys hoom bring,
+      Thanne shal erthe out of the erthe haue a pet{ous} partyng.
+
+  3   Erthe vp-on erthe wynnyth castellis and towris[1],
+      Tha{n}ne seith erthe to erthe: 'This is al owris.'              12
+      Whan erthe vp-on erthe hath biggid alle his bouris,
+      Thanne shal erthe for erthe suffre sharp showris.
+
+  4   Erthe gooth up-on erthe as moolde vp-on moolde,
+      So gooth erthe vp-on erthe al gleteryng in goolde,              16
+      Like as erthe vn-to erthe neu{er}e goo[2] shulde;
+      Yit shal erthe vnto erþe[3] rather{e} than he wolde.
+
+  5   O thou wrecchid erthe, that on the erthe
+              [fol. 112, r^o] traueylist ny[gh]t and day,
+      To florissh{e} the erthe, to peynte the erthe
+              wyth wantone a-ray;                                     20
+      [Gh]it shal thow erthe, for all{e} thyn erthe,
+              make thow it neu{er} so queynt & gay,
+      Out of the erthe in-to the erthe, ther to clynge as clot of clay.
+
+  6   O wrecchide man whi art thow p{r}ude, that art of erthe makid?
+      Hidir broutyst thow no shroude, but por{e} cam thow & nakid.    24
+      Whan thi soule is went out, & thi body in erthe rakid,
+      Tha{n}ne thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is hatyd.
+
+  7   Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garneme{n}t;
+      To hyde this erthe, to wrappe this erthe,
+              to him was clothing lent;                               28
+      Now gooth erthe up-on erthe, ruly raggid and rent,
+      Therfor shal erthe vndir erthe haue hidous turme{n}t.
+
+  8   Whi that erthe louyth erthe wondir me thinke,
+      Or whi that erthe for erthe swete wole or swinke;               32
+      Ffor whan that erthe up-on the erthe
+              is brou[gh]t wyth-i{n}ne the brinke,
+      Thanne shal erthe of the erthe haue a rewfull{e} stinke.
+
+[-->]
+
+  9   Lo erthe up-on erthe consider thow may,
+      How erthe in-to the erthe comyth nakid al-way,                  36
+      Whi shuld erthe vp-on erthe go stout [fol. 112, v^o] or gay,
+      Wha{n} erthe shal passe out of erthe in a por{e} aray?
+
+  10  Wolde therfor{e} this erthe on this erthe, on this hertly thinke,
+      How that erthe out of the erthe shal haue risynge,              40
+      And thus erthe for erthe[4] yeelde shal streyt rikenynge,
+      Shulde neuer{e} erthe for erthe mysplese heuene kyng.
+
+  11  Thow erthe up-on erthe, that wickydly hast wrout,
+      While that erthe is vp-on erthe, turne a-[gh]en thi thout,      44
+      And preye to God vp-on erthe, that alle the erthe hath wrou[gh]t,
+      That erthe vp-on erthe to blisse may be brou[gh]t.
+
+  12  Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys ille,
+      Lete neu{er}e þis erþe[5] for this erthe myscheue ne spille,    48
+      But that this erthe in this erthe be eu{er}e worching thi wille,
+      So that erthe fro this erthe stye up on thyn hy[gh]e hille. Amen.
+      p{ar} charite, God it graunte that it so be.
+
+[-->]
+
+      [6]Tange{re} qui gaudes m{er}etricem qualit{er} audes[7].       52
+      Palmis pollutis regem tractar{e} salutis.
+
+  (_The poem _Whi is the wor[l]d belouyd that fals is and veyn_,
+  follows immediately._)
+
+    [Footnote 1: _towris_ added in margin by the same hand.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _goo ne_; _ne_ crossed out, and marked _[n.][e.]_.]
+
+       [[Expunctuated "ne" shown with under-dots]]
+
+    [Footnote 3: _vnto erþe_ inserted in red above the line.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: _for erthe_ repeated and crossed out in red.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: _þis erþe_ added above the line, _erþe_ in red.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: In left margin _de sac{er}dotib{us}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: in right margin _h{oc} in decretis_.]
+
+
+12.
+
+MS. COTTON TITUS A. xxvi. 15th century.                 [fol. 153, r^o.]
+
+  1   Erthe oute of erthe is wondirly wroght,
+      Erthe of þe erthe hathe goten a dyngnyte of noght,
+      Erthe vpon erthe hathe set all{e} hys thovght
+      Houe erthe vpon erthe maye be hyghe broght.                      4
+
+  2   Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kyng;
+      Bot how erthe shall{e} to erthe thynkethe he nothyng;
+      Whan that erthe biddethe erthe hys rentis hom to bryng,
+      Than shall{e} erthe oute of erthe haue a pytous p{ar}tyng.       8
+
+  3   Whan erthe vpon erthe wynythe casteles & tourys,
+      Than says erthe to erthe: 'Þys is all{e} ourys'.
+      And whan erthe vpon erthe hathe byggid hys bourys,
+      Than shall{e} erthe vpon erthe suffer sharpe shoures.           12
+
+  4   Erthe gothe vpon erthe as molde vpon molde[1],
+      So gothe erthe vpon erthe all{e} glytryng in golde,
+      Lyke as erthe into erthe never goo sholde;
+      And y{e}t shal[2] erthe in to erthe rathar then he wolde.       16
+
+                                                        [fol. 153, v^o.]
+  5   O thou wreched erthe that on erthe trauayles nyght & daye
+      To fflorysshe[3] and paynt þe erthe w{i}t{h} wanton araye;
+      Y{e}t sshalle þou, erthe, for all{e} thy erthe,
+              make þ{o}u it neu{er} so queynt or gaye,
+      Oute of thys erthe in to erthe to klyng as clot in claye.       20
+
+  6   O wrechyd man, why[4] art þ{o}u[5] prowde that of erth art maked,
+      And hyder thou broght no shrowde, bot pore com and nakyd?
+      Lewe thy syne and lyffe in ryght,
+      And than shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght.                 24
+
+    [Footnote: Final _n_ is written _n~_ as a rule in this text, so
+    _m~_.]
+
+    [Footnote 1: MS. _moldee_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _shal do_ or _de_, the second word crossed out.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: MS. _To fflorysshe þe erthe_, the last two words
+    crossed out, cf. MS. Lambeth, _v. 5_, MS. Rawl. Poet., _v. 15_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: MS. _why at_, _at_ crossed out.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: MS. _þ^t_.]
+
+
+13.
+
+MS. RAWLINSON POETICAL 32. After 1450.                   [fol. 32, v^o.]
+
+  A descripture alchimicall of erthe & the nature of man[1].
+
+      Whanne life is most louyd,
+      And deth is most hatid,
+      Deth drawith his drau[gh]te
+      And makith a man nakid.                                      4
+
+  1   Erthe oute of erthe
+      Is wonderly wrou[gh]te;
+      Erthe hath of the erthe
+      [Gh]etyn a dignite of noughte.                               8
+
+  2   Erthe a-pon erthe
+      Hath set alle his thoughte
+      How erthe apon erthe
+      May be hiere y-broughte.                                    12
+
+  3   Erthe a-pon erthe
+      Wolde be made a kyng,
+      How erthe schal to erthe
+      Thynkyng no thyng.                                          16
+
+  4   Whanne erthe biddith erthe
+      Than he his rente hom brynge,
+      Thanne schal erthe for erthe
+      Haue a petous partynge.                                     20
+
+  5   Whanne erthe apon erthe
+      Hath billid al his bowris,
+      Thanne schalle erthe for erthe
+      Suffre ful harde schowris.                                  24
+
+  6   Erthe a-pon erthe                              [fol. 33, r^o.]
+      Wynnyth castellis and towris.
+      Thanne saithe erthe to erthe:
+      'This is alle owris'.                                       28
+
+  7   Erthe gothe apon erthe
+      As molde a-pon molde,
+      Erthe gothe apon erthe
+      Gleteryng alle in golde,                                    32
+
+  8   As thouh erthe to erthe
+      Neu{er} a-yen go schulde,
+      But yit schal erthe to þ{e} erthe
+      Rather thanne he wolde.                                     36
+
+  9   Oute of the erthe cam the erthe
+      Wantynge his garnament,
+      To hide the erthe, to lappe the erthe,
+      To hym was clothing y-lent.                                 40
+
+  10  Now goth the erthe apon erthe
+      Disgesily ragged and to-rent,
+      Therfore schal erthe vnder erthe
+      Suffer ful grete turment.                                   44
+
+  11  Whi that erþe loueþ erthe
+      Wonder y may thinke,
+      Or whi that erthe for the erthe
+      Unresonably swete wol or swynke,                            48
+
+  12  Ffor whanne erthe vnder erthe                  [fol. 33, v^o.]
+      Is brou[gh]te withynne brynke,
+      Thanne schal erthe of the erthe
+      Haue an oribyll stynke.                                     52
+
+  13  Yif erthe wold of erthe
+      Thus hartily haue thynkynge,
+      And how erthe out of erthe
+      Shal at last haue risynge,                                  56
+
+  14  Thanne schal erthe for erthe
+      Yelde riht streite rekenynge,
+      Thanne schuld [erthe] for erthe
+      Neuer mys-plese heuene kynge.                               60
+
+  15  Thow wrecchid erthe þ{a}t thus for erthe
+      Trauelist nyht and day
+      To florische the erthe, to paynte the erthe
+      With thi wanton array,                                      64
+
+  16  Yit schalt thou erthe for alle thi erthe,
+      Make thou neuer so gay,
+      Ffor thi erthe in to erthe
+      Clynge as clotte in clay.                                   68
+
+  17  Thinke now erthe how thou in erthe
+      Goist euer in dethis[2] grace,
+      And thanne thou erthe for the erthe
+      Shalt neuer stryue ne race.                                 72
+
+  18  Bute for thou erthe with thi erthe             [fol. 34, r^o.]
+      Hauntist enuye and hate,
+      Therefor schal erthe for erthe
+      Be excludid from heuene gate.                               76
+
+  19  Ffowle erthe whi louyst thou erthe
+      That is thi dedly foo,
+      And bildist on erthe
+      As thou schuldist dwelle euer moo?                          80
+
+  20  But thou erthe forsake the erthe,
+      Or that thou hennys goo,
+      Vnder erthe for lust of erthe
+      Thou schalt haue sorow and woo.                             84
+
+  21  Whiles erthe may in erthe
+      To festis and to drynkis gon,
+      Til the be made frome the erthe
+      As bare as any bon.                                         88
+
+  22  Thanne if erthe comyth to erthe
+      Makyng sorow and mone,
+      Thanne saith erthe to the erthe,
+      'Thou were a felow, but now art thou none'.                 92
+
+  23  Thus the erthe queytith the erthe
+      That doith to him seruyse,
+      Or tristyn on erthe, or plese the erthe
+      In any maner wise.                                          96
+
+  24  Therfor thou erthe be ware of erthe            [fol. 34, v^o.]
+      And thou the wele auyse,
+      Lest thou erthe p{er}ische for erthe
+      By-fore the hihe iustyse.                                  100
+
+  25  Ffor the erthe was made of erthe
+      At the first begynnynge,
+      That erthe schuld labour the erthe
+      In trowthe and sore swynkynge;                             104
+
+  26  But now erthe lyueth in erthe
+      With falshode and begilynge,
+      Therfor schal erthe for erthe
+      Be punsched in payne euerlastynge.                         108
+
+  27  But erthe forsake the erthe
+      And alle his falshede,
+      And of the erthe restore the erthe
+      Goodis that ben mys-gete,                                  112
+
+  28  Or that erthe be doluyn in erthe
+      And vnder fote y-trede,
+      Ffor synne of erthe, þ{a}t hath do in erthe,
+      Fful sore he schalle be bete.                              116
+
+  29  Drede thou erthe while thou in erthe
+      Hast witte & resoune at thi wille,
+      That, erthe, for loue of erthe,
+      Thi soule thou nougth spille.                              120
+
+  30  And thou erthe, repente the in erthe           [fol. 35, r^o.]
+      Of alle that thou hast don ille,
+      And thanne schalt thou, erthe apon erthe,
+      Goddis biddyngis fulfille.                                 124
+
+  31  Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe,
+      And suffredist paynes ful stille,
+      Late neuer erthe for the erthe
+      In dedly synne ne spille,                                  128
+
+  32  But that erthe in this erthe
+      Be doynge euer thi wille,
+      So that erthe for the erthe
+      Stye vp to thi holy hille. Amen. S. J.                     132
+
+    [Footnote 1: Added in a later hand, probably 16th century.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _deth is_.]
+
+
+14.
+
+MS. PORKINGTON 10. 15th century.                         [fol. 79, v^o.]
+
+  1   [1]Erthe vppo{n} erth{e} is wo{u}ndyr{e}ly wro{u}[gh]te;
+      Erthe vppo{n} erthe has set al his þou[gh]te[2]
+                                                         [fol. 80, r^o.]
+      How erthe vppo{n} erth to erthe schall{e} be[3] brou[gh]te;
+      Ther is no{n}e vppo{n} erth has hit in þou[gh]te.[4]             4
+                                            Take hede!
+      Whoso þinkyse on[5] his end{e}, ful well{e} schal he sped{e}.
+
+  2   Erth vppo{n} erth wold{e} be a kynge;
+      How erth schal to erthe he þink{is} no þinge.                    8
+      Whe{n} erth byddyþ erth his rent who{m}e brynge,
+      The{n} schal erth fro þe erth have a hard{e} parttynge,
+                                            W{i}t{h} care;
+      Ffor erth vppo{n} erþe wott{is}
+              neu{er} we{r} þ{er}for to far{e}.                       12
+
+  3   Erth vppo{n} erth wy{n}nis castyll{is} & tovris.
+      The{n} sayþe erth to erth: 'Al þ{i}s is ourus'.
+      Whe{n} erth vpp{on} erth has bylde al his bovres,
+      The{n} schal erth fro þe erth soffyr{e} scharpe schorrys,       16
+                                            And{e} smarte.
+      Ma{n}, amend{e} þe betyme, þi lyfe ys but a starte.
+
+  4   Erth gose on erth as mold{e} vpon{ne} molde,
+      Lyke as erth to þe erth neu{er} a-gayne schold{e};              20
+      Erth gose on erth glytteryng in gold{e}[6],
+                                                         [fol. 80, v^o.]
+      [Gh]et shale erth to þe erth, raþ{er} þe{n} he wolde.
+                                                Be owris!
+      [Gh]efe þi alm{is} w{i}t{h} þi hand{e}. Trust to no secatovrs.  24
+
+  5   Why þ{a}t erth louis erþe merwel me þinke,
+      [7]Or why erth vppo{n} erth wyl swet or swinke,
+      [7]Ffor whe{n} erth vppo{n} erth is bro{u}þt to þe brynke,
+      The{n} schal erth frov þe erth have a fovl stynke               28
+                                            To smele,
+      Wars þe{n} þe caryo{n} þ{a}t lyis in þe fele.
+
+  6   Lo, erth vppo{n} erth, co{n}sayfe þ{i}s þ{o}u maye,
+      That þ{o}u co{m}mys frome þe erth nakyd{e} alway[{e}];          32
+      How schuld{e} erth vppo{n} erth soe[8] prod{e} or gaye,
+      Sen[9] erth v{n}to erth schal pase i{n} symple araye,
+                                             Unclad{e}?
+      Cloth þe nakyd whyl þ{o}u may, for so Gode þe bade.             36
+
+  7   Erth vppo{n} erth, me þinky[gh] þe ful blynd{e},
+      That on erth ryches to set al[10] þi mynd{e};
+      In þe gospel wrytty{n}e exampul I fynde,
+      The pore went to heyuy{n}, þe rych to hel I fynd{e},            40
+                                             W{i}tt skyle:
+                                                         [fol. 81, r^o.]
+      The co{m}mandment{is} of God{e} wold{e} he not fulfyle.
+
+  8   Erth vppo{n} erth, deyle duly thy goode
+      To þe por{e} pepul þ{a}t favtt pe þi fovde,                     44
+      Ffor þe loue of þi Lord{e}, þ{a}t rent was on þe roode,
+      And{e} for þi loue on þe crose sched his[11] hart blode,--
+                                             Go rede!--
+      W{i}ttovte a{n}ny place to reste on his hede.                   48
+
+  9   Erth vppo{n} erth, take tent to my steyuyne;
+      Whyl þ{o}u leuyst, fulfyle þe w{er}kys of mercy vij.
+      Loke þ{o}u lete, for oode ne for ewyne,
+      Ffor þo by{n}e þe werk{is} þat helpyne vs to heyuy{n}e,         52
+                                             In haste.
+      Tho ded{is} who so dose þar, hy{m}e neu{er} be agaste.
+
+  10  Erth vppo{n} erth, be þ{o}u neu{er} so gaye,
+      Thow moue[12] wend{e} of þ{i}s world{e} an vnreydy waye;        56
+      Turne þe betyme, whyle þ{a}t þ{o}u maye,
+      Leste it lede þe into hele, to logege þ{er} for[13] ay,
+                                             In pyne;
+      Ffor þ{er} is noþ{er} to gett bred{e}, ale, ne wyne.            60
+
+  11  Erth vppo{n} erth, God{e} [gh]eyf þe grace,        [fol. 81, v^o.]
+      Whyle þ{o}u leuuyst vppo{n} erth, to purway þe a place
+      In heywy{n} to dweyll{e}, whyl þ{a}t þ{o}u hast space;
+      That myrthe for to myse it w{er} a karful case.                 64
+                                            Ffor whye?
+      That myrth is w{i}t{h}owtty{n} end{e}, I tel þe securlye.
