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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34316-8.txt b/34316-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a2b326 --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6477 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised + + +Author: Henry Sweet + + + +Release Date: November 14, 2010 [eBook #34316] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER*** + + +E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, David Clarke, Keith Edkins, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Transcriber's note: + + In this e-text a-breve is represented by [)a], a-macron + by [=a], c-dotted-over by [.c] and e-ogonek by [e,], etc. + + Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file + in which these characters are displayed properly. + See 34316-h.htm or 34316-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h/34316-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h.zip) + + + Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have + been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Notes to the + Readings. + + + + + +AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER + +With + +Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +by + +HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D. + +Eighth Edition, Revised + + + + + + + +Oxford +At the Clarendon Press +1905 + +Printed in England +At the Oxford University Press + + + + +{v} + +PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. + +The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. +Vernon's _Anglo-Saxon Guide_ was an admirable book for its time, but has +long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my +_Anglo-Saxon Reader_ a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an +elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked +forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which +would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and +would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, +Professor Earle has brought out his _Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon_. +But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, +and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the +present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines +which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more. + +My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible +introduction to the study of Old-English. + +Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose +pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in +extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and +Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi} +again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom +of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the +selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the +great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel +extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be +omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have +been gathered mainly from the Gospels, Ælfric's Homilies, and the +Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those +having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are +intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer +pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the +grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly +of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second +of accusative singulars, and so on. + +The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early +West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it +is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite +results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating +spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely +scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification, +as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, +for instance, whether to put the original of _hear_ under _[=e], [=i]e, +[=i]_ or _[=y]_. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should +recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step +both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is +derived. That I give Ælfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is +no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print +Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) +in the same spelling as Virgil. + +It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I +have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. +Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. +_bundon_ and the subj. _bunden_, although the latter is often levelled +under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the +present retained the conventional quantities, which are really +'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, +1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology +(owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled +state. + +In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, +giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the +connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have +been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to +give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be +to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining +their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as +inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which +all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been +taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is +the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the +learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut +down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, +without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable +proceeding. {viii} + +In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in +the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader. + +All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the +beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened +for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed +out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern +English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in +this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the +beginner cannot have. + +The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended +mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such +references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar. + +On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without +defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from +_st[e,]nt_ to _standan_, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him +all this trouble by putting '_st[e,]nt_, 3 sg. pres. of _standan_, stand,' +but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar +at all--surely a most undesirable result. + +Although I have given everything that I believe to be _necessary_, every +teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further +illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he +thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils. + +My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and +encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in +correcting the proofs. + +In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may +prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our +Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom are +now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of +'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of +imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more +ambitious one. + +HENRY SWEET. + + HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD, + _March 31, 1882_. + + * * * * * + +PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. + +In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some +time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as +seemed necessary. + +If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have +been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to +rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various +teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial +thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, +of Amsterdam. + +HENRY SWEET. + + LONDON, + _October 15, 1884_. + + + + +{x} + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + GRAMMAR 1 + + TEXTS 55 + + NOTES 91 + + GLOSSARY 97 + + + + +{1} + +GRAMMAR. + +The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old +English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the +name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used. + +There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the +_West-Saxon_ dialect in its earliest form. + +SOUNDS. + +VOWELS. + +The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. +Long vowels were occasionally marked by (´), short vowels being left +unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following are the +elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from +English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- + + a _as in_ mann (G.) nama (_name_). + [=a] " father st[=a]n (_stone_). + æ " man glæd (_glad_). + [=æ] " d[=æ]d (_deed_)[1]. + e " été (F.) ic ete[2] (_I eat_). + [=e] " see (G.) h[=e] (_he_). + [e,] " men m[e,]nn (_men_). + {2} + i " fini (F.) cwic (_alive_). + [=i] " sieh (G.) w[=i]n (_wine_). + ie " fin ieldran (_ancestors_). + [=i]e " h[=i]eran (_hear_). + o " beau (F.) god (_god_). + [=o] " so (G.) g[=o]d (_good_). + u " sou (F.) sunu (_son_). + [=u] " gut (G.) n[=u] (_now_). + y " véc_u_ (F.) synn (_sin_). + [=y] " grün (G.) br[=y]d (_bride_). + ea = æ + a eall (_all_). + [=e]a = [=æ] + a [=e]ast (_east_). + eo = e + o weorc (_work_). + [=e]o = [=e] + o d[=e]op (_deep_). + _e_ and _[e,]_ are both written e in the MSS. + +The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element. + + Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt + the following approximate pronunciation:-- + + a as in ask (short) nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h). + [=a] " father st[=a]n (stahn). + æ " man glæd (glad). + [=æ] " there [=æ]r (air). + e, [e,] " men ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men). + [=e] " they h[=e] (hay). + i, ie " fin cwic (quick), ieldran (ildr[)a]hn). + [=i], [=i]e " see w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran + (heer[)a]hn). + o " not god (god). + [=o] " note g[=o]d (goad). + u " full full (full). + [=u] " fool n[=u] (noo). + y " fin synn (zin). + [=y] " see br[=y]d (breed). + ea = [)e]-[)a]h eall ([)e]-[)a]hl). + [=e]a = ai-[)a]h [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst). + {3} + eo = [)e]-o weorc (w[)e]-ork). + [=e]o = ai-o d[=e]op (dai-op). + + The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be + expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English. + +CONSONANTS. + +Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus +_sunu_ (son) must be distinguished from _sunne_ (sun) in the same way as +_penny_ is distinguished from _penknife_. So also _in_ (in) must be +distinguished from _inn_ (house); noting that in modern English final +consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our _in_ +and _inn_ both having the pronunciation of Old English _inn_, not of O.E. +_in_. + +_c_ and _g_ had each a _back_ (guttural) and a _front_ (palatal) pron., +which latter is in this book written _[.c]_, _[.g]_. + +c = _k_, as in _c[=e]ne_ (bold), _cn[=a]wan_ (know). + +[.c] = _kj_, a _k_ formed in the _j_ (English _y_) position, nearly as in +the old-fashioned pron. of _sky_: _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _sty[.c][.c]e_ +(piece), _þ[e,]n[.c]an_ (think). + +g initially and in the combination _ng_ was pron. as in 'get': _g[=o]d_ +(good), _lang_ (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after +vowels and _l, r_) as in German _sagen: dagas_ (days), _burg_ (city), +_h[=a]lga_ (saint). + +[.g] initially and in the combination _n[.g]_ was pronounced _gj_ +(corresponding to _kj_): _[.g][=e]_ (ye), _[.g]eorn_ (willing), +_spr[e,]n[.g]an_ (scatter); otherwise = _j_ (as in 'you'): _dæ[.g]_ (day), +_wr[=e][.g]an_ (accuse), _h[e,]r[.g]ian_ (ravage). It is possible that +_[.g]_ in _[.g]e-boren_ (born) and other unaccented syllables was already +pronounced _j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an_ (say), _hry[.c][.g]_ +(back). + +f had the sound of _v_ everywhere where it was possible:--_faran_ (go), +_of_ (of), _ofer_ (over); not, of course, in _oft_ (often), or when +doubled, as in _offrian_ (offer). {4} + +h initially, as in _h[=e]_ (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else +it had that of Scotch and German _ch_ in _loch_:--_h[=e]ah_ (high), _Wealh_ +(Welshman), _riht_ (right). _hw_, as in _hwæt_ (what), _hw[=i]l_ (while), +had the sound of our _wh_; and _hl, hn, hr_ differed from _l, n, r_ +respectively precisely as _wh_ differs from _w_, that is, they were these +consonants devocalized, _hl_ being nearly the same as Welsh +_ll:--hl[=a]ford_ (lord), _hl[=u]d_ (loud); _hnappian_ (doze), _hnutu_ +(nut); _hraþe_ (quickly), _hr[=e]od_ (reed). + +r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--_r[=æ]ran_ (to raise), _h[=e]r_ +(here), _word_ (word). + +s had the sound of _z_:--_s[=e][.c]an_ (seek), _sw[=a]_ (so), _w[=i]s_ +(wise), _[=a]·r[=i]san_ (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard +consonants, as in _st[=a]n_ (stone), _fæst_ (firm), _r[=i][.c]sian_ (rule), +or when double, as in _cyssan_ (kiss). + +þ had the sound of our _th_ (= dh) in _then_:_--þ[=u]_ (thou), _þing_ +(thing), _s[=o]þ_ (true), _h[=æ]þen_ (heathen); except when in combination +with hard consonants, where it had that of our _th_ in _thin_, as in +_s[=e][.c]þ_ (seeks). Note _hæfþ_ (has) = _hævdh_. + +w was fully pronounced wherever written:--_wr[=i]tan_ (write), _n[=i]we_ +(new), _s[=e]ow_ (sowed _pret._). + +STRESS. + +The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not +on the first syllable of a word, by (·) preceding the letter on which the +stress begins. Thus _for·[.g]iefan_ is pronounced with the same stress as +that of _forgive_, _andswaru_ with that of _answer_. + + * * * * * + +PHONOLOGY. + +VOWELS. + +Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the +most important of which are _mutation_ (German _umlaut_) and _gradation_ +(G. _ablaut_). {5} + +The following changes are _mutations_:-- + +a .. [e,]:--mann, _pl._ m[e,]nn; wand (wound _prt._), w[e,]ndan (to turn). + +ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fielþ +(falls). + +[=a] .. [=æ]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=æ]wþ (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound), +h[=æ]lan (heal). + +u .. y:--burg (city), _pl._ byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to +strengthen). + +o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss). + +e .. i:--beran (to bear), bireþ (beareth); cweþan (speak), cwide (speech). + +eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut), +[.c]ierfþ (cuts). + +u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]e·coren (chosen). + +[=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u]þ (known), c[=y]þan (to make known); f[=u]l (foul), +[=a]·f[=y]lan (defile). + +[=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought _prt._), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da +(food), f[=e]dan (to feed). + +[=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ewþ (hews); t[=e]am (progeny), +t[=i]eman (teem). + +[=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]e·str[=e]on +(possession), [.g]es·tr[=i]enan (gain). + +Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other +most important vowel-relations. + +a, æ, ea. In O.E. original _a_ is preserved before nasals, as in _mann_, +_lang_, _nama_ (name), and before a single consonant followed by _a_, _u_, +or _o_, as in _dagas_ (days), _dagum_ (to days), _faran_ (go), _gafol_ +(profit), and in some words when _e_ follows, as in _ic fare_ (I go), +_faren_ (gone). Before _r_, _l_, _h_ followed by another consonant, and +before _x_ it becomes _ea_, as in _heard_ (hard), _eall_ (all), _eald_ +(old), _eahta_ (eight), _weaxan_ (to grow). Not in _bærst_ (p. 7). In most +other cases it becomes _æ_:--_dæ[.g]_, (day), _dæ[.g]es_ (of a day), _fæst_ +(firm), _wær_ (wary). {6} + +e before nasals always becomes _i_: compare _bindan_ (to bind), pret. +_band_, with _beran_ (to bear), pret. _bær_. + +_e_ before _r_ (generally followed by a consonant) becomes _eo:--eorþe_ +(earth), _heorte_ (heart). Not in _berstan_ (p. 7). Also in other +cases:--_seolfor_ (silver), _heofon_ (heaven). + +i before _r_ + cons. becomes _ie:--bierþ_ (beareth) contr. from _bireþ, +hierde_ (shepherd) from _heord_ (herd), _wiersa_ (worse). + +[e,] before _r_, or _l_ + cons. often becomes _ie:--fierd_ (army) from +_faran_, _bieldo_ (boldness) from _beald_, _ieldra_ (elder) from _eald_. + +By _gradation_ the vowels are related as follows:-- + +e (i, eo) .. a (æ, ea) .. u (o):-- + +_bindan_ (inf.), _band_ (pret.), _bundon_ (they bound). _beran_ (inf.), +_bær_ (pret.), _boren_ (past partic.). _[.c]eorfan_ (cut), _[.c]earf_ +(pret.), _curfon_ (they cut), _corfen_ (past partic.). _b[e,]nd_ (bond) = +mutation of band, _byr-þen_ (burden) of _bor-en_. + +a (æ, ea) .. [=æ]:--_spræc_ (spoke), _spr[=æ]con_ (they spoke), +_spr[=æ][.c]_ (speech). + +a .. [=o]:--_faran_ (to go), _f[=o]r_ (pret.), _f[=o]r_ (journey). +_[.g]e·f[=e]ra_ (companion) mutation of _f[=o]r_. + +[=i] .. [=a] .. i:--_wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]e·writ_ (writing, +_subst._). _(be)·l[=i]fan_ (remain), _l[=a]f_ (remains), whence by mutation +_l[=æ]fan_ (leave). + +[=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--_[.c][=e]osan_ (choose), _[.c][=e]as, +curon, coren_. _cys-t_ (choice). _(for)·l[=e]osan_ (lose), _l[=e]as_ +(loose), _[=a]·l[=i]esan_ (release), _losian_ (to be lost). _b[=u]gan_ +(bend), _boga_ (bow). + +We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation +of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a +knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. +etymology. + + It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two + words. Thus _l[e,][.c][.g]an_ (lay) cannot be directly referred to + _li[.c][.g]an_ (lie), but only to a form *_lag_-, preserved in the + preterite _læ[.g]_. So also _bl[e,]ndan_ (to blind) can be referred + only indirectly to the adjective _blind_ through an intermediate + *_bland_-. Again, the root-vowel of _byrþen_ {7} (burden) cannot be + explained by the infinitive _beran_ (bear), but only by the past + participle _[.g]e·boren_. In the same way _hryre_ (fall _sb._) must be + referred, not to the infinitive _hr[=e]osan_, but to the preterite + plural _hruron_. + + The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation + (1) _feallan_, _f[=e]oll_, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other + causes. + +CONSONANTS. + +s becomes _r_ in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong +verbs, as in _curon_, _[.g]e·coren_ from _[.c][=e]osan_, _w[=æ]ron_ pl. of +_wæs_ (was), and in other formations, such as _hryre_ (fall) from +_hr[=e]osan_. + +þ becomes _d_ under the same conditions, as in _wurdon_, _[.g]e·worden_ +from _weorþan_ (become), _cwæþ_ (quoth), pl. _cw[=æ]don_, _cwide_ (speech) +from _cweþan_ (infin.). + +r is often transposed, as in _iernan_ (run) from original *_rinnan_ (cp. +the subst. _ryne_), _berstan_ (burst) from *_brestan_, _bærst_ (burst +_pret._) from _bræst_, _hors_ (horse) from *_hross_. + +The combinations cæ-, gæ- become _[.c]ea-_, _[.g]ea-_, as in _[.c]eaf_ +(chaff) from *_cæf_, _s[.c]eal_ (shall) from *_scæl_, _[.g]eaf_ (gave) = +*_gæf_ from _[.g]iefan_ (cp. _cwæþ_ from _cweþan_), _[.g]eat_ (gate)--cp. +_fæt_ (vessel). + +g[=æ]- often becomes _[.g][=e]a-_, as in _[.g][=e]afon_ (they gave), with +which compare _cw[=æ]don_ (they said). + +ge- becomes _[.g]ie_, as in _[.g]iefan_, _[.g]ieldan_ (pay) from *_gefan_, +*_geldan_--cp. _cweþan_, _delfan_. Not in the prefix _[.g]e-_ and +_[.g][=e]_ (ye). + +When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes _h_, as in +_h[=e] l[=i]ehþ_ (he lies) from _l[=e]ogan_ (mentiri). + +h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel +being lengthened, thus _Wealh_ (Welshman) has plural _W[=e]alas_. + + * * * * * + +INFLECTIONS. + +NOUNS. + +Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine. +The gender is partly natural, partly {8} grammatical. By the natural gender +names of male beings, such as _se mann_ (the man), are masculine; of female +beings, such as _s[=e]o dohtor_ (the daughter), are feminine; and of young +creatures, such as _þæt [.c]ild_ (the child), neuter. Note, however, that +_þæt w[=i]f_ (woman) is neuter. + +Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other +words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all +nouns ending in _-a_, such as _se m[=o]na_ (moon), are masculine, _s[=e]o +sunne_ (sun) being feminine. Those ending in _-d[=o]m_, _-h[=a]d_, and +_-s[.c]ipe_ are also masculine:--_se w[=i]sd[=o]m_ (wisdom), _se +[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood), _se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Those in +_-nes_, _-o_ (from adjectives) _-r[=æ]den_, and _-ung_ are +feminine:--_s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes_ (righteousness), _s[=e]o bieldo_ +(boldness) from _beald_, _s[=e]o mann-r[=æ]den_ (allegiance), _s[=e]o +scotung_ (shooting). + +Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in _þæt burg-[.g]eat_ +(city-gate), from _s[=e]o burg_ and _þæt [.g]eat_. Hence also _se +w[=i]f-mann_ (woman) is masculine. + +The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student +should learn each noun with its proper definite article. + +Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with +_n_, such as _se m[=o]na_, plural _m[=o]nan_; _s[=e]o sunne_, genitive +sing. _þ[=æ]re sunnan_. All the others, such as _se dæ[.g]_, pl. _dagas_, +_þæt h[=u]s_ (house), gen. sing. _þæs h[=u]ses_, are strong. + +Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. +The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter +nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never +differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they +differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the +nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in _-um_. {9} + +STRONG MASCULINES. + +(1) as-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom[3]._ st[=a]n (_stone_). _Nom._ st[=a]n-as. + _Dat._ st[=a]n-e. _Dat._ st[=a]n-um. + _Gen._ st[=a]n-es. _Gen._ st[=a]n-a. + +So also _d[=æ]l_ (part), _cyning_ (king), _[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood). + +_dæ[.g]_ (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--_dæ[.g]_, _dæ[.g]e_, +_dæ[.g]es_; _dagas_, _dagum_, _daga_. + +Nouns in _-e_ have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--_[e,]nde_, (end), +_[e,]nde_, _[e,]ndes_; _[e,]ndas_, _[e,]ndum_, _[e,]nda_. + +Nouns in _-el_, _-ol_, _-um_, _-en_, _-on_, _-er_, _-or_ often +contract:--_[e,]n[.g]el_ (angel), _[e,]n[.g]le_, _[e,]n[.g]les_; +_[e,]n[.g]las_, _[e,]n[.g]lum_, _[e,]n[.g]la_. So also _næ[.g]el_ (nail), +_þe[.g]en_ (thane), _ealdor_ (prince). Others, such as _æcer_ (field), do +not contract. + +_h_ after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in _feorh_ +(life), _f[=e]ore_, _f[=e]ores_. So also in _Wealh_ (Welshman), plur. +_W[=e]alas_. + +There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each. + +(2) e-plurals. + + A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--_l[=e]ode_ (people), + _l[=e]odum_, _l[=e]oda_. So also several names of + nations:--_[E,]n[.g]le_ (English), _D[e,]ne_ (Danes); _Seaxe_ (Saxons), + _Mier[.c]e_ (Mercians), have gen. plur. _Seaxna_, _Mier[.c]na_. + +(3) Mutation-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ f[=o]t (_foot_). _Nom._ f[=e]t. + _Dat._ f[=e]t. _Dat._ f[=o]t-um. + _Gen._ f[=o]t-es. _Gen._ f[=o]t-a. + +So also _t[=o]þ_ (tooth). _Mann_ (man), _m[e,]nn_, _mannes_; _m[e,]nn_, +_mannum_, _manna_. + +{10} + +(4) u-nouns. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ sun-u (_son_). _Nom._ sun-a. + _Dat._ sun-a. _Dat._ sun-um. + _Gen._ sun-a. _Gen._ sun-a. + +So also _wudu_ (wood). + +(5) r-nouns (including feminines). + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ m[=o]dor (_mother_). _Nom._ m[=o]dor. + _Dat._ m[=e]der. _Dat._ m[=o]dr-um. + _Gen._ m[=o]dor. _Gen._ m[=o]dr-a. + +So also _br[=o]þor_ (brother); _fæder_ (father), _dohtor_ (daughter), have +dat. sing. _fæder_, _dehter_. + +(6) nd-nouns. + +Formed from the present participle of verbs. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ fr[=e]ond (_friend_). _Nom._ fr[=i]end. + _Dat._ fr[=i]end. _Dat._ fr[=e]ond-um. + _Gen._ fr[=e]ond-es. _Gen._ fr[=e]ond-a. + +So also _f[=e]ond_ (enemy). + +Those in _-end_ inflect thus:--_b[=u]end_ (dweller), _b[=u]end_, +_b[=u]endes_; _b[=u]end_, _b[=u]endum_, _b[=u]endra_. So also _H[=æ]lend_ +(saviour). The _-ra_ is an adjectival inflection. + +STRONG NEUTERS. + +(1) u-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ s[.c]ip (_ship_). _Nom._ s[.c]ip-u. + _Dat._ s[.c]ip-e. _Dat._ s[.c]ip-um. + _Gen._ s[.c]ip-es. _Gen._ s[.c]ip-a. + +So all neuters with short final syllable, such as _[.g]e·bed_ (prayer), +_[.g]e·writ_ (writing), _[.g]eat_ (gate). {11} + +_Fæt_ (vessel), _fæte_, _fætes_; _fatu_, _fatum_, _fata_ (p. 5). + +_R[=i][.c]e_ (kingdom), _r[=i][.c]e_, _r[=i][.c]es_; _r[=i][.c]u_, +_r[=i][.c]um_, _r[=i][.c]a_. So also all neuters in _e_, except _[=e]age_ +and _[=e]are_ (p. 13): _[.g]e·þ[=e]ode_ (language), _sty[.c][.c]e_ (piece). + +Those in _-ol_, _-en_, _-or_, &c. are generally contracted:--_d[=e]ofol_ +(devil), _d[=e]ofles_, _d[=e]oflu_. So also _w[=æ]pen_ (weapon), _mynster_ +(monastery), _wundor_ (wonder). + +(2) Unchanged plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ h[=u]s (_house_). _Nom._ h[=u]s. + _Dat._ h[=u]s-e. _Dat._ h[=u]s-um. + _Gen._ h[=u]s-es. _Gen._ h[=u]s-a. + +So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, +or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as _bearn_ +(child), _folc_ (nation), _w[=i]f_ (woman). + +_Feoh_ (money) drops its _h_ in inflection and lengthens the _eo_:--_feoh_, +_f[=e]o_, _f[=e]os_. So also _bleoh_ (colour). + +STRONG FEMININES. + +(1) a-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + (a) _Nom._ [.g]ief-u (_gift_). _Nom._ [.g]ief-a. + _Acc._ [.g]ief-e. _Acc._ [.g]ief-a. + _Dat._ [.g]ief-e. _Dat._ [.g]ief-um. + _Gen._ [.g]ief-e. _Gen._ [.g]ief-ena. + +So also _lufu_ (love), _scamu_ (shame). _Duru_ (door) is an _u_-noun: it +has acc. _duru_, d., g. _dura_, g. pl. _dura_. Observe that all these nouns +have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the _u_ is +dropped, and the noun falls under (_b_). {12} + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + (_b_) _Nom._ spr[=æ][.c] (_speech_). _Nom._ spr[=æ][.c]-a. + _Acc._ spr[=æ][.c]-e. _Acc._ spr[=æ][.c]-a. + _Dat._ spr[=æ][.c]-e. _Dat._ spr[=æ][.c]-um. + _Gen._ spr[=æ][.c]-e. _Gen._ spr[=æ][.c]-a. + +So also _str[=æ]t_ (street), _sorg_ (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the +same as the nom., such as _d[=æ]d_, _hand_, _miht_. + +Those in _-ol_, _-er_, _-or_, &c. contract:--_s[=a]wol_ (soul), _s[=a]wle_, +_s[=a]wla_, _s[=a]wlum_. So also _[.c]easter_ (city), _hl[=æ]dder_ +(ladder). + +Some in _-en_ double the _n_ in inflection:--_byrþen_ (burden), _byrþenne_. +So also those in _-r[=æ]den_, such as _hierdr[=æ]den_ (guardianship). Those +in _-nes_ also double the _s_ in inflection: _g[=o]dnes_ (goodness), +_g[=o]dnesse_. + +(2) Mutation-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ b[=o]c (_book_). _Nom._ b[=e][.c]. + _Dat._ b[=e][.c]. _Dat._ b[=o]c-um. + _Gen._ b[=e][.c]. _Gen._ b[=o]c-a. + +_Burg_ (city), _byri[.g]_, _burge_; _byri[.g]_, _burgum_, _burga_. + +(3) Indeclinable. + + SINGULAR. + _Nom._ bieldo (_boldness_). + _Dat._ bieldo. + _Gen._ bieldo. + +So also _ieldo_ (age). + +For _r_-nouns, see under Masculines. + +WEAK MASCULINES. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ nam-a (_name_). _Nom._ nam-an. + _Acc._ nam-an. _Acc._ nam-an. + _Dat._ nam-an. _Dat._ nam-um. + _Gen._ nam-an. _Gen._ nam-ena. + +{13} + +So also all nouns in _-a_:--_[.g]e·f[=e]ra_ (companion), _guma_ (man), +_[.g]e·l[=e]afa_ (belief). _Ieldran_ (elders) occurs only in the plural. + +_[.G]e·f[=e]a_ (joy) is contracted throughout:--_[.g]ef[=e]a_, +_[.g]ef[=e]an_. + +WEAK NEUTERS. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ [=e]ag-e (_eye_). _Nom._ [=e]ag-an. + _Acc._ [=e]ag-e. _Acc._ [=e]ag-an. + _Dat._ [=e]ag-an. _Dat._ [=e]ag-um. + _Gen._ [=e]ag-an. _Gen._ [=e]ag-ena. + +So also _[=e]are_ 'ear.' + +WEAK FEMININES. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ sunn-e (_sun_). _Nom._ sunn-an. + _Acc._ sunn-an. _Acc._ sunn-an. + _Dat._ sunn-an. _Dat._ sunn-um. + _Gen._ sunn-an. _Gen._ sunn-ena. + +So also _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _f[=æ]mne_ (virgin), _heorte_ (heart). + +_L[=e]o_ (lion) has acc., &c. _l[=e]on_. + +PROPER NAMES. + +Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--_Ælfred_, gen. +_Ælfredes_, dat. _Ælfrede_; _[=E]ad-burg_ (fem.), gen. _[=E]adburge_, &c. + +Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus +_Cr[=i]st_, _Salomon_ have gen. _Cr[=i]stes_, _Salomones_, dat. +_Cr[=i]ste_, _Salomone_. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, +especially those in _-us_, but often with a mixture of English endings, and +the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being +often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. _C[=y]rus_, +gen. _C[=y]res_, acc. _C[=y]rum_, dat. _C[=y]rum_ (þ[=æ]m cyninge +C[=y]rum). + +Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those +taken from Latin, such as _Breten_ (Britain), _C[e,]nt_ (Kent), +_[.G]erm[=a]nia_ (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with +_land_, such as _[E,]n[.g]la-land_ (land of the English, England), +_Isr·ah[=e]la-þ[=e]od_ (Israel). In both of these cases the first element +is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as _Scot-land_, also +occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for +the country itself:--_on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum_ = in East-anglia, lit. +'among the East-anglians.' So also _on Angel-cynne_ = in England, lit. +'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by _Angelcynnes land_. + +Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find _on +C[e,]nt_, _t[=o] Hierusal[=e]m_. + +_[.G]erm[=a]nia_, _Asia_, and other foreign names in _-a_ take _-e_ in the +oblique cases, thus gen. _[.G]erm[=a]nie_. + + * * * * * + +ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with +partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the +masc. and neut. sing. they have an _instrumental_ case, for which in the +fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used. + +STRONG ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take _-u_ in the fem. +sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. {15} + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + (_a_) _Nom._ cwic (_alive_), cwic, cwic-u. + _Acc._ cwic-ne, cwic, cwic-e. + _Dat._ cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. + _Gen._ cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. + _Instr._ cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre). + + PLURAL. + _Nom._ cwic-e, cwic-u, cwic-e. + \____________________ ______________/ + \/ + _Dat._ cwic-um. + _Gen._ cwic-ra. + +So also _sum_ (some), _f[=æ]rlic_ (dangerous). + +Those with _æ_, such as _glæd_ (glad), change it to _a_ in dat. _gladum_, +&c. + +Those in _-e_, such as _bl[=i]þe_ (glad), drop it in all +inflections:--_bl[=i]þne_, _bl[=i]þu_, _bl[=i]þre_. + +Those in _-ig_, _-el_, _-ol_, _-en_, _-er_, _-or_ often contract before +inflections beginning with a vowel, as in _h[=a]li[.g]_ (holy), +_h[=a]lges_, _h[=a]lgum_; _mi[.c]el_ (great), _mi[.c]lu_, _mi[.c]le_. Not, +of course, before consonants:--_h[=a]li[.g]ne_, _mi[.c]elne_, _mi[.c]elra_. + +Those in _-u_, such as _[.g]earu_ (ready), change the _u_ into a _w_ before +vowels:--_[.g]earwes_, _[.g]earwe_. + +Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the _u_ of the fem. +and neuter:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + (_b_) _Nom. Sing._ g[=o]d (_good_), g[=o]d, g[=o]d. + _Plur._ g[=o]de, g[=o]d, g[=o]de. + +_F[=e]a_ (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. _f[=e]am_, gen. +_f[=e]ara_. + +_H[=e]ah_ (high) drops its second _h_ in inflection and +contracts:--_h[=e]are_, nom. pl. _h[=e]a_, dat. _h[=e]am_, acc. sing. masc. +_h[=e]anne_. + +_Fela_ (many) is indeclinable. {16} + +WEAK ADJECTIVES. + +The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:- + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ g[=o]d-a, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-e. + _Acc._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-an. + _Dat._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. + _Gen._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. + \________________ __________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ g[=o]d-an. + _Dat._ g[=o]d-um. + _Gen._ g[=o]d-ra. + +The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension. + +COMPARISON. + +The comparative is formed by adding _-ra_, and is declined like a weak +adjective:--_l[=e]of_ (dear), _l[=e]ofra_ masc., _l[=e]ofre_ fem., +_l[=e]ofran_ plur., etc.; _m[=æ]re_ (famous), _m[=æ]rra_. The superlative +is formed by adding _-ost_, and may be either weak or strong:--_l[=e]ofost_ +(dearest). + +The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in +_-est_ (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):-- + + eald (_old_), ieldra, ieldest. + lang (_long_), l[e,]n[.g]ra, l[e,]n[.g]est. + n[=e]ah (_near_), (n[=e]ar), n[=i]ehst. + h[=e]ah (_high_), h[=i]erra, h[=i]ehst. + +The following show different roots:-- + + g[=o]d (_good_), b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst. + yfel (_evil_), wiersa, wierrest. + mi[.c]el (_great_), m[=a]ra (m[=a]), m[=æ]st. + l[=y]tel (_little_), l[=æ]ssa (l[=æ]s), l[=æ]st. + +{17} + +The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from +adverbs:-- + + [=æ]r (_formerly_), [=æ]rra ([=æ]ror), [=æ]rest. + fore (_before_), . . . forma, fyrmest. + [=u]t (_out_), [=y]terra, [=y]temest. + +NUMERALS. + + CARDINAL. ORDINAL. + [=a]n, _one_. forma (_first_). + tw[=a], _two_. [=o]þer. + þr[=e]o, _three_. þridda. + f[=e]ower, _four_. f[=e]orþa. + f[=i]f, _five_. f[=i]f-ta. + siex, _six_. siex-ta. + seofon, _seven_. seofoþa. + eahta, _eight_. eahtoþa. + nigon, _nine_. nigoþa. + t[=i]en, _ten_. t[=e]oþa. + [e,]ndlufon, _eleven_. [e,]ndlyf-ta. + tw[e,]lf, _twelve_. tw[=e,]lf-ta. + þr[=e]o-t[=i]ene, _thirteen_. þr[=e]o-t[=e]oþa. + f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene, _fourteen_. + f[=i]f-t[=i]ene, _fifteen_. + siex-t[=i]ene, _sixteen_. + seofon-t[=i]ene, _seventeen_. + eahta-t[=i]ene, _eighteen_. + nigon-t[=i]ene, _nineteen_. + tw[e,]n-ti[.g], _twenty_. + þri-ti[.g], _thirty_. + f[=e]ower-ti[.g], _forty_. + f[=i]f-ti[.g], _fifty_. + siex-ti[.g], _sixty_. + {18} + hund-·seofon-ti[.g], _seventy_. + hund-·eahta-ti[.g], _eighty_. + hund-·nigon-ti[.g], _ninety_. + hund } _hundred_. + hund-·t[=e]onti[.g], } + hund-·[e,]ndlufonti[.g], _hundred and ten_. + hund-·tw[e,]lfti[.g], _hundred and twenty_. + þ[=u]send, _thousand_. + +_[=A]n_ is declined like other adjectives. + +_Tw[=a]_ is declined thus:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ tw[=e][.g]en, tw[=a], tw[=a]. + \__________________ ___________________/ + \/ + _Dat._ tw[=æ]m. + _Gen._ tw[=e][.g]ra. + +So also _b[=e][.g]en_ (both), _b[=a]_, _b[=æ]m_, _b[=e][.g]ra_. + +_Þr[=e]o_ is declined thus:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ þr[=i]e, þr[=e]o, þr[=e]o. + \_____________ _______________/ + \/ + _Dat._ þrim. + _Gen._ þr[=e]ora. + +The others up to _tw[e,]nti[.g]_ are generally indeclinable. Those in +_-ti[.g]_ are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like +adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives +they govern the genitive. + +_Hund_ and _þ[=u]send_ are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, +always taking a genitive:--_eahta hund m[=i]la_ (eight hundred miles), +_f[=e]ower þ[=u]send wera_ (four thousand men). + +Units are always put before tens:--_[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g]_ (twenty-one). +{19} + +The ordinals are always weak, except _[=o]þer_, which is always strong. + + * * * * * + +PRONOUNS. + +PERSONAL. + + SINGULAR. + _Nom._ i[.c] (_I_), þ[=u] (_thou_). + _Acc._ m[=e], þ[=e]. + _Dat._ m[=e], þ[=e]. + _Gen._ m[=i]n, þ[=i]n. + + DUAL. + _Nom._ wit (_we two_), [.g]it (_ye two_). + _Acc._ unc, inc. + _Dat._ unc, inc. + _Gen._ uncer, incer. + + PLURAL. + _Nom._ w[=e] (_we_), [.g][=e] (_ye_). + _Acc._ [=u]s, [=e]ow. + _Dat._ [=u]s, [=e]ow. + _Gen._ [=u]re, [=e]ower. + + + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ h[=e] (_he_), hit (_it_), h[=e]o (_she_). + _Acc._ hine, hit, h[=i]e. + _Dat._ him, him, hiere. + _Gen._ his, his, hiere. + \_________________ _________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ h[=i]e (_they_). + _Dat._ him. + _Gen._ hiera. + +There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal +pronouns are used instead:--_h[=i]e [.g]e·samnodon h[=i]e_ (they collected +themselves, assembled); _h[=i]e [=a]·b[=æ]don him w[=i]f_ (they asked for +wives for themselves). _Self_ is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective +agreeing with its pronoun:--_sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum_ +(as they wished for themselves). + +POSSESSIVE. + +_M[=i]n_ (my), _þ[=i]n_ (thy), _[=u]re_ (our), _[=e]ower_ (your), and the +dual _uncer_ and _incer_ are declined like other adjectives. The genitives +_his_ (his, its), _hiere_ (her), _hiera_ (their) are used as indeclinable +possessives. + +INTERROGATIVE. + + Masc. and Fem. Neut. + _Nom._ hw[=a] (_who_), hwæt (_what_). + _Acc._ hwone, hwæt. + _Dat._ hw[=æ]m, hw[=æ]m. + _Gen._ hwæs, hwæs. + _Instr._ hw[=y], hw[=y]. + +_Hwelc_ (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a +noun and an adjective. + +DEMONSTRATIVE. + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ se (_that_, _the_), þæt, s[=e]o. + _Acc._ þone, þæt, þ[=a]. + _Dat._ þ[=æ]m, þ[=æ]m, þ[=æ]re. + _Gen._ þæs, þæs, þ[=æ]re. + _Instr._ þ[=y], þon, þ[=y], (þ[=æ]re). + \_______________________ __________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ þ[=a]. + _Dat._ þ[=æ]m. + _Gen._ þ[=a]ra. + +{21} + +_Se_ is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a +personal pronoun:--_h[=e] [.g]e·h[=i]erþ m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c]þ þ[=a]_ +(he hears my words, and does them). _S[=e]_ as a demonstrative and pers. +pronoun has its vowel long. + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ þes (_this_), þis, þ[=e]os. + _Acc._ þisne, þis, þ[=a]s. + _Dat._ þissum, þissum, þisse. + _Gen._ þisses, þisses, þisse. + _Instr._ þ[=y]s, þ[=y]s. (þisse). + \__________________ ______________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ þ[=a]s. + _Dat._ þissum. + _Gen._ þissa. + +Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are +_se ilca_ (same), which is always weak, _swelc_ (such), which is always +strong. + +RELATIVE. + +The regular relative is the indeclinable _þe_, as in _[=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe +þ[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e·h[=i]erþ_ (each of those who hears these my +words). It is often combined with _s[=e]_, which is declined:--_s[=e] þe_ = +who, masc., _s[=e]o þe_, fem., &c. _S[=e]_ alone is also used as a +relative:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, þone ic [.g]e·[.c][=e]as_ (here is my +servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--_h[=e]r +þ[=u] hæfst þæt þ[=i]n is_ (here thou hast that which is thine). + +INDEFINITE. + +Indefinites are formed with _sw[=a]_ and the interrogative pronouns, +thus:--_sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a]_, _sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a]_ (whoever), _sw[=a] +hwæt sw[=a]_ (whatever). {22} + +_[=A]n_ and _sum_ (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--_[=a]n mann_, +_sum mann_ = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is +generally not expressed. + +_[=Æ]l[.c]_ (each), _[=æ]ni[.g]_ (any), _n[=æ]ni[.g]_ (no, none), are +declined like other adjectives. + +_[=O]þer_ (other) is always strong:--_þ[=a] [=o]þre m[e,]nn_. + +_Man_, another form of _mann_, is often used in the indefinite sense of +'one,' French _on_:--_his br[=o]þor Horsan man of·sl[=o]g_ (they killed his +brother Horsa). + + * * * * * + +VERBS. + +There are two classes of verbs in O.E., _strong_ and _weak_. The +conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, +that of weak verbs by the addition of _d_ (-ode, -ede, -de) to the +root-syllable. + +The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _bindan_ (bind), which +will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. bind-e, bind-e. + 2. bind-est, bintst, bind-e. + 3. bind-eþ, bint, bind-e. + _plur._ bind-aþ, bind-en. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. band, bund-e. + 2. bund-e, bund-e. + 3. band, bund-e. + _plur._ bund-on, bund-en. + + _Imper. sing._ bind; _plur._ bind-aþ. _Infin._ bind-an. + _Partic. pres._ bind-ende; _pret._ [.g]e-·bund-en. + _Gerund._ t[=o] bind-enne. + +For the plural _bindaþ_, both indicative and imperative, _binde_ is used +when the personal pronoun follows immediately after {23} the verb:--_w[=e] +bindaþ_ (we bind), but _binde w[=e]_ (let us bind); so also _g[=a]þ!_ (go +plur.), but _g[=a] [.g][=e]!_ (go ye). + +The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension +when used as a noun is given above, p. 10. + +The past participle generally prefixes _[.g]e-_, as in _[.g]e·bunden_, +_[.g]e·numen_ from _niman_ (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have +it already, as in _[.g]e·h[=i]eran_ (hear), _[.g]e·h[=i]ered_. It is +sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No _[.g]e_ is added +if the verb has another prefix, such as _[=a]-_, _be-_, _for-_; thus +_for·[.g]iefan_ (forgive) has the past participle _for·[.g]iefen_. The past +participle may be declined like an adjective. + +Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form _h[=a]t-te_ from +_h[=a]tan_ (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite +'was called':--_se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo_ (the monk's name was Abbo). + +STRONG VERBS. + +In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a +different vowel from that of the sing. (_ic band_, _w[=e] bundon_). The 2nd +sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the +preterite plural indicative (_þ[=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden_.) + +The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the +root-vowel, thus:-- + + a _becomes_ [e,] _as in_ (h[=e]) st[e,]nt _from_ standan (_stand_). + ea " ie " fielþ " feallan (_fall_). + e " i " cwiþþ " cweþan (_say_). + eo " ie " wierþ " weorþan (_happen_). + [=a] " [=æ] " h[=æ]tt " h[=a]tan (_command_). + [=o] " [=e] " gr[=e]wþ " gr[=o]wan (_grow_). + [=e]a " [=i]e " h[=i]ewþ " h[=e]awan (_hew_). + [=e]o " [=i]e " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (_choose_). + [=u] " [=y] " l[=y]cþ " l[=u]can (_close_). + +{24} + +The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is _-eþ_, which is +generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:-- + + -teþ _becomes_ -tt _as in_ l[=æ]tt _from_ l[=æ]tan (_let_). + -deþ " -tt " b[=i]tt " b[=i]dan (_wait_). + -ddeþ " -tt " bitt " biddan (_pray_). + -þeþ " -þþ " cwiþþ " cweþan (_say_). + -seþ " -st " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (_choose_). + -ndeþ " -nt " bint " bindan (_bind_). + +Double consonants become single, as in _h[=e] fielþ_ from _feallan_. + +Before the _-st_ of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in _þ[=u] +cwist_ from _cweþan_, _þ[=u] [.c][=i]est_ from _[.c][=e]osan_; and _d_ +becomes _t_, as in _þ[=u] bintst_ from _bindan_. + +For the changes between _s_ and _r_, _þ_ and _d_, _g_ and _h_, see p. 7. + +Some verbs, such as _s[=e]on_ (see), drop the _h_ and contract before most +inflections beginning with a vowel:--_ic s[=e]o_, _w[=e] s[=e]oþ_, _t[=o] +s[=e]onne_; but _h[=e] sihþ_. + +There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the +different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all +the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with +several others of the commoner ones. + +I. 'Fall'-conjugation. + +The pret. sing. and pl. has _[=e]o_ or _[=e]_, and the past partic. retains +the original vowel of the infinitive. {25} + + (_a_) [=e]o-_preterites_. + + ea:-- + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + feallan (_fall_) fielþ f[=e]oll f[=e]ollon feallen + healdan (_hold_) hielt h[=e]old h[=e]oldon healden + wealdan (_wield_) wielt w[=e]old w[=e]oldon wealden + weaxan (_grow_) wiext w[=e]ox w[=e]oxon weaxen + + [=a]:-- + bl[=a]wan (_blow_) bl[=æ]wþ bl[=e]ow bl[=e]owon bl[=a]wen + cn[=a]wan (_know_) cn[=æ]wþ cn[=e]ow cn[=e]owon cn[=a]wen + s[=a]wan (_sow_) s[=æ]wþ s[=e]ow s[=e]owon s[=a]wen + + [=e]:-- + w[=e]pan (_weep_) w[=e]pþ w[=e]op w[=e]opon w[=o]pen + +_W[=e]pan_ has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original +_[=o]_ re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the +inflection. + + [=o]:-- + fl[=o]wan (_flow_) fl[=e]wþ fl[=e]ow fl[=e]owon fl[=o]wen + gr[=o]wan (_grow_) gr[=e]wþ gr[=e]ow gr[=e]owon gr[=o]wen + r[=o]wan (_row_) r[=e]wþ r[=e]ow r[=e]owon r[=o]wen + + [=e]a:-- + b[=e]atan (_beat_) b[=i]ett b[=e]ot b[=e]oton b[=e]aten + h[=e]awan (_hew_) h[=i]ewþ h[=e]ow h[=e]owon h[=e]awen + hl[=e]apan (_leap_) hl[=i]epþ hl[=e]op hl[=e]opon hl[=e]apen + +(_b_) [=e]-_preterites_. + + [=a]:-- + h[=a]tan (_command_) h[=æ]tt h[=e]t h[=e]ton h[=a]ten + + [=æ]:-- + l[=æ]tan (_let_) l[=æ]tt l[=e]t l[=e]ton l[=æ]ten + + [=o]:-- + f[=o]n (_seize_) f[=e]hþ f[=e]ng f[=e]ngon fangen + h[=o]n (_hang_) h[=e]hþ h[=e]ng h[=e]ngon hangen + +{26} + +II. 'Shake'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _a_ (_ea_) and _[e,]_ (_ie_). _[=O]_ in pret. sing, and pl., _a_ +(_æ_) in partic. pret. _Standan_ drops its _n_ in the pret. The partic. +pret. of _sw[e,]rian_ is irregular. + +a:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + faran (_go_) færþ f[=o]r f[=o]ron faren + sacan (_quarrel_) sæcþ s[=o]c s[=o]con sacen + scacan (_shake_) scæcþ sc[=o]c sc[=o]con scacen + standan (_stand_) st[e,]nt st[=o]d st[=o]don standen + +The following shows contraction of original _ea_:-- + + sl[=e]an (_strike_) sliehþ sl[=o]g sl[=o]gon slæ[.g]en + +[e,]:-- + + h[e,]bban (_lift_) h[e,]fþ h[=o]f h[=o]fon hafen + s[.c]ieppan (_create_) s[.c]iepþ sc[=o]p sc[=o]pon scapen + sw[e,]rian (_swear_) sw[e,]reþ sw[=o]r sw[=o]ron sworen + +The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative +sing. is _h[e,]fe_ and _sw[e,]re_, like that of _w[e,]nian_ (p. 32). +_Sw[e,]rian_ has indic. _sw[e,]rige_, _sw[e,]rest_, like _w[e,]nian_; +_h[e,]bban_ has _h[e,]bbe_, _h[e,]fst_, &c. like _h[=i]eran_ (p. 30). + +III. 'Bind'-conjugation. + +_I_ (_ie_, _e_, _eo_) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is +nearly always a liquid (_l_, _r_) or nasal (_m_, _n_) in the infin., _a_ +(_æ_, _ea_) in pret. sing., _u_ in pret. pl., _u_ (_o_) in ptc. pret. +_Findan_ has a weak preterite. + +i:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET.SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + bindan (_bind_) bint band bundon bunden + drincan (_drink_) drincþ dranc druncon druncen + findan (_find_) fint funde fundon funden + [.g]ieldan (_pay_) [.g]ielt [.g]eald guldon golden + (on)[.g]innan (_begin_) -[.g]inþ -gann -gunnon -gunnen + {27} + grindan (_grind_) grint grand grundon grunden + iernan (_run_) [p. 7] iernþ arn urnon urnen + [.g]e-·limpan (_happen_) -limpþ -lamp -lumpon -lumpen + scrincan (_shrink_) scrincþ scranc scruncon scruncen + springan (_spring_) springþ sprang sprungon sprungen + swincan (_toil_) swincþ swanc swuncon swuncen + windan (_wind_) wint wand wundon wunden + winnan (_fight_) winþ wann wunnon wunnen + +e:-- + + berstan (_burst_) bierst bærst burston borsten + bre[.g]dan (_pull_) ... bræ[.g]d brugdon brogden + delfan (_dig_) dilfþ dealf dulfon dolfen + sweltan (_die_) swilt swealt swulton swolten + +eo:-- + + beorgan (_protect_) bierhþ bearg burgon borgen + beornan (_burn_)[p. 7] biernþ barn burnon burnen + [.c]eorfan (_cut_) [.c]ierfþ [.c]earf curfon corfen + feohtan (_fight_) fieht feaht fuhton fohten + weorpan (_throw_) wierpþ wearp wurpon worpen + weorþan (_become_) wierþ wearþ wurdon worden + +IV. 'Bear'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _e_ (_i_), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or +nasal; in _brecan_ the liquid precedes the vowel. _A_ (_æ_) in pret. sing., +_[=æ]_ (_[=a]_) in pret. pl., _o_ (_u_) in ptc. pret. _Cuman_ is irregular. + +i:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + niman (_take_) nimþ nam n[=a]mon numen + +e:-- + + beran (_bear_) bierþ bær b[=æ]ron boren + brecan (_break_) bricþ bræc br[=æ]con brocen + s[.c]eran (_shear_) s[.c]ierþ s[.c]ear s[.c][=e]aron scoren + stelan (_steal_) stilþ stæl st[=æ]lon stolen + teran (_tear_) .. tær t[=æ]ron toren + +{28} + +u:-- + + cuman (_come_) cymþ c[=o]m c[=o]mon cumen + +V. 'Give'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _e_ (_i_, _eo_, _ie_) followed by single consonants, which are not +liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. +which keeps the vowel of the infinitive. + +e:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + cweþan (_say_) cwiþþ cwæþ cw[=æ]don cweden + etan (_eat_) itt [=æ]t [=æ]ton eten + sprecan (_speak_) spricþ spræc spr[=æ]con sprecen + wrecan (_avenge_) wricþ wræc wr[=æ]con wrecen + +i:-- + + biddan (_pray_) bitt bæd b[=æ]don beden + li[.c][.g]an (_lie_) l[=i]þ læ[.g] l[=æ]gon le[.g]en + sittan (_sit_) sitt sæt s[=æ]ton seten + þi[.c][.g]an (_receive_) þi[.g]eþ þeah þ[=æ]gon þe[.g]en + +All these have weak presents:--imper. _bide_, _li[.g]e_, _site_, _þi[.g]e_. +Their _i_s are mutations of the _e_ which appears in their past partic. + +ie:-- + + [.g]iefan (_give_) [.g]iefþ [.g]eaf [.g][=e]afon [.g]iefen + (on)[.g]ietan (_understand_) -[.g]iett -[.g]eat -[.g][=e]aton + -[.g]ieten + +The following is contracted in most forms:-- + + s[=e]on (_see_) sihþ seah s[=a]won sewen + +VI. 'Shine'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _[=i]_, with pret. sing, in _[=a]_, pl. _i_, ptc. pret. _i_. + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + b[=i]dan (_wait_) b[=i]tt b[=a]d bidon biden + b[=i]tan (_bite_) b[=i]tt b[=a]t biton biten + dr[=i]fan (_drive_) dr[=i]fþ dr[=a]f drifon drifen + {29} + (be)l[=i]fan (_remain_) -l[=i]fþ -l[=a]f -lifon -lifen + r[=i]dan (_ride_) r[=i]tt r[=a]d ridon riden + r[=i]pan (_reap_) r[=i]pþ r[=a]p ripon ripen + ([=a])r[=i]san (_rise_) -r[=i]st -r[=a]s -rison -risen + s[.c][=i]nan (_shine_) s[.c][=i]nþ sc[=a]n s[.c]inon s[.c]inen + sn[=i]þan (_cut_) sn[=i]þþ sn[=a]þ snidon sniden + st[=i]gan (_ascend_) st[=i][.g]þ st[=a]g stigon sti[.g]en + (be)sw[=i]can (_deceive_) -sw[=i]cþ -sw[=a]c -swicon -swicen + [.g]e·w[=i]tan (_depart_) -w[=i]tt w[=a]t -witon -witen + wr[=i]tan (_write_) wr[=i]tt wr[=a]t writon writen + +VII. 'Choose'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _[=e]o_ and _[=u]_, with pret. sing. _[=e]a_, pl. _u_, ptc. pret. +_o_. _Fl[=e]on_ and _t[=e]on_ contract. + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + b[=e]odan (_offer_) b[=i]ett b[=e]ad budon boden + br[=e]otan (_break_) br[=i]ett br[=e]at bruton broten + [.c][=e]osan (_choose_) [.c][=i]est [.c][=e]as curon coren + fl[=e]ogan (_fly_) fl[=i]ehþ fl[=e]ag flugon flogen + fl[=e]on (_flee_) fl[=i]ehþ fl[=e]ah flugon flogen + fl[=e]otan (_float_) fl[=i]ett fl[=e]at fluton floten + hr[=e]osan (_fall_) hr[=i]est hr[=e]as hruron hroren + hr[=e]owan (_rue_) hr[=i]ewþ hr[=e]aw hruwon hrowen + for·l[=e]osan (_lose_) -l[=i]est -l[=e]as -luron -loren + s[.c][=e]otan (_shoot_) s[.c][=i]ett s[.c][=e]at scuton scoten + sm[=e]ocan (_smoke_) sm[=i]ecþ sm[=e]ac smucon smocen + t[=e]on (_pull_) t[=i]ehþ t[=e]ah tugon togen + [=a]-þr[=e]otan (_fail_) -þr[=i]ett -þr[=e]at -þruton -þroten + +[=u]:-- + + br[=u]can (_enjoy_) br[=y]cþ br[=e]ac brucon brocen + b[=u]gan (_bow_) b[=y]hþ b[=e]ag bugon bogen + l[=u]can (_lock_) l[=y]cþ l[=e]ac lucon locen + l[=u]tan (_bow_) l[=y]tt l[=e]at luton loten + sc[=u]fan (_push_) sc[=y]fþ s[.c][=e]af scufon scofen + +{30} + +WEAK VERBS. + +There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in _-an_, pret. _-de_ +(_h[=i]eran_, _h[=i]erde_, 'hear'); (2) in _-ian_, pret. _-ede_ +(_w[e,]nian_, _w[e,]nede_, 'wean'); (3) in _-ian_, pret. _-ode_ (_lufian_, +_lufode_, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have +a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third +conjugation very seldom have. + +I. _an-_verbs. + +This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except +in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding _-de_ and _-ed_ +respectively, with the following consonant changes. + + -ndde _becomes_ -nde _as in_ s[e,]nde _from_ s[e,]ndan (_send_). + -llde " -lde " fylde " fyllan (_fill_). + -tde " -tte " m[=e]tte " m[=e]tan (_find_). + -pde " -pte " dypte " dyppan (_dip_). + -cde " -hte " t[=æ]hte " t[=æ][.c]an (_show_). + +The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--_s[e,]nd_, +_m[=e]tt_, _t[=æ]ht_, but some of them often retain the uncontracted +forms:--_fylled_, _dypped_. When declined like adjectives they drop their +_e_ where practicable:--_fylled_, plur. _fylde_; _h[=i]ered_, _h[=i]erde_. + +The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs. + +(_a_) 'Hear'_-class_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-e (_hear_), h[=i]er-e. + 2. h[=i]er-st, h[=i]er-e. + 3. h[=i]er-þ, h[=i]er-e. + _plur._ h[=i]er-aþ, h[=i]er-en. + {31} + + _Pret. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. + 2. h[=i]er-dest, h[=i]er-de. + 3. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. + _plur._ h[=i]er-don, h[=i]er-den. + + Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-aþ. Infin. h[=i]er-an. + Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed. + Gerund. t[=o] h[=i]er-enne. + +Further examples of this class are:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. + æt·[=i]ewan (_show_) -[=i]ewþ -[=i]ewde -[=i]ewed. + c[=y]þan (_make known_) c[=y]þþ c[=y]þde c[=y]þed, + c[=y]dd + fyllan (_fill_) fylþ fylde fylled + (n[=e]a)l[=æ][.c]an (_approach_) -l[=æ][.c]þ -l[=æ]hte -l[=æ]ht + l[=æ]dan (_lead_) l[æ]tt l[=æ]dde l[=æ]dd + l[e,][.c][.g]an (_lay_) l[e,][.g]þ l[e,][.g]de l[e,][.g]d + [.g]e·l[=i]efan (_believe_) -l[=i]efþ -l[=i]efde -l[=i]efed + n[e,]mnan (_name_) n[e,]mneþ n[e,]mnde n[e,]mned + s[e,]ndan (_send_) s[e,]nt s[e,]nde s[e,]nd + s[e,]ttan (_set_) s[e,]tt s[e,]tte s[e,]tt + sm[=e]an (_consider_) sm[=e]aþ sm[=e]ade sm[=e]ad + t[=æ][.c]an (_show_) t[=æ][.c]þ t[=æ]hte t[=æ]ht + w[e,]ndan (_turn_) w[e,]nt w[e,]nde w[e,]nd + +(_b_) 'Seek'-_class_. + +In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and +past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs. + +Those in double consonants (and _[.c][.g]_) simplify them in the contracted +2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:--_s[e,]lle_, _s[e,]lst_, _s[e,]lþ_; +_s[e,][.c][,g]e_, _s[e,][.g]st_, _s[e,][.g]þ_; also in the imperative, +which is formed as in Conj. II:--_s[e,]le_, _s[e,][.g]e_, _by[.g]e_, &c. +{32} + +[e,]:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. + + cw[e,]llan (_kill_) cw[e,]lþ cwealde cweald + r[e,][.c][.c]an (_tell_) r[e,][.c]þ reahte reaht + s[e,][.c][.g]an (_say_) s[e,][.g]þ sæ[.g]de sæ[.g]d + s[e,]llan (_give_) s[e,]lþ sealde seald + w[e,][.c][.c]an (_wake_) w[e,][.c]þ weahte weaht + þ[e,]n[.c]an (_think_) þ[e,]n[.c]þ þ[=o]hte þ[=o]ht + +i:-- + + bringan (_bring_) bringþ br[=o]hte br[=o]ht + +y:-- + + by[.c][.g]an (_buy_) by[.g]þ bohte boht + þyn[.c]an (_appear_) þyn[.c]þ þ[=u]hte þ-uht + wyr[.c]an (_work_) wyr[.c]þ worhte worht + +[=e]:-- + + r[=e][.c]an (_care_) r[=e][.c]þ r[=o]hte r[=o]ht + s[=e][.c]an (_seek_) s[=e][.c]þ s[=o]hte s[=o]ht + +II. 'Wean'-_conjugation_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. w[e,]n-i[.g]e (_wean_), w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + 2. w[e,]n-est, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + 3. w[e,]n-eþ, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + _plur._ w[e,]n-iaþ, w[e,]n-ien. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. + 2. w[e,]n-edest, w[e,]n-ede. + 3. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. + _plur._ w[e,]n-edon, w[e,]n-eden. + + _Imper._ w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-iaþ. _Infin._ w[e,]n-ian. + _Partic. pres._ w[e,]n-iende; _pret._ w[e,]n-ed. + _Gerund._ t[=o] w[e,]n-ienne. + +{33} + +So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such +as _f[e,]rian_ (carry), _w[e,]rian_ (defend), _[.g]e·byrian_ (befit). There +are not many of them. + +III. 'Love'-_conjugation_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. luf-i[.g]e (_love_), luf-i[.g]e. + 2. luf-ast, luf-i[.g]e. + 3. luf-aþ, luf-i[.g]e. + _plur._ luf-iaþ, luf-ien. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. luf-ode, luf-ode. + 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. + 3. luf-ode, luf-ode. + _plur._ luf-odon, luf-oden. + + _Imper._ luf-a, luf-iaþ. _Infin._ luf-ian. + _Partic. pres._ luf-iende: _pret._ luf-od. _Gerund._ t[=o] luf-ienne. + +So also _[=a]scian_ (ask), _macian_ (make), _weorþian_ (honour), and many +others. + +_Irregularities._ + +Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are +_habban_ (have) and _libban_ (live). + +_Habban_ has pres. indic. _hæbbe_, _hæfst_, _hæfþ_; _habbaþ_, subj. +_hæbbe_, _hæbben_, pret. _hæfde_, imper. _hafa_, _habbaþ_, particc. +_habbende_, _hæfd_. + +_Libban_ has pres. _libbe_, _leofast_, _leofaþ_; _libbaþ_, subj. _libbe_, +pret. _leofode_, imper. _leofa_, _libbaþ_, particc. _libbende_, _lifiende_; +_leofod_. + +_F[e,]tian_ (fetch) has pret. _f[e,]tte_. + +STRONG-WEAK VERBS. + +The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from +which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person +sing. in _t_. {34} + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. w[=a]t (_know_), wite. + 2. w[=a]st, wite. + 3. w[=a]t, wite. + _plur._ witon, witen. + + _Pret._ wiste. + + _Imper._ wite, witaþ. _Infin._ witan. + _Partic. pres._ witende; _pret._ witen. + +The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and +2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin. +and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not +exist. + +[=A]h (_possess_), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (_only as +adjective_)[4]. + +Cann (_know_) canst, cunnon; c[=u]þe; cunnan; c[=u]þ (_only as adjective_.) + +Dearr (_dare_), durre, durron; dorste. + +[.G]e·man (_remember_), -manst; -munde; -munan. + +Mæ[.g] (_can_), miht, magon, mæ[.g]e (_subj._); mihte. + +M[=o]t (_may_), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste. + +S[.c]eal (_shall_), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (_subj._); scolde. + +Þearf (_need_), þurfon, þyrfe (_subj._); þorfte; þurfan. + +ANOMALOUS VERBS. + +(1) Willan (_will_) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. +sing.:-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. wile, wile. + 2. wilt, wile. + 3. wile, wile. + _plur._ willaþ, willen. + + _Pret._ wolde, etc. + +{35} + +Similarly _nyllan_ (will not):-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. nyle, nyle. + 2. nylt, nyle. + 3. nyle, nyle. + _plur._ nyllaþ, nyllen. + + _Pret._ nolde, etc. + +(2) Wesan (_be_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. eom; b[=e]o, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + 2. eart; bist, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + 3. is; biþ, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + _plur._ sind; b[=e]oþ, s[=i]en; b[=e]on. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. wæs, w[=æ]re. + 2. w[=æ]re, w[=æ]re. + 3. wæs, w[=æ]re. + _plur._ w[=æ]ron, w[=æ]ren. + + _Imper._ wes, wesaþ; b[=e]o, b[=e]oþ. _Infin._ wesan; b[=e]on. + _Partic. pres._ wesende. + +The contracted negative forms are:--_neom_, _neart_, _nis_; _næs_, +_n[=æ]re_, _n[=æ]ron_; _n[=æ]re_, _n[=æ]ren_. + +(3) D[=o]n (_do_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. d[=o], d[=o]. + 2. d[=e]st, d[=o]. + 3. d[=e]þ, d[=o]. + _plur._ d[=o]þ, d[=o]n. + + _Pret._ dyde, etc. + + _Imper._ d[=o], d[=o]þ. _Infin._ d[=o]n. + _Partic. pres._ d[=o]nde; _pret._ [.g]e·d[=o]n. + +{36} + +(4) G[=a]n (_go_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. g[=a], g[=a]. + 2. g[=æ]st, g[=a]. + 3. g[=æ]þ, g[=a]. + _plur._ g[=a]þ, g[=a]n. + + _Pret._ [=e]ode, [=e]ode. + + _Imper._ g[=a], g[=a]þ. _Infin._ g[=a]n. + _Partic. pres._ gangende; _pret._ [.g]e·g[=a]n. + + * * * * * + +DERIVATION. + +PREFIXES. + +The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are _verbal_, +being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some +_nominal_, being confined to nouns and adjectives. + +[=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in _[=a]·r[=i]san_, 'rise forth,' +'arise'; _[=a]·faran_, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as +in _[=a]·cw[e,]llan_ (kill), _[=a]·hr[=e]osan_ (fall). + +(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, +as in _[=a]-hw[=æ]r_ (anywhere), _[=a]-wiht_ (anything). + +[=æ][.g]- from _[=a]-[.g]e_-, the _[=a]_ being mutated and the _e_ dropped, +has a similar meaning, as in _[=æ][.g]-hwelc_ (each), _[=æ][.g]þer_ = +_[=æ][.g]-hwæþer_ (either). + +be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition _be_), (1) specializes +the meaning of a transitive verb, as in _be·s[e,]ttan_ (beset, surround), +_be·s[.c]ieran_ (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in +_be·þ[e,]n[.c]an_ (consider) from _þ[e,]n[.c]an_ (think); (3) gives a +privative meaning, as in _be·h[=e]afdian_ (behead). In some words, such as +_be·cuman_ (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37} + +for- (which is distinct from the preposition _for_) generally has the sense +of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in _for·d[=o]n_ (destroy), _for·weorþan_ +(perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has +this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in _for·br[=e]otan_ +(break up, break), _for·scrincan_ (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad +sense generally, as in _for·s[=e]on_ (despise), or negatives, as in +_for·b[=e]odan_ (forbid). + +[.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in _[.g]e·f[=e]ra_ +(fellow-traveller, companion) from _f[=e]ran_ (travel). With verbs it often +signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in +_[.g]e·g[=a]n_ (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' _[.g]e·winnan_ +(win) from _winnan_ (fight). Hence generally prefixed to _h[=i]eran_ and +_s[=e]on_, _[.g]e·h[=i]eran_ and _[.g]e·s[=e]on_ strictly meaning 'succeed +in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), +where it originally gave the meaning of completion--_[.g]e·lufod_ = +'completely loved.' + +mis- = 'mis,' as in _mis-d[=æ]d_ (misdeed). + +n- = _ne_ (not), as in _n[=a]_ (not), literally 'never,' _n[=æ]fre_ +(never), _næs_ (was not) = _ne wæs_. + +on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _on_. It +properly signifies 'separation,' as in _on·l[=u]can_ (open) from _l[=u]can_ +(lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in _on·[.g]innan_ +(begin). + +or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in _orsorg_ (unconcerned) from +_sorg_ (sorrow). + +t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _t[=o]_ +(which occurs in _t[=o]·gædre_, 'together,' &c.), but signifies +'separation,' as in _t[=o]·berstan_ (burst asunder), _t[=o]·bre[.g]dan_ +(shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in _t[=o]·cw[=i]esan_ (crush to +pieces, bruise). + +un- negatives, as in _un-[.g]es[=æ]li[.g]_ (unhappy). {38} + +ENDINGS. + +(_a_) NOUNS. + +_Personal._ + +-end, from the present participle _-ende_, = '-er':--_H[=æ]lend_ (healer, +Saviour), _b[=u]end_ (dweller). + +-ere = '-er':--_s[=a]were_ (sower), _mynetere_ (money-changer, minter) from +_mynet_ (coin). + +-ing, patronymic, _æþeling_ (son of a noble, prince) from _æþele_ (noble). + +_Abstract._ + +-nes, fem. from adjectives:--_g[=o]d-nes_ (goodness), _rihtw[=i]snes_ +(righteousness). + +-uþ, -þo, fem., generally from adjectives:--_[.g][=e]oguþ_ (youth), +_str[e,]n[.g]þo_ (strength) from _strang_. + +-ung, fem. from verbs:--_scotung_ (shooting, shot), _h[e,]rgung_ +(ravaging), from _scotian_, _h[e,]rgian_. + +The following are also independent words:-- + +-d[=o]m, masc.:--_w[=i]s-d[=o]m_ (wisdom), _þ[=e]ow-d[=o]m_ (servitude). + +-h[=a]d, masc.:--_[.c]ild-h[=a]d_ (childhood). + +-r[=æ]den, fem.:--_[.g]e·cwid-r[=æ]den_ (agreement) from _cwide_ (speech); +_mann-r[=æ]den_ (allegiance). + +-s[.c]ipe, masc.:--_fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Concrete in +_wæter-s[.c]ipe_ (piece of water, water). + +(_b_) ADJECTIVES. + +-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--_gylden_ (golden), +_st[=æ]nen_ (of stone), _h[=æ]þen_ (heathen) from _h[=æ]þ_ (heath). In +_seolcen_ (silken) there is no mutation. + +-feald = '-fold':--_hund-feald_ (hundred-fold). + +-i[.g]:--_miht-i[.g]_ (mighty); _h[=a]l-i[.g]_ (holy) from _h[=a]l_ +(whole). {39} + +-isc, with mutation:--_[E,]n[.g]lisc_ (English) from _Angel_; _m[e,]nn-isc_ +(human) from _mann_. + +-ol:--_swic-ol_ (deceitful). + +-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--_st[=æ]n-iht_ (stony). + +-sum = 'some':--_h[=i]er-sum_ (obedient). + +The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:-- + +-fæst:--_s[=o]þ-fæst_ (truthful). + +-full:--_sorg-full_ (sorrowful), _[.g]e·l[=e]af-full_ (believing, pious). + +-l[=e]as = '-less':--_[=a]r-l[=e]as_ (dishonoured, wicked). + +-lic (cp. _[.g]e·l[=i]c_) = '-ly':--_folc-lic_ (popular), _heofon-lic_ +(heavenly). + +-weard = '-ward':--_s[=u]þan-weard_ (southward). + +VERBS. + +-l[=æ][.c]an:--_[=a]n-l[=æ][.c]an_ (unite), _[.g]e·þw[=æ]r-l[=æ][.c]an_ +(agree). + +ADVERBS. + +-e, the regular adverb-termination:--_lange_ (long), _[.g]e·l[=i]ce_ +(similarly) from _lang_, _[.g]e·l[=i]c_. Sometimes _-l[=i]ce_ (from _-lic_) +is used to form adverbs, as _bl[=i]þe-l[=i]ce_ (gladly) from _bl[=i]þe_. + +DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES. + +Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive +sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):-- + +-nes:--_for·[.g]iefen-nes_ (forgiveness), _[.g]e·r[e,][.c]ed-nes_ +(narrative), _welwillend-nes_ (benevolence). + +-lic:--_un[=a]r[=i]med-lic_ (innumerable). + +-l[=i]ce:--_welwillend-l[=i]ce_ (benevolently). + + * * * * * {40} + +SYNTAX. + +GENDER. + +When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or +pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:--_h[=i]e +[.g]e·samnodon h[=i]e_, _ealle þ[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce +w[=i]f-menn_ ... _and þ[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]þost w[=æ]ron_ ... (they gathered +themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they were most +merry ...). Here _bl[=i]þost_ is in the neuter plur. + +CASES. + +Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with +_l[=æ]ran_ (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of +the thing:--_h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=æ]ni[.g] þing [=a]scian_ (they durst +not ask him anything); _w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=æ]d [.g]e·l[=æ]ran_ (we can +teach you a plan). + +The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: _hw[=y] +stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dæ[.g] [=i]dle?_ (why stand ye here all the +day idle?) + +Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and +(2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. +It is not always easy to separate the two. + +(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is +frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the +thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with +verbs of _giving_, &c., as in _h[=e] sealde [=æ]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning_ (he +gave each a penny); _addressing_, as in _ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e_ (I say +to you), _h[=e] þancode his Dryhtne_ (he thanked his Lord); but also with +many verbs of _benefiting_, _influencing_, &c., as in _ne d[=o] ic þ[=e] +n[=a]nne t[=e]onan_ (I do thee no injury), _h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan_ +(they would not allow {41} them to do so); _þ[=æ]m r[=e]þum st[=i]erde_ +(restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the +person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in _by[.c][.g]aþ [=e]ow ele_ +(buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: _h[=i]e +[.g]e·s[=o]hton Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume_ (they came to Britain as a +help to the Britains--to help them); _h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] +fultume_ (he called Christ to his help). + +The dative is also used with adjectives of _nearness_, _likeness_, +&c.:--_[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop þe him [.g]e·h[e,]ndost +wæs_ (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); +_heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m mangere þe s[=o]hte þæt g[=o]de +m[e,]regrot_ (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought +the good pearl). + +(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the _instrument_ and _manner_ +of an action: _h[=e] [.g]e·[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]aþe_ (he ended with an evil +death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in _s[.c][=e]afm[=æ]lum_ +(sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--_þrim [.g][=e]arum [=æ]r þ[=æ]m +þe h[=e] forþ·f[=e]rde_ (three years before he died), which is also +expressed by the instrumental itself:--_s[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=æ]lce +[.g][=e]are þone sanct_ (she used to cut the saint's hair every year); +_þ[=y] f[=e]orþan [.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es_ (in the fourth year of his +reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used +like the ablative absolute in Latin: _Hubba be·l[=a]f on Norþhymbra-lande, +[.g]e·wunnenum si[.g]e mid wælhr[=e]ownesse_ (H. remained in Northumbria, +victory having been won with cruelty). + +Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--_his f[=e]onda +sum_ (one of his enemies); _hiera f[=i]f w[=æ]ron dysi[.g]e_ (five of them +were foolish). Hence it is generally used with _fela_, as in _fela wundra_ +(many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18). + +The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of +various emotions and mental states, such as {42} _joy_, _desire_, +_remembering_:--_h[=i]e þæs fæ[.g]nodon sw[=i]þe_ (they rejoiced at it +greatly); _m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=æ]re þæt ic on [.g]e·feohte f[=e]olle wiþ +þ[=æ]m þe m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (it would be +pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) +their country); _ic þæs [.g]e·wilni[.g]e_ (I desire that); _[.g]if h[=e] +his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (if he cared about his life); _h[=e] wæs þæs +H[=æ]lendes [.g]e·myndi[.g]_ (he was mindful of--he remembered the +Saviour). + +Some of these verbs, such as _biddan_ (ask), take an accusative of the +person and a genitive of the thing:--_h[=e] hine hl[=a]fes bitt_ (he asks +him for bread). + +Verbs of _depriving_, _restraining_, &c., have the same construction:--_nis +Angel-cynn be·d[=æ]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena_ (England is not deprived of the +Lord's saints). + +Some verbs of _giving_, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of +the person:--_him wæs of·togen [=æ]lces f[=o]dan_ (they were deprived of +all food). + +The genitive is often used to _define_ an adjective or noun:--_þ[=u] eart +wierþe sl[e,][.g]es_ (thou art worthy of death); _on þ[=æ]m [.g][=e]are þe +Ælfred æþeling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara wæs_ (in the year when +Prince Alfred was twenty-one). + +CONCORD. + +Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de +m[e,]nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either +predicatively or in apposition:--_þ[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de_; _h[=e] +[.g]e·seah [=o]þre [=i]dle standan_ (he saw others standing idle); _h[=i]e +c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum_ (they came with long ships, +not many). + +APPOSITION. + +In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put +in the genitive, but the two are simply put in {43} apposition, both being +declined separately:--_Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene (þ[=æ]m) +[=i]e[.g]lande_. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the +same way:--_Ælfred æþeling_ (prince Alfred); _on Æþelredes cyninges +dæ[.g]e_ (in the days of king Æþelred). + +There is a similar apposition with the adjective _sum_ followed by a noun +or pronoun, as in _sume þ[=a] m[e,]nn_ (some of the men); _þ[=a] þ[=a] +h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wiþ we[.g]_ (while he sowed, some of +them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in +_þ[=a] b[=æ]don h[=i]e sume þæt Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen_ (then +some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them). + +Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we +have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of +it:--_h[=i]e [.g]e·s[=æ]ton s[=u]þanwearde Bretene [=æ]rest_ (they occupied +the south of Britain first); _s[=u]þanweard hit_ (= þæt land) _hæfdon +Peohtas_ (the Picts had the south part of it). + +ADJECTIVES. + +The weak forms are used: + +(1) after the definite article:--_se æþela cyning_ (the noble king); _þæs +æþelan cyninges_, _þæt g[=o]de m[e,]regrot_, _þ[=a] g[=o]dan m[e,]regrotu_. + +(2) after _þis_:--_þ[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode_ (these poor people, _pl._); +_þes h[=a]lga cyning_ (this holy king), _þisses h[=a]lgan cyninges_. + +(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and +often after possessive pronouns:--_þ[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas_ (thy +hidden treasures). + +(4) in the vocative:--_þ[=u] yfla þ[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa!_ (thou bad and +slothful servant); _[=e]al[=a] þ[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning!_ (oh, thou dear +king). + +Note that _[=o]þer_ always keeps the strong form: _þ[=a] [=o]þru d[=e]or_ +(the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: {44} _þ[=a]s +m[=i]n word_ (these my words). _[=A]n_ in the sense of 'one' keeps the +strong form to distinguish it from the weak _[=a]na_ = 'alone': _þæt [=a]n +d[=e]orwierþe m[e,]regrot_ (the one precious pearl). + +ARTICLES. + +The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as +_God_, and also before _Dryhten_ (the Lord), _D[=e]ofol_ (the Devil), +although _se D[=e]ofol_ also occurs, and names of nations:--_Bretta cyning_ +(king of the Britons). + +It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where +it is omitted in Modern English also, as in _si[.g]efæst on s[=æ] and on +lande_ (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: +_[.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] wuda on·[.g][=e]an_ (went back to the wood); _se +floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe_ (the army of pirates went back to +their ships); _h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e_ (he took the +government--came to the throne). + +The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would +not be in Modern E., as in _se mann_ = 'man' (men in general). + +The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--_þæt dyde unhold +mann_ (an enemy did that); _h[=e] be·stealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf_ +(he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by _sum_: _on þ[=æ]m +lande wæs sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]e·h[=a]ten_ (in that country was a +man called L.). Or by _[=a]n_, as in Modern English_:--[=a]n wulf wearþ +[=a]·s[e,]nd t[=o] be·w[e,]rienne þæt h[=e]afod wiþ þ[=a] [=o]þru d[=e]or_ +(a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts). + +PRONOUNS. + +_Hwæt_ is used interrogatively of persons where we should use +'who':--_h[=e] nyste hwæt h[=i]e w[=æ]ron_ (he did not know who they were). +{45} + +VERBS. + +NUMBER. + +After _[=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe_ (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., +agreeing not with _þ[=a]ra þe_ but with _[=æ]lc_:--_[=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe +þ[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e·h[=i]erþ_ (each of those who hear these my words). + +When _þæt_ or _þis_ is connected with a plural predicate by means of the +verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--_þæt w[=æ]ron þ[=a] +[=æ]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna þe Angel-cynnes land [.g]e·s[=o]hton_ +(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the +English race). + +Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a +genitive of the thing. + +Others, such as _þyn[.c]an_ (appear), take a dative of the person:--_wæs +him [.g]e·þ[=u]ht þæt h[=i]e be·h[=y]dden þæt h[=e]afod_ (they thought they +(the Danes) had hidden the head). + +TENSES. + +There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used +instead:--_ne [=a]·b[=y]hþ n[=æ]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare_ (Edmund will never +submit to H.); _g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle +[=e]ow þæt riht biþ_ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is +right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use _b[=e]on_ in +a future sense. Another example is _[.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e·bunden mid +seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e·wield_ (if I am bound with seven +ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by +_will_ and _shall_, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of +volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple +futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites _wolde_ and _scolde_:-- + +_H[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on þe hine [=a]·b[=i]tan wolde_ (he +seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); _h[=i]e w[=e]ndon þæt +h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on·f[=o]n_ (they expected to receive more). + +The preterite has the meaning of the modern + +(1) Preterite and imperfect:--_se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=æ]d t[=o] +s[=a]wenne, and þ[=a] þ[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ..._ (the sower _went_ out to sow +his seed, and while he _was sowing_ ...). + +(2) Perfect:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, þone ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as_ (here is my +servant, whom I have chosen);--_[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] +lande_ (our king has just landed here). + +(3) Pluperfect:--_þ[=a] þ[=a] [.g]e·c[=o]mon þe ymb þ[=a] [e,]ndlyftan +t[=i]d c[=o]mon_ (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour). + +Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by _hæbbe_ and +_hæfde_ with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the +modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in _n[=u] ic hæbbe +[.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]þru tw[=a] pund_ (now I have gained two other pounds), +but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The +participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was +declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun +governed by _habban_: _h[=i]e hæfdon hiera cyning [=a]·worpenne_ (they had +deposed their king). + +The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb +_[=æ]r_ (before):--_his sw[=e]ora, þe [=æ]r wæs for·slæ[.g]en_ (his neck, +which had been cut through). + +The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with +_wesan_:--_siþþan h[=i]e [=a]·farene w[=æ]ron_ (after they had gone away). +Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is +connected. + +The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of +duration, &c.:--_[=a]n mann wæs eardiende on Israh[=e]la þ[=e]ode, Manu[=e] +[.g]e·h[=a]ten_ (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47} + +PASSIVE. + +The passive is formed with _wesan_ or _weorþan_ with the past participle. +These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two +auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but _wesan_ appears to indicate a state, +_weorþan_ an action. + +_wearþ [.g]e·lufod_ is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: _[=a]n +wulf wearþ [=a]·s[e,]nd_ (a wolf was sent); _m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe þe[.g]nas, þe +on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon of·slæ[.g]ene_ (my beloved thanes, who have been +killed in their beds). + +_wæs [.g]e·lufod_, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in +meaning:--_se [=æ]rendraca sæ[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]e·andwyrd +wæs_ (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered). + +SUBJUNCTIVE. + +The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but +merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, +conditions, doubt, &c. + +A. In principal sentences. + +_Wish_ and _command_ (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--_þæs him +s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde_ (therefore let there be to him +praise and glory ever without end); _ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=æ]fre oþþe +w[=i]n_ (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine). + +B. In dependent sentences. + +The chief cases are the following:-- + +(1) In _indirect narrative_ and _question_: _s[=e]o cw[=e]n sæ[.g]de þæt +hiere n[=æ]re be healfum d[=æ]le [.g]e·sæ[.g]d be Salomones m[=æ]rþo_ (the +queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); _ic +[=a]sci[.g]e hw[=æ]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e_ (I ask where the offering is); +_m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=æ][.g]e_ (men {48} wished to +see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly +certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, +it is put in the indicative:--_h[=e] hiere sæ[.g]de on hw[=æ]m his miht +wæs_ (he told her what his strength consisted in). + +(2) After verbs of _desiring_ and _commanding_:-- + +_þæs ic [.g]e·wilni[.g]e and [.g]e·wys[.c]e mid m[=o]de þæt ic [=a]na ne +be·l[=i]fe æfter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum þe[.g]num_ (that I desire and wish with +heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes). + +(3) To express _purpose_:--_þ[=y] l[=æ]s [.g][=e] þone hw[=æ]te +[=a]·wyrtwalien_ (lest ye root up the wheat);--_Dryhten [=a]s·t[=a]g niþer, +t[=o] b[=æ]m þæt h[=e] [.g]e·s[=a]we þ[=a] burg_ (the Lord descended, in +order that he might see the city). + +(4) To express _result_:--_þ[=u] næfst þ[=a] mihte þæt þ[=u] mæ[.g]e him +wiþ·standan_ (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him). + +(5) To express _hypothetical comparison_ (as if):--_se wulf folgode forþ +mid þ[=æ]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=æ]re_ (the wolf followed on with +the head, as if he were tame); _h[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and +t[=o]·bræ[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o]·t[=æ]re +ti[.c][.c]en_ (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were +rending a kid). + +(6) In _conditional_ clauses, generally with _[.g]if_ or _b[=u]tan_, and in +_concessive_ clauses with _þ[=e]ah_, _þ[=e]ah þe_:--_God w[=a]t þæt ic nyle +[=a]·b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=æ]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic_ (God +knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); +_þ[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cumaþ, and þ[=e] cwicne [.g]e·bindaþ, b[=u]tan þ[=u] +mid fl[=e]ame þ[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e·beorge_ (these pirates will come and +bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); _God hielt +[=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oþ þone mi[.c]lan dæ[.g], þ[=e]ah þe +h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me_ (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole +until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes +the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:--_clipiaþ t[=o] þissum +[.