+
+  12  I co{n}cele erth vppo{n} erth þ{a}t wykyd{e}ly has wro[gh]te,
+      Whyl erth is on erth, to torn all{e} his þov[gh]te,             68
+      And{e} pray to Gode vppo{n} erth,
+              þ{a}t al mad{e} of nov[[gh]te][14],
+      That erth owte of erth to blys may be bov[gh]te[15]
+                                            W{i}tt my[gh]the[16],
+      Thorow helpe Jh{e}su Cryst þ{a}t was our{e} lad{is} byrthe.     72
+                          Do for þiself.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Cf. Halliwell, Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse,
+    printed for the Warton Club, _1855, p. 39_, Fiedler, Mod. Lang.
+    Review, _III. iii. 225_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2, 4: MS. _þo[~u][gh]te_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: MS. _bo_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: MS. _oñ_, _on~_, throughout.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: MS. _in [~i] gold{e}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: These two lines are transposed in the MS.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: MS. _soe_, Halliwell _soe_, Fiedler _goe_.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: MS. _señ_.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: H. _setal_.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: H. F. _schedhis_.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: MS. _mõu_.]
+
+    [Footnote 13: MS. _þ^{r}for_, H. F. _therefor_.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: MS. only _nov_ now legible.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: MS. _bov[gh]te_, Halliwell _bou[gh]t_, Fiedler
+    _brou[gh]t_.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: MS. Halliwell _my[gh]the_, probably erroneous for
+    _myrthe_.]
+
+
+15.
+
+MS. BALLIOL 354. Before 1504.                           [fol. 207, v^o.]
+
+(Richard Hill's Commonplace-Book.)
+
+  1   Erth owt of erth is worldly wrowght,
+      Erth hath gote{n} oppo{n} erth a dygnite of nowght,
+      Erth vpon erth hath[1] set all his thowght,
+      How þ{a}t erth vpon erth myght be hye browght.                   4
+
+  2   Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng,
+      But how þ{a}t erth shall to erth, he thy{n}kith no thyng;
+      Whe{n} erth biddith erth his rent{es}[2] home bryng,
+      The{n} shall erth for erth haue a hard p{ar}tyng.                8
+
+  3   Erth vpon erth wy{n}neth castl{les}[2] & towres,
+      The{n} seyth erth vnto erth: 'Þis is all owres';
+      But whe{n} erth vpo{n} erth hath bildyd his bowres,
+      Tha{n} shall erth for erth suffre hard showres.                 12
+
+  4   Erth vpon erth hath welth vpon molde,
+      Erth goth vpon erth glydryng all i{n} golde,
+      Like as he vnto erth neu{er} torn shuld;
+      & yet shal erth vnto erth son{er} tha{n} he wold.               16
+
+  5   Why þ{a}t erth loweth erth, wonder[3] I thynk;
+      Or why þ{a}t erth will for erth swet or swynk;
+      For wha{n} erth vpon erth is browght w{i}t{h}in þe brynk,
+      Than shall erth for erth suffre a fowle stynk.                  20
+
+  6   As erth vpon erth were þe worthyes ix,
+      & as erth vpon erth i{n} honour dide shyne;
+      But erthe liste not to know how þei shuld enclyn,
+      & þ{er} crow{n}nys leyd i{n} erth,
+              wha{n} deth hath made hys fyne.                         24
+
+  7   As erth vpon erth, full{e} worthy was Josue,      [fol. 208, r^o.]
+      Dauyd þe worthy kyng, Judas Machabe;
+      They were but erth vpon erth, no{n} of the{m} thre,
+      And so fro{m} erth vnto erth þei loste þ{er} dignite.           28
+
+  8   Alisand{er} was but erth, þ{a}t all the world wan,
+      & Ector vpon erth was hold a worthy ma{n},
+      & Julius Cesar þ{a}t þe empire first be-gan;
+      & now, as erth w{i}t{h}in erth, þei lye pale & wan.             32
+
+  9   Arthur was but erth, for all his renown;
+      No more was kyng Charlis, ne Godfrey of Bolown;
+      But now erth hath t{o}rned þ{er} noblenes vpsodown;
+      & thus erth goth to erth, by short co{n}clusion.                36
+
+  10  Who so rekyn also of Will{iam} Conquerowr{e}[4],
+      Kyng Harry þe first, þ{a}t was of knyghthode flowr{e}[4];
+      Erth hath closed the{m} ful streytly i{n} his bowr{e}[4];
+      Loo, the ende of worthynes! here is no more socowr{e}[4].       40
+
+  11  Now thei þ{a}t leve vpon erth, both yong & old,
+      Thynk how ye shall to erth, be ye neu{er} so bold;
+      Ye be vnsiker, wheþ{er} it be i{n} hete or cold,
+      Like as yo{u}r brether[5] did beffore, as I haue told.          44
+
+  12  Now ye folk þ{a}t be here, ye may not long endure,
+      But þ{a}t ye shall torn to erth, I do you ensure;
+      & yf ye lyst of þe trewth to se a playn fugure,
+      Go to seynt Powlis, & see þ{er} the portratowr{e}[4].           48
+
+  13  All ys erth, & shall be erth, as it shew{i}t{h} ther,
+      [6]Þ{er}-for, or dredfull deth w{i}t{h} his dart you dere,
+      & for to torn i{n} to erth, no ma{n} shall it forbere,
+      Wisely pu{r}vey you beffore, & þ{er}-of haue no fere.           52
+
+  14  Now, sith by deth we shal al pas, it is to vs c{er}teyn,
+      For of þe erth we co{m} all, & to þe erth shall torn agayn;
+      Þ{er}-for to strive of grucche it were but i{n} vayn,
+      For all is erth, & shall be erth, no thyng more c{er}tayn.      56
+
+  15  Now erth vppon erth, co{n}sydre thow may,
+      How erth co{m}meth to erth nakyd all way.
+      Why shuld erth vpon erth go stowt or gay,
+      Sith erth owt of erth shall passe in pore a-ray?                60
+
+  16  I co{n}saill you vpon erth þ{a}t wikkidly haue wrowght,
+      Whill þ{a}t erth is on erth, torn vp yo{u}r thowght,
+      & pray to God vppon erth, þ{a}t all þe erth hath wrowght,
+      Þ{a}t erth owt of erth to blis may be browght.                  64
+
+                        Amen.
+
+    [Footnote: Cf. Roman Dyboski, E.E.T.S. extra ser. ci _(1907),
+    p. 90_.]
+
+    [Footnote 1: D. erron. _hat[h]_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: D. reads _rentes_, _castlles_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: MS. _worder_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: D. reads _-owr_ throughout.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: D. erron. _brother_.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: Line 50 would be better placed after l. 51.]
+
+
+16.
+
+MS. HARLEIAN 984. 16th century.                          [fol. 72, r^o.]
+
+  6   [1]How schuld{e} erthe vpon erthe be prud & gay
+      Whe{n} erthe schal to erthe in so por{e} aray?
+
+  7   I consell erthe vpon erthe þ{a}t wikyd hade wro[gh]t,
+      Whyle erthe ys apon erthe to tu{r}ne al his þo[gh]t,             4
+      And{e} p{r}ay to God þ{a}t al þe world wro[gh]t[2]
+      Þ{a}t erthe out of erthe to blesse may be bro[gh]t.
+
+    [Footnote 1: The previous leaf of the MS., which evidently
+    contained the beginning of the poem, has been torn out.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _wo[gh]t_.]
+
+
+17.
+
+THE MAITLAND MS. (PEPYSIAN MS. 2553, p. 338.) c. 1555-1585.
+
+  1   [1]Eyrd vpone eird wondirfallie is wrocht,
+      Eird hes gottin vpone eird ane dignite for nocht,
+      Eird apone eird hes set all his thocht
+      How þat[2] eird vpone eird till hicht may be brocht.             4
+
+  2   Eird apone eird wald fayne be a king,
+      And how þat eird gois to eird thinkis he no thing.
+      Quhone eird bydd{is} eird his rentis hame to bring,
+      Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting.                     8
+
+  3   Eird apon eird wy{n}nis castellis and towris,
+      Than sayis eird vntill eird: 'All þir ar owris'.
+      Quhone eird apone eird hes biggit all his bowris,
+      Than sall eird vpone eird suffir scharp schowris.               12
+
+  4   Eyrd apone eird and mold vpone mold,
+      Lyke as eird vnto eird never go sold.
+      Eird gois apone eird glitterand as gold,
+      [Gh]it sall eird go to eird sonar nor he wold.                  16
+
+  5   How þat eird luiffis eird grit wondir I think,
+      Or quhy þat eird will for eird owþir swet or swynk.
+      Quhone þat eird w{i}t{h}in eird is closit vndir bynk,
+      Than sall eird w{i}t{h}in eird haue ane ewill stynk.            20
+
+  6   Lo eird vpone eird considdir þow may,
+      How eird vnto[3] eird gois nakit away,
+      Quhy sould eird apone eird go ow{er} proud or gay,
+      Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure array?                   24
+
+  7   I counsall eird vpone eird þat wondirlie is wrocht,
+      Q{uhi}ll[4] eird is apone eird to turne all his thocht,
+      And pray to God apone eird þat maid all of nocht,
+      That eird vpone eird to blys may be brocht.                     28
+                            Q{uo}d marsar.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Printed by kind permission of the authorities of
+    Magdalene College, Cambridge.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _yat_; _þ_ regularly written as _y_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: MS. _apone_ crossed out, _vnto_ written above.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: MS. _q^ll_.]
+
+
+18.
+
+JOHN REIDPETH'S MS. CAMBR. UNIV. LIBR. Ll. 5. 10.        [fol. 43, v^o.]
+
+  (Transcribed from the Maitland MS. 1622-3.)
+
+  1   Eird vpoun eird wonderfull is wrocht,
+      Eird hes gottin vpoun eird ane dignitie for nocht,
+      Eird vpoun eird hes sett all his thocht
+      How þat[1] eird vpoun eird till hicht may be brocht.             4
+
+  2   Eird vpoun Eird wold fane be ane king,             [fol. 44, r^o.]
+      And how þat eird gois to eird thinkis he nothing.
+      Quhen eird bidd{is} eird his rentis hame to bring,
+      Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting.                     8
+
+  3   Eird vpoun Eird wins castell{is} and towris;
+      Than sayis eird vnto eird: 'All now ar ouris'.
+      Quhen eird vpoun eird hes biggit all his towris,
+      Than sall eird vpoun eird suffer grit showris.                  12
+
+  4   Eird vpoun eird and mold vpoun mold,
+      Lyk as eird vnto eird neuer go sold,
+      Eird gois vpoun eird glitterand as gold,
+      [Gh]itt sall eird go to eird sonear nor he wald.                16
+
+  5   How þat eird luiffis eird grit wonder I think,
+      Or quhy þat eird will for eird owther sweit or swink,
+      Quhen þat eird w{i}t{h}in eird is closit vnder bink,
+      Than sall eird w{i}t{h} eird haue ane evill stink.              20
+
+  6   Lo eird vpoun eird considder thow may
+      How eird vnto eird gois nakit away,
+      Quhy sould eird vpoun eird go o{u}r[2] proud or gay,
+      Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure aray?                    24
+
+  7   I counsall eird vpoun eird þat wondirlie is wrocht,
+      Q{uhi}ll eird is vpoun eird to turne all his thocht,
+      And pray to God vponn eird þat maid all of nocht,
+      That eird vpoun eird to blis may be brocht.                     28
+                                        Quod dumbar.
+
+    [Footnote 1: MS. _yat_; _þ_ regularly written as _y_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: _over_, MS. _o^r_.]
+
+
+
+
+  III.
+
+  THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT.
+
+
+CAMBRIDGE UNIV. LIBR. Ii. 4. 9. 15th century.            [fol. 67, r^o.]
+
+  1   Erthe vpon erth is waxi{n} and wrought,
+      Erthe takys on erth a nobylay of nought;
+      Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his þought
+      How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght.                        4
+
+  2   Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr{is}[1];
+      Erthe says to erth: 'This is alle owr{is}'.
+      But q{ua}n erth vpon erth has byg{g}yd his bowr{is},
+      Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr{is}.              8
+
+  3   Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng,
+      But hove[2] erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng.
+
+  4   And of the same erthe mad God ma{n},
+      And sethe he made that erth & callyd it Ad{a}m,                 12
+      For loue of erthe, the wych was woman,
+      That erth in this erthe fyrst be-gan.
+
+  5   Erthe goos on erth & tyllys w{i}t{h} hys plowe,
+      Erthe a-geyn erth holdys it full toght[3],                      16
+      Erthe vpon [erth] stelis hym a slogh[4],
+      Erthe on this erth thynkys he has neu{er} i-nowe[5].
+
+  6   Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye,
+      Prykys and prankys on a palfreye;                               20
+      When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye,
+      He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye.
+
+  7   Than xal not be lyky{n}g vn-to hy{m}
+      Bu[t][6] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in,                  24
+      When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn,
+      The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn.
+
+                                                         [fol. 67, v^o.]
+  8   [7]When erthe says to erth: 'My rent þ{o}u me bryng',
+      Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p{ar}tyng.                    28
+
+  9   How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke,
+      How erth for erth wyll swete and swynke.
+      When erth is in erthe broght w{i}t{h}-in the brynke,
+      What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty{n}ke?               32
+
+  10  Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde,
+      Erthe vp-on erth glydys as golde,
+      As erthe leve in erthe eu{er} mor{e} schulde.
+
+  11  Erthe vp-on erth mynd eu{er} mor{e} þ{o}u make                  36
+      How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy{m} take.
+
+  12  Be war{e}, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle,
+      Erthe may of erth at þe last take a fowle,
+      When erth is in erthe her{e} so long in his slogh.              40
+
+  13  Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede,
+      And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede,
+      When he was[8] goty{n} in erth erth to his mede,
+      Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede.                     44
+      Whylke ar the wormys the flesch brede?
+      God wote the wormys for to ryght rede.
+
+  14  Erthe a-geyn erthe I holde it on-kynde,
+      Erthe is as sone wroth as is the wynde,                         48
+      Swyche fowle erth mekyl may we fynde,
+      That wyl speke fayr{e} befor{e} vs & falsly be-hy{n}de.
+
+  15  When erth vp-on erth be-gy{n}nys to be wroth,      [fol. 68, r^o.]
+      Erth vpon erth swerys many a gret othe,                         52
+      Erth berys p{r}ide in herte & i{n} cloth,
+      When erth is layde i{n} erth þan xal it be loth.
+
+  16  Erthly coveytous makyth erth to be schent,
+      Erth for this erth yeld{is} a gret rent,                        56
+      If erth in thys erth levyd in good entent
+      Than dar{e} erthe nevyr recke wher{e} that he went.
+
+  17  Erth vp-on erth is stronge as a mast,
+      And erth wyth is erth fyghtys ful fast,                         60
+      Ther{e} is non so stowte that in erth may hy{m} cast,
+      And alle xal we be erth at the last.
+
+  18  Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres,
+      When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo{ur}s;               64
+      If erth haue welth, he dwellyth in flowr{es}[9],
+      And if erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho{ur}s.
+
+  19  If erth wyste in erth q{ua}t that erth is,
+      Ther wolde neu{er} erth in erth do a-mys.                       68
+      God mad erth of erth, & namyd it for his,
+      Adam of erth in erthly paradys.
+
+  20  God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde,
+      He had not in this erth but hong{er} & colde,                   72
+      And in this erth also his body was solde,
+      Her{e} in this erth, whan þ{a}t he was xxx^ti [gh]er{e} olde.
+
+  21  God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou{n}de!      [fol. 68, v^o.]
+      He sauyd hijs herth w{i}t{h} many a scharpe wou{n}de,           76
+      Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou{n}de,
+      He deyd in erth vpon þe rode w{i}t{h} many a blody vou{n}de[10].
+
+  22  And God ros ovght of the est[11] this erth for to spede,
+      And went into hell as was gret nede,                            80
+      And toke erth from sorowe þ{us}[12] erth for to spede,
+      The ryght wey to heuen blys Iesus Cryst vs lede!
+                                                       fine.
+
+  (_The rest of the page is occupied by a coloured picture of a knight
+  and a skeleton with Latin mottoes, v. Introduction, p. xiv._)
+
+    [Footnote 1: or _towr{es}_, _owr{es}_, &c.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: MS. _hove_ for _howe_.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: ? error for _togh_.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: Heuser _flogh_, but MS. appears to be _slogh_ as in
+    l. 40.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: MS. _was neuer non_ crossed out, _has neu{er} I nowe_
+    written above.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: MS. _bu_, the last letter of the word has been
+    erased.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: These two lines form the missing half of v. 3, and
+    are perhaps inserted here with the idea of forming a six-lined
+    stanza.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: better _has_.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: or _flowr{is}_.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: _wounde_.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: MS. clearly _est_, perh. error for _erth_.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: MS. _y^9_ = _þus_, perh. for _þis_.]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+#Page 1.# #MS. Harl. 2253.# These four lines were apparently regarded by
+Wanley, together with the preceding French strophe, as forming part of
+the poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort, and are not noted by him in
+the British Museum Catalogue. Böddeker also omitted them from his
+_Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253_ (Berlin 1878). They were,
+however, already noted by Pinkerton in 1786, see _Ancient Scottish Poems
+never before in print . . . from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard
+Maitland_, ii, Note on p. 466: 'In the same (i.e. Harleian) library, No.
+2253, is another of the same kind, beginning,
+
+  Erthe toc of erthe erthe wyth wote.
+
+It is only one stanza; and another piece of one stanza preceding it,
+both are put by Mr. Wanley, in the Catalogue, as part of a French song
+on Sir Simon de Montfort, which they follow: but such mistakes
+frequently arise from the crowded manner of old MSS.' The facsimile
+opposite the title-page shows the lines as they occur in the MS.
+
+#Page 5.# #William Billyng's MS.# The 'finely written and illuminated
+parchment roll' described by William Bateman in his preface to Billyng's
+_Five Wounds of Christ_, of which forty copies were privately printed by
+him at Manchester in 1814, contained the following poems:--
+
+1. The Five Wounds of Christ (fifteen stanzas in rime royal).
+
+2. At hygh none whan the belle dothe tylle (eighteen lines).
+
+3. Erth owte of Erth (six stanzas).
+
+4. Pes maketh plente (five lines).
+
+The whole is signed #Will[~m] Billyng#. It has been frequently suggested
+that Billyng was the author of these poems, but it is evident that he
+was not the author of _Erthe upon Erthe_, though his may be one of the
+earliest transcripts of the B version, and the lines _Pes maketh plente_
+also occur elsewhere, cf. MS. Digby 230 (fifteenth century). He may have
+been the author of _The Five Wounds of Christ_, but it is more probable,
+considering the usual origin of other fifteenth-century collections of
+the kind, that he was merely the collector and transcriber of the texts.
+Cf. F. J. Furnivall, _Notes and Queries_, IV. iii. 103. It is possible
+that this may be the William Billyng who, in 1474, became rector of Toft
+Monks in Norfolk on the presentation of the Provost and Scholars of
+King's College, Cambridge, and who appears to have held the benefice
+until 1506 (see _Notes and Queries_, III. iv. 173; Blomefield,
+_Norfolk_, viii. 63).[1] The parchment roll was formerly preserved in
+Bateman's collection of antiquities at Lomberdale House, Derbyshire.
+This collection was broken up and sold after Bateman's death, the
+archaeological remains being purchased by the Sheffield Museum, and the
+books and MSS. sold at Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge's rooms in
+1893, but all attempts to trace Billyng's MS. after the breaking up of
+the collection have been unsuccessful. A copy of the printed text is in
+the British Museum.
+
+Montgomery's reprint of the poem in 1827 was taken from Bateman's
+version, and differs from it only in some very slight corrections in
+spelling. It has been suggested that this reprint was the source of the
+_Earth upon Earth_ Epitaphs which occur, but these were current from the
+sixteenth century on, and, as has been already pointed out (see
+Introduction, pp. xxxvi ff.), the usual form of the Epitaph, even in the
+latest versions, differed from that of the actual poem.
+
+#Page 7.# #MS. Selden Supra 53.# This text omits verse 5, and inverts
+the normal order of verses 4 and 6 (see Table on p. xvii of
+Introduction). The text is written in a neat hand in the left-hand
+column on the back of a spare leaf (fol. 159) at the end of the MS.,
+after Lydgate's _Dance of Macabre_. The right-hand column contains Latin
+scribblings, perhaps by the scribe who re-wrote small portions of _Erthe
+upon Erthe_ (see p. 7, footnotes). A few lines are scribbled in another
+hand upon the front side of the leaf, which is otherwise blank. The back
+of the leaf was evidently unprotected, and is much rubbed and worn. The
+space below Lydgate's last verse and colophon on fol. 158 v^o contains
+two odd stanzas in English in the same metre as Lydgate's poem,
+beginning 'Let se your hand my ladi, dam emperys', in a hand of the late
+fifteenth century, and a French stanza of four lines ('Qui met son cuer
+tout en Deu, Il a son cuer et si a Deu', &c.) in a French hand, perhaps
+as late as 1500. Both of these were quite possibly inserted in the MS.
+later than _Erthe upon Erthe_, the exact date of which is indeterminate,
+but it was probably copied in between 1450 and 1500.
+
+#Page 8.# #MS. Egerton 1995.# This MS. was evidently a Commonplace book.
+Its contents are described by Gairdner, _Collections of a London
+Citizen_ (Camden Society, 1876). The MS. is written throughout in
+fifteenth-century hand, and appears to be the work of one scribe.
+Gairdner thinks the whole collection may be ascribed to William Gregory
+of the Skinners' Company, who was Mayor of London in 1451, and who seems
+to have been the author of part, at least, of the Chronicle of London at
+the end of the MS.
+
+#Page 10.# #MS. Brighton.# Fiedler's account of this MS. is as
+follows:-- 'Noch eine andre Fassung des Gedichtes habe ich mir vor
+einigen Jahren aus einer Handschrift abgeschrieben, die damals im
+Besitze eines Antiquars in Brighton war, über deren weiteren Verbleib
+ich aber nichts ermitteln könnte. Es war eine Pergamenthandschrift,
+folio, von 90 Blättern. Sie enthielt eine lateinische Abhandlung über
+die sieben Sacramente "Oculi Sacerdotis", und auf der ursprünglich frei
+gebliebenen Rückseite des letzten Blattes war von einer Hand des
+fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts das englische Gedicht eingetragen.' (_Mod.
+Lang. Review_, III. iii. 219.)
+
+#Page 11.# #Stratford-on-Avon Inscription.# A full account of this
+inscription has been given in the Introduction, p. xii. The lines
+'Whosoo hym be thowghte', there mentioned as being inscribed beneath
+_Erthe upon Erthe_, are given by Fisher as follows:--
+
+  Whosoo hym be thowght   Inwardly and ofte
+    How hard hyt ys to flett
+  From bede to peyt   From peyt to peyne that neu{er}
+    Schall seys Certen
+  He wold not doo no syn   all þ{is} world to wynne.
+
+The same lines are found on other monumental inscriptions. Weever
+(_Ancient Funeral Monuments_, p. 425) mentions them as occurring in
+sixteenth-century inscriptions in Churches at Saffron Walden and
+Faversham respectively, and Rogers (_Monuments and Monumental
+Inscriptions in Scotland_, ii. 210) quotes them from a tombstone in the
+parish of Dun. The following version is from Bodl. MS. Tanner 407, fol.
+36, v^o (sixteenth century):--
+
+  He that hath thoughte
+  ful in-wardly and ofte
+  how hard it is to flyt
+  fro bedde on to pyt
+  fro pytte on to pyne
+  whiche neuyr schal haue fyne
+  for alle thys world to wynne
+  wold not do a synne.
+
+#Page 16.# #MS. Laud Misc. 23.# This is the only text which is not
+written in metrical lines. The MS. being small, it was not as a rule
+possible to fit one line of the poem into a single line of the page,
+and the run-on lines involved waste of space. The scribe wrote verse 1
+in metrical lines, verses 2 and 3 as if in two long lines, and the
+remainder of the poem in paragraphs, each paragraph coinciding with a
+verse. Each new line or paragraph is indicated by a red capital, and the
+metrical lines are distinguished by pause-marks ([V.], ·, [V], |), and
+by touching up the first letter of the line in red. In vv. 6, 7, and 8,
+the scribe appears to have lost count of the lines, as the three verses
+are written in two paragraphs, and letters in the middle of a line are
+often marked in red. At the top of the first leaf a later hand has
+scribbled the words _haue made me_. A few other such scribbles occur
+elsewhere in the MS.
+
+  [[The first and third "pause-marks" are root sign with and without
+  under-dot.]]
+
+l. 26 (p. 17). _Thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is hatyd._
+The reading is inferior to MS. Lambeth, l. 27:
+
+  þan þi bodi þat was rank & undeuout of alle men is bihatid--
+
+and the change led to the placing of the pause (indicated in the MS.)
+after men.
+
+l. 27. _Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garnement._ This
+line seems to be a compromise between the readings of MSS. Lamb. and
+Rawl. P.
+
+(_MS. Lamb. 28_)
+
+  Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wrecchid garnement.
+
+(_MS. Rawl. P. 37_)
+
+  Oute of the erthe cam the erthe wantynge his garnament.
+
+But the rest of the verse follows Lamb, rather than Rawl. P., cf. _ruly,
+raggid and rent_, _hidous turment_, beside Rawl. P. _disgesily ragged
+and to-rent_, _ful grete turment_.
+
+l. 34 has the correct reading _stinke_, as in MSS. Harl. 4486 and Rawl.
+P.; Lamb. repeats _swynk_.
+
+l. 39 (p. 18). _Wolde therfore this erthe on this erthe on this hertly
+thinke_, is superior to the exaggeratedly long line in Lamb. 40, but
+both are inferior to MS. Rawl. P., ll. 53, 54, where the correct rime is
+preserved:
+
+  thinkynge : risynge : rekenynge : kynge.
+
+l. 47. _Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys
+ille._ It is difficult to determine what was the original form of this
+line. The readings of the other texts which have the verse are as
+follows:--
+
+(_Harl. 4486, 33_)
+
+  Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ille.
+
+(_Lamb. 48_)
+
+  O þou Lord that madist þis erþe for þis erþe
+          & suffridist heere peynes ille.
+
+(_Rawl. P. 125-6_).
+
+  Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe And suffredist paynes ful stille.
+
+Possibly MS. Laud has transposed the _and_, and the correct reading
+should be _that erthe madist for the erthe & suffredist paynes ille_, in
+which case Harl. 4486 has merely omitted the first _erthe_, while the
+other two texts have modified the older version.
+
+#Page 24.# #MS. Porkington 10.# _Erthe upon Erthe_ is preceded by the
+two following stanzas:--
+
+  Lo wordly folk{es} thou[gh] þ{is} p{ro}cese of dethe
+  Be not swete, ne synke not i{n} your mynde.
+  Whe{n} age co{m}myþ & schorteth is her brethe,
+  And dethe co{m}myþ, he is not far behynde;
+  The{n} her dyscressio{n} schal wel knov & fynde
+  That to have mynd of deþ it is ful nesseserry,
+  Ffor deth wyl co{m}e; dovtl{es} he wyl not long tarry.
+
+  Of what estate [gh]e be, [gh]ovng or wold,
+  That redyth vppon þ{is} dredful storrye,
+  As in a myrrovr her [gh]e may be-holde
+  The ferful ende of al your joy & glorie;
+  Therfor þ{is} mat{er} redvs vs to yovr memory:--
+  [Gh]e þ{at} syttyþ nowe hye vppon þe whele,
+  Thynke vppo{n} yovr end, & alle schal be we[le].
+
+The MS. is in Lord Harlech's library at Brogyntyn (formerly Porkington)
+near Oswestry, Salop.
+
+#Page 28.# #MS. Balliol 354.# l. 48. _Go to seynt Poulis, & see þer the
+portratowre._ Cf. Stow, _Survey of London_, 1598: 'There was also one
+great cloister on the north side of this church (St. Paul's), environing
+a plot of ground, of old time called Pardon churchyard . . . About this
+cloister was artificially and richly painted the Dance of Machabray, or
+Dance of Death, commonly called the Dance of Paul's; the like whereof
+was painted about St. Innocent's cloister at Paris, in France. The
+metres or poesy of this dance were translated out of French into English
+by John Lidgate, monk of Bury, and with the picture of death leading all
+estates, painted about the cloister, at the special request and in the
+dispence of Jenken Carpenter, in the reign of Henry V.'
+
+_Ibid._ 'John Carpenter, townclerk of London, in the reign of Henry V,
+caused with great expense to be curiously painted upon board, about the
+north cloister of Paule's, a monument of Death leading all estates, with
+the speeches of Death, and answer of every state. This cloister was
+pulled down 1549.'
+
+Cf. Sir T. More, _Works_ (ed. 1557, folio), p. 77: 'We wer never so
+gretly moved by the beholding of the Daunce of Deth pictured in
+Paule's.'
+
+#Page 30.# #Maitland MS.# Omitted by Pinkerton from his printed text of
+the Maitland MS. as 'a silly jingling piece, shewing the vanity of man,
+who is but earth, building upon earth: priding himself in gold which is
+but earth', &c. Pinkerton also knew of 'several pieces of the same kind
+in MSS. of Old English poetry', see Note on MS. Harl. 2253, p. 36. He
+had strong views against the indiscriminate printing of old MSS., and
+was unwilling to sacrifice 'the character of a man of taste to that of
+an antiquary; as of all characters he should the least chuse that of an
+hoarder of ancient dirt'.
+
+#Page 32.# #MS. Cambridge# (Univ. Libr. I. 1. iv. 9). l. 17. The reading
+_slogh_ is supported by Professor Skeat. It is difficult to see what
+meaning could be attached to _flogh_, as in Heuser's text.
+
+#Page 33.# l. 48. _As wroth as the wynde_ was a favourite mediaeval
+proverb. Cf. _Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight_, l. 319: he wex as wroth
+as wynde; _Piers Plowman_, C. iv. 486: As wroth as the wynd wex Mede
+ther-after; _Richard the Redeles_, iii. 153: thei woll be wroth as the
+wynde.
+
+
+ANALOGUES.
+
+It may be of interest to note here some other instances of the use of
+the theme _Earth upon Earth_, not immediately connected with the poem
+under discussion.
+
+An early instance of the phrase occurs in a Poem on the Death of Edward
+IV, written by Skelton probably soon after the event (9th April, 1483),
+beginning _Miseremini mei ye that ben my ffryndys_. Verse 2 runs as
+follows:--
+
+  I slepe now in molde, as it is naturall
+    That erth vnto erth hath his reuerture:
+  What ordeyned God to be terestyall,
+    Without recours to the erth of nature?
+    Who to lyue euer may himselfe assure?
+  What is it to trust on mutabilyte,
+    Sith that in this world nothing may indure?
+  For now am I gone, that late was in prosperyte:
+  To presume thervppon, it is but a vanyte,
+    Not certayne, but as a chery fayre full of wo:
+  Reygned not I of late in greate felycite?
+    _Et, ecce, nunc in pulvere dormio!_
+
+  (_Poetical Works of Skelton_, ed. Dyce, I. i; London, 1843).
+
+The poem was inserted amongst the imprinted works of Lydgate, who could
+not have been alive in 1483, cf. MS. Harl. 4011, fol. 169, v^o, where it
+occurs among Lydgate's works.
+
+In John Taylor's _Trauels of Twelve-Pence_, 1630 folio (Spenser Soc.
+reprint, p. 82), this verse occurs:--
+
+  Far[2] though from _Earth_ man hath originall,
+  And to the _Earth_, from whence he came doth fall,
+  Though he be Earth, & can claime nought but earth,
+  (As the fraile portion due vnto his birth)
+  Yet many thousands that the earth doth breed,
+  Haue no place (certain) where to lodge or feed.
+
+The following lines occur in a small volume called _The Compleat
+Bell-Man, being a Pattern for all sorts of People to take notice of the
+most remarkable Times and Dayes in the Year_, by H. Crouch (seventeenth
+century). The book contains thirty-nine verses, for Saint-Days and
+Anniversaries chiefly, a few being on more general subjects. The last
+verse, No. 39, _Upon the day of Doom_, runs as follows:--
+
+  When Earth of Earth shall turn to Earth
+  That was but Earth even from its Birth,
+  Then Earth from Earth shall rise again
+  To endlesse joy, or endlesse pain,
+  Let Earth then serve and please his Maker
+  That Earth of Heaven may be pertaker.
+
+The following is an Epitaph on Roger Earth of Dinton, Wilts, died 1634
+(see E. R. Suffling, _Epitaphia_, p. 81):--
+
+  From Earth wee came, to Earth wee must returne,
+  Witness this EARTH that Lyes within this VRNE.
+  Begott by EARTH: Borne also of Earth's WOMBE,
+  74 yeares lived EARTH, now Earth's his TOMBE.
+  In Earth EARTH'S Body Lyes Vnder this STONE,
+  But from this Earth to Heauen EARTH'S soule is gone.
+
+Another later epitaph is quoted by Suffling, p. 339, from Loughter,
+Glamorganshire, without name or date:--
+
+  O Earth! O Earth observe this well,
+    That Earth to Earth must go to dwell,
+  That Earth to Earth must close remain
+    Till Earth for Earth shall come again.
+
+    [Footnote 1: But this is not in agreement with Bateman's opinion
+    as to the age of the original parchment roll (1400-1430), see
+    Introduction, p. xi.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: ? for.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+
+The three following _Erthe_ poems, in Latin, French, and English
+respectively, were discovered too late for inclusion in the text. They
+represent renderings of the same poem in the three languages, and are
+preserved on the back of a Roll[1] in the Public Record Office,
+containing a copy of the Ordinances of the fifth year of Edward II
+(of which other copies exist in the British Museum, the Record Office,
+and the Treasury at Canterbury). The poems in question are written on
+the back of the Roll, towards the end, the Latin and French in parallel
+columns, and the English below, five verses under the Latin, and four
+under the French. They are preceded by a number of Latin recipes in
+another hand, and a few in French follow. The handwriting of the poems
+is smaller and neater than that of the Ordinances, or the Latin recipes,
+but was ascribed by Hunter[2] to the time of Edward II, and may perhaps
+be assigned to the fourteenth century. The French is fourteenth-century
+Anglo-French, and the texts probably belong to that century, though this
+copy of them may not have been made until after 1400.
+
+A nineteenth-century transcript of the poems exists in the British
+Museum, Addit. MS. 25478 (fol. 1-3), described in the Catalogue as
+containing 'Transcripts of miscellaneous English poetry, with a few
+Latin pieces, chiefly derived from MS. sources: xivth to xixth century'.
+The binding is marked 'Collectanea Hunteriana', and the MS. was acquired
+with various others of the Hunter collection in 1863. The handwriting
+varies, and these three poems are not in Hunter's own hand. The
+transcript is headed 'Copy of a Poem in Latin, French, and English,
+which is written in a hand of the reign of Edward II, on the dorse of a
+Roll which contains a copy of the ordinances of the fifth year of Edward
+II, which are printed in the Statutes of the Realm I. 157-168'. The text
+given below has been collated with this transcript, and variant readings
+in the latter given in the footnotes under the name Hunter (H.).