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e·m[=e]ten_ (summon to this +wedding whomsoever ye meet, = _if_ ye meet any one); _h[=i]e be·h[=e]ton +hiere s[.c]eattas wiþ þ[=æ]m þe h[=e]o be·swice Samson_ (they promised her +money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...). + +When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as +in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the +preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, +where _if I were_ ... implies _I am not_.... The modern distinction between +_if I were_ and _if I had been_, the former corresponding to the present +indicative _I am not_, the latter to the preterite _I was not_, is not made +in Old English, which uses _gif ic w[=æ]re_ in both instances. Sometimes +the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--_m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=æ]re +þæt ic on [.g]e·feohte f[=e]olle wiþ þ[=æ]m þe m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera +eardes br[=u]can_ (I would rather fall in fight that my people might +possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as _[.g]if +hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte_ (if it might be so--if it were possible to save +my people by my death). + +(7) In clauses dependant on a _negative sentence_:--_nis n[=a]n þing þe his +mihte wiþ·stande_ (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the +negation must be gathered from the context, as in _se h[=a]lga is m[=æ]rra +þonne m[e,]nn mæ[.g]en [=a]·sm[=e]an_ (the saint is more illustrious than +men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive +it). + +(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: _þ[=i]n +r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·w[=i]tt fram þ[=e], oþ þæt þ[=u] wite þæt God [.g]e·wielt +manna r[=i][.c]a_ (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest +that God rules the kingdoms of men); _uton_ {50} _weorþian [=u]rne naman, +[=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]·d[=æ]lde [.g]eond ealle eorþan!_ (let +us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth). + +The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by _should_ and _would_ with +an infinitive, as in Modern English. + +_Scolde_ is used after verbs of _desiring_, _requesting_ and +_commanding_:--_biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde_ +(praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the +verb of commanding is understood from the noun _[=æ]rende_:--_h[=e] +s[e,]nde t[=o] þæm cyninge b[=e]otlic [=æ]rende, þæt h[=e] [=a]·b[=u]gan +scolde t[=o] his mannr[=æ]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (he +sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his +allegiance, if he cared about his life). + +_Wolde_ is used after verbs of _purpose_:--_se cyning [=e]ode inn þæt he +wolde [.g]e·s[=e]on þ[=a] þe þ[=æ]r s[=æ]ton_ (the king went in to see +those who were sitting there). + +INFINITIVE. + +After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive +sense:--_h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum_ (they ordered that +more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, +&c.:--_þæt m[=æ]ste wæl þe w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon_ (the greatest +slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has +been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc. + +GERUND. + +The gerund is used-- + +(1) to express purpose:--_[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=æ]d t[=o] +s[=a]wenne_ (the sower went forth to sow his seed). + +(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): _hit is +scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne_ (it is shameful to speak of such +things). {51} + +PREPOSITIONS. + +Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as _þurh_ (through), _ymbe_ +(about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as _æfter_ (after), +_[=æ]r_ (before), _æt_ (at), _be_ (by), _binnan_ (within), _b[=u]tan_ +(without), _for_ (for), _fram_ (from), _of_ (of), _t[=o]_ (to). + +Some govern both accusative and dative, such as _ofer_ (over), _on_ (on, +in), _under_ (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they +take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus _on_ with the +accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not +strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of +rest, as in _h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]e·timbrode ofer st[=a]n_ (he built his +house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in +_h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=æ]nihte_ (they fell on stony ground). + +As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that +_in_ is very seldom used, its place being supplied by _on_, the meaning +'on' being in its turn often expressed by _ofer_, as in the passage just +quoted. + +When a thing is referred to, _þ[=æ]r_ is substituted for _hit_, the +preposition being joined on to the _þ[=æ]r_, so that, for instance, +_þ[=æ]r-t[=o]_ corresponds to _t[=o] him_; _h[=i]e l[=æ]ddon þone cyning +t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine þ[=æ]r-t[=o]_ (they led the +king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also _h[=e]r-be[=e]astan_ is +equivalent to 'east of this (country).' + +Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, +sometimes with other words intervening: _h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him +t[=o]_ (they shot at him with missiles); _h[=i]e cw[=æ]don him +be·tw[=e]onan_ (they said among themselves); _þ[=æ]m Ælmihtigan t[=o] lofe, +þe h[=i]e on [.g]e·l[=i]efdon_ (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they +believed), where _on_ {52} refers to the indeclinable _þe_. So also in _þæt +h[=u]s þe h[=e] inne wunode_ (the house he dwelt in). + +Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the +preposition becomes an adverb: _se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and +for·dyde þ[=a] mannslagan_ (the king sent his army to the place, and +destroyed the murderers). + +NEGATION. + +The negative particle is _ne_, which drops its _e_ before some common verbs +and pronouns, as in _nis_ = _ne is_, _n[=a]n_ = _ne [=a]n_. The negative +particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the +words besides which admit the contracted forms:--_t[=o]·cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od +h[=e] ne for·br[=i]ett_ (he breaks not the bruised reed), _hit n[=a] ne +f[=e]oll_ (it did not fall); _n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n þing_ (no man knew +anything). So also with _ne ... ne_ = 'neither ... nor': _ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] +ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]emþ_ (he neither disputes nor cries out). + +CORRELATION. + +Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as +in _þ[=a] þ[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, þ[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum_ = +'_when_ the men slept, _then_ came one of his enemies.' In _þ[=a] þ[=a]_ = +'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--_þ[=a] þ[=a] +h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wiþ we[.g]_ = 'then when he sowed, +some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction +_þæt_ is correlative with the pronoun _þæt_:--_þæs ic [.g]e·wilni[.g]e þæt +ic [=a]na ne be·l[=i]fe æfter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum þe[.g]num_--'that I +desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word +is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--_h[=e] +[.g]e·br[=o]hte hine þ[=æ]r h[=e] hine [=æ]r [.g]e·nam_ (he brought him to +the place where he took him from). {53} + +WORD-ORDER. + +The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, +though it is not so strict, thus:-- + +The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an +adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the +head of the sentence:--_þ[=a] cwæþ se cyning_ (then said the king); +_[=æ]rest w[=æ]ron b[=u]end þisses landes Brettas_ (at first the Britons +were the inhabitants of this country); _on his dagum c[=o]mon [=æ]rest +þr[=e]o s[.c]ipu_ (in his days three ships first came); _þæt b[=æ]ron +olfendas_ (camels carried it); _m[=æ]re is se God þe Dani[=e]l on +be·l[=i]efþ_ (great is the God that Daniel believes in). + +The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; _w[=e] magon [=e]ow +r[=æ]d [.g]e·l[=æ]ran_ (we can teach you a plan). + +The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary +verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; _þæt w[=æ]ron þ[=a] +[=æ]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna þe Angel-cynnes land [.g]e·s[=o]hton_ +(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the +English race); _þæt m[=æ]ste wæl þe w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon oþ +þisne andweardan dæ[.g]_ (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of +up to this present day); _þæt h[=i]e þone Godes mann [=a]·bitan scolden_ +(in order that they should devour the man of God). + +There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, +or, at least, to bring it near the end: _hiene man of·sl[=o]g_ (they killed +him); _h[=i]e þ[=æ]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon_ (they got the victory there). + + * * * * * + +{54} + +GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS. + + NOUNS. + STRONG. WEAK. + _M._ _N._ _F._ _M._ _N._ _F._ + _Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e + _A._ -- -- -(e) -an -e -an + _D._ -e -e -e -an -an -an + _G._ -es -es -e -an -an -an + \______ ______/ + \/ + _Pl. N._ -as -(u) -a -an + _D._ -um -um -um -um + _G._ -a -a -(en)a -ena + + ADJECTIVES. + _Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e + _A._ -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an + _D._ -um -um -re -an -an -an + _G._ -es -es -re -an -an -an + _I._ -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) + _Pl. N._ -e -(u) -e \______ ______/ + \______ ______/ \/ + \/ -an + _D._ -um -um + _G._ -ra -ra + + + + VERBS. + PRESENT. PRETERITE. + _Indic._ _Subj._ _Indic._ _Subj._ + _Sg._ 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de + 2. -(e)st; -ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de + 3. -(e)þ; -aþ -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de + _Pl._ -aþ; -iaþ -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den + _Imper. sg._ -(a); _pl._ -(i)aþ. _Infin._ -(i)an. + _Partic. pres._ -(i)ende; _pret._ -en, -ed, -od. _Ger._ (i)enne. + + * * * * * + + +{55} + +TEXTS. + +I. + +SENTENCES. + + [=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra þinga, þæt is God æl-mihti[.g]. Se + [.g]e·l[=e]afa þe biþ b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; þis + sind + þ[=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde + s[e,]lþ his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A]·l[=i]esend + is se g[=o]da + hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his + 5 + leoht ne s[e,]lþ, and steorran of heofone feallaþ. Sw[=a] sw[=a] + wæter [=a]·dw[=æ]s[.c]þ f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a]·dw[=æ]s[.c]þ s[=e]o ælmesse + synna. + + Ealle [.g]e·s[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan, + steorran and eorþan, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=æ] and + ealle fiscas God [.g]e·sc[=o]p and [.g]e·worhte on siex dagum; and 10 + on þ[=æ]m seofoþan dæ[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e·[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e] + be·h[=e]old þ[=a] eall his weorc þe h[=e] [.g]e·worhte, and h[=i]e + w[=æ]ron + eall sw[=i]þe g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende + Godes [.g]e·l[=e]afan. H[=e] for·l[=e]t eall woruld-þing. Se cyning + be·b[=e]ad þæt man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15 + and hiera wæs sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=æ]fre [=æ]r ne wæs on n[=a]nes + cyninges dæ[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t of·sl[=e]an ealle þ[=a] D[e,]niscan + m[e,]nn þe on Angel-cynne w[=æ]ron. + + Þ[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n + mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n þing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20 + {56} + on þ[=a] burg ealne dæ[.g], and þ[=o]hton þæt h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden + [=a]·brecan. Se eorl [.g]e·w[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and wæs + þ[=æ]r + ealne þone winter. Æþelred cyning and Ælfred his br[=o]þor + fuhton wiþ ealne þone h[e,]re on Æsces-d[=u]ne. + + Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=æ]le, þæt is, on þ[=æ]re s[=a]wle; 25 + h[=e]o ne [.g]e·[e,]ndaþ n[=æ]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e]þ be his + [=a]gnum + willan, and wile bindan þone un-scyldigan, and þone scyldigan + [=a]·l[=i]esan, þonne for·l[=i]est h[=e] þ[=a] miht þe him God + for·[.g]eaf. Þ[=e]od winþ on·[.g][=e]an þ[=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e + on·[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e. + Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatiaþ for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]e·worhte 30 + fela wundra binnan þ[=æ]m fierste þe h[=e] biscop wæs. H[=e] + [.g]e·h[=æ]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum wætre. Se cyning wearþ + of·slæ[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On þ[=æ]m ilcan [.g][=e]are wæs + se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se mæsse-pr[=e]ost [=a]scaþ + þæt [.c]ild, and cwiþþ: 'Wiþ·sæcst þ[=u] d[=e]ofle?' Þonne andwyrt 35 + se god-fæder, and cwiþþ: 'Ic wiþ·sace d[=e]ofle.' God + ælmihtiga, [.g]e·miltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! Æþelred cyning c[=o]m + h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre þ[=e]ode, and h[=e] glædl[=i]ce fram him + eallum + on·fangen wearþ. + + Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, be·b[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum þæt 40 + h[=i]e scolden t[=æ][.c]an eallum þ[=e]odum þ[=a] þing þ[=a] h[=e] self + him + t[=æ]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for·[.g]iefaþ mannum hiera synna, þonne + for·giefþ + [=e]ower se heofonlica Fæder [=e]owre synna. Ne mæ[.g] n[=a]n + mann tw[=æ]m hl[=a]fordum þ[=e]owian: oþþe h[=e] [=a]nne hataþ and + [=o]þerne lufaþ, oþþe h[=e] biþ [=a]num [.g]e·h[=i]ersum and [=o]þrum + un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45 + + Se cyning nam þæs eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande. + M[e,]nn be·h[=o]fiaþ g[=o]dre l[=a]re on þissum t[=i]man, þe is + [.g]e·[e,]ndung + þisse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, þe is þ[=æ]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af, andb[=i]daþ + þæs mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and þ[=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste + for·molsnod, 50 + {57} + God hine [=a]·r[=æ]rþ, and [.g]e·bringþ t[=o]·gædre s[=a]wle and + l[=i]chaman t[=o] þ[=æ]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc fæder wile s[e,]llan + his + [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A]·[.g]iefaþ þ[=æ]m + c[=a]sere þ[=a] + þing þe þæs c[=a]seres sind, and Gode þ[=a] þing þe Godes sind. + S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]daþ þæs [=e][.c]an [=æ]ristes. 55 + + H[=e] wæs cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God + ælmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford. + D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and þ[=a] + yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]aþ is yfel and + earmlic, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e faraþ of þissum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o] + [=e][.c]um 60 + w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa hæbbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca. + Ne [.g]e·wilna þ[=u] [=o]þres mannes [=æ]hta! + + On þ[=æ]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e hider on + land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on þ[=a] burg ealne dæ[.g], ac h[=i]e ne + mihton h[=i]e [=a]·brecan. Þ[=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum. + Þ[=æ]r 65 + b[=e]oþ sw[=i]þe mani[.g]e byri[.g] on þ[=æ]m lande, and on [=æ]lcre + byri[.g] + biþ cyning. + + God cwæþ t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile for·d[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid + wætre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]e·healdan þ[=e], and þ[=i]n + w[=i]f, and þ[=i]ne þr[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann hæfde tw[=e][.g]en suna; + þ[=a] 70 + cwæþ h[=e] t[=o] þ[=æ]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o]·dæ[.g] on + m[=i]num + w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode þ[=e]ah siþþan + t[=o] + þ[=æ]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his fæder willan. Se pr[=e]ost + cwæþ t[=o] þ[=æ]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman þæs Fæder, + þæs Suna, and þæs H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra þ[=i]num fæder and 75 + þ[=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and bæd for hiere + dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wearþ [.g]e·h[=æ]led þurh [.g]e·l[=e]afan þ[=æ]re + m[=o]dor. + + B[=e]oþ [.g]e·myndi[.g]e þ[=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda þe Dryhten cwæþ on + {58} + his god-spelle! H[=e] cwæþ: 'For·[.g]iefaþ, and [=e]ow biþ for·[.g]iefen; + 80 + s[e,]llaþ, and [=e]ow biþ [.g]e·seald.' + + Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o] + [.g]e·biddenne. + Ælfred cyning f[=o]r mid þrim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=æ], and + [.g]e·feaht wiþ f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlæstas D[e,]niscra manna, and þ[=a]ra + s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]e·nam, and þ[=a] m[e,]nn of·slæ[.g]ene w[=æ]ron þe + 85 + þ[=æ]r-on w[=æ]ron. Þ[=a] c[=o]mon þr[=e]o s[.c]ipu. Þ[=a] + [.g]e·f[=e]ngon h[=i]e + þ[=a]ra þr[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and þ-a m[e,]nn of·sl[=o]gon, ealle + b[=u]tan + f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a]·wr[=a]t be þ[=æ]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum þe + him + æt·[=i]ewdu w[=æ]ron, þæt h[=i]e hæfden [=e]agan him on [=æ]lce healfe. + [=A]n þ[=a]ra n[=i]etena wæs on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him æt·[=i]ewed, + 90 + [=o]þer on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, þridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]orþe on earnes. + + God þone [=æ]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]e·sc[=o]p, and + eall mann-cynn mid him. Ælfred Æþelwulfing wæs cyning + ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan þ[=æ]m d[=æ]le þe under D[e,]na onwealde + wæs. [=Æ]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bierþ g[=o]de wæstmas, and [=æ]lc 95 + yfel tr[=e]ow bierþ yfle wæstmas; ne mæ[.g] þæt g[=o]de tr[=e]ow + beran yfle wæstmas, ne þæt yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de wæstmas. + [=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e [.g]e·s[=e]oþ, and + [=e]owru [=e]aran, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e [.g]e·h[=i]eraþ. Sw[=a] hw[=a] + sw[=a] s[e,]lþ + [=a]num þurstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald wæter on m[=i]num naman, ne 100 + for·l[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=æ]þenra manna + we[.g]e! + G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bringþ g[=o]d forþ; and yfel + mann of yflum goldhorde bringþ yfel forþ. + + Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]e·cweden + [E,]n[.g]liscre + þ[=e]ode apostol. Þ[=a] h[=e] [.g]e·seah þæt se m[=æ]sta d[=æ]l þ[=æ]re + þ[=e]ode 105 + his l[=a]re for·s[=a]won, þ[=a] for·l[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and + [.g]e·[.c][=e]as þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan + l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=æ]tt, h[=i]e feallaþ b[=e][.g]en on + [=a]nne + pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa þæs Fæder and þæs + Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]e·l[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o + s[=a]wol þonne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama þonne his + scr[=u]d. 110 + {59} + S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorþlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofaþ. + Be·healdaþ þ[=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, þe ne s[=a]waþ ne ne r[=i]paþ, + ac se heofonlica Fæder h[=i]e [=a]·f[=e]tt. H[=e] cwæþ, 'Ic neom + [=o]þrum mannum [.g]e·l[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=æ]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom + rihtw[=i]s, + and þ[=a] [=o]þre sind synn-fulle.' 115 + + Þ[=a] se H[=æ]lend þanon f[=o]r, þ[=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en blinde, + cweþende: '[.G]e·miltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cwæþ t[=o] + him: '[.G]e·l[=i]efe [.g]it þæt ic inc mæ[.g]e [.g]e·hælan?' H[=e] cwæþ: + 'S[=i]e inc æfter incrum [.g]e·l[=e]afan.' Æþelst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r + inn on Scot-land, [=æ][.g]þer [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid + s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120 + and his mi[.c]el ofer·h[e,]rgode. Se mann þe God for·[.g]iett, God + for·[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Faraþ, and l[=æ]raþ ealle þ[=e]oda! L[=æ]raþ + h[=i]e þæt h[=i]e healden eall þ[=a] þing þe ic [=e]ow be·b[=e]ad! Sume + m[e,]nn sæ[.g]don be him þæt h[=e] w[=æ]re Ælfredes sunu cyninges. + Se H[=æ]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]aþ 125 + m[e,]nn þæt s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwæt s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] þæt ic + s[=i]e? + Þ[=u] eart þæs libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cwæþ be his + Fæder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]aþ þæt h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and + [.g][=e] hine ne + on·cn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e þone h[=a]lgan Fæder on·cn[=e]owen, + þonne under·f[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]e·l[=e]afan his Sunu, þe h[=e] + [=a]·s[e,]nde 130 + t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]þe nearu and sticol + s[=e] þe l[=æ]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]þe + br[=a]d and + sm[=e]þe s[=e] þe l[=æ]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] biþ se + we[.g]-f[=e]renda + mann s[=e] þe nimþ þone sm[=e]þan we[.g] þe h[=i]ne mis-l[=æ]tt, and + for·l[=æ]tt þone sticolan þe hine [.g]e·bringþ t[=o] þ[=æ]re byri[.g]. + Þæt 135 + ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on þ[=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]aþ hit on leohte; + and þæt + [.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]e·h[=i]eraþ, bodiaþ uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e + scufon [=u]t + hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]e·w[e,]ndon him be·[.g]eondan s[=æ]. + + Healdaþ and d[=o]þ sw[=a] hwæt sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]aþ; and ne + d[=o] + [.g][=e] n[=a], æfter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]aþ, and ne + d[=o]þ. Eall 140 + hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o]þ þæt m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]e·s[=e]on. H[=i]e lufiaþ + þæt + {60} + man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=æ]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=æ]ddran and + n[=æ]ddrena + cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me? + + W[=e] sind ealle cuman on þissum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and + [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce + we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145 + m[e,]nn: [=a]n cymþ, [=o]þer færþ. Hwelc mann s[e,]lþ his bearne + n[=æ]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=Æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe bitt, h[=e] + on·f[=e]hþ; + and s[=e] þe s[=e][.c]þ, h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=æ]þ [=æ]lc þ[=a]ra on + heofona + r[=i][.c]e þe cwiþþ t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] þe wyr[.c]þ + m[=i]nes Fæder willan þe on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=æ]þ on heofona 150 + r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d þ[=æ]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and + hundum + weorpe. Ic hæbbe þe[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cweþe t[=o] + þissum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=æ]þ; and t[=o] [=o]þrum, 'cum,' and h[=e] + cymþ, and t[=o] m[=i]num þ[=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] þis,' and h[=e] wyr[.c]þ. + + Se H[=æ]lend [.g]e·nam þ[=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and + t[=o]·bræc, 155 + and t[=o]·d[=æ]lde be·twix þ[=æ]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]e·l[=i]ce [=e]ac + þ[=a] fiscas t[=o]·d[=æ]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]e·n[=o]g hæfdon. Þ[=a] + þe + þ[=æ]r [=æ]ton w[=æ]ron f[=e]ower þ[=u]send manna, b[=u]tan [.c]ildum and + w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=æ]don, and þus + cw[=æ]don: 'S[=o]þl[=i]ce þ[=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] þæt + 160 + ic c[=o]me sibbe on eorþan to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o] + s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] be·b[=e]ad þæt h[=i]e s[=æ]ten ofer þ[=æ]re + eorþan. H[=e] sæ[.g]de þæt Norþ-manna land w[=æ]re sw[=i]þe lang + and sw[=i]þe smæl. + + H[=i]e ealle on þone cyning w[=æ]ron feohtende, oþ þæt h[=i]e 165 + hine ofslæ[.g]enne hæfdon. [=Æ]lc mann þe [=o]þre m[e,]nn for·sihþ + biþ fram Gode for·sewen. S[=e] þe [=e]aran hæbbe t[=o] [.g]e·hi[=e]renne, + [.g]e·h[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne. + + God cwæþ t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] wæs Ionas [.g]e·h[=a]ten: + 'Far t[=o] þ[=æ]re byri[.g], and boda þ[=æ]r þ[=a] word þe ic þ[=e] + s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170 + {61} + Lufiaþ [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o]þ wel þ[=æ]m þe [=e]ow yfel d[=o]þ. + Lufa Dryhten þ[=i]nne God on ealre þ[=i]nre heortan, and on + ealre þ[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum þ[=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] þe ne + lufaþ his br[=o]þor, þone þe h[=e] [.g]e·sihþ, h[=u] mæ[.g] h[=e] lufian + God, + þone þe h[=e] ne [.g]e·sihþ l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne + þ[=a]s 175 + þing [.g]e·weorþen, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e þ[=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and + worulde [.g]e·[e,]ndunge. + + Se H[=æ]lend cwæþ t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] wæs + h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=æ]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f þissum + folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwæt h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste 180 + þæt Philippus þæt nyste. God mæ[.g] d[=o]n eall þing; w[=e] + sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]e·l[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st + [=a]·r[=æ]rde + Lazarum of d[=e]aþe, and cwæþ t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum: + 'T[=o]·l[=i]esaþ + his b[e,]ndas, þæt h[=e] g[=a]n mæ[.g]e.' God is ælmihti[.g], + and mæ[.g] d[=o]n eall þæt h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre t[=i]de + 185 + [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For þ[=æ]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; for + þ[=æ]m þe mannes Sunu wile cuman on þ[=æ]re t[=i]de þe [.g][=e] nyton. + Se H[=æ]lend cwæþ be his Fæder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic + s[e,][.c][.g]e þæt ic hine ne cunne, þonne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow + [.g]e·l[=i]c.' + + Se d[=e]ofol cwæþ t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if þ[=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, cweþ + 190 + t[=o] þissum st[=a]num þæt h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a]·w[e,]nde t[=o] hl[=a]fum.' + Þ[=a] + and-wyrde se H[=æ]lend, and cwæþ: 'Hit is [=a]·writen, "ne + leofaþ se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofaþ be eallum þ[=æ]m + wordum þe g[=a]þ of Godes m[=u]þe."' Se H[=æ]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him, + þ[=æ]r h[=i]e w[=æ]ron [.g]e·gadrode, and cwæþ: 'S[=i]e sibb be·twix 195 + [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a]·fyrhte.' Fæder [=u]re, + þ[=u] þe + eart on heofonum, s[=i]e þ[=i]n nama [.g]e·h[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon, + w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for·[.g]iefnesse: hwæt sculon + w[=e] + d[=o]n? + +{62} + +II. + +FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. + +VII. 24-7. + + [=Æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe þ[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e·h[=i]erþ, and þ[=a] wyr[.c]þ, + biþ + [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n + [.g]et·imbrode. + Þ[=a] c[=o]m þ[=æ]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and þ[=æ]r bl[=e]owon + windas, + and [=a]·hruron on þæt h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll: s[=o]þl[=i]ce + hit + wæs ofer st[=a]n [.g]e·timbrod. 5 + + And [=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe [.g]e·h[=i]erþ þ[=a]s m[=i]n word, and þ[=a] ne + wyr[.c]þ, + s[=e] biþ [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m dysigan m[e,]nn, þe [.g]e·timbrode his + h[=u]s ofer + sand-[.c]eosol. Þ[=a] r[=i]nde hit, and þ[=æ]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and + bl[=e]owon + windas, and [=a]·hruron on þ[=æ]t h[=u]s, and þæt h[=u]s f[=e]oll; and + his hryre wæs mi[.c]el. 10 + +XII. 18-21. + + H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, þone ic [.g]e·[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]e·corena, on + þ[=æ]m + wel [.g]e·l[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a]·s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st + ofer hine, + and d[=o]m h[=e] bodaþ þ[=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne hriemþ, + ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]e·h[=i]erþ his stefne on str[=æ]tum. + T[=o]·cw[=i]esed + hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for·br[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne + [=a]·dw[=æ]scþ, 15 + [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] [=a]·weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his naman + þ[=e]oda [.g]e·hyhtaþ. + +XIII. 3-8. + + S[=o]þl[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=æ]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. And + þ[=a] + þ[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wiþ we[.g], and fuglas + c[=o]mon + and [=æ]ton þ[=a]. S[=o]þl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=æ]nihte, þ[=æ]r + hit 20 + {63} + næfde mi[.c]le eorþan, and hrædl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for þ[=æ]m þe + h[=i]e næfdon p[=æ]re eorþan d[=i]epan; s[=o]þl[=i]ce, [=u]p sprungenre + sunnan, h[=i]e [=a]·dr[=u]godon and for·scruncon, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e + næfdon wyrtruman. S[=o]þl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on þornas, and + þ[=a] þornas w[=e]oxon, and for·þrysmdon þ[=a]. Sumu s[=o]þl[=i]ce 25 + f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hund-fealdne, + sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum þriti[.g]-fealdn[e,]. + +XIII. 24-30. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·worden þ[=æ]m m[e,]nn [.g]e·l[=i]c þe s[=e]ow + g[=o]d + s[=æ]d on his æcere. S[=o]þl[=i]ce, þ[=a] þ[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, þ[=a] + c[=o]m his + f[=e]onda sum, and ofer·s[=e]ow hit mid coccele on·middan þ[=æ]m 30 + hw[=æ]te, and f[=e]rde þanon. S[=o]þl[=i]ce, þ[=a] s[=e]o wyrt w[=e]ox, + and + þone wæstm br[=o]hte, þ[=a] æt·[=i]ewde se coccel hine. Þ[=a] [=e]odon + þæs hl[=a]fordes þ[=e]owas and cw[=æ]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne s[=e]owe + þ[=u] g[=o]d s[=æ]d on þ[=i]num æcere? hwanon hæfde h[=e] coccel?' + Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don þ[=a] 35 + þ[=e]owas: 'Wilt þ[=u], w[=e] g[=a]þ and gadriaþ h[=i]e?' Þ[=a] cwæp + h[=e]: 'Nese: þ[=y] l[=æ]s [.g][=e] þone hw[=æ]te [=a]·wyrtwalien, þonne + [.g][=e] + þone coccel gadriaþ. L[=æ]taþ [=æ][.g]þer weaxan oþ r[=i]p-t[=i]man; + and on p[=æ]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e þ[=æ]m r[=i]perum: + "gadriaþ + [=æ]rest þone coccel, and bindaþ s[.c][=e]af-m[=æ]lum t[=o] for·bærnenne; + 40 + and gadriaþ þone hw[=æ]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."' + +XIII. 44-8. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c [.g]e·h[=y]ddum gold-horde on þ[=æ]m + æcere. Þone be·h[=y]tt se mann þe hine fint, and for his blisse + g[=æ]þ, and s[e,]lþ eall þæt h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]e·by[.g]þ þone æcer. + + Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m mangere þe s[=o]hte þæt + g[=o]de 45 + m[e,]re-grot. Þ[=a] h[=e] funde þæt [=a]n d[=e]or-wierþe m[e,]regrot, + þ[=a] + [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall þæt h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte þæt + m[e,]regrot. + {64} + + Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·l[=i]c [=a]·s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on þ[=a] + s[=æ], and of + [=æ]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Þ[=a] h[=i]e þ[=a] þæt n[e,]tt [=u]p 50 + [=a]·tugon, and s[=æ]ton be þ[=æ]m strande, þ[=a] [.g]e·curon h[=i]e + þ[=a] + g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and þ[=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a]·wurpon [=u]t. + +XVIII. 12-14. + + [.G]if hwelc mann hæfþ hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losaþ [=a]n of + þ[=æ]m, h[=u], ne for·l[=æ]tt h[=e] þ[=a] nigon and hund·nigonti[.g] on + þ[=æ]m + muntum, and g[=æ]þ, and s[=e][.c]þ þæt [=a]n þe for·wearþ? And [.g]if 55 + hit [.g]e·limpþ þæt h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]þl[=i]ce ic [=e]ow + s[e,][.c][.g]e þæt h[=e] + sw[=i]þor [.g]e·blissaþ for þ[=æ]m [=a]num þonne for þ[=æ]m nigon and + hund·nigontigum þe n[=a] ne losodon. + +XX. 1-16. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m h[=i]redes ealdre, þe on + [=æ]rnemer[.g]en + [=u]t [=e]ode [=a]·h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard. + [.G]e·wordenre 60 + [.g]e·cwid-r[=æ]denne þ[=æ]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=æ]lcum [=a]nne + þ[e,]ning wiþ his dæ[.g]es weorce, and [=a]·s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his + w[=i]n[.g]eard. + And þ[=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]e·seah + oþre on str[=æ]te [=i]dle standan. Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] on + m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow þæt riht biþ.' And h[=i]e + þ[=a] 65 + f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe þ[=a] siextan and nigoþan + t[=i]d, and dyde þ[=æ]m sw[=a] [.g]e·l[=i]ce. Þ[=a] ymbe þ[=a] + [e,]ndlyftan + t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]þre standende, and þ[=a] + sæ[.g]de h[=e]: + 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don + h[=i]e: + 'For þ[=æ]m þe [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'And 70 + g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.' + + S[=o]þl[=i]ce þ[=a] hit wæs [=æ]fen [.g]e·worden, þ[=a] sæ[.g]de se + w[=i]n[.g]eardes + hl[=a]ford his [.g]e·r[=e]fan: 'Clipa þ[=a] wyrhtan, and [=a]·[.g]ief him + hiera m[=e]de; on·[.g]inn fram þ[=æ]m [=y]t·emestan oþ þone fyrmestan.' + Eornostl[=i]ce þ[=a] þ[=a] [.g]e·c[=o]mon þe ymbe þ[=a] [e,]ndlyftan 75 + t[=i]d c[=o]mon, þ[=a] on·f[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=æ]lc his p[e,]ning. And + þ[=a] þe + {65} + þ[=æ]r [=æ]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon þæt h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on·f[=o]n; + þ[=a] + on·f[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e þ[e,]ningas. Þa on·gunnon h[=i]e murcnian + on·[.g][=e]an þone h[=i]redes ealdor, and þus cw[=æ]don: 'Þ[=a]s + [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and þ[=u] dydest h[=i]e [.g]e·l[=i]ce + [=u]s, 80 + þe b[=æ]ron byrþenna on þisses dæ[.g]es h[=æ]tan.' Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e] + and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] þ[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic + þ[=e] + n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me þ[=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o] wyr[.c]enne + wiþ + [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim þæt þ[=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile þissum + [=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] þ[=e]. Oþþe ne m[=o]t + ic 85 + d[=o]n þæt ic wile? Hwæþer þe þ[=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for þ[=æ]m + þe ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]oþ þa fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and þ[=a] + [=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]þl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e·clipode, and + f[=e]a [.g]e·corene.' + +XXII. 2-14. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m cyninge þe macode his suna 90 + [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his þ[=e]owas, and clipode þ[=a] [.g]e·laþodan + t[=o] + þ[=æ]m [.g]ieftum. Þ[=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. Þ[=a] s[e,]nde h[=e] eft + [=o]þre + þ[=e]owas, and sæ[.g]de þ[=æ]m [.g]e·laþodum: 'N[=u] ic [.g]e·[.g]earwode + m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind of·slæ[.g]ene, + and eall m[=i]n þing sind [.g]earu; cumaþ t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.g]ieftum.' Þ[=a] + 95 + for·g[=i]emdon h[=i]e þæt, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum + t[=o] + his mangunge. And þ[=a] [=o]þre n[=a]mon his þ[=e]owas, and mid + t[=e]onan [.g]e·sw[e,]n[.c]ton, and of·sl[=o]gon. Þ[=a] se cyning þæt + [.g]e·hierde, + þ[=a] wæs h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for·dyde + þ[=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg for·bærnde. 100 + + Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e] t[=o] his þ[=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce þ[=a]s [.g]iefta sind + [.g]earwe, ac þ[=a] þe [.g]e·laþode w[=æ]ron ne sind wierþe. G[=a]þ n[=u] + t[=o] wega [.g]el[=æ]tum, and clipiaþ t[=o] þissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] + hwelce + sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e·m[=e]ten.' Þ[=a] [=e]odon þ[=a] þ[=e]owas [=u]t on + þ[=a] wegas, + and [.g]e·gadrodon ealle þ[=a] þe h[=i]e [.g]e·m[=e]tton, g[=o]de and + yfle; 105 + þ[=a] w[=æ]ron þ[=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu. + + Þ[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, þæt h[=e] wolde [.g]e·s[=e]on þ[=a] þe + þ[=æ]r + {66} + s[=æ]ton, and þ[=a] [.g]e·seah h[=e] þ[=æ]r [=a]nne mann þe næs mid + [.g]ieftlicum + r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, h[=u]meta + [=e]odest þ[=u] inn, and næfdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' Þa sw[=i]gode + h[=e]. 110 + And se cyning cwæþ t[=o] his þe[.g]num: '[.G]e·bindaþ his handa + and his f[=e]t, and weorpaþ hine on þ[=a] [=y]terran þ[=e]ostru; þ[=æ]r + biþ + w[=o]p and t[=o]þa gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind + [.g]e·laþode, + and f[=e]a [.g]e·corene. + +XXV. 1-13. + + Þonne biþ heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m t[=i]en f[=æ]mnum, þe + þ[=a] 115 + leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on·[.g][=e]an þone br[=y]d-guman and + þ[=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=æ]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. And + þ[=a] f[=i]f + dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him; + þ[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid þ[=æ]m leohtfatum. + Þ[=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, þ[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and sl[=e]pon. + 120 + Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cwæþ: 'N[=u] se + br[=y]dguma cymþ, faraþ him t[=o]·[.g][=e]anes.' Þ[=a] [=a]·rison ealle + þ[=a] + f[=æ]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don þ[=a] + dysigan to p[=æ]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]llaþ [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for þ[=æ]m + [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a]·cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' Þ[=a] and·swarodon þ[=a] + gl[=e]awan, 125 + and cw[=æ]don: 'Nese; þ[=y] l[=æ]s þe w[=e] and [.g][=e] næbben + [.g]en[=o]g: + g[=a]þ t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]aþ [=e]ow ele.' + Witodl[=i]ce, + þ[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, þ[=a] c[=o]m se + br[=y]dguma; + and þ[=a] þe [.g]earwe w[=æ]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] þ[=æ]m + [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru wæs be·locen. Þ[=a] æt n[=i]ehstan c[=o]mon + 130 + þa [=o]þre f[=æ]mnan, and cw[=æ]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=æ]t [=u]s + inn.' Þ[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cwæþ: 'S[=o]þ ic [=e]ow + s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, waciaþ, for þ[=æ]m þe + [.g][=e] + nyton ne þone dæ[.g] ne þ[=a] t[=i]d. + +XXV. 14-30. + + Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]lþ[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135 + {67} + þ[=e]owas, and be·t[=æ]hte him his [=æ]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde + f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=æ][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum + mæ[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na. + + Þ[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] þe þ[=a] f[=i]f pund under·f[=e]ng, and + [.g]e·str[=i]ende + [=o]þru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] þe þ[=a] tw[=a] under·feng, + [.g]e·str[=i]ende 140 + [=o]þru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] þe þæt [=a]n under·f[=e]ng, f[=e]rde, + and + be·dealf hit on eorþan, and be·h[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh. + + Witodl[=i]ce æfter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m þ[=a]ra þ[=e]owa hl[=a]ford, + and dihte him [.g]e·rad. Þ[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] þe þ[=a] f[=i]f pund + under·f[=e]ng, + and br[=o]hte [=o]þru f[=i]f, and cwæþ: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund þ[=u] + sealdest 145 + m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]e·str[=i]ende [=o]þru f[=i]f.' Þ[=a] cwæp his + hl[=a]ford t[=o] + him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]þe, þ[=u] g[=o]da þ[=e]ow and [.g]e·tr[=e]owa: for + þ[=æ]m + þe þ[=u] w[=æ]re [.g]e·tr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu þing, ic [.]ge·s[e,]tte + þ[=e] ofer + mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] þ[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' Þ[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] + þe þ[=a] + tw[=a] pund under·f[=e]ng, and cwæþ: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund þ[=u] 150 + m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic hæbbe [.g]e·str[=i]ened [=o]þru tw[=a].' Þ[=a] + cwæþ + his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]e·blissa, þ[=u] g[=o]da þ[=e]ow and + [.g]etr[=e]owa: + for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=u] w[=æ]re [.g]e·tr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela ic + þ[=e] + [.g]e·s[e,]tte; g[=a] on þ[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]e·f[=e]an.' Þ[=a] + c[=o]m s[=e] þe þæt + [=a]n pund under·f[=e]ng, and cwæþ: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t þæt 155 + þ[=u] eart heard mann: þ[=u] r[=i]pst þ[=æ]r þ[=u] ne s[=e]owe, and + gaderast þ[=æ]r þ[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde of·dr[=æ]dd, + and be·h[=y]dde þ[=i]n pund on eorþan; h[=e]r þ[=u] hæfst þæt þ[=i]n + is.' Þ[=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cwæþ: 'þ[=u] yfla + þ[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, þ[=u] wistest þæt ic r[=i]pe þ[=æ]r ic ne s[=e]owe, + 160 + and ic gadri[.g]e þ[=æ]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]e·byrede þæt þ[=u] + be·fæste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, þonne ic c[=o]me, + þæt m[=i]n is, mid þ[=æ]m gafole. [=A]·nimaþ þæt pund æt him, and + s[e,]llaþ þ[=æ]m þe m[=e] þ[=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce + [=æ]lcum + þ[=a]ra þe hæfþ man s[e,]lþ, and h[=e] hæfþ [.g]e·n[=o]g; þ[=æ]m þe næfþ, + 165 + þæt him þyn[.c]þ þæt h[=e] hæbbe, þæt him biþ æt·brogden. And + weorpaþ þone un·nyttan þ[=e]ow on þ[=a] [=y]terran þ[=e]ostru; þ[=æ]r + biþ w[=o]p and t[=o]þa grist·b[=i]tung.' + +{68} + +III. + +OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. + +I. + + Æfter þ[=æ]m s[=o]þl[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=æ]con [=a]ne spr[=æ][.c]e. + Þ[=a] + þ[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=æ]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld + on + Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon þ[=æ]r-on. + + Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don h[=i]e him be·tw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s + ti[.g]elan, + and [=æ]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e hæfdon ti[.g]elan for + 5 + st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=æ]don: 'Uton + timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel oþ heofon h[=e]anne! uton + weorþian [=u]rne naman, [=æ]r þ[æ]m þe w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]·d[=æ]lde + [.g]eond + ealle eorþan!' + + Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a]·st[=a]g niþer, t[=o] þ[=æ]m þæt h[=e] + [.g]e·s[=a]we 10 + þ[=a] burg and þone st[=i]epel, þe Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]e·timbrodon. + And h[=e] cwæþ: 'þis is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e sprecaþ [=a]n + læden, and h[=i]e be·gunnon þis t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]e·sw[=i]caþ + h[=i]e + [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]þl[=i]ce uton cuman and + t[=o]·d[=æ]lan + hiera spr[=æ][.c]e!' 15 + + Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o]·d[=æ]lde of þ[=æ]re st[=o]we [.g]eond ealle + eorþan. + And for þ[=æ]m man n[e,]mnde þ[=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=æ]r + w[=æ]ron t[=o]·d[=æ]lde ealle spr[=æ][.c]a. + +II. + + God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]e·h[=i]ersumnesse, and + clipode his naman, and cwæþ him þus t[=o]: 'Nim þ[=i]nne 20 + [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, þe þ[=u] lufast, and far t[=o] þ[=æ]m + {69} + lande Visionis hraþe, and [.g]e·offra hine þ[=æ]r uppan [=a]nre + d[=u]ne.' + + Abrah[=a]m þ[=a] [=a]·r[=a]s on þ[=æ]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid + tw[=æ]m cnapum t[=o] þ[=æ]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25 + on assum r[=i]dende. + + Þ[=a] on þ[=æ]m þriddan dæ[.g]e, þ[=a] h[=i]e þ[=a] d[=u]ne + [.g]e·s[=a]won, þ[=æ]r + þ[=æ]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] of·sl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, þ[=a] cwæþ + Abrah[=a]m + t[=o] þ[=æ]m tw[=æ]m cnapum þus: 'Andb[=i]diaþ [=e]ow h[=e]r mid þ[=æ]m + assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and þ[=æ]t [.c]ild g[=a]þ unc t[=o] + [.g]e·biddenne, 30 + and wit siþþan cumaþ s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.' + + Abrah[=a]m þ[=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran þone wudu t[=o] þ[=æ]re st[=o]we, + and h[=e] self bær his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c þa [=a]scode + Abrah[=a]m + his fæder: 'Fæder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=æ]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e; + h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se fæder: 'God + fores[.c][=e]awaþ, 35 + m[=i]n sunu, him self þ[=a] offrunge.' + + H[=i]e c[=o]mon þ[=a] t[=o] þ[=æ]re st[=o]we þe him [.g]e·sweotolode God; + and h[=e] þ[=æ]r weofod [=a]·r[=æ]rde on þ[=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and þone + wudu [.g]e·l[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna + bærnette, siþþan h[=e] of·slæ[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]e·band þ[=a] his 40 + sunu, and his sweord [=a]·t[=e]ah, þæt h[=e] hine [.g]e·offrode on þ[=a] + ealdan w[=i]san. + + Mid þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] wolde þ[=æ]t weorc be·[.g]innan, þ[=a] clipode + Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde + s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cwæþ t[=o]: 'Ne [=a]·cw[e,]le þ[=u] 45 + þæt [.c]ild, ne þ[=i]ne hand ne [=a]·str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran! + N[=u] ic + on·cn[=e]ow s[=o]þl[=i]ce þæt p[=u] on·dr[=æ]tst sw[=i]þe God, n[=u] + p[=u] p[=i]nne + [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest of·sl[=e]an for him.' + + Þ[=a] be·seah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under bæc, and [.g]e·seah þ[=æ]r + [=a]nne ramm be·twix þ[=æ]m br[=e]mlum be þ[=æ]m hornum [.g]e·hæftne, 50 + and h[=e] hæfde þone ramm t[=o] þ[=æ]re offrunge, and hine þ[=æ]r + of·sn[=a]þ Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t þ[=a] + st[=o]we + _Dominus videt_, þæt is 'God [.g]e·sihþ,' and [.g]iet is [.g]e·sæ[.g]d + sw[=a], _In monte Dominus videbit_, þæt is, 'God [.g]e·sihþ on d[=u]ne.' + {70} + + Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cwæþ: 'Ic sæ[.g]de 55 + þurh m[=e] selfne, sæ[.g]de se Ælmihtiga, n[=u] þ[=u] noldest [=a]rian + þ[=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac þ[=e] wæs m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re + þonne + his l[=i]f, ic þ[=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and þ[=i]nne of-spring + ge·mani[.g]-fielde + sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol + on s[=æ]; þ[=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. And + on 60 + þ[=i]num s[=æ]de b[=e]oþ ealle þ[=e]oda [.g]e·bl[=e]tsode, for þ[=æ]m þe + þ[=u] + [.g]e·h[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=æ]se þus.' + + Abrah[=a]m þ[=a] [.g]e·[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon + him + h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge. + +III. + + Sum cw[=e]n wæs on s[=u]þ-d[=æ]le, Saba [.g]e·h[=a]ten, snotor and 65 + w[=i]s. Þ[=a] [.g]e·h[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m fram + þ[=æ]m s[=u]þernum [.g]e·m[=æ]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m + mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=æ]ron s[=u]þerne wyrta, + and d[=e]or-wierþe [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o + cw[=e]n + þ[=a] hæfde spr[=æ][.c]e wiþ Salomon, and sæ[.g]de him sw[=a] hwæt 70 + sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e·þ[=o]hte. Salomon þ[=a] h[=i]e + l[=æ]rde, + and hiere sæ[.g]de ealra þ[=a]ra worda and[.g]iet þe h[=e]o hine + [=a]scode. + Þ[=a] [.g]e·seah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and þæt m[=æ]re + tempel þe h[=e] [.g]e·timbrod hæfde, and þ[=a] l[=a]c þe man Gode + offrode, and þæs cyninges mani[.g]-fealde þe[.g]nunga, and wæs 75 + t[=o] þ[=æ]m sw[=i]þe of·wundrod þæt h[=e]o næfde furþor n[=a]nne + g[=a]st, + for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] furþor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cwæþ þ[=a] + t[=o] þ[=æ]m cyninge: 'S[=o]þ is þæt word þe ic [.g]e·h[=i]erde on + m[=i]num earde be þ[=e] and be þ[=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde + [.g]e·l[=i]efan [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe ic self hit [.g]e·s[=a]we. N[=u] hæbbe ic + [=a]·fandod 80 + þæt m[=e] næs be healfum d[=æ]le þ[=i]n m[=æ]rþo [.g]e·c[=y]ped. M[=a]re + is þ[=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and þ[=i]n weorc þonne se hl[=i]sa w[=æ]re þe ic + [.g]e·h[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind þ[=i]ne þe[.g]nas and þ[=i]ne þ[=e]owas, + þe + simle æt·foran þ[=e] standaþ, and þ[=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e·h[=i]eraþ. + [.G]e·bl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se ælmihtiga God, þe þ[=e] [.g]e·[.c][=e]as and + [.g]e·s[e,]tte 85 + {71} + ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, þæt þ[=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and + riht-w[=i]snesse,' + H[=e]o for·[.g]eaf þ[=æ]em cyninge þ[=a] hund·tw[e,]lfti[.g] punda + goldes, + and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierþra wyrta and d[=e]orwierþra + [.g]immst[=a]na. + Salomon [=e]ac for·[.g]eaf þ[=æ]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hwæs sw[=a] h[=e]o + [.g]iernde + æt him; and h[=e]o [.g]e·w[e,]nde on·[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]þle mid + hiere 90 + þe[.g]num. Salomon þ[=a] wæs [.g]e·m[=æ]rsod ofer eallum eorþlicum + cyningum, and ealle þ[=e]oda [.g]e·wilnodon þæt h[=i]e hine + [.g]e·s[=a]wen, + and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e·h[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald + l[=a]c + br[=o]hton. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n hæfde [.g]e·t[=a]cnunge þ[=æ]re h[=a]lgan [.g]e·laþunge + ealles 95 + cr[=i]stenes folces, þe c[=o]m t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.g]e·sibbsuman Cr[=i]ste + t[=o] + [.g]e·h[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and þ[=a] god-spellican l[=a]re þa + h[=e] + [=a]·stealde, and be on·liehtunge þæs s[=o]þan [.g]e·l[=e]afan, and be + þ[=æ]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, and + be + hyhte and wuldre þæs [.g]e·m[=æ]nelican [=æ]ristes. 100 + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde + and on d[=e]orwierþum [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=æ]þum; and + þæt b[=æ]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]e·l[=e]affulle [.g]e·laþung, þe cymþ + of [=æ]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bringþ him þ[=a]s fore-sæ[.g]dan + l[=a]c + æfter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offraþ him gold þurh s[=o]þne 105 + [.g]e·l[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=æ]þas þurh [.g]e·bedu, and d[=e]orwierþe + [.g]immas þurh fæ[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra þ[=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra + mæ[.g]na. + Be þisse [.g]e·laþunge cwæþ se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: _Adstitit_ + _regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate_, + þæt is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt æt þ[=i]nre sw[=i]þran, on ofergyldum + 110 + [.g]ierlan, ymb·scr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o + g[=a]stlice + cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e·laþung, is [.g]e·gl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierþre + frætwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and + mihta. + + H[=e]o sæ[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115 + [.g]e·laþung [.g]e·openaþ Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and þa + d[=i]eglan + [.g]e·þ[=o]htas on s[=o]þre andetnesse. + + Olfendas b[=æ]ron þ[=a] d[=e]orwierþan l[=a]c mid þ[=æ]re cw[=e]ne + {72} + int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan, þe [=æ]r w[=æ]ron + [.g]e·hoferode þurh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice þurh leahtras, b[=æ]ron, + 120 + þurh hiera [.g]e·[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]e·l[=e]afan, þ[=a] g[=a]stlican + l[=a]c + t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his + [.g]e·timbrunga, + and þe[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]e·laþung wundraþ Cr[=i]stes + w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] is s[=o]þ w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall + w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125 + of him. H[=e] [.g]e·timbrode þ[=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne + middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]e·sceafta [.g]e·s[e,]tte on þrim þingum, + _in mensura, et pondere, et numero_, þæt is, on [.g]e·mete, and + on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]e·tele. Cr[=i]stes þe[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=æ]lo + and + folca [=a]·l[=i]esednes, and þ[=a] sind [.g]e·s[=æ]li[.g]e þe him + þe[.g]niaþ t[=o] 130 + [.g]e·cw[=e]mednesse on þ[=æ]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]e·r[=y]num. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n sæ[.g]de þæt hiere n[=æ]re be healfum d[=æ]le + [.g]e·sæ[.g]d + be Salomones m[=æ]rþo, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes + [.g]e·laþung, + oþþe [.g]e·hwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, þonne h[=e]o cymþ t[=o] þ[=æ]re + heofonlican + Hierusal[=e]m, þonne [.g]e·sihþ h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=æ]rþo 135 + and wuldor þonne hiere [=æ]r on l[=i]fe þurh w[=i]tegan oþþe apostolas + [.g]e·c[=y]dd w[=æ]re. Ne mæ[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on þissum l[=i]fe + [.g]e·s[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]e·h[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes + heorte + [=a]·sm[=e]an þ[=a] þing þe God [.g]earcaþ þ[=æ]m þe hine lufiaþ. Þ[=a] + þing w[=e] magon be·[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a]·sm[=e]an, + 140 + ne [=u]s n[=æ]fre ne [=a]·þr[=i]ett þ[=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]e·nyhtsumnes. + + Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle þ[=e]oda + woldon [.g]e·s[=e]on þone [.g]e·sibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e·h[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u] + of eallum + þ[=e]odum [.g]e·wilniaþ m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]e·s[=e]onne þone + [.g]e-sibbsuman 145 + Cr[=i]st þurh [.g]e·l[=e]afan, and þone godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e·h[=i]eran, + and h[=i]e him dæ[.g]-hw[=æ]ml[=i]ce þ[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c + [.g]e·offriaþ on + mani[.g]fealdum [.g]e·metum. + +IV. + + On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don þ[=a] Babil[=o]niscan þone + {73} + w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] t[=o]·wearp hiera + d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150 + and cw[=æ]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] þ[=æ]m fore-sæ[.g]dan cyninge + C[=y]rum: + 'Bet[=æ][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, þe [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o]·wearp, and þone + dracan + [=a]·cwealde þe w[=e] on be·l[=i]efdon; [.g]if þ[=u] hine for·st[e,]ntst, + w[=e] + for·dilgiaþ þ[=e] and þ[=i]nne h[=i]red.' + + Þ[=a] [.g]e·seah se cyning þæt h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=æ]ron, and + n[=i]edunga 155 + þone w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a]·s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e þ[=a] hine + [=a]·wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]aþe, on þ[=æ]m w[=æ]ron seofon l[=e]on, + þ[=æ]m + man sealde dæ[.g]hw[=æ]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]þeru and tw[=a] s[.c][=e]ap, + ac him + wæs þ[=a] of·togen [=æ]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, þæt h[=i]e þone Godes + mann [=a]·b[=i]tan scolden. 160 + + On þ[=æ]re t[=i]de wæs sum [=o]þer w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, his + nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] bær his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] æcere. Þ[=a] + c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cwæþ: 'Abacuc, ber þone + m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] þe sitt on + þ[=a]ra l[=e]ona + s[=e]aþe.' Abacuc andwyrde þ[=æ]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne + [.g]e·seah 165 + ic n[=æ]fre þ[=a] burg, ne ic þone s[=e]aþ n[=a]t.' + + Þ[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]e·l[=æ]hte hine be þ[=æ]m feaxe, and hine bær + t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan þ[=æ]m s[=e]aþe. Þ[=a] clipode + se + Abacuc: 'þ[=u] Godes þ[=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim þ[=a]s l[=a]c þe þ[=e] God + s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cwæþ: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=æ]lend, s[=i]e þ[=e] lof + 170 + and weorþ-mynd þæt þ[=u] m[=e] [.g]e·mundest.' And h[=e] þ[=a] þ[=æ]re + sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el þ[=æ]r-rihte mid swiftum + flyhte [.g]e·br[=o]hte þone disc-þe[.g]n, Abacuc, þ[=æ]r h[=e] hine + [=æ]r [.g]e·nam. + + Se cyning þ[=a] C[=y]rus on þ[=æ]m seofoþan dæ[.g]e [=e]ode dr[=e]ori[.g] + 175 + t[=o] þ[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]aþe, and inn be·seah, and efne þ[=a] + Dani[=e]l + sittende wæs [.g]e·sundfull on·middan þ[=æ]m l[=e]onum. Þ[=a] clipode + se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=æ]re is se God þe Dani[=e]l + on be·l[=i]efþ.' And h[=e] þ[=a] mid þ[=æ]m worde hine [=a]·t[=e]ah of + þ[=æ]m + scræfe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan þ[=a] þe hine [=æ]r for·d[=o]n woldon. + 180 + Þæs cyninges h[=æ]s wearþ hrædl[=i]ce [.g]e·fr[e,]mmed, and þæs + w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a]·scofene be·twix þ[=a] l[=e]on, and + h[=i]e + {74} + þ[=æ]r-rihte mid gr[=æ]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o]·t[=æ]ron. + Þ[=a] + cwæþ se cyning: 'Forhtien and on·dr[=æ]den ealle eorþ-b[=u]end + Dani[=e]les God, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] is [=A]·l[=i]esend and H[=æ]lend, + 185 + wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorþan.' + +V. + + Nabochodonosor, se h[=æ]þena cyning, [.g]e·h[e,]rgode on Godes + folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=æ]dum God þæt + [.g]e·þafode. Þ[=a] [.g]e·nam h[=e] þ[=a] m[=a]þm-fatu, gyldenu and + silfrenu, + binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190 + [.g]e·l[=æ]dde. Hit [.g]e·lamp eft siþþan þæt h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne + [.g]e·sihþe be him selfum [.g]e·seah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him siþþan + [=a]·[=e]ode. + + Æfter þissum ymb twelf m[=o]naþ, [=e]ode se cyning binnan + his healle mid orm[=æ]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc + and his miht, and cwæþ: 'H[=u], ne is þis s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n, + 195 + þe ic self [.g]e·timbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] þrymme, m[=e] + selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum mæ[.g]ne + and str[e,]n[.g]þo?' Ac him clipode þ[=æ]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]þe + [e,][.g]eslic + stefn of heofonum, þus cweþende: 'Þ[=u] Nabochodonosor, + þ[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·w[=i]tt fram þ[=e], and þ[=u] bist fram mannum + [=a]·worpen, 200 + and þ[=i]n wunung biþ mid wild[=e]orum, and þ[=u] itst gærs, sw[=a] + sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, oþ þæt þ[=u] wite þæt se h[=e]alica + God [.g]e·wielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and þæt h[=e] for·[.g]iefþ r[=i][.c]e + þ[=æ]m + þe h[=e] wile.' + + Witodl[=i]ce on þ[=æ]re ilcan t[=i]de wæs þ[=e]os spr[=æ][.c] + [.g]e·fylled 205 + ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid + wild[=e]orum, leofode be gærse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, oþ þæt his + feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his næ[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a] + earnes clawa. + + Eft siþþan him for·[.g]eaf se ælmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]e·witt, 210 + and h[=e] cwæþ: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a]·h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p + t[=o] + heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wearþ for·[.g]iefen, and ic þ[=a] + bl[=e]tsode þone h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode + {75} + þone þe leofaþ on [=e][.c]nesse, for þ[=æ]m þe his miht is [=e][.c]e, and + his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=æ][.g]þe and on m[=æ][.g]þe. Ealle + eorþ-b[=u]end 215 + sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]e·tealde on his wiþ·metennesse. Æfter his + willan h[=e] d[=e]þ [=æ][.g]þer [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eorþan, and nis + n[=a]n þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande, oþþe him t[=o] cweþe 'hw[=y] + d[=e]st þ[=u] sw[=a]?' On þ[=æ]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet + [.g]e·w[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e], + and ic be·c[=o]m t[=o] weorþ-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n + 220 + m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] be·c[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and + m[=i]n + m[=æ]rþo wearþ [.g]e·[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=æ]rsi[.g]e and + wuldri[.g]e þone heofonlican cyning, for þ[=æ]m þe eall his weorc + sind s[=o]þ, and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] mæ[.g] + [.g]e·[=e]aþ-m[=e]dan + þ[=a] þe on m[=o]di[.g]nesse faraþ.' 225 + + Þus [.g]e·[=e]aþm[=e]dde se ælmihtiga God þone m[=o]digan cyning + Nabochodonosor. + +{76} + +IV. + +SAMSON. + + [=A]n mann wæs eardiende on Israh[=e]la þ[=e]ode, Manu[=e] + [.g]e·h[=a]ten, of þ[=æ]re m[=æ][.g]þe Dan; his w[=i]f wæs un-t[=i]emend, + and + h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m þ[=a] gangende t[=o] Godes + [e,]n[.g]el, and cwæþ þæt h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him + [.g]e·m[=æ]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=æ]fre oþþe w[=i]n, ne n[=a]ht + 5 + f[=u]les ne þi[.c][.g]e; s[=e] biþ Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his + [.c]ildh[=a]de; and + man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oþþe be·s[.c]ieran, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] + on·[.g]inþ t[=o] [=a]·l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la þ[=e]ode, of + Philist[=e]a + þ[=e]owte.' + + H[=e]o [=a]·c[e,]nde þ[=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere sæ[.g]de se + [e,]n[.g]el, and 10 + h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]þe w[=e]ox; and God hine bl[=e]tsode, + and Godes g[=a]st wæs on him. H[=e] wearþ þ[=a] mihti[.g] on + mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]þo, sw[=a] þæt h[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on + be we[.g]e, þe + hine [=a]·b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o]·bræ[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, + swelce he + t[=o]·t[=æ]re sum [=e]aþelic ti[.c][.c]en. 15 + + H[=e] be·gann þ[=a] t[=o] winnenne wiþ þ[=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera + fela of·sl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, þ[=e]ah þe h[=i]e onweald + hæfden + ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. Þ[=a] f[=e]rdon þ[=a] Philist[=e]i forþ æfter + Samsone, + and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode þæt h[=i]e hine [=a]·[.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera + onwealde, + þæt h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=æ]denne mid tintregum 20 + on him. H[=i]e þ[=a] hine [.g]e·bundon mid tw[=æ]m bæstenum r[=a]pum + and hine [.g]e·l[=æ]ddon t[=o] þ[=æ]m folce. And þ[=a] Philist[=e]iscan + þæs + fæ[.g]nodon sw[=i]þe; urnon him t[=o]·[.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende; + woldon + hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=æ]denne. Þ[=a] t[=o]·bræ[.g]d + Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, þæt þ[=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston þe h[=e] + mid 25 + {77} + [.g]e·bunden wæs. And h[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte þ[= a] s[=o]na sumes assan + [.c]inn-b[=a]n þe h[=e] þ[=æ]r funde, and [.g]e·feaht wiþ h[=i]e, and + of·sl[=o][.g] + [=a]n þ[=u]send mid þæs assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wearþ þ[=a] sw[=i]þe + of·þyrst for þ[=æ]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and bæd þone heofonlican + God þæt h[=e] him [=a]·s[e,]nde drincan, for þ[=æ]m þe on þ[=æ]re 30 + n[=e]awiste næs n[=a]n wæters[.c]ipe. Þ[=a] arn of þ[=æ]n [.c]innb[=a]ne + of [=a]num t[=e]þ wæter; and Samson þ[=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne + þancode. + + Æfter þissum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre + byri[.g] + on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]e·h[=a]ten. And h[=i]e þæs fæ[.g]nodon; 35 + be·s[e,]tton þ[=a] þ[=æ]t h[=u]s þe h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine + [.g]e·niman mid þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=æ]rne-mer[.g]en, and + hine + of·sl[=e]an. Hwæt þ[=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under·[.g]eat; and + [=a]·r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o]·middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]e·nam + þ[=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]e·bær on his hry[.c][.g]e mid þ[=æ]m postum, + 40 + sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e be·locenu w[=æ]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne + t[=o] ufeweardum + þ[=æ]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]e·sihþum. + + Hine be·sw[=a]c sw[=a]·þ[=e]ah siþþan [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila + [.g]e·h[=a]ten, of + þ[=æ]m h[=æ]þnan folce, sw[=a] þæt h[=e] hiere sæ[.g]de, þurh hiere + sw[=i]cd[=o]m 45 + be·p[=æ]ht, on hw[=æ]m his str[e,]n[.g]þo wæs and his wundorlicu + miht. Þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan Philist[=e]i be·h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wiþ + þ[=æ]m + þe h[=e]o be·swice Samson þone strangan. Þ[=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o + hine [.g]eorne mid hiere [=o]l[=æ][.c]unge on hw[=æ]m his miht w[=æ]re; + and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e·bunden mid seofon 50 + r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e·wield.' Þæt + swicole w[=i]f þ[=a] be·[.g]eat þ[=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] þurh + sierwunge + sw[=a] wearþ [.g]e·bunden. And him man c[=y]þde þæt + þ[=æ]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; þ[=a] t[=o]·bræc h[=e] s[=o]na þ[=a] + r[=a]pas, sw[=a] + sw[=a] h[e,]fel-þr[=æ]das; and þæt w[=i]f nyste on hw[=æ]m his miht 55 + wæs. H[=e] wearþ eft [.g]e·bunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and + h[=e] þ[=a] t[=o]·bræc, sw[=a] sw[=a] þ[=a] [=o]þre. + + H[=e]o be·sw[=a]c hine sw[=a]·þ[=e]ah, þæt h[=e] hiere sæ[.g]de æt + {78} + n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode [.g]e·h[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de; + and + ic næs n[=æ]fre [.g]e·[e,]fsod, ne n[=æ]fre be·scoren; and [.g]if ic + b[=e]o 60 + be·scoren, þonne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]þrum mannum [.g]e·l[=i]c;' + and h[=e]o l[=e]t þ[=a] sw[=a]. + + H[=e]o þ[=a] on sumum dæ[.g]e, þ[=a] þ[=a] h[=e] on sl[=æ]pe læ[.g], + for·[.c]earf + his seofon loccas, and [=a]·weahte hine siþþan; þ[=a] wæs + h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]þre m[e,]nn. And þ[=a] + Philist[=e]i 65 + [.g]e·f[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine be·l[=æ]wde, and + [.g]e·l[=æ]ddon + hine on·we[.g]; and h[=e]o hæfde þone s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a] + him [.g]e·wearþ. + + H[=i]e þ[=a] hine [=a]·bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]e·bundenne l[=æ]ddon on + heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne 70 + be·lucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan æt + hiera hand-cweorne. Þ[=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht + eft on him. And þ[=a] Philist[=e]i full·bl[=i]þe w[=æ]ron: þancodon + hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]e·h[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e þurh his fultum + hiera f[=e]ond [.g]e·wielden. 75 + + Þ[=a] Philist[=e]i þ[=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]e·worhton, and + [.g]e·samnodon + h[=i]e on sumre [=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle þ[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and + [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, þr[=e]o þ[=u]send manna on mi[.c]elre + blisse. + And þ[=a] þ[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]þost w[=æ]ron, þ[=a] b[=æ]don h[=i]e sume + þæt Samson + m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na 80 + [.g]e·f[e,]tte mid sw[=i]þlicre w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan + be·twix tw[=æ]m st[=æ]nenum sw[=e]orum. On þ[=æ]m tw[=æ]m sw[=e]orum + st[=o]d þæt h[=u]s eall [.g]e·worht. And Samson þ[=a] plegode + sw[=i]þe him æt·foran; and [.g]e·l[=æ]hte þ[=a] sw[=e]oras mid + sw[=i]þlicre + mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o]·gædre þæt h[=i]e s[=o]na t[=o]·burston; + and 85 + þæt h[=u]s þ[=a] [=a]·f[=e]oll eall, þ[=æ]m folce t[=o] d[=e]aþe, and + Samson + forþ mid, sw[=a] þæt h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]aþe [=a]·cwealde + þonne h[=e] [=æ]r cwic dyde. + +{79} + +V. + +FROM THE CHRONICLE. + + Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund + m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on þ[=æ]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f + [.g]e·þ[=e]odu: + [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-læden. + + [=Æ]rest w[=æ]ron b[=u]end þisses landes Brettas. Þ[=a] c[=o]mon + of Armenia, and [.g]e·s[=æ]ton s[=u]þan-wearde Bretene [=æ]rest. Þ[=a] 5 + [.g]e·lamp hit þæt Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]þan of Scithian mid + langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and þ[=a] c[=o]mon [=æ]rest on + Norþ-ibernian [=u]p; and þ[=æ]r b[=æ]don Scottas þæt h[=i]e þ[=æ]r + m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e + cw[=æ]don þæt h[=i]e ne mihten ealle æt·gædre [.g]e·wunian þ[=æ]r. 10 + And þ[=a] cw[=æ]don þ[=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hwæþre r[=æ]d + [.g]e·l[=æ]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]þer [=i]e[.g]land h[=e]r-be·[=e]astan; + þ[=æ]r [.g][=e] + magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willaþ; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow + wiþ·st[e,]nt, + w[=e] [=e]ow fultumiaþ þæt [.g][=e] hit mæ[.g]en [.g]e·g[=a]n.' + + Þ[=a] f[=e]rdon þ[=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon þis land norþan-weard; + 15 + s[=u]þan-weard hit hæfdon Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=æ]r cw[=æ]don. + And þ[=a] Peohtas him [=a]·b[=æ]don w[=i]f æt Scottum on þ[=a] + [.g]e·r[=a]d + þæt h[=i]e [.g]e·curen hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on þ[=a] w[=i]f-healfe. Þæt + h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange siþþan. + + And þ[=a] [.g]e·lamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne þæt Scotta sum d[=æ]l 20 + [.g]e·w[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene, and þæs landes sumne d[=æ]l + [.g]e·[=e]odon; and wæs hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]e·h[=a]ten: fram + þæm h[=i]e sind [.g]e·n[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi. + {80} + + Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus on·f[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e, + and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon winter. 25 + + And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne + [.g]e·laþode, Bretta cyninge, [.g]e·s[=o]hton Bretene on þ[=æ]m + st[e,]de þe is [.g]e·n[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=æ]rest Brettum t[=o] + fultume, + ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton. + + Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on·[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a] + 30 + dydon, and si[.g]e hæfdon sw[=a] hw[=æ]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon. + + H[=i]e þ[=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran + fultum; and h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and + þæs + landes cysta. H[=i]e þ[=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran fultum. Þ[=a] c[=o]mon + þ[=a] m[e,]nn of þrim m[=æ][.g]þum [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of 35 + [E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum. + + Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--þæt is s[=e]o + m[=æ][.g]þ þe n[=u] eardaþ on Wiht--and þæt cynn on West-seaxum + þe man n[=u]·[.g]iet h[=æ]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum + c[=o]mon [=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]þ-seaxe, and West-seaxe. 40 + Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] siþþan st[=o]d w[=e]ste be·twix [=I]otum + and + Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle + Norþhymbre. + + 455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrt[.g]eorne + þ[=æ]m cyninge in þ[=æ]re st[=o]we þe is [.g]e·cweden Æ[.g]les-þrep; 45 + and his br[=o]þor Horsan man of·sl[=o]g. And æfter þ[=æ]m H[e,]n[.g]est + f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and Æsc his sunu. + + 457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þ[=æ]re + st[=o]we þe is [.g]e·cweden Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and þ[=æ]r + of·sl[=o]gon + f[=e]ower þ[=u]send wera. And þ[=a] Brettas þ[=a] for·l[=e]ton + C[e,]nt-land, 50 + and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g]. + + 473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and Æsc [.g]e·fuhton wiþ W[=e]alas, and + [.g]e·n[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and þ[=a] W[=e]alas + flugon + þ[=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r. + + 787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge. 55 + And on his dagum c[=o]mon [=æ]rest þr[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and þ[=a] se + {81} + [.g]e·r[=e]fa þ[=æ]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde dr[=i]fan t[=o] þæs + cyninges + t[=u]ne, þ[=y] h[=e] nyste hwæt h[=i]e w[=æ]ron; and hine man of·sl[=o]g. + Þæt w[=æ]ron þ[=a] [=æ]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna þe Angel-cynnes + land [.g]e·s[=o]hton. 60 + + 851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]e·feaht wiþ h[=æ]þne m[e,]nn + mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re æt Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and þ[=æ]r mi[.c]el wæl + [.g]e·sl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon. + + And þ[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are Æþelst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux + mi[.c]elne h[e,]re of·sl[=o]gon æt Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon 65 + s[.c]ipu [.g]e·f[=e]ngon, and þ[=a] [=o]þru [.g]e·fl[=i]emdon; and + h[=æ]þne m[e,]nn + [=æ]rest ofer winter s[=æ]ton. + + And þ[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]orþe healf hund s[.c]ipa on + T[e,]mese-m[=u]þan, and br[=æ]con Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg, + and [.g]e·fl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his 70 + fierde; and f[=e]rdon þ[=a] s[=u]þ ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]þri[.g]e; and + him [.g]e·feaht wiþ Æþelwulf cyning and Æþelbeald his + sunu æt [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and þ[=æ]r þæt m[=æ]ste + wæl [.g]e·sl[=o]gon on h[=æ]þnum h[e,]re þe w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an + h[=i]erdon oþ + þisne andweardan dæ[.g], and þ[=æ]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon. 75 + + 867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer + Humbre-m[=u]þan + t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre on Norþ-hymbre. And þ[=æ]r wæs mi[.c]el + un-[.g]eþw[=æ]rnes þ[=æ]re þ[=e]ode be·twix him selfum, and h[=i]e + hæfdon hiera cyning [=a]·worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne + cyning under·f[=e]ngon Ællan. And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] þ[=æ]m + 80 + [.g]e·[.c]ierdon þæt h[=i]e wiþ þone h[e,]re winnende w[=æ]ron; and + h[=i]e + þ[=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]e·gadrodon, and þone h[e,]re s[=o]hton æt + Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on þ[=a] [.c]eastre br[=æ]con, and h[=i]e + sume + inne wurdon; and þ[=æ]r wæs un-[.g]emetlic wæl ge·slæ[.g]en Norþanhymbra, + sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and þ[=a] cyningas 85 + b[=e][.g]en ofslæ[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f wiþ þone h[e,]re friþ nam. + +{82} + +VI. + +KING EDMUND. + + Sum sw[=i]þe [.g]e·l[=æ]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]þan ofer s[=æ] fram sancte + Benedictes st[=o]we, on Æþelredes cyninges dæ[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne + ær[.c]e-biscope, þrim [.g][=e]arum [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] forþ·f[=e]rde, + and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. Þ[=a] wurdon h[=i]e æt spr[=æ][.c]e, oþ + þæt D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a] + [=E]admundes 5 + sweord-bora hit reahte Æþelst[=a]ne cyninge, þ[=a] þ[=a] + D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann wæs, and se sweord-bora wæs for·ealdod + mann. Þ[=a] [.g]e·s[e,]tte se munuc ealle þ[=a], [.g]e·r[e,][.c]ednesse + on + [=a]nre b[=e]c, and eft, þ[=a] þ[=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s, + binnan f[=e]am + [.g][=e]arum, þ[=a] [=a]·w[e,]ndon w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a] + sw[=a] hit h[=e]r·æfter 10 + st[e,]nt. Se munuc þ[=a] Abbo binnan tw[=æ]m [.g][=e]arum [.g]e·w[e,]nde + h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wearþ s[=o]na t[=o] abbode + [.g]e·s[e,]tt on þ[=æ]m ilcan mynstre. + + [=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, wæs snotor and + weorþfull, and weorþode simle mid æþelum þ[=e]awum þone 15 + ælmihtigan God. H[=e] wæs [=e]aþ-m[=o]d and [.g]e·þungen, and + sw[=a] [=a]n-r[=æ]d þurh·wunode þæt h[=e] nolde [=a]·b[=u]gan t[=o] + bismerfullum + leahtrum, ne on n[=a]wþre healfe h[=e] ne [=a]·hielde his + þ[=e]awas, ac wæs simle [.g]e·myndi[.g] þ[=æ]re s[=o]þan l[=a]re: '[.G]if + þ[=u] + eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]e·s[e,]tt, ne [=a]·h[e,]fe þ[=u] þ[=e], + ac b[=e]o be·twix 20 + mannum sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] wæs + cysti[.g] w[=æ]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] fæder, and mid + wel-willendnesse [.g]e·wissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse, + and þ[=æ]m r[=e]þum st[=i]erde, and [.g]e·s[=æ]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode on + s[=o]þum + [.g]e·l[=e]afan. 25 + {83} + + Hit [.g]e·lamp þ[=a] æt n[=i]ehstan þæt þ[=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode + f[=e]rdon + mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land, + sw[=a] + sw[=a] hiera [.g]e·wuna is. On þ[=æ]m flotan w[=æ]ron þ[=a] fyrmestan + h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e·[=a]nl[=æ]hte þurh d[=e]ofol, + and h[=i]e on Norþhymbra-lande [.g]e·l[e,]ndon mid æscum, and 30 + [=a]·w[=e]ston þæt land, and þ[=a] l[=e]ode of·sl[=o]gon. Þ[=a] + [.g]e·w[e,]nde + Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba be·l[=a]f on + Norþhymbra-lande, + [.g]e·wunnenum si[.g]e mid wæl-hr[=e]ownesse. + Hinguar þ[=a] be·c[=o]m t[=o] [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on þ[=æ]m + [.g][=e]are + þe Ælfred æþeling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara wæs, s[=e] þe + West-seaxna 35 + cyning siþþan wearþ m[=æ]re. And se fore-sæ[.g]da + Hinguar f[=æ]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande be·stealcode, and + þ[=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f, and þ[=a] un[.g]ewittigan + [.c][=i]ld, + and to bismere t[=u]code þ[=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e] s[e,]nde + þ[=a] siþþan s[=o]na t[=o] þ[=æ]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=æ]rende, þæt h[=e] + 40 + [=a]·b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=æ]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his + f[=e]ores r[=o]hte. + Se [=æ]rend-raca c[=o]m þ[=a] t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares + [=æ]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a]·b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re cyning, c[=e]ne + and si[.g]efæst on s[=æ] and on lande, hæfþ fela þ[=e]oda [.g]e·weald, + and c[=o]m n[=u] mid fierde f[=æ]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, þæt 45 + h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode hæbbe. N[=u] h[=æ]tt h[=e] þ[=e] + d[=æ]lan þ[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and þ[=i]nra ieldrena + [.g]e·str[=e]on + arodl[=i]ce wiþ hine, and þ[=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if þ[=u] + cwic b[=e]on wilt, for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=u] næfst þ[=a] miht þæt þ[=u] mæ[.g]e + him wiþ·standan.' 