+
+The British Museum transcript was discovered by Miss Helen Sandison of
+Bryn Mawr, U.S.A., who kindly acquainted me with her discovery, and was
+of great assistance in the search for the original Roll, which was
+eventually found in a bundle awaiting rearrangement at the Record
+Office. A large stain on the original text has rendered a considerable
+portion of the Latin and a few words in the French almost illegible, and
+Hunter's transcript has left blanks at these points. Mr. S. C. Ratcliff,
+of the Record Office, has given me much kind and courteous assistance in
+deciphering the missing words, thanks to which I have been able to fill
+up all the gaps, except that in verse 8, l. 3 of the Latin. Hunter's
+text at this point runs as follows:--
+
+  4. l. 4.  Sic t'ra put^{e}dinis . . . t're venas.
+
+  6. l. 4.  Terra t'rã faciat flere ieu . . . . .
+
+  7.        De t'ra resurg'e t'ra deb . . . . . . . .
+            Et quod t'ra meruit . . . . . . . .
+            Hic dum terra vix'it . . . . . . .
+            Ut in t'ra valeat . . . . . dere
+
+  8.        Adu'sus t'rigenas . . . . terra stabit
+            Et t'ra int'roga . . . . . . . . abit
+            Terra finem cap . . . . . . . gabit
+            Quod terra promiserat t'ra . . . urgabit.
+
+and in the French:--
+
+  9. l. 2.  Sayt cydaunt a la tere qe tere soit sauve
+            . . . . . . . eyne de tere ou tere est benure.
+
+
+RECORD OFFICE ROLL (Ex^r. K. R. Parl. Proc., Bdle. 1).
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  The following text was printed on two pairs of facing pages:
+
+  pg. 42  Latin Text  | French Text   pg. 43
+          stz. 1-5    | stz. 1-5
+          ------------|------------
+          English Text| English Text
+          stz. 1-3.2  | stz. 3.3-5
+
+  pg. 44  Latin Text  | French Text   pg. 45
+          stz. 6-11   | stz. 6-10
+          ------------|------------
+          English Text| English Text
+          stz. 6-7    | stz. 8-9
+
+  For this e-text, the three versions have been combined into complete
+  Latin, French and English poems. Parenthetical notations such as
+  (in left column) are in the original. Footnote numbering reflects
+  the original layout.]
+
+LATIN TEXT (in left column).
+
+                                         [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, r^o]
+  1   In terra cu{m} terra sit fraude p{er}quisita,
+      Terra t{er}re v{er}mib{us} sic put{r}essit trita,
+      Terra t{er}ra{m} deseret, erit et finita,
+      Terra tu{n}c a terren[i]s[3] mox erit oblita.                    4
+
+  2   Terra p{er} sup{er}bia{m} terram cum ascendit,
+      Terra tu{n}c cupidine t{er}ram comp{re}hendit,
+      Terra morti p{ro}ximans t{er}ra{m} dat et vendit,
+      Ad t{er}ra{m} viuenciu{m} t{er}ra manus tendit.                  8
+
+  3   Terra t{er}ra{m} speculans no{n} iustificari,
+      Et ad t{er}re t{er}minu{m} t{er}ra{m} inclinari.
+      Terra t{er}re s{er}uiens vult[4] refrigerari,
+      Et t{er}ra t{er}ribilis in terra locari.                        12
+
+  4   In t{er}ra q{u}id possidet t{er}ra nisi penas
+      Q{u}ando t{er}ra respicit t{er}ra{m} lite plenas,
+      Et t{er}ra{m} defic{er}e tanq{uam} t{er}re tenas,
+      Sic t{er}ra put{r}edinis intrat[5] terre venas?                 16
+
+  5   Terra no{n} co{n}siderat t{er}ra{m} firma mente,
+      Atq{ue} t{er}ra labit{ur} in t{er}ra{m} repente,
+      Terra{m} suo sang{u}ine t{er}ra redimente,
+      Terra{m} potens eruit de t{er}ra dolente.                       20
+
+  6   Terra q{u}ando respicit t{e}rra{m} t{er}minare,
+      Terra t{er}ra{m} debuit sese castigare,
+      Terra t{er}ra{m} valeat vt humiliare,
+      Terra t{er}ra{m} faciat flere ieiunare[19].                     24
+
+  7   De t{er}ra resurg{er}e t{er}ra debet vere[19],
+      Et quod t{er}ra meruit t{er}ra[19] possidere[19],
+      Hic du{m} t{er}ra vix{er}it t{er}ra[19] valet[19] flere[19],
+      Ut in t{er}ra valeat t{er}ra[19] post[19] gaudere[19].          28
+
+                                         [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, v^o]
+  8   Adu{er}sus t{er}rigenas q{u}ando[19] terra stabit,
+      Et t{er}ra{m} int{er}rogans t{er}ra[19] tu{n}c[19] culpabit[19],
+      Terra fine{m} cap[ia]t t{er}ra{m}[19] . . . gabit[20],
+      Quod t{er}ra p{ro}mis{er}at t{er}ra tu{n}c[19] negabit[21].     32
+
+  9   In t{er}ra q{u}i mortuus & in t{er}ra natus
+      Ffuit[22], t{er}ram p{ro}tegat sic & t{er}re[23] gratus,
+      Vt in t{er}ra quilibet de t{er}ra formatus,
+      Terre ponat t{er}minu{m} t{er}re comendatus.                    36
+
+  10  In t{er}ra cu{m} Ang{e}li t{er}ra{m} suscitabunt,
+      In t{er}ra terribiles tube resonabunt,
+      De t{er}ra t{er}rigene corpora leuabunt,
+      Et ad t{er}re judice{m} terre tunc clamabunt.                   40
+
+  11  O tu terre do{mi}ne! t{er}re miserere,
+      Et t{er}ra respiciens terenos tuere,
+      In t{er}ra deficim{us}, terra sumus vere,
+      Nos in t{er}ra gl{or}ie t{er}ram fac videre.                    44
+
+FRENCH TEXT (in right column).
+
+                                         [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, r^o]
+  1   Q{u}ant t{er}re auera en[9] terre large terre gayne,
+      & t{er}re s{er}ra en terre a la mort liuere,
+      Puis ert tere en tere de v{er}myne mange,
+      Dounc vendra tere en tere & toust ert oblie.                     4
+
+  2   Q{u}ant tere sour t{er}re de orgoyl descline,
+      & tere ils[10] [vers] tere par coueitise encline,
+      Dounc tere ils[10] [vers] tere se treit a Ruyne,
+      & tere a haute tere requeit medicine.                            8
+
+  3   Q{u}ant tere ne peot de t{er}re la malueste sourueyndre,
+      Par force deit tere de t{er}re te{m}ptaciouns esteyndre,
+      Encontre la fiele tere sa tere deit refreyndre,
+      Q{u}ant tere leue en tere face sa tere moyndre.                 12
+
+  4   Quey ad tere de tere forq{u}e dolour & peygne
+      Q{u}ant tere veyt en terre soun enemi demeygne,
+      & tere coust en tere a la mort c{er}teyne[11],
+      & tere pase en tere par frelete humeyne?                        16
+
+                                         [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, v^o]
+  5   O tu cheytiue tere de tere, remembrez
+      Vo{us} estes pris de tere & tere deuendrez,
+      Pensez[12] coment en tere & par tere pecchez,
+      & tere fiust en tere tant fortment[13] rechatez.                20
+
+  6   Quant tere veyt q{ue} tere se treit a la mort,
+      & tere nad en tere forq{ue} poure confort,
+      Q{u}ant tere moert[25] en tere ni ad nul resort,
+      Merueille est q{ue} tere de tere nad retort.                    24
+
+  7   Q{u}ant tere[26] deit de tere leuer sodeynement,
+      Tere vendra en tere p{u}r oy{e}r jugement,
+      Dounc auera tere en tere dolour & t{u}rment,
+      Si tere neit fet en tere bon amendement.                        28
+
+  8   Angel{e}s vendrount en tere la tere resusciter,
+      & dirrount a la tere de tere couent leuer,
+      Deuant le Roy de tere en tere deuez aller[27],
+      Q{u}e[28] soffri en tere p{u}r tere dolour amer.                32
+
+  9   Jesu, q{u}e p{u}r la tere en tere fiust ne,
+      Soyt eydaunt[29] a la tere q{u}e tere soit sauue,
+      & nos meyne[30] de tere ou tere est benure,
+      Kar si sumes en tere par tere t{u}rmente[31].                   36
+
+  10  Dolour est en tere par tere & par mer,
+      Ffaus est tere en tere & tere desir auer,
+      Pluis ne voil en tere ore[32] de tere chaunter.
+      Dieu deynt tere en tere de viuauns habiter. Amen.               40
+
+ENGLISH TEXT (in left column, below Latin)
+
+                                         [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, r^o]
+  1   Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wiþ wrong igete,
+      And eorthe in eorthe biginneþ to alete,
+      And eorthe i{n} eorthe wiþ wormes is afrete,
+      Thanne eorthe is on eorthe sone for[gh]ete.                      4
+
+  2   Wanne eorthe ouer eorthe þorw p{r}ude styeþ,
+      And eorthe toward eorthe þorw coueytise wryeþ,
+      & eorthe into eorthe toward þe deþ hyeþ,
+      Þanne eorthe a[gh]eyn eorthe toward heuene c{r}ieþ.[6]           8
+
+  3   Whan eorthe juynt eorthe so luþ{er}[7] to awelden,
+      & eorthe on þ{a}t eorthe allewey[8] bi helden,
+      & eorthe on eorthe sone bigynneþ for to elden,
+      Hou may þat[14] eorthe on eorthe wo[14] belden?                 12
+
+  4   What haueþ eorthe on eorthe bote pou[gh]t[15] and[15] wo,
+      Whan eorthe iseoþ[16] eorthe his dedliche fo,
+      & eorthe into eorthe so sone gynneþ guo,
+      & eorthe iworthe to eorthe alle we sullen so?                   16
+
+  5   Alas why naþ eorthe[17] in eorthe is þou[gh]t,
+      Hou eorthe is on eorthe wiþ synnes of-sou[gh]t,
+      & eorthe was in eorthe so mychfulliche ibou[gh]t,
+      Þ{a}t eorthe þorw eorthe ne foelle[18] to nou[gh]t?             20
+
+(in right column, below French)
+
+  6   Whan eorthe iseoþ eorthe to endinge drawe,
+      & eorthe on eorthe wiþ deþ is islawe,
+      & eorthe on eorthe wiþ wormes in ignawe,
+      Þanne eorthe may eorthe hi{m} seluen iknawe.                    24
+
+                                         [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, v^o]
+  7   Wan eorthe ssal of eorthe netfulliche aryse,
+      & eorthe on eorthe ihere þilke assise
+      Þer eorthe ne may eorthe noþer[24] lere ne wise,
+      Þanne eorthe sal on eorthe g{r}imliche agrise.                  28
+
+  8   Þa{n}ne eorthe sal to eorthe holden gret cheste,
+      & eorthe asken eorthe were is hiere byheste
+      Þ{a}t eorthe byhet eorthe allewey to leste,
+      Wanne eorthe t{ur}neþ to eorthe toward Helle feste.             32
+
+  9   Houre Lou{er}d þ{a}t on eorthe for eorthe was iboren,
+      On eorthe of eorthe wiþ wounden to-toren,
+      Wyte eorthe fro{m} eorthe þ{a}t ne be furloren,
+      & b{r}inge eorthe to þ{a}t eorthe þer beþ his icoren.           36
+
+        Amen.
+
+It will be seen that the Latin and French versions do not correspond
+exactly with the English text, the French in particular being a mere
+paraphrase of it, but this was, no doubt, largely due to the exigencies
+of the rime. The French text has ten stanzas as against nine in the
+English poem, and the Latin has eleven, the additional stanzas being an
+expansion of the theme after the manner of Anglo-Latin poems of the
+kind. It is evident both from the variant attempts at expansion of the
+text in the Latin and French, and from the greater freshness and more
+skilful use of the play on the word _erthe_ of the English text, that
+the latter is the original, and this supports the view already expressed
+(Introd. p. xxxiii) as to the relation of the English and Latin versions
+in MS. Harl. 913. It is improbable, at least, that the _Erthe upon
+Erthe_ poems should all be derived from two Latin poems, the differences
+between which are too great to admit of a common original, but which
+were both translated into English verse, and became, in course of time,
+modified and popularized. On the other hand, the fact that one
+fourteenth-century poem of the kind had been supplied with a Latin
+rendering might easily account for an attempt at Latin and French
+translations in the case of a second, and there seems to be reason for
+believing that the author of the latter text was acquainted with the
+poem in MS. Harl. 913. As has been already noted in the Introduction
+(p. xxxii), the first line of the English version corresponds in idea
+with that of the text in MS. Harl. 913:
+
+  Whan erþ haþ erþ iwanne wiþ wow.
+
+and in actual wording with that of the _Song on the Times_:
+
+  When erthe hath erthe i-gette.
+
+Otherwise no verbal connexion can be traced with any of the texts of
+_Erthe upon Erthe_, though the phrase _eorthe on eorthe_ recurs four
+times, and there is, of necessity, some similarity of treatment and
+idea. Thus the remainder of verse 1 contains a reference to the
+destruction by worms, mentioned in MS. Harl. 913, v. 2, and in the
+Cambridge text, vv. 7 and 13, as well as to the proverb that the dead
+are soon forgotten, cf. MS. Harl. 913, v. 4 (Introd. p. xxxi); verse 5
+exhorts man to think of death, as does v. 6 of the B Version; and the
+poem ends with a prayer, as do MSS. Harl. 4486, Lambeth, Laud, Titus,
+and Rawl. P., as well as Rawl. C., and the Cambridge text. But the
+wording, and, in the two latter cases, the treatment, is different, and
+the general similarity is less than might he expected from the triteness
+of the theme. Both the A and the B Version lay stress on the contrast
+between man's present earthly glory and his future mingling with the
+dust, whereas the text in the Appendix dwells on the inevitableness of
+death, the pains of death, and the future judgement (only mentioned here
+and in MS. Harl. 913). The poem appears to represent an individual
+treatment of the subject, suggested perhaps by the text in MS. Harl.
+913, with its Latin rendering, and possibly also influenced by the _Song
+on the Times_ in the same MS. It may be regarded as being ultimately
+based, like MS. Harl. 913, on the short stanzas current at the beginning
+of the fourteenth century, and as furnishing additional evidence of the
+early popularity of the theme, a popularity which gave rise at first to
+individual poems like this and MS. Harl. 913, and later to the
+repetition and expansion of one common type as in the B Version. But,
+unlike MS. Harl. 913, this text stands apart from the more popular types
+of the poem, and has no connexion with either the B Version or the
+Cambridge text. It must therefore have been written before the short
+normal type of the B Version became current, and probably before it took
+shape as a poem of several stanzas, that is before 1400. The want of
+close connexion between it and the more usual types of the poem given
+above, makes the omission of it from the text the less to be regretted,
+since it represents a side-issue rather than a link in the development
+of the poem as here treated.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Ex^r. K. R. Parl. Proceedings, Bdle. 1 (Old No.
+    645/21).]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Joseph Hunter, the antiquary (1783-1861),
+    Sub-Commissioner of the Public Records 1833, Assistant-Keeper of
+    the Records 1838.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: MS. _aterrens_ as one word.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: MS. _wlt_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: this word is very obscure, and is omitted by Hunter;
+    portions of _nt_ and the second _t_ can be seen.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: H. _b^{i}reþ_.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: H. _luþ_.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: the MS. has a gap after _allewey_ with space for a
+    word of five or six letters, but there is no erasure nor trace of
+    any omission.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: inserted above the line.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: MS. has _ils_, surely a scribal error; the original
+    had probably _u{er}s_ = _vers 'towards'_, with the MS. compendium
+    for _er_, written over and confused with the second stroke of the
+    _u_ so as to look like _il_.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: H. _e'teyne_.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: H. _peisez_.]
+
+    [Footnote 13: H. _foilment_.]
+
+    [Footnotes 14, 15: _in fresher ink above the line._]
+
+    [Footnote 16: MS. _isoeþ_.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: above the line.]
+
+    [Footnote 18: MS. _foelle_; ? _falle_.]
+
+    [Footnote 19: All words marked [19] are omitted in H.'s transcript,
+    the MS. at this point being stained and obscure.]
+
+    [Footnote 20: Professor Robinson Ellis suggests _obiu{r}gabit_
+    here, which would fit the space: there is room for 2-3 letters,
+    and possibly a trace of an _r_ contraction.]
+
+    [Footnote 21: H. _urgabit_.]
+
+    [Footnote 22: obscure, H. _fuit_; MS. might be _ffinit_.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: H. _t'roe_.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: H. _neþer_.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: H. _mo ert_.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: inserted in margin; H. omits.]
+
+    [Footnote 27: H. _aler_.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: H. _le_.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: H. _sayt cydaunt_.]
+
+    [Footnote 30: H. _. . . . . . eyne_.]
+
+    [Footnote 31: H. _t^{r}menti_.]
+
+    [Footnote 32: H. _ou_.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+
+#B# VERSION 19.
+
+MS. TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE R. 3. 21.                  [fol. 33, v^o.]
+
+(This text represents the normal seven-stanza type of the B version, but
+without precise verbal agreement with any text printed above.)
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  The initial "E" is printed in the middle of a large blank space,
+  E.E.T.S. notation for a decorative capital.]
+
+  1   [E]rthe vppon erthe so wondyrly wrought,
+      Erthe opon erthe hath gete a dignite of nought,
+      Erthe opon erthe hath set all hys thought
+      How erthe opon erthe may on hyght be brought.                    4
+
+  2   Erthe opon erthe wold be a kyng;
+      But how that erthe goth to erthe thynketh he nothyng.
+      When erthe byddyth erthe hys rent home bryng,
+      Than erthe from erthe hath full hard partyng.                    8
+
+  3   Erthe opon erthe wynneth castelles and towres;
+      Than seyth erthe to erthe: 'Thys ys all owres'.
+      When erthe opon erthe hath bylde halles and bowres,
+      Then shall erthe fro erthe suffre sharpe showres.               12
+
+  4   Erthe goth opon erthe as molde opon molde,
+      Erthe goth opon erthe and glytereth as golde,
+      Lyke as erthe to erthe neu{er} go sholde.
+      And yet shall erthe to erthe rather then he wolde.              16
+
+  5   Why erthe loueth erthe wondyr I may thynke,
+      Or why erthe for erthe wyll other swete or s[w]ynke,
+      Ffor when erthe in-to erthe ys brought w{i}t{h}yn the brynke,
+      Than shall erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke.                  20
+
+  6   Lo erthe opon erthe consider{e} well thow may
+      How erthe co{m}meth to erthe nakyd alway.
+      Why shuld erthe than opon erthe go stout and gay
+      Seth erthe in-to erthe shall passe in a pore aray?              24
+
+  7   I counsell erthe opon erthe that wykkyd hath wrought,
+      Whyle erthe ys opon erthe to torne vp hys thought,
+      And pray God opon erthe that all erthe hath wrought,
+      That erthe out of erthe to blysse may be brought. Amen.         28
+                            Memorare nouissima.
+
+
+#B# VERSION 20.
+
+MS. TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE B. 15. 39.                     [fol. 170.]
+
+This text (in MS. not written in metrical lines) preserves 9 stanzas of
+the 12-stanza version in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and appears to represent
+a distinct and perhaps older copy of the original of these two. The
+mistake in v. 8 precludes its being the original.
+
+    De terra plasmasti me, _etc._
+
+  1   [1]Erþe out of erþe is wondirli wrou[gh]t,
+      Erþe of erþe haþ gete a dignite of nou[gh]t,
+      Erþe vpon erþe haþ sett al his þou[gh]t,
+      Howe þat erþe vpon erþe may be hi[gh] brou[gh]t.                 4
+
+  2   Erþe vpon erþe wolde ben a king;
+      But how erþe schal to erþe þenkiþ he no þing;
+      Whanne þan erþe biddiþ erþe hise rentis hoom bring,
+      Þanne schal erþe out of erþe haue a piteuous p{ar}tinge.         8
+
+  3   Erþe vpon erþe wy{n}neþ castels and tours,
+      Þanne seiþ erþe to erþe: 'þis is all ouris.'
+      Whanne erþe vpon[2] erþe [haþ biggid][3] up his bouris,
+      Þan schal erþe for erþe for[4] suffre scharpe schouris.         12
+
+  4   Erþe gooþ upon erþe as molde upon moolde,
+      So gooþ erþe upon erþe al glitiringe in golde,
+      Lijk as erþe vnto erþe neu{er}e go scholde,
+      And [gh]it schal erþe vnto erþe raþir þan he wolde.             16
+
+  5   O þou [fol. 170, v^o] wrecchid erþe þat in þe erþe trauellist
+              ni[gh]t & day,
+      To florische þe erþe, to peinte þe erþe wiþ wantowne aray,
+      [Gh]it schalt þou erþe for al þi erþe,
+              make þou it neu{er}e so queinte or gay,
+      Out of þis erþe in-to þe erþe,
+              þere to klinge as a clot of clay.                       20
+
+  6   O wrecchid man whi art þou proud þat art of erþe makid?
+      Hidir brou[gh]tist þou no schroud, but pore come þou and nakid.
+      Whanne þi soule is went out & þi bodi in[5] erþe rakid,
+      Þan bi [bodi][6] þat was rank & bilouid of al men is bihatid.   24
+
+  7   Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wantinge grarnement[7];
+      To hide þis erþe, to happe þis erþe, to him was cloþing lent;
+      But now[8] gooþ erþe upon erþe, ruli raggid & rent,
+      Þerfore schal erþe vndir þe erþe haue hidous turment.           28
+
+  8   Þ{er}fore þ{o}u erþe vpon erþe þat wikkidli hast wrou[gh]t,
+      While þat erþe is upon erþe turne a[gh]en þi þou[gh]t,
+      & pray to God vpon erthe þat [al þe erþe haþ][9] wrou[gh]t,
+      Þat erþe vpon erþe to blis may be brou[gh]t.                    32
+
+  9   Now Lord þat erþe madist for erþe & suffridist peines ille,
+      Lete neu{er}e þis erþe for þis erþe mischeue ne spille,
+      But þat þis erþe in þis erþe be euere worchinge þi wille,
+      So that erþe fro þis erþe stie vp to þin hi[gh] hille. AMEN.    36
+
+      Memento homo quod cinis es. et in cinerem reuerteris.
+      Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu{er}e si vis.
+
+  A man þat wilneþ for to p{ro}fite in þe wey of p{er}fecciou{n}
+  & souvereinli to plese God. he muste studie bisili for to haue
+  þese maters in his herte þat folewiþ here aftir.
+
+  First biþenke þee [etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 1: MS. erron. begins with a capital _D_.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Crossed out in MS.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Omitted in MS.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: So in MS.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: MS. _is_ erron. for _in_]
+
+    [Footnote 6: Omitted in MS.]
+
+    [Footnote 7: erron. for _garnement_]
+
+    [Footnote 8: _erþe vpon erþe_ inserted after _now_ in MS. and
+    crossed out.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: MS. erroneously repeats, from l. 29, _þat vickidli
+    hast wrou[gh]t_.]
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  Entries shown in [[double brackets]] are from the author's Addenda,
+  referring to the English text in Appendix I (pages 42-45). Yogh [gh]
+  is alphabetized as g, thorn þ as th.]
+
+
+  Abbey, _sb._ 13.6. _perh. erron. for_ nobley.
+  [[Afrete, _pp._ devoured, eaten 42.3.]]
+  Agaste, _a._ aghast 25.54.
+  Agayn(e), ageyn, a[gh]en, ayen, _adv._ again 13.30, 15.45, 21.34,
+      24.20, 28.54;
+    _prep._ against 38.47.
+  A[gh]enrisynge, _sb._ resurrection 15.41.
+  [[Agrise, _vb._ tremble, quake 44.28.]]
+  Al, all, _a._ 28.49, 53.
+  [[Alas, _int._ 43.17.]]
+  Ale, _sb._ 25.60.
+  [[Alete, _vb._ to let go, forsake 42.3.]]
+  Almis, _sb._ alms 24.24.
+  Also, _adv._ 28.37, 34.73.
+  Alway(e), all(e) way(e), _adv._ always 7.14, 9.22, 10.22, 25.32,
+      29.58, &c.
+  Amende, _vb. imp._ 24.18.
+  Amys, _adv._ amiss 34.68.
+  Answerid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ answereth 2.25.
+  Apone, ap(p)one, _prep._, _var. of_ upon 6.3, 5, 9, 7.1, 2, 3,
+      9.1, 2, &c.
+  Ar, 3.50. ? _erron. for_ a.
+  Aray(e), array, _sb._ array 7.16, 8.26, 19.18, 21.64, 30.24, &c.,
+      &c.
+  [[Aryse, _vb._ arise 44.25.]]
+  Askeþ, askiþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ 2.25, 39.
+  [[Assise, _sb._ the Judgement 44.26.]]
+  Auyse, _vb. imp._ bethink thyself, consider 22.98.
+  Awaked, _vb. pr. pl._ awaken 1.6.
+  Away, _adv._ 30.22, 31.22.
+  [[Awelden, _vb._ wield, rule 42.9.]]
+  Ay, _adv._ aye 25.58.
+
+  Bare, _a._ 22.88.
+  Be, _vb._ 5.4, 5, 6.4, 5, &c., &c.;
+    _imp._ 3.63, 22.97, 24.23;
+    _subj._ 13.9, 14.35, &c;
+    _2 p. pr._ art 1.5, 15.24, 45, 19.21;
+    _3 p. pr._ is, ys 2.16, 17, 40, 42, 3.49, 50, 7.1, &c., es
+      6.1, 10, 19;
+    _pr. pl._ be, beth 2.38, 3.66, 7.10, 28.43, 45, bythe 13.14,
+      byne 25.52, ar 30.10, 31.10, 33.45;
+    _2 p. p._ were 1.5, 2.29, 22.92;
+    _3 p. p._ was 15.29, 21.40, 23.101, &c.;
+    _p. pl._ were 27.21, 28.27.
+  Before, beffore, byfore, _adv._ before 28.44, 52.
+    _prep._ 22.100, 33.50.
+  Begilynge, _sb._ beguiling 23.106.
+  Begynnynge, _sb._ beginning 23.102.
+  Begynnys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 3.51;
+    _3 p. p._ began 28.31, 32.14;
+    _pp._ bigun 2.29.
+  Beholde, _vb. imp._ behold 12.25.
+  Behynde, _prep._ behind 33.50.
+  [[Belden, _vb._ build up 43.12.]]
+  Beriþ, berriþ, berys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ bears 2.15, 28, 33.53.
+  Beste, _a._ best 12.21.
+  Bete, _pp._ beaten 23.116.
+  Betyme, _adv._ betimes 24.18, 25.57.
+  Be ware, _vb. imp._ beware 22.97, 33.38.
+  Biddethe, biddis, biddith, bydd-es, -eth, -is, -ys, -yth(e), bydyth,
+      _vb. 3 p. pr._ bids 5.7, 7.7, 8.9, 9.7, 10.7, &c.;
+    _3 p. p._ bade 25.36.
+  Biddyngis, _sb._ biddings 23.124.
+  Bigged, biggid, -it, bygged(e), -id, -it, -yd, -yt, _pp._ built,
+      6.11, 7.11, 10.11, 12.11, 13.15, 14.14, 17.13, 19.11, 30.11,
+      31.11, 32.7; ON. byggja.
+  Bihatid, _pp._ hated 15.27.
+  [[Bi-holden, _vb._ keep, retain 42.10.]]
+  Bild, _vb. imp._ build 3.64;
+    _2 p. pr._ bildist 22.79;
+    _3 p. pr._ bilt, 3.65, byldyth 5.13;
+    _pp._ bildyd, billid, bylde, byllyd, 5.11, 8.13, 11.11, 20.22,
+      27.11.
+  Bink, bynk, _sb._ bank 30.19, 31.19. L. Scots.
+  Blak, blayke, _a._ black 3.66, 34.64.
+  Blesse, _sb._, _var. of_ blis, bliss 29.6.
+  Blis, blys, blysse, _sb._ bliss 4.77, 7.24, 8.30, 9.28, 10.28, &c.
+  Blode, _sb._ blood 25.46.
+  Blynde, _a._ blind 25.37.
+  Blyssed, _pp._ blessed 34.75.
+  Bodi, body, _sb._ 15.26, 27, 17.25, 26, 34.73.
+  Bold, _sb._ dwelling 3.64.
+  Bold, _a._ 28.42.
+  Bon, _sb._ bone 22.88.
+  Borowes, _sb. erron. for_ bowres, bowers 10.11.
+  Both, _pron._ 28.41.
+  Bour(e)s, bour(r)is, bourys, bowres, -is, -ys, _sb. pl._ bowers
+      3.66, 5.11, 6.11, 8.13, 9.11, 12.11, 14.14, 17.13, 27.11, &c.
+  Bou[gh]te, _pp. erron. for_ bro[gh]t 26.70.
+  Brede, _sb._ bread 25.60.
+  Bredis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ breeds 6.7; (perh. erron. for _biddis_);
+    _3 p. p._ brede 33.45.
+  Brente, _pp._ burnt 10.19.
+  Brether, _sb. pl._ brothers 28.44.
+  Bring, bryng(e), _vb._ 5.7, 6.7, 7.7, 14.10, &c.;
+    _imp._ bryng 33.27;
+    _2 p. p._ broght, brou[gh]ttist, broutyst 15.25, 17.24, 19.22;
+    _pp._ brocht, bro(u)ght(e), broht, brou[gh]t(e), brouþt, browt(h)e,
+      5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.6, 9.3, 10.4, 28, 13.8, 14.7, 30.4, &c.
+  Brink(e), brynk(e), _sb._ brink (of the grave) 5.19, 6.19, 15.34,
+      17.33, 27.19, &c.;
+    _pl._ brynkes 10.19.
+  Byggis, bygith, -yth, _vb. 3 p. pr._ builds _v._ bigged 12.9, 34.63.
+  [[Byheste, _sb._ promise 45.30.]]
+  [[Byhet, _vb. 3 p. pr._ promises 45.31.]]
+  Byrthe, _sb._ birth 26.72.
+
+  Calle, _sb._ summons 12.23.
+  Callyd, _vb. 3 p. p._ called, named 32.12.
+  Carayne, caryon, _sb._ carrion 2.39, 24.30.
+  Care, _sb._ care, anxiety 24.11.
+  Case, _sb._ 26.64.
+  Cast, _vb._ 34.61.
+  Castles, castells, casteles, castels, castells, -es, -is, -ys,
+      castylles, _sb. pl._ castles 3.65, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 8.11, 9.9,
+      &c., &c.
+  Certayn, certeyn, _a._ certain 28.53, 56.
+  [[Cheste, _sb._ strife, dispute 45.29; OE. cêast, _older_ cêas,
+      L. causa.]]
+  Chyn, chynne, _sb._ chin 2.17, 32.26.
+  Clay(e), _sb._ 15.23, 17.22, 19.20, 21.68.
+  Clinge, clynge, klyng, _vb._ to shrink up, decay 15.23, 17.22,
+      19.20, 21.68.
+    Cf. _E. E. Allit. P._ A. 856, oure corses in clottez clynge,
+      _Hymns to Virgin and Christ_, p. 85, in coold clay now schal y
+      clinge.
+  Closed, closit, _pp._ enclosed, shut up 28.39, 30.19, 31.19.
+  Clot, clotte, _sb._ clot of clay, a hardened lump of earth, 15.23,
+      17.22, 19.20, 21.68;
+    _replaced by_ NE. clod.
+  Cloth, _sb._ 32.24, 33.53.
+  Cloth, _vb. imp._ clothe 25.36.
+  Clothing(e), _sb._ 15.29, 17.28, 21.40.
+  Cold(e), _sb._ 12.15, 28.43, 34.72.
+  Com, _vb._ come 12.23;
+    _2 p. pr._ commys 25.32;
+    _3 p. pr._ comes, comeþ, commeth, comyth(e), commyth 7.14,
+      8.24, 9.22, 10.22, &c.;
+    _2 p. p._ cam 17.24, cem(e) 15.25, 19.22;
+    _pl._ com 28.54.
+  Commandmentis, _sb. pl._ commandments, 25.42.
+  Concele, concell, consaill, consell, consylle, counsall, counsill,
+      cowncelle, cowsayl, _vb. 1 p. pr._ counsel, advise 7.21, 8.27,
+      9.25, 10.25, 11.25, 26.67, 29.3, 61, 30.25, 31.25.
+  Conclusion, _sb._ close, termination, 28.36.
+  Consayfe, _vb._ conceive, grasp, understand 25.31.
+  Consider(e), consedur, considder, considdir, consyder(e), consydre,
+      _vb._ consider 7.13, 10.21, 11.21, 13.25, 15.36, 29.57, 30.21,
+      31.21.
+  [[Coueytise, _sb._ covetousness 42.6.]]
+  Coveytous, _sb._ covetousness 33.55, _Conf. of ending for_ covetise,
+      OF. coveitise. Cf. _Paston Letters_, No. 582, II. 313, the
+      unkyndnesse and covetuse that was shewed me.
+  [[Crieþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ cries 42.8.]]
+  Crose, _sb._ cross 25.46.
+  Crownnys, _sb. pl._ crowns 27.24.
+  Crystyn, _a._ Christian 11.28.
+
+  Dai, day(e), _sb._ day 4.78, 8.24, 15.20, 21.62, 32.22.
+  Dare, _vb. subj._ need 34.58; ME. thar for tharf, OE. þearf; _from
+      confusion with_ dare, OE. dearr.
+  Dart, _sb._ 28.50.
+  Dede, _sb._ deed 4.78;
+    _pl._ deden, dedis 2.15, 25.54.
+  [[Dedliche, _a._ deadly 43.14.]]
+  Dedly, _a._ deadly, mortal 22.78, 23.128.
+  Delful, dolfull, _a._ sorrowful, doleful 1.4, 7.8, 33.28; OF. doel,
+      duel, deol, mod. F. deuil.
+  Deliþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ divides, separates 4.78.
+  Depairting, _sb._ separation, parting 30.8, 31.8.
+  Dere, _vb._ harm, injure 28.50; OE. derian.
+  Deth(e), deeþ, _sb._ death 5.24, 8.3, 9.30, 31, 13.3, 4, 14.2,
+      &c.;
+    _gen._ dethis 22.70.
+  Deyle, _vb. imp._ distribute 25.43.
+  Dignite, dignitie, dignyte, dignytie, dygnite, dygnyte, dyngnyte,
+      _sb._ high estate or position, honour 6.2, 11.2, 12.4, 14.5,
+      16.4, 19.2, 20.8, 27.2, 30.2, 31.2.