50 + + Hwæt þ[=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop þe him + þ[=a] [.g]e·h[e,]ndost wæs, and wiþ hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] þ[=æ]m + r[=e]þan Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Þ[=a] forhtode se biscop + for þ[=æ]m f[=æ]rlican [.g]e·limpe, and for þæs cyninges l[=i]fe, + and cwæþ þæt him r[=æ]d þ[=u]hte þæt h[=e] t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.g]e·buge þe 55 + him b[=e]ad Hinguar. Þ[=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and be·seah + t[=o] þ[=æ]re eorþan, and cwæþ þ[=a] æt n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him + t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] þ[=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]e·t[=a]wode + þ[=a]s earman + {84} + land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=æ]re þæt ic on [.g]e·feohte + f[=e]olle wiþ þ[=æ]m þe m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' 60 + And se biscop cwæþ: '[=E]al[=a] þ[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, þ[=i]n folc + l[=i]þ of·slæ[.g]en, and þ[=u] næfst þone fultum þæt þ[=u] feohtan + mæ[.g]e, and þ[=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cumaþ, and þ[=e] cwicne [.g]e·bindaþ, + b[=u]tan þ[=u] mid fl[=e]ame þ[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e·beorge, oþþe þ[=u] + þ[=e] sw[=a] + [.g]e·beorge þæt þ[=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' Þ[=a] cwæþ [=E]admund cyning, + 65 + sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] full·c[=e]ne wæs: 'þæs ic [.g]e·wilni[.g]e and + [.g]e·w[=y]s[.c]e + mid m[=o]de þæt ic [=a]na ne be·l[=i]fe æfter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum + þe[.g]num, + þe on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=æ]rl[=i]ce + of·slæ[.g]ene fram þissum flot-mannum. Næs m[=e] n[=æ]fre [.g]e·wunelic + þæt ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]þor sweltan, 70 + [.g]if ic þorfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se ælmihtiga God + w[=a]t þæt ic nyle [=a]·b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=æ]fre, ne + fram + his s[=o]þre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.' + + Æfter þissum wordum h[=e] [.g]e·w[e,]nde t[=o] þ[=æ]m [=æ]rend-racan þe + Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and sæ[.g]de him un·forht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 + þ[=u] w[=æ]re n[=u] wierþe sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a]·f[=y]lan on + þ[=i]num f[=u]lum + bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=æ]nan handa, for þ[=æ]m þe ic Cr[=i]ste folgi[.g]e, + þe + [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]e·b[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]þel[=i]ce wile b[=e]on + of·slæ[.g]en + þurh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awaþ. Far n[=u] sw[=i]þe + hraþe, + and s[e,][.g]e þ[=i]num r[=e]þan hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a]·b[=y]hþ n[=æ]fre + [=E]admund 80 + Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=æ]þnum h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to + H[=æ]lende + Cr[=i]ste [=æ]rest mid [.g]e·l[=e]afan on þissum lande [.g]e·b[=u]ge."' + + Þ[=a] [.g]e·w[e,]nde se [=æ]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce on·we[.g], and + [.g]e·m[=e]tte + be we[.g]e þone wæl-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde + f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and sæ[.g]de þ[=æ]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him + [.g]e·andwyrd 85 + wæs. Hinguar beb[=e]ad þ[=a] mid bieldo þ[=æ]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re + þæt h[=i]e þæs cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, þe his h[=æ]se + for·seah, and hine s[=o]na bindan. + + Hwæt þ[=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid þ[=æ]m þe Hinguar c[=o]m, + st[=o]d innan his healle, þæs H[=æ]lendes [.g]e·myndi[.g], and [=a]·wearp + 90 + his w[=æ]pnu: wolde [.g]e·efenl[=æ][.c]an Cr[=i]stes [.g]e·b[=y]snungum, + þe + {85} + for·b[=e]ad Petre mid w[=æ]pnum t[=o] winnenne wiþ þ[=a] wælhr[=e]owan + I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwæt þ[=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan þ[=a] [=E]admund [.g]e·bundon, + and + [.g]e·bismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] + siþþan l[=æ]ddon þone [.g]e·l[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num + eorþ-faestan 95 + tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine þ[=æ]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum, + and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] + simle clipode be·twix þ[=æ]m swinglum mid s[=o]þum [.g]e·l[=e]afan t[=o] + H[=æ]lende Cr[=i]ste; and þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan þ[=a] for his [.g]e·l[=e]afan + wurdon + w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] + fultume: 100 + h[=i]e scuton þ[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, + oþ þæt h[=e] eall wæs be·s[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les + byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus wæs. Þ[=a] [.g]e·seah Hinguar, se + [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, þæt se æþela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste wiþ·sacan, + ac mid [=a]nr[=æ]dum [.g]e·l[=e]afan hine [=æ]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine + þ[=a] 105 + be·h[=e]afdian, and þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan sw[=a] dydon. Be·twix þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] + clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste þ[=a]·[.g]iet, þ[=a] tugon þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan þone + h[=a]lgan + t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of þæt + h[=e]afod, + and his s[=a]wol s[=i]þode [.g]e·s[=æ]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. Þ[=æ]r wæs + sum + mann [.g]e·h[e,]nde [.g]e·healden, þurh God be·h[=y]dd þ[=æ]m h[=æ]þnum, + 110 + þe þis [.g]e·h[=i]erde eall, and hit eft sæ[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] + hit + s[e,][.c][.g]aþ h[=e]r. + + Hwæt þ[=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and be·h[=y]ddon + þæt + h[=e]afod þæs h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on þ[=æ]m þi[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum, + þæt hit be·byr[.g]ed ne wurde. Þ[=a] æfter fierste siþþan h[=i]e 115 + [=a]·farene w[=æ]ron, c[=o]m þæt land-folc t[=o], þe þ[=æ]r t[=o] l[=a]fe + wæs, + þ[=æ]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c læ[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon + swiþe + s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru þæt h[=i]e + næfden þæt + h[=e]afod t[=o] þ[=æ]m bodi[.g]e. Þ[=a] sæ[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere þe hit + [=æ]r + [.g]e·seah, þæt þ[=a] flotm[e,]nn hæfden þæt h[=e]afod mid him; and 120 + wæs him [.g]e·þ[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit wæs full·s[=o]þ, þæt h[=i]e + beh[=y]dden + þæt h[=e]afod on þ[=æ]m holte for·hwega. + + H[=i]e [=e]odon þ[=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] þ[=æ]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende + [.g]e·hw[=æ]r, + [.g]eond þ[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=æ]r mihten + {86} + [.g]e·m[=e]tan þæt h[=e]afod. Wæs [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor þæt [=a]n wulf + 125 + wearþ [=a]·s[e,]nd, þurh Godes wissunge, t[=o] be·w[e,]rienne þæt + h[=e]afod wiþ þ[=a] [=o]þru d[=e]or ofer dæ[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon + þ[=a] + s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]e·wunelic is + þ[=æ]m + þe on wuda g[=a]þ oft, 'hw[=æ]r eart þ[=u] n[=u], [.g]e·f[=e]ra?' And him + andwyrde þæt h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a] + [.g]e·l[=o]me 130 + clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=æ]ni[.g] + clipode, oþ þæt h[=i]e ealle be·c[=o]mon þurh þ[=a] clipunge him t[=o]. + Þ[=a] læ[.g] se gr[=æ]ga wulf þe be·wiste þæt h[=e]afod, and mid his + tw[=æ]m f[=o]tum hæfde þæt h[=e]afod be·clypped, gr[=æ]di[.g] and + hungri[.g], + and for Gode ne dorste þæs h[=e]afdes on·byr[.g]an, ac 135 + h[=e]old hit wiþ d[=e]or. Þ[=a] wurdon h[=i]e of·wundrode þæs + wulfes hierd-r[=æ]denne, and þæt h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon + mid him, þanciende þ[=æ]m Ælmihtigan ealra his wundra. + Ac se wulf folgode forþ mid þ[=æ]m h[=e]afde, oþ þæt h[=i]e t[=o] + t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam wære, and [.g]e·w[e,]nde eft siþþan + 140 + t[=o] wuda on·[.g][=e]an. + + Þ[=a] land-l[=e]ode þ[=a] siþþan l[e,][.g]don þæt h[=e]afod t[=o] þ[=æ]m + h[=a]lgan + bodi[.g]e, and be·byri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre + hrædunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a]·r[=æ]rdon s[=o]na him on·uppan. Eft + þ[=a] on fierste, æfter fela [.g][=e]arum, þ[=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung + [.g]e·sw[=a]c, 145 + and sibb wearþ for·[.g]iefen þ[=æ]m [.g]e·sw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, þ[=a] + f[=e]ngon + h[=i]e t[=o]·gædre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorþl[=i]ce þ[=æ]m + h[=a]lgan, + for þ[=æ]m þe ge·l[=o]me wundru wurdon æt his byr[.g]enne, æt + þ[=æ]m [.g]e·bed-h[=u]se þ[=æ]r h[=e] be·byr[.g]ed wæs. H[=i]e woldon + þ[=a] + f[e,]rian mid folclicre weorþmynde þone h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 + l[e,][.c][.g]an innan þ[=æ]re [.c]iri[.c]an. Þ[=a] wæs mi[.c]el wundor + þæt h[=e] + wæs eall sw[=a] [.g]e·h[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=æ]re, mid cl[=æ]num + l[=i]chaman, + and his sw[=e]ora wæs [.g]e·h[=æ]led, þe [=æ]r wæs for·slæ[.g]en, and + wæs swelce [=a]n seolcen þr[=æ]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] + sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofs·læ[.g]en wæs. [=E]ac swelce þ[=a] wunda, 155 + þe þ[=a] wælhr[=e]owan h[=æ]þnan mid [.g]e·l[=o]mum scotungum on his + l[=i]ce macodon, w[=æ]ron [.g]e·h[=æ]lde þurh þone heofonlican God; + {87} + and h[=e]; l[=i]þ sw[=a] onsund oþ þisne and-weardan dæ[.g], + and-b[=i]diende + [=æ]ristes and þæs [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s + c[=y]þþ, þe l[=i]þ un-formolsnod, þæt h[=e] b[=u]tan for·li[.g]re h[=e]r + on 160 + worulde leofode, and mid cl[=æ]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]þode. + + Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]e·h[=a]ten, æt þæs h[=a]lgan + byr[.g]enne, on [.g]e·bedum and fæstennum manigu [.g][=e]ar siþþan. + S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=æ]lce [.g][=e]are þone sanct, and his næ[.g]las + [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] + h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 + on weofode. Þa weorþode þæt land-folc mid [.g]e·l[=e]afan þone + sanct, and Þ[=e]odred biscop þearle mid [.g]iefum on golde and + on seolfre, þ[=æ]m sancte t[=o] weorþmynde. + + Þ[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=æ]l un-[.g]es[=æ]lige þ[=e]ofas eahta on + [=a]nre nihte t[=o] þ[=æ]m [=a]r-weorþan h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan þ[=a] + 170 + m[=a]þmas þe m[e,]nn þider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid cræfte + h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]þe + þ[=a] + hæspan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb·[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac + under·dealf þ[=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=æ]ddre wolde + on·l[=u]can þ[=æ]t [=e]ag-þ[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and + earml[=i]ce 175 + f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] þæt se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]e·band, + [=æ]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, þæt hiera + n[=a]n ne + mihte þæt morþ [.g]e·fr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e þanon [=a]·styrian; ac + st[=o]don sw[=a] oþ mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn þ[=a] þæs wundrodon, h[=u] þ[=a] + weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=æ]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]e·delfe, 180 + and [=æ]lc on his weorce wæs fæste [.g]e·bunden. H[=i]e wurdon + þ[=a] [.g]e·br[=o]hte t[=o] þ[=æ]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t h[=i]e + [=a]·h[=o]n on + h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] næs n[=a] [.g]e·myndi[.g] h[=u] se + mildheorta + God clipode þurh his w[=i]tegan þ[=a]s word þe h[=e]r standaþ: + _Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses_, 'þ[=a] þe man l[=æ]tt 185 + t[=o] d[=e]aþe [=a]·l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac þ[=a] + h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes + b[=e]c [.g]e·h[=a]dodum for·b[=e]odaþ [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum + t[=o] + b[=e]onne ymbe þ[=e]ofas, for þ[=æ]m þe hit ne [.g]e·byreþ þ[=æ]m þe + b[=e]op [.g]e·corene Gode to þe[.g]nienne þæt h[=i]e + [.g]e·þw[=æ]rl[=æ][.c]an + scylen on [=æ]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]aþe, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]oþ Dryhtnes + 190 + {88} + þe[.g]nas. Eft þ[=a] Þ[=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e] + siþþan + be·hr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge þæt h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]þne d[=o]m + s[e,]tte + þ[=æ]m un[.g]es[=æ]ligum þ[=e]ofum, and hit be·s[=a]rgode [=æ]fre oþ his + l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and þ[=a] l[=e]ode bæd [.g]eorne þæt h[=i]e him mid + fæsten + full[=i]ce þr[=i]e dagas, biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt h[=e] him 195 + [=a]rian scolde. + + On þ[=æ]m lande wæs sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]e·h[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e + for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] þ[=æ]m + h[=a]lgan + mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]þe, and h[=e]t him æt·[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce + sw[=i]þe + þone h[=a]lgan sanct, hwæþer h[=e] [.g]e·sund w[=æ]re; ac sw[=a] hraþe + 200 + sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]e·seah þæs sanctes l[=i]chaman, þ[=a] [=a]·w[=e]dde + h[=e] s[=o]na, + and wæl-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e·[e,]ndode yflum + d[=e]aþe. Þis is þ[=æ]m [.g]e·l[=i]c þe se [.g]e·l[=e]affulla p[=a]pa + Greg[=o]rius + sæ[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be þ[=æ]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, þe l[=i]þ + on + R[=o]me-byri[.g], þæt m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] + l[=æ][.g]e [.g]e 205 + g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]e·stilde sw[=a] þæt þ[=æ]r swulton + on þ[=æ]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn æt·gædre; þ[=a] [.g]eswicon + þ[=a] [=o]þre t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne þone martyr mid m[e,]nniscum + [.g]e·dwylde. + + Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]e·h[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=æ][.c]e be þ[=æ]m + 210 + h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, þe w[=e] h[=e]r nyllaþ on [.g]e·write s[e,]ttan, + ac h[=i]e + w[=a]t [.g]e·hw[=a]. On þissum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum + [=o]þrum, þæt God ælmihti[.g] mæ[.g] þone mann [=a]·r[=æ]ran eft on + d[=o]mes dæ[.g]e onsundne of eorþan, s[=e] þe hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne + his l[=i]chaman oþ þone m[=i][.c]lan dæ[.g], þ[=e]ah þe h[=e] on moldan + c[=o]me. 215 + Wierþe w[=æ]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for þ[=æ]m weorþfullan h[=a]lgan þæt h[=i]e + man weorþode and wel [.g]e·l[=o]gode mid cl[=æ]num Godes þ[=e]owum + t[=o] Cr[=i]stes þ[=e]owd[=o]me; for þ[=æ]m þe se h[=a]lga is m[=æ]rra + þonne + m[e,]nn mæ[.g]en [=a]·sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn be·d[=æ]led Dryhtnes + h[=a]lgena, þonne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]aþ swelce h[=a]lgan + swelce 220 + þes h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]þberht se [=e]adiga and sancte + Æþelþr[=y]þ on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on + l[=i]chaman, + [.g]e·l[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]þre on + {89} + Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, þe fela wundra wyr[.c]aþ, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit + w[=i]de is c[=u]þ, þ[=æ]m Ælmihtigan t[=o] lofe, þe h[=i]e on + [.g]e·l[=i]efdon. 225 + Cr[=i]st [.g]e·sweotolaþ mannum þurh his m[=æ]re h[=a]lgan þæt h[=e] is + ælmihti[.g] God þe wyr[.c]þ swelc wundru, þ[=e]ah þe þ[=a] earman + I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga wiþ·s[=o]cen, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e sind + [=a]·wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne + b[=e]oþ n[=a]n + wundru [.g]e·worht æt hiera byr[.g]ennum, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e ne 230 + [.g]e·l[=i]efaþ on þone lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st [.g]e·sweotolaþ + mannum hw[=æ]r se g[=o]da [.g]e·l[=e]afa is, þonne h[=e] swelc wundru + wyr[.c]þ þurh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond þ[=a]s eorþan, þæs him + s[=i]e + wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Fæder and þ[=æ]m H[=a]lgan + G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235 + +{91} + +NOTES. + +The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; +paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar. + +I. SENTENCES. + +Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1. + +þis sind. Gr. 45. 2. + +l. 6. s[e,]lþ. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 7. s[=e]o ælmesse. Gr. 44. 3. + +l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3). + +l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3. + +n[=æ]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. _ne wæs_ is usually contracted +into _næs_; the full form is used here because the _wæs_ is emphatic. + +l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4. + +l. 23. Æþelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6. + +l. 24. Æsces-d[=u]n, _sf._ Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the +ashtree.' + +l. 27. wile here denotes _repetition_, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52. + +l. 28. þonne is correlative with _gif_ (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3. + +l. 37. ælmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4). + +l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Fæder. This insertion of the definite article +between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent. + +l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6). + +l. 52. t[=o], for. + +l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18. + +l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1. + +l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2). + +l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3. + +l. 63. p[=æ]m, those. + +hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land. + +l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is _bledsian_. It is a +derivative of _bl[=o]d_, like _r[=i][.c]sian_ from _r[=i][.c]e_, with +mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with +blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to +consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim. + +l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably _g[=o]dspell_ += 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek _euaggélion_. {92} +Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following +consonant-group, or else _god_ was directly substituted for _g[=o]d_, as +giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in +the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic +(guðspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the +Old English missionaries. + +biþ. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19. + +l. 89. him on [=æ]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on +every side (of themselves). + +l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5. + +l. 93. Æþelwulf-ing. Gr. 38. + +l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7. + +l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is +common in O. E., as in other languages. + +l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=æ]tt. _[.g]if_ here takes the indic., +instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be +unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wiþst[e,]nt) is assumed as +certain, and VI. 19. + +l. 114. cw[=æ]de. Gr. 48. (5). + +l. 118. mæ[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1). + +l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A). + +l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the +first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below. + +l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3. + +l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2). + +l. 124. w[=æ]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1). + +l. 132. s[=e] þe. Gr. 21. + +l. 135. þæt. Gr. 21; 52. 3. + +l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2. + +l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive +pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion. + +l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. + +l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8). + +l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.' + +l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7). + +l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare _mæ[.g]e_, l. 118 above. + +l. 166. ofslæ[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5. + +l. 176. [.g]eweorþan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.) + +l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93} + +II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. + +l. 1. þ[=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8. + +l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8). + +l. 20. hit refers back to _s[=æ]d_, l. 18. + +l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2. + +l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin _factum est_. + +l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19. + +l. 40. t[=o] forbærnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to +burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as +in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1). + +l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137. + +l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=æ]enne þ[=æ]m wyrhtum. A very stiff +adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem +facta cum operariis.' _þ[=æ]m wyrhtum_ is to be taken as a dative of the +person affected (Gr. 41). + +l. 67. dyde þ[=æ]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit +similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the +_sw[=a]_ being pleonastic. + +l. 86. þæt. Gr. 21. + +l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.' + +l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. _h[=u]s_ must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' +'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural _h[=u]s_ is regularly used to denote the +group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the +kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called +_eldh[=u]s_ (fire-house). + +l. 107. þæt h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two +constructions, (1) _h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on_, (2) _þæt_ (in order that) +_h[=e] [.g]e·s[=a]we_. + +III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. + +The first two pieces are taken from Ælfric's translation of the Heptateuch, +first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as +vol. i. of his _Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa_--Genesis xi. and +xxii. The other three are from Ælfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii. +584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432. + +l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5. + +l. 13. læden. This word is the Latin _latina_ (= _lingua latina_) used +first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94} + +l. 17. for þ[=æ]m ... for þ[=æ]m þe, correlative, the first demonstrative, +the second relative. + +l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of _s[.c]eal_ with a verb of motion +understood is very common. + +l. 36. him self. _him_ is the reflexive dative of interest referring to +_God_--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such +constructions we see the origin of the modern _himself_, _themselves_. + +ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second +_n[=u]_ being almost causal (since). + +l. 51. hæfde ... t[=o], took ... for. + +l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1). + +l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.' + +m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.' + +l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57. + +l. 82. w[=æ]re. Gr. 49. (7). + +l. 89. hwæs is governed by _[.g]iernde_, by 'attraction.' + +l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb. + +l. 137. w[=æ]re. Gr, 49. (7). + +l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for _[.g]el[=i]efan_. + +l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above. + +l. 174. [=æ]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6. + +l. 200. fram mannum. _fram_ here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in +passive constructions. + +l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8). + +IV. SAMSON. + +From Ælfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch. + +l. 8. on[.g]inþ t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, _on[.g]innan_ is often +used pleonastically in this way. + +l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with _[.g]eh[=a]ten_ is put +in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the +general principle (Gr. 42. 6). + +l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=æ]ron, locked as they were. + +ufeweardum þ[=æ]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2. + +l. 46. wæs, consisted. + +l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect _[.g]eworhtum_ (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps +the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative +clause--_þe of sinum [.g]eworhte sind_. {95} + +l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground +that'--'because (as they said).' + +l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106. + +l. 87. forþ is often used pleonastically in this way with _mid_. + +V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. + +l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. _h[=e]r_ is here used analogously to +_þ[=æ]r_, as in II. 3 and the modern E. _there are_. Cp. also l. 12 below. + +[.g]eþ[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that +Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the +time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this +section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle. + +l. 5. Armenia is an error for _Armorica_. + +l. 6. Scithie, Scythia. + +l. 8. Norþibernie, North of Ireland. + +l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which +constitute the Chronicle. + +l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *_Wurtigern_ +from the British _Vortigern_. + +l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet. + +l. 45. Æ[.g]lesþrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford. + +l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford. + +l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows +that it is taken from some old poem. + +l. 61. h[=æ]þne m[e,]nn, Danes. + +l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that +is 'with a force of Devonshire men.' + +l. 64. dux is here written instead of _ealdormann_. So also we find _rex_ +for _cyning_. + +l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich. + +l. 68. f[=e]orþe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the +regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German +_viertehalb_. + +l. 71. S[=u]þri[.g]e, Surrey. + +l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley. + +l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. _h[e,]re_ got a bad sense, through its +association with _h[e,]rgian_ (to harry), and hence is applied only to a +plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws _h[e,]re_ is defined as {96} +a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English +army (militia) is called _fierd_, l. 71, 3 above. + +Humbrem[=u]þa, mouth of the Humber. + +l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of _Eboracum_. + +l. 84. inne wurdon, got in. + +l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51. + +VI. KING EDMUND. + +From Ælfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text +Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, +in his _Analecta Anglosaxonica_ from a very late MS. It is here given from +the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7. + +It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that +is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The +alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m _s_[=u]þan ofer s[=æ] fram +_s_ancte Benedictes _s_t[=o]we; _d_æ[.g]e, t[=o] _D_[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c. + +l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive _sancti_. + +l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, _sanct_ having been made +into a substantive. + +l. 39. bilew[=i]t = _*bile-hw[=i]t_ (with the regular change of _hw_ into +_w_ between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no +doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of +'gentle,' 'simple.' + +l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of _wyrcan_ with a genitive is +frequent. + +l. 76. w[=æ]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6). + +l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably _f[=u]sne_, but the plural +_f[=u]se_ may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively. + +l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh _bettws_, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel +in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged. + +l. 176. sw[=a] þæt does not denote result here, but is explanatory--'namely +by being bound....' + +l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive. + +l. 179. þæs ... h[=u], correlative. + +l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the +Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.' + +l. 200. hwæþer, (that he might see) whether ... + +l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining. + +l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = _[=æ]l-[=i]eg_ 'eel-island.' {97} + +GLOSSARY. + +The order is strictly alphabetical (þ following _t_) except that words with +the prefix _ge_ are put in the order of the letter that follows the _ge_ +(_gebed_ under _b_, &c.). + +The following abbreviations are used :-- + + _sm._, _sn._, _sf._ masc., neut., fem. substantive. + _sv._ strong verb. + _wv._ weak verb. + _swv._ strong-weak verb (preterito-present). + +The others require no explanation. + +The numbers after _sv._ refer to the classes of strong verbs in the +grammar. + +Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The +latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the +phonetic laws given in the grammar. + + [=A], _av._ ever, always. + abbod, _sm._ abbot [_Latin_ abbatem]. + [=a]-·b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ (offer), announce. + [=a]-·biddan, _sv. 5_, ask for, demand. + [=a]-·b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, devour. + [=a]-·bl[e,]ndan, _wv._ blind [blind]. + [=a]-·brecan, _sv. 4_, break into, take (city). + [=a]-·b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend; swerve, turn. + ac, _cj._ but. + [=a]-·c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear (child). + [=a]-·cw[e,]llan, _wv._ kill. + [=a]-·cw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish. + [=a]-·dr[=u]gian, _wv._ dry up, _intr._ [dr[=y][.g]e]. + [=a]-·dw[=æ]s[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish. + æcer, _sm._ field. + æþele, _aj._ noble, excellent. + æþeling, _sm._ prince. + [=æ]fen, _sm._ evening. + [=æ]fre, _av._ ever, always. + æfter, _av._, _prep. w. dat._ after--æfter þ[=æ]em, after that, + afterwards; according to, by. + [=æ][.g]-hwelc, _prn._ each. + [=æ][.g]þer, _prn._ either, each--_cj._ [=æ][.g]þer [.g]e ... [.g]e, both + ... and [ = [=æ][.g] hwæþer]. + [=æ]ht, _sf._ property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan]. + [=æ]lan, _wv._ burn. + [=æ]l[.c], _aj._ each. + ælmesse, _sf._ alms, charity [_Greek_ ele[=e]mosún[=e]]. + æl-mihti[g.], _aj._ almighty. + [=æ]ni[.g], _aj._ any [[=a]n]. + [=æ]r, _prep. w. dat._ before (of time), [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe, _cj._ before. + [=æ]r, _av._ formerly, before; _superl._ [=æ]rest, _adj. and adv._, + first. + ær[.c]e-biscop, _sm._ archbishop [_Latin_ archiepiscopus]. + [=æ]rende, _sn._ errand, message. + {98} + [=æ]rend-raca, _sm._ messenger. + [=æ]-rist, _sfm._ (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san]. + [=æ]rne-mergen, _sm._ early morning. + æsc, _sm._ (ash-tree); war-ship. + æt, _prp. w. dat._ at; _deprivation_, from; _origin_, + _source_--[=a]b[=æ]don w[=i]f æt him, 'asked for wives from them;' + _specification_, _defining_--wurdon æt spr[=æ][.c]e, 'fell into + conversation.' + æt-·bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_ (snatch away), deprive of. + æt-·foran, _prp. w. dat._ before. + æt-·gædre, _av._ together. + æt-[=i]ewan, _wv. w. dat._ show. + [=æ]ton, _see_ etan. + [=a]-·fandian, _wv._ experience, find out [findan]. + [=a]-·faran, _sv. 2_, go away, depart. + [=a]-·feallan, _sv. 1_, fall. + [=a]-·f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed. + [=a]-·f[=y]lan, _wv._ defile [f[=u]l]. + [=a]-fyrht, _aj._ frightened [_past partic. of_ [=a]·fyrhtan _from_ + forht]. + [=a]gan, _swv._ possess. + [=a]-·g[=a]n, _sv._ happen. + [=a]gen, _aj._ own [_originally past partic. of_ [=a]gan]. + [=a]-·[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, render. + [=a]h, _see_ [=a]gan. + [=a]-·h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise, exalt. + [=a]-·hieldan, _wv._ incline. + [=a]-·h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang, _trans._ + [=a]-·hr[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, fall. + [=a]hte, _see_ [=a]gan. + [=a]-hw[=æ]r, _av._ anywhere. + [=a]-·h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire. + [=a]-·l[=i]esan, _wv._ (loosen), release; redeem [l[=e]as]. + [=a]-·l[=i]esed-nes, _sf._ redemption. + [=a]-l[=i]esend, _sm._ redeemer. + [=a]n, _aj._ one (_always strong_); a certain one, certain; alone + (_generally weak_); _gen. pl._ [=a]nra _in_ [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c], + 'each one.' + [=a]n-c[e,]nned, _aj._ (_past partic._) (only-born), only (child). + and, _cj._ and. + and-b[=i]dian, _wv. w. gen._ wait, expect [b[=i]dan]. + andet-nes, _sf._ confession. + andettan, _wv._ confess. + and-[.g]iet, _sn._ sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence. + and-swarian, _wv. w. dat._ answer [andswaru]. + and-swaru, _sf._ answer [sw[e,]rian]. + and-weard, _aj._ present. + and-wyrdan, _wv. w. dat._ answer [word]. + Angel, _sm._ Anglen (a district in Slesvig). + Angel-cynn, _sn._ English nation, England. + [=a]-·niman, _sv. 4_, take away. + [=a]n-l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ unite. + [=a]n-m[=o]d, _aj._ unanimous. + [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ unanimously. + [=a]n-r[=æ]d, _aj._ (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute. + apostol, _sm._ apostle. + [=a]r, _sf._ mercy; honour. + [=a]-·r[=æ]ran, _wv._ raise, build [[=a]r[=i]san]. + [=a]rian, _wv. w. dat._ honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r]. + [=a]-·r[=i]san, _sv. 6_, arise. + [=a]r-l[=e]as, _aj._ wicked. + arn, _see_ iernan. + arod, _aj._ quick, bold. + arod-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly, readily, boldly. + [=a]r-weorþ, _adj._ worthy of honour, venerable. + [=a]scian, _wv._ ask. + [=a]-·sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, thrust. + [=a]-·s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send. + [=a]-·s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set, place. + [=a]-·sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think of, conceive. + assa, _sm._ ass. + [=a]-·st[e,]llan, _wv._ institute. + [=a]-·st[=i]gan, _sv. 6_, ascend, descend. + [=a]-·str[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ stretch out, extend. + [=a]-·styrian, _wv._ stir, move. + [=a]-·t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, draw out, draw, take. + atol-lic, _aj._ deformed. + [=a]-·þr[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, fail, run short. + {99} + [=a]-·w[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ awake, arouse [wacian]. + [=a]-·w[=e]dan, _wv._ go mad [w[=o]d]. + [=a]-·w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; translate. + [=a]-·weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw, throw away; depose (king). + [=a]-·w[=e]stan, _wv._ lay waste, ravage. + [=a]-·wier[.g]ed, _aj._ cursed, accursed, [_past. partic. of_ + [=a]wier[.g]an, _from_ wearg]. + [=a]-wiht, _prn._ aught, anything. + [=a]-·wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write. + [=a]-·wyrtwalian, _wv._ root up. + + B. + + Bæc, _sn._ back--under bæc, behind. + bæd, _see_ biddan. + b[=æ]don, _see_ biddan. + bærnan, _wv._ burn, _trans._ [beornan]. + bærnett, _sn._ burning. + b[=æ]ron, _see_ beran. + bæst, _sm._ bast. + bæsten, _aj._ of bast. + be, _prep. w. dat._ by; about, concerning. + beald, _aj._ bold. + bearn, _sn._ child [beran]. + b[=e]atan, _sv. 1_, beat. + be-·b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ bid, command. + be-·byr[.g]an, _wv._ bury. + b[=e][.c], _see_ b[=o]c. + be-·clyppan, _wv._ embrace, encompass, hold. + be-·cuman, _sv. 4_, come. + _[.g]e_·bed, _sn._ prayer [biddan]. + be-·d[=æ]lan, _wv. w. gen._ deprive of [d[=æ]l]. + b[e,]dd, _sn._ bed. + be-·delfan, _sv. 3_; (hide by digging), bury. + _[.g]e_·bed-h[=u]s, _sn._ oratory, chapel. + be-·fæstan, _wv._ (make fast); _w. dat._ commit, entrust to. + be-·foran, _prp. w. dat._ before. + b[=e][.g]en, _prn._ both. + be-·[.g]eondan, _prp. w. acc._ beyond. + be-·[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, get, obtain. + be-·[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin. + be-·h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, _w. dat._ promise. + be-·h[=e]afdian, _wv._ behead [h[=e]afod]. + be-·healdan, _sv. 1_, behold. + be-·h[=o]fian, _wv. w. gen._ require. + be-·hr[=e]owsian, _wv._ repent [hr[=e]owan]. + be-·h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide. + be-·l[=æ]wan, _wv._ betray. + be-·l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe. + be-·l[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, remain [l[=a]f]. + be-·l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, lock, close. + b[e,]nd, _smfn._ bond [bindan]. + b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ offer. + b[=e]on, _v._ be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with. + beorg, _sm._ hill, mountain. + _[.g]e_beorgan, _sv. 3_, _w. dat._ save, protect. + beornan, _sv. 3_, burn, _intrans_. + b[=e]ot-lic, _aj._ boastful. + be-·p[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ deceive. + beran, _sv. 4_, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth). + b[e,]rn, _sn._ barn. + berstan, _sv. 3_, burst. + be-·s[=a]rgian, _wv._ lament [s[=a]ri[.g]]. + be-·s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear, cut hair. + be-·s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see, look. + be-·s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set about, surround, cover. + be-·stealcian, _wv._ go stealthily, steal. + be-·sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_, deceive, circumvent, betray. + be-·t[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ commit, entrust, give up. + b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, _see_ g[=o]d. + be·tw[=e]onan, _prp. w. dat._ between, among. + be-·twix, _prep. w. acc. and dat._ between, among; _of time_, + during--betwix þ[=æ]m þe, _cj._ while. + be-·w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend. + be-·witan, _swv._ watch over, have charge of. + b[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, wait. + biddan, _sv. 5_, ask, beg. + _[.g]e_·biddan, _sv. 5_, _refl._ pray. + {100} + bieldo, _sf._ (boldness), arrogance [beald]. + b[=i]-g[e,]ng, _sm._ worship [bi, by, _and_ g[e,]n[.g] _from_ g[=a]n]. + bile-w[=i]t, _aj._ simple, innocent. + bindan, _sv. 3_, bind. + binnan, _av._ inside; _prp. w. dat._ within, in [ = be-innan]. + biscop, _sm._ bishop [_Latin_ episcopus]. + bi-smer, _snm._ insult, ignominy. + bismer-full, _aj._ ignominious, shameful. + bismerian, _wv._ treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. + b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, bite. + biþ, _see_ b[=e]on. + bl[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, blow. + bleoh, _sn._ colour. + bl[=e]ow, _see_ bl[=a]wan. + bl[=e]tsian, _wv._ bless. + blind, _aj._ blind. + bliss, _sf._ merriment, joy. + blissian, _wv._ rejoice. + bl[=i]þe, _aj._ glad, merry. + bl[=i]þe-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly. + bl[=o]d, _sn._ blood. + b[=o]c, _sf._ book, scripture. + B[=o]c-læden, _sn._ book Latin, Latin. + bodian, _wv._ announce, preach [b[=e]odan]. + bodi[.g], _sm._ body. + bohte, _see_ by[.c][.g]an. + br[=a]d, _aj._ broad. + br[=æ]þ, _sm._ vapour, odour. + brecan, _sv. 4_, break; take (city). + bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, pull. + br[=e]mel, _sm._ bramble. + Breten, _sf._ Britain. + Brettas, _smpl._ the British. + Brettisc, _aj._ British [Brettas]. + bringan, _wv._ bring. + br[=o]hte, _see_ bringan. + br[=o]þor, _sm._ brother. + br[=u]can, _sv. 7_, _w. gen._ enjoy, partake of. + br[=y]d, _sf._ bride. + br[=y]d-guma, _sm._ bridegroom [_literally_ bride-man]. + b[=u]an, _wv._ dwell. + b[=u]end, _smpl._ dwellers [_pres. partic. of_ b[=u]an]. + bufan, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over, above, on. + b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend, incline. + bundon, _see_ bindan. + burg, _sf._ city. + burg-[.g]eat, _sn._ city-gate. + b[=u]tan, _av._ outs[=i]de; _prp. w. dat._ without, except, besides [ = + be-[=u]tan]. + b[=u]tan, _cj._ unless, except. + by[.c][.g]an, _wv._ buy. + byrþen, _sf._ burden [beran]. + byr[.g]en, _sf._ tomb [bebyr[.g]an]. + _[.g]e_byrian, _wf._ be due, befit. + byri[.g], _see_ burg. + byrst, _sf._ bristle. + _[.g]e_·b[=y]snian, _wv._ give example, illustrate. + _[.g]e_·b[=y]snung, _sf._ example. + + C. + + Cann, _see_ cunnan. + can[=o]n, _sm._ canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books. + Cantwara-burg, _sf._ Canterbury [Cantwara, _gen. of_ Cantware]. + Cant-ware, _pl._ Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [_Lat._ Cantia _and_ ware]. + c[=a]sere, _sm._ emperor [_Latin_ Caesar]. + [.c]eaflas, _smpl._ jaws. + [.c]eald, _aj._ cold. + [.c]ealf, _sn._ calf. + [.c][=e]ap, _sn._ purchase. + [.c][=e]as, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + [.c]easter, _sf._ city [_Latin_ castra]. + c[=e]ne, _aj._ brave, bold. + c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear child. + C[e,]nt, _sf._ Kent [Cantia]. + C[e,]nt-land, _sn._ Kent. + [.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut. + [.c][=e]osan, _sv. 7_, choose. + c[=e]pan, _wv. w. gen._ attend, look out for. + [.c][=i]epan, _wv._ trade, sell [[.c][=e]ap]. + [.c][=i]epend, _sm._ seller [_pres. partic. of_ [.c][=i]epan]. + [.c]ierr, _sm._ turn. + {101} + [.c]ierran, _wv._ turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to. + _[.g]e_·[.c]ierred-nes, _sf._ conversion. + [.c]ild, _sn._ child. + [.c]ild-h[=a]d, _sm._ childhood. + [.c]inn-b[=a]n, _sn._ jawbone. + [.c]iri[.c]e, _sf._ church. + cl[=æ]ne, _aj._ clean, pure. + clawu, _sf._ claw. + clipian, _wv._ call, summon. + clipung, _sf._ calling. + clyppan, _wv._ clip, embrace. + cnapa, _sm._ (boy, youth), servant. + cnoll, _sm._ top, summit. + coccel, _sm._ corn-cockle. + c[=o]m, _see_ cuman. + coren, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + cræft, _sm._ skill, cunning. + cr[=i]sten, _aj._ Christian. + cuma, _sm._ stranger [cuman]. + cuman, _sv. 4_, come; cuman [=u]p, land. + cunnan, _swv._ know. + cunnian, _wv._ try [cunnan]. + curon, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + c[=u]þ, _aj._ known [_originally past partic. of_ cunnan]. + cw[=æ]don, _see_ cweþan. + cwaeþ, _see_ cweþan. + cweartern, _sn._ prison. + cw[=e]man, _wv._ please, gratify. + _[.g]e_·cw[=e]mednes, _sf._ pleasing. + cw[=e]n, _sf._ queen. + cweþan, _sv. 5_, say, speak; name, call. + cwic, _aj._ alive. + cwide, _sm._ speech, address [cweþan]. + _[.g]e_cw[=i]d-r[=æ]den, _sf._ agreement. + cwiþþ, _see_ cweþan. + cymþ, _see_ cuman. + cyne-cynn, _sn._ royal family. + cyne-l[=i]c, _aj._ royal. + cyne-l[=i]ce, _av._ like a king, royally. + cyne-st[=o]l, _sm._ throne. + cyning, _sm._ king. + cynn, _sn._ race, kind. + cyst, _sf._ excellence [[.c][=e]osan]. + cysti[.g], _aj._ (excellent), charitable. + c[=y]þan, _wv._ make known, tell [c[=u]þ]. + + D. + + D[=æ]d, _sf._ deed. + dæ[.g], _sm._ day. + dæ[.g]-hw[=æ]m-l[=i]ce, _av._ daily. + d[=æ]l, _sm._ part--be healfum d[=æ]le, by half. + d[=æ]lan, _wv._ divide, share. + d[=e]ad, _aj._ dead. + d[=e]aþ, _sm._ death. + Defena-s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ Devonshire [Devonia]. + dehter, _see_ dohtor. + _[.g]e_delf, _sn._ digging. + delfan, _sv. 3_, dig. + D[e,]ne, _smpl._ Danes. + D[e,]nisc, _aj._ Danish. + d[=e]ofol, _sum._ devil [_Latin_ diabolus]. + d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, _sn._ idol. + d[=e]op, _aj._ deep. + d[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast. + d[=e]ore, _aj._ dear, precious. + d[=e]or-wierþe, _aj._ precious. + d[=i]egol, _aj._ hidden, secret. + d[=i]egol-nes, _sf._ secret. + d[=i]epe, _sf._ depth [d[=e]op]. + dihtan, _wv._ appoint [_Latin_ dictare]. + disc-þe[.g]n, _sm._ (dish-thane), waiter. + dohtor, _sf._ daughter. + d[=o]m, _sm._ doom, judgment, sentence. + d[=o]n, _sv._ do, act. + dorste, _see_ durran. + draca, _sm._ dragon. + dranc, _see_ drincan. + dr[=e]ori[.g], _aj._ sad. + dr[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, drive. + drinca, _sm._ drink. + drincan, _sv. 3_, drink. + drohtnian, _wv._ live, continue, behave. + drohtnung, _sf._ conduct. + dr[=y][.g]e, _aj._ dry. + Dryhten, _sm._ Lord, + d[=u]n, _sf._ hill, down. + durran, _swv._ dare. + duru, _sf._ door. + d[=u]st, _sn._ dust. + _[.g]e_·dwyld, _sn._ error. + dyde, _see_ d[=o]n. + dyppan, _wv._ dip. + dysi[.g], _aj._ foolish. + + {102} + E. + + [=E]ac, _av._ also; [=e]ac swelce, also. + [=e]acnian, _wv._ increase. + [=e]adi[.g], _aj._ (prosperous), blessed. + [=e]age, _sn._ eye. + [=e]ag-þ[=y]rel, _sn._ (eye-hole), window. + eahta, _num._ eight. + [=e]a-l[=a], _interj._ oh! + eald, _aj._ old--_cp._ ieldra. + Eald-seaxe, _smpl._ Old Saxons. + ealdor, _sm._ chief, master. + ealdor-mann, _sm._ chief, officer. + eall, _aj._ all. + eall, _av._ quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as. + eall-n[=i]we, _aj._ quite new. + eallunga, _av._ entirely. + ealu, _sn._ ale. + eard, _sm._ country, native land. + eardian, _wv._ dwell. + [=e]are, _sn._ ear. + earm, _sm._ arm. + earm, _aj._ poor, wretched, despicable. + earm-lic, _aj._ miserable. + earm-l[=i]ce, _av._ miserably, wretchedly. + earn, _sm._ eagle. + eart, _see_ wesan. + [=e]ast, _av._ eastwards. + [=e]ast-d[=æ]l, _sm._ east part, the East. + [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ East-Anglians. + [=E]ast-seaxe, _smpl._ East-Saxons. + [=e]aþe-lic, _aj._ insignificant, weak. + [=e]aþ-m[=e]dan, _wv._ humble [[=e]aþm[=o]d]. + [=e]aþ-m[=o]d, _aj._ humble. + [=e][.c]e, _aj._ eternal. + [=e][.c]-nes, _sf._ eternity. + efen, _aj._ even. + _[.g]e_·efen-l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ imitate. + efne, _av._ behold, lo! [efen]. + [e,]fsian, _wv._ clip, shear. + eft, _av._ again; afterwards, then; back. + [e,][.g]e, _sm._ fear. + [e,][.g]esa, _sm._ fear [e[.g]e]. + [e,][.g]es-lic, _aj._ fearful, awful. + [=e]htere, _sm._ persecutor. + ele, _sm._ oil. + [e,]l-þ[=e]odi[.g]-nes, _sf._ foreign land. + [e,]nde, _sm._ end. + [e,]ndemes, _av._ together. + _[.g]e_·[e,]ndian, _wv._ end; die. + [e,]ndlufon, _num._ eleven. + [e,]ndlyfta, _aj._ eleventh. + _[.g]e_·[e,]ndung, _sf._ ending, end. + [e,]n[.g]el, _sm._ angel [_Latin_ angelus]. + [E,]n[.g]la-land, _sn._ England [[E,]n[.g]la _gen. pl. of_ [E,]n[.g]le]. + [E,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ the English [Angel]. + [E,]n[.g]lisc, _aj._ English--_sn._ English language [[E,]n[.g]le]. + [=e]ode, _see_ g[=a]n. + eom, _see_ wesan. + eorl, _sm._ earl. + eorþ-b[=u]end, _sm._ earth-dweller. + eorþe, _sf._ earth. + eorþ-fæst, _aj._ firm in the earth. + eorþ-lic, _aj._ earthly. + eornost, _sf._ earnest. + eornost-l[=i]ce, _av._ in truth, indeed. + [=e]ow, _see_ þ[=u]. + etan, _sv. 5_, eat. + [=e]þel, _sm._ country, native land. + + F. + + Fæder, _sm._ father. + fæ[.g]en, _aj._ glad. + fæ[.g]er, _aj._ fair. + fæ[.g]er-nes, _sf._ fairness, beauty. + fæ[.g]nian, _wv. w. gen._ rejoice. + f[=æ]mne, _sf._ virgin. + f[=æ]r, _sf._ danger. + f[=æ]r-lic, _aj._ sudden. + f[=æ]r-l[=i]ce, _av._ suddenly. + fæst, _aj._ fast, firm. + fæstan, _wv._ fast. + fæsten, _sf._ fasting. + fæt, _sn._ vessel. + f[=a]g-nes, _sf._ variegation, various colours. + fandian, _wv. w. gen._ try, test, tempt [findan]. + faran, _sv. 2_, go. + faru, _sf._ procession, retinue, pomp. + f[=e]a, _aj. pl._ few. + _[.g]e_·f[=e]a, _sm._ joy. + feallan, _sv. 1_, fall. + fearr, _sm._ bull; ox. + feax, _sn._ hair of head. + {103} + f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed [f[=o]da]. + fela, _aj. pl. w. gen._ many. + feld, _sm._ field. + feoh, _sn._ money, property. + _[.g]e_·feoht, _sn._ fight. + feohtan, _sv. 3_, fight. + f[=e]ole, _sf._ file. + f[=e]olian, _wv._ file. + f[=e]oll, _see_ feallan. + f[=e]ond, _sm._ enemy. + feorh, _snm._ life. + feorm, _sf._ (food); feast, banquet. + feorr, _av._ far. + f[=e]orþa, _num._ fourth. + f[=e]ower, _num._ four. + _[.g]e_·f[=e]ra, _sm._ companion [f[=o]r]. + f[=e]ran, _wv._ go, fare [f[=o]r]. + _[.g]e_·f[=e]ran, _wv._ (go over), take possession of. + f[e,]rian, _wv._ carry [faran]. + f[=e]t, _see_ f[=o]t. + f[e,]tian, _wv._ fetch--_pret._ [.g]ef[e,]tte. + _[.g]e_·f[e,]tte, _see_ f[e,]tian. + f[=i]end, _see_ f[=e]ond. + fierd, _sf._ army [faran]. + fierlen, _aj._ distant [feorr]. + fierst, _sm._ period, time. + f[=i]f, _num._ five. + findan, _sv. 3_ (_pret._ funde), find. + fisc, _sm._ fish. + fisc-cynn, _sn._ fish-kind. + fl[=e]am, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]on]. + fleax, _sn._ flax. + fl[=e]ogan, _sv. 7_, fly. + fl[=e]on, _sv. 7_, flee. + fl[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, float. + fl[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, quarrel, dispute. + _[.g]e_·fl[=i]eman, _wv._ put to flight [fl[=e]am]. + fl[=o]d, _sm._ flood. + flota, _sm._ fleet [fl[=e]otan]. + flot-h[e,]re, _sm._ naval army, army of pirates. + flot-mann, _sm._ sailor, pirate. + fl[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, flow. + flugon, _see_ fl[=e]on. + flyht, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]ogan]. + f[=o]da, _sm._ food. + folc, _sn._ people, nation. + folc-lic, _aj._ popular. + folgian, _wv. w. dat._ follow; obey. + f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, came to + the throne; t[=o]gædre f[=e]ngon, joined together. + for, _prep. w. dat._ before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde, in the eyes of the + world; _causal_, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for + Gode, for the fear of God--for þ[=æ]m, therefore, for þ[=æ]em (þe), + because; _w. acc._, instead of, for. + f[=o]r, _sf._ journey [faran]. + f[=o]r, _see_ faran. + for-·bærnan, _wv._ burn up, burn, _trans._ + for-·b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, forbid. + for-·br[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, break. + for-·[.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut off. + for-·dilgian, _wv._ destroy. + for-·d[=o]n, _sv._ destroy. + for-·ealdod, _aj._ aged [_past partic. of_ forealdian, grow old]. + fore-s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ pre-ordain, decree, appoint. + fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say before--se foresæ[.g]da, the aforesaid. + for-·[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, grant; forgive. + for-·[.g]ief-nes, _sf._ forgiveness. + for-·[.g][=i]eman, _wv._ neglect. + for-·[.g]ietan, _sv._ forget. + forht, _aj._ afraid. + forhtian, _wv._ be afraid. + for-·hwega, _av._ somewhere. + for-·l[=æ]tan, _sv. 1_, leave, abandon. + for-·l[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, lose. + for-·li[.g]er, _sn._ wantonness, immorality. + forma, _aj._ first--_superl._ fyrmest, first. + for-·molsnian, _wv._ crumble, decay. + for-·scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink up. + for-s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, despise. + for-·sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, cut through. + for-·standan, _sv. 2_, (stand before), protect. + forþ, _av._ forth, forwards, on. + forþ-·f[=e]ran, _wv._ depart, die. + for-·þrysman, _wv._ suffocate, choke. + {104} + for-·weorþan, _sv. 3_, perish. + f[=o]t, _sm._ foot. + frætwian, _wv._ adorn. + frætwung, _sf._ ornament. + fram, _prep. w. dat._ from; _agent. w. pass._ h[=i]e w[=æ]ron fram + Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]elaþode, invited by. + fr[e,]mman, _wv._ perform, do. + fr[=e]ond, _sm._ friend. + friþ, _sm._ peace--friþ niman, make peace. + fugol, _sm._ bird. + fuhton, _see_ feohtan. + f[=u]l, _aj._ foul, impure. + full, _aj._ full. + full-·bl[=i]þe, _aj._ very glad. + full-·c[=e]ne, _aj._ very brave. + ful-l[=i]ce, _av._ fully. + full-·s[=o]þ, _aj._ very true. + fultum, _sm._ help; forces, troops. + fultumian, _wv. w. dat._ help. + funde, _see_ findan. + furþor, _av._ further, more [forþ]. + f[=u]s, _aj._ hastening. + fyllan, _wv._ fill, fulfil [full]. + f[=y]r, _sn._ fire. + fyrmest, _see_ forma. + + G. + + Gadrian, _wv._ gather. + gærs, _sn._ grass. + gafeloc, _sm._ missile, spear. + gafol, _sn._ interest, profit. + gamen, _sn._ sport. + g[=a]n, _sv._ go. + _[.g]e·_g[=a]n, _sv._ gain, conquer. + gangende, _see_ g[=a]n. + g[=a]st, _sm._ spirit; se h[=a]lga g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost. + g[=a]st-lic, _aj._ spiritual. + [.g]e, _cj._ and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and. + [.g][=e], _see_ þ[=u]. + [.g]ealga, _sm._ gallows. + [.g][=e]ar, _sn._ year. + [.g]earcian, _wv._ prepare [[.g]earo]. + [.g]eard, _sm._ yard, court. + [.g]earu, _aj._ ready. + [.g]earwian, _wv._ prepare. + [.g]eat, _sn._ gate. + [.g][=e]oguþ, _sf._ youth. + [.g][=e]omrung, _sf._ lamentation. + [.g]eond, _prp. w. acc._ through, throughout. + [.g][=e]ong, _aj._ young. + [.g]eorn, _aj._ eager. + [.g]eorne, _av._ eagerly, earnestly. + [.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, give. + [.g]iefta, _sfpl._ marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan]. + [.g]ieft-h[=u]s, _sn._ wedding-hall. + [.g]ieft-lic, _aj._ wedding. + [.g]iefu, _sf._ gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan]. + [.g]ierla, _sm._ dress [[.g]earu]. + [.g]iernan, _wv. w. gen._ yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn]. + [.g]iet, _av._ yet; further, besides. + [.g]if, _cj._ if. + [.g]imm, _sm._ gem, jewel [_Latin_ gemma]. + [.g]imm-st[=a]n, _sm._ gem, jewel. + [.g]it, _see_ þ[=u]. + [.g][=i]tsian, _wv._ covet. + [.g][=i]tsung, _sf._ covetousness, avarice. + glæd, _aj._ glad. + glæd-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly. + gl[=e]aw, _aj._ prudent, wise. + gl[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ adorn; trim (lamp). + god, _sm._ God. + god-fæder, _sm._ godfather. + god-spell, _sn._ gospel. + godspel-lic, _aj._ evangelical. + g[=o]d, _aj._ good--_compar._ b[e,]tera. _superl._ b[e,]tst. + g[=o]d, _sn._ good thing, good. + gold, _sn._ gold. + gold-hord, _sn._ treasure. + gr[=æ]di[.g]. _aj._ greedy. + gr[=æ][.g], _aj._ grey. + gr[=e]tan, _wv._ greet, salute. + grindan, _sv. 3_, grind. + gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, _sf._ gnashing of teeth. + grymetian, _wv._ grunt, roar. + gyldan, _wv._ gild [gold]. + gylden, _aj._ golden [gold]. + + H. + + Habban, _wv._ have; take. + {105} + h[=a]d, _sm._ rank, condition. + _[.g]e_·h[=a]dod, _aj._ ordained, in orders, clerical [_past partic. of_ + h[=a]dian, ordain]. + hæfde, hæfþ, _see_ habban. + hæftan, _wv._ hold fast, hold [habban]. + h[=æ]lan, _wv._ heal [h[=a]l]. + h[=æ]lend, _sm._ Saviour [_pres. partic. of_ h[=æ]lan]. + h[=æ]lo, _sf._ salvation [h[=a]l]. + h[=æ]s, _sf._ command. + hæspe, _sf._ hasp. + h[=æ]te, _sf._ heat [h[=a]t]. + h[=æ]þ, _sf._ heath. + h[=æ]þen, _aj._ heathen [h[=æ]þ]. + h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, sound. + _[.g]e_·h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, uninjured. + h[=a]lga, _sm._ saint. + h[=a]l[.g]ian, _wv._ hallow, consecrate. + h[=a]li[.g], _aj._ holy. + h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, _sm._ holy object, relic. + h[=a]m, _av._ homewards, home. + hand, _sf._ hand. + hand-cweorn, _sf._ hand-mill. + hangian, _wv._ hang, _intr._ [h[=o]n]. + h[=a]t, _aj._ hot. + h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, command, ask--_w. inf. in passive sense_, h[=e]ton him + s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ; name--_passive_, h[=a]tte. + hatian, _wv._ hate. + h[=a]tte, _see_ h[=a]tan. + h[=e], _prn_. he. + h[=e]afod, _sn._ head. + h[=e]afod-mann, _sm._ head-man, ruler, chief. + h[=e]ah, _aj._ high--_superl._ h[=i]ehst. + healdan, _sv. 1_, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep. + healf, _aj._ half. + healf, _sf._ side. + h[=e]a-lic, _aj._ lofty [h[=e]ah]. + heall, _sf._ hall. + heard, _aj._ hard ; strong; severe. + h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise. + h[e,]fel-þr[=æ]d, _sm._ web-thread, thread. + h[e,]fe, _sm._ weight [h[e,]bban]. + h[e,]fi[.g], _aj._ heavy [h[e,]fe]. + h[e,]ll, _sf._ hell. + _[.g]e_·h[e,]nde, _aj. w. dat._ near [hand]. + h[=e]o, _see_ h[=e]. + heofon, _sm._ heaven--_often in plur._, heofona r[=i][.c]e. + heofon-lic, _aj._ heavenly. + h[=e]old, _see_ healdan. + heord, _sf._ herd. + heorte, _sf._ heart. + h[=e]r, _av._ here; hither--h[=e]r·æfter, &c., hereafter. + h[=e]r-be-·[=e]astan, _av._ east of this. + h[e,]re, _sm._ army. + h[e,]re-r[=e]af, _sn._ spoil. + h[e,]re-toga, _sm._ army-leader, general, chief [toga _from_ t[=e]on]. + h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, make war [h[e,]re]. + h[e,]rgung, _sf._ (ravaging), warfare, war. + h[e,]rian, _wv._ praise. + h[=e]t, _see_ h[=a]tan. + hider, _av_. hither. + h[=i]e, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]ehst, _see_ h[=e]ah. + hiera, _see_ h[=e]. + _[.g]e_·h[=i]eran, _wv._ hear. + hierde, _sm._ shepherd [heord]. + hierd-r[=æ]den, _sf._ guardianship. + hiere, _see_ h[=e]. + _[.g]e_·h[=i]er-sum, _aj. w. dat._ obedient [h[=i]eran]. + _[.g]e_·h[=i]ersum-nes, _sf._ obedience. + him, hine, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]red, _snm._ family, household. + his, _see_ h[=e]. + hit, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]w, _sn._ hue, form. + hl[=æ]dder, _sf._ ladder. + hlæst, _sm._ load. + hl[=a]f, _sm._ bread, loaf of bread. + hl[=a]ford, _sm._ lord. + hl[=i]sa, _sm._ fame. + hl[=u]d, _aj._ loud. + hl[=y]dan, _wv._ make a noise, shout [hl[=u]d]. + hnappian, _wv_. doze. + _[.g]e_·hoferod, _aj._ (past partic.), hump-backed. + holt, _sn._ wood. + {106} + h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang [hangian]. + horn, _sm._ horn. + hræd-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly. + hrædung, _sf._ hurry. + hraþe, _av._ quickly--sw[=a] hraþe sw[=a], as soon as. + hr[=e]od, _sn._ reed. + hr[=e]owan, _sv. 7_, rue, repent. + hr[=i]eman, _wv._ cry, call. + hr[=i]þer, _sn._ ox. + hr[=o]f, _sn._ roof. + hry[.c][.g], _sm._ back. + hryre, _sm._ fall [hr[=e]osan]. + h[=u], _av._ how. + h[=u]-meta, _av._ how. + hund, _sn. w. gen._ hundred. + hund, _sm._ dog. + hund-feald, _aj._ hundredfold. + hund-·nigonti[.g], _num._ ninety. + hund-·tw[e,]lfti[.g], _num._ hundred and twenty. + hungor, _sm._ hunger; famine. + hungri[.g], _aj._ hungry. + h[=u]ru, _av._ especially. + h[=u]s, _sn._ house. + hux-l[=i]ce, _av._ ignominiously. + hw[=a], _prn._ who. + [.g]e·hw[=a], _prn._ every one. + hw[=æ]m, _see_ hw[=a]. + hw[=æ]r, _av._ where--sw[=a] hw[=æ]r sw[=a], wherever. + [.g]e·hw[=æ]r, _av._ everywhere. + hwæs, hwæt, _see_ hw[=a]. + hwæt, _interj._ what! lo! well. + hw[=æ]te, _sm._ wheat. + hwæþer, _av. cj._ whether--hwæþer þe, _to introduce a direct question_. + hwæþre, _av._ however. + hwanon, _av._ whence. + hwel[.c], _prn._ which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever. + [.g]e·hwel[.c], _prn._ any, any one. + hw[=i]l, _sf._ while, time. + hwone, _see_ hw[=a]. + hwonne, _av._ when. + hw[=y], _av._ why. + h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide. + hyht, _sf._ hope. + _[.g]e_·hyhtan, _wv._ hope. + h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire. + + I. + + I[.c], _prn._ I. + [=i]del, _aj._ idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain. + [=i]e[.g]-land, _sn._ island. + ieldan, _wv._ delay [eald]. + ieldra, _see_ eald. + ieldran, _smpl._ ancestors [_originally compar._ of eald]. + iernan, _sv. 3_, run; flow. + ierre, _aj._ angry. + [=i]l, _sm._ hedgehog. + ilca, _prn._ same (always weak, and with the definite article). + in, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ in, into. + inc, _see_ þ[=u]. + inn, _av._ in (of motion). + innan, _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) within. + inne, _av._ within, inside. + inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, _sn._ inner thoughts, mind. + in-t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ into. + [=I]otan, _smpl._ Jutes. + [=I]r-land, _sn._ Ireland. + I[=u]d[=e]isc, _aj._ Jewish--þ[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews. + + L. + + L[=a], _interj._ lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir! + l[=a]c, _sn._ gift; offering, sacrifice. + [.g]e·l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ seize. + l[=æ]dan, _wv._ lead; carry, bring, take. + læden, _sn._ Latin; language. + læ[.g], _see_ li[.c][.g]an. + l[=æ]ran, _wv. w. double acc._ teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r]. + _[.g]e_·l[=æ]red, _aj._ learned [_past partic._ of l[=æ]ran]. + l[=æ]s, _av._ less--þ[=y] l[=æ]s (þe), _cj. w. subj._ lest. + l[=æ]tan, _sv. 1_, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t þ[=a] sw[=a], she let the + matter rest there. + _[.g]e_·l[=æ]te, _sn._--wega [.g]el[=æ]tu, _pl._ meetings of the roads. + l[=a]f, _sf._ remains--t[=o] l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left + [(be)l[=i]fan]. + {107} + _[.g]e·_lamp, _see_ _[.g]e_limpan. + land, _sn._ land, country. + land-folc, _sn._ people of the country. + land-h[e,]re, _sm._ land-army. + land-l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people of the country. + lang, _aj._ long. + lange, _av._ for a long time, long. + lang-l[=i]ce, _av._ for a long time, long. + l[=a]r, _sf._ teaching, doctrine. + late, _av._ slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year. + _[.g]e·_laþian, _wv._ invite. + _[.g]e·_laþung, _sf._ congregation. + l[=e]af, _sf._ leave. + __[.g]e·_l_[=e]afa, _sm._ belief, faith. + _[.g]e·_l[=e]af-full, _aj._ believing, pious. + leahtor, _sm._ crime, vice. + l[=e]as, _aj._ without (expers), _in compos._--less; false. + l[=e]at, _see_ l[=u]tan. + l[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ lay [li[.c][.g]an]. + _[.g]e·_l[e,]ndan, _wv._ land [land]. + l[=e]o, _smf._ lion. + l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people. + l[=e]of, _aj._ dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=æ]re l[=e]ofre, I would + rather--[lufu]. + leofode, _see_ libban. + leoht, _sn._ light. + leoht-fæt, _sn._ (light-vessel), lamp. + leornian, _wv._ learn. + leornung-cniht, _sm._ disciple. + l[=e]t, _see_ l[=æ]tan. + libban, _wv._ live. + l[=i]c, _sn._ body, corpse. + _[.g]e·_l[=i]c, _aj. w. dat._ like. + _[.g]e·_l[=i]ce, _av._ in like manner, alike, equally. + li[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, lie. + l[=i]c-hama, _sm._ body. + l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, _av._ bodily. + _[.g]e_l[=i]cian, _wv. w. dat._ please. + l[=i]efan, _wv. w. dat._ allow [l[=e]af]. + _[.g]e·_l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe [gel[=e]afa]. + l[=i]f, _sn._ l[=i]fe. + lifiend, _see_ libban. + lim, _sn._ limb, member. + _[.g]e·_limp, _sn._ event, emergency, calamity. + _[.g]e_·limpan, _sv. 3_, happen. + l[=i]þ, _see_ li[.c][.g]an. + locc, _sm._ lock of hair. + lof, _sn._ praise; glory. + _[.g]e_·l[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish. + _[.g]e_·l[=o]m, _aj._ frequent, repeated. + _[.g]e_·l[=o]me, _av._ often, repeatedly. + losian, _wv. w. dat._ be lost--him losaþ, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan]. + l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, close. + lufian, _wv._ love. + lufu, _sf._ love [l[=e]of]. + Lunden-burg, _sf._ London [Lundonia]. + l[=u]tan, _sv. 7_, stoop. + l[=y]tel, _aj._ little. + + M. + + M[=a], _see_ micel. + macian, _wv._ make. + mæ[.g], _swv._ can, be able. + mæ[.g]en, _sn._ strength, capacity; virtue [mæ[.g]]. + m[=æ][.g]þ, _sf._ family; tribe, nation; generation. + _[.g]e_·m[=æ]ne, _aj._ common. + _[.g]e_·m[=æ]nelic, _aj._ common, general. + m[=æ]re, _aj._ famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). + _[.g]e_·m[=æ]re, _sn._ boundary, territory. + m[=æ]rsian, _wv._ extol, celebrate [m[=æ]re]. + m[=æ]rþo, _sf._ glory [m[=æ]re]. + mæsse, _sf._ mass [_Latin_ missa]. + mæsse-pr[=e]ost, _sm._ mass-priest. + m[=æ]st, _see_ mi[.c]el. + magon, _see_ mæ[.g]. + man, _indef._ one [mann]. + m[=a]n, _sn._ wickedness. + m[=a]n-d[=æ]d, _sf._ wicked deed. + m[=a]n-full, _aj._ wicked. + mangere, _sm._ merchant. + mangung, _sf._ trade, business. + mani[.g], _aj._ many. + man[=i][.g]-feald, _aj._ manifold. + mani[.g]-fieldan, _wv._ multiply [mani[.g]feald]. + mann, _sm._ man; person. + mann-cynn, _sn._ mankind. + {108} + mann-r[=æ]den, _sf._ allegiance. + mann-slaga, _sm._ manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e]. + m[=a]re, _see_ mi[.c]el. + martyr, _sm._ martyr. + m[=a]þm, _sm._ treasure. + m[=a]þm-fæt, _sn._ precious vessel. + m[=e], _see_ ic. + mearc, _sf._ boundary. + m[=e]d, _sf._ reward, pay. + m[=e]der, _see_ m[=o]dor. + m[e,]nn, _see_ mann. + m[e,]nnisc, _aj._ human [mann]. + m[e,]re-grot, _sr._ pearl [margarita]. + mer[.g]en, _sm._ morning [morgen]. + _[.g]e_·met, _sn._ measure; manner, way. + metan, _sv. 5_, measure. + _[.g]e_·m[=e]tan, _wv._ meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t]. + m[e,]te, _sm._ food--pl. m[e,]ttas. + mi[.c]el, _aj._ great, much--_comp._ m[=a]re, m[=a] (_adv._, _sn._, + _aj._), _sup._ m[=æ]st. + mi[.c]le, _av._ greatly, much. + mid, _prp. w. dat._ (_instr._) with--mid þ[=æ]m þe, _cj._ when. + middan-[.g]eard, _sm._ world [_literally_ middle enclosure]. + midde, _aj._ mid, middle (only of time). + middel, _sn._ middle. + Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ Middle-Angles. + Mier[.c]e, _smpl._ Mercians [mearc]. + miht, _sf._ might, strength; virtue [mæ[.g]]. + mihte, _see_ mæ[.g]. + mihti[.g], _aj._ mighty, strong. + m[=i]l, _sf._ mile [_Latin_ milia (passuum)]. + mild-heort, _aj._ mild-hearted, merciful. + _[.g]e_·miltsian, _wv. w. dat._ have mercy on, pity [milde]. + m[=i]n, _see_ ic. + mis-l[=æ]dan, _wv._ mislead, lead astray. + mis-lic, _aj._ various. + m[=o]d, _sn._ heart, mind. + m[=o]dig, _aj._ proud. + m[=o]di[.g]-nes, _sf._ pride. + m[=o]dor, _sf._ mother. + molde, _sf._ mould, earth. + m[=o]na, _sm._ moon. + m[=o]naþ, _sm._ month--_pl._ m[=o]naþ [m[=o]na]. + morgen, _sm._ morning. + morþ, _sn._ (murder), crime. + m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan. + _[.g]e·_m[=o]t, _sn._ meeting. + m[=o]tan, _swv._ may; ne m[=o]t, must not. + _[.g]e·_munan, _swv._ remember. + munt, _sm._ mountain, hill [_Latin_ montem]. + munuc, _sm._ monk [_Latin_ monachus]. + murcnian, _wv._ grumble, complain. + m[=u]þ, _sm._ mouth. + m[=u]þa, _sm._ mouth of a river [m[=u]þ]. + _[.g]e·_mynd, _sf._ memory, mind [[.g]emunan]. + _[.g]e·_myndi[.g], _aj. w. gen._ mindful. + mynet, _sf._ coin [_Latin_ moneta]. + mynetere, _sm._ money-changer. + mynster, _sn._ monastery [_Latin_ monasterium]. + + N. + + N[=a], _av._ not, no [ = ne [=a]]. + nabban = ne habban. + n[=æ]ddre, _sf._ snake. + næfde, næfst, = ne hæfde, ne hæfst. + n[=æ]fre, _av._ never [ = ne [=æ]fre]. + næ[.g]el, _sm._ nail. + næs = ne wæs. + n[=a]ht, _prn. w. gen._ naught, nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht]. + n[=a]ht-nes, _sf._ worthlessness, cowardice. + nam, _see_ niman. + nama, _sm._ name. + n[=a]mon, _see_ niman. + n[=a]n, _prn._ none, no [ = ne [=a]n]. + n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t. + n[=a]wþer, _prn._ neither [ = ne [=a]hwæþer (either)]. + ne, _av._ not--ne ... ne, neither ... not. + {109} + n[=e]ah, _av._ near; _superl._ n[=i]ehst--æt n[=i]ehstan, next, + immediately, afterwards. + nearu, _aj._ narrow. + n[=e]a-wist, _sfm._ neighbourhood [wesan]. + n[e,]mnan, _wv._ name [nama]. + neom = ne eom. + nese, _av._ no. + n[e,]tt, _sn._ net. + n[=i]ed, _sf._ need. + n[=i]edunga, _av._ needs, by necessity. + n[=i]ehst, _see_ n[=e]ah. + n[=i]eten, _sn._ animal. + nigon, _num._ nine. + nigoþa, _aj._ ninth. + niht, _sf._ night. + niman, _sv. 4_, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. + nis = ne is. + niþer, _av._ down. + n[=i]we, _aj._ new. + _[.g]e_·n[=o]g, _aj._ enough. + nolde = ne wolde. + norþ, _av._ north. + Norþhymbra-land, _sn._ Northumberland. + Norþ-hymbre, _smpl._ Northumbrians [Humbra]. + norþan-weard, _aj._ northward. + Norþ-m[e,]nn, _pl._ Norwegians. + n[=u], _av._ now, just now; _cj. causal_, now that, since. + n[=u]·[.g]iet, _av._ still. + _[.g]e_·nyht-sum-nes, _sf._ sufficience, abundance. + nyle, = ne wile. + nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon. + + O. + + Of, _prp. w. dat._ of, from _of place_, _origin_, _privation_, _release_, + &c.; _partitive_, s[e,]llaþ [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, some of your oil. + of-·dr[=æ]dd, _aj._ afraid [_past partic. of_ ofdr[=æ]dan, dread]. + ofer, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over; on; _of time_, during, throughout, + over. + ofer-gyld, _aj._ (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. + ofer-·h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, over-run. + ofer-·s[=a]wan, _sv. 2_, sow over. + offrian, _wv._ offer, sacrifice [_Latin_ offerre]. + offrung, _sf._ offering, sacrifice. + of-·sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, slay. + of-·sn[=i]þan, _sv. 6_, kill [sn[=i]þan, cut]. + of-spring, _sm._ offspring [springan]. + oft, _av._ often. + of-·t[=e]on, _sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing_, deprive. + of-·þyrst, _aj._ thirsty [_past partic. of_ ofþyrstan, _from_ þurst]. + of-·wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder. + [=o]-l[=æ][.c]ung, _sf._ flattery. + olfend, _sm._ camel [_Latin_ elephas]. + on, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ on; in; _hostility_, against, on h[=i]e + fuhton; _of time_, in. + on-·byr[.g]an, _wv._ taste. + on-·cn[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, know, recognize. + on·dr[=æ]dan, _sv. 1_, _wv._ dread, fear. + on-·f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive. + on-·[.g][=e]an, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; _hostility_, against. + on-·[.g][=e]an, _av._ back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned. + on-[.g]inn, _sn._ beginning. + on-·[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin. + on-·liehtan, _wv._ illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. + on·liehtung, _sf._ illumination, light. + on-·l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, unlock. + on-·middan, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of. + on-s[=i]en, _sf._ appearance, form. + on-sund, _aj._ sound, whole. + on-·uppan, _prp. w. dat._ upon. + on-weald, _sm._ rule, authority, power; territory. + on-·we[.g], _av._ away. + open, _aj._ open. + openian, _wv._ open, reveal, disclose. + orgel-l[=i]ce, _av._ proudly. + {110} + or-m[=æ]te, _aj._ immense, boundless [metan]. + or-sorg, _aj._ unconcerned, careless. + oþ, _prp. w. acc._ until--oþ þæt, _cj._ until; up to, as far as. + [=o]þer, _prn._ (always strong), second; other. + oþþe, _cj._ or--oþþe ... oþþe, either ... or. + oxa, _sm._ ox. + + P. + + P[=a]pa, _sm._ pope [_Latin_ papa]. + p[e,]ning, _sm._ penny. + Peohtas, _smpl._ Picts. + Philist[=e]isc, _aj._ Philistine. + Pihtisc, _aj._ Pictish [Peohtas]. + plegian, _wv._ play. + post, _sm._ post [_Latin_ postis]. + pr[=e]ost, _sm._ priest [_Latin_ presbyter]. + pund, _sn._ pound [_Latin_ pondus]. + pytt, _sm._ pit [_Latin_ puteus]. + + R. + + Racent[=e]ag, _ sf._ chains. + r[=a]d, _see_ r[=i]dan. + _[.g]e_·r[=a]d, _sn._ reckoning, account; on þ[=a] [.g]er[=a]d þæt, on + condition that. + r[=æ]d, _sm._ advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=æ]d + þ[=u]hte, it seemed advisable to him. + ramm, _sm._ ram. + r[=a]p, _sm._ rope. + r[=e]af, _sn._ robe, dress. + reahte, _see_ re[.c][.c]an. + r[=e][.c]an, _wv. w. gen._ reck, care. + r[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ tell, narrate. + _[.g]e_·r[e,][.c]ednes, _sf._ narrative. + _[.g]e_·r[=e]fa, _sm._ officer, reeve, bailiff. + re[.g]en, _sm._ rain. + r[=e]þe, _aj._ fierce, cruel. + r[=i][.c]e, _aj._ powerful, of high rank. + r[=i][.c]e, _sn._ kingdom, sovereignty, government. + r[=i][.c]etere, _sn._ (ambition), pomp. + r[=i][.c]sian, _wv._ rule. + r[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, ride. + riftere, _sm._ reaper. + riht, _aj._ right; righteous. + riht-l[=i]ce, _av._ rightly, correctly. + riht-w[=i]s, _aj._ righteous. + riht-w[=i]snes, _sf._ righteousness. + r[=i]m, _sm._ number. + r[=i]man, _wv._ count. + r[=i]nan, _wv._ rain [re[.g]en]. + r[=i]pan, _sv. 6_, reap. + r[=i]pere, _sm._ reaper. + r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, _sm._ reaping-time, harvest. + r[=o]hte, _see_ r[=e][.c]an. + R[=o]me-burg, _sf._ city of Rome. + r[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, row. + ryne, _sm._ course. + _[.g]e_·r[=y]ne, _sn._ mystery. + + S. + + S[=æ], _sf._ sea--_dat._ s[=æ]. + s[=æ]d, _sn._ seed. + sæ[.g]de, _see_ s[e,][.c][.g]an. + s[=æ]l, _sm._ time, occasion. + _[.g]e_·s[=æ]li[.g], _aj._ happy, blessed. + _[.g]e_·s[=æ]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, _av._ happily, blessedly. + sæt, s[=æ]ton, _see_ sittan. + sagol, _sm._ rod, staff. + [.g]e·samnian, _wv._ collect, assemble. + samod, _av_. together, with. + sanct, _sm._ saint [_Latin_ sanctus]. + sand, _sf._ dish of food [s[e,]ndan]. + sand-[.c]eosol, _sm._ sand (_literally_ sand-gravel). + s[=a]r, _sn._ grief. + s[=a]r, _aj._ grievous. + s[=a]ri[.g], _aj._ sorry, sad. + s[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, sow. + s[=a]were, _sm._ sower. + s[=a]wol, _sf._ soul. + scamu, _sf._ shame. + scand, _sf._ disgrace. + scand-lic, _aj._ shameful. + s[.c][=e]af, _sm._ sheaf [sc[=u]fan]. + s[.c][=e]af-m[=æ]lum, _av._ sheafwise. + _[.g]e_·s[.c]eaft, _sf._ creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, _swv._ ought + to, must; shall. + s[.c][=e]ap, _sn._ sheep. + s[.c]eatt, _sm._ (tribute); money. + s[.c][=e]awere, _sm._ spy, witness. + s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ see; examine; read. + s[.c][=e]awung, _sf._ seeing, examination. + s[.c][=e]otan, _sv. 7_, shoot. + {111} + s[.c]ieppan, _sv. 2_, create. + s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear. + s[.c]ip, _sn._ ship. + s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, _sm._ fleet. + s[.c]ip-hlæst, _sm._ (shipload), crew. + s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ shire. + scolde, _see_ sceal. + sc[=o]p, _see_ s[.c]ieppan. + scort, _aj._ short. + scotian, _wv._ shoot [s[.c][=e]otan]. + Scot-land, _sn._ Ireland. + Scottas, _smpl._ the Irish. + scotung, _sf._ shot. + scræf, _sn._ cave. + scr[=i]n, _sn._ shrine [_Latin_ scrinium]. + scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink. + scr[=u]d, _sn._ dress. + scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe [scr[=u]d]. + sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship). + sculon, _see_ s[.c]eal. + scuton, _see_ s[.c][=e]otan. + scyld, _sf._ guilt [sculon, sceal]. + scyldig, _aj._ guilty. + scylen, _see_ sceal. + Scyttisc, _aj._ Scotch [Scottas]. + se, s[=e], _prn._ that; the; he; who. + _[.g]e_seah, _see_ _[.g]e_s[=e]on. + sealde, _see_ s[e,]llan. + s[=e]aþ, _sm._ pit. + Seaxe, _smpl._ Saxons. + s[=e][.c]an, _wv._ seek; visit, come to; attack. + s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say. + self, _prn._ self. + s[e,]llan, _wv._ give; sell. + s[=e]lest, _av. superl._ best. + s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send, send message [sand]. + s[=e]o, _see_ se. + seofon, _num._ seven. + seofoþa, _aj._ seventh. + seolc, _sf._ silk. + seolcen, _aj._ silken. + seolfor, _sn._ silver. + _[.g]e·_s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see. + s[=e]ow, _see_ s[=a]wan. + _[.g]e·_s[e,]tnes, _sf._ narrative [s[e,]ttan]. + s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set; appoint, institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan _w. dat._ pass + sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. + sibb, _sf._ peace. + _[.g]e_·sibb-sum, _aj._ peaceful. + s[=i]e, _see_ wesan. + s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, _av._ purely. + s[=i]efre, _aj._ pure. + sierwung, _sf._ stratagem. + siex, _num._ six. + siexta, _aj._ sixth. + siexti[.g], _num._ sixty. + siexti[.g]-feald, _aj._ sixtyfold. + si[.g]e, _sm._ victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory. + si[.g]e-fæst, _aj._ victorious. + _[.g]e_·sihþ, _sf._ sight; vision, dream [[.g]es[=e]on]. + sifren, _aj._ silver. + simle, _av._ always. + sind, _see_ wesan. + sinu, _sf_, sinew. + sittan, _sv. 5_, sit; settle, stay. + _[.g]e_·sittan, _sv. 5_, take possession of. + s[=i]þ, _sm._ journey. + s[=i]þian, _wv._ journey, go. + siþþan, _av._ since, afterwards; cj. when. + sl[=æ]p, _sm._ sleep. + sl[=æ]pan, _sv. 1_, sleep, + slaga, _sm._ slayer. [sl[=e]an, _past. partic._ [.g]eslæ[.g]en]. + sl[=a]w, _aj._ slow, slothful, dull. + sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, strike; slay, kill. + sl[e,][.c][.g], _sm._ hammer [slaga, sl[=e]an]. + sl[e,][.g]e, _sm._ killing [slaga, sl[=e]an]. + sl[=e]p, _see_ sl[=æ]pan. + sl[=o]g, _see_ sl[=e]an. + smæl, _aj._ narrow. + sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think; consult. + sm[=e]ocan, _sv. 7_, smoke. + sm[=e]þe, _aj._ smooth. + snotor, _aj._ wise, prudent. + s[=o]na, _av._ soon; then. + sorg, _sf._ sorrow. + s[=o]þ, _aj._ true. + s[=o]þ, _sn._ truth. + s[=o]þ-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed. + spade, _wf._ spade [_Lati_n spatha]. + {112} + spr[=æ][.c], _sf._ speech, language; conversation [sprecan]. + sprecan, _sv. 5_, speak. + spr[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ (scatter); sow [springan]. + springan, _sv. 3_, spring. + sprungen, _see_ springan. + st[=æ]nen, _aj._ of stone [st[=a]n]. + st[=æ]niht, _sn._ stony ground [_originally adj._ 'stony,' from st[=a]n]. + st[=a]n, _sm._ stone; brick. + standan, _sv. 2_, stand. + st[=e]ap, _aj._ steep. + st[e,]de, _sm._ place. + stefn, _sf._ voice. + stelan, _sv. 4_, steal. + st[e,]nt, _see_ standan. + st[=e]or, _sf._ steering, rudder. + steorra, _sm._ star. + sticol, _aj._ rough. + st[=i]epel, _sm._ steeple [st[=e]ap]. + st[=i]eran, _wv. w. dat._ restrain [st[=e]or]. + _[.g]e_·stillan, _wv._ stop, prevent. + stille, _aj._ still, quiet. + st[=o]d, _see_ standan. + st[=o]l, _sm._ seat. + st[=o]w, _sf._ place. + str[=æ]t, _sf._ street, road [_Latin_ strata via]. + strand, _sm._ shore. + strang, _aj._ strong. + str[=e]dan, _wv._ (scatter), sow. + str[e,]n[.g]þo, _sf._ strength [strang]. + [.g]e·str[=e]on, _sn._ possession. + [.g]e·str[=i]enan, _wv._ gain [[.g]estr[=e]on]. + str[=u]tian, _wv._ strut. + sty[.c][.c]e, _sn._ piece. + sum, _prn._ some, a certain (one), one; a. + _[.g]e_·sund, _aj._ sound, healthy. + _[.g]e_·sund-full. _aj._ safe and sound. + sundor, _av._ apart. + sunne, _sf._ sun. + sunu, _sm._ son. + s[=u]þ, _av._ south, southwards. + s[=u]þan, _av._ from the south. + s[=u]þan-weard, _aj._ southward. + s[=u]þ-d[=æ]l, _sm._ the South. + s[=u]þerne, _aj._ southern. + S[=u]þ-seaxe, _smpl._ South-Saxons. + sw[=a], _av._ so; sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as. + sw[=a]c, _see_ sw[=i]can. + sw[=a]-·þ[=e]ah, _av._ however. + swefn, _sn._ sleep; dream. + swel[.c], _prn._ such. + swel[.c]e, _av._ as if, as it were, as, like. + sweltan, _sv. 3_, die. + sw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ afflict, molest [swincan]. + sw[e,]n[.g], _sm._ stroke, blow [swingan]. + sw[=e]or, _sm._ pillar. + sw[=e]ora, _sm._ neck. + sweord, _sn._ sword. + sweord-bora, _sm._ sword-bearer [beran]. + sweotol, _aj._ clear, evident. + sweotolian, _wv._ display, show, indicate. + sweotolung, _sf._ manifestation, sign. + sw[e,]rian, _sv. 2_, swear. + sw[=i]c, _sm._ deceit. + _[.g]e_·sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_ (fail, fall short); cease (betray). + sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, _sm._ deceit [sw[=i]can]. + swicol, _aj._ deceitful, treacherous. + swicon, _see_ sw[=i]can. + swift, _aj._ swift. + sw[=i]gian, _wv._ be silent. + swincan, _sv. 3_, labour, toil. + swingan, _sv. 3_, beat. + swingle, _sf._ stroke [swingan]. + swipe, _sm._ whip. + sw[=i]þe, _av._ very, much, greatly, violently--_cp._ sw[=i]þor, rather, + more. + sw[=i]þ-lic, _aj._ excessive, great. + sw[=i]þre, _sf._ right hand [_cp. of_ sw[=i]þe _with_ hand _understood_]. + swulton, _see_ sweltan. + swuncon, _see_ swincan. + swungon, _see_ swingan. + syndri[.g], _aj._ separate [sundor]. + syn-full, _aj._ sinful. + syngian, _wv._ sin. + synn, _sf._ sin. + + {113} + T. + + T[=a]cen, _sn._ sign, token; miracle. + t[=a]cnian, _wv._ signify. + _[.g]e_·t[=a]cnung, _sf._ signification, type. + t[=æ][.c]an, _wv. w. dat._ show; teach. + talu, _sf._ number [getel]. + tam, _aj._ tame. + t[=a]wian, _wv._ ill-treat. + t[=e]am, _sm._ progeny [t[=e]on]. + _[.g]e_·tel, _sn._ number. + t[e,]llan, _wv._ count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte, count as + naught [talu]. + T[e,]mes, _sf._ Thames [Tamisia]. + tempel, _sn._ temple [_Latin_ templum]. + t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, pull, drag. + t[=e]ona, _sm._ injury, insult. + t[=e]on-r[=æ]den, _sf._ humiliation. + t[=e]þ, _see_ t[=o]þ. + ti[.c][.c]en, _sn._ kid. + t[=i]d, _sf._ time; hour. + t[=i]e[.g]an, _wv._ tie. + t[=i]eman, _wv._ teem, bring forth [t[=e]am]. + t[=i]en, _num._ ten. + tierwe, _sf._ tar. + ti[.g]ele, _wf._ tile [_Latin_ tegula]. + t[=i]ma, _sm._ time. + timbrian, _wv._ build. + _[.g]e_·timbrung, _sf._ building. + tintre[.g], _sn._ torture. + tintregian, _wv._ torture. + t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt, made abbot; + _time_, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; _adverbial_, t[=o] + scande, ignominiously; _fitness_, _purpose_, _for_--þ[=æ]m folce + (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]aþe, to the death of the people, so that the people + were killed; t[=o] þ[=æ]m þæt, cj. in order that--t[=o] þæm + (sw[=i]þe) ... þæt, so (greatly) ... that. + t[=o], _av._ too. + t[=o]-·berstan, _sv. 3_, burst, break asunder. + t[=o]-·brecan, _sv. 4_, break in pieces, break through. + t[=o]-·bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, tear asunder. + t[=o]-·cw[=i]esan, _wv._ crush, bruise. + t[=o]-cyme, _sm._ coming [cuman]. + t[=o]-·dæ[.g], _av._ to-day. + t[=o]-·d[=æ]lan, _wv._ disperse; separate, divide. + t[=o]-·gædre, _av._ together. + t[=o]-·[.g][=e]anes, _prp. w. dat._ towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to + meet him. + t[=o]l, _sn._ tool. + t[=o]-·l[=i]esan, _wv._ loosen [l[=e]as]. + t[=o]-·middes, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of. + t[=o]-·teran, _sv. 4_, tear to pieces. + t[=o]þ, _sm._ tooth. + t[=o]-weard, _aj._ future. + t[=o]-·weorpan, _sv. 3_, overthrow, destroy. + tr[=e]ow, _sn._ tree. + _[.g]e_·tr[=e]owe, _aj._ true, faithful. + trum, _aj._ strong. + trymman, _wv._ strengthen [trum]. + trymmung, _sf._ strengthening, encouragement. + t[=u]cian, _wv._ ill-treat. + tugon, _see_ t[=e]on. + t[=u]n, _sm._ village, town. + tw[=a], tw[=æ]m, _see_ tw[=e][.g]en. + tw[=e][.g]en, _num._ two. + tw[e,]lf, _num._ twelve. + tw[e,]nti[.g], _num. w. gen._ twenty. + + Þ. + + Þ[=a], _av. cj._ then; when--þ[=a] þ[=a], when, while--_correlative_ + þ[=a] ... þ[=a], when ... (then). + þ[=a], þ[=æ]m, &c., _see_ se. + þ[=æ]r, _av._ there--þ[=æ]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--þ[=æ]r + þ[=æ]r, _correl._ where. + þ[=æ]re, _see_ se. + þ[=æ]r-rihte, _av._ immediately. + þæs, _av._ therefore; wherefore. + þæs, þæt, _see_ se. + þæt, _cj._ that. + _[.g]e_·þafian, _wv._ allow, permit. + þ[=a]-·[.g]iet, _av._ still, yet. + þanc, _sm._ thought; thanks. + þancian, _wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person_, thank. + {114} + þanon, _av._ thence, away. + þ[=a]s, _see_ þis. + þe, _rel. prn._ who--s[=e] þe, who; _av._ when. + þ[=e], _see_ þ[=u]. + þ[=e]ah, _av. cj._ though, yet, however--þ[=e]ah þe, although. + þearf, _swv._ need. + þearle, _av._ very, greatly. + þ[=e]aw, _sm._ custom, habit; þ[=e]awas, virtues, morality. + þe[.g]en, _sm._ thane; servant. + þe[.g]nian, _wv. w. dat._ serve. + þe[.g]nung, _sf._ service, retinue. + þ[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ think, expect [þanc]. + þ[=e]od, _sf._ people, nation. + _[.g]e_·þ[=e]ode, _sn._ language. + þ[=e]of, _sm._ thief. + þ[=e]os, _see_ þes. + þ[=e]ostru, _spl._ darkness. + þ[=e]ow, _sm._ servant. + þ[=e]ow-d[=o]m, _sm._ service. + þ[=e]owian, _wv. w. dat._ serve. + þ[=e]owot, _sn._ servitude. + þes, _prn._ this. + þi[.c][.c]e, _aj._ thick. + þi[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, take, receive; eat, drink. + þ[=i]n, _see_ þ[=u]. + þing, _sn._ thing. + þis, þissum, &c., _see_ þes. + _[.g]e_·p[=o]ht, _sm._ thought. + þ[=o]hte, _see_ þ[e,]n[.c]an. + þone, _see_ se. + þonne, _av. cj._ then; when; because. + þonne, _av._ than. + þorfte, _see_ þearf. + þorn, _sm._ thorn. + þr[=æ]d, _sm._ thread. + þr[=e]o, _see_ þr[=i]e. + þridda, _aj._ third. + þr[=i]e, _num._ three. + þrim, _see_ þr[=i]e. + þriti[.g], _num._ thirty. + þriti[.g]-feald, _aj._ thirtyfold. + þrymm, _sm._ glory. + þ[=u], _prn._ thou. + þ[=u]hte, _see_ þyn[.c]an. + _[.g]e_·þungen, _aj._ excellent, distinguished. + þurh, _prp. w. acc._ through; _causal_, through, by. + þurh-·wunian, _wv._ continue. + þurst, _sm._ thirst. + þursti[.g], _aj._ thirsty. + þus, _av._ thus. + þ[=u]send, _sn._ thousand. + _[.g]e_·þw[=æ]r-l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ agree. + þ[=y], _instr. of_ se; _av._ because. + þ[=y]fel, _sm._ bush. + þ[=y]·l[=æ]s, _cj._ lest. + þyn[.c]an, _wv. impers. w. dat._ m[=e] þyn[.c]þ, methinks [þ[e,]n[.c]an]. + þ[=y]rel, _sn._ hole [þurh]. + + U. + + Ufe-weard, _aj._ upward, at the top of. + un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, _aj._ innumerable. + unc, _see_ ic. + un-_[.g]e_cynd, _aj._ strange, of alien family. + un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, _sf._ immortality. + under, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ under. + under-cyning, _sm._ under-king. + under-·delfan, _sv._ dig under. + under-·f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive, take. + under-·[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, understand. + undern-t[=i]d, _sf._ morning-time. + un-forht, _aj._ dauntless. + un-for-molsnod, _aj._ (past partic.) undecayed. + un-_[.g]e_h[=i]ersum, _aj. w. dat._ disobedient. + un-hold, _aj._ hostile. + un-_[.g]e_metlic, _aj._ immense. + un-mihti[.g], _aj._ weak. + un-nytt, _aj._ useless. + un-rihtl[=i]ce, _av._ wrongly. + un-rihtw[=i]s, _aj._ unrighteous. + un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _sn._ countless number or quantity. + un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _aj._ countless. + un-_[.g]e_s[=æ]li[.g], _aj._ unhappy, accursed. + un-scyldi[.g], _aj._ innocent. + un-t[=i]emend, _aj._ barren [_from pres. partic._ of t[=i]eman]. + {115} + un-_[.g]e_þw[=æ]r-nes, _sf._ discord. + un-_[.g]e_witti[.g], _aj._ foolish. + [=u]p, _av._ up. + [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, _sf._ conceit, arrogance. + [=u]p-fl[=o]r, _sf._ (_dat. sing._ -a) upper floor, upper story. + uppan, _prp. w. dat._ on, upon. + urnon, _see_ iernan. + [=u]s, _see_ ic. + [=u]t, _av._ out. + [=u]tan, _av._ outside. + uton, _defect. verb, w. infin._ let us--uton g[=a]n, let us go! + + W. + + Wacian, _wv._ be awake, watch. + w[=æ]dla, _sm._ poor man. + wæl, _sn._ slaughter--wæl [.g]e·sl[=e]an, make a slaughter. + wæl-hr[=e]ow, _aj._ cruel. + wælhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, _av._ cruelly, savagely. + wælhr[=e]ownes, _sf._ cruelty. + w[=æ]pen, _sn._ weapon. + wær, _aj._ wary. + w[=æ]ron, wæs, _see_ wesan. + wæstm, _sm._ (growth); fruit. + wæter, _sn._ water. + wæter-s[.c]ipe, _sm._ piece of water, water. + w[=a]fung, _sf._ (spectacle), display. + -ware, _pl._ (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [_originally + defenders, cp._ w[e,]rian]. + w[=a]t, _see_ witan. + _[.g]e_w[=a]t, _see_ _[.g]e_w[=i]tan. + w[=e], _see_ ic. + _[.g]e_·weald, _sn._ power, command. + wealdan, _sv. 1, w. gen._ rule. + Wealh, _sm._ (_pl._ W[=e]alas), _sm._ Welshman, Briton (_originally_ + foreigner). + weall, _sm._ wall. + weall-l[=i]m, _sm._ (wall-lime), cement, mortar. + wearg, _sm._ felon, criminal [_originally_ wolf, _then_ proscribed man, + outlaw]. + weaxan, _sv. 1_, grow, increase. + we[.g], _sm._ way, road. + we[.g]-f[=e]rende, _aj._ (pres. partic.) way-faring. + wel, _av._ well. + wel-willend-nes, _sf._ benevolence. + w[=e]nan, _wv._ expect, think. + _[.g]e_·w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; go [windan]. + w[e,]nian, _wv._ accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna]. + weofod, _sn._ altar. + weorc, _sn._ work. + weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw. + weorþ, _sn._ worth. + weorþ, _aj._ worth, worthy. + weorþan, _sv. 3_, happen; become--w. æt spr[=æ][.c]e, enter into + conversation. + _[.g]e_·weorþan, _sv. 3, impers. w. dat._--him [.g]ewearþ, they agreed + on. + weorþ-full, _aj._ worthy. + weorþian, _wv._ honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. + weorþ-l[=i]ce, _aj._ honourably. + weorþ-mynd, _sf._ honour. + w[=e]ox, _see_ weaxan. + w[=e]pan, _sv. 1_, weep. + wer, _sm._ man. + w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend [wær]. + werod, _sn._ troop, army. + wesan, _sv._ be. + west, _av._ west. + West-seaxe, _smpl._ West-saxons. + w[=e]ste, _aj._ waste, desolate. + w[=i]d, _aj._ wide. + w[=i]de, _av._ widely, far and wide. + widewe, _sf._ widow. + _[.g]e_·wieldan, _wv._ overpower, conquer [wealdan]. + wierþe, _aj. w. gen._ worthy [weorþ]. + w[=i]f, _sn._ woman; wife. + w[=i]f-healf, _sf._ female side. + w[=i]f-mann, _sm._ woman. + wiht, _sf._ wight, creature, thing. + Wiht, _sf._ Isle of Wight [Vectis]. + Wiht-ware, _pl._ Wight-dwellers. + wilde, _aj._ wild. + wild[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast. + willa, _sm._ will. + {116} + willan, _swv._ will, wish; _of repetition_, be used to. + _[.g]e_·wilnian, _wv. w. gen._ desire. + w[=i]n, _sn._ wine. + wind, _sm._ wind. + windan, _sv. 3_, wind. + w[=i]n-[.g]eard, _sm._ vineyard. + winnan, _sv. 3_, fight. + _[.g]e_·winnan, _sv. 3_, win, gain. + winter, (_pl._ winter), _sm._ winter; _in reckoning_ = year. + winter-setl, _sn._ winter-quarters. + w[=i]s, _aj._ wise. + w[=i]s-d[=o]m, _sm._ wisdom. + w[=i]se, _sf._ (wise), way. + _[.g]e_·wiss, _aj._ certain. + _[.g]e_·wissian, _wv._ guide, direct. + _[.g]e_·wissung, _sf._ guidance, direction. + wiste, _see_ witan. + wit, _see_ ic. + wita, _sm._ councillor, sage. + witan, _swv._ know. + _[.g]e_·w[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, depart. + w[=i]te, _sn._ punishment; torment. + w[=i]tega, _sm._ prophet. + witod-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed, and [witan]. + _[.g]e_·witt, _sn._ wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. + wiþ, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; along--wiþ we[.g], by the road; + _hostility_, against--fuhton wiþ Brettas, fought with the Britons; + _association, sharing, &c._, with; _defence_, against; _exchange, + price, for_--wiþ þ[=æ]m þe, in consideration of, provided that. + wiþ-·meten-nes, _sf._ comparison. + wiþ-·sacan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ deny. + wiþ-·standan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ withstand, resist. + wlite, _sm._ beauty. + w[=o]d, _aj._ mad. + w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ madly. + wolde, _see_ willan. + w[=o]p, _sm._ weeping [w[=e]pan]. + word, _sn._ word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. + _[.g]e_worden, _see_ weorþan. + worhte, _see_ wyr[.c]an. + woruld, _sf._ world. + woruld-þing, _sn._ worldly thing. + wrecan, _sv. 5_, avenge. + wr[=e][.g]an, _wv._ accuse. + _[.g]e_·writ, _sn._ writing [wr[=i]tan]. + wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write. + wudu, _sm._ wood. + wuldor, _sn._ glory. + wuldrian, _wv._ glorify, extol. + wulf, _sm._ wolf. + _[.g]e_·wuna, _sm._ habit, custom [wunian]. + wund, _sf._ wound. + wundor, _sn._ wonder; miracle. + wundor-lic, _aj._ wonderful, wondrous. + wundor-l[=i]ce, _av._ wonderfully, wondrously. + wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder. + _[.g]e_·wunelic, _aj._ customary. + wunian, _wv._ dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna]. + wunung, _sf._ dwelling. + _[.g]e_wunnen, _see_ _[.g]e_winnan. + wyr[.c]an, _wv._ work, make; build; do, perform [weorc]. + wyrhta, _sm._ worker. + wyrt, _sf._ herb, spice; crop. + wyrt-br[=æ]þ, _sm._ spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. + wyrtruma, _sm._ root. + w[=y]s[.c]an, _wv._ wish. + + Y. + + Yfel, _aj._ evil, bad. + yfel, _sn._ evil. + ymbe, _prp. w. acc._ around; _of time_, about, at. + ymb-·scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe, array. + ymb-·[=u]tan, _av._ round about. + [=y]terra, _aj. comp._ outer; _superl._ [=y]temest, outermost, last + [[=u]t]. + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Notes + +[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced +exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened. + +[2] Both vowels. + +[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom. + +[4] So also _n[=a]h_ = _ne_ (not) _[=a]h_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER*** + + +******* This file should be named 34316-8.txt or 34316-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/3/1/34316 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer</p> +<p> With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised</p> +<p>Author: Henry Sweet</p> +<p>Release Date: November 14, 2010 [eBook #34316]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, David Clarke, Keith Edkins,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="pg" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h3>AN</h3> + +<h1>ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER</h1> + +<p class="cenhead">WITH</p> + +<h3>GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">BY</p> + +<h3>HENRY SWEET, M.A., <span class="sc">Ph.D.</span>, LL.D.</h3> + + <p> </p> + +<h4>Eighth Edition, Revised</h4> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h3>OXFORD</h3> + +<h3>AT THE CLARENDON PRESS</h3> + +<h3>1905</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">PRINTED IN ENGLAND<br /> +AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page v --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"></a>{v}</span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.</h2> + + <p>The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been + felt. Vernon's <i>Anglo-Saxon Guide</i> was an admirable book for its + time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to + make my <i>Anglo-Saxon Reader</i> a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise + between an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I + always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the + present one, which would enable me to give the larger one a more + scientific character, and would at the same time serve as an introduction + to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his <i>Book + for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon</i>. But this work is quite unsuited to + serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to differ so + totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all + idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines which instead of clashing + can only diverge more and more.</p> + + <p>My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible + introduction to the study of Old-English.</p> + + <p>Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose + pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited + in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere + and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give + over <!-- Page vi --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagevi"></a>{vi}</span>again. But I hope the short extracts from + the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting + in interest. For the rest of the selections I have had to fall back on + scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of simplicity and + familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here + from the Reader, where they will be omitted in the next edition. The + sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the + Gospels, Ælfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the + simplest possible character, only those having been taken which would + bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an + introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped + roughly into paragraphs, according to the grammatical forms they + illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the + nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative + singulars, and so on.</p> + + <p>The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early + West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it + is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite + results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating + spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely + scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and + classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we + have to decide, for instance, whether to put the original of <i>hear</i> + under <i>ē, īe, ī</i> or <i>ȳ</i>. The spelling I + here adopt is, in fact, the one I should recommend for dictionary + purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and + to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give + Ælfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more <!-- Page + vii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagevii"></a>{vii}</span>unreasonable than it is for a classical + scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost + Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil.</p> + + <p>It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases + I have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the + student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the + indic. <i>bundon</i> and the subj. <i>bunden</i>, although the latter is + often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I + have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are + really 'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. + Proc. 1880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old + English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is + still in an unsettled state.</p> + + <p>In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, + giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the + connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax + have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my + opinion, to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as + it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine + without explaining their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental + element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been based + throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as + examples have, as far as possible, been taken. This I consider absolutely + essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which gives + a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply + practically in his reading? Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and + prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt to + adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding. <!-- Page + viii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii"></a>{viii}</span></p> + + <p>In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur + in the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English + reader.</p> + + <p>All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the + beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be + lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the + analogies pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between + Old and Modern English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite + out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate + stages which the beginner cannot have.</p> + + <p>The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are + intended mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, + no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the + Grammar.</p> + + <p>On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without + defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from + <i>stęnt</i> to <i>standan</i>, and thence to the Grammar, I might + have saved him all this trouble by putting '<i>stęnt</i>, 3 sg. + pres. of <i>standan</i>, stand,' but the result would be in many cases + that he would not look at the Grammar at all—surely a most + undesirable result.</p> + + <p>Although I have given everything that I believe to be + <i>necessary</i>, every teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add + such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or + otherwise, as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils.</p> + + <p>My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and + encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help + in correcting the proofs.</p> + + <p>In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book + may prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our + Professors of and <!-- Page ix --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageix"></a>{ix}</span>Examiners in the English language, most of + whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary + knowledge of 'Anglo-Saxon'—a knowledge which I believe this book to + be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast + aside for a more ambitious one.</p> + + <p class="author">HENRY SWEET.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Heath Street, Hampstead</span>,</p> + <p><i>March 31, 1882</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.</h2> + + <p>In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for + some time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and + alterations as seemed necessary.</p> + + <p>If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt + have been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had + to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by + various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my + especial thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. + C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam.</p> + + <p class="author">HENRY SWEET.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">London</span>,</p> + <p><i>October 15, 1884</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page x --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex"></a>{x}</span></p> + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> Page</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Grammar</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Texts</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Notes</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page91">91</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Glossary</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page97">97</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1"></a>{1}</span></p> + +<h2>GRAMMAR.</h2> + + <p>The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old + English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the + name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.</p> + + <p>There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with + the <i>West-Saxon</i> dialect in its earliest form.</p> + +<h3>SOUNDS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">VOWELS.</p> + + <p>The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in + Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by (´), short vowels being + left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (ˉ). The + following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and + key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowels" title="Vowels"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> a </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> <i>as in</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> mann (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nama (<i>name</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ā </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> father </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān (<i>stone</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> æ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> man </td><td class="spacsingle"> glæd (<i>glad</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ǣ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> dǣd (<i>deed</i>)<a name="NtA1" href="#Nt1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> e </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> été (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ic ete<a name="NtA2" href="#Nt2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> (<i>I eat</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ē </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> see (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hē (<i>he</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ę </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> men </td><td class="spacsingle"> męnn (<i>men</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page2"></a>{2}</span> + i </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fini (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic (<i>alive</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ī </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sieh (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wīn (<i>wine</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ie </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fin </td><td class="spacsingle"> ieldran (<i>ancestors</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> īe </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīeran (<i>hear</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> o </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> beau (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> god (<i>god</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ō </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> so (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (<i>good</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> u </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sou (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sunu (<i>son</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ū </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gut (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nū (<i>now</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> y </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> véc<i>u</i> (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> synn (<i>sin</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ȳ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> grün (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> brȳd (<i>bride</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ea </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> æ + a </td><td class="spacsingle"> eall (<i>all</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēa </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣ + a </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēast (<i>east</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> e + o </td><td class="spacsingle"> weorc (<i>work</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ē + o </td><td class="spacsingle"> dēop (<i>deep</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><i>e</i> and <i>ę</i> are both written e in the MSS.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first + element.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt + the following approximate pronunciation:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowels - approximate" title="Vowels - approximate"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> a </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> as in </td><td class="spacsingle"> ask (short) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nama (năhmăh).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ā </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> father </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān (stahn).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> æ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> man </td><td class="spacsingle"> glæd (glad).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ǣ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> there </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣr (air).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> e, ę</td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> men </td><td class="spacsingle"> ete (etty), męnn (men).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ē </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> they </td><td class="spacsingle"> hē (hay).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> i, ie </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fin </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic (quick), ieldran (ildrăhn).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ī, īe </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> see </td><td class="spacsingle"> wīn (ween), hīeran (heerăhn).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> o </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> not </td><td class="spacsingle"> god (god).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ō </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> note </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (goad).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> u </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> full </td><td class="spacsingle"> full (full).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ū </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fool </td><td class="spacsingle"> nū (noo).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> y </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fin </td><td class="spacsingle"> synn (zin).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ȳ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> see </td><td class="spacsingle"> brȳd (breed).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ea </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ĕ-ăh </td><td class="spacsingle"> eall (ĕ-ăhl).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēa </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ai-ăh </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēast (ai-ăhst).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span> + eo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ĕ-o </td><td class="spacsingle"> weorc (wĕ-ork).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ai-o </td><td class="spacsingle"> dēop (dai-op).</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be + expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">CONSONANTS.</p> + + <p>Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. + Thus <i>sunu</i> (son) must be distinguished from <i>sunne</i> (sun) in + the same way as <i>penny</i> is distinguished from <i>penknife</i>. So + also <i>in</i> (in) must be distinguished from <i>inn</i> (house); noting + that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables after a + short vowel are long, our <i>in</i> and <i>inn</i> both having the + pronunciation of Old English <i>inn</i>, not of O.E. <i>in</i>.</p> + + <p><i>c</i> and <i>g</i> had each a <i>back</i> (guttural) and a + <i>front</i> (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written + <i>ċ</i>, <i>ġ</i>.</p> + + <p><b>c</b> = <i>k</i>, as in <i>cēne</i> (bold), + <i>cnāwan</i> (know).</p> + + <p><b>ċ</b> = <i>kj</i>, a <i>k</i> formed in the <i>j</i> (English + <i>y</i>) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of <i>sky</i>: + <i>ċiriċe</i> (church), <i>styċċe</i> (piece), + <i>þęnċan</i> (think).</p> + + <p><b>g</b> initially and in the combination <i>ng</i> was pron. as in + 'get': <i>gōd</i> (good), <i>lang</i> (long); otherwise (that is, + medially and finally after vowels and <i>l, r</i>) as in German <i>sagen: + dagas</i> (days), <i>burg</i> (city), <i>hālga</i> (saint).</p> + + <p><b>ġ</b> initially and in the combination <i>nġ</i> was + pronounced <i>gj</i> (corresponding to <i>kj</i>): <i>ġē</i> + (ye), <i>ġeorn</i> (willing), <i>spręnġan</i> + (scatter); otherwise = <i>j</i> (as in 'you'): <i>dæġ</i> (day), + <i>wrēġan</i> (accuse), <i>hęrġian</i> (ravage). + It is possible that <i>ġ</i> in <i>ġe-boren</i> (born) and + other unaccented syllables was already pronounced <i>j. ċġ = + ġġ: sęċġan</i> (say), + <i>hryċġ</i> (back).</p> + + <p><b>f</b> had the sound of <i>v</i> everywhere where it was + possible:—<i>faran</i> (go), <i>of</i> (of), <i>ofer</i> (over); + not, of course, in <i>oft</i> (often), or when doubled, as in + <i>offrian</i> (offer). <!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page4"></a>{4}</span></p> + + <p><b>h</b> initially, as in <i>hē</i> (he), had the same sound as + now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German <i>ch</i> in + <i>loch</i>:—<i>hēah</i> (high), <i>Wealh</i> (Welshman), + <i>riht</i> (right). <i>hw</i>, as in <i>hwæt</i> (what), + <i>hwīl</i> (while), had the sound of our <i>wh</i>; and <i>hl, hn, + hr</i> differed from <i>l, n, r</i> respectively precisely as <i>wh</i> + differs from <i>w</i>, that is, they were these consonants devocalized, + <i>hl</i> being nearly the same as Welsh <i>ll:—hlāford</i> + (lord), <i>hlūd</i> (loud); <i>hnappian</i> (doze), <i>hnutu</i> + (nut); <i>hraþe</i> (quickly), <i>hrēod</i> (reed).</p> + + <p><b>r</b> was always a strong trill, as in + Scotch:—<i>rǣran</i> (to raise), <i>hēr</i> (here), + <i>word</i> (word).</p> + + <p><b>s</b> had the sound of <i>z</i>:—<i>sēċan</i> + (seek), <i>swā</i> (so), <i>wīs</i> (wise), + <i>ā·rīsan</i> (rise); not, of course, in combination with + hard consonants, as in <i>stān</i> (stone), <i>fæst</i> (firm), + <i>rīċsian</i> (rule), or when double, as in <i>cyssan</i> + (kiss).</p> + + <p><b>þ</b> had the sound of our <i>th</i> (= dh) in + <i>then</i>:<i>—þū</i> (thou), <i>þing</i> (thing), + <i>sōþ</i> (true), <i>hǣþen</i> (heathen); except when in + combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our <i>th</i> in + <i>thin</i>, as in <i>sēċþ</i> (seeks). Note <i>hæfþ</i> + (has) = <i>hævdh</i>.</p> + + <p><b>w</b> was fully pronounced wherever + written:—<i>wrītan</i> (write), <i>nīwe</i> (new), + <i>sēow</i> (sowed <i>pret.</i>).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRESS.</p> + + <p>The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is + not on the first syllable of a word, by (·) preceding the letter on which + the stress begins. Thus <i>for·ġiefan</i> is pronounced with the + same stress as that of <i>forgive</i>, <i>andswaru</i> with that of + <i>answer</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PHONOLOGY.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">VOWELS.</p> + + <p>Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., + the most important of which are <i>mutation</i> (German <i>umlaut</i>) + and <i>gradation</i> (G. <i>ablaut</i>). <!-- Page 5 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p> + + <p>The following changes are <i>mutations</i>:—</p> + + <p><b>a .. ę</b>:—mann, <i>pl.</i> męnn; wand (wound + <i>prt.</i>), węndan (to turn).</p> + + <p><b>ea (= a) .. ie (= ę)</b>:—eald (old), ieldra (older); + feallan (fall), fielþ (falls).</p> + + <p><b>ā .. ǣ</b>:—blāwan (to blow), blǣwþ + (bloweth); hāl (sound), hǣlan (heal).</p> + + <p><b>u .. y</b>:—burg (city), <i>pl.</i> byriġ; trum + (strong), trymman (to strengthen).</p> + + <p><b>o .. y</b>:—gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to + kiss).</p> + + <p><b>e .. i</b>:—beran (to bear), bireþ (beareth); cweþan (speak), + cwide (speech).</p> + + <p><b>eo (= e) .. ie (= i)</b>:—heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); + ċeorfan (cut), ċierfþ (cuts).</p> + + <p><b>u .. o</b>:—curon (they chose), ġe·coren (chosen).</p> + + <p><b>ū .. ȳ</b>:—cūþ (known), cȳþan (to + make known); fūl (foul), ā·fȳlan (defile).</p> + + <p><b>ō .. ē</b>:—sōhte (sought <i>prt.</i>), + sēċan (to seek); fōda (food), fēdan (to + feed).</p> + + <p><b>ēa .. īe</b>:—hēawan (to hew), hīewþ + (hews); tēam (progeny), tīeman (teem).</p> + + <p><b>ēo .. īe</b>:—stēor (rudder), stīeran + (steer); ġe·strēon (possession), ġes·trīenan + (gain).</p> + + <p>Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the + other most important vowel-relations.</p> + + <p><b>a, æ, ea.</b> In O.E. original <i>a</i> is preserved before nasals, + as in <i>mann</i>, <i>lang</i>, <i>nama</i> (name), and before a single + consonant followed by <i>a</i>, <i>u</i>, or <i>o</i>, as in <i>dagas</i> + (days), <i>dagum</i> (to days), <i>faran</i> (go), <i>gafol</i> (profit), + and in some words when <i>e</i> follows, as in <i>ic fare</i> (I go), + <i>faren</i> (gone). Before <i>r</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>h</i> followed by + another consonant, and before <i>x</i> it becomes <i>ea</i>, as in + <i>heard</i> (hard), <i>eall</i> (all), <i>eald</i> (old), <i>eahta</i> + (eight), <i>weaxan</i> (to grow). Not in <i>bærst</i> (p. <a + href="#page7">7</a>). In most other cases it becomes + <i>æ</i>:—<i>dæġ</i>, (day), <i>dæġes</i> (of a day), + <i>fæst</i> (firm), <i>wær</i> (wary). <!-- Page 6 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page6"></a>{6}</span></p> + + <p><b>e</b> before nasals always becomes <i>i</i>: compare <i>bindan</i> + (to bind), pret. <i>band</i>, with <i>beran</i> (to bear), pret. + <i>bær</i>.</p> + + <p><i>e</i> before <i>r</i> (generally followed by a consonant) becomes + <i>eo:—eorþe</i> (earth), <i>heorte</i> (heart). Not in + <i>berstan</i> (p. <a href="#page7">7</a>). Also in other + cases:—<i>seolfor</i> (silver), <i>heofon</i> (heaven).</p> + + <p><b>i</b> before <i>r</i> + cons. becomes <i>ie:—bierþ</i> + (beareth) contr. from <i>bireþ, hierde</i> (shepherd) from <i>heord</i> + (herd), <i>wiersa</i> (worse).</p> + + <p><b>ę</b> before <i>r</i>, or <i>l</i> + cons. often becomes + <i>ie:—fierd</i> (army) from <i>faran</i>, <i>bieldo</i> (boldness) + from <i>beald</i>, <i>ieldra</i> (elder) from <i>eald</i>.</p> + + <p>By <i>gradation</i> the vowels are related as follows:—</p> + + <p><b>e</b> (i, eo) .. <b>a</b> (æ, ea) .. <b>u</b> (o):—</p> + + <p><i>bindan</i> (inf.), <i>band</i> (pret.), <i>bundon</i> (they bound). + <i>beran</i> (inf.), <i>bær</i> (pret.), <i>boren</i> (past partic.). + <i>ċeorfan</i> (cut), <i>ċearf</i> (pret.), <i>curfon</i> + (they cut), <i>corfen</i> (past partic.). <i>bęnd</i> (bond) = + mutation of band, <i>byr-þen</i> (burden) of <i>bor-en</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a</b> (æ, ea) .. <b>ǣ</b>:—<i>spræc</i> (spoke), + <i>sprǣcon</i> (they spoke), <i>sprǣċ</i> (speech).</p> + + <p><b>a .. ō</b>:—<i>faran</i> (to go), <i>fōr</i> + (pret.), <i>fōr</i> (journey). <i>ġe·fēra</i> + (companion) mutation of <i>fōr</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ī .. ā .. i</b>:—<i>wrītan, wrāt, + writon, ġe·writ</i> (writing, <i>subst.</i>). + <i>(be)·līfan</i> (remain), <i>lāf</i> (remains), whence by + mutation <i>lǣfan</i> (leave).</p> + + <p><b>ēo</b> (ū) .. <b>ēa .. u</b> + (o):—<i>ċēosan</i> (choose), <i>ċēas, + curon, coren</i>. <i>cys-t</i> (choice). <i>(for)·lēosan</i> + (lose), <i>lēas</i> (loose), <i>ā·līesan</i> (release), + <i>losian</i> (to be lost). <i>būgan</i> (bend), <i>boga</i> + (bow).</p> + + <p>We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the + conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, + and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to + O.E. etymology.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two + words. Thus <i>lęċġan</i> (lay) cannot be directly + referred to <i>liċġan</i> (lie), but only to a form + *<i>lag</i>-, preserved in the preterite <i>læġ</i>. So also + <i>blęndan</i> (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the + adjective <i>blind</i> through an intermediate *<i>bland</i>-. Again, the + root-vowel of <i>byrþen</i> <!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page7"></a>{7}</span>(burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive + <i>beran</i> (bear), but only by the past participle + <i>ġe·boren</i>. In the same way <i>hryre</i> (fall <i>sb.</i>) + must be referred, not to the infinitive <i>hrēosan</i>, but to the + preterite plural <i>hruron</i>.</p> + + <p>The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation + (1) <i>feallan</i>, <i>fēoll</i>, &c., are due not to + gradation, but to other causes.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">CONSONANTS.</p> + + <p><b>s</b> becomes <i><b>r</b></i> in the preterite plurals and past + participles of strong verbs, as in <i>curon</i>, <i>ġe·coren</i> + from <i>ċēosan</i>, <i>wǣron</i> pl. of <i>wæs</i> + (was), and in other formations, such as <i>hryre</i> (fall) from + <i>hrēosan</i>.</p> + + <p><b>þ</b> becomes <i><b>d</b></i> under the same conditions, as in + <i>wurdon</i>, <i>ġe·worden</i> from <i>weorþan</i> (become), + <i>cwæþ</i> (quoth), pl. <i>cwǣdon</i>, <i>cwide</i> (speech) from + <i>cweþan</i> (infin.).</p> + + <p><b>r</b> is often transposed, as in <i>iernan</i> (run) from original + *<i>rinnan</i> (cp. the subst. <i>ryne</i>), <i>berstan</i> (burst) from + *<i>brestan</i>, <i>bærst</i> (burst <i>pret.</i>) from <i>bræst</i>, + <i>hors</i> (horse) from *<i>hross</i>.</p> + + <p>The combinations <b>cæ-</b>, <b>gæ</b>- become <i>ċea-</i>, + <i>ġea-</i>, as in <i>ċeaf</i> (chaff) from *<i>cæf</i>, + <i>sċeal</i> (shall) from *<i>scæl</i>, <i>ġeaf</i> (gave) = + *<i>gæf</i> from <i>ġiefan</i> (cp. <i>cwæþ</i> from + <i>cweþan</i>), <i>ġeat</i> (gate)—cp. <i>fæt</i> + (vessel).</p> + + <p><b>gǣ-</b> often becomes <i>ġēa-</i>, as in + <i>ġēafon</i> (they gave), with which compare + <i>cwǣdon</i> (they said).</p> + + <p><b>ge-</b> becomes <i>ġie</i>, as in <i>ġiefan</i>, + <i>ġieldan</i> (pay) from *<i>gefan</i>, *<i>geldan</i>—cp. + <i>cweþan</i>, <i>delfan</i>. Not in the prefix <i>ġe-</i> and + <i>ġē</i> (ye).</p> + + <p>When <b>g</b> comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes + <i><b>h</b></i>, as in <i>hē līehþ</i> (he lies) from + <i>lēogan</i> (mentiri).</p> + + <p><b>h</b> after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the + preceding vowel being lengthened, thus <i>Wealh</i> (Welshman) has plural + <i>Wēalas</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>INFLECTIONS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">NOUNS.</p> + + <p><b>Gender.</b> There are three genders in O.E.—masculine, + neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly <!-- Page 8 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span>grammatical. By + the natural gender names of male beings, such as <i>se mann</i> (the + man), are masculine; of female beings, such as <i>sēo dohtor</i> + (the daughter), are feminine; and of young creatures, such as <i>þæt + ċild</i> (the child), neuter. Note, however, that <i>þæt + wīf</i> (woman) is neuter.</p> + + <p>Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and + other words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. + Thus all nouns ending in <i>-a</i>, such as <i>se mōna</i> (moon), + are masculine, <i>sēo sunne</i> (sun) being feminine. Those ending + in <i>-dōm</i>, <i>-hād</i>, and <i>-sċipe</i> are also + masculine:—<i>se wīsdōm</i> (wisdom), <i>se + ċildhād</i> (childhood), <i>se frēondsċipe</i> + (friendship). Those in <i>-nes</i>, <i>-o</i> (from adjectives) + <i>-rǣden</i>, and <i>-ung</i> are feminine:—<i>sēo + rihtwīsnes</i> (righteousness), <i>sēo bieldo</i> (boldness) + from <i>beald</i>, <i>sēo mann-rǣden</i> (allegiance), + <i>sēo scotung</i> (shooting).</p> + + <p>Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in <i>þæt + burg-ġeat</i> (city-gate), from <i>sēo burg</i> and <i>þæt + ġeat</i>. Hence also <i>se wīf-mann</i> (woman) is + masculine.</p> + + <p>The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the + student should learn each noun with its proper definite article.</p> + + <p><b>Strong and Weak.</b> Weak nouns are those which form their + inflections with <i><b>n</b></i>, such as <i>se mōna</i>, plural + <i>mōnan</i>; <i>sēo sunne</i>, genitive sing. <i>þǣre + sunnan</i>. All the others, such as <i>se dæġ</i>, pl. + <i>dagas</i>, <i>þæt hūs</i> (house), gen. sing. <i>þæs + hūses</i>, are strong.</p> + + <p><b>Cases.</b> There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, + and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the + sing. of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and + neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and + in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in + neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns + ends in <i><b>-um</b></i>. <!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page9"></a>{9}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG MASCULINES.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(1) <b>as</b>-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="as-plurals" title="as-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom<a name="NtA3" href="#Nt3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān (<i>stone</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-as.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>dǣl</i> (part), <i>cyning</i> (king), + <i>ċildhād</i> (childhood).</p> + + <p><i>dæġ</i> (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. <a + href="#page5">5</a>):—<i>dæġ</i>, <i>dæġe</i>, + <i>dæġes</i>; <i>dagas</i>, <i>dagum</i>, <i>daga</i>.</p> + + <p>Nouns in <i>-e</i> have nom. and dat. sing. the + same:—<i>ęnde</i>, (end), <i>ęnde</i>, + <i>ęndes</i>; <i>ęndas</i>, <i>ęndum</i>, + <i>ęnda</i>.</p> + + <p>Nouns in <i>-el</i>, <i>-ol</i>, <i>-um</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-on</i>, + <i>-er</i>, <i>-or</i> often contract:—<i>ęnġel</i> + (angel), <i>ęnġle</i>, <i>ęnġles</i>; + <i>ęnġlas</i>, <i>ęnġlum</i>, + <i>ęnġla</i>. So also <i>næġel</i> (nail), + <i>þeġen</i> (thane), <i>ealdor</i> (prince). Others, such as + <i>æcer</i> (field), do not contract.</p> + + <p><i>h</i> after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. <a + href="#page7">7</a>), as in <i>feorh</i> (life), <i>fēore</i>, + <i>fēores</i>. So also in <i>Wealh</i> (Welshman), plur. + <i>Wēalas</i>.</p> + + <p>There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns + each.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(2) <b>e</b>-plurals.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:—<i>lēode</i> + (people), <i>lēodum</i>, <i>lēoda</i>. So also several names + of nations:—<i>Ęnġle</i> (English), <i>Dęne</i> + (Danes); <i>Seaxe</i> (Saxons), <i>Mierċe</i> (Mercians), have gen. + plur. <i>Seaxna</i>, <i>Mierċna</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">(3) Mutation-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Mutation-plurals" title="Mutation-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt (<i>foot</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fēt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fēt. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>tōþ</i> (tooth). <i>Mann</i> (man), + <i>męnn</i>, <i>mannes</i>; <i>męnn</i>, <i>mannum</i>, + <i>manna</i>.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">(4) <b>u</b>-nouns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="u-nouns" title="u-nouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-u (<i>son</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>wudu</i> (wood).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(5) <b>r</b>-nouns (including feminines).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="r-nouns" title="r-nouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdor (<i>mother</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mēder. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdr-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdor. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdr-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>brōþor</i> (brother); <i>fæder</i> (father), + <i>dohtor</i> (daughter), have dat. sing. <i>fæder</i>, + <i>dehter</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(6) <b>nd</b>-nouns.</p> + + <p>Formed from the present participle of verbs.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="nd-nouns" title="nd-nouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond (<i>friend</i>).</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frīend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frīend. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>fēond</i> (enemy).</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-end</i> inflect thus:—<i>būend</i> (dweller), + <i>būend</i>, <i>būendes</i>; <i>būend</i>, + <i>būendum</i>, <i>būendra</i>. So also <i>Hǣlend</i> + (saviour). The <i>-ra</i> is an adjectival inflection.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG NEUTERS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(1) <b>u</b>-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="u-plurals" title="u-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR</span>. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip (<i>ship</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-u.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So all neuters with short final syllable, such as <i>ġe·bed</i> + (prayer), <i>ġe·writ</i> (writing), <i>ġeat</i> (gate). <!-- + Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>{11}</span></p> + + <p><i>Fæt</i> (vessel), <i>fæte</i>, <i>fætes</i>; <i>fatu</i>, + <i>fatum</i>, <i>fata</i> (p. <a href="#page5">5</a>).</p> + + <p><i>Rīċe</i> (kingdom), <i>rīċe</i>, + <i>rīċes</i>; <i>rīċu</i>, + <i>rīċum</i>, <i>rīċa</i>. So also all neuters in + <i>e</i>, except <i>ēage</i> and <i>ēare</i> (p. <a + href="#page13">13</a>): <i>ġe·þēode</i> (language), + <i>styċċe</i> (piece).</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-ol</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-or</i>, &c. are generally + contracted:—<i>dēofol</i> (devil), <i>dēofles</i>, + <i>dēoflu</i>. So also <i>wǣpen</i> (weapon), <i>mynster</i> + (monastery), <i>wundor</i> (wonder).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(2) Unchanged plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Unchanged plurals" title="Unchanged plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs (<i>house</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long + vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as + <i>bearn</i> (child), <i>folc</i> (nation), <i>wīf</i> (woman).</p> + + <p><i>Feoh</i> (money) drops its <i>h</i> in inflection and lengthens the + <i>eo</i>:—<i>feoh</i>, <i>fēo</i>, <i>fēos</i>. So + also <i>bleoh</i> (colour).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG FEMININES.</p> + + <p>(1) <b>a</b>-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="a-plurals (a)" title="a-plurals (a)"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-u (<i>gift</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>lufu</i> (love), <i>scamu</i> (shame). <i>Duru</i> (door) + is an <i>u</i>-noun: it has acc. <i>duru</i>, d., g. <i>dura</i>, g. pl. + <i>dura</i>. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before + the final vowel. When it is long, the <i>u</i> is dropped, and the noun + falls under (<i>b</i>). <!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="a-plurals (b)" title="a-plurals (b)"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ (<i>speech</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>strǣt</i> (street), <i>sorg</i> (sorrow). Some have + the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as <i>dǣd</i>, + <i>hand</i>, <i>miht</i>.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-ol</i>, <i>-er</i>, <i>-or</i>, &c. + contract:—<i>sāwol</i> (soul), <i>sāwle</i>, + <i>sāwla</i>, <i>sāwlum</i>. So also <i>ċeaster</i> + (city), <i>hlǣdder</i> (ladder).</p> + + <p>Some in <i>-en</i> double the <i>n</i> in + inflection:—<i>byrþen</i> (burden), <i>byrþenne</i>. So also those + in <i>-rǣden</i>, such as <i>hierdrǣden</i> (guardianship). + Those in <i>-nes</i> also double the <i>s</i> in inflection: + <i>gōdnes</i> (goodness), <i>gōdnesse</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(2) Mutation-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Mutation-plurals" title="Mutation-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bōc (<i>book</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bēċ.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bēċ. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bōc-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bēċ. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bōc-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Burg</i> (city), <i>byriġ</i>, <i>burge</i>; + <i>byriġ</i>, <i>burgum</i>, <i>burga</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(3) Indeclinable.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Indeclinable" title="Indeclinable"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bieldo (<i>boldness</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bieldo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bieldo.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>ieldo</i> (age).</p> + + <p>For <i>r</i>-nouns, see under Masculines.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK MASCULINES.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Masculines" title="Weak Masculines"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-a (<i>name</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span></p> + + <p>So also all nouns in <i>-a</i>:—<i>ġe·fēra</i> + (companion), <i>guma</i> (man), <i>ġe·lēafa</i> (belief). + <i>Ieldran</i> (elders) occurs only in the plural.</p> + + <p><i>Ġe·fēa</i> (joy) is contracted + throughout:—<i>ġefēa</i>, + <i>ġefēan</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK NEUTERS.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Masculines" title="Weak Masculines"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-e (<i>eye</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>ēare</i> 'ear.'</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK FEMININES.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Masculines" title="Weak Masculines"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-e (<i>sun</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>ċiriċe</i> (church), <i>fǣmne</i> + (virgin), <i>heorte</i> (heart).</p> + + <p><i>Lēo</i> (lion) has acc., &c. <i>lēon</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">PROPER NAMES.</p> + + <p>Native names of persons are declined like other + nouns:—<i>Ælfred</i>, gen. <i>Ælfredes</i>, dat. <i>Ælfrede</i>; + <i>Ēad-burg</i> (fem.), gen. <i>Ēadburge</i>, &c.</p> + + <p>Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, + thus <i>Crīst</i>, <i>Salomon</i> have gen. <i>Crīstes</i>, + <i>Salomones</i>, dat. <i>Crīste</i>, <i>Salomone</i>. Sometimes + they are declined as in Latin, especially those in <i>-us</i>, but often + with a mixture of English endings, and the Latin endings are used <!-- + Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span>somewhat + loosely, the accus. ending being often extended to the other oblique + cases; thus we find nom. <i>Cȳrus</i>, gen. <i>Cȳres</i>, + acc. <i>Cȳrum</i>, dat. <i>Cȳrum</i> (þǣm cyninge + Cȳrum).</p> + + <p>Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are + those taken from Latin, such as <i>Breten</i> (Britain), + <i>Cęnt</i> (Kent), <i>Ġermānia</i> (Germany), and + those formed by composition, generally with <i>land</i>, such as + <i>Ęnġla-land</i> (land of the English, England), + <i>Isr·ahēla-þēod</i> (Israel). In both of these cases the + first element is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as + <i>Scot-land</i>, also occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants + of a country is used for the country itself:—<i>on + Ēast-ęnġlum</i> = in East-anglia, lit. 'among the + East-anglians.' So also <i>on Angel-cynne</i> = in England, lit. 'among + the English race,' more accurately expressed by <i>Angelcynnes + land</i>.</p> + + <p>Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find + <i>on Cęnt</i>, <i>tō Hierusalēm</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Ġermānia</i>, <i>Asia</i>, and other foreign names in + <i>-a</i> take <i>-e</i> in the oblique cases, thus gen. + <i>Ġermānie</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>ADJECTIVES.</h3> + + <p>Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though + with partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. + In the masc. and neut. sing. they have an <i>instrumental</i> case, for + which in the fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is + used.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG ADJECTIVES.</p> + + <p>Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take <i>-u</i> in + the fem. sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. + <!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page15"></a>{15}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Strong Adjectives" title="Strong Adjectives"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic (<i>alive</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-u.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-ne, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-um, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-um, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-re.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-es, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-es, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-re.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> (cwicre).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-u, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-ra.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>sum</i> (some), <i>fǣrlic</i> (dangerous).</p> + + <p>Those with <i>æ</i>, such as <i>glæd</i> (glad), change it to <i>a</i> + in dat. <i>gladum</i>, &c.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-e</i>, such as <i>blīþe</i> (glad), drop it in all + inflections:—<i>blīþne</i>, <i>blīþu</i>, + <i>blīþre</i>.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-ig</i>, <i>-el</i>, <i>-ol</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-er</i>, + <i>-or</i> often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel, as + in <i>hāliġ</i> (holy), <i>hālges</i>, + <i>hālgum</i>; <i>miċel</i> (great), <i>miċlu</i>, + <i>miċle</i>. Not, of course, before + consonants:—<i>hāliġne</i>, <i>miċelne</i>, + <i>miċelra</i>.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-u</i>, such as <i>ġearu</i> (ready), change the + <i>u</i> into a <i>w</i> before vowels:—<i>ġearwes</i>, + <i>ġearwe</i>.</p> + + <p>Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the <i>u</i> of + the fem. and neuter:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Adjectives with long syllable before the endings" title="Adjectives with long syllable before the endings"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom. Sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (<i>good</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <i>Plur.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōde, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōde.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Fēa</i> (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. + <i>fēam</i>, gen. <i>fēara</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Hēah</i> (high) drops its second <i>h</i> in inflection and + contracts:—<i>hēare</i>, nom. pl. <i>hēa</i>, dat. + <i>hēam</i>, acc. sing. masc. <i>hēanne</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Fela</i> (many) is indeclinable. <!-- Page 16 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK ADJECTIVES.</p> + + <p>The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun + ones:-</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Adjectives" title="Weak Adjectives"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-a, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-ra.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">COMPARISON.</p> + + <p>The comparative is formed by adding <i>-ra</i>, and is declined like a + weak adjective:—<i>lēof</i> (dear), <i>lēofra</i> + masc., <i>lēofre</i> fem., <i>lēofran</i> plur., etc.; + <i>mǣre</i> (famous), <i>mǣrra</i>. The superlative is formed + by adding <i>-ost</i>, and may be either weak or + strong:—<i>lēofost</i> (dearest).</p> + + <p>The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative + in <i>-est</i> (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Comparisons with mutation" title="Comparisons with mutation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eald (<i>old</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ieldra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ieldest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lang (<i>long</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęnġra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęnġest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nēah (<i>near</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> (nēar), </td><td class="spacsingle"> nīehst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hēah (<i>high</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīerra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīehst.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The following show different roots:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Comparisons with different roots" title="Comparisons with different roots"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (<i>good</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> bętera, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bętst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> yfel (<i>evil</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> wiersa, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wierrest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> miċel (<i>great</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> māra (mā), </td><td class="spacsingle"> mǣst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lȳtel (<i>little</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣssa (lǣs), </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣst.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span></p> + + <p>The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from + adverbs:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Defective comparisons" title="Defective comparisons"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ǣr (<i>formerly</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣrra (ǣror), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣrest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fore (<i>before</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> . . . </td><td class="spacsingle"> forma, fyrmest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ūt (<i>out</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ȳterra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ȳtemest.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">NUMERALS.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Numerals" title="Numerals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">CARDINAL.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">ORDINAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ān, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>one</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> forma (<i>first</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> twā, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>two</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> ōþer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>three</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> þridda.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fēower, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>four</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēorþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fīf, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>five</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> fīf-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> siex, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>six</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> siex-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> seofon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>seven</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> seofoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eahta, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eight</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> eahtoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nigon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>nine</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> nigoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> tīen, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>ten</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> tēoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ęndlufon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eleven</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> ęndlyf-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> twęlf, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>twelve</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> tw<span class="over">e,</span>lf-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>thirteen</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo-tēoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fēower-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>fourteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fīf-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>fifteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> siex-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>sixteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> seofon-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>seventeen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eahta-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eighteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nigon-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>nineteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> twęn-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>twenty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þri-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>thirty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fēower-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>forty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fīf-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>fifty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> siex-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>sixty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span> + hund-·seofon-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>seventy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·eahta-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eighty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·nigon-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>ninety</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -1.15em"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund </td><td rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·tēontiġ, </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>hundred</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·ęndlufontiġ,</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>hundred and ten</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·twęlftiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>hundred and twenty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þūsend, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>thousand</i>.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Ān</i> is declined like other adjectives.</p> + + <p><i>Twā</i> is declined thus:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Twa" title="Twa"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> twēġen, </td><td class="spacsingle"> twā, </td><td class="spacsingle"> twā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> twǣm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> twēġra.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>bēġen</i> (both), <i>bā</i>, + <i>bǣm</i>, <i>bēġra</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Þrēo</i> is declined thus:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Þreo" title="Þreo"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> þrīe, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrim.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēora.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The others up to <i>twęntiġ</i> are generally + indeclinable. Those in <i>-tiġ</i> are sometimes declined like + neuter nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. + When not made into adjectives they govern the genitive.</p> + + <p><i>Hund</i> and <i>þūsend</i> are either declined as neuters or + left undeclined, always taking a genitive:—<i>eahta hund + mīla</i> (eight hundred miles), <i>fēower þūsend + wera</i> (four thousand men).</p> + + <p>Units are always put before tens:—<i>ān and + twęntiġ</i> (twenty-one). <!-- Page 19 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p> + + <p>The ordinals are always weak, except <i>ōþer</i>, which is + always strong.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PRONOUNS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">PERSONAL.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Pronouns, first and second person" title="Pronouns, first and second person"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> iċ (<i>I</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> þū (<i>thou</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mē, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þē.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mē, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þē.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mīn, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þīn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">DUAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> wit (<i>we two</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġit (<i>ye two</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> unc, </td><td class="spacsingle"> inc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> unc, </td><td class="spacsingle"> inc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> uncer, </td><td class="spacsingle"> incer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> wē (<i>we</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġē (<i>ye</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ūs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ūs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ūre, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēower.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Pronouns, third person" title="Pronouns, third person"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hē (<i>he</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hit (<i>it</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēo (<i>she</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hine, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hit, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> him, </td><td class="spacsingle"> him, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hiere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> his, </td><td class="spacsingle"> his, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hiere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīe (<i>they</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> him.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hiera.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary <!-- Page 20 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20"></a>{20}</span>personal + pronouns are used instead:—<i>hīe ġe·samnodon + hīe</i> (they collected themselves, assembled); <i>hīe + ā·bǣdon him wīf</i> (they asked for wives for + themselves). <i>Self</i> is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective + agreeing with its pronoun:—<i>swā swā hīe + wȳsċton him selfum</i> (as they wished for themselves).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">POSSESSIVE.</p> + + <p><i>Mīn</i> (my), <i>þīn</i> (thy), <i>ūre</i> (our), + <i>ēower</i> (your), and the dual <i>uncer</i> and <i>incer</i> are + declined like other adjectives. The genitives <i>his</i> (his, its), + <i>hiere</i> (her), <i>hiera</i> (their) are used as indeclinable + possessives.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">INTERROGATIVE.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Interrogative pronouns" title="Interrogative pronouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> Masc. and Fem. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwā (<i>who</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæt (<i>what</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwone, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwǣm, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwǣm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæs.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hwȳ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwȳ.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Hwelc</i> (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used + both as a noun and an adjective.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">DEMONSTRATIVE.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Demonstrative pronoun Se" title="Demonstrative pronoun Se"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> se (<i>that</i>, <i>the</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þone, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣm, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣm, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳ, þon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> (þǣre).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þāra.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"></a>{21}</span></p> + + <p><i>Se</i> is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also + used as a personal pronoun:—<i>hē ġe·hīerþ + mīn word, and wyrċþ þā</i> (he hears my words, and does + them). <i>Sē</i> as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel + long.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Demonstrative pronoun Þes" title="Demonstrative pronoun Þes"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þes (<i>this</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> þis, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þēos.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisne, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þis, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þās.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissum, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissum, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisses, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisses, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳs. </td><td class="spacsingle"> (þisse).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þās.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissum.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissa.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, + are <i>se ilca</i> (same), which is always weak, <i>swelc</i> (such), + which is always strong.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">RELATIVE.</p> + + <p>The regular relative is the indeclinable <i>þe</i>, as in <i>ǣlc + þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ</i> (each of + those who hears these my words). It is often combined with + <i>sē</i>, which is declined:—<i>sē þe</i> = who, + masc., <i>sēo þe</i>, fem., &c. <i>Sē</i> alone is also + used as a relative:—<i>hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic + ġe·ċēas</i> (here is my servant, whom I have chosen); + sometimes in the sense of 'he who':—<i>hēr þū hæfst þæt + þīn is</i> (here thou hast that which is thine).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">INDEFINITE.</p> + + <p>Indefinites are formed with <i>swā</i> and the interrogative + pronouns, thus:—<i>swā hwā swā</i>, <i>swā + hwelċ swā</i> (whoever), <i>swā hwæt swā</i> + (whatever). <!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p> + + <p><i>Ān</i> and <i>sum</i> (some) are used in an indefinite + sense:—<i>ān mann</i>, <i>sum mann</i> = 'a certain man,' + hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed.</p> + + <p><i>Ǣlċ</i> (each), <i>ǣniġ</i> (any), + <i>nǣniġ</i> (no, none), are declined like other + adjectives.</p> + + <p><i>Ōþer</i> (other) is always strong:—<i>þā + ōþre męnn</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Man</i>, another form of <i>mann</i>, is often used in the + indefinite sense of 'one,' French <i>on</i>:—<i>his brōþor + Horsan man of·slōg</i> (they killed his brother Horsa).</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>VERBS.</h3> + + <p>There are two classes of verbs in O.E., <i>strong</i> and <i>weak</i>. + The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of + vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of <i>d</i> (-ode, + -ede, -de) to the root-syllable.</p> + + <p>The following is the conjugation of the strong verb <i>bindan</i> + (bind), which will serve to show the endings which are common to all + verbs:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Strong verb bindan" title="Strong verb bindan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. bind-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. bind-est, bintst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. bind-eþ, bint, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-aþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. band, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. bund-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. band, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-on, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper. sing.</i> bind; <i>plur.</i> bind-aþ. <i>Infin.</i> bind-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> bind-ende; <i>pret.</i> ġe-·bund-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Gerund.</i> tō bind-enne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>For the plural <i>bindaþ</i>, both indicative and imperative, + <i>binde</i> is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after + <!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span>the + verb:—<i>wē bindaþ</i> (we bind), but <i>binde wē</i> + (let us bind); so also <i>gāþ!</i> (go plur.), but <i>gā + ġē!</i> (go ye).</p> + + <p>The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its + declension when used as a noun is given above, p. <a + href="#page10">10</a>.</p> + + <p>The past participle generally prefixes <i>ġe-</i>, as in + <i>ġe·bunden</i>, <i>ġe·numen</i> from <i>niman</i> (take), + unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in + <i>ġe·hīeran</i> (hear), <i>ġe·hīered</i>. It is + sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No <i>ġe</i> + is added if the verb has another prefix, such as <i>ā-</i>, + <i>be-</i>, <i>for-</i>; thus <i>for·ġiefan</i> (forgive) has the + past participle <i>for·ġiefen</i>. The past participle may be + declined like an adjective.</p> + + <p>Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form + <i>hāt-te</i> from <i>hātan</i> (call, name), which is both + present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':—<i>se munuc + hātte Abbo</i> (the monk's name was Abbo).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG VERBS.</p> + + <p>In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a + different vowel from that of the sing. (<i>ic band</i>, <i>wē + bundon</i>). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always + have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative (<i>þū bunde, ic + bunde, wē bunden</i>.)</p> + + <p>The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the + root-vowel, thus:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowel changes in pres. indic." title="Vowel changes in pres. indic."> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> a </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>becomes</i> </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ę </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>as in</i> (hē) </td><td class="qspcsingle"> stęnt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>from</i> </td><td class="qspcsingle"> standan (<i>stand</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ea </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ie </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> fielþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> feallan (<i>fall</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> e </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> i </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cwiþþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cweþan (<i>say</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> eo </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ie </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> wierþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> weorþan (<i>happen</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ā </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ǣ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hǣtt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hātan (<i>command</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ō </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ē </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> grēwþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> grōwan (<i>grow</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ēa</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> īe </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hīewþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hēawan (<i>hew</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ēo</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> īe </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċīest</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċēosan (<i>choose</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ū </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ȳ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> lȳcþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> lūcan (<i>close</i>).