+  Disgesily, _adv._ strangely, extraordinarily 21.42; OF. desguisié,
+      disguised.
+  Do, _vb._ 34.68;
+    _3 p. pr._ doþe, dooþ, doith, dose 7.17, 14.2, 22.94, 25.54;
+    _pl._ don 33.33;
+    _imp._ do 26.73;
+    _pl. p._ did 28.44;
+    _p. pr._ doynge 23.130;
+    _pp._ do, don 23.115, 122, 34.66.
+  Doluyn, _pp._ buried 23.113.
+  Dome, _sb._ judgement 4.76.
+  Draught, draut, drawght(e), draw[gh]t, _sb._ drawing of a bow, bowshot
+      5.24, 8.3, 9.31, 13.4, 14.2.
+    Cf. R. Brunne _Chron. Wace_ (c. 1330) 862, al vnwylland þat
+      draught he drow.
+  Drawe, _vb._ draw 14.1;
+    _3 p. pr._ drawethe, drawith, drawyth(e) 5.24, 8.3, 9.31,
+      13.4, 20.3;
+    _3 p. p._ droh, drow 1.2, 4.
+  Dred(e), _vb. imp._ dread 4.76, 23.117.
+  Dredfull, _a._ dreadful, terrible 28.50.
+  Drynkis, _sb. pl._ drinking feasts 22.86.
+  Duly, _adv._ duly, rightly 25.43.
+  Dute, _sb._ duty, dues 5.7.
+  Dwelle, dweylle, _vb._ dwell 22.80, 26.63;
+    _3 p. pr._ dwellyth 34.65.
+  Dye, _vb._ die 9.15;
+    _3 p. p._ deyd 34.78.
+
+  Earth, eird, erth, erthe, herth, _sb._ earth 1.1, &c., &c.
+  [[Elden, _vb._ to grow old 43.11.]]
+  Empire, _sb._ 28.31.
+  Enclyn, _vb._ incline, be disposed, desire 27.23.
+  End, _vb._ 2.29.
+  Ende, _sb._ end 4.73, 24.6, 26.66.
+  [[Endinge, _sb._ 44.21.]]
+  Endure, _vb._ 28.45.
+  Ensure, _vb._ 28.46.
+  Entent, _sb._ intent, purpose 34.57.
+  Enuye, _sb._ envy 22.74.
+  [[Eorthe, _sb._ earth 42.1, &c.]]
+  Erþene, _a._ earthen 1.3.
+  Erthly, _a._ earthly 33.55, 34.70.
+  Est, _sb._ east, (_perh. erron. for_ erth) 34.79.
+  Euer(e), _adv._ ever 14.35, 16.50, 18.49, 22.80, 23.130, 33.35, 36.
+  Euerlastynge, _a._ everlasting 23.108.
+  Evill, ewill, _a._ evil 30.20, 31.20.
+  Ewyne, _sb._ even 25.51.
+    For oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account
+      whatever.
+    Cf. even and odd, all included, without exception.
+  Exampul, _sb._ example 25.39.
+  Excludid, _pp._ excluded 22.76.
+
+  Falle, _sb._ 12.22.
+  Falliþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ falls, 1.3.
+  Falshede, falshode, _sb._ falsehood 23.106, 110.
+  Falsly, _adv._ falsely 33.50.
+  Fane, fayne, _a._ fain 30.5, 31.5.
+  Fare, _vb._ go 24.12.
+  Fase, _sb. pl._ foes 12.28.
+  Fast, _adv._ 34.60.
+  Favtt, _vb. p. pl._ fought 25.44.
+  Fayr, _a._ fair 33.42;
+    _adv._ fayre 33.50.
+  Fede, feden, _vb._ feed 2.14, 33.44.
+  Fele, _sb._, _prob._ fell, moor 24.30; ON. fjallr.
+  Felow, _sb._ fellow 22.92.
+  Ferde, _pp._ afraid, terrified 12.24; OE. (for) f[-æ]red.
+  Fere, _sb._ fear 28.52.
+  Festis, _sb. pl._ feasts, 22.86.
+  First, fyrst, _a. & adv._ 23.102, 28.31, 38, 32.14.
+  Flesch, _sb._ flesh 33.45.
+  Florische, florisshe, fflorysshe, _vb._ adorn, embellish 15.21,
+      17.20, 19.18, 21.63; OF. florir, floriss-.
+  Flowre, _sb._ flower 28.38;
+    _pl._ flowres 34.65.
+  [[Foelle, _vb. subj._ ? fall 43.20.]]
+  Folk, _sb._ 28.45.
+  Foo, _sb._ foe 22.78;
+    _pl._ fase 12.28.
+  Forbere, _vb._ forbear 28.51.
+  [[For[gh]ete, _pp._ forgotten 42.4.]]
+  Forsake, _sb. subj._ 22.81, 23.109.
+  Forsuthe, _int._ forsooth 12.28.
+  Fote, _sb._ foot 23.114;
+    _pl._ 32.22.
+  Fovde _sb._ food 25.44.
+  Foul(e), foulle, fovl, fowll(e), _a._ foul 5.20, 6.20, 8.22, 11.20,
+      22.77, 24.28, &c.
+  Fowle, _sb._ evil, hurt 33.39.
+    Cf. Sowdone of Babylone (c. 1400) 199, foule shall hem this
+      day bifalle. _NE. sense of_ foul _as_ trip, collision, _not
+      found in ME._
+  Frendschip, _sb._ friendship, 2.42.
+  Frow, _adv._ (_glossed_ festine) swiftly, hastily 1.3; ON. frãr,
+      swift.
+  Fugure, _sb._ figure 28.47.
+  Ful, full(e), _adv._ fully 5.24, 9.32, 13.4, &c.
+  Fulfille, fulfyle, _vb._ fulfil 23.124, 25.42, 50.
+  [[Furloren, _pp._ lost 46.35.]]
+  Fyghtys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ fights, 34.60,
+    _p. pl._ favtt 25.44.
+  Fynd(e), _vb._ find 12.28, 33.49;
+    _1 p. pr._ 25.39, 40.
+  Fyne, _sb._ end 27.24.
+
+  Ga, gase, _v._ go, goest 6.16, 12.27, &c.
+  Garnament, garnement, _sb. early form of _ garment 15.28, 17.27,
+      21.38.
+  Gate, _sb._ gate 22.76.
+  Gatis, _sb. pl._ way 12.27.
+  Gay(e), _a._ 8.25, 9.23, 19.19, &c.
+  Gersom, _sb._ treasure, 3.61; OE. gersume.
+  Gett, _vb._ get 25.60;
+    _3 p. pr._ get hit (? _erron. for_ getith, _glossed_ lucratur)
+      2.37, getyth 34.66;
+    _3 p. p._ gete, gette 3.61, 10.2;
+    _pp._ gete(n), getyn, goten, gottin, gotyn 3.53, 5.2, 6.2,
+      11.2, 13.6, 19.2, 30.2, &c.
+  Gleterande, gleteryng(e), gletterant, _p. pr._ glittering 6.14,
+      8.16, 9.14, 13.18, 17.16, 20.32;
+    _v._ Gliteringe.
+  Glisteryng, _p. pr._ sparkling, glittering 11.15; MLG. glistern.
+  Gliteringe, glitterand, glyt(t)ryng, glytteryng, _p. pr._ glittering
+      5.14, 12.13, 14.17, 19.14, 24.21, 30.15, 31.15; ON. glitra, to
+      shine.
+  Glydderande, glyd(e)ryng, _p. pr._ _for_ glitterande, &c. 7.18,
+      10.14, 27.14;
+    _v._ Gliteringe.
+  Glydys, _vb. 3 p. pr. for_ glytys, glitters 33.34; ON. glita, to
+      shine.
+  Go(e), gon, goo, [gh]a, _vb._ go 5.15, 16, 6.15, 16, 7.19, 22.82, &c.;
+    _2 p. pr._ gase, goist 12.27, 22.70;
+    _3 p. pr._ ge(e)th, goeth, gois, go(o)th(e), gos(e), goos,
+      gott, goyth(e), 2.13, 28, 5.14, 6.13, 14, 8.16, 9.13, 14, 11.6,
+      12.13, 15, 14.16, 17, 30.6, 15, 22, 32.15, 19, &c.;
+    _3 p. subj._ go 3.64;
+    _imp._ go 25.47.
+  God, _sb. n. pr._ 7.23, 8.29, 9.27, &c.;
+    _gen._ Goddis 23.124.
+  Gold(e), _sb._ 3.61, 5.14, 6.13, 14, &c.
+  Good, _a._ 34.57.
+  Goode, _sb._ property, 25.43;
+    _pl._ goodis 23.112.
+  Gospel, _sb._ 25.39.
+  Govern, _vb._ 12.30.
+  Grace, _sb._ 22.70, 26.61.
+  Grauiþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ buries, covers up, 8.52; OE. grafan.
+  Grawnte, _vb. subj._ grant 12.30.
+  Grene, _a._ green 3.52.
+  Gret(e), grit, _a._ great 21.44, 30.17, 31.12, 17, 33.52, 56, 34.80.
+  [[Grimliche, _adv._ terribly 44.28.]]
+  Grouer, _sb._ a kind of fur, 3.51; OF. gros vair, _opposed to_ menu
+      vair, minever.
+  Grounde, _sb._ bottom, 34.77; cf. OE. helle grund.
+  Groy, _sb._ grey fur, 3.51,
+    _erron. for_ grey, _or perhaps contamination of_ ME. gra, gro
+      (ON. grãr) _with_ grey (OE. gr[-æ]g).
+    Cf. Berners _Froiss._ II. ccii. 622, furred with Myneuere and
+      gray.
+  Grucche, _sb._ grudge 28.55.
+    To strive of grucche, to strive against as a grievance.
+  [[Guo, _vb._ go 43.15.]]
+  [[Gynneþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 43.15.]]
+
+  Haf(e), _vb._ have 6.8, 20, 10.8, 20, 12.8, 20, 22.
+  Hallys, _sb. pl._ halls 32.5, 34.63.
+  Hame, _sb._ home 30.7, 31.7.
+  Hande, _sb._ 24.24.
+  Happe, _vb._ wrap 15.29.
+  Hard(e), herd, _a._ hard 6.8, 11.8, 12, 30.8, 31.8, &c.
+  Hart, herte, _sb._ heart 25.46, 33.53.
+  Hartily, hertili, hertly, _adv._ heartily 15.40, 18.39, 21.54.
+  Haste, _sb._ 25.53.
+  Hate, _sb._ 22.74.
+  Hate, _vb._ hate;
+    _3 p. pr._ hatid 2.26;
+    _pp._ hated, hatid, hatyd(e) 5.23, 8.2, 9.30, 13.3, 14.1,
+      16.2, 17.26, 20.2.
+  Hauntist, _vb. 2 p. pr._ practisest habitually 22.74.
+  Haue, have, haf(e), _vb._ have 5.8, 20, 6.8, 20, 8.10, 22,
+      10.8, 20, &c.;
+    _1 p. pr._ haue 28.44;
+    _2 p. pr._ hase, hast(e), 12.25, 28, 13.29, &c.;
+    _3 p. pr._ has(e), hath(e) 1.1, 2.27, 5.2, 3, 12.1, 11, &c.;
+      hes 30.2, 11, 31.2, 11;
+    _pr. pl._ haue 29.61;
+    _imp._ haue 28.52;
+    _3 p. subj._ haue 34.65;
+    _3 p. p._ had(e), heuede 1.4, 29.3, 34.72.
+  [[Haueþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ has 43.13.]]
+  Hede, _sb._ head 25.48.
+  Hede, _sb._ heed 24.5.
+  Heere, here, _adv._ 16.48, 28.40, 45.
+  Heghe, hey, _v._ hi[gh] 6.4, 11.4.
+  Hel(e), hell, _vb._ hell 25.40, 58, 34.77.
+  [[Helle-feste, _sb._ Hell-fortress 45.32.]]
+  Helpe, _sb._ 26.72.
+  Helpyne, _vb. 3 pl. pr._ help 25.52.
+  Hend, _a._ gracious 4.75.
+  Hennys, _adv._ hence 22.82.
+  Herd, herte, hertili, _v._ Hard, Hart, Hartily.
+  Hete, _sb._ heat 28.43.
+  Heuen(e), heuyn, heyuyn(e), heywyn, _sb._ heaven 15.43, 19.24,
+      25.40, 52, 26.63, 34.82, &c.
+  Heuy, _a._ heavy 9.8.
+  Hicht, _sb._ height 30.4, 31.4.
+  Hide, hyde, _vb._ 15.29, 17.28, 21.39.
+  Hider, hidir, hyder, _adv._ hither 15.25, 17.24, 19.22.
+  Hidiose, hidous, _a._ hideous 15.31, 17.30.
+  Hi[gh], hihe, heghe, hey, hy(e), hy[gh], hygh(e), _a. & adv._ high
+      5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.3, 10.4, 11.4, 11, 12.2, 13.8, 14.7, 16.6,
+      51, 19.4, 22.100;
+    hiere (higher) 20.12.
+  Hille, hylle, _sb._ hill 14.36, 16.51, 18.50, 23.132.
+  Hold, _vb. 3 p. pr._ holdys 32.16;
+    _pp._ hold 28.30.
+  Hold, _a._ faithful 3.63.
+  Holy, _a._ holy 23.132.
+  Hom(e), hoom, whom(e), _sb._ home 5.7, 6.7, 11.7, 16.9, 24.9, &c.;
+    _v._ hame.
+  Honger, _sb._ hunger 34.72.
+  Honour, _sb._ 27.22.
+  Houe, hove, how(e) _conj._ how 5.4, 6, 6.4, 6, 7.4, 6, &c., &c.
+  Hows, _sb._ house 32.26.
+  Hundred, _num._ 2.18.
+  [[Hyeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ hastens 42.7.]]
+
+  [[Iboren, _pp._ born 45.33.]]
+  [[Ibou[gh]t, _pp._ redeemed 43.19.]]
+  [[Icoren, _pp. a._ chosen ones 45.35.]]
+  Idi[gh]te, _pp._ placed, set 2.38.
+  [[Igete, _pp._ got 42.1.]]
+  [[Ignawe, _pp._ devoured 44.23.]]
+  [[Ihere, _vb._ hear 44.26.]]
+  [[Iknawe, _vb._ know 44.24.]]
+  Ilich, alike 1.5.
+  Ille, ylle, _a. & adv._ ill 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.122.
+  Ilor, _pp._ lost 2.42;
+    _v._ Loste.
+  Imeten, _pp._ measured 3.54.
+  Inow(e), ynoh, enough 1.2, 4, 32.18.
+  [[Iseoþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sees 43.14, 44.21.]]
+  [[Islawe, _pp._ slain 44.22.]]
+  Iustly, _adv._ justly 5.16.
+  Iustyse, _sb._ justice, judge, 22.100.
+  [[Iuynt, _vb. 3 p. pr._ joins 42.9.]]
+  [[Iworthe, _vb._ become 43.16.]]
+
+  Karful, _a._ grievous, sad, full of care, 26.64.
+  King, kyng(e), _sb._ 2.39, 5.5, 7.5, 8.7, 9.5, &c.
+  Klyng, _v._ clinge.
+  Kni[gh]t, knyght, _sb._ knight 2.39, 19.24.
+  Know, _vb._ 27.23;
+    _3 p. pr._ knowethe 9.21.
+  Kny[gh]thode, _sb._ 28.38.
+
+  Labour, _vb._ 23.103.
+  Ladis, _sb._ Lady's 26.72.
+  Lang, long, _a._ 3.50, 64;
+    _adv._ 28.45, 33.40.
+  Lappe, _vb._ wrap 21.39.
+  Last(e), _a._ 4.73, 12.23, 32.22;
+    at þe last 33.39, 34.62.
+  Late, lete, lett, _vb. imp._ let 14.34, 16.49, 18.48, 23.127, 25.51.
+  Lay, _vb. 3 p. pr._ layes 32.3;
+    _3 p. p._ leyd(e) 1.3, 27.24;
+    _pp._ layd(e) 33.44, 54, 34.64.
+  Lede, _vb. subj._ lead 25.58, 34.82.
+  Leinþ, _sb._ length 3.54.
+  Leniþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ rewards 4.78. OE. lêanian.
+  Lent(e), y-lent, _pp._ lent, granted 15.29, 17.28, 21.40;
+      OE. l[-æ]nan.
+  [[Lere, _vb._ teach 44.27.]]
+  [[Leste, _vb._ last 45.31.]]
+  Lest(e), _conj._ 4.76, 25.58.
+  Leve, lyffe, _vb._ live 19.24, 28.41, 33.35;
+    _2 p. pr._ leuyst, leuuyst 25.50, 26.62;
+    _3 p. pr._ lyueth 23.105;
+    _imp._ lyffe 19.23;
+    _3 p. p._ levyd 34.57.
+  Lewe, _vb. imp._ leave 19.29.
+  Lif(e), liif, lyf(e), lyffe, _sb._ life 2.15, 5.23, 8.2, 9.29, 13.3,
+      14.1, 16.1, 20.1.
+  Li[gh]t, lyt, _vb._ alight, descend;
+    _3 p. p._ lytyd 34.75;
+    _pp._ li[gh]t 2.40.
+  Like, lyk(e), _conj._ like 5.15, 6.15, 7.19, 8.17, 9.15, &c.
+  List, lyst, _vb._ desire 28.47;
+    _3 p. p._ liste 27.23.
+  Liuerei, _sb._ livery, 3.52.
+  Logege, _vb._ lodge 25.58.
+  Loke, _vb. imp._ look 25.51.