</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"></a>{24}</span></p> + + <p>The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is <i>-eþ</i>, + which is generally contracted, with the following + consonant-changes:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowel changes in 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic." title="Vowel changes in 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic."> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -teþ</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>becomes</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tt</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>as in</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> lǣtt</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>from</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> lǣtan (<i>let</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -deþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bītt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bīdan (<i>wait</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -ddeþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bitt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> biddan (<i>pray</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -þeþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -þþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cwiþþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cweþan (<i>say</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -seþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -st </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċīest</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċēosan (<i>choose</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -ndeþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -nt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bint </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bindan (<i>bind</i>).</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Double consonants become single, as in <i>hē fielþ</i> from + <i>feallan</i>.</p> + + <p>Before the <i>-st</i> of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as + in <i>þū cwist</i> from <i>cweþan</i>, <i>þū + ċīest</i> from <i>ċēosan</i>; and <i>d</i> + becomes <i>t</i>, as in <i>þū bintst</i> from <i>bindan</i>.</p> + + <p>For the changes between <i>s</i> and <i>r</i>, <i>þ</i> and <i>d</i>, + <i>g</i> and <i>h</i>, see p. <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + + <p>Some verbs, such as <i>sēon</i> (see), drop the <i>h</i> and + contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel:—<i>ic + sēo</i>, <i>wē sēoþ</i>, <i>tō sēonne</i>; + but <i>hē sihþ</i>.</p> + + <p>There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by + the different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise + all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together + with several others of the commoner ones.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>I. 'Fall'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>The pret. sing. and pl. has <i>ēo</i> or <i>ē</i>, and the + past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive. <!-- Page 25 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>{25}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Fall-conjugation" title="Fall-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="5"> (<i>a</i>) ēo-<i>preterites</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ea</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> feallan (<i>fall</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fielþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēoll </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēollon </td><td class="spacsingle"> feallen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> healdan (<i>hold</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hielt </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēold </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēoldon </td><td class="spacsingle"> healden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wealdan (<i>wield</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wielt </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēold </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēoldon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wealden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> weaxan (<i>grow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wiext </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēox </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēoxon </td><td class="spacsingle"> weaxen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ā</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> blāwan (<i>blow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> blǣwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> blēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> blēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> blāwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cnāwan (<i>know</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnǣwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnāwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sāwan (<i>sow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sǣwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> sēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sāwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ē</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wēpan (<i>weep</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēop </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēopon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wōpen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> <i>Wēpan</i> has really a weak present (p. <a href="#page30">30</a>) with mutation (the original <i>ō</i><br /> + re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no + difference in the inflection.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ō</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flōwan (<i>flow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> flōwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> grōwan (<i>grow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> grēwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> grēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> grēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> grōwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rōwan (<i>row</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> rēwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> rēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> rēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> rōwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ēa</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bēatan (<i>beat</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēot </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēoton </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēaten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hēawan (<i>hew</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīewþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēawen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hlēapan (<i>leap</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlīepþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlēop </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlēopon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlēapen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="5"> (<i>b</i>) ē-<i>preterites</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ā</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hātan (<i>command</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hǣtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēt </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēton </td><td class="spacsingle"> hāten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ǣ</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lǣtan (<i>let</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēton </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ō</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fōn (<i>seize</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēng </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēngon </td><td class="spacsingle"> fangen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hōn (<i>hang</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēng </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēngon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hangen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>II. 'Shake'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>a</i> (<i>ea</i>) and <i>ę</i> (<i>ie</i>). + <i>Ō</i> in pret. sing, and pl., <i>a</i> (<i>æ</i>) in partic. + pret. <i>Standan</i> drops its <i>n</i> in the pret. The partic. pret. of + <i>swęrian</i> is irregular.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Shake-conjugation" title="Shake-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>a:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> faran (<i>go</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> færþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fōr </td><td class="spacsingle"> fōron </td><td class="spacsingle"> faren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sacan (<i>quarrel</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōc </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sacen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> scacan (<i>shake</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> scæcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōc </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scacen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> standan (<i>stand</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> stęnt </td><td class="spacsingle"> stōd </td><td class="spacsingle"> stōdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> standen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> The following shows contraction of original <i>ea</i>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> slēan (<i>strike</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sliehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> slōg </td><td class="spacsingle"> slōgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> slæġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ę:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hębban (<i>lift</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hęfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hōf </td><td class="spacsingle"> hōfon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hafen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċieppan (<i>create</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> sċiepþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōp </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōpon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scapen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> swęrian (<i>swear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> swęreþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> swōr </td><td class="spacsingle"> swōron </td><td class="spacsingle"> sworen</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their + imperative sing. is <i>hęfe</i> and <i>swęre</i>, like that + of <i>węnian</i> (p. <a href="#page32">32</a>). + <i>Swęrian</i> has indic. <i>swęrige</i>, + <i>swęrest</i>, like <i>węnian</i>; <i>hębban</i> has + <i>hębbe</i>, <i>hęfst</i>, &c. like <i>hīeran</i> + (p. <a href="#page30">30</a>).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>III. 'Bind'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p><i>I</i> (<i>ie</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>eo</i>) followed by two consonants, + one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (<i>l</i>, <i>r</i>) or + nasal (<i>m</i>, <i>n</i>) in the infin., <i>a</i> (<i>æ</i>, <i>ea</i>) + in pret. sing., <i>u</i> in pret. pl., <i>u</i> (<i>o</i>) in ptc. pret. + <i>Findan</i> has a weak preterite.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Bind-conjugation" title="Bind-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bindan (<i>bind</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bint </td><td class="spacsingle"> band </td><td class="spacsingle"> bundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> bunden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> drincan (<i>drink</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> drincþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> dranc </td><td class="spacsingle"> druncon </td><td class="spacsingle"> druncen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> findan (<i>find</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fint </td><td class="spacsingle"> funde </td><td class="spacsingle"> fundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> funden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġieldan (<i>pay</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġielt </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġeald </td><td class="spacsingle"> guldon </td><td class="spacsingle"> golden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (on)ġinnan (<i>begin</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġinþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -gann </td><td class="spacsingle"> -gunnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -gunnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span> + grindan (<i>grind</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> grint </td><td class="spacsingle"> grand </td><td class="spacsingle"> grundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> grunden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> iernan (<i>run</i>) [p. <a href="#page7">7</a>] </td><td class="spacsingle"> iernþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> arn </td><td class="spacsingle"> urnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> urnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġe-·limpan (<i>happen</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -limpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lamp </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lumpon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lumpen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> scrincan (<i>shrink</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> scrincþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scranc </td><td class="spacsingle"> scruncon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scruncen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> springan (<i>spring</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> springþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprang </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprungon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprungen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> swincan (<i>toil</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> swincþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> swanc </td><td class="spacsingle"> swuncon </td><td class="spacsingle"> swuncen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> windan (<i>wind</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wint </td><td class="spacsingle"> wand </td><td class="spacsingle"> wundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wunden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> winnan (<i>fight</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> winþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wann </td><td class="spacsingle"> wunnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wunnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>e:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> berstan (<i>burst</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bierst </td><td class="spacsingle"> bærst </td><td class="spacsingle"> burston </td><td class="spacsingle"> borsten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> breġdan (<i>pull</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ... </td><td class="spacsingle"> bræġd </td><td class="spacsingle"> brugdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> brogden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> delfan (<i>dig</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> dilfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> dealf </td><td class="spacsingle"> dulfon </td><td class="spacsingle"> dolfen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sweltan (<i>die</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> swilt </td><td class="spacsingle"> swealt </td><td class="spacsingle"> swulton </td><td class="spacsingle"> swolten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>eo:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> beorgan (<i>protect</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bierhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bearg </td><td class="spacsingle"> burgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> borgen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> beornan (<i>burn</i>) [p. <a href="#page7">7</a>] </td><td class="spacsingle"> biernþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> barn </td><td class="spacsingle"> burnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> burnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ċeorfan (<i>cut</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċierfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċearf </td><td class="spacsingle"> curfon </td><td class="spacsingle"> corfen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> feohtan (<i>fight</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fieht </td><td class="spacsingle"> feaht </td><td class="spacsingle"> fuhton </td><td class="spacsingle"> fohten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> weorpan (<i>throw</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wierpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wearp </td><td class="spacsingle"> wurpon </td><td class="spacsingle"> worpen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> weorþan (<i>become</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wierþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wearþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wurdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> worden</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>IV. 'Bear'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>e</i> (<i>i</i>), followed by a single consonant, + generally a liquid or nasal; in <i>brecan</i> the liquid precedes the + vowel. <i>A</i> (<i>æ</i>) in pret. sing., <i>ǣ</i> + (<i>ā</i>) in pret. pl., <i>o</i> (<i>u</i>) in ptc. pret. + <i>Cuman</i> is irregular.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Bear-conjugation" title="Bear-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> niman (<i>take</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nimþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> nam </td><td class="spacsingle"> nāmon </td><td class="spacsingle"> numen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>e:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> beran (<i>bear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bierþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bær </td><td class="spacsingle"> bǣron </td><td class="spacsingle"> boren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> brecan (<i>break</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bricþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bræc </td><td class="spacsingle"> brǣcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> brocen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċeran (<i>shear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċierþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċear </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċēaron</td><td class="spacsingle"> scoren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> stelan (<i>steal</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> stilþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> stæl </td><td class="spacsingle"> stǣlon </td><td class="spacsingle"> stolen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> teran (<i>tear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> .. </td><td class="spacsingle"> tær </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣron </td><td class="spacsingle"> toren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>{28}</span> + </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>u:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cuman (<i>come</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cymþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cōm </td><td class="spacsingle"> cōmon </td><td class="spacsingle"> cumen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>V. 'Give'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>e</i> (<i>i</i>, <i>eo</i>, <i>ie</i>) followed by single + consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the + last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Give-conjugation" title="Give-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>e:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cweþan (<i>say</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwiþþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwæþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwǣdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> cweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> etan (<i>eat</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> itt </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣt </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣton </td><td class="spacsingle"> eten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sprecan (<i>speak</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> spricþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> spræc </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprecen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wrecan (<i>avenge</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wricþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wræc </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrǣcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrecen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> biddan (<i>pray</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bitt </td><td class="spacsingle"> bæd </td><td class="spacsingle"> bǣdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> beden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> liċġan (<i>lie</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> līþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> læġ </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> leġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sittan (<i>sit</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sitt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sǣton </td><td class="spacsingle"> seten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þiċġan (<i>receive</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> þiġeþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> þeah </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> þeġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> All these have weak presents:—imper. <i>bide</i>, <i>liġe</i>, <i>site</i>, <i>þiġe</i>.<br /> +Their <i>i</i>s are mutations of the <i>e</i> which appears in their past partic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ie:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġiefan (<i>give</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġiefþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġeaf </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġēafon</td><td class="spacsingle"> ġiefen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (on)ġietan (<i>understand</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġiett</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġeat </td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġēaton</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġieten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> The following is contracted in most forms:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sēon (<i>see</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sihþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> seah </td><td class="spacsingle"> sāwon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sewen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>VI. 'Shine'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>ī</i>, with pret. sing, in <i>ā</i>, pl. + <i>i</i>, ptc. pret. <i>i</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Shine-conjugation" title="Shine-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bīdan (<i>wait</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> bād </td><td class="spacsingle"> bidon </td><td class="spacsingle"> biden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bītan (<i>bite</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> bāt </td><td class="spacsingle"> biton </td><td class="spacsingle"> biten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> drīfan (<i>drive</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> drīfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> drāf </td><td class="spacsingle"> drifon </td><td class="spacsingle"> drifen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span> + (be)līfan (<i>remain</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lāf </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lifon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lifen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rīdan (<i>ride</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> rītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> rād </td><td class="spacsingle"> ridon </td><td class="spacsingle"> riden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rīpan (<i>reap</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> rīpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> rāp </td><td class="spacsingle"> ripon </td><td class="spacsingle"> ripen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (ā)rīsan (<i>rise</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -rīst </td><td class="spacsingle"> -rās </td><td class="spacsingle"> -rison </td><td class="spacsingle"> -risen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċīnan (<i>shine</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċīnþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scān </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċinon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċinen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> snīþan (<i>cut</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> snīþþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> snāþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> snidon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sniden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> stīgan (<i>ascend</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> stīġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> stāg </td><td class="spacsingle"> stigon </td><td class="spacsingle"> stiġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (be)swīcan (<i>deceive</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swīcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swāc </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swicon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swicen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġe·wītan (<i>depart</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -wītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> wāt </td><td class="spacsingle"> -witon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -witen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wrītan (<i>write</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrāt </td><td class="spacsingle"> writon </td><td class="spacsingle"> writen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>VII. 'Choose'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>ēo</i> and <i>ū</i>, with pret. sing. + <i>ēa</i>, pl. <i>u</i>, ptc. pret. <i>o</i>. <i>Flēon</i> + and <i>tēon</i> contract.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Choose-conjugation" title="Choose-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bēodan (<i>offer</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēad </td><td class="spacsingle"> budon </td><td class="spacsingle"> boden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> brēotan (<i>break</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> brīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> brēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> bruton </td><td class="spacsingle"> broten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ċēosan (<i>choose</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċīest </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċēas </td><td class="spacsingle"> curon </td><td class="spacsingle"> coren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flēogan (<i>fly</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flīehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēag </td><td class="spacsingle"> flugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> flogen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flēon (<i>flee</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flīehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēah </td><td class="spacsingle"> flugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> flogen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flēotan (<i>float</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> fluton </td><td class="spacsingle"> floten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hrēosan (<i>fall</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrīest </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrēas </td><td class="spacsingle"> hruron </td><td class="spacsingle"> hroren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hrēowan (<i>rue</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrīewþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrēaw </td><td class="spacsingle"> hruwon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrowen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> for·lēosan (<i>lose</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līest </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lēas </td><td class="spacsingle"> -luron </td><td class="spacsingle"> -loren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċēotan (<i>shoot</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> scuton </td><td class="spacsingle"> scoten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> smēocan (<i>smoke</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> smīecþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēac </td><td class="spacsingle"> smucon </td><td class="spacsingle"> smocen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> tēon (<i>pull</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> tīehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> tēah </td><td class="spacsingle"> tugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> togen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ā-þrēotan (<i>fail</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þrīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þrēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þruton </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þroten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ū:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> brūcan (<i>enjoy</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> brȳcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> brēac </td><td class="spacsingle"> brucon </td><td class="spacsingle"> brocen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> būgan (<i>bow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bȳhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēag </td><td class="spacsingle"> bugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> bogen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lūcan (<i>lock</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lȳcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēac </td><td class="spacsingle"> lucon </td><td class="spacsingle"> locen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lūtan (<i>bow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lȳtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> luton </td><td class="spacsingle"> loten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> scūfan (<i>push</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> scȳfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċēaf </td><td class="spacsingle"> scufon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scofen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK VERBS.</p> + + <p>There are three conjugations of weak verbs—(1) in <i>-an</i>, + pret. <i>-de</i> (<i>hīeran</i>, <i>hīerde</i>, 'hear'); (2) + in <i>-ian</i>, pret. <i>-ede</i> (<i>węnian</i>, + <i>węnede</i>, 'wean'); (3) in <i>-ian</i>, pret. <i>-ode</i> + (<i>lufian</i>, <i>lufode</i>, 'love'). The verbs of the first two + conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and + infinitive, which those of the third conjugation very seldom have.</p> + + <p><b>I.</b> <i>an-</i>verbs.</p> + + <p>This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, + except in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding + <i>-de</i> and <i>-ed</i> respectively, with the following consonant + changes.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Consonant changes in an-verbs" title="Consonant changes in an-verbs"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -ndde</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>becomes</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> -nde</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>as in</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> sęnde</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>from</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> sęndan (<i>send</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -llde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -lde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> fylde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> fyllan (<i>fill</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -tde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> mētte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> mētan (<i>find</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -pde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -pte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> dypte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> dyppan (<i>dip</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -cde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -hte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> tǣhte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> tǣċan (<i>show</i>).</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The past partic. is generally contracted in the same + way:—<i>sęnd</i>, <i>mētt</i>, <i>tǣht</i>, but + some of them often retain the uncontracted forms:—<i>fylled</i>, + <i>dypped</i>. When declined like adjectives they drop their <i>e</i> + where practicable:—<i>fylled</i>, plur. <i>fylde</i>; + <i>hīered</i>, <i>hīerde</i>.</p> + + <p>The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong + verbs.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>a</i>) 'Hear'<i>-class</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Hear-class" title="Hear-class"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. hīer-e (<i>hear</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. hīer-st, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. hīer-þ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-aþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span> + </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. hīer-de, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-de.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. hīer-dest, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-de.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. hīer-de, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-de.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-don, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-den.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper. sing.</i> hīer; <i>plur.</i> hīer-aþ. <i>Infin.</i> hīer-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Ptc. pres.</i> hīer-ende; <i>pret.</i> hīer-ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Gerund.</i> tō hīer-enne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Further examples of this class are:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Verbs of Hear-class" title="Verbs of Hear-class"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span></td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PRET.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PARTIC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> æt·īewan (<i>show</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -īewþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -īewde </td><td class="spacsingle"> -īewed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþan (<i>make known</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþde </td><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþed, cȳdd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fyllan (<i>fill</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fylþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fylde </td><td class="spacsingle"> fylled</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (nēa)lǣċan (<i>approach</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -lǣċþ</td><td class="spacsingle"> -lǣhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lǣht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lǣdan (<i>lead</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣdde </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣdd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lęċġan (<i>lay</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęġde </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęġd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġe·līefan (<i>believe</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līefþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līefde</td><td class="spacsingle"> -līefed</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nęmnan (<i>name</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nęmneþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> nęmnde </td><td class="spacsingle"> nęmned</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęndan (<i>send</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęnt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęnde </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęnd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęttan (<i>set</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sętt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sętte </td><td class="spacsingle"> sętt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> smēan (<i>consider</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēaþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēade </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> tǣċan (<i>show</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> węndan (<i>turn</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> węnt </td><td class="spacsingle"> węnde </td><td class="spacsingle"> węnd</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>b</i>) 'Seek'-<i>class</i>.</p> + + <p>In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite + and past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs.</p> + + <p>Those in double consonants (and <i>ċġ</i>) simplify them + in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. + indic.:—<i>sęlle</i>, <i>sęlst</i>, <i>sęlþ</i>; + <i>sęċ[,g]e</i>, <i>sęġst</i>, + <i>sęġþ</i>; also in the imperative, which is formed as in + Conj. II:—<i>sęle</i>, <i>sęġe</i>, + <i>byġe</i>, &c. <!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page32"></a>{32}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Verbs of Seek-class" title="Verbs of Seek-class"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ę:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PRET.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PARTIC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cwęllan (<i>kill</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwęlþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwealde </td><td class="spacsingle"> cweald</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ręċċan (<i>tell</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ręċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> reahte </td><td class="spacsingle"> reaht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęċġan (<i>say</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæġde </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæġd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęllan (<i>give</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęlþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sealde </td><td class="spacsingle"> seald</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> węċċan (<i>wake</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> węċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> weahte </td><td class="spacsingle"> weaht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þęnċan (<i>think</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> þęnċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> þōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> þōht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bringan (<i>bring</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bringþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> brōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> brōht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>y:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> byċġan (<i>buy</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> byġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bohte </td><td class="spacsingle"> boht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þynċan (<i>appear</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> þynċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> þūhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> þūht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wyrċan (<i>work</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wyrċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> worhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> worht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ē:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rēċan (<i>care</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> rēċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> rōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> rōht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sēċan (<i>seek</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> sēċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōht</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>II.</b> 'Wean'-<i>conjugation</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Wean-conjugation" title="Wean-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. węn-iġe (<i>wean</i>),</td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. węn-est, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. węn-eþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ien.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. węn-ede, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ede.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. węn-edest, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ede.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. węn-ede, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ede.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-edon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-eden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> węn-e, węn-iaþ. <i>Infin.</i> węn-ian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> węn-iende; <i>pret.</i> węn-ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Gerund.</i> tō węn-ienne.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span></p> + + <p>So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, + such as <i>fęrian</i> (carry), <i>węrian</i> (defend), + <i>ġe·byrian</i> (befit). There are not many of them.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>III.</b> 'Love'-<i>conjugation</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Love-conjugation" title="Love-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. luf-iġe (<i>love</i>),</td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. luf-ast, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. luf-aþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ien.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. luf-ode, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. luf-odest, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. luf-ode, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-odon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-oden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> luf-a, luf-iaþ. <i>Infin.</i> luf-ian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> luf-iende: <i>pret.</i> luf-od. <i>Gerund.</i> tō luf-ienne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>āscian</i> (ask), <i>macian</i> (make), + <i>weorþian</i> (honour), and many others.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Irregularities.</i></p> + + <p>Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are + <i>habban</i> (have) and <i>libban</i> (live).</p> + + <p><i>Habban</i> has pres. indic. <i>hæbbe</i>, <i>hæfst</i>, + <i>hæfþ</i>; <i>habbaþ</i>, subj. <i>hæbbe</i>, <i>hæbben</i>, pret. + <i>hæfde</i>, imper. <i>hafa</i>, <i>habbaþ</i>, particc. + <i>habbende</i>, <i>hæfd</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Libban</i> has pres. <i>libbe</i>, <i>leofast</i>, <i>leofaþ</i>; + <i>libbaþ</i>, subj. <i>libbe</i>, pret. <i>leofode</i>, imper. + <i>leofa</i>, <i>libbaþ</i>, particc. <i>libbende</i>, <i>lifiende</i>; + <i>leofod</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Fętian</i> (fetch) has pret. <i>fętte</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG-WEAK VERBS.</p> + + <p>The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, + from which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second + person sing. in <i>t</i>. <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page34"></a>{34}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Strong-weak verbs" title="Strong-weak verbs"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. wāt (<i>know</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> wite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. wāst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. wāt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> witon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> witen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> wiste.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> wite, witaþ. <i>Infin.</i> witan.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> witende; <i>pret.</i> witen.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st + and 2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the + infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or + do not exist.</p> + + <p>Āh (<i>possess</i>), āge, āgon; āhte; + āgen (<i>only as adjective</i>)<a name="NtA4" + href="#Nt4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>.</p> + + <p>Cann (<i>know</i>) canst, cunnon; cūþe; cunnan; cūþ + (<i>only as adjective</i>.)</p> + + <p>Dearr (<i>dare</i>), durre, durron; dorste.</p> + + <p>Ġe·man (<i>remember</i>), -manst; -munde; -munan.</p> + + <p>Mæġ (<i>can</i>), miht, magon, mæġe (<i>subj.</i>); + mihte.</p> + + <p>Mōt (<i>may</i>), mōst, mōton; mōste.</p> + + <p>Sċeal (<i>shall</i>), sċealt, sculon, scyle + (<i>subj.</i>); scolde.</p> + + <p>Þearf (<i>need</i>), þurfon, þyrfe (<i>subj.</i>); þorfte; þurfan.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ANOMALOUS VERBS.</p> + + <p>(1) Willan (<i>will</i>) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. + indic. sing.:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Willan" title="Willan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. wile, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. wilt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. wile, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> willaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> willen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> wolde, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p> + + <p>Similarly <i>nyllan</i> (will not):—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Nyllan" title="Nyllan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. nyle, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. nylt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. nyle, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyllaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyllen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> nolde, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(2) Wesan (<i>be</i>).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Wesan" title="Wesan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. eom; bēo, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīe; bēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. eart; bist, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīe; bēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. is; biþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīe; bēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> sind; bēoþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīen; bēon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. wæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. wǣre, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. wæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣron, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣren.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> wes, wesaþ; bēo, bēoþ. <i>Infin.</i> wesan; bēon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> wesende.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The contracted negative forms are:—<i>neom</i>, <i>neart</i>, + <i>nis</i>; <i>næs</i>, <i>nǣre</i>, <i>nǣron</i>; + <i>nǣre</i>, <i>nǣren</i>.</p> + + <p>(3) Dōn (<i>do</i>).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Don" title="Don"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. dō, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dō.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. dēst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dō.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. dēþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dō.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> dōþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dōn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> dyde, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> dō, dōþ. <i>Infin.</i> dōn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> dōnde; <i>pret.</i> ġe·dōn.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span></p> + + <p>(4) Gān (<i>go</i>).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Gan" title="Gan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. gā, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. gǣst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. gǣþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gāþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gān.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēode, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> gā, gāþ. <i>Infin.</i> gān.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> gangende; <i>pret.</i> ġe·gān.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>DERIVATION.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">PREFIXES.</p> + + <p>The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are + <i>verbal</i>, being confined to verbs and words formed directly from + them; some <i>nominal</i>, being confined to nouns and adjectives.</p> + + <p><b>ā-</b> (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in + <i>ā·rīsan</i>, 'rise forth,' 'arise'; <i>ā·faran</i>, + 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as in + <i>ā·cwęllan</i> (kill), <i>ā·hrēosan</i> + (fall).</p> + + <p>(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite + sense, as in <i>ā-hwǣr</i> (anywhere), <i>ā-wiht</i> + (anything).</p> + + <p><b>ǣġ-</b> from <i>ā-ġe</i>-, the + <i>ā</i> being mutated and the <i>e</i> dropped, has a similar + meaning, as in <i>ǣġ-hwelc</i> (each), + <i>ǣġþer</i> = <i>ǣġ-hwæþer</i> (either).</p> + + <p><b>be-</b>, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition <i>be</i>), + (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in + <i>be·sęttan</i> (beset, surround), <i>be·sċieran</i> + (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in + <i>be·þęnċan</i> (consider) from <i>þęnċan</i> + (think); (3) gives a privative meaning, as in <i>be·hēafdian</i> + (behead). In some words, such as <i>be·cuman</i> (come), it is + practically unmeaning. <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p> + + <p><b>for-</b> (which is distinct from the preposition <i>for</i>) + generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in + <i>for·dōn</i> (destroy), <i>for·weorþan</i> (perish). Of course, + if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning, it acts + merely as an intensitive, as in <i>for·brēotan</i> (break up, + break), <i>for·scrincan</i> (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad sense + generally, as in <i>for·sēon</i> (despise), or negatives, as in + <i>for·bēodan</i> (forbid).</p> + + <p><b>ġe-</b> originally meant 'together,' as in + <i>ġe·fēra</i> (fellow-traveller, companion) from + <i>fēran</i> (travel). With verbs it often signifies 'completion,' + 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in <i>ġe·gān</i> + (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' <i>ġe·winnan</i> (win) + from <i>winnan</i> (fight). Hence generally prefixed to + <i>hīeran</i> and <i>sēon</i>, <i>ġe·hīeran</i> + and <i>ġe·sēon</i> strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing, + seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. <a + href="#page23">23</a>), where it originally gave the meaning of + completion—<i>ġe·lufod</i> = 'completely loved.'</p> + + <p><b>mis-</b> = 'mis,' as in <i>mis-dǣd</i> (misdeed).</p> + + <p><b>n-</b> = <i>ne</i> (not), as in <i>nā</i> (not), literally + 'never,' <i>nǣfre</i> (never), <i>næs</i> (was not) = <i>ne + wæs</i>.</p> + + <p><b>on-</b> as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition + <i>on</i>. It properly signifies 'separation,' as in + <i>on·lūcan</i> (open) from <i>lūcan</i> (lock, close), but + is often practically unmeaning, as in <i>on·ġinnan</i> (begin).</p> + + <p><b>or-</b>, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in <i>orsorg</i> + (unconcerned) from <i>sorg</i> (sorrow).</p> + + <p><b>tō-</b> as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the + preposition <i>tō</i> (which occurs in <i>tō·gædre</i>, + 'together,' &c.), but signifies 'separation,' as in + <i>tō·berstan</i> (burst asunder), <i>tō·breġdan</i> + (shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in <i>tō·cwīesan</i> + (crush to pieces, bruise).</p> + + <p><b>un-</b> negatives, as in <i>un-ġesǣliġ</i> + (unhappy). <!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">ENDINGS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>a</i>) <span class="sc">Nouns</span>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Personal.</i></p> + + <p><b>-end</b>, from the present participle <i>-ende</i>, = + '-er':—<i>Hǣlend</i> (healer, Saviour), <i>būend</i> + (dweller).</p> + + <p><b>-ere</b> = '-er':—<i>sāwere</i> (sower), + <i>mynetere</i> (money-changer, minter) from <i>mynet</i> (coin).</p> + + <p><b>-ing</b>, patronymic, <i>æþeling</i> (son of a noble, prince) from + <i>æþele</i> (noble).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Abstract.</i></p> + + <p><b>-nes</b>, fem. from adjectives:—<i>gōd-nes</i> + (goodness), <i>rihtwīsnes</i> (righteousness).</p> + + <p><b>-uþ</b>, <b>-þo</b>, fem., generally from + adjectives:—<i>ġēoguþ</i> (youth), + <i>stręnġþo</i> (strength) from <i>strang</i>.</p> + + <p><b>-ung</b>, fem. from verbs:—<i>scotung</i> (shooting, shot), + <i>hęrgung</i> (ravaging), from <i>scotian</i>, + <i>hęrgian</i>.</p> + + <p>The following are also independent words:—</p> + + <p><b>-dōm</b>, masc.:—<i>wīs-dōm</i> (wisdom), + <i>þēow-dōm</i> (servitude).</p> + + <p><b>-hād</b>, masc.:—<i>ċild-hād</i> + (childhood).</p> + + <p><b>-rǣden</b>, fem.:—<i>ġe·cwid-rǣden</i> + (agreement) from <i>cwide</i> (speech); <i>mann-rǣden</i> + (allegiance).</p> + + <p><b>-sċipe</b>, masc.:—<i>frēond-sċipe</i> + (friendship). Concrete in <i>wæter-sċipe</i> (piece of water, + water).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>b</i>) <span class="sc">Adjectives</span>.</p> + + <p><b>-en</b>, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging + to':—<i>gylden</i> (golden), <i>stǣnen</i> (of stone), + <i>hǣþen</i> (heathen) from <i>hǣþ</i> (heath). In + <i>seolcen</i> (silken) there is no mutation.</p> + + <p><b>-feald</b> = '-fold':—<i>hund-feald</i> (hundred-fold).</p> + + <p><b>-iġ</b>:—<i>miht-iġ</i> (mighty); + <i>hāl-iġ</i> (holy) from <i>hāl</i> (whole). <!-- Page + 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span></p> + + <p><b>-isc</b>, with mutation:—<i>Ęnġlisc</i> (English) + from <i>Angel</i>; <i>męnn-isc</i> (human) from <i>mann</i>.</p> + + <p><b>-ol</b>:—<i>swic-ol</i> (deceitful).</p> + + <p><b>-iht</b>, with mutation, denotes 'material,' + 'nature':—<i>stǣn-iht</i> (stony).</p> + + <p><b>-sum</b> = 'some':—<i>hīer-sum</i> (obedient).</p> + + <p>The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent + words:—</p> + + <p><b>-fæst</b>:—<i>sōþ-fæst</i> (truthful).</p> + + <p><b>-full</b>:—<i>sorg-full</i> (sorrowful), + <i>ġe·lēaf-full</i> (believing, pious).</p> + + <p><b>-lēas</b> = '-less':—<i>ār-lēas</i> + (dishonoured, wicked).</p> + + <p><b>-lic</b> (cp. <i>ġe·līc</i>) = + '-ly':—<i>folc-lic</i> (popular), <i>heofon-lic</i> (heavenly).</p> + + <p><b>-weard</b> = '-ward':—<i>sūþan-weard</i> + (southward).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Verbs.</span></p> + + <p><b>-lǣċan</b>:—<i>ān-lǣċan</i> + (unite), <i>ġe·þwǣr-lǣċan</i> (agree).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Adverbs.</span></p> + + <p><b>-e</b>, the regular adverb-termination:—<i>lange</i> (long), + <i>ġe·līce</i> (similarly) from <i>lang</i>, + <i>ġe·līc</i>. Sometimes <i>-līce</i> (from + <i>-lic</i>) is used to form adverbs, as <i>blīþe-līce</i> + (gladly) from <i>blīþe</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES.</p> + + <p>Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a + passive sense) and past participles (often in an active + sense):—</p> + + <p><b>-nes</b>:—<i>for·ġiefen-nes</i> (forgiveness), + <i>ġe·ręċed-nes</i> (narrative), <i>welwillend-nes</i> + (benevolence).</p> + + <p><b>-lic</b>:—<i>unārīmed-lic</i> (innumerable).</p> + + <p><b>-līce</b>:—<i>welwillend-līce</i> + (benevolently).</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span></p> + +<h3>SYNTAX.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Gender</span>.</p> + + <p>When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same + adjective or pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the + neuter:—<i>hīe ġe·samnodon hīe</i>, <i>ealle + þā hēafod-męnn, and ēac swelce wīf-menn</i> + ... <i>and þā hīe blīþost wǣron</i> ... (they + gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they + were most merry ...). Here <i>blīþost</i> is in the neuter + plur.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Cases</span>.</p> + + <p><b>Accusative.</b> Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, + together with <i>lǣran</i> (teach), take two accusatives, one of + the person, and another of the thing:—<i>hīe hine ne dorston + ǣniġ þing āscian</i> (they durst not ask him anything); + <i>wē magon ēow rǣd ġe·lǣran</i> (we can + teach you a plan).</p> + + <p>The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: + <i>hwȳ stande ġē hēr ealne dæġ + īdle?</i> (why stand ye here all the day idle?)</p> + + <p><b>Dative.</b> The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative + proper, and (2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular + instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two.</p> + + <p>(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is + frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the + thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with + verbs of <i>giving</i>, &c., as in <i>hē sealde ǣlcum + ānne pęning</i> (he gave each a penny); <i>addressing</i>, as + in <i>ic ēow sęċġe</i> (I say to you), + <i>hē þancode his Dryhtne</i> (he thanked his Lord); but also with + many verbs of <i>benefiting</i>, <i>influencing</i>, &c., as in <i>ne + dō ic þē nānne tēonan</i> (I do thee no injury), + <i>hīe noldon him līefan</i> (they would not allow <!-- Page + 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>{41}</span>them to do + so); <i>þǣm rēþum stīerde</i> (restrained the cruel + ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly + affected, benefited, &c., as in <i>byċġaþ ēow + ele</i> (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: + <i>hīe ġe·sōhton Bretene Brettum tō fultume</i> + (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains—to help them); + <i>hē clipode Crīst him tō fultume</i> (he called + Christ to his help).</p> + + <p>The dative is also used with adjectives of <i>nearness</i>, + <i>likeness</i>, &c.:—<i>Ēadmund cyning clipode + ānne biscop þe him ġe·hęndost wæs</i> (King Edmund + summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); <i>heofona + rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm mangere þe sōhte + þæt gōde męregrot</i> (the kingdom of the heavens is like the + merchant who sought the good pearl).</p> + + <p>(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the <i>instrument</i> + and <i>manner</i> of an action: <i>hē ġe·ęndode yflum + dēaþe</i> (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form + adverbs, as in <i>sċēafmǣlum</i> (sheafwise). It also + signifies time when:—<i>þrim ġēarum ǣr þǣm + þe hē forþ·fērde</i> (three years before he died), which is + also expressed by the instrumental itself:—<i>sēo wolde + ęfsian ǣlce ġēare þone sanct</i> (she used to cut + the saint's hair every year); <i>þȳ fēorþan ġēare + his rīċes</i> (in the fourth year of his reign). A past + participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the + ablative absolute in Latin: <i>Hubba be·lāf on Norþhymbra-lande, + ġe·wunnenum siġe mid wælhrēownesse</i> (H. remained in + Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty).</p> + + <p><b>Genitive.</b> The genitive is often used in a partitive + sense:—<i>his fēonda sum</i> (one of his enemies); <i>hiera + fīf wǣron dysiġe</i> (five of them were foolish). Hence + it is generally used with <i>fela</i>, as in <i>fela wundra</i> (many + miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. <a + href="#page18">18</a>).</p> + + <p>The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of + various emotions and mental states, such as <!-- Page 42 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span><i>joy</i>, + <i>desire</i>, <i>remembering</i>:—<i>hīe þæs fæġnodon + swīþe</i> (they rejoiced at it greatly); <i>mē lēofre + wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte fēolle wiþ þǣm þe + mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan</i> (it would be + pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) + their country); <i>ic þæs ġe·wilniġe</i> (I desire that); + <i>ġif hē his fēores rōhte</i> (if he cared about + his life); <i>hē wæs þæs Hǣlendes ġe·myndiġ</i> + (he was mindful of—he remembered the Saviour).</p> + + <p>Some of these verbs, such as <i>biddan</i> (ask), take an accusative + of the person and a genitive of the thing:—<i>hē hine + hlāfes bitt</i> (he asks him for bread).</p> + + <p>Verbs of <i>depriving</i>, <i>restraining</i>, &c., have the same + construction:—<i>nis Angel-cynn be·dǣled Dryhtnes + hālgena</i> (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints).</p> + + <p>Some verbs of <i>giving</i>, &c., take a genitive of the thing and + a dative of the person:—<i>him wæs of·togen ǣlces + fōdan</i> (they were deprived of all food).</p> + + <p>The genitive is often used to <i>define</i> an adjective or + noun:—<i>þū eart wierþe slęġes</i> (thou art + worthy of death); <i>on þǣm ġēare þe Ælfred æþeling + ān and twęntiġ ġēara wæs</i> (in the year + when Prince Alfred was twenty-one).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Concord.</span></p> + + <p>Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively + (gōde męnn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, + either predicatively or in apposition:—<i>þā męnn sind + gōde</i>; <i>hē ġe·seah ōþre īdle + standan</i> (he saw others standing idle); <i>hīe cōmon mid + langum sċipum, nā manigum</i> (they came with long ships, not + many).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Apposition.</span></p> + + <p>In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not + put in the genitive, but the two are simply put in <!-- Page 43 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span>apposition, both being + declined separately:—<i>Breten īeġland, on Bretene + (þǣm) īeġlande</i>. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the + proper name is put first in the same way:—<i>Ælfred æþeling</i> + (prince Alfred); <i>on Æþelredes cyninges dæġe</i> (in the days of + king Æþelred).</p> + + <p>There is a similar apposition with the adjective <i>sum</i> followed + by a noun or pronoun, as in <i>sume þā męnn</i> (some of the + men); <i>þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe + fēollon wiþ weġ</i> (while he sowed, some of them [the seeds] + fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in <i>þā + bǣdon hīe sume þæt Samson mōste him macian sum + gamen</i> (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for + them).</p> + + <p>Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, + where we have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a + part of it:—<i>hīe ġe·sǣton sūþanwearde + Bretene ǣrest</i> (they occupied the south of Britain first); + <i>sūþanweard hit</i> (= þæt land) <i>hæfdon Peohtas</i> (the Picts + had the south part of it).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ADJECTIVES.</p> + + <p>The weak forms are used:</p> + + <p>(1) after the definite article:—<i>se æþela cyning</i> (the + noble king); <i>þæs æþelan cyninges</i>, <i>þæt gōde + męregrot</i>, <i>þā gōdan męregrotu</i>.</p> + + <p>(2) after <i>þis</i>:—<i>þās earman landlēode</i> + (these poor people, <i>pl.</i>); <i>þes hālga cyning</i> (this holy + king), <i>þisses hālgan cyninges</i>.</p> + + <p>(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, + and often after possessive pronouns:—<i>þīne dīeglan + gold-hordas</i> (thy hidden treasures).</p> + + <p>(4) in the vocative:—<i>þū yfla þēow and + slāwa!</i> (thou bad and slothful servant); <i>ēalā + þū lēofa cyning!</i> (oh, thou dear king).</p> + + <p>Note that <i>ōþer</i> always keeps the strong form: <i>þā + ōþru dēor</i> (the other wild beasts). So also do the + possessive pronouns: <!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page44"></a>{44}</span><i>þās mīn word</i> (these my + words). <i>Ān</i> in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong form to + distinguish it from the weak <i>āna</i> = 'alone': <i>þæt ān + dēorwierþe męregrot</i> (the one precious pearl).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ARTICLES.</p> + + <p>The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such + as <i>God</i>, and also before <i>Dryhten</i> (the Lord), + <i>Dēofol</i> (the Devil), although <i>se Dēofol</i> also + occurs, and names of nations:—<i>Bretta cyning</i> (king of the + Britons).</p> + + <p>It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those + where it is omitted in Modern English also, as in <i>siġefæst on + sǣ and on lande</i> (victorious on sea and on land), but also in + many others: <i>ġewęnde tō wuda on·ġēan</i> + (went back to the wood); <i>se flothęre fērde eft tō + sċipe</i> (the army of pirates went back to their ships); + <i>hē fēng tō rīċe</i> (he took the + government—came to the throne).</p> + + <p>The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it + would not be in Modern E., as in <i>se mann</i> = 'man' (men in + general).</p> + + <p>The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:—<i>þæt + dyde unhold mann</i> (an enemy did that); <i>hē be·stealcode on + land swā swā wulf</i> (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it + is expressed by <i>sum</i>: <i>on þǣm lande wæs sum mann, + Lēofrīċ ġe·hāten</i> (in that country was a + man called L.). Or by <i>ān</i>, as in Modern + English<i>:—ān wulf wearþ ā·sęnd tō + be·węrienne þæt hēafod wiþ þā ōþru dēor</i> + (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">PRONOUNS.</p> + + <p><i>Hwæt</i> is used interrogatively of persons where we should use + 'who':—<i>hē nyste hwæt hīe wǣron</i> (he did not + know who they were). <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page45"></a>{45}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">VERBS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Number.</span></p> + + <p>After <i>ǣlc þāra þe</i> (each of-those-who) the verb is + put in the sing., agreeing not with <i>þāra þe</i> but with + <i>ǣlc</i>:—<i>ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn + word ġe·hīerþ</i> (each of those who hear these my + words).</p> + + <p>When <i>þæt</i> or <i>þis</i> is connected with a plural predicate by + means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:—<i>þæt + wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe + Angel-cynnes land ġe·sōhton</i> (those were the first ships + of Danish men which came to the land of the English race).</p> + + <p>Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with + a genitive of the thing.</p> + + <p>Others, such as <i>þynċan</i> (appear), take a dative of the + person:—<i>wæs him ġe·þūht þæt hīe + be·hȳdden þæt hēafod</i> (they thought they (the Danes) had + hidden the head).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Tenses.</span></p> + + <p>There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used + instead:—<i>ne ā·bȳhþ nǣfre Eādmund + Hinguare</i> (Edmund will never submit to H.); <i>gā ġē + on mīnne wīnġeard, and ic sęlle ēow þæt + riht biþ</i> (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). + As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use <i>bēon</i> + in a future sense. Another example is <i>ġif ic bēo + ġe·bunden mid seofon rāpum, sōna ic bēo + ġe·wield</i> (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be + overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by <i>will</i> and + <i>shall</i>, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of + volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of + simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites <i>wolde</i> + and <i>scolde</i>:—</p> + + <p><i>Hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon þe hine + ā·bītan wolde</i> (he seized a lion <!-- Page 46 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page46"></a>{46}</span>that was going to devour + him); <i>hīe wēndon þæt hīe scolden māre + on·fōn</i> (they expected to receive more).</p> + + <p>The preterite has the meaning of the modern</p> + + <p>(1) Preterite and imperfect:—<i>se sāwere ūt + ēode his sǣd tō sāwenne, and þā þā + hē sēow ...</i> (the sower <i>went</i> out to sow his seed, + and while he <i>was sowing</i> ...).</p> + + <p>(2) Perfect:—<i>hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic + ġeċēas</i> (here is my servant, whom I have + chosen);—<i>ūre cyning cōm nū hēr tō + lande</i> (our king has just landed here).</p> + + <p>(3) Pluperfect:—<i>þā þā ġe·cōmon þe ymb + þā ęndlyftan tīd cōmon</i> (when those came who + had come at the eleventh hour).</p> + + <p>Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by + <i>hæbbe</i> and <i>hæfde</i> with the past participles, and often have + the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in + <i>nū ic hæbbe ġestrīened ōþru twā pund</i> + (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has + the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the + later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective + in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by <i>habban</i>: + <i>hīe hæfdon hiera cyning ā·worpenne</i> (they had deposed + their king).</p> + + <p>The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb + <i>ǣr</i> (before):—<i>his swēora, þe ǣr wæs + for·slæġen</i> (his neck, which had been cut through).</p> + + <p>The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with + <i>wesan</i>:—<i>siþþan hīe ā·farene wǣron</i> + (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the + noun or pronoun with which it is connected.</p> + + <p>The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive + meanings of duration, &c.:—<i>ān mann wæs eardiende on + Israhēla þēode, Manuē ġe·hāten</i> (a man + dwelt in Israel called Manue). <!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page47"></a>{47}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Passive.</span></p> + + <p>The passive is formed with <i>wesan</i> or <i>weorþan</i> with the + past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the + distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but + <i>wesan</i> appears to indicate a state, <i>weorþan</i> an action.</p> + + <p><i>wearþ ġe·lufod</i> is generally preterite or perfect in + meaning: <i>ān wulf wearþ ā·sęnd</i> (a wolf was sent); + <i>mīne lēofe þeġnas, þe on hiera będdum wurdon + of·slæġene</i> (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their + beds).</p> + + <p><i>wæs ġe·lufod</i>, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect + in meaning:—<i>se ǣrendraca sæġde his hlāforde + hū him ġe·andwyrd wæs</i> (the messenger told his lord how he + had been answered).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Subjunctive.</span></p> + + <p>The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, + but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, + conditions, doubt, &c.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">A. In principal sentences.</p> + + <p><i>Wish</i> and <i>command</i> (often nearly equivalent to the + imperative):—<i>þæs him sīe wuldor and lof ā + būtan ęnde</i> (therefore let there be to him praise and + glory ever without end); <i>ne hē ealu ne drince nǣfre oþþe + wīn</i> (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">B. In dependent sentences.</p> + + <p>The chief cases are the following:—</p> + + <p>(1) In <i>indirect narrative</i> and <i>question</i>: <i>sēo + cwēn sæġde þæt hiere nǣre be healfum dǣle + ġe·sæġd be Salomones mǣrþo</i> (the queen said that she + had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); <i>ic + āsciġe hwǣr sēo offrung sīe</i> (I ask + where the offering is); <i>męnn woldon sċēawian + hū hē lǣġe</i> (men <!-- Page 48 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>{48}</span>wished to see how he + lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain + in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is + put in the indicative:—<i>hē hiere sæġde on hwǣm + his miht wæs</i> (he told her what his strength consisted in).</p> + + <p>(2) After verbs of <i>desiring</i> and <i>commanding</i>:—</p> + + <p><i>þæs ic ġe·wilniġe and ġe·wysċe mid + mōde þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum + lēofum þeġnum</i> (that I desire and wish with heart that I + may not remain alone after my dear thanes).</p> + + <p>(3) To express <i>purpose</i>:—<i>þȳ lǣs + ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien</i> (lest ye root up + the wheat);—<i>Dryhten ās·tāg niþer, tō bǣm + þæt hē ġe·sāwe þā burg</i> (the Lord descended, + in order that he might see the city).</p> + + <p>(4) To express <i>result</i>:—<i>þū næfst þā mihte + þæt þū mæġe him wiþ·standan</i> (thou hast not the power that + thou canst withstand him).</p> + + <p>(5) To express <i>hypothetical comparison</i> (as if):—<i>se + wulf folgode forþ mid þǣm hēafde, swelce hē tam + wǣre</i> (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); + <i>hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon, and + tō·bræġd hīe tō styċċum, swelce + hē tō·tǣre tiċċen</i> (he seized a lion and + tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid).</p> + + <p>(6) In <i>conditional</i> clauses, generally with <i>ġif</i> or + <i>būtan</i>, and in <i>concessive</i> clauses with + <i>þēah</i>, <i>þēah þe</i>:—<i>God wāt þæt ic + nyle ā·būgan fram his bīgęngum ǣfre, swelte + ic, libbe ic</i> (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, + whether I die or live); <i>þās flotmęnn cumaþ, and þē + cwicne ġe·bindaþ, būtan þū mid flēame þīnum + fēore ġe·beorge</i> (these pirates will come and bind thee + alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); <i>God hielt + Ēadmund hālne his līchaman oþ þone miċlan + dæġ, þēah þe hē on moldan cōme</i> (God will keep + Edmund <!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page49"></a>{49}</span>with his body whole until the great day, + although he has come to earth—been buried). Sometimes the idea of + 'if' must be got from the context:—<i>clipiaþ tō þissum + ġieftum swā hwelce swā ġē + ġe·mēten</i> (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = + <i>if</i> ye meet any one); <i>hīe be·hēton hiere + sċeattas wiþ þǣm þe hēo be·swice Samson</i> (they + promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she + would...).</p> + + <p>When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely + hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the + subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in + Modern English also, where <i>if I were</i> ... implies <i>I am + not</i>.... The modern distinction between <i>if I were</i> and <i>if I + had been</i>, the former corresponding to the present indicative <i>I am + not</i>, the latter to the preterite <i>I was not</i>, is not made in Old + English, which uses <i>gif ic wǣre</i> in both instances. Sometimes + the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:—<i>mē + lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte fēolle wiþ + þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan</i> (I + would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), + where we must supply some such clause as <i>ġif hit swā + bēon mihte</i> (if it might be so—if it were possible to save + my people by my death).</p> + + <p>(7) In clauses dependant on a <i>negative sentence</i>:—<i>nis + nān þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande</i> (there is nothing that resists + his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as + in <i>se hālga is mǣrra þonne męnn mæġen + ā·smēan</i> (the saint is more illustrious than men can + conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it).</p> + + <p>(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: + <i>þīn rīċe ġe·wītt fram þē, oþ þæt + þū wite þæt God ġe·wielt manna rīċa</i> (thy + kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the + kingdoms of men); <i>uton</i> <!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page50"></a>{50}</span><i>weorþian ūrne naman, ǣr + þǣm þe wē sīen tō·dǣlde ġeond ealle + eorþan!</i> (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over + the earth).</p> + + <p>The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by <i>should</i> and + <i>would</i> with an infinitive, as in Modern English.</p> + + <p><i>Scolde</i> is used after verbs of <i>desiring</i>, + <i>requesting</i> and <i>commanding</i>:—<i>biddende þone + Ælmihtigan þæt hē him ārian scolde</i> (praying the Almighty + to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of commanding is + understood from the noun <i>ǣrende</i>:—<i>hē + sęnde tō þæm cyninge bēotlic ǣrende, þæt hē + ā·būgan scolde tō his mannrǣdenne, ġif + hē his fēores rōhte</i> (he sent to the king an + arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared + about his life).</p> + + <p><i>Wolde</i> is used after verbs of <i>purpose</i>:—<i>se cyning + ēode inn þæt he wolde ġe·sēon þā þe þǣr + sǣton</i> (the king went in to see those who were sitting + there).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Infinitive.</span></p> + + <p>After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive + sense:—<i>hīe hēton him sęndan māran + fultum</i> (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So + also after verbs of hearing, &c.:—<i>þæt mǣste wæl þe + wē sęċġan hīerdon</i> (the greatest + slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has + been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Gerund.</span></p> + + <p>The gerund is used—</p> + + <p>(1) to express purpose:—<i>ūt ēode se sāwere + his sǣd tō sāwenne</i> (the sower went forth to sow his + seed).</p> + + <p>(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): <i>hit is + scandlic ymb swelc tō sprecenne</i> (it is shameful to speak of + such things). <!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page51"></a>{51}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">PREPOSITIONS.