+  Lond, _sb._ land 4.73.
+  Lord(e), _nom. pr._ 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.125, 25.45.
+  Loste, _vb. p. pl._ lost 28.28.;
+    _v._ Ilor.
+  Loth, _a._ loth, unwilling 33.54.
+  Loue, _sb._ love 23.119, 25.45, 32.13.
+  Loue, love, _vb._ love;
+    _2 p. pr._ louyst 22.77;
+    _3 p. pr._ loues, -is, -ys, 9.17, 10.17, 24.25, 33.29;
+    loueth, -yth, loveth, -yth(e), loweth 5.17, 8.19, 11.17,
+      17.31, 27.17;
+    lu(i)ffis, 6.17, 12.17, 30.17, 31.17;
+    _pp._ loued, louyd(e) 5.23, 8.2, 9.29, 13.3, &c.
+  [[Louerd, _sb._ Lord 45.33.]]
+  Low[gh], _adv._ low 2.40.
+  Lust, _sb._ desire 22.83.
+  [[Luþer, _a._ wicked 42.9.]]
+  Lutil, _adv._ little 3.50.
+  Ly, _vb._ lie 32.26;
+    _3 p. pr._ lyis 24.30;
+    _pl. pr._ lye 26.32.
+  Lyffe, lyneth, _v._ Leve.
+  Lykyng, _p. pr._ pleasing, desirable 32.23.
+
+  Mai, may(e), _vb. pr. sg._ may 1.2, 5.4, 6.4, &c., &c.;
+    _pl._ 28.45;
+    _2 p. pr._ moue 25.56;
+    _3 p. p._ myght, myth 7.4, 24, 9.3, 27.4.
+  Maistri, _sb._ mastery, lordship 2.37;
+    _pl._ maistres 12.26.
+  Make, _vb. subj._ 15.22, 19.19, 21.66, 33.36;
+    _2 p. pr._ mase 12.26;
+    _3 p. pr._ maketh, -ith, -yth(e) 5.24, 8.3, 9.32, 14.2, 16.2;
+    _2 p. p._ madist, -yst 14.33, 16.48, 18.47;
+    _3 p. p._ mad(e) 26.69, 32.11, 34.69;
+    maid 30.27, 31.27;
+    _p. pr._ makyng 22.90;
+    _pp._ made 20.14, 22.87, 23.101, 27.24;
+    maked, -id, 1.5, 15.24, 17.23, 19.21.
+  Man, mon, _sb._ man 4.71, 77, 5.17, 24, &c.
+  Maner, _sb._ 22.96; any maner wise, any kind of way.
+  Many, _a._ 11.12, 12.28, 34.76.
+  Mast, _sb._ 34.59.
+  Mede, _sb._ meed, reward 4.77, 33.43;
+    _pl._ meden 2.16.
+  Mekyl, _a._ much 33.49;
+    _v._ Moche, myche.
+  Mercy, _sb._ 25.50.
+  Merwel, _sb._ marvel 24.25.
+  Mi[gh]te, _sb._ power, might 2.37.
+  Miseislich, _adv._ uncomfortably 3.54.
+  Moche, myche, _a._ much 4.77;
+    _adv._ 15.32;
+    _v._ Mekyl.
+  Moder, _sb._ mother 3.62.
+  Mold, _sb._ mould, pattern, 3.62; OFr. modle.
+  Mold(e), moolde, moulde, mowld(e), _sb._ mould, earth 5.13, 7.17,
+      9.13, 10.13, 11.13, 17.15, &c.
+  Molys, _sb. pl._ moles 33.33.
+  Mone, _sb._ moan 22.90.
+  More, _adv._ 6.15, 28.34, 33.35, 36;
+    moo 22.80;
+    _a._ 28.40.
+  Most(e), moost, _adv._ 5.23, 8.2, 14.1, &c.
+  Moue, _vb. 2 p. pr._ may 25.56; see Mai.
+  Muntid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ 2.16 (_glossed_ metitur) measures, appoints;
+      OE. myntan, to intend, propose, hint.
+  [[Mychfulliche, _adv._ greatly, at so great cost 43.19.]]
+  Mynd(e), _sb._ 25.38, 33.36.
+  Myrth(e), _sb._ mirth, joy 26.64, 66.
+  Myscheue, _vb. subj._ come to grief, meet with misfortune 16.49,
+      18.48; OF. meschever.
+  Myschyffe, _sb._ misfortune, evil plight 14.34.
+  Mysdon, misdone 34.66.
+  Myse, _vb._ miss 26.64.
+  Mysgete, _p._ misgotten 23.112.
+  Mysplese, _vb._ displease 15.43, 17.42, 21.60.
+
+  Naked, nakid, -it, -yd(e), -yt, _a._ naked 5.24, 7.14, 8.24, 15.37,
+      25.32, &c.
+  Namyd, _vb. 3 p. p._ named 34.69.
+  Nawte, _pr._, _v._ Nocht, noght.
+  Nede, _sb._ need 34.80.
+  [[Netfulliche, _adv._ of necessity 44.25.]]
+  Neuer(e), neuyr(e), never, nevyr, _adv._ never 5.15, 7.19, 8.17,
+      15.22, 17.21, 19.15, 34.58, &c.
+  Ni[gh]t, ny[gh]t, nyght, nyht, _sb._ night 4.78, 15.20, 17.19, 19.17,
+      21.62.
+  Nim, _vb._ take 1.2, OE. niman.
+  Noblenes, _sb._ high estate, nobility 28.35.
+  Nobley, nobylay, _sb._ noble estate or condition 10.2, 32.2.
+  Nobul, _a._ noble 5.2.
+  Nocht, noght(e), nogth, noht, nou[gh]t, nought(e), nowght, nawte,
+      _pr._ nought 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, 9.4, &c.
+  Non(e), _pr._ none 22.92, 28.27, 34.61.
+  Nor, _conj._ than 30.16, 31.16.
+  Nother, _conj._ neither 25.60.
+  Nothing(e), nothyng(e), _pr._ nothing 5.6, 9.6, 24.8, 31.6.
+  Now(e), _adv._ 28.41, 31.10, 32.3.
+
+  [[Of-sou[gh]t, _pp._ attacked 43.18.]]
+  Old(e), _a._ old 28.41, 34.74.
+  Onkynde, _a._ unkind, unnatural 33.47.
+  Oode, _sb._ odd 25.51,
+    for oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account.
+  Opon, _prep._ _var. of_ upon 12.1, 2, &c.
+  Or, _adv._ before 23.113, 28.50; OE. [-æ]r.
+  Ordande, _vb. 3 p. p._ ordained 12.29.
+  Oribyll, _a._ horrible 21.52.
+  Othe, _sb._ oath 33.52.
+  Oþer, _a._ other 1.2.
+  Other, owther, owþir, _conj._ either, or 6.18, 11.18, 30.18, 31.18.
+  Our(e)s, ouris, -us, -ys, owres, -is, -ys, owrris, houris, _pron._
+      ours 5.10, 6.10, 7.10, 8.12, 9.10, &c, &c.
+  Owris, ? ours 24.23.
+
+  Pale, _a._ 28.32.
+  Palfrei, palfreye, _sb._ palfrey 3.49, 32.20.
+  Paradys, _sb._ Paradise 34.70.
+  Parting, partyng(e), parttynge, _sb._ parting, leave-taking, 5.8,
+      6.8, 14.11, 24.10, &c.
+  Pas(e), passe, _vb._ pass 8.26, 9.24, 10.24, 25.34, &c.
+  Payne, _sb._ pain 23.108,
+    _pl._ paynes, peynes, peynys 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.126.
+  Paynt(e), peynte, _vb._ paint 15.21, 17.20, 19.18, 21.63.
+  Pepul, _sb._ people, 25.44.
+  Perische, _vb. subj._ perish 22.99.
+  Petous, petus, _a._ 10.8, 16.10, 20.20;
+    _v._ Piteuous.
+  Petrus, _a._ ? piteous 5.8.
+  Piteuous, pyteous, pytous, pytyus, _a._ piteous 8.10, 13.12, 14.11,
+      19.8.
+  Place, _sb._ 25.48, 26.62.
+  Playn, _a._ plain 28.47.
+  Plese, _vb._, please 22.95.
+  Plowe, _sb._ plough 32.15.
+  Poor(e), por(e), pure, _a._ poor 7.16, 10.24, 11.24, 15.25, 39,
+      30.24, &c.
+  Pore, _sb._ the poor, 1.6.
+  Portratowre, _sb._ portraiture 28.48.
+  Praie, pray(e), preye, _vb._ 8.29, 10.27, &c.,
+    _imp._ 13.31, 15.46, 18.45, 29.63;
+    _1 p. pr._ 9.27;
+    _pr. pl._ 7.23.
+  Prankys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ to show oneself off, strut, parade 32.20;
+      MDu. pronken.
+  Pride, _sb._ 33.53.
+  Prode, proud, prowde, prowt, prude, _a._ proud 7.15, 15.24, 17.23,
+      19.21, 25.33.
+  [[Prude, _sb._ pride 42.5.]]
+  Prykys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ to spur one's horse 32.20.
+  Punsched, _pp._ punished 23.108.
+  Purvey, purway, _vb._ make provision 28.52; provide, furnish 26.62.
+  Pyne, _sb._ pain 25.59.
+
+  Quene, _sb._ queen 3.49.
+  Queynt(e), _a._ ingenious, elaborate, fine 15.22, 17.21, 19.19.
+  Queytith, _vb. 3 p. pr._ requiteth 22.93.
+  Quhen, quhone, _adv._ 30.7, 11, 19, 31.7, 11, 19;
+    _v._ Whan(ne), when(ne).
+  Quhill, quhy, 30.23, 26, 31.23, 26;
+    _v._ While, Whi.
+
+  Race, _vb._ to tear away, snatch 22.72; OF. racher, -ier, _from_
+      arrachier.
+  Ragged, raggid, _a._ 15.30, 17.29, 21.42.
+  Rakid, _pp._ raked, covered, buried 15.26, 17.25; ON. raka to
+      scrape, rake, cf. Ch. Monkes T. 143 in hoote coles he hath hym
+      seluen raked.
+  Rank, _a._ proud, haughty 15.27, 17.26.
+  Rather(e), rathar, rathyr, _adv._ 5.16, 6.16, 7.20, &c.
+  Recke, _vb._ reck, care, heed 34.58.
+  Rede, _vb._ read 25.47; guide, direct 33.46.
+  Rekenyng(e), rikenynge, _sb._ account 15.42, 18.41, 21.58.
+  Rekyn, _vb. subj._ reckon, take count of 28.37.
+  Renown, _sb._ 28.33.
+  Rent, to-rent, _pp._ rent, torn 15.30, 17.29, 21.42, 25.45.
+  Rent(e), _sb._ revenue, income, tribute 7.7, 9.7, 10.7, &c.;
+    _pl._ rentes, -is, -ys, 6.7, 8.9, 11.7, &c.
+  Repente, _vb. imp._ 23.121.
+  Resoune, _sb._ reason 23.118.
+  Reste, _vb._ rest 25.48.
+  Restore, _vb. imp._ 23.111.
+  Rewful, rewfulle, _a._ rueful 15.35, 17.34.
+  Riche, rych, _sb._ rich 1.6, 25.40.
+  Right, _sb._ righteousness, good 2.41.
+  Right, riht, ryght, _a._ 34.82;
+    _adv._ 5.20, 21.58, 33.46.
+  Risynge, _sb._ uprising, resurrection 18.40, 21.56.
+  Rode, roode, _sb._ rood 25.45, 34.78.
+  Rof, _sb._ roof 2.17, 32.26.
+  Ros, _vb. 3 p. p._ rose 34.79.
+  Ruli, ruly, _a. or adv._ rueful(ly) 15.30, 17.29; OE. hrêowlîe.
+  Ryches, _sb. pl._ riches 25.38.
+  Rydys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ rides 33.42.
+
+  Sake, _sb._ 33.38.
+  Salle, _sb._ hall, palace, court 12.24.
+  Same, _a._ 32.11.
+  Saule, _sb._ soul 12.32;
+    _v._ Soule.
+  Save, sawe, _vb._ save 34.77;
+    _3 p. pr._ sauyd 34.76.
+  Say, _vb._ 12.21;
+    _3 p. pr._ sais(e), sase 6.10, 12.10;
+    saith(e), sayth(e) 5.10, 8.12, 20.27, 22.91;
+    sayis, says 10.10, 30.10, 31.10;
+    seiþ, seyth, seth 7.10, 11.10, 14.13, &c.
+  Schal, shall, _vb._ shall;
+    _2 p. pr._ schalt, 2.29;
+    _3 p. pr._ sal(e), sc(h)al, schall(e), shall(e) 5.8, 12, 6.8, 16,
+      7.6, 20, &c.;
+    _pl._ schullen 2.18;
+    _2 p. p._ schuldist 22.80;
+    _3 p. p._ scholde, schould(e), schuld(e), shuld, sold, sulde
+      6.15, 9.15, 23, 10.23, &c.
+  Scharp(e), sharp(e), _a._ sharp 5.12, 6.12, 8.14, 17.14, 30.12, &c.
+  Sched, _vb. 3 p. p._ shed 25.46.
+  Schend, _vb. subj._ shame, disgrace 4.76;
+    _pp._ schent 33.55.
+  Schene, _a._ bright, beautiful 3.51.
+  Schouris, -ys, schowres, -is, -ys, shour(e)s, showres, -is, _sb.
+      pl._ 5.12, 7.12, 8.14, &c., &c.;
+    scowrrys 6.12, schorrys 24.16.
+  Schroud, schrud, shroude, shrowde, _sb._ clothing 3.51, 15.25,
+      17.24, 19.22.
+  Scowrrys, _sb. pl._ 6.12, showers; (_or perh._ stourrys, battles,
+      tumults, OF. estor, estour).
+  Secatours, _sb. pl._ executors 24.24, ME. _also_ secetour, sectour.
+  Securlye, _adv._ certainly, surely, 26.66.
+  [[Seluen, _pron._ self 44.24.]]
+  Sely, _a._ blessed 12.24;
+    simple 32.24.
+  Sen, syn, _conj._ since 8.26, 25.34, 30.24.
+  Seruyse, _sb._ service 22.94.
+  Set, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sattys 32.4;
+    _pp._ set(e), sett(e), ysette 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, &c.
+  Seth(e), sethen, sith, syth, _conj._ since 9.24, 10.24, 11.24,
+      29.60, 32.12.
+  Seven, _nu._ 32.22.
+  Seynt Powlis, 28.48 St. Paul's.
+  Shewith, _vb. 3 p. pr._ shews 28.49.
+  Short, _a._ 28.36.
+  Shyne, _vb._ shine 27.22.
+  Sin, synne, _sb._ sin, 4.76, 23.115.
+  Skin, _sb._ 2.18.
+  Skyle, _sb._ reason 25.41.
+  Slogh, _sb._ slough, skin, covering, 32.17, 33.40.
+  Smarte, _sb._ smart, pain 24.17.
+  Smele, _vb._ smell 24.29.
+  Socowre, _sb._ succour 28.40.
+  Soffyre, sofur, _vb._ 10.12, 24.16;
+    _v._ Suffer.
+  Solde, _pp._ sold 34.73.
+  Sone, _adv._ soon 33.48;
+    sonar, sone(a)r 27.16, 30.16, 31.16.
+  Sore, _a._ sore, grievous 23.104;
+    _adv._ 15.33, 23.116.
+  Sorow(e), _sb._ sorrow 22.84, 34.81.
+  Soule, sowle, _sb._ soul 3.63, 33.38;
+    _v._ Saule.
+  Space, _sb._ space of time, respite 26.63.
+  Sped(e), _vb._ speed 24.6, 34.81.
+  Spille, spylle, _vb._ perish, be destroyed 14.34, 16.49, 18.48,
+      23.128.
+  Starte, _sb._ a sudden movement 24.18.
+    Thi lyfe ys but a starte, but for a moment.
+  Stede, _sb._ steed 33.42.
+  Stelis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ steals 32.17.
+  Steyuyne, _sb._ voice 25.49; OE. stefn.
+  Stie, stye, _vb._ ascend, mount 14.36, 16.51, 18.50, 23.132; OE.
+      stîgan.
+  Stille, _adv._ silently 23.126.
+  Stink, stynk(e), _sb._ stink 6.20, 8.22, 30.20, 31.20, &c.
+  Stounde, _sb._ hour 34.75; OE. stund.
+  Stourrys, _sb. pl._ conflicts 6.12; OF. estor, (_probably_ Scourrys;
+      _v._ Schouris).
+  Stoute, stowte, _a._ bold, proud 8.25, 9.23, 15.38, &c.; cf. OF.
+      estout.
+  Streinþ, _sb._ force, violence 3.53.
+  Streite, streyt, _a._ close, exact 15.42, 17.41, 21.58.
+  Streytly, _adv._ closely 28.39.
+  Strive, stryue, _vb._ 22.72, 28.55.
+  Stronge, _a._ strong 34.59.
+  [[Styeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ ascends, mounts up 42.5.]]
+  Styke, _sb._ 5.20, _erron. for_ stynke.
+  Suffer, -ir(e), -yr(e), suffre, soffyre, sofur, _vb._ suffer 5.12,
+      6.12, 7.12, 8.14, 9.12, 10.12, 11.12, 24.16, &c.;
+    _2 p. p._ sufferdyst, suffredist, suffridist 14.32, 16.48,
+      18.47, 23.126.
+  [[Sullen, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ shall 43.16.]]
+  Superflue, _a._ superfluous 15.33.