</p> + + <p>Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as <i>þurh</i> + (through), <i>ymbe</i> (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such + as <i>æfter</i> (after), <i>ǣr</i> (before), <i>æt</i> (at), + <i>be</i> (by), <i>binnan</i> (within), <i>būtan</i> (without), + <i>for</i> (for), <i>fram</i> (from), <i>of</i> (of), <i>tō</i> + (to).</p> + + <p>Some govern both accusative and dative, such as <i>ofer</i> (over), + <i>on</i> (on, in), <i>under</i> (under). The general rule is that when + motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the + dative. Thus <i>on</i> with the accusative signifies 'into,' with the + dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find + the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in <i>hē his hūs + ġe·timbrode ofer stān</i> (he built his house on a rock), and + conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in <i>hīe + fēollon on stǣnihte</i> (they fell on stony ground).</p> + + <p>As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed + that <i>in</i> is very seldom used, its place being supplied by + <i>on</i>, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by + <i>ofer</i>, as in the passage just quoted.</p> + + <p>When a thing is referred to, <i>þǣr</i> is substituted for + <i>hit</i>, the preposition being joined on to the <i>þǣr</i>, so + that, for instance, <i>þǣr-tō</i> corresponds to <i>tō + him</i>; <i>hīe lǣddon þone cyning tō ānum + trēowe, and tīeġdon hine þǣr-tō</i> (they + led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also + <i>hēr-beēastan</i> is equivalent to 'east of this + (country).'</p> + + <p>Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they + modify, sometimes with other words intervening: <i>hīe scuton mid + gafelocum him tō</i> (they shot at him with missiles); <i>hīe + cwǣdon him be·twēonan</i> (they said among themselves); + <i>þǣm Ælmihtigan tō lofe, þe hīe on + ġe·līefdon</i> (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they + believed), where <i>on</i> <!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page52"></a>{52}</span>refers to the indeclinable <i>þe</i>. So + also in <i>þæt hūs þe hē inne wunode</i> (the house he dwelt + in).</p> + + <p>Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the + preposition becomes an adverb: <i>se cyning sęnde his hęre + tō, and for·dyde þā mannslagan</i> (the king sent his army to + the place, and destroyed the murderers).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Negation.</span></p> + + <p>The negative particle is <i>ne</i>, which drops its <i>e</i> before + some common verbs and pronouns, as in <i>nis</i> = <i>ne is</i>, + <i>nān</i> = <i>ne ān</i>. The negative particle is prefixed + to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which + admit the contracted forms:—<i>tō·cwīesed hrēod + hē ne for·brīett</i> (he breaks not the bruised reed), <i>hit + nā ne fēoll</i> (it did not fall); <i>nān mann nyste + nān þing</i> (no man knew anything). So also with <i>ne ... ne</i> + = 'neither ... nor': <i>ne flītt hē ne hē ne + hrīemþ</i> (he neither disputes nor cries out).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Correlation.</span></p> + + <p>Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern + English, as in <i>þā þā męnn slēpon, þā + cōm his fēonda sum</i> = '<i>when</i> the men slept, + <i>then</i> came one of his enemies.' In <i>þā þā</i> = + 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately + together:—<i>þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe + fēollon wiþ weġ</i> = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell + by the road.' In the following example the conjunction <i>þæt</i> is + correlative with the pronoun <i>þæt</i>:—<i>þæs ic + ġe·wilniġe þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter + mīnum lēofum þeġnum</i>—'that I desire, that I + may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to + include both the demonstrative and the relative + meaning:—<i>hē ġe·brōhte hine þǣr hē + hine ǣr ġe·nam</i> (he brought him to the place where he took + him from). <!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page53"></a>{53}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Word-Order.</span></p> + + <p>The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, + though it is not so strict, thus:—</p> + + <p>The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an + adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the + head of the sentence:—<i>þā cwæþ se cyning</i> (then said the + king); <i>ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Brettas</i> + (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); <i>on his + dagum cōmon ǣrest þrēo sċipu</i> (in his days + three ships first came); <i>þæt bǣron olfendas</i> (camels carried + it); <i>mǣre is se God þe Daniēl on be·līefþ</i> (great + is the God that Daniel believes in).</p> + + <p>The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; <i>wē magon + ēow rǣd ġe·lǣran</i> (we can teach you a + plan).</p> + + <p>The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an + auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; <i>þæt + wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe + Angel-cynnes land ġe·sōhton</i> (those were the first ships + of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); <i>þæt + mǣste wæl þe wē sęċġan hīerdon oþ + þisne andweardan dæġ</i> (the greatest slaughter that we have heard + tell of up to this present day); <i>þæt hīe þone Godes mann + ā·bitan scolden</i> (in order that they should devour the man of + God).</p> + + <p>There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences + also, or, at least, to bring it near the end: <i>hiene man + of·slōg</i> (they killed him); <i>hīe þǣr siġe + nāmon</i> (they got the victory there).</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page54"></a>{54}</span></p> + +<h3>GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Endings - nouns and adjectives" title="Endings - nouns and adjectives"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="6"> NOUNS.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">STRONG.</span> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">WEAK.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>M.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>N.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>F.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>M.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>N.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>F.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Sg. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>A.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:8em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pl. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -as </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> -um</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(en)a </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> -ena</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="6"> ADJECTIVES.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Sg. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>A.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -ne </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -re </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -re </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>I.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle">(-re) </td><td class="spacsingle">(-an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pl. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:8em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:8em" alt="brace" /></a> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -ra </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -ra</td></tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Endings - verbs" title="Endings - verbs"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> VERBS.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PRESENT.</span> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> <span class="scac">PRETERITE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Indic.</i> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <i>Subj.</i> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <i>Indic.</i> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <i>Subj.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Sg.</i> 1.</td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -iġe</td><td class="spacsingle"> -(iġ)e </td><td class="spacsingle"> - ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> 2.</td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e)st;</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ast </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(iġ)e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -dest </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> 3.</td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e)þ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -aþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(iġ)e </td><td class="spacsingle"> - ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pl. </i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -aþ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -iaþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(i)en </td><td class="spacsingle"> -on;</td><td class="spacsingle"> -don </td><td class="spacsingle"> -en;</td><td class="spacsingle"> -den</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> <i>Imper. sg.</i> -(a); <i>pl.</i> -(i)aþ. <i>Infin.</i> -(i)an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> -(i)ende; <i>pret.</i> -en, -ed, -od. <i>Ger.</i> (i)enne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55"></a>{55}</span></p> + +<h2>TEXTS.</h2> + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">SENTENCES.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ān on-ġinn is ealra þinga, þæt is God æl-mihtiġ. Se</p> + <p>ġe·lēafa þe biþ būtan gōdum weorcum, sē is dēad; þis sind</p> + <p>þāra apostola word. Ic eom gōd hierde: se gōda hierde</p> + <p>sęlþ his āgen līf for his sċēapum. Ūre Ā·līesend is se gōda</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>hierde, and wē crīstene męnn sind his sċeap. Se mōna his</p> + <p>leoht ne sęlþ, and steorran of heofone feallaþ. Swā swā</p> + <p>wæter ā·dwǣsċþ fȳr, swā ā·dwǣsċþ sēo ælmesse synna.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ealle ġe·sċeafta, heofonas and ęnġlas, sunnan and mōnan,</p> + <p>steorran and eorþan, eall nīetenu and ealle fuglas, sǣ and</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>ealle fiscas God ġe·scōp and ġe·worhte on siex dagum; and</p> + <p>on þǣm seofoþan dæġe hē ġe·ęndode his weorc; and hē</p> + <p>be·hēold þā eall his weorc þe hē ġe·worhte, and hīe wǣron</p> + <p>eall swīþe gōd. Hē fērde ġeond manigu land, bodiende</p> + <p>Godes ġe·lēafan. Hē for·lēt eall woruld-þing. Se cyning</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>be·bēad þæt man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn sċipu wyrċan;</p> + <p>and hiera wæs swā fela swā nǣfre ǣr ne wæs on nānes</p> + <p>cyninges dæġe. Se cyning hēt of·slēan ealle þā Dęniscan</p> + <p>męnn þe on Angel-cynne wǣron.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā ne mihton hīe him nān word and-swarian, ne nān</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>mann ne dorste hine nān þing māre āscian. Hīe fuhton</p> +<!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56"></a>{56}</span> + <p>on þā burg ealne dæġ, and þōhton þæt hīe hīe scolden</p> + <p>ā·brecan. Se eorl ġe·węnde west tō Īr-lande, and wæs þǣr</p> + <p>ealne þone winter. Æþelred cyning and Ælfred his brōþor</p> + <p>fuhton wiþ ealne þone hęre on Æsces-dūne.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>Se mann is ēċe on ānum dǣle, þæt is, on þǣre sāwle;</p> + <p>hēo ne ġe·ęndaþ nǣfre. Ġif se biscop dēþ be his āgnum</p> + <p>willan, and wile bindan þone un-scyldigan, and þone scyldigan</p> + <p>ā·līesan, þonne for·līest hē þā miht þe him God</p> + <p>for·ġeaf. Þēod winþ on·ġēan þēode, and rīċe on·ġēan rīċe.</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>Ealle męnn ēow hatiaþ for mīnum naman. Hē ġe·worhte</p> + <p>fela wundra binnan þǣm fierste þe hē biscop wæs. Hē</p> + <p>ġe·hǣlde sum wīf mid hālgum wætre. Se cyning wearþ</p> + <p>of·slæġen fram his āgnum folce. On þǣm ilcan ġēare wæs</p> + <p>se miċla hungor ġeond Angel-cynn. Se mæsse-prēost āscaþ</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>þæt ċild, and cwiþþ: 'Wiþ·sæcst þū dēofle?' Þonne andwyrt</p> + <p>se god-fæder, and cwiþþ: 'Ic wiþ·sace dēofle.' God</p> + <p>ælmihtiga, ġe·miltsa mē synn-fullum! Æþelred cyning cōm</p> + <p>hām tō his āgenre þēode, and hē glædlīce fram him eallum</p> + <p>on·fangen wearþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>Crīst, ūre Dryhten, be·bēad his leornung-cnihtum þæt</p> + <p>hīe scolden tǣċan eallum þēodum þā þing þā hē self him</p> + <p>tǣhte. Ġif ġē for·ġiefaþ mannum hiera synna, þonne for·giefþ</p> + <p>ēower se heofonlica Fæder ēowre synna. Ne mæġ nān</p> + <p>mann twǣm hlāfordum þēowian: oþþe hē ānne hataþ and</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>ōþerne lufaþ, oþþe hē biþ ānum ġe·hīersum and ōþrum unġehīersum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Se cyning nam þæs eorles sunu mid him tō Ęnġla-lande.</p> + <p>Męnn be·hōfiaþ gōdre lāre on þissum tīman, þe is ġe·ęndung</p> + <p>þisse worulde. Se līchama, þe is þǣre sāwle rēaf, andbīdaþ</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>þæs miċlan dōmes; and þēah hē bēo tō dūste for·molsnod,</p> +<!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57"></a>{57}</span> + <p>God hine ā·rǣrþ, and ġe·bringþ tō·gædre sāwle and</p> + <p>līchaman tō þǣm ēċan līfe. Hwelc fæder wile sęllan his</p> + <p>ċilde stān, ġif hit hine hlāfes bitt? Ā·ġiefaþ þǣm cāsere þā</p> + <p>þing þe þæs cāseres sind, and Gode þā þing þe Godes sind.</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>Sēo sāwol and-bīdaþ þæs ēċan ǣristes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hē wæs cyning ofer eall Ęnġla-land twęntiġ wintra. God</p> + <p>ælmihtiġ is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hlāforda hlāford.</p> + <p>Dēofol is ealra un-riht-wīsra manna hēafod, and þā</p> + <p>yflan męnn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna dēaþ is yfel and</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>earmlic, for þǣm þe hīe faraþ of þissum scortan līfe tō ēċum</p> + <p>wītum. Hū fela hlāfa hæbbe ġē? Seofon, and fēa fisca.</p> + <p>Ne ġe·wilna þū ōþres mannes ǣhta!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On þǣm landum eardodon Ęnġle, ǣr þǣm þe hīe hider on</p> + <p>land cōmon. Hīe fuhton on þā burg ealne dæġ, ac hīe ne</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>mihton hīe ā·brecan. Þā ēodon hīe tō hiera sċipum. Þǣr</p> + <p>bēoþ swīþe maniġe byriġ on þǣm lande, and on ǣlcre byriġ</p> + <p>biþ cyning.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God cwæþ tō Noē: 'Ic wile for·dōn eall mann-cynn mid</p> + <p>wætre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile ġe·healdan þē, and þīn</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>wīf, and þīne þrīe suna.' Ān mann hæfde twēġen suna; þā</p> + <p>cwæþ hē tō þǣm ieldran: 'gā and wyrċ tō·dæġ on mīnum</p> + <p>wīn-ġearde.' Þā cwæþ hē: 'ic nyle:' ēode þēah siþþan tō</p> + <p>þǣm wīnġearde. Hē dyde his fæder willan. Se prēost</p> + <p>cwæþ tō þǣm folce: 'Ic ēow blētsiġe on naman þæs Fæder,</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>þæs Suna, and þæs Hālgan Gāstes.' Āra þīnum fæder and</p> + <p>þīnre mēder! Sum wīf cōm tō Crīste, and bæd for hiere</p> + <p>dehter. Sēo dohtor wearþ ġe·hǣled þurh ġe·lēafan þǣre</p> + <p>mōdor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bēoþ ġe·myndiġe þāra twēġra worda þe Dryhten cwæþ on</p> +<!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>{58}</span> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>his god-spelle! Hē cwæþ: 'For·ġiefaþ, and ēow biþ for·ġiefen;</p> + <p>sęllaþ, and ēow biþ ġe·seald.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Twēġen męnn ēodon intō Godes temple hīe tō ġe·biddenne.</p> + <p>Ælfred cyning fōr mid þrim sċipum ūt on sǣ, and</p> + <p>ġe·feaht wiþ fēower sċip-hlæstas Dęniscra manna, and þāra</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>sċipa twā ġe·nam, and þā męnn of·slæġene wǣron þe</p> + <p>þǣr-on wǣron. Þā cōmon þrēo sċipu. Þā ġe·fēngon hīe</p> + <p>þāra þrēora sċipa twā, and þˉa męnn of·slōgon, ealle būtan</p> + <p>fīfum. Se wītega ā·wrāt be þǣm fēower nīetenum þe him</p> + <p>æt·īewdu wǣron, þæt hīe hæfden ēagan him on ǣlce healfe.</p> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>Ān þāra nīetena wæs on męnniscre onsīene him æt·īewed,</p> + <p>ōþer on lēon onsīene, þridde on ċealfes, fēorþe on earnes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God þone ǣrestan mann rihtne and gōdne ġe·scōp, and</p> + <p>eall mann-cynn mid him. Ælfred Æþelwulfing wæs cyning</p> + <p>ofer eall Angel-cynn būtan þǣm dǣle þe under Dęna onwealde</p> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>wæs. Ǣlc gōd trēow bierþ gōde wæstmas, and ǣlc</p> + <p>yfel trēow bierþ yfle wæstmas; ne mæġ þæt gōde trēow</p> + <p>beran yfle wæstmas, ne þæt yfle trēow gōde wæstmas.</p> + <p>Ēadigu sind ēowru ēagan, for þǣm þe hīe ġe·sēoþ, and</p> + <p>ēowru ēaran, for þǣm þe hīe ġe·hīeraþ. Swā hwā swā sęlþ</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>ānum þurstigum męnn ċeald wæter on mīnum naman, ne</p> + <p>for·līest hē his mēde. Ne fare ġē on hǣþenra manna weġe!</p> + <p>Gōd mann of gōdum gold-horde bringþ gōd forþ; and yfel</p> + <p>mann of yflum goldhorde bringþ yfel forþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gregōrius se hālga pāpa is rihtlīce ġe·cweden Ęnġliscre</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>þēode apostol. Þā hē ġe·seah þæt se mǣsta dǣl þǣre þēode</p> + <p>his lāre for·sāwon, þā for·lēt hē hīe, and ġe·ċēas þā hǣþnan</p> + <p>lēode. Ġif se blinda blindne lǣtt, hīe feallaþ bēġen on ānne</p> + <p>pytt. Se Hālga Gāst is lufu and willa þæs Fæder and þæs</p> + <p>Suna; and hīe sind ealle ġe·līce mihtiġe. Bętere is sēo</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>sāwol þonne se męte, and bętera se līchama þonne his scrūd.</p> +<!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59"></a>{59}</span> + <p>Sēo sāwol is gāst, and be eorþlicum męttum ne leofaþ.</p> + <p>Be·healdaþ þās flēogendan fuglas, þe ne sāwaþ ne ne rīpaþ,</p> + <p>ac se heofonlica Fæder hīe ā·fētt. Hē cwæþ, 'Ic neom</p> + <p>ōþrum mannum ġe·līc;' swelce hē cwǣde, 'Ic āna eom rihtwīs,</p> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>and þā ōþre sind synn-fulle.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā se Hǣlend þanon fōr, þā folgodon him twēġen blinde,</p> + <p>cweþende: 'Ġe·miltsa unc, Davīdes sunu!' Hē cwæþ tō</p> + <p>him: 'Ġe·līefe ġit þæt ic inc mæġe ġe·hælan?' Hē cwæþ:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Sīe inc æfter incrum ġe·lēafan.' Æþelstān cyning fōr</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>inn on Scot-land, ǣġþer ġe mid land-hęre ġe mid sċip-hęre,</p> + <p>and his miċel ofer·hęrgode. Se mann þe God for·ġiett, God</p> + <p>for·ġiett ēac hine. Faraþ, and lǣraþ ealle þēoda! Lǣraþ</p> + <p>hīe þæt hīe healden eall þā þing þe ic ēow be·bēad! Sume</p> + <p>męnn sæġdon be him þæt hē wǣre Ælfredes sunu cyninges.</p> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>Se Hǣlend āscode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone sęċġaþ</p> + <p>męnn þæt sīe mannes Sunu?' Hwæt sęċġe ġē þæt ic sīe?</p> + <p>Þū eart þæs libbendan Godes sunu. Crīst cwæþ be his</p> + <p>Fæder: 'Ġē sęċġaþ þæt hē ēower God sīe, and ġē hine ne</p> + <p>on·cnēowon.' Ġif hīe þone hālgan Fæder on·cnēowen,</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>þonne under·fēngen hīe mid ġe·lēafan his Sunu, þe hē ā·sęnde</p> + <p>tō middan-ġearde. Se weġ is swīþe nearu and sticol</p> + <p>sē þe lǣtt tō heofona rīċe; and se weġ is swīþe brād and</p> + <p>smēþe sē þe lǣtt tō hęlle wĭte. Dysiġ biþ se weġ-fērenda</p> + <p>mann sē þe nimþ þone smēþan weġ þe hīne mis-lǣtt, and</p> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>for·lǣtt þone sticolan þe hine ġe·bringþ tō þǣre byriġ. Þæt</p> + <p>ic ēow sęċġe on þēostrum, sęċġaþ hit on leohte; and þæt</p> + <p>ġē on ēare ġe·hīeraþ, bodiaþ uppan hrōfum. Hīe scufon ūt</p> + <p>hiera sċipu, and ġe·węndon him be·ġeondan sǣ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Healdaþ and dōþ swā hwæt swā hīe sęċġaþ; and ne dō</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>ġē nā, æfter hiera weorcum: hīe sęċġaþ, and ne dōþ. Eall</p> + <p>hiera weorc hīe dōþ þæt męnn hīe ġe·sēon. Hīe lufiaþ þæt</p> +<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60"></a>{60}</span> + <p>man hīe grēte on strǣtum. Ēalā ġē nǣddran and nǣddrena</p> + <p>cynn, hū flēo ġē fram hęlle dōme?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wē sind ealle cuman on þissum and-weardan līfe, and</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>ūre eard nis nā hēr; ac wē sind hēr swelce weġ-fērende</p> + <p>męnn: ān cymþ, ōþer færþ. Hwelc mann sęlþ his bearne</p> + <p>nǣddran, ġif hit fisces bitt? Ǣlc þāra þe bitt, hē on·fēhþ;</p> + <p>and sē þe sēċþ, hē hit fint. Ne gǣþ ǣlc þāra on heofona</p> + <p>rīċe þe cwiþþ tō mē, 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac sē þe wyrċþ</p> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>mīnes Fæder willan þe on heofonum is, sē gǣþ on heofona</p> + <p>rīċe. Nis hit nā gōd þǣt man nime bearna hlāf and hundum</p> + <p>weorpe. Ic hæbbe þeġnas under mē: and ic cweþe tō</p> + <p>þissum, 'gā,' and hē gǣþ; and tō ōþrum, 'cum,' and hē</p> + <p>cymþ, and tō mīnum þēowe, 'wyrċ þis,' and hē wyrċþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>Se Hǣlend ġe·nam þā fīf hlāfas, and blētsode, and tō·bræc,</p> + <p>and tō·dǣlde be·twix þǣm sittendum; swā ġe·līce ēac</p> + <p>þā fiscas tō·dǣlde; and hīe ealle ġe·nōg hæfdon. Þā þe</p> + <p>þǣr ǣton wǣron fēower þūsend manna, būtan ċildum and</p> + <p>wīfum. Hīe cōmon tō him, and tō him ġebǣdon, and þus</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>cwǣdon: 'Sōþlīce þū eart Godes sunu.' Ne wēne ġē þæt</p> + <p>ic cōme sibbe on eorþan to sęndenne: ne cōm ic sibbe tō</p> + <p>sęndenne, ac sweord. Hē be·bēad þæt hīe sǣten ofer þǣre</p> + <p>eorþan. Hē sæġde þæt Norþ-manna land wǣre swīþe lang</p> + <p>and swīþe smæl.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>Hīe ealle on þone cyning wǣron feohtende, oþ þæt hīe</p> + <p>hine ofslæġenne hæfdon. Ǣlc mann þe ōþre męnn for·sihþ</p> + <p>biþ fram Gode for·sewen. Sē þe ēaran hæbbe tō ġe·hiērenne,</p> + <p>ġe·hīere. Gōd is ūs hēr tō bēonne.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God cwæþ tō ānum wītegan, sē wæs Ionas ġe·hāten:</p> + <div class="linenum">170</div><p class="hg1">'Far tō þǣre byriġ, and boda þǣr þā word þe ic þē sęċġe.'</p> +<!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61"></a>{61}</span> + <p>Lufiaþ ēowre fīend, and dōþ wel þǣm þe ēow yfel dōþ.</p> + <p>Lufa Dryhten þīnne God on ealre þīnre heortan, and on</p> + <p>ealre þīnre sawle, and on eallum þīnum mōde. Sē þe ne</p> + <p>lufaþ his brōþor, þone þe hē ġe·sihþ, hū mæġ hē lufian God,</p> + <div class="linenum">175</div><p>þone þe hē ne ġe·sihþ līcham-līce? Sęġe ūs hwonne þās</p> + <p>þing ġe·weorþen, and hwelc tācen sīe þīnes tō-cymes and</p> + <p>worulde ġe·ęndunge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Se Hǣlend cwæþ tō ānum his leornung-cnihta, sē wæs</p> + <p>hāten Philippus: 'Mid hwǣm magon wē byċġan hlāf þissum</p> + <div class="linenum">180</div><p>folce?' Wel wiste Crīst hwæt hē dōn wolde, and hē wiste</p> + <p>þæt Philippus þæt nyste. God mæġ dōn eall þing; wē</p> + <p>sculon wundrian his mihte, and ēac ġe·līefan. Crīst ā·rǣrde</p> + <p>Lazarum of dēaþe, and cwæþ tō his leornung-cnihtum: 'Tō·līesaþ</p> + <p>his bęndas, þæt hē gān mæġe.' God is ælmihtiġ,</p> + <div class="linenum">185</div><p>and mæġ dōn eall þæt hē wile. Ġē nyton on hwelcre tīde</p> + <p>ēower hlāford cuman wile. For þǣm bēo ġē ġearwe; for</p> + <p>þǣm þe mannes Sunu wile cuman on þǣre tīde þe ġē nyton.</p> + <p>Se Hǣlend cwæþ be his Fæder: 'Ic hine cann, and ġif ic</p> + <p>sęċġe þæt ic hine ne cunne, þonne bēo ic lēas, ēow ġe·līc.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">190</div><p>Se dēofol cwæþ tō Crīste: 'Ġif þū sīe Godes sunu, cweþ</p> + <p>tō þissum stānum þæt hīe bēon ā·węnde tō hlāfum.' Þā</p> + <p>and-wyrde se Hǣlend, and cwæþ: 'Hit is ā·writen, "ne</p> + <p>leofaþ se mann nā be hlāfe ānum, ac leofaþ be eallum þǣm</p> + <p>wordum þe gāþ of Godes mūþe."' Se Hǣlend cōm tō him,</p> + <div class="linenum">195</div><p>þǣr hīe wǣron ġe·gadrode, and cwæþ: 'Sīe sibb be·twix</p> + <p>ēow; ic hit eom; ne bēo ġē nā ā·fyrhte.' Fæder ūre, þū þe</p> + <p>eart on heofonum, sīe þīn nama ġe·hālgod. Wē syngodon,</p> + <p>wē dydon un-rihtlīce; sęle ūs for·ġiefnesse: hwæt sculon wē</p> + <p>dōn?</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62"></a>{62}</span></p> + +<h3>II.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">VII. 24-7.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ, and þā wyrċþ, biþ</p> + <p>ġe·līc þǣm wīsan were, sē his hūs ofer stān ġet·imbrode.</p> + <p>Þā cōm þǣr reġen and miċel flōd, and þǣr blēowon windas,</p> + <p>and ā·hruron on þæt hūs, and hit nā ne fēoll: sōþlīce hit</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>wæs ofer stān ġe·timbrod.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And ǣlc þāra þe ġe·hīerþ þās mīn word, and þā ne wyrċþ,</p> + <p>sē biþ ġe·līc þǣm dysigan męnn, þe ġe·timbrode his hūs ofer</p> + <p>sand-ċeosol. Þā rīnde hit, and þǣr cōm flōd, and blēowon</p> + <p>windas, and ā·hruron on þǣt hūs, and þæt hūs fēoll; and</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>his hryre wæs miċel.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XII. 18-21.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic ġe·ċēas; mīn ġe·corena, on þǣm</p> + <p>wel ġe·līcode mīnre sāwle: ic ā·sętte mīnne gāst ofer hine,</p> + <p>and dōm hē bodaþ þēodum. Ne flītt hē, ne hē ne hriemþ,</p> + <p>ne nān mann ne ġe·hīerþ his stefne on strǣtum. Tō·cwīesed</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>hrēod hē ne for·brīett, and smēocende fleax hē ne ā·dwǣscþ,</p> + <p>ǣr þǣm þe hē ā·weorpe dōm tō siġe. And on his naman</p> + <p>þēoda ġe·hyhtaþ.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XIII. 3-8.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sōþlīce ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne. And þā</p> + <p>þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weġ, and fuglas cōmon</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>and ǣton þā. Sōþlīce sumu fēollon on stǣnihte, þǣr hit</p> +<!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63"></a>{63}</span> + <p>næfde miċle eorþan, and hrædlīce ūp sprungon, for þǣm þe</p> + <p>hīe næfdon pǣre eorþan dīepan; sōþlīce, ūp sprungenre</p> + <p>sunnan, hīe ā·drūgodon and for·scruncon, for þǣm þe hīe</p> + <p>næfdon wyrtruman. Sōþlīce sumu fēollon on þornas, and</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>þā þornas wēoxon, and for·þrysmdon þā. Sumu sōþlīce</p> + <p>fēollon on gōde eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hund-fealdne,</p> + <p>sum siextiġ-fealdne, sum þritiġ-fealdnę.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XIII. 24-30.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·worden þǣm męnn ġe·līc þe sēow gōd</p> + <p>sǣd on his æcere. Sōþlīce, þā þā męnn slēpon, þā cōm his</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>fēonda sum, and ofer·sēow hit mid coccele on·middan þǣm</p> + <p>hwǣte, and fērde þanon. Sōþlīce, þā sēo wyrt wēox, and</p> + <p>þone wæstm brōhte, þā æt·īewde se coccel hine. Þā ēodon</p> + <p>þæs hlāfordes þēowas and cwǣdon: 'Hlāford, hū, ne sēowe</p> + <p>þū gōd sǣd on þīnum æcere? hwanon hæfde hē coccel?'</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>Þā cwæþ hē: 'þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þā cwǣdon þā</p> + <p>þēowas: 'Wilt þū, wē gāþ and gadriaþ hīe?' Þā cwæp</p> + <p>hē: 'Nese: þȳ lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien, þonne ġē</p> + <p>þone coccel gadriaþ. Lǣtaþ ǣġþer weaxan oþ rīp-tīman;</p> + <p>and on pǣm rīptīman ic sęċġe þǣm rīperum: "gadriaþ</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>ǣrest þone coccel, and bindaþ sċēaf-mǣlum tō for·bærnenne;</p> + <p>and gadriaþ þone hwǣte intō mīnum bęrne."'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XIII. 44-8.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc ġe·hȳddum gold-horde on þǣm</p> + <p>æcere. Þone be·hȳtt se mann þe hine fint, and for his blisse</p> + <p>gǣþ, and sęlþ eall þæt hē āh, and ġe·byġþ þone æcer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>Eft is heofona rīċe ġe·līc þǣm mangere þe sōhte þæt gōde</p> + <p>męre-grot. Þā hē funde þæt ān dēor-wierþe męregrot, þā</p> + <p>ēode hē, and sealde eall þæt hē āhte, and bohte þæt męregrot.</p> +<!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64"></a>{64}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eft is heofona rīċe ġe·līc ā·sęndum nętte on þā sǣ, and of</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>ǣlcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Þā hīe þā þæt nętt ūp</p> + <p>ā·tugon, and sǣton be þǣm strande, þā ġe·curon hīe þā</p> + <p>gōdan on hiera fatu, and þā yflan hīe ā·wurpon ūt.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XVIII. 12-14.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ġif hwelc mann hæfþ hund sċēapa, and him losaþ ān of</p> + <p>þǣm, hū, ne for·lǣtt hē þā nigon and hund·nigontiġ on þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>muntum, and gǣþ, and sēċþ þæt ān þe for·wearþ? And ġif</p> + <p>hit ġe·limpþ þæt hē hit fint, sōþlīce ic ēow sęċġe þæt hē</p> + <p>swīþor ġe·blissaþ for þǣm ānum þonne for þǣm nigon and</p> + <p>hund·nigontigum þe nā ne losodon.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XX. 1-16.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm hīredes ealdre, þe on ǣrnemerġen</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>ūt ēode ā·hȳran wyrhtan on his wīn-ġeard. Ġe·wordenre</p> + <p>ġe·cwid-rǣdenne þǣm wyrhtum, hē sealde ǣlcum ānne</p> + <p>þęning wiþ his dæġes weorce, and ā·sęnde hīe on his wīnġeard.</p> + <p>And þā hē ūt ēode ymbe undern-tīd, hē ġe·seah</p> + <p>oþre on strǣte īdle standan. Þā cwæþ hē: 'Gā ġē on</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>mīnne wīnġeard, and ic sęlle ēow þæt riht biþ.' And hīe þā</p> + <p>fērdon. Eft hē ūt ēode ymbe þā siextan and nigoþan</p> + <p>tīd, and dyde þǣm swā ġe·līce. Þā ymbe þā ęndlyftan</p> + <p>tīd hē ūt ēode, and funde ōþre standende, and þā sæġde hē:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Hwȳ stande ġē hēr ealne daeġ īdle?' Þā cwǣdon hīe:</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p class="hg1">'For þǣm þe ūs nān mann ne hȳrde.' Þā cwæþ hē: 'And</p> + <p>gā ġē on mīnne wīnġeard.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sōþlīce þā hit wæs ǣfen ġe·worden, þā sæġde se wīnġeardes</p> + <p>hlāford his ġe·rēfan: 'Clipa þā wyrhtan, and ā·ġief him</p> + <p>hiera mēde; on·ġinn fram þǣm ȳt·emestan oþ þone fyrmestan.'</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>Eornostlīce þā þā ġe·cōmon þe ymbe þā ęndlyftan</p> + <p>tīd cōmon, þā on·fēngon hīe ǣlc his pęning. And þā þe</p> +<!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>{65}</span> + <p>þǣr ǣrest cōmon, wēndon þæt hīe scolden māre on·fōn; þā</p> + <p>on·fēngon hīe syndriġe þęningas. Þa on·gunnon hīe murcnian</p> + <p>on·ġēan þone hīredes ealdor, and þus cwǣdon: 'Þās</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>ȳtemestan worhton āne tīd, and þū dydest hīe ġe·līce ūs,</p> + <p>þe bǣron byrþenna on þisses dæġes hǣtan.' Þā cwæþ hē</p> + <p>and-swariende hiera ānum: 'Ēalā þū frēond, ne dō ic þē</p> + <p>nānne tēonan; hū, ne cōme þū tō mē tō wyrċenne wiþ</p> + <p>ānum pęninge? Nim þæt þīn is, and gā; ic wile þissum</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>ȳtemestum sęllan eall swā miċel swā þē. Oþþe ne mōt ic</p> + <p>dōn þæt ic wile? Hwæþer þe þīn ēage mānfull is for þǣm</p> + <p>þe ic gōd eom? Swā bēoþ þa fyrmestan ȳtemeste, and þā</p> + <p>ȳtemestan fyrmeste; sōþlīce maniġe sind ġe·clipode, and</p> + <p>fēa ġe·corene.'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XXII. 2-14.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm cyninge þe macode his suna</p> + <p>ġiefta, and sęnde his þēowas, and clipode þā ġe·laþodan tō</p> + <p>þǣm ġieftum. Þā noldon hīe cuman. Þā sęnde hē eft ōþre</p> + <p>þēowas, and sæġde þǣm ġe·laþodum: 'Nū ic ġe·ġearwode</p> + <p>mīne feorme: mīne fearras and mīne fuglas sind of·slæġene,</p> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>and eall mīn þing sind ġearu; cumaþ tō þǣm ġieftum.' Þā</p> + <p>for·gīemdon hīe þæt, and fērdon, sum tō his tūne, sum tō</p> + <p>his mangunge. And þā ōþre nāmon his þēowas, and mid</p> + <p>tēonan ġe·swęnċton, and of·slōgon. Þā se cyning þæt ġe·hierde,</p> + <p>þā wæs hē ierre, and sęnde his hęre tō, and for·dyde</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>þā mann-slagan, and hiera burg for·bærnde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā cwæþ hē tō his þēowum: 'Witodlīce þās ġiefta sind</p> + <p>ġearwe, ac þā þe ġe·laþode wǣron ne sind wierþe. Gāþ nū</p> + <p>tō wega ġelǣtum, and clipiaþ tō þissum ġieftum swā hwelce</p> + <p>swā ġē ġe·mēten.' Þā ēodon þā þēowas ūt on þā wegas,</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>and ġe·gadrodon ealle þā þe hīe ġe·mētton, gōde and yfle;</p> + <p>þā wǣron þā ġieft-hūs mid sittendum mannum ġefyldu.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā ēode se cyning inn, þæt hē wolde ġe·sēon þā þe þǣr</p> +<!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span> + <p>sǣton, and þā ġe·seah hē þǣr ānne mann þe næs mid ġieftlicum</p> + <p>rēafe ġescrȳdd. Þā cwæþ hē: 'Lā, frēond, hūmeta</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>ēodest þū inn, and næfdest ġieftlic rēaf?' Þa swīgode hē.</p> + <p>And se cyning cwæþ tō his þeġnum: 'Ġe·bindaþ his handa</p> + <p>and his fēt, and weorpaþ hine on þā ȳterran þēostru; þǣr biþ</p> + <p>wōp and tōþa grīst-bītung.' Witodlīce maniġe sind ġe·laþode,</p> + <p>and fēa ġe·corene.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XXV. 1-13.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>Þonne biþ heofona rīċe ġe·līc þǣm tīen fǣmnum, þe þā</p> + <p>leoht-fatu nāmon, and fērdon on·ġēan þone brȳd-guman and</p> + <p>þā brȳd. Hiera fīf wǣron dysiġe, and fīf glēawe. And þā fīf</p> + <p>dysigan nāmon leohtfatu, and ne nāmon nānne ele mid him;</p> + <p>þā glēawan nāmon ele on hiera fatum mid þǣm leohtfatum.</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>Þā se brȳdguma ielde, þā hnappodon hīe ealle, and slēpon.</p> + <p>Witodlīce tō middre nihte man hrīemde, and cwæþ: 'Nū se</p> + <p>brȳdguma cymþ, faraþ him tō·ġēanes.' Þā ā·rison ealle þā</p> + <p>fǣmnan, and glęnġdon hiera leohtfatu. Þā cwǣdon þā</p> + <p>dysigan to pǣm wīsum: 'Sęllaþ ūs of ēowrum ele, for þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>ūre leohtfatu sind ā·cwęnċtu.' Þā and·swarodon þā glēawan,</p> + <p>and cwǣdon: 'Nese; þȳ lǣs þe wē and ġē næbben ġenōg:</p> + <p>gāþ tō þǣm ċīependum, and byċġaþ ēow ele.' Witodlīce,</p> + <p>þā hīe fērdon, and woldon byċġan, þā cōm se brȳdguma;</p> + <p>and þā þe ġearwe wǣron ēodon inn mid him tō þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>ġieftum; and sēo duru wæs be·locen. Þā æt nīehstan cōmon</p> + <p>þa ōþre fǣmnan, and cwǣdon: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, lǣt ūs</p> + <p>inn.' Þā and-swarode hē him, and cwæþ: 'Sōþ ic ēow</p> + <p>sęċġe, ne cann ic ēow.' Witodlīce, waciaþ, for þǣm þe ġē</p> + <p>nyton ne þone dæġ ne þā tīd.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XXV. 14-30.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>Sum mann fērde on ęlþēodiġnesse, and clipode his</p> +<!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"></a>{67}</span> + <p>þēowas, and be·tǣhte him his ǣhta. And ānum hē sealde</p> + <p>fīf pund, sumum twā, sumum ān: ǣġhwelcum be his āgnum</p> + <p>mæġne; and fērde sōna.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā fērde sē þe þā fīf pund under·fēng, and ġe·strīende</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>ōþru fīf. And eall-swā sē þe þā twā under·feng, ġe·strīende</p> + <p>ōþru twā. Witodlīce sē þe þæt ān under·fēng, fērde, and</p> + <p>be·dealf hit on eorþan, and be·hȳdde his hlāfordes feoh.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Witodlīce æfter miċlum fierste cōm þāra þēowa hlāford,</p> + <p>and dihte him ġe·rad. Þā cōm sē þe þā fīf pund under·fēng,</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>and brōhte ōþru fīf, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, fīf pund þū sealdest</p> + <p>mē; nū ic ġe·strīende ōþru fīf.' Þā cwæp his hlāford tō</p> + <p>him: 'Bēo blīþe, þū gōda þēow and ġe·trēowa: for þǣm</p> + <p>þe þū wǣre ġe·trēowe ofer lȳtlu þing, ic [.]ge·sętte þē ofer</p> + <p>miċlu; gā intō þīnes hlāfordes blisse.' Þā cōm sē þe þā</p> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>twā pund under·fēng, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, twā pund þū</p> + <p>mē sealdest; nū ic hæbbe ġe·strīened ōþru twā.' Þā cwæþ</p> + <p>his hlāford tō him: 'Ġe·blissa, þū gōda þēow and ġetrēowa:</p> + <p>for þǣm þe þū wǣre ġe·trēowe ofer fēa, ofer fela ic þē</p> + <p>ġe·sętte; gā on þīnes hlāfordes ġe·fēan.' Þā cōm sē þe þæt</p> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>ān pund under·fēng, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, ic wāt þæt</p> + <p>þū eart heard mann: þū rīpst þǣr þū ne sēowe, and</p> + <p>gaderast þǣr þū ne spręnġdest. And ic fērde of·drǣdd,</p> + <p>and be·hȳdde þīn pund on eorþan; hēr þū hæfst þæt þīn</p> + <p>is.' Þā andswarode his hlāford him, and cwæþ: 'þū yfla</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>þēow and slāwa, þū wistest þæt ic rīpe þǣr ic ne sēowe,</p> + <p>and ic gadriġe þǣr ic ne strēdde: hit ġe·byrede þæt þū</p> + <p>be·fæste mīn feoh myneterum, and ic nāme, þonne ic cōme,</p> + <p>þæt mīn is, mid þǣm gafole. Ā·nimaþ þæt pund æt him, and</p> + <p>sęllaþ þǣm þe mē þā tīen pund brōhte. Witodlīce ǣlcum</p> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>þāra þe hæfþ man sęlþ, and hē hæfþ ġe·nōg; þǣm þe næfþ,</p> + <p>þæt him þynċþ þæt hē hæbbe, þæt him biþ æt·brogden. And</p> + <p>weorpaþ þone un·nyttan þēow on þā ȳterran þēostru; þǣr</p> + <p>biþ wōp and tōþa grist·bītung.'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>{68}</span></p> + +<h3>III.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">I.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þǣm sōþlīce ealle męnn sprǣcon āne sprǣċe. Þā</p> + <p>þā hīe fērdon fram Ēast-dǣle, hīe fundon ānne feld on</p> + <p>Sennaār-lande, and wunodon þǣr-on.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā cwǣdon hīe him be·twēonan: 'Uton wyrċan ūs tiġelan,</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>and ǣlan hīe on fȳre!' Witodlīce hīe hæfdon tiġelan for</p> + <p>stān and tierwan for weal-līm. And hīe cwǣdon: 'Uton</p> + <p>timbrian ūs ċeastre, and stīepel oþ heofon hēanne! uton</p> + <p>weorþian ūrne naman, ǣr þ[æ]m þe wē sīen tō·dǣlde ġeond</p> + <p>ealle eorþan!'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>Witodlīce Dryhten ā·stāg niþer, tō þǣm þæt hē ġe·sāwe</p> + <p>þā burg and þone stīepel, þe Adāmes bearn ġe·timbrodon.</p> + <p>And hē cwæþ: 'þis is ān folc, and ealle hīe sprecaþ ān</p> + <p>læden, and hīe be·gunnon þis tō wyrċenne: ne ġe·swīcaþ hīe</p> + <p>ǣr þǣm þe hit ġearu sīe; sōþlīce uton cuman and tō·dǣlan</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>hiera sprǣċe!'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swā Dryhten hīe tō·dǣlde of þǣre stōwe ġeond ealle eorþan.</p> + <p>And for þǣm man nęmnde þā stōwe Babēl for þǣm þe þǣr</p> + <p>wǣron tō·dǣlde ealle sprǣċa.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">II.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God wolde pā fandian Abrahāmes ġe·hīersumnesse, and</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>clipode his naman, and cwæþ him þus tō: 'Nim þīnne</p> + <p>ān-cęnnedan sunu Isaāc, þe þū lufast, and far tō þǣm</p> +<!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>{69}</span> + <p>lande Visionis hraþe, and ġe·offra hine þǣr uppan ānre</p> + <p>dūne.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Abrahām þā ā·rās on þǣre ilcan nihte, and fērde mid</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>twǣm cnapum tō þǣm fierlenum lande, and Isaāc samod,</p> + <p>on assum rīdende.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā on þǣm þriddan dæġe, þā hīe þā dūne ġe·sāwon, þǣr</p> + <p>þǣr hīe tō scoldon tō of·slēanne Isaāc, þā cwæþ Abrahām</p> + <p>tō þǣm twǣm cnapum þus: 'Andbīdiaþ ēow hēr mid þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>assum sume hwīle! ic and þǣt ċild gāþ unc tō ġe·biddenne,</p> + <p>and wit siþþan cumaþ sōna eft tō ēow.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Abrahām þā hēt Isaāc beran þone wudu tō þǣre stōwe,</p> + <p>and hē self bær his sweord and fȳr. Isaāc þa āscode Abrahām</p> + <p>his fæder: 'Fæder mīn, ic āsciġe hwǣr sēo offrung sīe;</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>hēr is wudu and fȳr.' Him andwyrde se fæder: 'God foresċēawaþ,</p> + <p>mīn sunu, him self þā offrunge.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe cōmon þā tō þǣre stōwe þe him ġe·sweotolode God;</p> + <p>and hē þǣr weofod ā·rǣrde on þā ealdan wīsan, and þone</p> + <p>wudu ġe·lōgode swā swā hē hit wolde habban tō his suna</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>bærnette, siþþan hē of·slæġen wurde. Hē ġe·band þā his</p> + <p>sunu, and his sweord ā·tēah, þæt hē hine ġe·offrode on þā</p> + <p>ealdan wīsan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mid þǣm þe hē wolde þǣt weorc be·ġinnan, þā clipode</p> + <p>Godes ęnġel arodlīce of heofonum: 'Abrahām!' Hē andwyrde</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>sōna. Se ęnġel him cwæþ tō: 'Ne ā·cwęle þū</p> + <p>þæt ċild, ne þīne hand ne ā·stręċe ofer his swēoran! Nū ic</p> + <p>on·cnēow sōþlīce þæt pū on·drǣtst swīþe God, nū pū pīnne</p> + <p>ān-cęnnedan sunu woldest of·slēan for him.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā be·seah Abrahām sōna under bæc, and ġe·seah þǣr</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>ānne ramm be·twix þǣm brēmlum be þǣm hornum ġe·hæftne,</p> + <p>and hē hæfde þone ramm tō þǣre offrunge, and hine þǣr</p> + <p>of·snāþ Gode tō lāce for his sunu Isaāc. Hē hēt þā stōwe</p> + <p><i>Dominus videt</i>, þæt is 'God ġe·sihþ,' and ġiet is ġe·sæġd</p> + <p>swā, <i>In monte Dominus videbit</i>, þæt is, 'God ġe·sihþ on dūne.'</p> +<!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page70"></a>{70}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>Eft clipode se ęnġel Abrahām, and cwæþ: 'Ic sæġde</p> + <p>þurh mē selfne, sæġde se Ælmihtiga, nū þū noldest ārian</p> + <p>þīnum āncęnnedum suna, ac þē wæs mīn ęġe māre þonne</p> + <p>his līf, ic þē nū blētsiġe, and þīnne of-spring ge·maniġ-fielde</p> + <p>swā swā steorran on heofonum, and swā swā sand-ċeosol</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>on sǣ; þīn ofspring sċeal āgan hiera fēonda ġeatu. And on</p> + <p>þīnum sǣde bēoþ ealle þēoda ġe·blētsode, for þǣm þe þū</p> + <p>ġe·hīersumodest mīnre hǣse þus.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Abrahām þā ġe·ċierde sōna tō his cnapum, and fērdon him</p> + <p>hām sōna mid heofonlicre blētsunge.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">III.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>Sum cwēn wæs on sūþ-dǣle, Saba ġe·hāten, snotor and</p> + <p>wīs. Þā ġe·hīerde hēo Salomones hlīsan, and cōm fram</p> + <p>þǣm sūþernum ġe·mǣrum to Salomone binnan Hierusalēm</p> + <p>mid miċelre fare, and hiere olfendas bǣron sūþerne wyrta,</p> + <p>and dēor-wierþe ġimm-stānas, and un-ġerīm gold. Sēo cwēn</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>þā hæfde sprǣċe wiþ Salomon, and sæġde him swā hwæt</p> + <p>swā hēo on hiere heortan ġe·þōhte. Salomon þā hīe lǣrde,</p> + <p>and hiere sæġde ealra þāra worda andġiet þe hēo hine āscode.</p> + <p>Þā ġe·seah sēo cwēn Salomones wīsdōm, and þæt mǣre</p> + <p>tempel þe hē ġe·timbrod hæfde, and þā lāc þe man Gode</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>offrode, and þæs cyninges maniġ-fealde þeġnunga, and wæs</p> + <p>tō þǣm swīþe of·wundrod þæt hēo næfde furþor nānne gāst,</p> + <p>for þǣm þe hēo ne mihte nā furþor smēan. Hēo cwæþ þā</p> + <p>tō þǣm cyninge: 'Sōþ is þæt word þe ic ġe·hīerde on</p> + <p>mīnum earde be þē and be þīnum wīsdōme, ac ic nolde</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>ġe·līefan ǣr þǣm þe ic self hit ġe·sāwe. Nū hæbbe ic ā·fandod</p> + <p>þæt mē næs be healfum dǣle þīn mǣrþo ġe·cȳped. Māre</p> + <p>is þīn wīsdōm and þīn weorc þonne se hlīsa wǣre þe ic</p> + <p>ġe·hīerde. Ēadige sind þīne þeġnas and þīne þēowas, þe</p> + <p>simle æt·foran þē standaþ, and þīnne wīsdōm ġe·hīeraþ.</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>Ġe·blētsod sīe se ælmihtiga God, þe þē ġe·ċēas and ġe·sętte</p> +<!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"></a>{71}</span> + <p>ofer Israhēla rīċe, þæt þū dōmas sętte and riht-wīsnesse,'</p> + <p>Hēo for·ġeaf þǣem cyninge þā hund·twęlftiġ punda goldes,</p> + <p>and unġerīm dēorwierþra wyrta and dēorwierþra ġimmstāna.</p> + <p>Salomon ēac for·ġeaf þǣre cwēne swā hwæs swā hēo ġiernde</p> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>æt him; and hēo ġe·węnde on·ġeān tō hiere ēþle mid hiere</p> + <p>þeġnum. Salomon þā wæs ġe·mǣrsod ofer eallum eorþlicum</p> + <p>cyningum, and ealle þēoda ġe·wilnodon þæt hīe hine ġe·sāwen,</p> + <p>and his wīsdōm ġe·hīerden, and hīe him maniġfeald lāc</p> + <p>brōhton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>Sēo cwēn hæfde ġe·tācnunge þǣre hālgan ġe·laþunge ealles</p> + <p>crīstenes folces, þe cōm tō þǣm ġe·sibbsuman Crīste tō</p> + <p>ġe·hīerenne his wīsdōm and þā god-spellican lāre þa hē</p> + <p>ā·stealde, and be on·liehtunge þæs sōþan ġe·lēafan, and be</p> + <p>þǣm tōweardan dōme, be ūrre sāwle un-dēadlicnesse, and be</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>hyhte and wuldre þæs ġe·mǣnelican ǣristes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sēo cwēn cōm tō Salomone mid miċlum lācum on golde</p> + <p>and on dēorwierþum ġimmstānum and wyrt-brǣþum; and</p> + <p>þæt bǣron olfendas. Sēo ġe·lēaffulle ġe·laþung, þe cymþ</p> + <p>of ǣlcum earde tō Crīste, bringþ him þās fore-sæġdan lāc</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>æfter gāstlicum andġiete. Hēo offraþ him gold þurh sōþne</p> + <p>ġe·lēafan, and wyrtbrǣþas þurh ġe·bedu, and dēorwierþe</p> + <p>ġimmas þurh fæġernesse gōdra þēawa and hāliġra mæġna.</p> + <p>Be þisse ġe·laþunge cwæþ se wītega tō Gode: <i>Adstitit</i></p> + <p><i>regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate</i>,</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>þæt is, 'sēo cwēn stęnt æt þīnre swīþran, on ofergyldum</p> + <p>ġierlan, ymb·scrȳdd mid maniġfealdre fāgnesse.' Sēo gāstlice</p> + <p>cwēn, Godes ġe·laþung, is ġe·glęnġed mid dēorwierþre</p> + <p>frætwunge and maniġfealdum blēo gōdra drohtnunga and</p> + <p>mihta.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>Hēo sæġde Salomone ealle hiere dīegolnessa, and sēo</p> + <p>ġe·laþung ġe·openaþ Crīste hiere inn-ġehyġd and þa dīeglan</p> + <p>ġe·þōhtas on sōþre andetnesse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olfendas bǣron þā dēorwierþan lāc mid þǣre cwēne</p> +<!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"></a>{72}</span> + <p>intō Hierusalēm; for þǣm þe þā hǣþnan, þe ǣr wǣron</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>ġe·hoferode þurh ġītsunge and atollice þurh leahtras, bǣron,</p> + <p>þurh hiera ġe·ċierrednesse and ġe·lēafan, þā gāstlican lāc</p> + <p>tō Crīstes handum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sēo cwēn wundrode Salomones wīsdōmes, and his ġe·timbrunga,</p> + <p>and þeġnunga; and sēo ġe·laþung wundraþ Crīstes</p> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>wīsdōmes, for þǣm þe hē is sōþ wīsdōm, and eall wīsdōm is</p> + <p>of him. Hē ġe·timbrode þā hēalican heofonas and ealne</p> + <p>middanġeard, and ealle ġe·sceafta ġe·sętte on þrim þingum,</p> + <p><i>in mensura, et pondere, et numero</i>, þæt is, on ġe·mete, and</p> + <p>on hęfe, and on ġe·tele. Crīstes þeġnung is ūre hǣlo and</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>folca ā·līesednes, and þā sind ġe·sǣliġe þe him þeġniaþ tō</p> + <p>ġe·cwēmednesse on þǣm gāstlicum ġe·rȳnum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sēo cwēn sæġde þæt hiere nǣre be healfum dǣle ġe·sæġd</p> + <p>be Salomones mǣrþo, and sēo gāstlice cwēn, Godes ġe·laþung,</p> + <p>oþþe ġe·hwelc hāliġ sāwol, þonne hēo cymþ tō þǣre heofonlican</p> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>Hierusalēm, þonne ġe·sihþ hēo miċle māran mǣrþo</p> + <p>and wuldor þonne hiere ǣr on līfe þurh wītegan oþþe apostolas</p> + <p>ġe·cȳdd wǣre. Ne mæġ nān ēage on þissum līfe</p> + <p>ġe·sēon, ne nān ēare ġe·hīeran, ne nānes mannes heorte</p> + <p>ā·smēan þā þing þe God ġearcaþ þǣm þe hine lufiaþ. Þā</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>þing wē magon be·ġietan, ac wē ne magon hīe ā·smēan,</p> + <p>ne ūs nǣfre ne ā·þrīett þāra gōda ġe·nyhtsumnes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crīst is ealra cyninga cyning, and swā swā ealle þēoda</p> + <p>woldon ġe·sēon þone ġe·sibbsuman Salomon, and his wīsdōm</p> + <p>ġe·hīeran, and him mislicu lāc brōhton, swā ēac nū of eallum</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>þēodum ġe·wilniaþ męnn tō ġe·sēonne þone ġe-sibbsuman</p> + <p>Crīst þurh ġe·lēafan, and þone godspellican wīsdōm ġe·hīeran,</p> + <p>and hīe him dæġ-hwǣmlīce þā gāstlican lāc ġe·offriaþ on</p> + <p>maniġfealdum ġe·metum.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">IV.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On Cȳres dagum cyninges wrēġdon þā Babilōniscan þone</p> +<!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>wītegan Daniēl, for þǣm þe hē tō·wearp hiera dēofol-ġield,</p> + <p>and cwǣdon ān-mōdlīce tō þǣm fore-sæġdan cyninge Cȳrum:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Betǣċ ūs Daniēl, þe ūrne god Bēl tō·wearp, and þone dracan</p> + <p>ā·cwealde þe wē on be·līefdon; ġif þū hine for·stęntst, wē</p> + <p>for·dilgiaþ þē and þīnne hīred.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>Þā ġe·seah se cyning þæt hīe ān-mōde wǣron, and nīedunga</p> + <p>þone wītegan him tō handum ā·sċēaf. Hīe þā hine</p> + <p>ā·wurpon intō ānum sēaþe, on þǣm wǣron seofon lēon, þǣm</p> + <p>man sealde dæġhwǣmlīce twā hrīþeru and twā sċēap, ac him</p> + <p>wæs þā of·togen ǣlces fōdan siex dagas, þæt hīe þone Godes</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>mann ā·bītan scolden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On þǣre tīde wæs sum ōþer wītega on Jūdēa-lande, his</p> + <p>nama waes Abacuc, sē bær his rifterum męte tō æcere. Þā</p> + <p>cōm him tō Godes ęnġel, and cwæþ: 'Abacuc, ber þone</p> + <p>męte tō Babilōne, and sęle Daniēle, sē þe sitt on þāra lēona</p> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>sēaþe.' Abacuc andwyrde þǣm ęnġle: 'Lā lēof, ne ġe·seah</p> + <p>ic nǣfre þā burg, ne ic þone sēaþ nāt.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā se ęnġel ġe·lǣhte hine be þǣm feaxe, and hine bær</p> + <p>tō Babilōne, and hine sętte bufan þǣm sēaþe. Þā clipode se</p> + <p>Abacuc: 'þū Godes þēow, Daniēl, nim þās lāc þe þē God</p> + <div class="linenum">170</div><p>sęnde!' Daniēl cwæþ: 'Mīn Dryhten Hǣlend, sīe þē lof</p> + <p>and weorþ-mynd þæt þū mē ġe·mundest.' And hē þā þǣre</p> + <p>sande brēac. Witodlīce Godes ęnġel þǣr-rihte mid swiftum</p> + <p>flyhte ġe·brōhte þone disc-þeġn, Abacuc, þǣr hē hine</p> + <p>ǣr ġe·nam.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">175</div><p>Se cyning þā Cȳrus on þǣm seofoþan dæġe ēode drēoriġ</p> + <p>tō þāra lēona sēaþe, and inn be·seah, and efne þā Daniēl</p> + <p>sittende wæs ġe·sundfull on·middan þǣm lēonum. Þā clipode</p> + <p>se cyning mid miċelre stefne: 'Mǣre is se God þe Daniēl</p> + <p>on be·līefþ.' And hē þā mid þǣm worde hine ā·tēah of þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">180</div><p>scræfe, and hēt inn weorpan þā þe hine ǣr for·dōn woldon.</p> + <p>Þæs cyninges hǣs wearþ hrædlīce ġe·fręmmed, and þæs</p> + <p>wītegan ēhteras wurdon ā·scofene be·twix þā lēon, and hīe</p> +<!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page74"></a>{74}</span> + <p>þǣr-rihte mid grǣdigum ċeaflum hīe ealle tō·tǣron. Þā</p> + <p>cwæþ se cyning: 'Forhtien and on·drǣden ealle eorþ-būend</p> + <div class="linenum">185</div><p>Daniēles God, for þǣm þe hē is Ā·līesend and Hǣlend,</p> + <p>wyrċende tācnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorþan.'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">V.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nabochodonosor, se hǣþena cyning, ġe·hęrgode on Godes</p> + <p>folce, on Jūdēa-lande, and for hiera mān-dǣdum God þæt</p> + <p>ġe·þafode. Þā ġe·nam hē þā māþm-fatu, gyldenu and silfrenu,</p> + <div class="linenum">190</div><p>binnan Godes temple, and tō his lande mid him</p> + <p>ġe·lǣdde. Hit ġe·lamp eft siþþan þæt hē on swefne āne</p> + <p>ġe·sihþe be him selfum ġe·seah, swā swā him siþþan ā·ēode.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þissum ymb twelf mōnaþ, ēode se cyning binnan</p> + <p>his healle mid ormǣtre ūp-āhafennesse, hęriende his weorc</p> + <div class="linenum">195</div><p>and his miht, and cwæþ: 'Hū, ne is þis sēo miċle Babilōn,</p> + <p>þe ic self ġe·timbrode tō cyne-stōle and tō þrymme, mē</p> + <p>selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid mīnum āgnum mæġne</p> + <p>and stręnġþo?' Ac him clipode þǣrrihte tō swīþe ęġeslic</p> + <p>stefn of heofonum, þus cweþende: 'Þū Nabochodonosor,</p> + <div class="linenum">200</div><p>þīn rīċe ġe·wītt fram þē, and þū bist fram mannum ā·worpen,</p> + <p>and þīn wunung biþ mid wildēorum, and þū itst gærs, swā</p> + <p>swā oxa, seofon ġēar, oþ þæt þū wite þæt se hēalica</p> + <p>God ġe·wielt manna rīċa, and þæt hē for·ġiefþ rīċe þǣm</p> + <p>þe hē wile.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">205</div><p>Witodlīce on þǣre ilcan tīde wæs þēos sprǣċ ġe·fylled</p> + <p>ofer Nabochodonosor, and hē arn tō wuda, and wunode mid</p> + <p>wildēorum, leofode be gærse, swā swā nīeten, oþ þæt his</p> + <p>feax wēox swā swā wīf-manna, and his næġlas swā swā</p> + <p>earnes clawa.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">210</div><p>Eft siþþan him for·ġeaf se ælmihtiga Wealdend his ġe·witt,</p> + <p>and hē cwæþ: 'Ic Nabochodonosor ā·hōf mīn ēagan ūp tō</p> + <p>heofonum, and mīn andġiet mē wearþ for·ġiefen, and ic þā</p> + <p>blētsode þone hīehstan God, and ic hęrede and wuldrode</p> +<!-- Page 75 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>{75}</span> + <p>þone þe leofaþ on ēċnesse, for þǣm þe his miht is ēċe, and</p> + <div class="linenum">215</div><p>his rīċe stęnt on mǣġþe and on mǣġþe. Ealle eorþ-būend</p> + <p>sind tō nāhte ġe·tealde on his wiþ·metennesse. Æfter his</p> + <p>willan hē dēþ ǣġþer ġe on heofone ġe on eorþan, and nis</p> + <p>nān þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande, oþþe him tō cweþe 'hwȳ</p> + <p>dēst þū swā?' On þǣre tīde mīn andġiet ġe·węnde tō mē,</p> + <div class="linenum">220</div><p>and ic be·cōm tō weorþ-mynde mīnes cyne-rīċes, and mīn</p> + <p>męnnisce hīw mē be·cōm. Mīne witan mē sōhton, and mīn</p> + <p>mǣrþo wearþ ġe·ēacnod. Nū eornostlīce ic mǣrsiġe and</p> + <p>wuldriġe þone heofonlican cyning, for þǣm þe eall his weorc</p> + <p>sind sōþ, and his wegas riht-wīse, and hē mæġ ġe·ēaþ-mēdan</p> + <div class="linenum">225</div><p>þā þe on mōdiġnesse faraþ.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þus ġe·ēaþmēdde se ælmihtiga God þone mōdigan cyning</p> + <p>Nabochodonosor.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76"></a>{76}</span></p> + +<h3>IV.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">SAMSON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ān mann wæs eardiende on Israhēla þēode, Manuē</p> + <p>ġe·hāten, of þǣre mǣġþe Dan; his wīf wæs un-tīemend, and</p> + <p>hīe wunodon būtan ċilde. Him cōm þā gangende tō Godes</p> + <p>ęnġel, and cwæþ þæt hīe scolden habban sunu him</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>ġe·mǣnne; 'ne hē ealu ne drince nǣfre oþþe wīn, ne nāht</p> + <p>fūles ne þiċġe; sē biþ Gode hāliġ fram his ċildhāde; and</p> + <p>man ne mōt hine ęfsian oþþe be·sċieran, for þǣm þe hē</p> + <p>on·ġinþ tō ā·līesenne his folc, Israhēla þēode, of Philistēa</p> + <p>þēowte.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>Hēo ā·cęnde þā sunu, swā swā hiere sæġde se ęnġel, and</p> + <p>hēt hine Samson; and hē swīþe wēox; and God hine blētsode,</p> + <p>and Godes gāst wæs on him. Hē wearþ þā mihtiġ on</p> + <p>miċelre stręnġþo, swā þæt hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon be weġe, þe</p> + <p>hine ā·bītan wolde, and tō·bræġd hīe tō styċċum, swelce he</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>tō·tǣre sum ēaþelic tiċċen.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hē be·gann þā tō winnenne wiþ þā Philistēos, and hiera</p> + <p>fela of·slōg and tō scame tūcode, þēah þe hīe onweald hæfden</p> + <p>ofer hīs lēode. Þā fērdon þā Philistēi forþ æfter Samsone,</p> + <p>and hēton his lēode þæt hīe hine ā·ġēafen tō hiera onwealde,</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>þæt hīe wrecan mihten hiera tēon-rǣdenne mid tintregum</p> + <p>on him. Hīe þā hine ġe·bundon mid twǣm bæstenum rāpum</p> + <p>and hine ġe·lǣddon tō þǣm folce. And þā Philistēiscan þæs</p> + <p>fæġnodon swīþe; urnon him tō·ġēanes ealle hlȳdende; woldon</p> + <p>hine tintreġian for hiera tēonrǣdenne. Þā tō·bræġd</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>Samson bēġen his earmas, þæt þā rāpas tō-burston þe hē mid</p> +<!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"></a>{77}</span> + <p>ġe·bunden wæs. And hē ġe·lǣhte þ<span class="over"> a</span> sōna sumes assan</p> + <p>ċinn-bān þe hē þǣr funde, and ġe·feaht wiþ hīe, and of·slōġ</p> + <p>ān þūsend mid þæs assan ċinnbāne. Hē wearþ þā swīþe</p> + <p>of·þyrst for þǣm wundorlican slęġe, and bæd þone heofonlican</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>God þæt hē him ā·sęnde drincan, for þǣm þe on þǣre</p> + <p>nēawiste næs nān wætersċipe. Þā arn of þǣn ċinnbāne</p> + <p>of ānum tēþ wæter; and Samson þā dranc, and his Dryhtne</p> + <p>þancode.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þissum hē fērde tō Philistēa lande, intō ānre byriġ</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>on hiera onwealde, Gaza ġe·hāten. And hīe þæs fæġnodon;</p> + <p>be·sętton þā þǣt hūs þe hē inne wunode; woldon hine</p> + <p>ġe·niman mid þǣm þe hē ūt ēode on ǣrne-merġen, and hine</p> + <p>of·slēan. Hwæt þā Samson hiera sierwunga under·ġeat; and</p> + <p>ā·rās on middre nihte tō·middes his fēondum, and ġe·nam</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>þā burg-ġeatu, and ġe·bær on his hryċġe mid þǣm postum,</p> + <p>swā swā hīe be·locenu wǣron, ūp tō ānre dūne tō ufeweardum</p> + <p>þǣm cnolle; and ēode swā or-sorg of hiera ġe·sihþum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hine be·swāc swā·þēah siþþan ān wīf, Dalila ġe·hāten, of</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>þǣm hǣþnan folce, swā þæt hē hiere sæġde, þurh hiere swīcdōm</p> + <p>be·pǣht, on hwǣm his stręnġþo wæs and his wundorlicu</p> + <p>miht. Þā hǣþnan Philistēi be·hēton hiere sċeattas wiþ þǣm</p> + <p>þe hēo be·swice Samson þone strangan. Þā āscode hēo</p> + <p>hine ġeorne mid hiere ōlǣċunge on hwǣm his miht wǣre;</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>and hē hiere andwyrde: 'Ġif ic bēo ġe·bunden mid seofon</p> + <p>rāpum, of sinum ġeworhte, sōna ic bēo ġe·wield.' Þæt</p> + <p>swicole wīf þā be·ġeat þā seofon rāpas, and hē þurh sierwunge</p> + <p>swā wearþ ġe·bunden. And him man cȳþde þæt</p> + <p>þǣr cōmon his fīend; þā tō·bræc hē sōna þā rāpas, swā</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>swā hęfel-þrǣdas; and þæt wīf nyste on hwǣm his miht</p> + <p>wæs. Hē wearþ eft ġe·bunden mid eall-nīwum rāpum; and</p> + <p>hē þā tō·bræc, swā swā þā ōþre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hēo be·swāc hine swā·þēah, þæt hē hiere sæġde æt</p> +<!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page78"></a>{78}</span> + <p>nīehstan: 'Ic eom Gode ġe·hālgod fram mīnum ċildhāde; and</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>ic næs nǣfre ġe·ęfsod, ne nǣfre be·scoren; and ġif ic bēo</p> + <p>be·scoren, þonne bēo ic un-mihtiġ, ōþrum mannum ġe·līc;'</p> + <p>and hēo lēt þā swā.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hēo þā on sumum dæġe, þā þā hē on slǣpe læġ, for·ċearf</p> + <p>his seofon loccas, and ā·weahte hine siþþan; þā wæs</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>hē swā unmihtiġ swā swā ōþre męnn. And þā Philistēi</p> + <p>ġe·fēngon hine sōna, swā swā hēo hine be·lǣwde, and ġe·lǣddon</p> + <p>hine on·weġ; and hēo hæfde þone sċeatt, swā swā</p> + <p>him ġe·wearþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe þā hine ā·blęndon, and ġe·bundenne lǣddon on</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>heardum racentēagum hām tō hiera byriġ, and on cwearterne</p> + <p>be·lucon tō langre fierste: hēton hine grindan æt</p> + <p>hiera hand-cweorne. Þā wēoxon his loccas and his miht</p> + <p>eft on him. And þā Philistēi full·blīþe wǣron: þancodon</p> + <p>hiera Gode, Dagon ġe·hāten, swelce hīe þurh his fultum</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>hiera fēond ġe·wielden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā Philistēi þā miċle feorme ġe·worhton, and ġe·samnodon</p> + <p>hīe on sumre ūp-flōra, ealle þā hēafod-męnn, and</p> + <p>ēac swelce wīf-męnn, þrēo þūsend manna on miċelre blisse.</p> + <p>And þā þā hīe blīþost wǣron, þā bǣdon hīe sume þæt Samson</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>mōste him macian sum gamen; and hine man sōna</p> + <p>ġe·fętte mid swīþlicre wāfunge, and hēton hine standan</p> + <p>be·twix twǣm stǣnenum swēorum. On þǣm twǣm swēorum</p> + <p>stōd þæt hūs eall ġe·worht. And Samson þā plegode</p> + <p>swīþe him æt·foran; and ġe·lǣhte þā swēoras mid swīþlicre</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>mihte, and slōg hīe tō·gædre þæt hīe sōna tō·burston; and</p> + <p>þæt hūs þā ā·fēoll eall, þǣm folce tō dēaþe, and Samson</p> + <p>forþ mid, swā þæt hē miċle mā on his dēaþe ā·cwealde</p> + <p>þonne hē ǣr cwic dyde.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page79"></a>{79}</span></p> + +<h3>V.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">FROM THE CHRONICLE.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Breten īeġ-land is eahta hund mīla lang, and twā hund</p> + <p>mīla brād; and hēr sind on þǣm īeġlande fīf ġe·þēodu:</p> + <p>Ęnġlisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and Bōc-læden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Brettas. Þā cōmon</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>of Armenia, and ġe·sǣton sūþan-wearde Bretene ǣrest. Þā</p> + <p>ġe·lamp hit þæt Peohtas cōmon sūþan of Scithian mid</p> + <p>langum sċipum, nā manigum; and þā cōmon ǣrest on</p> + <p>Norþ-ibernian ūp; and þǣr bǣdon Scottas þæt hīe þǣr</p> + <p>mōsten wunian. Ac hīe noldon him līefan, for þǣm þe hīe</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>cwǣdon þæt hīe ne mihten ealle æt·gædre ġe·wunian þǣr.</p> + <p>And þā cwǣdon þā Scottas: 'Wē magon ēow hwæþre rǣd</p> + <p>ġe·lǣran: wē witon ōþer īeġland hēr-be·ēastan; þǣr ġē</p> + <p>magon eardian, ġif ġē willaþ; and ġif hwā ēow wiþ·stęnt,</p> + <p>wē ēow fultumiaþ þæt ġē hit mæġen ġe·gān.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>Þā fērdon þā Peohtas, and ġefērdon þis land norþan-weard;</p> + <p>sūþan-weard hit hæfdon Brettas, swā swā wē ǣr cwǣdon.</p> + <p>And þā Peohtas him ā·bǣdon wīf æt Scottum on þā ġe·rād</p> + <p>þæt hīe ġe·curen hiera cyne-cynn ā on þā wīf-healfe. Þæt</p> + <p>hīe hēoldon swā lange siþþan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>And þā ġe·lamp ymbe ġēara ryne þæt Scotta sum dǣl</p> + <p>ġe·wāt of Ibernian on Bretene, and þæs landes sumne dǣl</p> + <p>ġe·ēodon; and wæs hiera hęre-toga Rēoda ġe·hāten: fram</p> + <p>þæm hīe sind ġe·nęmnede Dālrēodi.</p> +<!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80"></a>{80}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anno 449. Hēr Martiānus and Valentīnus on·fēngon rīċe,</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>and rīċsodon seofon winter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And on hiera dagum, Hęnġest and Horsa, fram Wyrtġeorne</p> + <p>ġe·laþode, Bretta cyninge, ġe·sōhton Bretene on þǣm</p> + <p>stęde þe is ġe·nęmned Ypwines-flēot, ǣrest Brettum tō fultume,</p> + <p>ac hīe eft on hīe fuhton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>Se cyning hēt hīe feohtan on·ġēan Peohtas; and hīe swā</p> + <p>dydon, and siġe hæfdon swā hwǣr swā hīe cōmon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe þā sęndon tō Angle, and hēton him sęndan māran</p> + <p>fultum; and hēton him sęċġan Bret-wēala nāhtnesse and þæs</p> + <p>landes cysta. Hīe þā sęndon him māran fultum. Þā cōmon</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>þā męnn of þrim mǣġþum Ġermānie: of Eald-seaxum, of</p> + <p>Ęnġlum, of Īotum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Of Īotum cōmon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware—þæt is sēo</p> + <p>mǣġþ þe nū eardaþ on Wiht—and þæt cynn on West-seaxum</p> + <p>þe man nū·ġiet hǣtt 'Īotena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>cōmon Ēast-seaxe, and Sūþ-seaxe, and West-seaxe.</p> + <p>Of Angle cōmon—sē ā siþþan stōd wēste be·twix Īotum and</p> + <p>Seaxum—Ēast-ęnġle, Middel-ęnġle, Mierċe, and ealle Norþhymbre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>455. Hēr Hęnġest and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtġeorne</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>þǣm cyninge in þǣre stōwe þe is ġe·cweden Æġles-þrep;</p> + <p>and his brōþor Horsan man of·slōg. And æfter þǣm Hęnġest</p> + <p>fēng tō rīċe, and Æsc his sunu.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>457. Hēr Hęnġest and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þǣre</p> + <p>stōwe þe is ġe·cweden Cręċġan-ford, and þǣr of·slōgon</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>fēower þūsend wera. And þā Brettas þā for·lēton Cęnt-land,</p> + <p>and mid miċle ęġe flugon tō Lunden-byriġ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>473. Hēr Henġest and Æsc ġe·fuhton wiþ Wēalas, and</p> + <p>ġe·nāmon un-ārīmedlicu hęre-rēaf, and þā Wēalas flugon</p> + <p>þā Ęnġle swā swā fȳr.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>787. Hēr nam Beorht-rīċ cyning Offan dohtor Ēad-burge.</p> + <p>And on his dagum cōmon ǣrest þrēo sċipu; and þā se</p> +<!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span> + <p>ġe·rēfa þǣr tō rād, and hīe wolde drīfan tō þæs cyninges</p> + <p>tūne, þȳ hē nyste hwæt hīe wǣron; and hine man of·slōg.</p> + <p>Þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe Angel-cynnes</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>land ġe·sōhton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>851. Hēr Ċeorl ealdor-mann ġe·feaht wiþ hǣþne męnn</p> + <p>mid Defena-sċīre æt Wiċġan-beorge, and þǣr miċel wæl</p> + <p>ġe·slōgon, and siġe nāmon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And þȳ ilcan ġēare Æþelstān cyning and Ealhhęre dux</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>miċelne hęre of·slōgon æt Sand-wīc on Cęnt; and nigon</p> + <p>sċipu ġe·fēngon, and þā ōþru ġe·flīemdon; and hǣþne męnn</p> + <p>ǣrest ofer winter sǣton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And þȳ ilcan ġēare cōm fēorþe healf hund sċipa on</p> + <p>Tęmese-mūþan, and brǣcon Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg,</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>and ġe·flīemdon Beorhtwulf Mierċna cyning mid his</p> + <p>fierde; and fērdon þā sūþ ofer Tęmese on Sūþriġe; and</p> + <p>him ġe·feaht wiþ Æþelwulf cyning and Æþelbeald his</p> + <p>sunu æt Āc-lēa mid West-seaxna fierde, and þǣr þæt mǣste</p> + <p>wæl ġe·slōgon on hǣþnum hęre þe wē sęċġan hīerdon oþ</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>þisne andweardan dæġ, and þǣr siġe nāmon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>867. Hēr fōr se hęre of Ēast-ęnġlum ofer Humbre-mūþan</p> + <p>tō Eoforwīc-ċeastre on Norþ-hymbre. And þǣr wæs miċel</p> + <p>un-ġeþwǣrnes þǣre þēode be·twix him selfum, and hīe</p> + <p>hæfdon hiera cyning ā·worpenne Ōsbryht, and un-ġecyndne</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>cyning under·fēngon Ællan. And hīe late on ġēare tō þǣm</p> + <p>ġe·ċierdon þæt hīe wiþ þone hęre winnende wǣron; and hīe</p> + <p>þēah miċle fierd ġe·gadrodon, and þone hęre sōhton æt</p> + <p>Eoforwīc-ċeastre; and on þā ċeastre brǣcon, and hīe sume</p> + <p>inne wurdon; and þǣr wæs un-ġemetlic wæl ge·slæġen Norþanhymbra,</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>sume binnan, sume būtan, and þā cyningas</p> + <p>bēġen ofslæġene; and sēo lāf wiþ þone hęre friþ nam.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82"></a>{82}</span></p> + +<h3>VI.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">KING EDMUND.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sum swīþe ġe·lǣred munuc cōm sūþan ofer sǣ fram sancte</p> + <p>Benedictes stōwe, on Æþelredes cyninges dæġe, to Dūnstāne</p> + <p>ærċe-biscope, þrim ġēarum ǣr þǣm þe hē forþ·fērde,</p> + <p>and se munuc hātte Abbo. Þā wurdon hīe æt sprǣċe, oþ</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>þæt Dūnstān reahte be sancte Ēadmunde, swā swā Ēadmundes</p> + <p>sweord-bora hit reahte Æþelstāne cyninge, þā þā</p> + <p>Dūnstān ġēong mann wæs, and se sweord-bora wæs for·ealdod</p> + <p>mann. Þā ġe·sętte se munuc ealle þā, ġe·ręċednesse on</p> + <p>ānre bēc, and eft, þā þā sēo bōc cōm tō ūs, binnan fēam</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>ġēarum, þā ā·węndon wē hit on Ęnġlisc, swā swā hit hēr·æfter</p> + <p>stęnt. Se munuc þā Abbo binnan twǣm ġēarum ġe·węnde</p> + <p>hām tō his mynstre, and wearþ sōna tō abbode</p> + <p>ġe·sętt on þǣm ilcan mynstre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ēadmund se ēadiga, Ēast-ęnġla cyning, wæs snotor and</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>weorþfull, and weorþode simle mid æþelum þēawum þone</p> + <p>ælmihtigan God. Hē wæs ēaþ-mōd and ġe·þungen, and</p> + <p>swā ān-rǣd þurh·wunode þæt hē nolde ā·būgan tō bismerfullum</p> + <p>leahtrum, ne on nāwþre healfe hē ne ā·hielde his</p> + <p>þēawas, ac wæs simle ġe·myndiġ þǣre sōþan lāre: 'Ġif þū</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>eart tō hēafod-męnn ġe·sętt, ne ā·hęfe þū þē, ac bēo be·twix</p> + <p>mannum swā swā ān mann of him.' Hē wæs</p> + <p>cystiġ wǣdlum and widewum swā swā fæder, and mid</p> + <p>wel-willendnesse ġe·wissode his folc simle tō riht-wīsnesse,</p> + <p>and þǣm rēþum stīerde, and ġe·sǣliġlīce leofode on sōþum</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>ġe·lēafan.</p> +<!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page83"></a>{83}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hit ġe·lamp þā æt nīehstan þæt þā Dęniscan lēode fērdon</p> + <p>mid sċip-hęre, hęrgiende and slēande wīde ġeond land, swā</p> + <p>swā hiera ġe·wuna is. On þǣm flotan wǣron þā fyrmestan</p> + <p>hēafod-męnn, Hinguar and Hubba, ġe·ānlǣhte þurh dēofol,</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>and hīe on Norþhymbra-lande ġe·lęndon mid æscum, and</p> + <p>ā·wēston þæt land, and þā lēode of·slōgon. Þā ġe·węnde</p> + <p>Hinguar ēast mid his sċipum, and Hubba be·lāf on Norþhymbra-lande,</p> + <p>ġe·wunnenum siġe mid wæl-hrēownesse.</p> + <p>Hinguar þā be·cōm tō Ēast-ęnġlum rōwende on þǣm ġēare</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>þe Ælfred æþeling ān and twęntiġ ġēara wæs, sē þe West-seaxna</p> + <p>cyning siþþan wearþ mǣre. And se fore-sæġda</p> + <p>Hinguar fǣrlīce, swā swā wulf, on lande be·stealcode, and</p> + <p>þā lēode slōg, weras and wīf, and þā unġewittigan ċīld,</p> + <p>and to bismere tūcode þā bilewītan Crīstenan. Hē sęnde</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>þā siþþan sōna tō þǣm cyninge bēotlic ǣrende, þæt hē</p> + <p>ā·būgan scolde tō his mann-rǣdenne, ġif hē his fēores rōhte.</p> + <p>Se ǣrend-raca cōm þā tō Ēadmunde cyninge, and Hinguares</p> + <p>ǣrende him arodlīce ā·bēad: 'Hinguar ūre cyning, cēne</p> + <p>and siġefæst on sǣ and on lande, hæfþ fela þēoda ġe·weald,</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>and cōm nū mid fierde fǣrlīce hēr tō lande, þæt</p> + <p>hē hēr winter-setl mid his werode hæbbe. Nū hǣtt hē þē</p> + <p>dǣlan þīne dīeglan gold-hordas and þīnra ieldrena ġe·strēon</p> + <p>arodlīce wiþ hine, and þū bēo his under-cyning, ġif þū</p> + <p>cwic bēon wilt, for þǣm þe þū næfst þā miht þæt þū mæġe</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>him wiþ·standan.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hwæt þā Ēadmund cyning clipode ānne biscop þe him</p> + <p>þā ġe·hęndost wæs, and wiþ hine smēade hū hē þǣm</p> + <p>rēþan Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Þā forhtode se biscop</p> + <p>for þǣm fǣrlican ġe·limpe, and for þæs cyninges līfe,</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>and cwæþ þæt him rǣd þūhte þæt hē tō þǣm ġe·buge þe</p> + <p>him bēad Hinguar. Þā swīgode se cyning, and be·seah</p> + <p>tō þǣre eorþan, and cwæþ þā æt nīehstan cynelīce him</p> + <p>tō: 'Ēalā þū biscop, tō bismere sind ġe·tāwode þās earman</p> +<!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page84"></a>{84}</span> + <p>land-lēode, and mē nū lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>fēolle wiþ þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan.'</p> + <p>And se biscop cwæþ: 'Ēalā þū lēofa cyning, þīn folc</p> + <p>līþ of·slæġen, and þū næfst þone fultum þæt þū feohtan</p> + <p>mæġe, and þās flot-męnn cumaþ, and þē cwicne ġe·bindaþ,</p> + <p>būtan þū mid flēame þīnum fēore ġe·beorge, oþþe þū þē swā</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>ġe·beorge þæt þū būge tō him.' Þā cwæþ Ēadmund cyning,</p> + <p>swā swā hē full·cēne wæs: 'þæs ic ġe·wilniġe and ġe·wȳsċe</p> + <p>mid mōde þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum lēofum þeġnum,</p> + <p>þe on hiera będdum wurdon mid bearnum and wīfum fǣrlīce</p> + <p>of·slæġene fram þissum flot-mannum. Næs mē nǣfre ġe·wunelic</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>þæt ic worhte flēames, ac ic wolde swīþor sweltan,</p> + <p>ġif ic þorfte, for mīnum āgnum earde, and se ælmihtiga God</p> + <p>wāt þæt ic nyle ā·būgan fram his bī-gęnġum ǣfre, ne fram</p> + <p>his sōþre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þissum wordum hē ġe·węnde tō þǣm ǣrend-racan þe</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>Hinguar him tō sęnde, and sæġde him un·forht: 'Witodlīce</p> + <p>þū wǣre nū wierþe slęġes, ac ic nyle ā·fȳlan on þīnum fūlum</p> + <p>blōde mīne clǣnan handa, for þǣm þe ic Crīste folgiġe, þe</p> + <p>ūs swā ġe·bȳsnode; ac ic blīþelīce wile bēon of·slæġen</p> + <p>þurh ēow, ġif hit swā God fore-sċēawaþ. Far nū swīþe hraþe,</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>and sęġe þīnum rēþan hlāforde, "ne ā·bȳhþ nǣfre Ēadmund</p> + <p>Hinguare on līfe, hǣþnum hęre-togan, būtan hē to Hǣlende</p> + <p>Crīste ǣrest mid ġe·lēafan on þissum lande ġe·būge."'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā ġe·węnde se ǣrend-raca arodlīce on·weġ, and ġe·mētte</p> + <p>be weġe þone wæl-hrēowan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>fūse to Ēadmunde, and sæġde þǣm ārleasan hū him ġe·andwyrd</p> + <p>wæs. Hinguar bebēad þā mid bieldo þǣm sċip-hęre</p> + <p>þæt hīe þæs cyninges ānes ealle cēpan scolden, þe his hǣse</p> + <p>for·seah, and hine sōna bindan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hwæt þā Ēadmund cyning, mid þǣm þe Hinguar cōm,</p> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>stōd innan his healle, þæs Hǣlendes ġe·myndiġ, and ā·wearp</p> + <p>his wǣpnu: wolde ġe·efenlǣċan Crīstes ġe·bȳsnungum, þe</p> +<!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"></a>{85}</span> + <p>for·bēad Petre mid wǣpnum tō winnenne wiþ þā wælhrēowan</p> + <p>Iūdēiscan. Hwæt þā ārlēasan þā Ēadmund ġe·bundon, and</p> + <p>ġe·bismrodon huxlīce, and bēoton mid sāglum, and swā</p> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>siþþan lǣddon þone ġe·lēaffullan cyning tō ānum eorþ-faestan</p> + <p>trēowe, and tīeġdon hine þǣr-tō mid heardum bęndum,</p> + <p>and hine eft swungon langlīce mid swipum; and hē</p> + <p>simle clipode be·twix þǣm swinglum mid sōþum ġe·lēafan tō</p> + <p>Hǣlende Crīste; and þā hǣþnan þā for his ġe·lēafan wurdon</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>wōdlīce ierre, for þǣm þe hē clipode Crīst him tō fultume:</p> + <p>hīe scuton þā mid gafelocum him tō, swelce him to gamene,</p> + <p>oþ þæt hē eall wæs be·sętt mid hiera scotungum, swelce īles</p> + <p>byrsta, swā swā Sebastiānus wæs. Þā ġe·seah Hinguar, se</p> + <p>ārlēasa flotmann, þæt se æþela cyning nolde Crīste wiþ·sacan,</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>ac mid ānrǣdum ġe·lēafan hine ǣfre clipode: hēt hine þā</p> + <p>be·hēafdian, and þā hǣþnan swā dydon. Be·twix þǣm þe hē</p> + <p>clipode tō Crīste þā·ġiet, þā tugon þā hǣþnan þone hālgan</p> + <p>tō slęġe, and mid ānum swęnġe slōgon him of þæt hēafod,</p> + <p>and his sāwol sīþode ġe·sǣliġ tō Crīste. Þǣr wæs sum</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>mann ġe·hęnde ġe·healden, þurh God be·hȳdd þǣm hǣþnum,</p> + <p>þe þis ġe·hīerde eall, and hit eft sæġde, swā swā wē hit</p> + <p>sęċġaþ hēr.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hwæt þā se flot-hęre fērde eft tō sċipe, and be·hȳddon þæt</p> + <p>hēafod þæs hālgan Ēadmundes on þǣm þiċċum brēmlum,</p> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>þæt hit be·byrġed ne wurde. Þā æfter fierste siþþan hīe</p> + <p>ā·farene wǣron, cōm þæt land-folc tō, þe þǣr tō lāfe wæs,</p> + <p>þǣr hiera hlāfordes līc læġ būtan hēafde, and wurdon swiþe</p> + <p>sāriġe for his slęġe on mōde, and hūru þæt hīe næfden þæt</p> + <p>hēafod tō þǣm bodiġe. Þā sæġde se sċēawere þe hit ǣr</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>ġe·seah, þæt þā flotmęnn hæfden þæt hēafod mid him; and</p> + <p>wæs him ġe·þūht, swā swā hit wæs full·sōþ, þæt hīe behȳdden</p> + <p>þæt hēafod on þǣm holte for·hwega.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe ēodon þā ęndemes ealle tō þǣm wuda, sēċende ġe·hwǣr,</p> + <p>ġeond þȳflas and brēmlas, ġif hīe ā-hwǣr mihten</p> +<!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page86"></a>{86}</span> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>ġe·mētan þæt hēafod. Wæs ēac miċel wundor þæt ān wulf</p> + <p>wearþ ā·sęnd, þurh Godes wissunge, tō be·węrienne þæt</p> + <p>hēafod wiþ þā ōþru dēor ofer dæġ and niht. Hīe ēodon þā</p> + <p>sēċende and simle clipiende, swā swā hit ġe·wunelic is þǣm</p> + <p>þe on wuda gāþ oft, 'hwǣr eart þū nū, ġe·fēra?' And him</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>andwyrde þæt hēafod, 'hēr, hēr, hēr;' and swā ġe·lōme</p> + <p>clipode andswariende him eallum, swā oft swā hiera ǣniġ</p> + <p>clipode, oþ þæt hīe ealle be·cōmon þurh þā clipunge him tō.</p> + <p>Þā læġ se grǣga wulf þe be·wiste þæt hēafod, and mid his</p> + <p>twǣm fōtum hæfde þæt hēafod be·clypped, grǣdiġ and hungriġ,</p> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>and for Gode ne dorste þæs hēafdes on·byrġan, ac</p> + <p>hēold hit wiþ dēor. Þā wurdon hīe of·wundrode þæs</p> + <p>wulfes hierd-rǣdenne, and þæt hāliġe hēafod hām fęredon</p> + <p>mid him, þanciende þǣm Ælmihtigan ealra his wundra.</p> + <p>Ac se wulf folgode forþ mid þǣm hēafde, oþ þæt hīe tō</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>tūne cōmon, swelce hē tam wære, and ġe·węnde eft siþþan</p> + <p>tō wuda on·ġēan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā land-lēode þā siþþan lęġdon þæt hēafod tō þǣm hālgan</p> + <p>bodiġe, and be·byriġdon swā hīe sēlest mihton on swelcre</p> + <p>hrædunge, and ċiriċan ā·rǣrdon sōna him on·uppan. Eft</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>þā on fierste, æfter fela ġēarum, þā sēo hęrgung ġe·swāc,</p> + <p>and sibb wearþ for·ġiefen þǣm ġe·swęnċtan folce, þā fēngon</p> + <p>hīe tō·gædre, and worhton āne ċiriċan weorþlīce þǣm hālgan,</p> + <p>for þǣm þe ge·lōme wundru wurdon æt his byrġenne, æt</p> + <p>þǣm ġe·bed-hūse þǣr hē be·byrġed wæs. Hīe woldon þā</p> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>fęrian mid folclicre weorþmynde þone hālgan līchaman, and</p> + <p>lęċġan innan þǣre ċiriċan. Þā wæs miċel wundor þæt hē</p> + <p>wæs eall swā ġe·hāl swelce hē cwic wǣre, mid clǣnum līchaman,</p> + <p>and his swēora wæs ġe·hǣled, þe ǣr wæs for·slæġen, and</p> + <p>wæs swelce ān seolcen þrǣd ymbe his swēoran, mannum tō</p> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>sweotolunge hū hē ofs·læġen wæs. Ēac swelce þā wunda,</p> + <p>þe þā wælhrēowan hǣþnan mid ġe·lōmum scotungum on his</p> + <p>līce macodon, wǣron ġe·hǣlde þurh þone heofonlican God;</p> +<!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>{87}</span> + <p>and hē; līþ swā onsund oþ þisne and-weardan dæġ, and-bīdiende</p> + <p>ǣristes and þæs ēċan wuldres. His līchama ūs</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>cȳþþ, þe līþ un-formolsnod, þæt hē būtan for·liġre hēr on</p> + <p>worulde leofode, and mid clǣnum līfe tō; Crīste sīþode.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sum widewe wunode, Ōswyn ġe·hāten, æt þæs hālgan</p> + <p>byrġenne, on ġe·bedum and fæstennum manigu ġēar siþþan.</p> + <p>Sēo wolde ęfsian ǣlce ġēare þone sanct, and his næġlas</p> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>ċeorfan sīeferlīce mid lufe, and on scrīne healdan tō hāliġ-dōme</p> + <p>on weofode. Þa weorþode þæt land-folc mid ġe·lēafan þone</p> + <p>sanct, and Þēodred biscop þearle mid ġiefum on golde and</p> + <p>on seolfre, þǣm sancte tō weorþmynde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā cōmon on sumne sǣl un-ġesǣlige þēofas eahta on</p> + <div class="linenum">170</div><p>ānre nihte tō þǣm ār-weorþan hālgan: woldon stelan þā</p> + <p>māþmas þe męnn þider brōhton, and cunnodon mid cræfte</p> + <p>hū hīe inn cuman mihten. Sum slōg mid slęċġe swīþe þā</p> + <p>hæspan, sum hiera mid fēolan fēolode ymb·ūtan, sum ēac</p> + <p>under·dealf þā duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hlǣddre wolde</p> + <div class="linenum">175</div><p>on·lūcan þǣt ēag-þȳrel; ac hīe swuncon on īdel, and earmlīce</p> + <p>fērdon, swā þæt se hālga wer hīe wundorlīce ġe·band,</p> + <p>ǣlcne swā hē stōd strūtiendne mid tōle, þæt hiera nān ne</p> + <p>mihte þæt morþ ġe·fręmman ne hīe þanon ā·styrian; ac</p> + <p>stōdon swā oþ merġen. Męnn þā þæs wundrodon, hū þā</p> + <div class="linenum">180</div><p>weargas hangodon, sum on hlǣddre, sum lēat tō ġe·delfe,</p> + <p>and ǣlc on his weorce wæs fæste ġe·bunden. Hīe wurdon</p> + <p>þā ġe·brōhte tō þǣm biscope ealle, and hē hēt hīe ā·hōn on</p> + <p>hēam ġealgum ealle; ac hē næs nā ġe·myndiġ hū se mildheorta</p> + <p>God clipode þurh his wītegan þās word þe hēr standaþ:</p> + <div class="linenum">185</div><p><i>Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses</i>, 'þā þe man lǣtt</p> + <p>tō dēaþe ā·līes hīe ūt simle.' And ēac þā hālgan canōnes</p> + <p>bēc ġe·hādodum for·bēodaþ ġe biscopum ġe prēostum tō</p> + <p>bēonne ymbe þēofas, for þǣm þe hit ne ġe·byreþ þǣm þe</p> + <p>bēop ġe·corene Gode to þeġnienne þæt hīe ġe·þwǣrlǣċan</p> + <div class="linenum">190</div><p>scylen on ǣniġes mannes dēaþe, ġif hīe bēoþ Dryhtnes</p> +<!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88"></a>{88}</span> + <p>þeġnas. Eft þā Þēodred biscop sċēawode his bēc, hē siþþan</p> + <p>be·hrēowsode mid ġēomrunge þæt hē swā rēþne dōm sętte</p> + <p>þǣm unġesǣligum þēofum, and hit be·sārgode ǣfre oþ his</p> + <p>līfes ęnde, and þā lēode bæd ġeorne þæt hīe him mid fæsten</p> + <div class="linenum">195</div><p>fullīce þrīe dagas, biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt hē him</p> + <p>ārian scolde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On þǣm lande wæs sum mann, Lēofstān ġe·hāten, rīċe</p> + <p>for worulde, un-ġewittiġ for Gode; sē rād tō þǣm hālgan</p> + <p>mid rīċetere swīþe, and hēt him æt·īewan orgellīce swīþe</p> + <div class="linenum">200</div><p>þone hālgan sanct, hwæþer hē ġe·sund wǣre; ac swā hraþe</p> + <p>swā hē ġe·seah þæs sanctes līchaman, þā ā·wēdde hē sōna,</p> + <p>and wæl-hrēowlīce grymetode, and earmlīce ġe·ęndode yflum</p> + <p>dēaþe. Þis is þǣm ġe·līc þe se ġe·lēaffulla pāpa Gregōrius</p> + <p>sæġde on his ġesętnesse be þǣm hālgan Laurentie, þe līþ on</p> + <div class="linenum">205</div><p>Rōme-byriġ, þæt męnn wolden sċēawian hū hē lǣġe ġe</p> + <p>gōde ġe yfle; ac God hīe ġe·stilde swā þæt þǣr swulton</p> + <p>on þǣre sċēawunge seofon męnn æt·gædre; þā ġeswicon</p> + <p>þā ōþre tō sċēawienne þone martyr mid męnniscum ġe·dwylde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">210</div><p>Fela wundra wē ġe·hīerdon on folclicre sprǣċe be þǣm</p> + <p>hālgan Ēadmunde, þe wē hēr nyllaþ on ġe·write sęttan, ac hīe</p> + <p>wāt ġe·hwā. On þissum hālgan is sweotol, and on swelcum</p> + <p>ōþrum, þæt God ælmihtiġ mæġ þone mann ā·rǣran eft on</p> + <p>dōmes dæġe onsundne of eorþan, sē þe hielt Ēadmund hālne</p> + <div class="linenum">215</div><p>his līchaman oþ þone mīċlan dæġ, þēah þe hē on moldan cōme.</p> + <p>Wierþe wǣre sēo stōw for þǣm weorþfullan hālgan þæt hīe</p> + <p>man weorþode and wel ġe·lōgode mid clǣnum Godes þēowum</p> + <p>tō Crīstes þēowdōme; for þǣm þe se hālga is mǣrra þonne</p> + <p>męnn mæġen ā·smēan. Nis Angel-cynn be·dǣled Dryhtnes</p> + <div class="linenum">220</div><p>hālgena, þonne on Ęnġla-lande liċġaþ swelce hālgan swelce</p> + <p>þes hālga cyning, and Cūþberht se ēadiga and sancte</p> + <p>Æþelþrȳþ on Ēliġ, and ēac hiere sweostor, onsund on līchaman,</p> + <p>ġe·lēafan tō trymmunge. Sind ēac fela ōþre on</p> +<!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page89"></a>{89}</span> + <p>Angel-cynne hālgan, þe fela wundra wyrċaþ, swā swā hit</p> + <div class="linenum">225</div><p>wīde is cūþ, þǣm Ælmihtigan tō lofe, þe hīe on ġe·līefdon.</p> + <p>Crīst ġe·sweotolaþ mannum þurh his mǣre hālgan þæt hē is</p> + <p>ælmihtiġ God þe wyrċþ swelc wundru, þēah þe þā earman</p> + <p>Iūdēiscan hine eallunga wiþ·sōcen, for þǣm þe hīe sind</p> + <p>ā·wierġde, swā swā hīe wȳsċton him selfum. Ne bēoþ nān</p> + <div class="linenum">230</div><p>wundru ġe·worht æt hiera byrġennum, for þǣm þe hīe ne</p> + <p>ġe·līefaþ on þone lifiendan Crīst; ac Crīst ġe·sweotolaþ</p> + <p>mannum hwǣr se gōda ġe·lēafa is, þonne hē swelc wundru</p> + <p>wyrċþ þurh his hālgan wīde ġeond þās eorþan, þæs him sīe</p> + <p>wuldor and lof ā mid his heofonlicum Fæder and þǣm Hālgan</p> + <div class="linenum">235</div><p>Gāste, ā būtan ęnde.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"></a>{91}</span></p> + +<h2>NOTES.</h2> + + <p>The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the + grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in + the grammar.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">I. SENTENCES.</p> + + <p>Line 2. <b>sē.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>. 1.</p> + + <p><b>þis sind.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 2.</p> + + <p>l. 6. <b>sęlþ.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 7. <b>sēo ælmesse.</b> Gr. <a href="#page44">44</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 12. <b>ġeworhte.</b> Gr. <a href="#page46">46</a>. (3).</p> + + <p>l. 16. <b>hiera.</b> Gr. <a href="#page41">41</a>. 3.</p> + + <p><b>nǣfre ... ne ... nānes.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page52">52</a>. 2. <i>ne wæs</i> is usually contracted into + <i>næs</i>; the full form is used here because the <i>wæs</i> is + emphatic.</p> + + <p>l. 17. <b>hēt ofslēan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page50">50</a>. + 4.</p> + + <p>l. 23. <b>Æþelred cyning.</b> Gr. <a href="#page42">42</a>. 6.</p> + + <p>l. 24. <b>Æsces-dūn</b>, <i>sf.</i> <b>Ashdown</b>, literally + 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.'</p> + + <p>l. 27. <b>wile</b> here denotes <i>repetition</i>, = 'is in the habit + of.' Cp. l. 52.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>þonne</b> is correlative with <i>gif</i> (l. 26), Gr. <a + href="#page52">52</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 37. <b>ælmihtiga.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. (4).</p> + + <p>l. 43. <b>ēower se heofonlica Fæder.</b> This insertion of the + definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is + frequent.</p> + + <p>l. 50. <b>bēo.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (6).</p> + + <p>l. 52. <b>tō</b>, for.</p> + + <p>l. 56. <b>twęntiġ wintra.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page18">18</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 58. <b>Dēofol.</b> Gr. <a href="#page44">44</a>. 1.</p> + + <p>l. 60. <b>scortan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. (2).</p> + + <p>l. 61. <b>fisca.</b> Gr. <a href="#page41">41</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 63. pǣm, those.</p> + + <p><b>hider on land</b>, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.</p> + + <p>l. 74. <b>blētsian.</b> The older form of this word is + <i>bledsian</i>. It is a derivative of <i>blōd</i>, like + <i>rīċsian</i> from <i>rīċe</i>, with mutation of + the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and + hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an + altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.</p> + + <p>l. 80. <b>godspell.</b> The original form of this word was probably + <i>gōdspell</i> = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the + Greek <i>euaggélion</i>. <!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page92"></a>{92}</span>Afterwards the first vowel was shortened + before the following consonant-group, or else <i>god</i> was directly + substituted for <i>gōd</i>, as giving a more evident meaning, the + result being that the word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In + this form it was adopted into Icelandic (guðspiall) and Old High German + (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries.</p> + + <p><b>biþ.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 82. <b>hīe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 89. <b>him on ǣlce healfe</b>, lit. 'to (for) themselves on + each side,' = on every side (of themselves).</p> + + <p>l. 92. <b>rihtne.</b> Gr. <a href="#page42">42</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 93. <b>Æþelwulf-ing.</b> Gr. <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 101. <b>fare ġē.</b> Gr. <a href="#page22">22</a>. + 7.</p> + + <p>l. 106. <b>forsāwon.</b> A plural verb after a singular noun of + multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages.</p> + + <p>l. 107. <b>ġif se blinda blindne lǣtt.</b> + <i>ġif</i> here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. <a + href="#page48">48</a>. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. + So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wiþstęnt) is assumed as + certain, and VI. 19.</p> + + <p>l. 114. <b>cwǣde.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (5).</p> + + <p>l. 118. <b>mæġe.</b> Compare Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (B. + 1).</p> + + <p>l. 119. <b>sīe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (A).</p> + + <p>l. 120. <b>Scotland</b> is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' + Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. <a href="#page79">79</a> + below.</p> + + <p>l. 121. <b>his.</b> Gr. <a href="#page41">41</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 123. <b>healden.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (2).</p> + + <p>l. 124. <b>wǣre.</b> Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (B. 1).</p> + + <p>l. 132. <b>sē þe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 135. <b>þæt.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>; <a + href="#page52">52</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 137. <b>on ēare.</b> Gr. <a href="#page51">51</a>. 2.</p> + + <p>l. 138. <b>ġewęndon him</b>, lit. 'they went + for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. <a + href="#page40">40</a>. (1), is often added to verbs of motion.</p> + + <p>l. 139. <b>dō ġē.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 142. <b>grēte.</b> Compare Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. + (8).</p> + + <p>l. 145. <b>swelce</b>, adverb, 'as it were.'</p> + + <p>l. 151. <b>nime.</b> Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. (7).</p> + + <p>l. 161. <b>cōme.</b> Compare <i>mæġe</i>, l. 118 + above.</p> + + <p>l. 166. <b>ofslæġenne.</b> Gr. <a href="#page46">46</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 176. <b>ġeweorþan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (B. + 1.)</p> + + <p>l. 180. <b>wolde.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 191. <b>bēon.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (2). <!-- + Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page93"></a>{93}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.</p> + + <p>l. 1. <b>þās mīn word.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. + 8.</p> + + <p>l. 16. <b>āweorpe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. (8).</p> + + <p>l. 20. <b>hit</b> refers back to <i>sǣd</i>, l. 18.</p> + + <p>l. 22. <b>ūp sprungenre sunnan.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page41">41</a>. 2.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>is ġeworden.</b> An over-literal rendering of the + Latin <i>factum est</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 32. <b>hine</b>, reflexive, Gr. <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 40. <b>tō forbærnenne.</b> We see here how out of the active + 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may + be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. <a + href="#page50">50</a>. 4, (1).</p> + + <p>l. 52. <b>on hiera fatu.</b> Compare l. 137.</p> + + <p>l. 60. <b>ġewordenre ġecwidrǣenne þǣm + wyrhtum.</b> A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the + original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' <i>þǣm + wyrhtum</i> is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. <a + href="#page41">41</a>).</p> + + <p>l. 67. <b>dyde þǣm swā ġelīce.</b> The Latin + has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his + former proceeding), the <i>swā</i> being pleonastic.</p> + + <p>l. 86. <b>þæt.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 90. <b>suna</b>, dative, 'for his son.'</p> + + <p>l. 106. <b>ġiefthūs.</b> <i>hūs</i> must here be + taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural + <i>hūs</i> is regularly used to denote the group of buildings + (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for + instance, which was originally detached, being still called + <i>eldhūs</i> (fire-house).</p> + + <p>l. 107. <b>þæt hē wolde gesēon.</b> This clause is due to + a confusion of two constructions, (1) <i>hē wolde + ġesēon</i>, (2) <i>þæt</i> (in order that) <i>hē + ġe·sāwe</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.</p> + + <p>The first two pieces are taken from Ælfric's translation of the + Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and + afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his <i>Bibliothek der angelsächsischen + Prosa</i>—Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Ælfric's + Homilies (edited by Thorpe)—ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.</p> + + <p>l. 4. <b>him betwēonan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page51">51</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 13. <b>læden.</b> This word is the Latin <i>latina</i> (= <i>lingua + latina</i>) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language + generally. <!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page94"></a>{94}</span></p> + + <p>l. 17. <b>for þǣm ... for þǣm þe</b>, correlative, the + first demonstrative, the second relative.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>tō scoldon.</b> This use of <i>sċeal</i> with a + verb of motion understood is very common.</p> + + <p>l. 36. <b>him self.</b> <i>him</i> is the reflexive dative of interest + referring to <i>God</i>—literally, 'God him-self will appoint for + him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern + <i>himself</i>, <i>themselves</i>.</p> + + <p>ll. 46, 47. <b>nū ... nū</b>, correlative, = now ... now + that, the second <i>nū</i> being almost causal (since).</p> + + <p>l. 51. <b>hæfde ... tō</b>, took ... for.</p> + + <p>l. 52. <b>Gode tō lāce.</b> Gr. <a href="#page40">40</a>. + (1).</p> + + <p>l. 57. <b>mīn ęġe</b>, objective genitive, 'the fear + of me.'</p> + + <p><b>māre</b>, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more + important.'</p> + + <p>l. 81. <b>māre.</b> Cp. l. 57.</p> + + <p>l. 82. <b>wǣre.</b> Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. (7).</p> + + <p>l. 89. <b>hwæs</b> is governed by <i>ġiernde</i>, by + 'attraction.'</p> + + <p>l. 135. <b>miċle</b>, adverb.</p> + + <p>l. 137. <b>wǣre.</b> Gr, <a href="#page49">49</a>. (7).</p> + + <p>l. 153. <b>belīefan</b> is a later form for + <i>ġelīefan</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 156. <b>tō handum.</b> Cp. l. 122 above.</p> + + <p>l. 174. <b>ǣr ġenam.</b> Gr. <a href="#page46">46</a>. + 6.</p> + + <p>l. 200. <b>fram mannum.</b> <i>fram</i> here, as usual, denotes the + agent 'by' in passive constructions.</p> + + <p>l. 202. <b>wite.</b> Compare Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (3) and <a + href="#page49">49</a>. (8).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">IV. SAMSON.</p> + + <p>From Ælfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' + Heptateuch.</p> + + <p>l. 8. <b>onġinþ tō ālīesenne</b>, will + release, <i>onġinnan</i> is often used pleonastically in this + way.</p> + + <p>l. 35. <b>Gaza ġehāten.</b> When a name together with + <i>ġehāten</i> is put in apposition to another noun it is + left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. <a + href="#page42">42</a>. 6).</p> + + <p>l. 41. <b>swā swā hīe belocenu wǣron</b>, + locked as they were.</p> + + <p><b>ufeweardum þǣm cnolle.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. + 2.</p> + + <p>l. 46. <b>wæs</b>, consisted.</p> + + <p>l. 51. <b>ġeworhte.</b> We should expect <i>ġeworhtum</i> + (Gr. <a href="#page42">42</a>. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion + with the construction with a relative clause—<i>þe of sinum + ġeworhte sind</i>. <!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page95"></a>{95}</span></p> + + <p>l. 74. <b>Dagon ġehāten.</b> Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on + the ground that'—'because (as they said).'</p> + + <p>l. 81. <b>hēton.</b> Compare l. 106.</p> + + <p>l. 87. <b>forþ</b> is often used pleonastically in this way with + <i>mid</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.</p> + + <p>l. 2. <b>hēr sind</b>, there are here. <i>hēr</i> is here + used analogously to <i>þǣr</i>, as in II. 3 and the modern E. + <i>there are</i>. Cp. also l. 12 below.</p> + + <p><b>ġeþēodu</b>, languages as the test of nationality. It + is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the + Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), + from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the + Chronicle.</p> + + <p>l. 5. <b>Armenia</b> is an error for <i>Armorica</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 6. <b>Scithie</b>, Scythia.</p> + + <p>l. 8. <b>Norþibernie</b>, North of Ireland.</p> + + <p>l. 24. <b>hēr</b>, at this date—at this place in the + series of entries which constitute the Chronicle.</p> + + <p>l. 26. <b>Wyrtġeorn</b> is the regular development of an earlier + *<i>Wurtigern</i> from the British <i>Vortigern</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>Ypwinesflēot</b> has not been identified; some say + Ebbsfleet.</p> + + <p>l. 45. <b>Æġlesþrep</b>, Aylesthorpe, a village near + Aylesford.</p> + + <p>l. 49. <b>Cręċġanford</b>, Crayford.</p> + + <p>l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, + shows that it is taken from some old poem.</p> + + <p>l. 61. <b>hǣþne męnn</b>, Danes.</p> + + <p>l. 62. <b>mid Defena-sċīre</b>, literally 'together with + Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'</p> + + <p>l. 64. <b>dux</b> is here written instead of <i>ealdormann</i>. So + also we find <i>rex</i> for <i>cyning</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 65. <b>Sandwīc</b>, Sandwich.</p> + + <p>l. 68. <b>fēorþe healf hund</b>, fourth half = three and a half. + This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the + German <i>viertehalb</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 71. <b>Sūþriġe</b>, Surrey.</p> + + <p>l. 73. <b>Āclēa</b>, Ockley.</p> + + <p>l. 76. <b>se hęre</b>, the Danish army. <i>hęre</i> got a + bad sense, through its association with <i>hęrgian</i> (to harry), + and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the + Laws <i>hęre</i> is defined as <!-- Page 96 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page96"></a>{96}</span>a gang of thieves more + than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called + <i>fierd</i>, l. 71, 3 above.</p> + + <p><b>Humbremūþa</b>, mouth of the Humber.</p> + + <p>l. 77. <b>Eoforwīc</b>, York; a corruption of + <i>Eboracum</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 84. <b>inne wurdon</b>, got in.</p> + + <p>l. 85. <b>sume.</b> Compare IV. 51.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">VI. KING EDMUND.</p> + + <p>From Ælfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English + Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by + Thorpe, in his <i>Analecta Anglosaxonica</i> from a very late MS. It is + here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7.</p> + + <p>It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, + that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. + The alliteration is easily discernible:—cōm + <i>s</i>ūþan ofer sǣ fram <i>s</i>ancte Benedictes + <i>s</i>tōwe; <i>d</i>æġe, tō + <i>D</i>ūnstāne, &c.</p> + + <p>l. 1. <b>sancte</b> is an English modification of the Latin genitive + <i>sancti</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 5. <b>sancte</b> is here the E. dative inflection, <i>sanct</i> + having been made into a substantive.</p> + + <p>l. 39. <b>bilewīt</b> = <i>*bile-hwīt</i> (with the + regular change of <i>hw</i> into <i>w</i> between vowels) literally + 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, + and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle,' 'simple.'</p> + + <p>l. 70. <b>worhte flēames.</b> This construction of <i>wyrcan</i> + with a genitive is frequent.</p> + + <p>l. 76. <b>wǣre</b>, subj. Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (6).</p> + + <p>l. 85. <b>fūse.</b> The correct reading is probably + <i>fūsne</i>, but the plural <i>fūse</i> may be taken to + refer to Hinguar and his men collectively.</p> + + <p>l. 149. <b>ġebedhūs.</b> The Welsh <i>bettws</i>, as in + Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form + nearly unchanged.</p> + + <p>l. 176. <b>swā þæt</b> does not denote result here, but is + explanatory—'namely by being bound....'</p> + + <p>l. 178. <b>hīe</b>, reflexive.</p> + + <p>l. 179. <b>þæs ... hū</b>, correlative.</p> + + <p>l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in + the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.'</p> + + <p>l. 200. <b>hwæþer</b>, (that he might see) whether ...</p> + + <p>l. 215. <b>līchaman</b>, instrumental dative (Gr. <a + href="#page41">41</a>) of defining.</p> + + <p>l. 222. <b>Ēliġ</b> = <i>ǣl-īeg</i> + 'eel-island.' <!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page97"></a>{97}</span></p> + + <p>GLOSSARY.</p> + + <p>The order is strictly alphabetical (þ following <i>t</i>) except that + words with the prefix <i>ge</i> are put in the order of the letter that + follows the <i>ge</i> (<i>gebed</i> under <i>b</i>, &c.).</p> + + <p>The following abbreviations are used :—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>sm.</i>, <i>sn.</i>, <i>sf.</i> masc., neut., fem. substantive.</p> + <p><i>sv.</i> strong verb.</p> + <p><i>wv.</i> weak verb.</p> + <p><i>swv.</i> strong-weak verb (preterito-present).</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The others require no explanation.</p> + + <p>The numbers after <i>sv.</i> refer to the classes of strong verbs in + the grammar.</p> + + <p>Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. + The latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the + phonetic laws given in the grammar.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Ā</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, always.</p> + <p><b>abbod</b>, <i>sm.</i> abbot [<i>Latin</i> abbatem].</p> + <p><b>ā-·bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> (offer), announce.</p> + <p><b>ā-·biddan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, ask for, demand.</p> + <p><b>ā-·bītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, devour.</p> + <p><b>ā-·blęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> blind [blind].</p> + <p><b>ā-·brecan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, break into, take (city).</p> + <p><b>ā-·būgan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, bend; swerve, turn.</p> + <p><b>ac</b>, <i>cj.</i> but.</p> + <p><b>ā-·cęnnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring forth, bear (child).</p> + <p><b>ā-·cwęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> kill.</p> + <p><b>ā-·cwęnċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> extinguish.</p> + <p><b>ā-·drūgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> dry up, <i>intr.</i> [drȳġe].</p> + <p><b>ā-·dwǣsċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> extinguish.</p> + <p><b>æcer</b>, <i>sm.</i> field.</p> + <p><b>æþele</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, excellent.</p> + <p><b>æþeling</b>, <i>sm.</i> prince.</p> + <p><b>ǣfen</b>, <i>sm.</i> evening.</p> + <p><b>ǣfre</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, always.</p> + <p><b>æfter</b>, <i>av.</i>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> after—æfter þǣem, after that, afterwards; according to, by.</p> + <p><b>ǣġ-hwelc</b>, <i>prn.</i> each.</p> + <p><b>ǣġþer</b>, <i>prn.</i> either, each—<i>cj.</i> ǣġþer ġe ... ġe, both ... and [ = ǣġ hwæþer].</p> + <p><b>ǣht</b>, <i>sf.</i> property [āhte, āgan].</p> + <p><b>ǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn.</p> + <p><b>ǣlċ</b>, <i>aj.</i> each.</p> + <p><b>ælmesse</b>, <i>sf.</i> alms, charity [<i>Greek</i> eleēmosúnē].</p> + <p><b>æl-mihti[g.]</b>, <i>aj.</i> almighty.</p> + <p><b>ǣniġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> any [ān].</p> + <p><b>ǣr</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> before (of time), ǣr þǣm þe, <i>cj.</i> before.</p> + <p><b>ǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> formerly, before; <i>superl.</i> ǣrest, <i>adj. and adv.</i>, first.</p> + <p><b>ærċe-biscop</b>, <i>sm.</i> archbishop [<i>Latin</i> archiepiscopus].</p> + <p><b>ǣrende</b>, <i>sn.</i> errand, message.</p> +<!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98"></a>{98}</span> + <p><b>ǣrend-raca</b>, <i>sm.</i> messenger.</p> + <p><b>ǣ-rist</b>, <i>sfm.</i> (rising again), resurrection [ārīsan].</p> + <p><b>ǣrne-mergen</b>, <i>sm.</i> early morning.</p> + <p><b>æsc</b>, <i>sm.</i> (ash-tree); war-ship.</p> + <p><b>æt</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> at; <i>deprivation</i>, from; <i>origin</i>, <i>source</i>—ābǣdon wīf æt him, 'asked for wives from them;' <i>specification</i>, <i>defining</i>—wurdon æt sprǣċe, 'fell into conversation.'</p> + <p><b>æt-·breġdan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i> (snatch away), deprive of.</p> + <p><b>æt-·foran</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> before.</p> + <p><b>æt-·gædre</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + <p><b>æt-īewan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> show.</p> + <p><b>ǣton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>etan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ā-·fandian</b>, <i>wv.</i> experience, find out [findan].</p> + <p><b>ā-·faran</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, go away, depart.</p> + <p><b>ā-·feallan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, fall.</p> + <p><b>ā-·fēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> feed.</p> + <p><b>ā-·fȳlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> defile [fūl].</p> + <p><b>ā-fyrht</b>, <i>aj.</i> frightened [<i>past partic. of</i> ā·fyrhtan <i>from</i> forht].</p> + <p><b>āgan</b>, <i>swv.</i> possess.</p> + <p><b>ā-·gān</b>, <i>sv.</i> happen.</p> + <p><b>āgen</b>, <i>aj.</i> own [<i>originally past partic. of</i> āgan].</p> + <p><b>ā-·ġiefan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> give, render.</p> + <p><b>āh</b>, <i>see</i> <b>āgan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hębban</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, raise, exalt.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> incline.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, hang, <i>trans.</i></p> + <p><b>ā-·hrēosan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, fall.</p> + <p><b>āhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>āgan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ā-hwǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> anywhere.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hȳran</b>, <i>wv.</i> hire.</p> + <p><b>ā-·līesan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (loosen), release; redeem [lēas].</p> + <p><b>ā-·līesed-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> redemption.</p> + <p><b>ā-līesend</b>, <i>sm.</i> redeemer.</p> + <p><b>ān</b>, <i>aj.</i> one (<i>always strong</i>); a certain one, certain; alone (<i>generally weak</i>); <i>gen. pl.</i> ānra <i>in</i> ānra ge-hwelċ, 'each one.'</p> + <p><b>ān-cęnned</b>, <i>aj.</i> (<i>past partic.</i>) (only-born), only (child).</p> + <p><b>and</b>, <i>cj.</i> and.</p> + <p><b>and-bīdian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> wait, expect [bīdan].</p> + <p><b>andet-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> confession.</p> + <p><b>andettan</b>, <i>wv.</i> confess.</p> + <p><b>and-ġiet</b>, <i>sn.</i> sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence.</p> + <p><b>and-swarian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> answer [andswaru].</p> + <p><b>and-swaru</b>, <i>sf.</i> answer [swęrian].</p> + <p><b>and-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> present.</p> + <p><b>and-wyrdan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> answer [word].</p> + <p><b>Angel</b>, <i>sm.</i> Anglen (a district in Slesvig).</p> + <p><b>Angel-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> English nation, England.</p> + <p><b>ā-·niman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, take away.</p> + <p><b>ān-lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> unite.</p> + <p><b>ān-mōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> unanimous.</p> + <p><b>ān-mōd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> unanimously.</p> + <p><b>ān-rǣd</b>, <i>aj.</i> (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute.</p> + <p><b>apostol</b>, <i>sm.</i> apostle.</p> + <p><b>ār</b>, <i>sf.</i> mercy; honour.</p> + <p><b>ā-·rǣran</b>, <i>wv.</i> raise, build [ārīsan].</p> + <p><b>ārian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> honour; spare, have mercy on [ār].</p> + <p><b>ā-·rīsan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, arise.</p> + <p><b>ār-lēas</b>, <i>aj.</i> wicked.</p> + <p><b>arn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>iernan</b>.</p> + <p><b>arod</b>, <i>aj.</i> quick, bold.</p> + <p><b>arod-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly, readily, boldly.</p> + <p><b>ār-weorþ</b>, <i>adj.</i> worthy of honour, venerable.</p> + <p><b>āscian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ask.</p> + <p><b>ā-·scūfan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, thrust.</p> + <p><b>ā-·sęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> send.</p> + <p><b>ā-·sęttan</b>, <i>wv.</i> set, place.</p> + <p><b>ā-·smēan</b>, <i>wv.</i> consider, think of, conceive.</p> + <p><b>assa</b>, <i>sm.</i> ass.</p> + <p><b>ā-·stęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> institute.</p> + <p><b>ā-·stīgan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, ascend, descend.</p> + <p><b>ā-·stręċċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> stretch out, extend.</p> + <p><b>ā-·styrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> stir, move.</p> + <p><b>ā-·tēon</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, draw out, draw, take.</p> + <p><b>atol-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> deformed.</p> + <p><b>ā-·þrēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, fail, run short.</p> +<!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page99"></a>{99}</span> + <p><b>ā-·węċċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> awake, arouse [wacian].</p> + <p><b>ā-·wēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> go mad [wōd].</p> + <p><b>ā-·węndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn; translate.</p> + <p><b>ā-·weorpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, throw, throw away; depose (king).</p> + <p><b>ā-·wēstan</b>, <i>wv.</i> lay waste, ravage.</p> + <p><b>ā-·wierġed</b>, <i>aj.</i> cursed, accursed, [<i>past. partic. of</i> āwierġan, <i>from</i> wearg].</p> + <p><b>ā-wiht</b>, <i>prn.</i> aught, anything.</p> + <p><b>ā-·wrītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, write.</p> + <p><b>ā-·wyrtwalian</b>, <i>wv.</i> root up.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>B.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Bæc</b>, <i>sn.</i> back—under bæc, behind.</p> + <p><b>bæd</b>, <i>see</i> <b>biddan</b>.</p> + <p><b>bǣdon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>biddan</b>.</p> + <p><b>bærnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn, <i>trans.</i> [beornan].</p> + <p><b>bærnett</b>, <i>sn.</i> burning.</p> + <p><b>bǣron</b>, <i>see</i> <b>beran</b>.</p> + <p><b>bæst</b>, <i>sm.</i> bast.</p> + <p><b>bæsten</b>, <i>aj.</i> of bast.</p> + <p><b>be</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> by; about, concerning.</p> + <p><b>beald</b>, <i>aj.</i> bold.</p> + <p><b>bearn</b>, <i>sn.</i> child [beran].</p> + <p><b>bēatan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, beat.</p> + <p><b>be-·bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> bid, command.</p> + <p><b>be-·byrġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bury.</p> + <p><b>bēċ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bōc</b>.</p> + <p><b>be-·clyppan</b>, <i>wv.</i> embrace, encompass, hold.</p> + <p><b>be-·cuman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, come.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bed</b>, <i>sn.</i> prayer [biddan].</p> + <p><b>be-·dǣlan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> deprive of [dǣl].</p> + <p><b>będd</b>, <i>sn.</i> bed.</p> + <p><b>be-·delfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>; (hide by digging), bury.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bed-hūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> oratory, chapel.</p> + <p><b>be-·fæstan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (make fast); <i>w. dat.</i> commit, entrust to.</p> + <p><b>be-·foran</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> before.</p> + <p><b>bēġen</b>, <i>prn.</i> both.</p> + <p><b>be-·ġeondan</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> beyond.</p> + <p><b>be-·ġietan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, get, obtain.</p> + <p><b>be-·ġinnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, begin.</p> + <p><b>be-·hātan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> promise.</p> + <p><b>be-·hēafdian</b>, <i>wv.</i> behead [hēafod].</p> + <p><b>be-·healdan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, behold.</p> + <p><b>be-·hōfian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> require.</p> + <p><b>be-·hrēowsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> repent [hrēowan].</p> + <p><b>be-·hȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hide.</p> + <p><b>be-·lǣwan</b>, <i>wv.</i> betray.</p> + <p><b>be-·līefan</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe.</p> + <p><b>be-·līfan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, remain [lāf].</p> + <p><b>be-·lūcan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, lock, close.</p> + <p><b>bęnd</b>, <i>smfn.</i> bond [bindan].</p> + <p><b>bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> offer.</p> + <p><b>bēon</b>, <i>v.</i> be—bēon ymbe, have to do with.</p> + <p><b>beorg</b>, <i>sm.</i> hill, mountain.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>beorgan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> save, protect.</p> + <p><b>beornan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, burn, <i>intrans</i>.</p> + <p><b>bēot-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> boastful.</p> + <p><b>be-·pǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> deceive.</p> + <p><b>beran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, bear, carry; (ġeberan, bring forth).</p> + <p><b>bęrn</b>, <i>sn.</i> barn.</p> + <p><b>berstan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, burst.</p> + <p><b>be-·sārgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> lament [sāriġ].</p> + <p><b>be-·sċieran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, shear, cut hair.</p> + <p><b>be-·sēon</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, see, <b>look</b>.</p> + <p><b>be-·sęttan</b>, <i>wv.</i> set about, surround, cover.</p> + <p><b>be-·stealcian</b>, <i>wv.</i> go stealthily, steal.</p> + <p><b>be-·swīcan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, deceive, circumvent, betray.</p> + <p><b>be-·tǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> commit, entrust, give up.</p> + <p><b>bętera</b>, <b>bętst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>gōd</b>.</p> + <p><b>be·twēonan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> between, among.</p> + <p><b>be-·twix</b>, <i>prep. w. acc. and dat.</i> between, among; <i>of time</i>, during—betwix þǣm þe, <i>cj.</i> while.</p> + <p><b>be-·węrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> defend.</p> + <p><b>be-·witan</b>, <i>swv.</i> watch over, have charge of.</p> + <p><b>bīdan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, wait.</p> + <p><b>biddan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, ask, beg.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·biddan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, <i>refl.</i> pray.</p> +<!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page100"></a>{100}</span> + <p><b>bieldo</b>, <i>sf.</i> (boldness), arrogance [beald].</p> + <p><b>bī-gęng</b>, <i>sm.</i> worship [bi, by, <i>and</i> gęnġ <i>from</i> gān].</p> + <p><b>bile-wīt</b>, <i>aj.</i> simple, innocent.</p> + <p><b>bindan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, bind.</p> + <p><b>binnan</b>, <i>av.</i> inside; <i>prp. w. dat.</i> within, in [ = be-innan].</p> + <p><b>biscop</b>, <i>sm.</i> bishop [<i>Latin</i> episcopus].</p> + <p><b>bi-smer</b>, <i>snm.</i> insult, ignominy.</p> + <p><b>bismer-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> ignominious, shameful.</p> + <p><b>bismerian</b>, <i>wv.</i> treat with ignominy, insult [bismer].</p> + <p><b>bītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, bite.</p> + <p><b>biþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>blāwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, blow.</p> + <p><b>bleoh</b>, <i>sn.</i> colour.</p> + <p><b>blēow</b>, <i>see</i> <b>blāwan</b>.</p> + <p><b>blētsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> bless.</p> + <p><b>blind</b>, <i>aj.</i> blind.</p> + <p><b>bliss</b>, <i>sf.</i> merriment, joy.</p> + <p><b>blissian</b>, <i>wv.</i> rejoice.</p> + <p><b>blīþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> glad, merry.</p> + <p><b>blīþe-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> gladly.</p> + <p><b>blōd</b>, <i>sn.</i> blood.</p> + <p><b>bōc</b>, <i>sf.</i> book, scripture.</p> + <p><b>Bōc-læden</b>, <i>sn.</i> book Latin, Latin.</p> + <p><b>bodian</b>, <i>wv.</i> announce, preach [bēodan].</p> + <p><b>bodiġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> body.</p> + <p><b>bohte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>byċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>brād</b>, <i>aj.</i> broad.</p> + <p><b>brǣþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> vapour, odour.</p> + <p><b>brecan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, break; take (city).</p> + <p><b>breġdan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, pull.</p> + <p><b>brēmel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bramble.</p> + <p><b>Breten</b>, <i>sf.</i> Britain.</p> + <p><b>Brettas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> the British.</p> + <p><b>Brettisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> British [Brettas].</p> + <p><b>bringan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring.</p> + <p><b>brōhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bringan</b>.</p> + <p><b>brōþor</b>, <i>sm.</i> brother.</p> + <p><b>brūcan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. gen.</i> enjoy, partake of.</p> + <p><b>brȳd</b>, <i>sf.</i> bride.</p> + <p><b>brȳd-guma</b>, <i>sm.</i> bridegroom [<i>literally</i> bride-man].</p> + <p><b>būan</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell.</p> + <p><b>būend</b>, <i>smpl.</i> dwellers [<i>pres. partic. of</i> būan].</p> + <p><b>bufan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> over, above, on.</p> + <p><b>būgan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, bend, incline.</p> + <p><b>bundon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bindan</b>.</p> + <p><b>burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> city.</p> + <p><b>burg-ġeat</b>, <i>sn.</i> city-gate.</p> + <p><b>būtan</b>, <i>av.</i> outsīde; <i>prp. w. dat.</i> without, except, besides [ = be-ūtan].</p> + <p><b>būtan</b>, <i>cj.</i> unless, except.</p> + <p><b>byċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> buy.</p> + <p><b>byrþen</b>, <i>sf.</i> burden [beran].</p> + <p><b>byrġen</b>, <i>sf.</i> tomb [bebyrġan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>byrian</b>, <i>wf.</i> be due, befit.</p> + <p><b>byriġ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>burg</b>.</p> + <p><b>byrst</b>, <i>sf.</i> bristle.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bȳsnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> give example, illustrate.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bȳsnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> example.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>C.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Cann</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cunnan</b>.</p> + <p><b>canōn</b>, <i>sm.</i> canon; canōnes bēc, canonical books.</p> + <p><b>Cantwara-burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> Canterbury [Cantwara, <i>gen. of</i> Cantware].</p> + <p><b>Cant-ware</b>, <i>pl.</i> Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [<i>Lat.</i> Cantia <i>and</i> ware].</p> + <p><b>cāsere</b>, <i>sm.</i> emperor [<i>Latin</i> Caesar].</p> + <p><b>ċeaflas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> jaws.</p> + <p><b>ċeald</b>, <i>aj.</i> cold.</p> + <p><b>ċealf</b>, <i>sn.</i> calf.</p> + <p><b>ċēap</b>, <i>sn.</i> purchase.</p> + <p><b>ċēas</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ċēosan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ċeaster</b>, <i>sf.</i> city [<i>Latin</i> castra].</p> + <p><b>cēne</b>, <i>aj.</i> brave, bold.</p> + <p><b>cęnnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring forth, bear child.</p> + <p><b>Cęnt</b>, <i>sf.</i> Kent [Cantia].</p> + <p><b>Cęnt-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Kent.</p> + <p><b>ċeorfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, cut.</p> + <p><b>ċēosan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, choose.</p> + <p><b>cēpan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> attend, look out for.</p> + <p><b>ċīepan</b>, <i>wv.</i> trade, sell [ċēap].</p> + <p><b>ċīepend</b>, <i>sm.</i> seller [<i>pres. partic. of</i> ċīepan].</p> + <p><b>ċierr</b>, <i>sm.</i> turn.</p> +<!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page101"></a>{101}</span> + <p><b>ċierran</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn, return, go—ċierran tō, take to.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ċierred-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> conversion.</p> + <p><b>ċild</b>, <i>sn.</i> child.</p> + <p><b>ċild-hād</b>, <i>sm.</i> childhood.</p> + <p><b>ċinn-bān</b>, <i>sn.</i> jawbone.</p> + <p><b>ċiriċe</b>, <i>sf.</i> church.</p> + <p><b>clǣne</b>, <i>aj.</i> clean, pure.</p> + <p><b>clawu</b>, <i>sf.</i> claw.</p> + <p><b>clipian</b>, <i>wv.</i> call, summon.</p> + <p><b>clipung</b>, <i>sf.</i> calling.</p> + <p><b>clyppan</b>, <i>wv.</i> clip, embrace.</p> + <p><b>cnapa</b>, <i>sm.</i> (boy, youth), servant.</p> + <p><b>cnoll</b>, <i>sm.</i> top, summit.</p> + <p><b>coccel</b>, <i>sm.</i> corn-cockle.</p> + <p><b>cōm</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cuman</b>.</p> + <p><b>coren</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ċēosan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cræft</b>, <i>sm.</i> skill, cunning.</p> + <p><b>crīsten</b>, <i>aj.</i> Christian.</p> + <p><b>cuma</b>, <i>sm.</i> stranger [cuman].</p> + <p><b>cuman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, come; cuman ūp, land.</p> + <p><b>cunnan</b>, <i>swv.</i> know.</p> + <p><b>cunnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> try [cunnan].</p> + <p><b>curon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ċēosan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cūþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> known [<i>originally past partic. of</i> cunnan].</p> + <p><b>cwǣdon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cweþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cwaeþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cweþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cweartern</b>, <i>sn.</i> prison.</p> + <p><b>cwēman</b>, <i>wv.</i> please, gratify.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·cwēmednes</b>, <i>sf.</i> pleasing.</p> + <p><b>cwēn</b>, <i>sf.</i> queen.</p> + <p><b>cweþan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, say, speak; name, call.</p> + <p><b>cwic</b>, <i>aj.</i> alive.</p> + <p><b>cwide</b>, <i>sm.</i> speech, address [cweþan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>cwīd-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> agreement.</p> + <p><b>cwiþþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cweþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cymþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cuman</b>.</p> + <p><b>cyne-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> royal family.</p> + <p><b>cyne-līc</b>, <i>aj.</i> royal.</p> + <p><b>cyne-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> like a king, royally.</p> + <p><b>cyne-stōl</b>, <i>sm.</i> throne.</p> + <p><b>cyning</b>, <i>sm.</i> king.</p> + <p><b>cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> race, kind.</p> + <p><b>cyst</b>, <i>sf.</i> excellence [ċēosan].</p> + <p><b>cystiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> (excellent), charitable.</p> + <p><b>cȳþan</b>, <i>wv.</i> make known, tell [cūþ].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>D.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Dǣd</b>, <i>sf.</i> deed.</p> + <p><b>dæġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> day.</p> + <p><b>dæġ-hwǣm-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> daily.</p> + <p><b>dǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> part—be healfum dǣle, by half.</p> + <p><b>dǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> divide, share.</p> + <p><b>dēad</b>, <i>aj.</i> dead.</p> + <p><b>dēaþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> death.</p> + <p><b>Defena-sċīr</b>, <i>sf.</i> Devonshire [Devonia].</p> + <p><b>dehter</b>, <i>see</i> <b>dohtor</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>delf</b>, <i>sn.</i> digging.</p> + <p><b>delfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, dig.</p> + <p><b>Dęne</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Danes.</p> + <p><b>Dęnisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Danish.</p> + <p><b>dēofol</b>, <i>sum.</i> devil [<i>Latin</i> diabolus].</p> + <p><b>dēofol-ġield</b>, <i>sn.</i> idol.</p> + <p><b>dēop</b>, <i>aj.</i> deep.</p> + <p><b>dēor</b>, <i>sn.</i> wild beast.</p> + <p><b>dēore</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, precious.</p> + <p><b>dēor-wierþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> precious.</p> + <p><b>dīegol</b>, <i>aj.</i> hidden, secret.</p> + <p><b>dīegol-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> secret.</p> + <p><b>dīepe</b>, <i>sf.</i> depth [dēop].</p> + <p><b>dihtan</b>, <i>wv.</i> appoint [<i>Latin</i> dictare].</p> + <p><b>disc-þeġn</b>, <i>sm.</i> (dish-thane), waiter.</p> + <p><b>dohtor</b>, <i>sf.</i> daughter.</p> + <p><b>dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> doom, judgment, sentence.</p> + <p><b>dōn</b>, <i>sv.</i> do, act.</p> + <p><b>dorste</b>, <i>see</i> <b>durran</b>.</p> + <p><b>draca</b>, <i>sm.</i> dragon.</p> + <p><b>dranc</b>, <i>see</i> <b>drincan</b>.</p> + <p><b>drēoriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> sad.</p> + <p><b>drīfan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, drive.</p> + <p><b>drinca</b>, <i>sm.</i> drink.</p> + <p><b>drincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, drink.</p> + <p><b>drohtnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> live, continue, behave.</p> + <p><b>drohtnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> conduct.</p> + <p><b>drȳġe</b>, <i>aj.</i> dry.</p> + <p><b>Dryhten</b>, <i>sm.</i> Lord,</p> + <p><b>dūn</b>, <i>sf.</i> hill, down.</p> + <p><b>durran</b>, <i>swv.</i> dare.</p> + <p><b>duru</b>, <i>sf.</i> door.</p> + <p><b>dūst</b>, <i>sn.</i> dust.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·dwyld</b>, <i>sn.</i> error.</p> + <p><b>dyde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>dōn</b>.</p> + <p><b>dyppan</b>, <i>wv.</i> dip.</p> + <p><b>dysiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> +<!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102"></a>{102}</span> + <p class="i12"><b>E.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Ēac</b>, <i>av.</i> also; ēac swelce, also.</p> + <p><b>ēacnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> increase.</p> + <p><b>ēadiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> (prosperous), blessed.</p> + <p><b>ēage</b>, <i>sn.</i> eye.</p> + <p><b>ēag-þȳrel</b>, <i>sn.</i> (eye-hole), window.</p> + <p><b>eahta</b>, <i>num.</i> eight.</p> + <p><b>ēa-lā</b>, <i>interj.</i> oh!</p> + <p><b>eald</b>, <i>aj.</i> old—<i>cp.</i> ieldra.</p> + <p><b>Eald-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Old Saxons.</p> + <p><b>ealdor</b>, <i>sm.</i> chief, master.</p> + <p><b>ealdor-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> chief, officer.</p> + <p><b>eall</b>, <i>aj.</i> all.</p> + <p><b>eall</b>, <i>av.</i> quite ; eall swā miċel swā, (quite) as much as.</p> + <p><b>eall-nīwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> quite new.</p> + <p><b>eallunga</b>, <i>av.</i> entirely.</p> + <p><b>ealu</b>, <i>sn.</i> ale.</p> + <p><b>eard</b>, <i>sm.</i> country, native land.</p> + <p><b>eardian</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell.</p> + <p><b>ēare</b>, <i>sn.</i> ear.</p> + <p><b>earm</b>, <i>sm.</i> arm.</p> + <p><b>earm</b>, <i>aj.</i> poor, wretched, despicable.</p> + <p><b>earm-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> miserable.</p> + <p><b>earm-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> miserably, wretchedly.</p> + <p><b>earn</b>, <i>sm.</i> eagle.</p> + <p><b>eart</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ēast</b>, <i>av.</i> eastwards.</p> + <p><b>ēast-dǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> east part, the East.</p> + <p><b>Ēast-ęnġle</b>, <i>smpl.</i> East-Anglians.</p> + <p><b>Ēast-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> East-Saxons.</p> + <p><b>ēaþe-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> insignificant, weak.</p> + <p><b>ēaþ-mēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> humble [ēaþmōd].</p> + <p><b>ēaþ-mōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> humble.</p> + <p><b>ēċe</b>, <i>aj.</i> eternal.</p> + <p><b>ēċ-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> eternity.</p> + <p><b>efen</b>, <i>aj.</i> even.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·efen-lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> imitate.</p> + <p><b>efne</b>, <i>av.</i> behold, lo! [efen].</p> + <p><b>ęfsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> clip, shear.</p> + <p><b>eft</b>, <i>av.</i> again; afterwards, then; back.</p> + <p><b>ęġe</b>, <i>sm.</i> fear.</p> + <p><b>ęġesa</b>, <i>sm.</i> fear [eġe].</p> + <p><b>ęġes-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> fearful, awful.</p> + <p><b>ēhtere</b>, <i>sm.</i> persecutor.</p> + <p><b>ele</b>, <i>sm.</i> oil.</p> + <p><b>ęl-þēodiġ-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> foreign land.</p> + <p><b>ęnde</b>, <i>sm.</i> end.</p> + <p><b>ęndemes</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ęndian</b>, <i>wv.</i> end; die.</p> + <p><b>ęndlufon</b>, <i>num.</i> eleven.</p> + <p><b>ęndlyfta</b>, <i>aj.</i> eleventh.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ęndung</b>, <i>sf.</i> ending, end.</p> + <p><b>ęnġel</b>, <i>sm.</i> angel [<i>Latin</i> angelus].</p> + <p><b>Ęnġla-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> England [Ęnġla <i>gen. pl. of</i> Ęnġle].</p> + <p><b>Ęnġle</b>, <i>smpl.</i> the English [Angel].</p> + <p><b>Ęnġlisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> English—<i>sn.</i> English language [Ęnġle].</p> + <p><b>ēode</b>, <i>see</i> <b>gān</b>.</p> + <p><b>eom</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>eorl</b>, <i>sm.</i> earl.</p> + <p><b>eorþ-būend</b>, <i>sm.</i> earth-dweller.</p> + <p><b>eorþe</b>, <i>sf.</i> earth.</p> + <p><b>eorþ-fæst</b>, <i>aj.</i> firm in the earth.</p> + <p><b>eorþ-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthly.</p> + <p><b>eornost</b>, <i>sf.</i> earnest.</p> + <p><b>eornost-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> in truth, indeed.</p> + <p><b>ēow</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>etan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, eat.</p> + <p><b>ēþel</b>, <i>sm.</i> country, native land.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>F.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Fæder</b>, <i>sm.</i> father.</p> + <p><b>fæġen</b>, <i>aj.</i> glad.</p> + <p><b>fæġer</b>, <i>aj.</i> fair.</p> + <p><b>fæġer-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> fairness, beauty.</p> + <p><b>fæġnian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> rejoice.</p> + <p><b>fǣmne</b>, <i>sf.</i> virgin.</p> + <p><b>fǣr,</b> <i>sf.</i> danger.</p> + <p><b>fǣr-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> sudden.</p> + <p><b>fǣr-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> suddenly.</p> + <p><b>fæst</b>, <i>aj.</i> fast, firm.</p> + <p><b>fæstan</b>, <i>wv.</i> fast.</p> + <p><b>fæsten</b>, <i>sf.</i> fasting.</p> + <p><b>fæt</b>, <i>sn.</i> vessel.</p> + <p><b>fāg-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> variegation, various colours.</p> + <p><b>fandian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> try, test, tempt [findan].</p> + <p><b>faran</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, go.</p> + <p><b>faru</b>, <i>sf.</i> procession, retinue, pomp.</p> + <p><b>fēa</b>, <i>aj. pl.</i> few.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fēa</b>, <i>sm.</i> joy.</p> + <p><b>feallan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, fall.</p> + <p><b>fearr</b>, <i>sm.</i> bull; ox.</p> + <p><b>feax</b>, <i>sn.</i> hair of head.</p> +<!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page103"></a>{103}</span> + <p><b>fēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> feed [fōda].</p> + <p><b>fela</b>, <i>aj. pl. w. gen.</i> many.</p> + <p><b>feld</b>, <i>sm.</i> field.</p> + <p><b>feoh</b>, <i>sn.</i> money, property.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·feoht</b>, <i>sn.</i> fight.</p> + <p><b>feohtan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, fight.</p> + <p><b>fēole</b>, <i>sf.</i> file.</p> + <p><b>fēolian</b>, <i>wv.</i> file.</p> + <p><b>fēoll</b>, <i>see</i> <b>feallan</b>.</p> + <p><b>fēond</b>, <i>sm.</i> enemy.</p> + <p><b>feorh</b>, <i>snm.</i> life.</p> + <p><b>feorm</b>, <i>sf.</i> (food); feast, banquet.</p> + <p><b>feorr</b>, <i>av.</i> far.</p> + <p><b>fēorþa</b>, <i>num.</i> fourth.</p> + <p><b>fēower</b>, <i>num.</i> four.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fēra</b>, <i>sm.</i> companion [fōr].</p> + <p><b>fēran</b>, <i>wv.</i> go, fare [fōr].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fēran</b>, <i>wv.</i> (go over), take possession of.</p> + <p><b>fęrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> carry [faran].</p> + <p><b>fēt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>fōt</b>.</p> + <p><b>fętian</b>, <i>wv.</i> fetch—<i>pret.</i> ġefętte.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fętte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>fętian</b>.</p> + <p><b>fīend</b>, <i>see</i> <b>fēond</b>.</p> + <p><b>fierd</b>, <i>sf.</i> army [faran].</p> + <p><b>fierlen</b>, <i>aj.</i> distant [feorr].</p> + <p><b>fierst</b>, <i>sm.</i> period, time.</p> + <p><b>fīf</b>, <i>num.</i> five.</p> + <p><b>findan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i> (<i>pret.</i> funde), find.</p> + <p><b>fisc</b>, <i>sm.</i> fish.</p> + <p><b>fisc-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> fish-kind.</p> + <p><b>flēam</b>, <i>sm.</i> flight [flēon].</p> + <p><b>fleax</b>, <i>sn.</i> flax.</p> + <p><b>flēogan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, fly.</p> + <p><b>flēon</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, flee.</p> + <p><b>flēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, float.</p> + <p><b>flītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, quarrel, dispute.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·flīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> put to flight [flēam].</p> + <p><b>flōd</b>, <i>sm.</i> flood.</p> + <p><b>flota</b>, <i>sm.</i> fleet [flēotan].</p> + <p><b>flot-hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> naval army, army of pirates.</p> + <p><b>flot-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> sailor, pirate.</p> + <p><b>flōwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, flow.</p> + <p><b>flugon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>flēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>flyht</b>, <i>sm.</i> flight [flēogan].</p> + <p><b>fōda</b>, <i>sm.</i> food.</p> + <p><b>folc</b>, <i>sn.</i> people, nation.</p> + <p><b>folc-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> popular.</p> + <p><b>folgian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> follow; obey.</p> + <p><b>fōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, seize, take, capture; fēng tō rīċe, came to the throne; tōgædre fēngon, joined together.</p> + <p><b>for</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> before—rīċe for worulde, in the eyes of the world; <i>causal</i>, for, because of, for the sake of—ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God—for þǣm, therefore, for þǣem (þe), because; <i>w. acc.</i>, instead of, for.</p> + <p><b>fōr</b>, <i>sf.</i> journey [faran].</p> + <p><b>fōr</b>, <i>see</i> <b>faran</b>.</p> + <p><b>for-·bærnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn up, burn, <i>trans.</i></p> + <p><b>for-·bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, forbid.</p> + <p><b>for-·brēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, break.</p> + <p><b>for-·ċeorfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, cut off.</p> + <p><b>for-·dilgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> destroy.</p> + <p><b>for-·dōn</b>, <i>sv.</i> destroy.</p> + <p><b>for-·ealdod</b>, <i>aj.</i> aged [<i>past partic. of</i> forealdian, grow old].</p> + <p><b>fore-sċēawian</b>, <i>wv.</i> pre-ordain, decree, appoint.</p> + <p><b>fore-sęċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> say before—se foresæġda, the aforesaid.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġiefan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> give, grant; forgive.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġief-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> forgiveness.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> neglect.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġietan</b>, <i>sv.</i> forget.</p> + <p><b>forht</b>, <i>aj.</i> afraid.</p> + <p><b>forhtian</b>, <i>wv.</i> be afraid.</p> + <p><b>for-·hwega</b>, <i>av.</i> somewhere.</p> + <p><b>for-·lǣtan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, leave, abandon.</p> + <p><b>for-·lēosan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, lose.</p> + <p><b>for-·liġer</b>, <i>sn.</i> wantonness, immorality.</p> + <p><b>forma</b>, <i>aj.</i> first—<i>superl.</i> fyrmest, first.</p> + <p><b>for-·molsnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> crumble, decay.</p> + <p><b>for-·scrincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, shrink up.</p> + <p><b>for-sēon</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, despise.</p> + <p><b>for-·slēan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, cut through.</p> + <p><b>for-·standan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, (stand before), protect.</p> + <p><b>forþ</b>, <i>av.</i> forth, forwards, on.</p> + <p><b>forþ-·fēran</b>, <i>wv.</i> depart, die.</p> + <p><b>for-·þrysman</b>, <i>wv.</i> suffocate, choke.</p> +<!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page104"></a>{104}</span> + <p><b>for-·weorþan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, perish.</p> + <p><b>fōt</b>, <i>sm.</i> foot.</p> + <p><b>frætwian</b>, <i>wv.</i> adorn.</p> + <p><b>frætwung</b>, <i>sf.</i> ornament.</p> + <p><b>fram</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> from; <i>agent. w. pass.</i> hīe wǣron fram Wyrtġeorne ġelaþode, invited by.</p> + <p><b>fręmman</b>, <i>wv.</i> perform, do.</p> + <p><b>frēond</b>, <i>sm.</i> friend.</p> + <p><b>friþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> peace—friþ niman, make peace.</p> + <p><b>fugol</b>, <i>sm.</i> bird.</p> + <p><b>fuhton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>feohtan</b>.</p> + <p><b>fūl</b>, <i>aj.</i> foul, impure.</p> + <p><b>full</b>, <i>aj.</i> full.</p> + <p><b>full-·blīþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> very glad.</p> + <p><b>full-·cēne</b>, <i>aj.</i> very brave.</p> + <p><b>ful-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> fully.</p> + <p><b>full-·sōþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> very true.</p> + <p><b>fultum</b>, <i>sm.</i> help; forces, troops.</p> + <p><b>fultumian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> help.</p> + <p><b>funde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>findan</b>.</p> + <p><b>furþor</b>, <i>av.</i> further, more [forþ].</p> + <p><b>fūs</b>, <i>aj.</i> hastening.</p> + <p><b>fyllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> fill, fulfil [full].</p> + <p><b>fȳr</b>, <i>sn.</i> fire.</p> + <p><b>fyrmest</b>, <i>see</i> <b>forma</b>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>G.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Gadrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> gather.</p> + <p><b>gærs</b>, <i>sn.</i> grass.</p> + <p><b>gafeloc</b>, <i>sm.</i> missile, spear.</p> + <p><b>gafol</b>, <i>sn.</i> interest, profit.</p> + <p><b>gamen</b>, <i>sn.</i> sport.</p> + <p><b>gān</b>, <i>sv.</i> go.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>gān</b>, <i>sv.</i> gain, conquer.</p> + <p><b>gangende</b>, <i>see</i> <b>gān</b>.</p> + <p><b>gāst</b>, <i>sm.</i> spirit; se hālga gāst, the Holy Ghost.</p> + <p><b>gāst-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> spiritual.</p> + <p><b>ġe</b>, <i>cj.</i> and—ġe ... ġe, both ... and.</p> + <p><b>ġē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>ġealga</b>, <i>sm.</i> gallows.</p> + <p><b>ġēar</b>, <i>sn.</i> year.</p> + <p><b>ġearcian</b>, <i>wv.</i> prepare [ġearo].</p> + <p><b>ġeard</b>, <i>sm.</i> yard, court.</p> + <p><b>ġearu</b>, <i>aj.</i> ready.</p> + <p><b>ġearwian</b>, <i>wv.</i> prepare.</p> + <p><b>ġeat</b>, <i>sn.</i> gate.</p> + <p><b>ġēoguþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> youth.</p> + <p><b>ġēomrung</b>, <i>sf.</i> lamentation.</p> + <p><b>ġeond</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> through, throughout.</p> + <p><b>ġēong</b>, <i>aj.</i> young.</p> + <p><b>ġeorn</b>, <i>aj.</i> eager.</p> + <p><b>ġeorne</b>, <i>av.</i> eagerly, earnestly.</p> + <p><b>ġiefan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, give.</p> + <p><b>ġiefta</b>, <i>sfpl.</i> marriage, wedding [ġiefan].</p> + <p><b>ġieft-hūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> wedding-hall.</p> + <p><b>ġieft-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> wedding.</p> + <p><b>ġiefu</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift; grace (of God) [ġiefan].</p> + <p><b>ġierla</b>, <i>sm.</i> dress [ġearu].</p> + <p><b>ġiernan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> yearn, desire; ask [ġeorn].</p> + <p><b>ġiet</b>, <i>av.</i> yet; further, besides.</p> + <p><b>ġif</b>, <i>cj.</i> if.</p> + <p><b>ġimm</b>, <i>sm.</i> gem, jewel [<i>Latin</i> gemma].</p> + <p><b>ġimm-stān</b>, <i>sm.</i> gem, jewel.</p> + <p><b>ġit</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>ġītsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> covet.</p> + <p><b>ġītsung</b>, <i>sf.</i> covetousness, avarice.</p> + <p><b>glæd</b>, <i>aj.</i> glad.</p> + <p><b>glæd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> gladly.</p> + <p><b>glēaw</b>, <i>aj.</i> prudent, wise.</p> + <p><b>glęnġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> adorn; trim (lamp).</p> + <p><b>god</b>, <i>sm.</i> God.</p> + <p><b>god-fæder</b>, <i>sm.</i> godfather.</p> + <p><b>god-spell</b>, <i>sn.</i> gospel.</p> + <p><b>godspel-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> evangelical.</p> + <p><b>gōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> good—<i>compar.</i> bętera. <i>superl.</i> bętst.</p> + <p><b>gōd</b>, <i>sn.</i> good thing, good.</p> + <p><b>gold</b>, <i>sn.</i> gold.</p> + <p><b>gold-hord</b>, <i>sn.</i> treasure.</p> + <p><b>grǣdiġ</b>. <i>aj.</i> greedy.</p> + <p><b>grǣġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> grey.</p> + <p><b>grētan</b>, <i>wv.</i> greet, salute.</p> + <p><b>grindan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, grind.</p> + <p><b>grīst-bītung</b>, <i>sf.</i> gnashing of teeth.</p> + <p><b>grymetian</b>, <i>wv.</i> grunt, roar.</p> + <p><b>gyldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> gild [gold].</p> + <p><b>gylden</b>, <i>aj.</i> golden [gold].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>H.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Habban</b>, <i>wv.</i> have; take.</p> +<!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105"></a>{105}</span> + <p><b>hād</b>, <i>sm.</i> rank, condition.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hādod</b>, <i>aj.</i> ordained, in orders, clerical [<i>past partic. of</i> hādian, ordain].</p> + <p><b>hæfde</b>, <b>hæfþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>habban</b>.</p> + <p><b>hæftan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hold fast, hold [habban].</p> + <p><b>hǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> heal [hāl].</p> + <p><b>hǣlend</b>, <i>sm.</i> Saviour [<i>pres. partic. of</i> hǣlan].</p> + <p><b>hǣlo</b>, <i>sf.</i> salvation [hāl].</p> + <p><b>hǣs</b>, <i>sf.</i> command.</p> + <p><b>hæspe</b>, <i>sf.</i> hasp.</p> + <p><b>hǣte</b>, <i>sf.</i> heat [hāt].</p> + <p><b>hǣþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> heath.</p> + <p><b>hǣþen</b>, <i>aj.</i> heathen [hǣþ].</p> + <p><b>hāl</b>, <i>aj.</i> whole, sound.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hāl</b>, <i>aj.</i> whole, uninjured.</p> + <p><b>hālga</b>, <i>sm.</i> saint.</p> + <p><b>hālġian</b>, <i>wv.</i> hallow, consecrate.</p> + <p><b>hāliġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> holy.</p> + <p><b>hāliġ-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> holy object, relic.</p> + <p><b>hām</b>, <i>av.</i> homewards, home.</p> + <p><b>hand</b>, <i>sf.</i> hand.</p> + <p><b>hand-cweorn</b>, <i>sf.</i> hand-mill.</p> + <p><b>hangian</b>, <i>wv.</i> hang, <i>intr.</i> [hōn].</p> + <p><b>hāt</b>, <i>aj.</i> hot.</p> + <p><b>hātan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, command, ask—<i>w. inf. in passive sense</i>, hēton him sęċġan, bade them be told ; name—<i>passive</i>, hātte.</p> + <p><b>hatian</b>, <i>wv.</i> hate.</p> + <p><b>hātte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hātan</b>.</p> + <p><b>hē</b>, <i>prn</i>. he.</p> + <p><b>hēafod</b>, <i>sn.</i> head.</p> + <p><b>hēafod-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> head-man, ruler, chief.</p> + <p><b>hēah</b>, <i>aj.</i> high—<i>superl.</i> hīehst.</p> + <p><b>healdan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep.</p> + <p><b>healf</b>, <i>aj.</i> half.</p> + <p><b>healf</b>, <i>sf.</i> side.</p> + <p><b>hēa-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> lofty [hēah].</p> + <p><b>heall</b>, <i>sf.</i> hall.</p> + <p><b>heard</b>, <i>aj.</i> hard ; strong; severe.</p> + <p><b>hębban</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, raise.</p> + <p><b>hęfel-þrǣd</b>, <i>sm.</i> web-thread, thread.</p> + <p><b>hęfe</b>, <i>sm.</i> weight [hębban].</p> + <p><b>hęfiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> heavy [hęfe].</p> + <p><b>hęll</b>, <i>sf.</i> hell.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hęnde</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> near [hand].</p> + <p><b>hēo</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>heofon</b>, <i>sm.</i> heaven—<i>often in plur.</i>, heofona rīċe.</p> + <p><b>heofon-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> heavenly.</p> + <p><b>hēold</b>, <i>see</i> <b>healdan</b>.</p> + <p><b>heord</b>, <i>sf.</i> herd.</p> + <p><b>heorte</b>, <i>sf.</i> heart.</p> + <p><b>hēr</b>, <i>av.</i> here; hither—hēr·æfter, &c., hereafter.</p> + <p><b>hēr-be-·ēastan</b>, <i>av.</i> east of this.</p> + <p><b>hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> army.</p> + <p><b>hęre-rēaf</b>, <i>sn.</i> spoil.</p> + <p><b>hęre-toga</b>, <i>sm.</i> army-leader, general, chief [toga <i>from</i> tēon].</p> + <p><b>hęrgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ravage, make war [hęre].</p> + <p><b>hęrgung</b>, <i>sf.</i> (ravaging), warfare, war.</p> + <p><b>hęrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> praise.</p> + <p><b>hēt</b>, <i>see</i> hātan.</p> + <p><b>hider</b>, <i>av</i>. hither.</p> + <p><b>hīe</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hīehst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hēah</b>.</p> + <p><b>hiera</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hīeran</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear.</p> + <p><b>hierde</b>, <i>sm.</i> shepherd [heord].</p> + <p><b>hierd-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> guardianship.</p> + <p><b>hiere</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hīer-sum</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> obedient [hīeran].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hīersum-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> obedience.</p> + <p><b>him</b>, <b>hine</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hīred</b>, <i>snm.</i> family, household.</p> + <p><b>his</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hit</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hīw</b>, <i>sn.</i> hue, form.</p> + <p><b>hlǣdder</b>, <i>sf.</i> ladder.</p> + <p><b>hlæst</b>, <i>sm.</i> load.</p> + <p><b>hlāf</b>, <i>sm.</i> bread, loaf of bread.</p> + <p><b>hlāford</b>, <i>sm.</i> lord.</p> + <p><b>hlīsa</b>, <i>sm.</i> fame.</p> + <p><b>hlūd</b>, <i>aj.</i> loud.</p> + <p><b>hlȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> make a noise, shout [hlūd].</p> + <p><b>hnappian</b>, <i>wv</i>. doze.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hoferod</b>, <i>aj.</i> (past partic.), hump-backed.</p> + <p><b>holt</b>, <i>sn.</i> wood.</p> +<!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page106"></a>{106}</span> + <p><b>hōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, hang [hangian].</p> + <p><b>horn</b>, <i>sm.</i> horn.</p> + <p><b>hræd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly.</p> + <p><b>hrædung</b>, <i>sf.</i> hurry.</p> + <p><b>hraþe</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly—swā hraþe swā, as soon as.</p> + <p><b>hrēod</b>, <i>sn.</i> reed.</p> + <p><b>hrēowan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, rue, repent.</p> + <p><b>hrīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> cry, call.</p> + <p><b>hrīþer</b>, <i>sn.</i> ox.</p> + <p><b>hrōf</b>, <i>sn.</i> roof.</p> + <p><b>hryċġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> back.</p> + <p><b>hryre</b>, <i>sm.</i> fall [hrēosan].</p> + <p><b>hū</b>, <i>av.</i> how.</p> + <p><b>hū-meta</b>, <i>av.</i> how.</p> + <p><b>hund</b>, <i>sn. w. gen.</i> hundred.</p> + <p><b>hund</b>, <i>sm.</i> dog.</p> + <p><b>hund-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> hundredfold.</p> + <p><b>hund-·nigontiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> ninety.</p> + <p><b>hund-·twęlftiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> hundred and twenty.</p> + <p><b>hungor</b>, <i>sm.</i> hunger; famine.</p> + <p><b>hungriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> hungry.</p> + <p><b>hūru</b>, <i>av.</i> especially.</p> + <p><b>hūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> house.</p> + <p><b>hux-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> ignominiously.</p> + <p><b>hwā</b>, <i>prn.</i> who.</p> + <p><b>ġe·hwā</b>, <i>prn.</i> every one.</p> + <p><b>hwǣm</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hwā</b>.</p> + <p><b>hwǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> where—swā hwǣr swā, wherever.</p> + <p><b>ġe·hwǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> everywhere.</p> + <p><b>hwæs</b>, <b>hwæt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hwā</b>.</p> + <p><b>hwæt</b>, <i>interj.</i> what! lo! well.</p> + <p><b>hwǣte</b>, <i>sm.</i> wheat.</p> + <p><b>hwæþer</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> whether—hwæþer þe, <i>to introduce a direct question</i>.</p> + <p><b>hwæþre</b>, <i>av.</i> however.</p> + <p><b>hwanon</b>, <i>av.</i> whence.</p> + <p><b>hwelċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> which; any one, any—swā hwelċ swā, whoever.</p> + <p><b>ġe·hwelċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> any, any one.</p> + <p><b>hwīl</b>, <i>sf.</i> while, time.</p> + <p><b>hwone</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hwā</b>.</p> + <p><b>hwonne</b>, <i>av.</i> when.</p> + <p><b>hwȳ</b>, <i>av.</i> why.</p> + <p><b>hȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hide.</p> + <p><b>hyht</b>, <i>sf.</i> hope.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hyhtan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hope.</p> + <p><b>hȳran</b>, <i>wv.</i> hire.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>I.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Iċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> I.</p> + <p><b>īdel</b>, <i>aj.</i> idle; useless, vain—on īdel, in vain.</p> + <p><b>īeġ-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> island.</p> + <p><b>ieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> delay [eald].</p> + <p><b>ieldra</b>, <i>see</i> <b>eald</b>.</p> + <p><b>ieldran</b>, <i>smpl.</i> ancestors [<i>originally compar.</i> of eald].</p> + <p><b>iernan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, run; flow.</p> + <p><b>ierre</b>, <i>aj.</i> angry.</p> + <p><b>īl</b>, <i>sm.</i> hedgehog.</p> + <p><b>ilca</b>, <i>prn.</i> same (always weak, and with the definite article).</p> + <p><b>in</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> in, into.</p> + <p><b>inc</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>inn</b>, <i>av.</i> in (of motion).</p> + <p><b>innan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> (<i>av.</i>) within.</p> + <p><b>inne</b>, <i>av.</i> within, inside.</p> + <p><b>inn-ġehyġd</b>, <i>sn.</i> inner thoughts, mind.</p> + <p><b>in-tō</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> into.</p> + <p><b>Īotan</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Jutes.</p> + <p><b>Īr-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Ireland.</p> + <p><b>Iūdēisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Jewish—þā Iūdēiscan, the Jews.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>L.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Lā</b>, <i>interj.</i> lo!—lā lēof! Sir!</p> + <p><b>lāc</b>, <i>sn.</i> gift; offering, sacrifice.</p> + <p><b>ġe·lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> seize.</p> + <p><b>lǣdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> lead; carry, bring, take.</p> + <p><b>læden</b>, <i>sn.</i> Latin; language.</p> + <p><b>læġ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>liċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>lǣran</b>, <i>wv. w. double acc.</i> teach; advise, suggest [lār].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lǣred</b>, <i>aj.</i> learned [<i>past partic.</i> of lǣran].</p> + <p><b>lǣs</b>, <i>av.</i> less—þȳ lǣs (þe), <i>cj. w. subj.</i> lest.</p> + <p><b>lǣtan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, let; leave—hēo lēt þā swā, she let the matter rest there.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lǣte</b>, <i>sn.</i>—wega ġelǣtu, <i>pl.</i> meetings of the roads.</p> + <p><b>lāf</b>, <i>sf.</i> remains—tō lāfe bēon, remain over, be left [(be)līfan].</p> +<!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page107"></a>{107}</span> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>lamp</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>limpan</b>.</p> + <p><b>land</b>, <i>sn.</i> land, country.</p> + <p><b>land-folc</b>, <i>sn.</i> people of the country.</p> + <p><b>land-hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> land-army.</p> + <p><b>land-lēode</b>, <i>smpl.</i> people of the country.</p> + <p><b>lang</b>, <i>aj.</i> long.</p> + <p><b>lange</b>, <i>av.</i> for a long time, long.</p> + <p><b>lang-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> for a long time, long.</p> + <p><b>lār</b>, <i>sf.</i> teaching, doctrine.</p> + <p><b>late</b>, <i>av.</i> slowly, late—late on ġēare, late in the year.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>laþian</b>, <i>wv.</i> invite.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>laþung</b>, <i>sf.</i> congregation.</p> + <p><b>lēaf</b>, <i>sf.</i> leave.</p> + <p><b><i><i>ġe·</i>l</i>ēafa</b>, <i>sm.</i> belief, faith.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>lēaf-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> believing, pious.</p> + <p><b>leahtor</b>, <i>sm.</i> crime, vice.</p> + <p><b>lēas</b>, <i>aj.</i> without (expers), <i>in compos.</i>—less; false.</p> + <p><b>lēat</b>, <i>see</i> <b>lūtan</b>.</p> + <p><b>lęċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> lay [liċġan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>lęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> land [land].</p> + <p><b>lēo</b>, <i>smf.</i> lion.</p> + <p><b>lēode</b>, <i>smpl.</i> people.</p> + <p><b>lēof</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, beloved; pleasant—mē wǣre lēofre, I would rather—[lufu].</p> + <p><b>leofode</b>, <i>see</i> <b>libban</b>.</p> + <p><b>leoht</b>, <i>sn.</i> light.</p> + <p><b>leoht-fæt</b>, <i>sn.</i> (light-vessel), lamp.</p> + <p><b>leornian</b>, <i>wv.</i> learn.</p> + <p><b>leornung-cniht</b>, <i>sm.</i> disciple.</p> + <p><b>lēt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>lǣtan</b>.</p> + <p><b>libban</b>, <i>wv.</i> live.</p> + <p><b>līc</b>, <i>sn.</i> body, corpse.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>līc</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> like.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>līce</b>, <i>av.</i> in like manner, alike, equally.</p> + <p><b>liċġan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, lie.</p> + <p><b>līc-hama</b>, <i>sm.</i> body.</p> + <p><b>līcham-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> bodily.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>līcian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> please.</p> + <p><b>līefan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> allow [lēaf].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>līefan</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe [gelēafa].</p> + <p><b>līf</b>, <i>sn.</i> līfe.</p> + <p><b>lifiend</b>, <i>see</i> <b>libban</b>.</p> + <p><b>lim</b>, <i>sn.</i> limb, member.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>limp</b>, <i>sn.</i> event, emergency, calamity.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·limpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, happen.</p> + <p><b>līþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>liċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>locc</b>, <i>sm.</i> lock of hair.</p> + <p><b>lof</b>, <i>sn.</i> praise; glory.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lōgian</b>, place; occupy, furnish.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lōm</b>, <i>aj.</i> frequent, repeated.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lōme</b>, <i>av.</i> often, repeatedly.</p> + <p><b>losian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> be lost—him losaþ, he loses [(for)lēosan].</p> + <p><b>lūcan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, close.</p> + <p><b>lufian</b>, <i>wv.</i> love.</p> + <p><b>lufu</b>, <i>sf.</i> love [lēof].</p> + <p><b>Lunden-burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> London [Lundonia].</p> + <p><b>lūtan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, stoop.</p> + <p><b>lȳtel</b>, <i>aj.</i> little.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>M.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Mā</b>, <i>see</i> <b>micel</b>.</p> + <p><b>macian</b>, <i>wv.</i> make.</p> + <p><b>mæġ</b>, <i>swv.</i> can, be able.</p> + <p><b>mæġen</b>, <i>sn.</i> strength, capacity; virtue [mæġ].</p> + <p><b>mǣġþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> family; tribe, nation; generation.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mǣne</b>, <i>aj.</i> common.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mǣnelic</b>, <i>aj.</i> common, general.</p> + <p><b>mǣre</b>, <i>aj.</i> famous, glorious, great (metaphorically).</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mǣre</b>, <i>sn.</i> boundary, territory.</p> + <p><b>mǣrsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> extol, celebrate [mǣre].</p> + <p><b>mǣrþo</b>, <i>sf.</i> glory [mǣre].</p> + <p><b>mæsse</b>, <i>sf.</i> mass [<i>Latin</i> missa].</p> + <p><b>mæsse-prēost</b>, <i>sm.</i> mass-priest.</p> + <p><b>mǣst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>miċel</b>.</p> + <p><b>magon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mæġ</b>.</p> + <p><b>man</b>, <i>indef.</i> one [mann].</p> + <p><b>mān</b>, <i>sn.</i> wickedness.</p> + <p><b>mān-dǣd</b>, <i>sf.</i> wicked deed.</p> + <p><b>mān-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> wicked.</p> + <p><b>mangere</b>, <i>sm.</i> merchant.</p> + <p><b>mangung</b>, <i>sf.</i> trade, business.</p> + <p><b>maniġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> many.</p> + <p><b>manīġ-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> manifold.</p> + <p><b>maniġ-fieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> multiply [maniġfeald].</p> + <p><b>mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> man; person.</p> + <p><b>mann-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> mankind.</p> +<!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108"></a>{108}</span> + <p><b>mann-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> allegiance.</p> + <p><b>mann-slaga</b>, <i>sm.</i> manslayer, murderer [slēan, slęġe].</p> + <p><b>māre</b>, <i>see</i> <b>miċel</b>.</p> + <p><b>martyr</b>, <i>sm.</i> martyr.</p> + <p><b>māþm</b>, <i>sm.</i> treasure.</p> + <p><b>māþm-fæt</b>, <i>sn.</i> precious vessel.</p> + <p><b>mē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>mearc</b>, <i>sf.</i> boundary.</p> + <p><b>mēd</b>, <i>sf.</i> reward, pay.</p> + <p><b>mēder</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mōdor</b>.</p> + <p><b>męnn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mann</b>.</p> + <p><b>męnnisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> human [mann].</p> + <p><b>męre-grot</b>, <i>sr.</i> pearl [margarita].</p> + <p><b>merġen</b>, <i>sm.</i> morning [morgen].