+  Sweet(e), sweit, swet(e), swett, _vb._ sweat 5.18, 6.18, 11.18,
+      15.33, 21.48, 31.18, &c.;
+    _3 p. pr._ swetys 10.18.
+  Swerys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ swears 33.52.
+  Swink(e), swynk(e), _vb._ toil, labour, _ref. as for_ sweet(e)
+      _supra_.
+    _3 p. pr._ swynkes 10.18.
+  Swynkynge, labour, exertion 23.104.
+  Symple, _a._ simple 25.34.
+  Syttythe, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sits 9.11.
+
+  Take, _vb._ 33.37, 39;
+    _imp._ 24.5, 25.49;
+    _3 p. pr._ takys 32.2;
+    _2 p. p._ tokist 23.125;
+    _3 p. p._ toc, toke 1.1, 34.81;
+    _pp._ taken 12.31.
+  Tent, _sb._ heed, attention 25.49.
+  Teriþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ tears 2.27.
+  Than(ne), then(ne), _adv._ then, 1.2, 2.18, 5.12, 11.8, &c., &c.
+  That, _pron. and conj._ 2.30, 3.51, 6.17, &c.;
+    _pl._ þose 7.10.
+  Thenk, think(e), thynk, _vb._ think 15.40, 17.39, 21.46;
+    _imp._ 4.72, 12.26, 28.42;
+    _1 p. pr._ 8.19, 27.17, 30.17, 31.17;
+    methink(e), thynke, thynkes 5.17, 6.17, 9.17, 10.17, &c.;
+    _3 p. pr._ þenkiþ, thenkys 10.6, 14.9;
+    thinkis, thynketh(e), -ith, -yth(e), -is, -ys(e), thyngkethe,
+      thyngkys 5.6, 6.6, 8.8, 9.4, 11.6, 13.10, 16.8, 19.6, &c.;
+    _p. pr._ thynkyng 20.16.
+  [[Þilke, _pron._ that same 44.26.]]
+  This, thys, _pron._ 5.10, 6.10, &c.;
+    _pl._ these 13.14;
+    þir 30.10.
+  Thocht, thoght(e), thought(e), þou[gh]t(e), thouthe, thowght(e),
+      thowht, thowth, _sb._ thought 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, 22, 8.5, 28, 9.2,
+      26, 10.3, 26, 11.3, 26, 12.1, &c., &c.
+  Thynkynge, _sb._ thought, consideration, 21.54.
+  Thorow, _prep._ through, 26.72.
+  Þre, _nu._ three 2.42.
+  Þroh, þrou[gh], _sb._ coffin, 1.3, 2.42; OE. þrûh.
+  Thouh, þouw, _conj._ though 3.50, 21.33.
+  Till, _prep._ to, 30.4, 31.4.
+  Toght, _adv._ 32.16, _prob. erron. for_ togh, tough;
+    _rimes_ plowe, slogh, inowe.
+  Torn(e), turn(e), _vb._ turn 7.22, 8.28, 9.26, 10.26, 11.26, &c.,
+      &c.
+  [[Totoren, _pp._ torn, rent 45.34.]]
+  Tour(e)s, -is, -ys, towres, -is, -ys, towrrys, _sb._ towers 3.65,
+      5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 9.9, 10.9, &c., &c.
+  Toward, _prep._ 2.14.
+  Trauayles, traue(i)list, traueylist, _vb._
+    _2 p. pr._ labourest 15.20, 17.19, 19.17, 21.62.
+  Trede, _vb._ tread;
+    _pp._ ytrede 23.114.
+  Trewth, trowthe, _sb._ truth 23.104, 28.47.
+  Tristyn, _vb._ trust 22.95;
+    _imp._ trust 24.24.
+  Turment, _sb._ torment 15.31, 17.30, 21.44.
+  Tyllys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ tills the ground, 32.15.
+  Tyme, _sb._ time, 12.21.
+
+  Unclade, _a._ 25.35.
+  Undeuout, _a._ undevout, 15.27.
+  Unresonably, _adv._ unreasonably, 21.48.
+  Unreydy, _a._ unready 25.56.
+  Unsiker, _a._ uncertain, 28.43.
+  Upon, uppon, vp(p)on, vpoun, _prep._ 5.3, 4, 5, &c., 8.5, 7, &c.;
+    _v._ Apon, Opon, Ypon.
+  Upsodown, _adv._ upside-down 28.35, _from_ up swa down.
+
+  Vayn, in vayn, in vain 28.55.
+  Vede, _sb._, _for_ weed--dress, apparel 33.41.
+  Verrid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ warreth 2.26.
+
+  Walk, _vb. 3 p. p._ walkyd 34.71;
+    _p. pr._ walkand 33.41.
+  Wan, _a._ 28.32.
+  Wan, _vb._ 28.29; _v._ Win.
+  [[Wan(ne), were, when, where 42.5, 44.25, 45.30, 32.]]
+  Wanton, wantowne, _a._ 15.21, 17.20, 19.18, 21.64.
+  Wantyng(e), _p. pr._ lacking 17.27, 21.38.
+  Wars, _a._ worse 24.30.
+  Waxin, -yne, _pp._ waxen, grown 9.1, 32.1.
+  Waye, wei, wey(e), _sb._ way 3.50, 25.56, 32.19, 34.82.
+  Weden, _sb. pl._ weeds, apparel 2.13.
+  Wel(le), _adv._ well 4.75, 24.6.
+  Welth, _sb._ wealth, 27.13, 34.65.
+  Wend(e), _vb._ wend, go 2.30, 4.74, 25.56, 30.24, 31.24;
+    _pr. pl._ wendiþ 2.41;
+    _3 p. p._ went 34.58.
+  Wene, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ think, expect, ween 3.50.
+  Weriþ, _vb. pr. pl._ wear 3.51.
+  Werkis, werkys, _sb. pl._ works 25.50, 52.
+  Whan(ne), when(ne), quhen, quhene, _adv._ when 1.1, 2.17, 5.11, &c.,
+      &c.
+  Whar-of, whereof 4.74.
+  Whi, why, quhy, _conj._ 2.26, 5.17, 6.18, 8.19, &c.
+  While, whill, quhill, whyl(e), whyles, _conj._ while 7.22, 8.28,
+      9.26, 13.30, &c.;
+    the whyle þat 10.26, 11.26.
+  Whoder, _adv._ whither 4.74.
+  Wickidli, wickydly, wikkidly, wikyd, wyckydly, wykedly, wy(k)kydly,
+      wykydely, wykytly, _adv._ wickedly 7.21, 8.27, 10.25, 13.29,
+      15.44, 18.43, 26.67, 29.3, 61.
+  Will, wyl, wyll(e), wol(e), _vb. 3 p. pr._ 5.18, 12.18, 13.22,
+      15.33, 17.32, 21.48, &c.;
+    _3 p. p. & p. pl._ wold(e) 5.5, 16, 6.5, 16, 7.5, 20, &c., &c.;
+    wald 30.5, 31.16.
+  Wille, wylle, _sb._ will 14.35, 16.50, 18.49, 23.130.
+  Win, _vb._ to win;
+    _3 p. pr._ wins 31.9, wynneth(e), -yth(e), -es, -is, -ys, 5.9,
+      6.9, 7.9, 8.9, &c., &c.;
+    _2 p. p._ wonne 2.30;
+    _3 p. p._ wan 28.29;
+    _pp._ iwonne 1.1.
+  Wise, _sb._ manner, fashion, guise, 22.96.
+  [[Wise, _vb._ guide, direct 44.27.]]
+  Wisely, _adv._ 28.52.
+  Within, -inne, -yn, -ynne, _adv._ 5.19, &c., &c.
+  Withowttyn, wittovte, _prep._ without 25.48, 26.66.
+  Witte, _sb._ wit, intelligence 23.118.
+  Wo, woo, _sb._ woe 12.32, 22.84.
+  Woh, wow, _sb._ evil 1.1;
+    _pl._ wow[gh] 2.41. OE. wôh, wô[gh]-, crooked, evil.
+  Wol(e), 15.33, 17.32, 21.48;
+    _v._ Will.
+  Woman, _sb._ 32.13.
+  Wonder, -ir(e), wondre, wondur, wondyr, woundyr, _sb._ wonder 5.17,
+      6.17, 8.19, 9.17, 10.17, &c., &c.
+  Wonderfull, wondirfullie, _adv._ wonderfully 30.1, 31.1.
+  Wonderly, wondirlie, -ly, wondurly, wondyrly, wounderly, woundyrely,
+      _adv._ wondrously 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.4, 10.1, 11.1, 12.3, 13.5,
+      14.4, 16.3, 19.1, 20.6, 24.1, 30.25, 31.25.
+  Worching(e), -ynge, _p. pr._ working 14.35, 16.50, 18.49.
+  World, _sb._ 28.29.
+  Worldly, _adv._ 27.1, _perh. erron. for_ wonderly.
+  Wormes, -ys, _sb. pl._ 2.14, 32.25, 33.44, 45, 46.
+  Wor-schyp, -ship, _sb._ 7.2, 12.25.
+  Worthy, _a._ 28.25, 30;
+    _sb. pl._ worthyes 27.21.
+  Worthynes, _sb._ worthiness, honour, 28.40.
+  Wote, wottis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ knows 24.12, 33.46;
+    _3 p. p._ wyste 34.67.
+  Wounde, _sb._ wound 34.76, 78.
+  Wrecchid(e), wreched, -yd, _a._ wretched 15.20, 24, 28, 17.19, 23,
+      19.17, 21.
+  Wrikkend, _p. pr._ moving, walking 2.13; Dan. vrikke, Du. wrikken.
+  Wrocht, wroght(e), wroht, wroth, wrought(e), wrou[gh]t(e), wrouhte,
+      wrout(h)e, wrowght(e), _pp._ wrought, made 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 23,
+      8.1, 27, 29, 9.1, 25, 27, &c., &c.
+  [[Wrong, _sb._ 42.1.]]
+  Wroten, _vb._ to root, turn up with the snout 2.18;
+    _3 p. pr._ wrotys 33.33; OE. wrotian.
+  Wroth, _a._ 33.48, 51;
+    (7.1, spelling of wroht, _v._ Wrocht, wroght).
+  [[Wryeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ turns, inclines 42.6.]]
+  Wryttyne, written 25.39.
+  Wyn, _sb._ joy, pleasure 32.25.
+  Wynde, _sb._ wind 33.48.
+  Wynde, _vb._ to wind 32.24.
+  Wyne, _sb._ wine 25.60.
+  Wyste, 34.67; _v._ Wote.
+  [[Wyte, _vb. imp._ guard, keep 45.35.]]
+
+  Ya, _int._ yea, verily 12.7, 11, 15.
+  Yelde, yeelde, [gh]eelde, _vb._ yield, render, pay 15.42, 18.41,
+      21.58;
+    _3 p. pr._ yeldis 33.56.
+  Ye[gh]t, yet, [gh]et, yit, [gh]it(t), [gh]yt(e), _adv._ yet 6.16,
+      7.20, 8.18, 9.12, 16, &c.
+  Yong, _a._ young, 28.41.
+  Ypon, _prep._ var. of upon 11.3.
+  [Gh]efe, [gh]eyf, _vb. imp._ give 24.24, 26.61.
+  [Gh]ere, _sb. pl._ years 34.74.
+
+
+
+
+  ADDENDA
+
+  (from the text in the Appendix).
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  This section has been retained for completeness. All entries have
+  been added to the main Glossary.]
+
+
+  Afrete, _pp._ devoured, eaten 42.3.
+  Agrise, _vb._ tremble, quake 44.28.
+  Alas, _int._ 43.17.
+  Alete, _vb._ to let go, forsake 42.3.
+  Aryse, _vb._ arise 44.25.
+  Assise, _sb._ the Judgement 44.26.
+  Awelden, _vb._ wield, rule 42.9.
+
+  Belden, _vb._ build up 43.12.
+  Bi-holden, _vb._ keep, retain 42.10.
+  Byheste, _sb._ promise 45.30.
+  Byhet, _vb. 3 p. pr._ promises 45.31.
+
+  Cheste, _sb._ strife, dispute 45.29; OE. cêast, _older_ cêas,
+    L. causa.
+  Coueytise, _sb._ covetousness 42.6.
+  Crieþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ cries 42.8.
+
+  Dedliche, _a._ deadly 43.14.
+
+  Elden, _vb._ to grow old 43.11.
+  Endinge, _sb._ 44.21.
+  Eorthe, _sb._ earth 42.1, &c.
+
+  Foelle, _vb. subj._ ? fall 43.20.
+  For[gh]ete, _pp._ forgotten 42.4.
+  Furloren, _pp._ lost 46.35.
+
+  Grimliche, _adv._ terribly 44.28.
+  Guo, _vb._ go 43.15.
+  Gynneþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 43.15.
+
+  Haueþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ has 43.13.
+  Helle-feste, _sb._ Hell-fortress 45.32.
+  Hyeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ hastens 42.7.
+
+  Iboren, _pp._ born 45.33.
+  Ibou[gh]t, _pp._ redeemed 43.19.
+  Icoren, _pp. a._ chosen ones 45.35.
+  Igete, _pp._ got 42.1.
+  Ignawe, _pp._ devoured 44.23.
+  Ihere, _vb._ hear 44.26.
+  Iknawe, _vb._ know 44.24.
+  Iseoþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sees 43.14, 44.21.
+  Islawe, _pp._ slain 44.22.
+  Iuynt, _vb. 3 p. pr._ joins 42.9.
+  Iworthe, _vb._ become 43.16.
+
+  Lere, _vb._ teach 44.27.
+  Leste, _vb._ last 45.31.
+  Louerd, _sb._ Lord 45.33.
+  Luþer, _a._ wicked 42.9.
+
+  Mychfulliche, _adv._ greatly, at so great cost 43.19.
+
+  Netfulliche, _adv._ of necessity 44.25.
+
+  Of-sou[gh]t, _pp._ attacked 43.18.
+
+  Prude, _sb._ pride 42.5.
+
+  Seluen, _pron._ self 44.24.
+  Styeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ ascends, mounts up 42.5.
+  Sullen, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ shall 43.16.
+
+  Þilke, _pron._ that same 44.26.
+  Totoren, _pp._ torn, rent 45.34.
+
+  Wan(ne), were, when, where 42.5, 44.25, 45.30, 32.
+  Wise, _vb._ guide, direct 44.27.
+  Wrong, _sb._ 42.1.
+  Wryeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ turns, inclines 42.6.
+  Wyte, _vb. imp._ guard, keep 45.35.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (noted by transcriber)
+
+_All errors in the Notes and Glossary involve missing or incorrect
+punctuation. Inconsistent citations from the Reliquiae Antiquae (as
+"ii", large "II" or small "II") are unchanged._
+
+  [Illustration: ... fol. 57 ...]
+    [_printed as shown: correct folio number is 59_]
+
+_Body Text_
+
+  II.
+    [_. missing from header_]
+  B.7. [Footnote 4: ... H. 4486 hath _bygged hy his bowres_]
+    [_quoted text printed as italic (non-emphatic)_]
+  B.11. / MS. LAUD MISC. 23. / [fol. 112, r^o]  [2^o]
+  III. THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT.
+    [Footnote 4: ... but MS. appears to be ...]  [MS appears]
+
+_Notes_
+
+  #MS. Laud Misc. 23.#
+  l. 39 (p. 18). ... ll. 53, 54, where  [54. where]
+
+  RECORD OFFICE ROLL
+  Pensez[12] coment en tere & par tere pecchez,
+    [_footnote anchor invisible_]
+  [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, v^o]  [25478 fol.]
+
+_Glossary_
+
+  Be / _2 p. pr._ art  [art.]
+  Bild, _vb. imp._  [_v. imp._]
+    _2 p. pr._ bildist 22.79;  [22 79]]
+  Bring, bryng(e) ... 7.7, 14.10, &c.  [7.7 14.10]
+  Castles ... castles 3.65, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9  [7 9]
+  Com / ... 7.14, 8.24, 9.22, 10.22, &c.;  [9 22]
+    _2 p. p._ cam 17.24  [17 24]
+  Concele ... 8.27, 9.25  [9 25]
+  Falliþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ falls, 1.3.  [_vb 3 p. pr._]
+  Fayr, _a._ fair 33.42;  [33 42]
+  Ferde, _pp._ afraid, terrified 12.24; OE. (for) f[-æ]red.  [12.24.]
+  Grace, _sb._ 22.70, 26.61.  [22.70;]
+  Hartily ... 15.40, 18.39, 21.54.  [18 39]
+  Heuen(e) ... 15.43, 19.24, 25.40  [25 40]
+  Hold, _vb. 3 p. pr._ holdys 32.16;  [_vb._; _3 p. pr._]
+  Lay, _vb. 3 p. pr._ layes 32.3;  [_vb._; _3 p. pr._]
+  Lent(e) ... 21.40; OE. l[-æ]nan.  [21.40.]
+  Mold(e), moolde, moulde, mowld (e)  [mowld e)]
+  Ruli, ruly ... 15.30, 17.29; OE. hrêowlîe.  [17.29,]
+  Say / ... 6.10, 12.10;  [12.10,]
+    / sayis, says 10.10, 30.10, 31.10;  [31.10,]
+  Superflue, _a._ superfluous 15.33.  [_a_]
+  Þroh, þrou[gh], _sb._ coffin, 1.3, 2.42; OE. þrûh.  [O.E.]
+  Walk, _vb. 3 p. p._ walkyd 34.71;  [_vb._; _3 p. p._]
+  Wol(e), 15.33, 17.32, 21.48;  [Wol(e) 15]
+  Wroten ... O.E. wrotian. [O.E.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
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