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·met,</b> <i>sn.</i> measure; manner, way.</p> + <p><b>metan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, measure.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mētan</b>, <i>wv.</i> meet; find [ġemōt].</p> + <p><b>męte</b>, <i>sm.</i> food—pl. męttas.</p> + <p><b>miċel</b>, <i>aj.</i> great, much—<i>comp.</i> māre, mā (<i>adv.</i>, <i>sn.</i>, <i>aj.</i>), <i>sup.</i> mǣst.</p> + <p><b>miċle</b>, <i>av.</i> greatly, much.</p> + <p><b>mid</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> (<i>instr.</i>) with—mid þǣm þe, <i>cj.</i> when.</p> + <p><b>middan-ġeard</b>, <i>sm.</i> world [<i>literally</i> middle enclosure].</p> + <p><b>midde</b>, <i>aj.</i> mid, middle (only of time).</p> + <p><b>middel</b>, <i>sn.</i> middle.</p> + <p><b>Middel-ęnġle</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Middle-Angles.</p> + <p><b>Mierċe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Mercians [mearc].</p> + <p><b>miht</b>, <i>sf.</i> might, strength; virtue [mæġ].</p> + <p><b>mihte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mæġ</b>.</p> + <p><b>mihtiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> mighty, strong.</p> + <p><b>mīl</b>, <i>sf.</i> mile [<i>Latin</i> milia (passuum)].</p> + <p><b>mild-heort</b>, <i>aj.</i> mild-hearted, merciful.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·miltsian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> have mercy on, pity [milde].</p> + <p><b>mīn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>mis-lǣdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> mislead, lead astray.</p> + <p><b>mis-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> various.</p> + <p><b>mōd</b>, <i>sn.</i> heart, mind.</p> + <p><b>mōdig</b>, <i>aj.</i> proud.</p> + <p><b>mōdiġ-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> pride.</p> + <p><b>mōdor</b>, <i>sf.</i> mother.</p> + <p><b>molde</b>, <i>sf.</i> mould, earth.</p> + <p><b>mōna</b>, <i>sm.</i> moon.</p> + <p><b>mōnaþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> month—<i>pl.</i> mōnaþ [mōna].</p> + <p><b>morgen</b>, <i>sm.</i> morning.</p> + <p><b>morþ</b>, <i>sn.</i> (murder), crime.</p> + <p><b>mōste</b>, see <b>mōtan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>mōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> meeting.</p> + <p><b>mōtan</b>, <i>swv.</i> may; ne mōt, must not.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>munan</b>, <i>swv.</i> remember.</p> + <p><b>munt</b>, <i>sm.</i> mountain, hill [<i>Latin</i> montem].</p> + <p><b>munuc</b>, <i>sm.</i> monk [<i>Latin</i> monachus].</p> + <p><b>murcnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> grumble, complain.</p> + <p><b>mūþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> mouth.</p> + <p><b>mūþa</b>, <i>sm.</i> mouth of a river [mūþ].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>mynd</b>, <i>sf.</i> memory, mind [ġemunan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>myndiġ</b>, <i>aj. w. gen.</i> mindful.</p> + <p><b>mynet</b>, <i>sf.</i> coin [<i>Latin</i> moneta].</p> + <p><b>mynetere</b>, <i>sm.</i> money-changer.</p> + <p><b>mynster</b>, <i>sn.</i> monastery [<i>Latin</i> monasterium].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>N.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Nā</b>, <i>av.</i> not, no [ = ne ā].</p> + <p><b>nabban</b> = ne habban.</p> + <p><b>nǣddre</b>, <i>sf.</i> snake.</p> + <p><b>næfde</b>, <b>næfst</b>, = ne hæfde, ne hæfst.</p> + <p><b>nǣfre</b>, <i>av.</i> never [ = ne ǣfre].</p> + <p><b>næġel</b>, <i>sm.</i> nail.</p> + <p><b>næs</b> = ne wæs.</p> + <p><b>nāht</b>, <i>prn. w. gen.</i> naught, nothing [ = nān wiht].</p> + <p><b>nāht-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> worthlessness, cowardice.</p> + <p><b>nam</b>, <i>see</i> <b>niman</b>.</p> + <p><b>nama</b>, <i>sm.</i> name.</p> + <p><b>nāmon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>niman</b>.</p> + <p><b>nān</b>, <i>prn.</i> none, no [ = ne ān].</p> + <p><b>nāt</b> = ne wāt.</p> + <p><b>nāwþer</b>, <i>prn.</i> neither [ = ne āhwæþer (either)].</p> + <p><b>ne</b>, <i>av.</i> not—ne ... ne, neither ... not.</p> +<!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page109"></a>{109}</span> + <p><b>nēah</b>, <i>av.</i> near; <i>superl.</i> nīehst—æt nīehstan, next, immediately, afterwards.</p> + <p><b>nearu</b>, <i>aj.</i> narrow.</p> + <p><b>nēa-wist</b>, <i>sfm.</i> neighbourhood [wesan].</p> + <p><b>nęmnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> name [nama].</p> + <p><b>neom</b> = ne eom.</p> + <p><b>nese</b>, <i>av.</i> no.</p> + <p><b>nętt</b>, <i>sn.</i> net.</p> + <p><b>nīed</b>, <i>sf.</i> need.</p> + <p><b>nīedunga</b>, <i>av.</i> needs, by necessity.</p> + <p><b>nīehst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>nēah</b>.</p> + <p><b>nīeten</b>, <i>sn.</i> animal.</p> + <p><b>nigon</b>, <i>num.</i> nine.</p> + <p><b>nigoþa</b>, <i>aj.</i> ninth.</p> + <p><b>niht</b>, <i>sf.</i> night.</p> + <p><b>niman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, take, capture; take in marriage, marry.</p> + <p><b>nis</b> = ne is.</p> + <p><b>niþer</b>, <i>av.</i> down.</p> + <p><b>nīwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> new.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·nōg</b>, <i>aj.</i> enough.</p> + <p><b>nolde</b> = ne wolde.</p> + <p><b>norþ</b>, <i>av.</i> north.</p> + <p><b>Norþhymbra-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Northumberland.</p> + <p><b>Norþ-hymbre</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Northumbrians [Humbra].</p> + <p><b>norþan-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> northward.</p> + <p><b>Norþ-męnn</b>, <i>pl.</i> Norwegians.</p> + <p><b>nū</b>, <i>av.</i> now, just now; <i>cj. causal</i>, now that, since.</p> + <p><b>nū·ġiet</b>, <i>av.</i> still.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·nyht-sum-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> sufficience, abundance.</p> + <p><b>nyle</b>, = ne wile.</p> + <p><b>nyste</b>, <b>nyton</b> = ne wiste, ne witon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>O.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Of</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> of, from <i>of place</i>, <i>origin</i>, <i>privation</i>, <i>release</i>, &c.; <i>partitive</i>, sęllaþ ūs of ēowrum ele, some of your oil.</p> + <p><b>of-·drǣdd</b>, <i>aj.</i> afraid [<i>past partic. of</i> ofdrǣdan, dread].</p> + <p><b>ofer</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> over; on; <i>of time</i>, during, throughout, over.</p> + <p><b>ofer-gyld</b>, <i>aj.</i> (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold.</p> + <p><b>ofer-·hęrgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ravage, over-run.</p> + <p><b>ofer-·sāwan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, sow over.</p> + <p><b>offrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> offer, sacrifice [<i>Latin</i> offerre].</p> + <p><b>offrung</b>, <i>sf.</i> offering, sacrifice.</p> + <p><b>of-·slēan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, slay.</p> + <p><b>of-·snīþan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, kill [snīþan, cut].</p> + <p><b>of-spring</b>, <i>sm.</i> offspring [springan].</p> + <p><b>oft</b>, <i>av.</i> often.</p> + <p><b>of-·tēon</b>, <i>sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing</i>, deprive.</p> + <p><b>of-·þyrst</b>, <i>aj.</i> thirsty [<i>past partic. of</i> ofþyrstan, <i>from</i> þurst].</p> + <p><b>of-·wundrian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> wonder.</p> + <p><b>ō-lǣċung</b>, <i>sf.</i> flattery.</p> + <p><b>olfend</b>, <i>sm.</i> camel [<i>Latin</i> elephas].</p> + <p><b>on</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> on; in; <i>hostility</i>, against, on hīe fuhton; <i>of time</i>, in.</p> + <p><b>on-·byrġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> taste.</p> + <p><b>on-·cnāwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, know, recognize.</p> + <p><b>on·drǣdan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, <i>wv.</i> dread, fear.</p> + <p><b>on-·fōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, receive.</p> + <p><b>on-·ġēan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> towards; <i>hostility</i>, against.</p> + <p><b>on-·ġēan</b>, <i>av.</i> back—ġewęnde on-ġēan, returned.</p> + <p><b>on-ġinn</b>, <i>sn.</i> beginning.</p> + <p><b>on-·ġinnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, begin.</p> + <p><b>on-·liehtan</b>, <i>wv.</i> illuminate, enlighten [leoht].</p> + <p><b>on·liehtung</b>, <i>sf.</i> illumination, light.</p> + <p><b>on-·lūcan,</b> <i>sv. 7</i>, unlock.</p> + <p><b>on-·middan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> in the midst of.</p> + <p><b>on-sīen</b>, <i>sf.</i> appearance, form.</p> + <p><b>on-sund</b>, <i>aj.</i> sound, whole.</p> + <p><b>on-·uppan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> upon.</p> + <p><b>on-weald</b>, <i>sm.</i> rule, authority, power; territory.</p> + <p><b>on-·weġ</b>, <i>av.</i> away.</p> + <p><b>open</b>, <i>aj.</i> open.</p> + <p><b>openian</b>, <i>wv.</i> open, reveal, disclose.</p> + <p><b>orgel-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> proudly.</p> +<!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"></a>{110}</span> + <p><b>or-mǣte</b>, <i>aj.</i> immense, boundless [metan].</p> + <p><b>or-sorg</b>, <i>aj.</i> unconcerned, careless.</p> + <p><b>oþ</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> until—oþ þæt, <i>cj.</i> until; up to, as far as.</p> + <p><b>ōþer</b>, <i>prn.</i> (always strong), second; other.</p> + <p><b>oþþe</b>, <i>cj.</i> or—oþþe ... oþþe, either ... or.</p> + <p><b>oxa</b>, <i>sm.</i> ox.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>P.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Pāpa</b>, <i>sm.</i> pope [<i>Latin</i> papa].</p> + <p><b>pęning</b>, <i>sm.</i> penny.</p> + <p><b>Peohtas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Picts.</p> + <p><b>Philistēisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Philistine.</p> + <p><b>Pihtisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Pictish [Peohtas].</p> + <p><b>plegian</b>, <i>wv.</i> play.</p> + <p><b>post</b>, <i>sm.</i> post [<i>Latin</i> postis].</p> + <p><b>prēost</b>, <i>sm.</i> priest [<i>Latin</i> presbyter].</p> + <p><b>pund</b>, <i>sn.</i> pound [<i>Latin</i> pondus].</p> + <p><b>pytt</b>, <i>sm.</i> pit [<i>Latin</i> puteus].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>R.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Racentēag</b>, <i> sf.</i> chains.</p> + <p><b>rād,</b> <i>see</i> <b>rīdan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·rād</b>, <i>sn.</i> reckoning, account; on þā ġerād þæt, on condition that.</p> + <p><b>rǣd,</b> <i>sm.</i> advice; what is advisable, plan of action—him rǣd þūhte, it seemed advisable to him.</p> + <p><b>ramm</b>, <i>sm.</i> ram.</p> + <p><b>rāp</b>, <i>sm.</i> rope.</p> + <p><b>rēaf</b>, <i>sn.</i> robe, dress.</p> + <p><b>reahte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>reċċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>rēċan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> reck, care.</p> + <p><b>ręċċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> tell, narrate.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ręċednes</b>, <i>sf.</i> narrative.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·rēfa</b>, <i>sm.</i> officer, reeve, bailiff.</p> + <p><b>reġen</b>, <i>sm.</i> rain.</p> + <p><b>rēþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> fierce, cruel.</p> + <p><b>rīċe</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, of high rank.</p> + <p><b>rīċe</b>, <i>sn.</i> kingdom, sovereignty, government.</p> + <p><b>rīċetere</b>, <i>sn.</i> (ambition), pomp.</p> + <p><b>rīċsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> rule.</p> + <p><b>rīdan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, ride.</p> + <p><b>riftere</b>, <i>sm.</i> reaper.</p> + <p><b>riht</b>, <i>aj.</i> right; righteous.</p> + <p><b>riht-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> rightly, correctly.</p> + <p><b>riht-wīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> righteous.</p> + <p><b>riht-wīsnes</b>, <i>sf.</i> righteousness.</p> + <p><b>rīm</b>, <i>sm.</i> number.</p> + <p><b>rīman</b>, <i>wv.</i> count.</p> + <p><b>rīnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> rain [reġen].</p> + <p><b>rīpan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, reap.</p> + <p><b>rīpere</b>, <i>sm.</i> reaper.</p> + <p><b>rīp-tīma</b>, <i>sm.</i> reaping-time, harvest.</p> + <p><b>rōhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>rēċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>Rōme-burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> city of Rome.</p> + <p><b>rōwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, row.</p> + <p><b>ryne</b>, <i>sm.</i> course.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·rȳne</b>, <i>sn.</i> mystery.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>S.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Sǣ</b>, <i>sf.</i> sea—<i>dat.</i> sǣ.</p> + <p><b>sǣd</b>, <i>sn.</i> seed.</p> + <p><b>sæġde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sęċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> time, occasion.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sǣliġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> happy, blessed.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sǣliġ-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> happily, blessedly.</p> + <p><b>sæt</b>, sǣton, <i>see</i> <b>sittan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sagol</b>, <i>sm.</i> rod, staff.</p> + <p><b>ġe·samnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> collect, assemble.</p> + <p><b>samod</b>, <i>av</i>. together, with.</p> + <p><b>sanct</b>, <i>sm.</i> saint [<i>Latin</i> sanctus].</p> + <p><b>sand</b>, <i>sf.</i> dish of food [sęndan].</p> + <p><b>sand-ċeosol</b>, <i>sm.</i> sand (<i>literally</i> sand-gravel).</p> + <p><b>sār</b>, <i>sn.</i> grief.</p> + <p><b>sār</b>, <i>aj.</i> grievous.</p> + <p><b>sāriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> sorry, sad.</p> + <p><b>sāwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, sow.</p> + <p><b>sāwere</b>, <i>sm.</i> sower.</p> + <p><b>sāwol</b>, <i>sf.</i> soul.</p> + <p><b>scamu</b>, <i>sf.</i> shame.</p> + <p><b>scand</b>, <i>sf.</i> disgrace.</p> + <p><b>scand-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> shameful.</p> + <p><b>sċēaf</b>, <i>sm.</i> sheaf [scūfan].</p> + <p><b>sċēaf-mǣlum</b>, <i>av.</i> sheafwise.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sċeaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> creature, created thing. sċeal, <i>swv.</i> ought to, must; shall.</p> + <p><b>sċēap</b>, <i>sn.</i> sheep.</p> + <p><b>sċeatt</b>, <i>sm.</i> (tribute); money.</p> + <p><b>sċēawere</b>, <i>sm.</i> spy, witness.</p> + <p><b>sċēawian</b>, <i>wv.</i> see; examine; read.</p> + <p><b>sċēawung</b>, <i>sf.</i> seeing, examination.</p> + <p><b>sċēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, shoot.</p> +<!-- Page 111 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111"></a>{111}</span> + <p><b>sċieppan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, create.</p> + <p><b>sċieran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, shear.</p> + <p><b>sċip</b>, <i>sn.</i> ship.</p> + <p><b>sċip-hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> fleet.</p> + <p><b>sċip-hlæst</b>, <i>sm.</i> (shipload), crew.</p> + <p><b>sċīr</b>, <i>sf.</i> shire.</p> + <p><b>scolde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sceal</b>.</p> + <p><b>scōp</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sċieppan</b>.</p> + <p><b>scort</b>, <i>aj.</i> short.</p> + <p><b>scotian</b>, <i>wv.</i> shoot [sċēotan].</p> + <p><b>Scot-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Ireland.</p> + <p><b>Scottas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> the Irish.</p> + <p><b>scotung</b>, <i>sf.</i> shot.</p> + <p><b>scræf</b>, <i>sn.</i> cave.</p> + <p><b>scrīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> shrine [<i>Latin</i> scrinium].</p> + <p><b>scrincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, shrink.</p> + <p><b>scrūd</b>, <i>sn.</i> dress.</p> + <p><b>scrȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> clothe [scrūd].</p> + <p><b>scūfan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, push—scūfan ūt, launch (ship).</p> + <p><b>sculon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sċeal</b>.</p> + <p><b>scuton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sċēotan</b>.</p> + <p><b>scyld</b>, <i>sf.</i> guilt [sculon, sceal].</p> + <p><b>scyldig</b>, <i>aj.</i> guilty.</p> + <p><b>scylen</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sceal</b>.</p> + <p><b>Scyttisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Scotch [Scottas].</p> + <p><b>se</b>, <b>sē</b>, <i>prn.</i> that; the; he; who.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>seah</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>sēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>sealde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sęllan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sēaþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> pit.</p> + <p><b>Seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Saxons.</p> + <p><b>sēċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> seek; visit, come to; attack.</p> + <p><b>sęċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> say.</p> + <p><b>self</b>, <i>prn.</i> self.</p> + <p><b>sęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> give; sell.</p> + <p><b>sēlest</b>, <i>av. superl.</i> best.</p> + <p><b>sęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> send, send message [sand].</p> + <p><b>sēo</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>seofon</b>, <i>num.</i> seven.</p> + <p><b>seofoþa</b>, <i>aj.</i> seventh.</p> + <p><b>seolc</b>, <i>sf.</i> silk.</p> + <p><b>seolcen</b>, <i>aj.</i> silken.</p> + <p><b>seolfor</b>, <i>sn.</i> silver.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>sēon</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, see.</p> + <p><b>sēow</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sāwan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>sętnes</b>, <i>sf.</i> narrative [sęttan].</p> + <p><b>sęttan</b>, <i>wv.</i> set; appoint, institute—dōm sęttan <i>w. dat.</i> pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan].</p> + <p><b>sibb</b>, <i>sf.</i> peace.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sibb-sum</b>, <i>aj.</i> peaceful.</p> + <p><b>sīe</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sīefer-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> purely.</p> + <p><b>sīefre</b>, <i>aj.</i> pure.</p> + <p><b>sierwung</b>, <i>sf.</i> stratagem.</p> + <p><b>siex</b>, <i>num.</i> six.</p> + <p><b>siexta</b>, <i>aj.</i> sixth.</p> + <p><b>siextiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> sixty.</p> + <p><b>siextiġ-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> sixtyfold.</p> + <p><b>siġe</b>, <i>sm.</i> victory—siġe niman, gain the victory.</p> + <p><b>siġe-fæst</b>, <i>aj.</i> victorious.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sihþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> sight; vision, dream [ġesēon].</p> + <p><b>sifren</b>, <i>aj.</i> silver.</p> + <p><b>simle</b>, <i>av.</i> always.</p> + <p><b>sind</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sinu</b>, <i>sf</i>, sinew.</p> + <p><b>sittan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, sit; settle, stay.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sittan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, take possession of.</p> + <p><b>sīþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> journey.</p> + <p><b>sīþian</b>, <i>wv.</i> journey, go.</p> + <p><b>siþþan</b>, <i>av.</i> since, afterwards; cj. when.</p> + <p><b>slǣp</b>, <i>sm.</i> sleep.</p> + <p><b>slǣpan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, sleep,</p> + <p><b>slaga</b>, <i>sm.</i> slayer. [slēan, <i>past. partic.</i> ġeslæġen].</p> + <p><b>slāw</b>, <i>aj.</i> slow, slothful, dull.</p> + <p><b>slēan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, strike; slay, kill.</p> + <p><b>slęċġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> hammer [slaga, slēan].</p> + <p><b>slęġe</b>, <i>sm.</i> killing [slaga, slēan].</p> + <p><b>slēp</b>, <i>see</i> <b>slǣpan</b>.</p> + <p><b>slōg</b>, <i>see</i> <b>slēan.</b></p> + <p><b>smæl</b>, <i>aj.</i> narrow.</p> + <p><b>smēan</b>, <i>wv.</i> consider, think; consult.</p> + <p><b>smēocan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, smoke.</p> + <p><b>smēþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> smooth.</p> + <p><b>snotor</b>, <i>aj.</i> wise, prudent.</p> + <p><b>sōna</b>, <i>av.</i> soon; then.</p> + <p><b>sorg</b>, <i>sf.</i> sorrow.</p> + <p><b>sōþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> true.</p> + <p><b>sōþ</b>, <i>sn.</i> truth.</p> + <p><b>sōþ-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> truly, indeed.</p> + <p><b>spade</b>, <i>wf.</i> spade [<i>Lati</i>n spatha].</p> +<!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"></a>{112}</span> + <p><b>sprǣċ</b>, <i>sf.</i> speech, language; conversation [sprecan].</p> + <p><b>sprecan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, speak.</p> + <p><b>spręnġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (scatter); sow [springan].</p> + <p><b>springan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, spring.</p> + <p><b>sprungen</b>, <i>see</i> <b>springan</b>.</p> + <p><b>stǣnen</b>, <i>aj.</i> of stone [stān].</p> + <p><b>stǣniht</b>, <i>sn.</i> stony ground [<i>originally adj.</i> 'stony,' from stān].</p> + <p><b>stān</b>, <i>sm.</i> stone; brick.</p> + <p><b>standan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, stand.</p> + <p><b>stēap</b>, <i>aj.</i> steep.</p> + <p><b>stęde</b>, <i>sm.</i> place.</p> + <p><b>stefn</b>, <i>sf.</i> voice.</p> + <p><b>stelan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, steal.</p> + <p><b>stęnt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>standan</b>.</p> + <p><b>stēor</b>, <i>sf.</i> steering, rudder.</p> + <p><b>steorra</b>, <i>sm.</i> star.</p> + <p><b>sticol</b>, <i>aj.</i> rough.</p> + <p><b>stīepel</b>, <i>sm.</i> steeple [stēap].</p> + <p><b>stīeran</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> restrain [stēor].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·stillan</b>, <i>wv.</i> stop, prevent.</p> + <p><b>stille</b>, <i>aj.</i> still, quiet.</p> + <p><b>stōd</b>, <i>see</i> <b>standan</b>.</p> + <p><b>stōl</b>, <i>sm.</i> seat.</p> + <p><b>stōw</b>, <i>sf.</i> place.</p> + <p><b>strǣt</b>, <i>sf.</i> street, road [<i>Latin</i> strata via].</p> + <p><b>strand</b>, <i>sm.</i> shore.</p> + <p><b>strang</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong.</p> + <p><b>strēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (scatter), sow.</p> + <p><b>stręnġþo</b>, <i>sf.</i> strength [strang].</p> + <p><b>ġe·strēon</b>, <i>sn.</i> possession.</p> + <p><b>ġe·strīenan</b>, <i>wv.</i> gain [ġestrēon].</p> + <p><b>strūtian</b>, <i>wv.</i> strut.</p> + <p><b>styċċe</b>, <i>sn.</i> piece.</p> + <p><b>sum</b>, <i>prn.</i> some, a certain (one), one; a.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sund</b>, <i>aj.</i> sound, healthy.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sund-full</b>. <i>aj.</i> safe and sound.</p> + <p><b>sundor</b>, <i>av.</i> apart.</p> + <p><b>sunne</b>, <i>sf.</i> sun.</p> + <p><b>sunu</b>, <i>sm.</i> son.</p> + <p><b>sūþ</b>, <i>av.</i> south, southwards.</p> + <p><b>sūþan</b>, <i>av.</i> from the south.</p> + <p><b>sūþan-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> southward.</p> + <p><b>sūþ-dǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> the South.</p> + <p><b>sūþerne</b>, <i>aj.</i> southern.</p> + <p><b>Sūþ-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> South-Saxons.</p> + <p><b>swā</b>, <i>av.</i> so; swā, swā, as, like—swā ... swā, so ... as.</p> + <p><b>swāc</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swīcan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swā-·þēah,</b> <i>av.</i> however.</p> + <p><b>swefn</b>, <i>sn.</i> sleep; dream.</p> + <p><b>swelċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> such.</p> + <p><b>swelċe</b>, <i>av.</i> as if, as it were, as, like.</p> + <p><b>sweltan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, die.</p> + <p><b>swęnċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> afflict, molest [swincan].</p> + <p><b>swęnġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> stroke, blow [swingan].</p> + <p><b>swēor</b>, <i>sm.</i> pillar.</p> + <p><b>swēora</b>, <i>sm.</i> neck.</p> + <p><b>sweord</b>, <i>sn.</i> sword.</p> + <p><b>sweord-bora</b>, <i>sm.</i> sword-bearer [beran].</p> + <p><b>sweotol</b>, <i>aj.</i> clear, evident.</p> + <p><b>sweotolian</b>, <i>wv.</i> display, show, indicate.</p> + <p><b>sweotolung</b>, <i>sf.</i> manifestation, sign.</p> + <p><b>swęrian</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, swear.</p> + <p><b>swīc</b>, <i>sm.</i> deceit.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·swīcan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i> (fail, fall short); cease (betray).</p> + <p><b>swīc-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> deceit [swīcan].</p> + <p><b>swicol</b>, <i>aj.</i> deceitful, treacherous.</p> + <p><b>swicon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swīcan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swift</b>, <i>aj.</i> swift.</p> + <p><b>swīgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> be silent.</p> + <p><b>swincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, labour, toil.</p> + <p><b>swingan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, beat.</p> + <p><b>swingle</b>, <i>sf.</i> stroke [swingan].</p> + <p><b>swipe</b>, <i>sm.</i> whip.</p> + <p><b>swīþe</b>, <i>av.</i> very, much, greatly, violently—<i>cp.</i> swīþor, rather, more.</p> + <p><b>swīþ-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> excessive, great.</p> + <p><b>swīþre</b>, <i>sf.</i> right hand [<i>cp. of</i> swīþe <i>with</i> hand <i>understood</i>].</p> + <p><b>swulton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sweltan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swuncon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swincan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swungon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swingan</b>.</p> + <p><b>syndriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> separate [sundor].</p> + <p><b>syn-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> sinful.</p> + <p><b>syngian</b>, <i>wv.</i> sin.</p> + <p><b>synn</b>, <i>sf.</i> sin.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> +<!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"></a>{113}</span> + <p class="i12"><b>T.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Tācen,</b> <i>sn.</i> sign, token; miracle.</p> + <p><b>tācnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> signify.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·tācnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> signification, type.</p> + <p><b>tǣċan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> show; teach.</p> + <p><b>talu</b>, <i>sf.</i> number [getel].</p> + <p><b>tam</b>, <i>aj.</i> tame.</p> + <p><b>tāwian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ill-treat.</p> + <p><b>tēam</b>, <i>sm.</i> progeny [tēon].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·tel</b>, <i>sn.</i> number.</p> + <p><b>tęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> count, account—tęllan tō nāhte, count as naught [talu].</p> + <p><b>Tęmes</b>, <i>sf.</i> Thames [Tamisia].</p> + <p><b>tempel</b>, <i>sn.</i> temple [<i>Latin</i> templum].</p> + <p><b>tēon</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, pull, drag.</p> + <p><b>tēona</b>, <i>sm.</i> injury, insult.</p> + <p><b>tēon-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> humiliation.</p> + <p><b>tēþ</b>, <i>see</i> tōþ.</p> + <p><b>tiċċen</b>, <i>sn.</i> kid.</p> + <p><b>tīd</b>, <i>sf.</i> time; hour.</p> + <p><b>tīeġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> tie.</p> + <p><b>tīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> teem, bring forth [tēam].</p> + <p><b>tīen</b>, <i>num.</i> ten.</p> + <p><b>tierwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> tar.</p> + <p><b>tiġele</b>, <i>wf.</i> tile [<i>Latin</i> tegula].</p> + <p><b>tīma</b>, <i>sm.</i> time.</p> + <p><b>timbrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> build.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·timbrung</b>, <i>sf.</i> building.</p> + <p><b>tintreġ</b>, <i>sn.</i> torture.</p> + <p><b>tintregian</b>, <i>wv.</i> torture.</p> + <p><b>tō</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> (<i>av.</i>) to—tō abbode ġesętt, made abbot; <i>time</i>, at—tō langum fierste, for a long time; <i>adverbial</i>, tō scande, ignominiously; <i>fitness</i>, <i>purpose</i>, <i>for</i>—þǣm folce (dat.) tō dēaþe, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; tō þǣm þæt, cj. in order that—tō þæm (swīþe) ... þæt, so (greatly) ... that.</p> + <p><b>tō</b>, <i>av.</i> too.</p> + <p><b>tō-·berstan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, burst, break asunder.</p> + <p><b>tō-·brecan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, break in pieces, break through.</p> + <p><b>tō-·breġdan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, tear asunder.</p> + <p><b>tō-·cwīesan</b>, <i>wv.</i> crush, bruise.</p> + <p><b>tō-cyme</b>, <i>sm.</i> coming [cuman].</p> + <p><b>tō-·dæġ</b>, <i>av.</i> to-day.</p> + <p><b>tō-·dǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> disperse; separate, divide.</p> + <p><b>tō-·gædre</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + <p><b>tō-·ġēanes</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> towards—him tōġēanes, to meet him.</p> + <p><b>tōl</b>, <i>sn.</i> tool.</p> + <p><b>tō-·līesan</b>, <i>wv.</i> loosen [lēas].</p> + <p><b>tō-·middes</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> in the midst of.</p> + <p><b>tō-·teran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, tear to pieces.</p> + <p><b>tōþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> tooth.</p> + <p><b>tō-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> future.</p> + <p><b>tō-·weorpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, overthrow, destroy.</p> + <p><b>trēow</b>, <i>sn.</i> tree.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·trēowe,</b> <i>aj.</i> true, faithful.</p> + <p><b>trum</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong.</p> + <p><b>trymman</b>, <i>wv.</i> strengthen [trum].</p> + <p><b>trymmung</b>, <i>sf.</i> strengthening, encouragement.</p> + <p><b>tūcian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ill-treat.</p> + <p><b>tugon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>tēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>tūn</b>, <i>sm.</i> village, town.</p> + <p><b>twā</b>, <b>twǣm</b>, <i>see</i> <b>twēġen</b>.</p> + <p><b>twēġen</b>, <i>num.</i> two.</p> + <p><b>twęlf</b>, <i>num.</i> twelve.</p> + <p><b>twęntiġ</b>, <i>num. w. gen.</i> twenty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>Þ.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Þā</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> then; when—þā þā, when, while—<i>correlative</i> þā ... þā, when ... (then).</p> + <p><b>þā</b>, þǣm, &c., <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> there—þǣrtō, &c. thereto, to it; where—þǣr þǣr, <i>correl.</i> where.</p> + <p><b>þǣre</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þǣr-rihte</b>, <i>av.</i> immediately.</p> + <p><b>þæs</b>, <i>av.</i> therefore; wherefore.</p> + <p><b>þæs</b>, <b>þæt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þæt</b>, <i>cj.</i> that.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þafian</b>, <i>wv.</i> allow, permit.</p> + <p><b>þā-·ġiet</b>, <i>av.</i> still, yet.</p> + <p><b>þanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought; thanks.</p> + <p><b>þancian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person</i>, thank.</p> +<!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page114"></a>{114}</span> + <p><b>þanon</b>, <i>av.</i> thence, away.</p> + <p><b>þās</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þis</b>.</p> + <p><b>þe</b>, <i>rel. prn.</i> who—sē þe, who; <i>av.</i> when.</p> + <p><b>þē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>þēah</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> though, yet, however—þēah þe, although.</p> + <p><b>þearf</b>, <i>swv.</i> need.</p> + <p><b>þearle</b>, <i>av.</i> very, greatly.</p> + <p><b>þēaw</b>, <i>sm.</i> custom, habit; þēawas, virtues, morality.</p> + <p><b>þeġen</b>, <i>sm.</i> thane; servant.</p> + <p><b>þeġnian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> serve.</p> + <p><b>þeġnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> service, retinue.</p> + <p><b>þęnċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> think, expect [þanc].</p> + <p><b>þēod</b>, <i>sf.</i> people, nation.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þēode</b>, <i>sn.</i> language.</p> + <p><b>þēof</b>, <i>sm.</i> thief.</p> + <p><b>þēos</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þes</b>.</p> + <p><b>þēostru</b>, <i>spl.</i> darkness.</p> + <p><b>þēow</b>, <i>sm.</i> servant.</p> + <p><b>þēow-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> service.</p> + <p><b>þēowian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> serve.</p> + <p><b>þēowot</b>, <i>sn.</i> servitude.</p> + <p><b>þes</b>, <i>prn.</i> this.</p> + <p><b>þiċċe</b>, <i>aj.</i> thick.</p> + <p><b>þiċġan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, take, receive; eat, drink.</p> + <p><b>þīn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>þing</b>, <i>sn.</i> thing.</p> + <p><b>þis</b>, <b>þissum</b>, &c., <i>see</i> <b>þes</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·pōht</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought.</p> + <p><b>þōhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þęnċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>þone</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þonne</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> then; when; because.</p> + <p><b>þonne</b>, <i>av.</i> than.</p> + <p><b>þorfte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þearf</b>.</p> + <p><b>þorn</b>, <i>sm.</i> thorn.</p> + <p><b>þrǣd</b>, <i>sm.</i> thread.</p> + <p><b>þrēo</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þrīe</b>.</p> + <p><b>þridda</b>, <i>aj.</i> third.</p> + <p><b>þrīe</b>, <i>num.</i> three.</p> + <p><b>þrim</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þrīe</b>.</p> + <p><b>þritiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> thirty.</p> + <p><b>þritiġ-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> thirtyfold.</p> + <p><b>þrymm</b>, <i>sm.</i> glory.</p> + <p><b>þū</b>, <i>prn.</i> thou.</p> + <p><b>þūhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þynċan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þungen</b>, <i>aj.</i> excellent, distinguished.</p> + <p><b>þurh</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> through; <i>causal</i>, through, by.</p> + <p><b>þurh-·wunian</b>, <i>wv.</i> continue.</p> + <p><b>þurst</b>, <i>sm.</i> thirst.</p> + <p><b>þurstiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> thirsty.</p> + <p><b>þus</b>, <i>av.</i> thus.</p> + <p><b>þūsend</b>, <i>sn.</i> thousand.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þwǣr-lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> agree.</p> + <p><b>þȳ</b>, <i>instr. of</i> se; <i>av.</i> because.</p> + <p><b>þȳfel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bush.</p> + <p><b>þȳ·lǣs</b>, <i>cj.</i> lest.</p> + <p><b>þynċan</b>, <i>wv. impers. w. dat.</i> mē þynċþ, methinks [þęnċan].</p> + <p><b>þȳrel</b>, <i>sn.</i> hole [þurh].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>U.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Ufe-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> upward, at the top of.</p> + <p><b>un-ārīmed-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> innumerable.</p> + <p><b>unc</b>, <i>see</i> ic.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>cynd</b>, <i>aj.</i> strange, of alien family.</p> + <p><b>un-dēad-lic-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> immortality.</p> + <p><b>under</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> under.</p> + <p><b>under-cyning</b>, <i>sm.</i> under-king.</p> + <p><b>under-·delfan</b>, <i>sv.</i> dig under.</p> + <p><b>under-·fōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, receive, take.</p> + <p><b>under-·ġietan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, understand.</p> + <p><b>undern-tīd</b>, <i>sf.</i> morning-time.</p> + <p><b>un-forht</b>, <i>aj.</i> dauntless.</p> + <p><b>un-for-molsnod</b>, <i>aj.</i> (past partic.) undecayed.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>hīersum</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> disobedient.</p> + <p><b>un-hold</b>, <i>aj.</i> hostile.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>metlic</b>, <i>aj.</i> immense.</p> + <p><b>un-mihtiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> weak.</p> + <p><b>un-nytt</b>, <i>aj.</i> useless.</p> + <p><b>un-rihtlīce</b>, <i>av.</i> wrongly.</p> + <p><b>un-rihtwīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> unrighteous.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>rīm</b>, <i>sn.</i> countless number or quantity.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>rīm</b>, <i>aj.</i> countless.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>sǣliġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhappy, accursed.</p> + <p><b>un-scyldiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> innocent.</p> + <p><b>un-tīemend</b>, <i>aj.</i> barren [<i>from pres. partic.</i> of tīeman].</p> +<!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page115"></a>{115}</span> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>þwǣr-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> discord.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>wittiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish.</p> + <p><b>ūp</b>, <i>av.</i> up.</p> + <p><b>ūp-āhafen-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> conceit, arrogance.</p> + <p><b>ūp-flōr</b>, <i>sf.</i> (<i>dat. sing.</i> -a) upper floor, upper story.</p> + <p><b>uppan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> on, upon.</p> + <p><b>urnon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>iernan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ūs</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>ūt</b>, <i>av.</i> out.</p> + <p><b>ūtan</b>, <i>av.</i> outside.</p> + <p><b>uton</b>, <i>defect. verb, w. infin.</i> let us—uton gān, let us go!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>W.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Wacian</b>, <i>wv.</i> be awake, watch.</p> + <p><b>wǣdla</b>, <i>sm.</i> poor man.</p> + <p><b>wæl</b>, <i>sn.</i> slaughter—wæl ġe·slēan, make a slaughter.</p> + <p><b>wæl-hrēow</b>, <i>aj.</i> cruel.</p> + <p><b>wælhrēow-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> cruelly, savagely.</p> + <p><b>wælhrēownes</b>, <i>sf.</i> cruelty.</p> + <p><b>wǣpen</b>, <i>sn.</i> weapon.</p> + <p><b>wær</b>, <i>aj.</i> wary.</p> + <p><b>wǣron</b>, <b>wæs</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wæstm</b>, <i>sm.</i> (growth); fruit.</p> + <p><b>wæter</b>, <i>sn.</i> water.</p> + <p><b>wæter-sċipe</b>, <i>sm.</i> piece of water, water.</p> + <p><b>wāfung</b>, <i>sf.</i> (spectacle), display.</p> + <p><b>-ware</b>, <i>pl.</i> (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [<i>originally defenders, cp.</i> węrian].</p> + <p><b>wāt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>witan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>wāt</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>wītan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·weald</b>, <i>sn.</i> power, command.</p> + <p><b>wealdan</b>, <i>sv. 1, w. gen.</i> rule.</p> + <p><b>Wealh</b>, <i>sm.</i> (<i>pl.</i> Wēalas), <i>sm.</i> Welshman, Briton (<i>originally</i> foreigner).</p> + <p><b>weall</b>, <i>sm.</i> wall.</p> + <p><b>weall-līm</b>, <i>sm.</i> (wall-lime), cement, mortar.</p> + <p><b>wearg</b>, <i>sm.</i> felon, criminal [<i>originally</i> wolf, <i>then</i> proscribed man, outlaw].</p> + <p><b>weaxan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, grow, increase.</p> + <p><b>weġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> way, road.</p> + <p><b>weġ-fērende</b>, <i>aj.</i> (pres. partic.) way-faring.</p> + <p><b>wel</b>, <i>av.</i> well.</p> + <p><b>wel-willend-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> benevolence.</p> + <p><b>wēnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> expect, think.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·węndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn; go [windan].</p> + <p><b>węnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> accustom, wean [ġewuna].</p> + <p><b>weofod</b>, <i>sn.</i> altar.</p> + <p><b>weorc</b>, <i>sn.</i> work.</p> + <p><b>weorpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, throw.</p> + <p><b>weorþ</b>, <i>sn.</i> worth.</p> + <p><b>weorþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> worth, worthy.</p> + <p><b>weorþan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, happen; become—w. æt sprǣċe, enter into conversation.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·weorþan</b>, <i>sv. 3, impers. w. dat.</i>—him ġewearþ, they agreed on.</p> + <p><b>weorþ-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> worthy.</p> + <p><b>weorþian</b>, <i>wv.</i> honour, worship; make honoured, exalt.</p> + <p><b>weorþ-līce</b>, <i>aj.</i> honourably.</p> + <p><b>weorþ-mynd</b>, <i>sf.</i> honour.</p> + <p><b>wēox</b>, <i>see</i> <b>weaxan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wēpan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, weep.</p> + <p><b>wer</b>, <i>sm.</i> man.</p> + <p><b>węrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> defend [wær].</p> + <p><b>werod</b>, <i>sn.</i> troop, army.</p> + <p><b>wesan</b>, <i>sv.</i> be.</p> + <p><b>west</b>, <i>av.</i> west.</p> + <p><b>West-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> West-saxons.</p> + <p><b>wēste</b>, <i>aj.</i> waste, desolate.</p> + <p><b>wīd</b>, <i>aj.</i> wide.</p> + <p><b>wīde</b>, <i>av.</i> widely, far and wide.</p> + <p><b>widewe</b>, <i>sf.</i> widow.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> overpower, conquer [wealdan].</p> + <p><b>wierþe</b>, <i>aj. w. gen.</i> worthy [weorþ].</p> + <p><b>wīf</b>, <i>sn.</i> woman; wife.</p> + <p><b>wīf-healf</b>, <i>sf.</i> female side.</p> + <p><b>wīf-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> woman.</p> + <p><b>wiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> wight, creature, thing.</p> + <p><b>Wiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> Isle of Wight [Vectis].</p> + <p><b>Wiht-ware</b>, <i>pl.</i> Wight-dwellers.</p> + <p><b>wilde</b>, <i>aj.</i> wild.</p> + <p><b>wildēor</b>, <i>sn.</i> wild beast.</p> + <p><b>willa</b>, <i>sm.</i> will.</p> +<!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116"></a>{116}</span> + <p><b>willan</b>, <i>swv.</i> will, wish; <i>of repetition</i>, be used to.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wilnian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> desire.</p> + <p><b>wīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> wine.</p> + <p><b>wind</b>, <i>sm.</i> wind.</p> + <p><b>windan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, wind.</p> + <p><b>wīn-ġeard</b>, <i>sm.</i> vineyard.</p> + <p><b>winnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, fight.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·winnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, win, gain.</p> + <p><b>winter</b>, (<i>pl.</i> winter), <i>sm.</i> winter; <i>in reckoning</i> = year.</p> + <p><b>winter-setl</b>, <i>sn.</i> winter-quarters.</p> + <p><b>wīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> wise.</p> + <p><b>wīs-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> wisdom.</p> + <p><b>wīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> (wise), way.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wiss</b>, <i>aj.</i> certain.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wissian</b>, <i>wv.</i> guide, direct.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wissung</b>, <i>sf.</i> guidance, direction.</p> + <p><b>wiste</b>, <i>see</i> <b>witan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wit</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>wita</b>, <i>sm.</i> councillor, sage.</p> + <p><b>witan</b>, <i>swv.</i> know.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, depart.</p> + <p><b>wīte</b>, <i>sn.</i> punishment; torment.</p> + <p><b>wītega</b>, <i>sm.</i> prophet.</p> + <p><b>witod-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> truly, indeed, and [witan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·witt</b>, <i>sn.</i> wits, intelligence, understanding [witan].</p> + <p><b>wiþ</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> towards; along—wiþ weġ, by the road; <i>hostility</i>, against—fuhton wiþ Brettas, fought with the Britons; <i>association, sharing, &c.</i>, with; <i>defence</i>, against; <i>exchange, price, for</i>—wiþ þǣm þe, in consideration of, provided that.</p> + <p><b>wiþ-·meten-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> comparison.</p> + <p><b>wiþ-·sacan</b>, <i>sv. 2, w. dat.</i> deny.</p> + <p><b>wiþ-·standan</b>, <i>sv. 2, w. dat.</i> withstand, resist.</p> + <p><b>wlite</b>, <i>sm.</i> beauty.</p> + <p><b>wōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> mad.</p> + <p><b>wōd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> madly.</p> + <p><b>wolde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>willan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wōp</b>, <i>sm.</i> weeping [wēpan].</p> + <p><b>word</b>, <i>sn.</i> word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>worden</b>, <i>see</i> <b>weorþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>worhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wyrċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>woruld</b>, <i>sf.</i> world.</p> + <p><b>woruld-þing</b>, <i>sn.</i> worldly thing.</p> + <p><b>wrecan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, avenge.</p> + <p><b>wrēġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> accuse.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·writ</b>, <i>sn.</i> writing [wrītan].</p> + <p><b>wrītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, write.</p> + <p><b>wudu</b>, <i>sm.</i> wood.</p> + <p><b>wuldor</b>, <i>sn.</i> glory.</p> + <p><b>wuldrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> glorify, extol.</p> + <p><b>wulf</b>, <i>sm.</i> wolf.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wuna</b>, <i>sm.</i> habit, custom [wunian].</p> + <p><b>wund</b>, <i>sf.</i> wound.</p> + <p><b>wundor</b>, <i>sn.</i> wonder; miracle.</p> + <p><b>wundor-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> wonderful, wondrous.</p> + <p><b>wundor-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> wonderfully, wondrously.</p> + <p><b>wundrian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> wonder.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wunelic</b>, <i>aj.</i> customary.</p> + <p><b>wunian</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell, stay, continue [ġewuna].</p> + <p><b>wunung</b>, <i>sf.</i> dwelling.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>wunnen</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>winnan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wyrċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> work, make; build; do, perform [weorc].</p> + <p><b>wyrhta</b>, <i>sm.</i> worker.</p> + <p><b>wyrt</b>, <i>sf.</i> herb, spice; crop.</p> + <p><b>wyrt-brǣþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> spice-fragrance, fragrant spice.</p> + <p><b>wyrtruma</b>, <i>sm.</i> root.</p> + <p><b>wȳsċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> wish.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>Y.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Yfel</b>, <i>aj.</i> evil, bad.</p> + <p><b>yfel</b>, <i>sn.</i> evil.</p> + <p><b>ymbe</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> around; <i>of time</i>, about, at.</p> + <p><b>ymb-·scrȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> clothe, array.</p> + <p><b>ymb-·ūtan</b>, <i>av.</i> round about.</p> + <p><b>ȳterra</b>, <i>aj. comp.</i> outer; <i>superl.</i> ȳtemest, outermost, last [ūt].</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead">THE END.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>Notes</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt1" href="#NtA1">[1]</a> Where no key-word is given for a + long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short + one, only lengthened.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt2" href="#NtA2">[2]</a> Both vowels.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt3" href="#NtA3">[3]</a> Wherever the acc. is not given + separately, it is the same as the nom.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt4" href="#NtA4">[4]</a> So also <i>nāh</i> = + <i>ne</i> (not) <i>āh</i>.</p> + +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="pg" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 34316-h.txt or 34316-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/3/1/34316">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/3/1/34316</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/34316-h/images/$rbrace.png b/34316-h/images/$rbrace.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f40954 --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-h/images/$rbrace.png diff --git a/34316-h/images/$ubrace.png b/34316-h/images/$ubrace.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f988ae --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-h/images/$ubrace.png diff --git a/34316.txt b/34316.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef68a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/34316.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6672 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised + + +Author: Henry Sweet + + + +Release Date: November 14, 2010 [eBook #34316] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER*** + + +E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, David Clarke, Keith Edkins, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Transcriber's note: + + In this e-text a-breve is represented by [)a], a-macron + by [=a], c-dotted-over by [.c] and e-ogonek by [e,], etc. + + Aesc, eth and thorn have been expanded to ae, dh and th. + + Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file + in which these characters are displayed properly. + See 34316-h.htm or 34316-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h/34316-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h.zip) + + + Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have + been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Notes to the + Readings. + + + + + +AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER + +With + +Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +by + +HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D. + +Eighth Edition, Revised + + + + + + + +Oxford +At the Clarendon Press +1905 + +Printed in England +At the Oxford University Press + + + + +{v} + +PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. + +The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. +Vernon's _Anglo-Saxon Guide_ was an admirable book for its time, but has +long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my +_Anglo-Saxon Reader_ a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an +elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked +forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which +would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and +would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, +Professor Earle has brought out his _Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon_. +But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, +and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the +present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines +which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more. + +My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible +introduction to the study of Old-English. + +Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose +pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in +extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and +Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi} +again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom +of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the +selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the +great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel +extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be +omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have +been gathered mainly from the Gospels, Aelfric's Homilies, and the +Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those +having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are +intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer +pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the +grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly +of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second +of accusative singulars, and so on. + +The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early +West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it +is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite +results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating +spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely +scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification, +as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, +for instance, whether to put the original of _hear_ under _[=e], [=i]e, +[=i]_ or _[=y]_. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should +recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step +both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is +derived. That I give Aelfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date +is no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print +Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) +in the same spelling as Virgil. + +It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I +have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. +Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. +_bundon_ and the subj. _bunden_, although the latter is often levelled +under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the +present retained the conventional quantities, which are really +'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, +1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology +(owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled +state. + +In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, +giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the +connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have +been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to +give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be +to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining +their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as +inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which +all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been +taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is +the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the +learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut +down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, +without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable +proceeding. {viii} + +In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in +the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader. + +All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the +beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened +for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed +out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern +English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in +this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the +beginner cannot have. + +The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended +mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such +references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar. + +On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without +defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from +_st[e,]nt_ to _standan_, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him +all this trouble by putting '_st[e,]nt_, 3 sg. pres. of _standan_, stand,' +but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar +at all--surely a most undesirable result. + +Although I have given everything that I believe to be _necessary_, every +teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further +illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he +thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils. + +My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and +encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in +correcting the proofs. + +In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may +prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our +Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom are +now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of +'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of +imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more +ambitious one. + +HENRY SWEET. + + HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD, + _March 31, 1882_. + + + +PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. + +In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some +time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as +seemed necessary. + +If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have +been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to +rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various +teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial +thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, +of Amsterdam. + +HENRY SWEET. + + LONDON, + _October 15, 1884_. + + + + +{x} + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + GRAMMAR 1 + + TEXTS 55 + + NOTES 91 + + GLOSSARY 97 + + + + +{1} + +GRAMMAR. + +The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old +English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the +name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used. + +There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the +_West-Saxon_ dialect in its earliest form. + +SOUNDS. + +VOWELS. + +The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. +Long vowels were occasionally marked by ('), short vowels being left +unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following are the +elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from +English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- + + a _as in_ mann (G.) nama (_name_). + [=a] " father st[=a]n (_stone_). + ae " man glaed (_glad_). + [=ae] " d[=ae]d (_deed_)[1]. + e " ete (F.) ic ete[2] (_I eat_). + [=e] " see (G.) h[=e] (_he_). + [e,] " men m[e,]nn (_men_). + {2} + i " fini (F.) cwic (_alive_). + [=i] " sieh (G.) w[=i]n (_wine_). + ie " fin ieldran (_ancestors_). + [=i]e " h[=i]eran (_hear_). + o " beau (F.) god (_god_). + [=o] " so (G.) g[=o]d (_good_). + u " sou (F.) sunu (_son_). + [=u] " gut (G.) n[=u] (_now_). + y " vec_u_ (F.) synn (_sin_). + [=y] " gruen (G.) br[=y]d (_bride_). + ea = ae + a eall (_all_). + [=e]a = [=ae] + a [=e]ast (_east_). + eo = e + o weorc (_work_). + [=e]o = [=e] + o d[=e]op (_deep_). + _e_ and _[e,]_ are both written e in the MSS. + +The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element. + + Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt + the following approximate pronunciation:-- + + a as in ask (short) nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h). + [=a] " father st[=a]n (stahn). + ae " man glaed (glad). + [=ae] " there [=ae]r (air). + e, [e,] " men ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men). + [=e] " they h[=e] (hay). + i, ie " fin cwic (quick), ieldran (ildr[)a]hn). + [=i], [=i]e " see w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran + (heer[)a]hn). + o " not god (god). + [=o] " note g[=o]d (goad). + u " full full (full). + [=u] " fool n[=u] (noo). + y " fin synn (zin). + [=y] " see br[=y]d (breed). + ea = [)e]-[)a]h eall ([)e]-[)a]hl). + [=e]a = ai-[)a]h [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst). + {3} + eo = [)e]-o weorc (w[)e]-ork). + [=e]o = ai-o d[=e]op (dai-op). + + The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be + expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English. + +CONSONANTS. + +Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus +_sunu_ (son) must be distinguished from _sunne_ (sun) in the same way as +_penny_ is distinguished from _penknife_. So also _in_ (in) must be +distinguished from _inn_ (house); noting that in modern English final +consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our _in_ +and _inn_ both having the pronunciation of Old English _inn_, not of O.E. +_in_. + +_c_ and _g_ had each a _back_ (guttural) and a _front_ (palatal) pron., +which latter is in this book written _[.c]_, _[.g]_. + +c = _k_, as in _c[=e]ne_ (bold), _cn[=a]wan_ (know). + +[.c] = _kj_, a _k_ formed in the _j_ (English _y_) position, nearly as in +the old-fashioned pron. of _sky_: _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _sty[.c][.c]e_ +(piece), _th[e,]n[.c]an_ (think). + +g initially and in the combination _ng_ was pron. as in 'get': _g[=o]d_ +(good), _lang_ (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after +vowels and _l, r_) as in German _sagen: dagas_ (days), _burg_ (city), +_h[=a]lga_ (saint). + +[.g] initially and in the combination _n[.g]_ was pronounced _gj_ +(corresponding to _kj_): _[.g][=e]_ (ye), _[.g]eorn_ (willing), +_spr[e,]n[.g]an_ (scatter); otherwise = _j_ (as in 'you'): _dae[.g]_ (day), +_wr[=e][.g]an_ (accuse), _h[e,]r[.g]ian_ (ravage). It is possible that +_[.g]_ in _[.g]e-boren_ (born) and other unaccented syllables was already +pronounced _j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an_ (say), _hry[.c][.g]_ +(back). + +f had the sound of _v_ everywhere where it was possible:--_faran_ (go), +_of_ (of), _ofer_ (over); not, of course, in _oft_ (often), or when +doubled, as in _offrian_ (offer). {4} + +h initially, as in _h[=e]_ (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else +it had that of Scotch and German _ch_ in _loch_:--_h[=e]ah_ (high), _Wealh_ +(Welshman), _riht_ (right). _hw_, as in _hwaet_ (what), _hw[=i]l_ (while), +had the sound of our _wh_; and _hl, hn, hr_ differed from _l, n, r_ +respectively precisely as _wh_ differs from _w_, that is, they were these +consonants devocalized, _hl_ being nearly the same as Welsh +_ll:--hl[=a]ford_ (lord), _hl[=u]d_ (loud); _hnappian_ (doze), _hnutu_ +(nut); _hrathe_ (quickly), _hr[=e]od_ (reed). + +r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--_r[=ae]ran_ (to raise), +_h[=e]r_ (here), _word_ (word). + +s had the sound of _z_:--_s[=e][.c]an_ (seek), _sw[=a]_ (so), _w[=i]s_ +(wise), _[=a].r[=i]san_ (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard +consonants, as in _st[=a]n_ (stone), _faest_ (firm), _r[=i][.c]sian_ +(rule), or when double, as in _cyssan_ (kiss). + +th had the sound of our _th_ (= dh) in _then_:_--th[=u]_ (thou), _thing_ +(thing), _s[=o]th_ (true), _h[=ae]then_ (heathen); except when in +combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our _th_ in _thin_, +as in _s[=e][.c]th_ (seeks). Note _haefth_ (has) = _haevdh_. + +w was fully pronounced wherever written:--_wr[=i]tan_ (write), _n[=i]we_ +(new), _s[=e]ow_ (sowed _pret._). + +STRESS. + +The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not +on the first syllable of a word, by (.) preceding the letter on which the +stress begins. Thus _for.[.g]iefan_ is pronounced with the same stress as +that of _forgive_, _andswaru_ with that of _answer_. + + * * * * * + +PHONOLOGY. + +VOWELS. + +Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the +most important of which are _mutation_ (German _umlaut_) and _gradation_ +(G. _ablaut_). {5} + +The following changes are _mutations_:-- + +a .. [e,]:--mann, _pl._ m[e,]nn; wand (wound _prt._), w[e,]ndan (to turn). + +ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), +fielth (falls). + +[=a] .. [=ae]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=ae]wth (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound), +h[=ae]lan (heal). + +u .. y:--burg (city), _pl._ byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to +strengthen). + +o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss). + +e .. i:--beran (to bear), bireth (beareth); cwethan (speak), cwide +(speech). + +eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut), +[.c]ierfth (cuts). + +u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]e.coren (chosen). + +[=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u]th (known), c[=y]than (to make known); f[=u]l (foul), +[=a].f[=y]lan (defile). + +[=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought _prt._), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da +(food), f[=e]dan (to feed). + +[=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ewth (hews); t[=e]am (progeny), +t[=i]eman (teem). + +[=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]e.str[=e]on +(possession), [.g]es.tr[=i]enan (gain). + +Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other +most important vowel-relations. + +a, ae, ea. In O.E. original _a_ is preserved before nasals, as in _mann_, +_lang_, _nama_ (name), and before a single consonant followed by _a_, _u_, +or _o_, as in _dagas_ (days), _dagum_ (to days), _faran_ (go), _gafol_ +(profit), and in some words when _e_ follows, as in _ic fare_ (I go), +_faren_ (gone). Before _r_, _l_, _h_ followed by another consonant, and +before _x_ it becomes _ea_, as in _heard_ (hard), _eall_ (all), _eald_ +(old), _eahta_ (eight), _weaxan_ (to grow). Not in _baerst_ (p. 7). In most +other cases it becomes _ae_:--_dae[.g]_, (day), _dae[.g]es_ (of a day), +_faest_ (firm), _waer_ (wary). {6} + +e before nasals always becomes _i_: compare _bindan_ (to bind), pret. +_band_, with _beran_ (to bear), pret. _baer_. + +_e_ before _r_ (generally followed by a consonant) becomes _eo:--eorthe_ +(earth), _heorte_ (heart). Not in _berstan_ (p. 7). Also in other +cases:--_seolfor_ (silver), _heofon_ (heaven). + +i before _r_ + cons. becomes _ie:--bierth_ (beareth) contr. from _bireth, +hierde_ (shepherd) from _heord_ (herd), _wiersa_ (worse). + +[e,] before _r_, or _l_ + cons. often becomes _ie:--fierd_ (army) from +_faran_, _bieldo_ (boldness) from _beald_, _ieldra_ (elder) from _eald_. + +By _gradation_ the vowels are related as follows:-- + +e (i, eo) .. a (ae, ea) .. u (o):-- + +_bindan_ (inf.), _band_ (pret.), _bundon_ (they bound). _beran_ (inf.), +_baer_ (pret.), _boren_ (past partic.). _[.c]eorfan_ (cut), _[.c]earf_ +(pret.), _curfon_ (they cut), _corfen_ (past partic.). _b[e,]nd_ (bond) = +mutation of band, _byr-then_ (burden) of _bor-en_. + +a (ae, ea) .. [=ae]:--_spraec_ (spoke), _spr[=ae]con_ (they spoke), +_spr[=ae][.c]_ (speech). + +a .. [=o]:--_faran_ (to go), _f[=o]r_ (pret.), _f[=o]r_ (journey). +_[.g]e.f[=e]ra_ (companion) mutation of _f[=o]r_. + +[=i] .. [=a] .. i:--_wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]e.writ_ (writing, +_subst._). _(be).l[=i]fan_ (remain), _l[=a]f_ (remains), whence by mutation +_l[=ae]fan_ (leave). + +[=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--_[.c][=e]osan_ (choose), _[.c][=e]as, +curon, coren_. _cys-t_ (choice). _(for).l[=e]osan_ (lose), _l[=e]as_ +(loose), _[=a].l[=i]esan_ (release), _losian_ (to be lost). _b[=u]gan_ +(bend), _boga_ (bow). + +We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation +of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a +knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. +etymology. + + It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two + words. Thus _l[e,][.c][.g]an_ (lay) cannot be directly referred to + _li[.c][.g]an_ (lie), but only to a form *_lag_-, preserved in the + preterite _lae[.g]_. So also _bl[e,]ndan_ (to blind) can be referred + only indirectly to the adjective _blind_ through an intermediate + *_bland_-. Again, the root-vowel of _byrthen_ {7} (burden) cannot be + explained by the infinitive _beran_ (bear), but only by the past + participle _[.g]e.boren_. In the same way _hryre_ (fall _sb._) must be + referred, not to the infinitive _hr[=e]osan_, but to the preterite + plural _hruron_. + + The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation + (1) _feallan_, _f[=e]oll_, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other + causes. + +CONSONANTS. + +s becomes _r_ in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong +verbs, as in _curon_, _[.g]e.coren_ from _[.c][=e]osan_, _w[=ae]ron_ pl. of +_waes_ (was), and in other formations, such as _hryre_ (fall) from +_hr[=e]osan_. + +th becomes _d_ under the same conditions, as in _wurdon_, _[.g]e.worden_ +from _weorthan_ (become), _cwaeth_ (quoth), pl. _cw[=ae]don_, _cwide_ +(speech) from _cwethan_ (infin.). + +r is often transposed, as in _iernan_ (run) from original *_rinnan_ (cp. +the subst. _ryne_), _berstan_ (burst) from *_brestan_, _baerst_ (burst +_pret._) from _braest_, _hors_ (horse) from *_hross_. + +The combinations cae-, gae- become _[.c]ea-_, _[.g]ea-_, as in _[.c]eaf_ +(chaff) from *_caef_, _s[.c]eal_ (shall) from *_scael_, _[.g]eaf_ (gave) = +*_gaef_ from _[.g]iefan_ (cp. _cwaeth_ from _cwethan_), _[.g]eat_ +(gate)--cp. _faet_ (vessel). + +g[=ae]- often becomes _[.g][=e]a-_, as in _[.g][=e]afon_ (they gave), with +which compare _cw[=ae]don_ (they said). + +ge- becomes _[.g]ie_, as in _[.g]iefan_, _[.g]ieldan_ (pay) from *_gefan_, +*_geldan_--cp. _cwethan_, _delfan_. Not in the prefix _[.g]e-_ and +_[.g][=e]_ (ye). + +When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes _h_, as in +_h[=e] l[=i]ehth_ (he lies) from _l[=e]ogan_ (mentiri). + +h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel +being lengthened, thus _Wealh_ (Welshman) has plural _W[=e]alas_. + + * * * * * + +INFLECTIONS. + +NOUNS. + +Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine. +The gender is partly natural, partly {8} grammatical. By the natural gender +names of male beings, such as _se mann_ (the man), are masculine; of female +beings, such as _s[=e]o dohtor_ (the daughter), are feminine; and of young +creatures, such as _thaet [.c]ild_ (the child), neuter. Note, however, that +_thaet w[=i]f_ (woman) is neuter. + +Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other +words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all +nouns ending in _-a_, such as _se m[=o]na_ (moon), are masculine, _s[=e]o +sunne_ (sun) being feminine. Those ending in _-d[=o]m_, _-h[=a]d_, and +_-s[.c]ipe_ are also masculine:--_se w[=i]sd[=o]m_ (wisdom), _se +[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood), _se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Those in +_-nes_, _-o_ (from adjectives) _-r[=ae]den_, and _-ung_ are +feminine:--_s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes_ (righteousness), _s[=e]o bieldo_ +(boldness) from _beald_, _s[=e]o mann-r[=ae]den_ (allegiance), _s[=e]o +scotung_ (shooting). + +Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in _thaet +burg-[.g]eat_ (city-gate), from _s[=e]o burg_ and _thaet [.g]eat_. Hence +also _se w[=i]f-mann_ (woman) is masculine. + +The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student +should learn each noun with its proper definite article. + +Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with +_n_, such as _se m[=o]na_, plural _m[=o]nan_; _s[=e]o sunne_, genitive +sing. _th[=ae]re sunnan_. All the others, such as _se dae[.g]_, pl. +_dagas_, _thaet h[=u]s_ (house), gen. sing. _thaes h[=u]ses_, are strong. + +Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. +The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter +nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never +differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they +differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the +nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in _-um_. {9} + +STRONG MASCULINES. + +(1) as-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom[3]._ st[=a]n (_stone_). _Nom._ st[=a]n-as. + _Dat._ st[=a]n-e. _Dat._ st[=a]n-um. + _Gen._ st[=a]n-es. _Gen._ st[=a]n-a. + +So also _d[=ae]l_ (part), _cyning_ (king), _[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood). + +_dae[.g]_ (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--_dae[.g]_, +_dae[.g]e_, _dae[.g]es_; _dagas_, _dagum_, _daga_. + +Nouns in _-e_ have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--_[e,]nde_, (end), +_[e,]nde_, _[e,]ndes_; _[e,]ndas_, _[e,]ndum_, _[e,]nda_. + +Nouns in _-el_, _-ol_, _-um_, _-en_, _-on_, _-er_, _-or_ often +contract:--_[e,]n[.g]el_ (angel), _[e,]n[.g]le_, _[e,]n[.g]les_; +_[e,]n[.g]las_, _[e,]n[.g]lum_, _[e,]n[.g]la_. So also _nae[.g]el_ (nail), +_the[.g]en_ (thane), _ealdor_ (prince). Others, such as _aecer_ (field), do +not contract. + +_h_ after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in _feorh_ +(life), _f[=e]ore_, _f[=e]ores_. So also in _Wealh_ (Welshman), plur. +_W[=e]alas_. + +There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each. + +(2) e-plurals. + + A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--_l[=e]ode_ (people), + _l[=e]odum_, _l[=e]oda_. So also several names of + nations:--_[E,]n[.g]le_ (English), _D[e,]ne_ (Danes); _Seaxe_ (Saxons), + _Mier[.c]e_ (Mercians), have gen. plur. _Seaxna_, _Mier[.c]na_. + +(3) Mutation-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ f[=o]t (_foot_). _Nom._ f[=e]t. + _Dat._ f[=e]t. _Dat._ f[=o]t-um. + _Gen._ f[=o]t-es. _Gen._ f[=o]t-a. + +So also _t[=o]th_ (tooth). _Mann_ (man), _m[e,]nn_, _mannes_; _m[e,]nn_, +_mannum_, _manna_. + +{10} + +(4) u-nouns. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ sun-u (_son_). _Nom._ sun-a. + _Dat._ sun-a. _Dat._ sun-um. + _Gen._ sun-a. _Gen._ sun-a. + +So also _wudu_ (wood). + +(5) r-nouns (including feminines). + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ m[=o]dor (_mother_). _Nom._ m[=o]dor. + _Dat._ m[=e]der. _Dat._ m[=o]dr-um. + _Gen._ m[=o]dor. _Gen._ m[=o]dr-a. + +So also _br[=o]thor_ (brother); _faeder_ (father), _dohtor_ (daughter), +have dat. sing. _faeder_, _dehter_. + +(6) nd-nouns. + +Formed from the present participle of verbs. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ fr[=e]ond (_friend_). _Nom._ fr[=i]end. + _Dat._ fr[=i]end. _Dat._ fr[=e]ond-um. + _Gen._ fr[=e]ond-es. _Gen._ fr[=e]ond-a. + +So also _f[=e]ond_ (enemy). + +Those in _-end_ inflect thus:--_b[=u]end_ (dweller), _b[=u]end_, +_b[=u]endes_; _b[=u]end_, _b[=u]endum_, _b[=u]endra_. So also _H[=ae]lend_ +(saviour). The _-ra_ is an adjectival inflection. + +STRONG NEUTERS. + +(1) u-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ s[.c]ip (_ship_). _Nom._ s[.c]ip-u. + _Dat._ s[.c]ip-e. _Dat._ s[.c]ip-um. + _Gen._ s[.c]ip-es. _Gen._ s[.c]ip-a. + +So all neuters with short final syllable, such as _[.g]e.bed_ (prayer), +_[.g]e.writ_ (writing), _[.g]eat_ (gate). {11} + +_Faet_ (vessel), _faete_, _faetes_; _fatu_, _fatum_, _fata_ (p. 5). + +_R[=i][.c]e_ (kingdom), _r[=i][.c]e_, _r[=i][.c]es_; _r[=i][.c]u_, +_r[=i][.c]um_, _r[=i][.c]a_. So also all neuters in _e_, except _[=e]age_ +and _[=e]are_ (p. 13): _[.g]e.th[=e]ode_ (language), _sty[.c][.c]e_ +(piece). + +Those in _-ol_, _-en_, _-or_, &c. are generally contracted:--_d[=e]ofol_ +(devil), _d[=e]ofles_, _d[=e]oflu_. So also _w[=ae]pen_ (weapon), _mynster_ +(monastery), _wundor_ (wonder). + +(2) Unchanged plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ h[=u]s (_house_). _Nom._ h[=u]s. + _Dat._ h[=u]s-e. _Dat._ h[=u]s-um. + _Gen._ h[=u]s-es. _Gen._ h[=u]s-a. + +So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, +or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as _bearn_ +(child), _folc_ (nation), _w[=i]f_ (woman). + +_Feoh_ (money) drops its _h_ in inflection and lengthens the _eo_:--_feoh_, +_f[=e]o_, _f[=e]os_. So also _bleoh_ (colour). + +STRONG FEMININES. + +(1) a-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + (a) _Nom._ [.g]ief-u (_gift_). _Nom._ [.g]ief-a. + _Acc._ [.g]ief-e. _Acc._ [.g]ief-a. + _Dat._ [.g]ief-e. _Dat._ [.g]ief-um. + _Gen._ [.g]ief-e. _Gen._ [.g]ief-ena. + +So also _lufu_ (love), _scamu_ (shame). _Duru_ (door) is an _u_-noun: it +has acc. _duru_, d., g. _dura_, g. pl. _dura_. Observe that all these nouns +have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the _u_ is +dropped, and the noun falls under (_b_). {12} + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + (_b_) _Nom._ spr[=ae][.c] (_speech_). _Nom._ spr[=ae][.c]-a. + _Acc._ spr[=ae][.c]-e. _Acc._ spr[=ae][.c]-a. + _Dat._ spr[=ae][.c]-e. _Dat._ spr[=ae][.c]-um. + _Gen._ spr[=ae][.c]-e. _Gen._ spr[=ae][.c]-a. + +So also _str[=ae]t_ (street), _sorg_ (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the +same as the nom., such as _d[=ae]d_, _hand_, _miht_. + +Those in _-ol_, _-er_, _-or_, &c. contract:--_s[=a]wol_ (soul), _s[=a]wle_, +_s[=a]wla_, _s[=a]wlum_. So also _[.c]easter_ (city), _hl[=ae]dder_ +(ladder). + +Some in _-en_ double the _n_ in inflection:--_byrthen_ (burden), +_byrthenne_. So also those in _-r[=ae]den_, such as _hierdr[=ae]den_ +(guardianship). Those in _-nes_ also double the _s_ in inflection: +_g[=o]dnes_ (goodness), _g[=o]dnesse_. + +(2) Mutation-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ b[=o]c (_book_). _Nom._ b[=e][.c]. + _Dat._ b[=e][.c]. _Dat._ b[=o]c-um. + _Gen._ b[=e][.c]. _Gen._ b[=o]c-a. + +_Burg_ (city), _byri[.g]_, _burge_; _byri[.g]_, _burgum_, _burga_. + +(3) Indeclinable. + + SINGULAR. + _Nom._ bieldo (_boldness_). + _Dat._ bieldo. + _Gen._ bieldo. + +So also _ieldo_ (age). + +For _r_-nouns, see under Masculines. + +WEAK MASCULINES. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ nam-a (_name_). _Nom._ nam-an. + _Acc._ nam-an. _Acc._ nam-an. + _Dat._ nam-an. _Dat._ nam-um. + _Gen._ nam-an. _Gen._ nam-ena. + +{13} + +So also all nouns in _-a_:--_[.g]e.f[=e]ra_ (companion), _guma_ (man), +_[.g]e.l[=e]afa_ (belief). _Ieldran_ (elders) occurs only in the plural. + +_[.G]e.f[=e]a_ (joy) is contracted throughout:--_[.g]ef[=e]a_, +_[.g]ef[=e]an_. + +WEAK NEUTERS. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ [=e]ag-e (_eye_). _Nom._ [=e]ag-an. + _Acc._ [=e]ag-e. _Acc._ [=e]ag-an. + _Dat._ [=e]ag-an. _Dat._ [=e]ag-um. + _Gen._ [=e]ag-an. _Gen._ [=e]ag-ena. + +So also _[=e]are_ 'ear.' + +WEAK FEMININES. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ sunn-e (_sun_). _Nom._ sunn-an. + _Acc._ sunn-an. _Acc._ sunn-an. + _Dat._ sunn-an. _Dat._ sunn-um. + _Gen._ sunn-an. _Gen._ sunn-ena. + +So also _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _f[=ae]mne_ (virgin), _heorte_ (heart). + +_L[=e]o_ (lion) has acc., &c. _l[=e]on_. + +PROPER NAMES. + +Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--_Aelfred_, gen. +_Aelfredes_, dat. _Aelfrede_; _[=E]ad-burg_ (fem.), gen. _[=E]adburge_, &c. + +Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus +_Cr[=i]st_, _Salomon_ have gen. _Cr[=i]stes_, _Salomones_, dat. +_Cr[=i]ste_, _Salomone_. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, +especially those in _-us_, but often with a mixture of English endings, and +the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being +often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. _C[=y]rus_, +gen. _C[=y]res_, acc. _C[=y]rum_, dat. _C[=y]rum_ (th[=ae]m cyninge +C[=y]rum). + +Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those +taken from Latin, such as _Breten_ (Britain), _C[e,]nt_ (Kent), +_[.G]erm[=a]nia_ (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with +_land_, such as _[E,]n[.g]la-land_ (land of the English, England), +_Isr.ah[=e]la-th[=e]od_ (Israel). In both of these cases the first element +is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as _Scot-land_, also +occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for +the country itself:--_on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum_ = in East-anglia, lit. +'among the East-anglians.' So also _on Angel-cynne_ = in England, lit. +'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by _Angelcynnes land_. + +Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find _on +C[e,]nt_, _t[=o] Hierusal[=e]m_. + +_[.G]erm[=a]nia_, _Asia_, and other foreign names in _-a_ take _-e_ in the +oblique cases, thus gen. _[.G]erm[=a]nie_. + + * * * * * + +ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with +partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the +masc. and neut. sing. they have an _instrumental_ case, for which in the +fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used. + +STRONG ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take _-u_ in the fem. +sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. {15} + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + (_a_) _Nom._ cwic (_alive_), cwic, cwic-u. + _Acc._ cwic-ne, cwic, cwic-e. + _Dat._ cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. + _Gen._ cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. + _Instr._ cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre). + + PLURAL. + _Nom._ cwic-e, cwic-u, cwic-e. + \____________________ ______________/ + \/ + _Dat._ cwic-um. + _Gen._ cwic-ra. + +So also _sum_ (some), _f[=ae]rlic_ (dangerous). + +Those with _ae_, such as _glaed_ (glad), change it to _a_ in dat. _gladum_, +&c. + +Those in _-e_, such as _bl[=i]the_ (glad), drop it in all +inflections:--_bl[=i]thne_, _bl[=i]thu_, _bl[=i]thre_. + +Those in _-ig_, _-el_, _-ol_, _-en_, _-er_, _-or_ often contract before +inflections beginning with a vowel, as in _h[=a]li[.g]_ (holy), +_h[=a]lges_, _h[=a]lgum_; _mi[.c]el_ (great), _mi[.c]lu_, _mi[.c]le_. Not, +of course, before consonants:--_h[=a]li[.g]ne_, _mi[.c]elne_, _mi[.c]elra_. + +Those in _-u_, such as _[.g]earu_ (ready), change the _u_ into a _w_ before +vowels:--_[.g]earwes_, _[.g]earwe_. + +Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the _u_ of the fem. +and neuter:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + (_b_) _Nom. Sing._ g[=o]d (_good_), g[=o]d, g[=o]d. + _Plur._ g[=o]de, g[=o]d, g[=o]de. + +_F[=e]a_ (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. _f[=e]am_, gen. +_f[=e]ara_. + +_H[=e]ah_ (high) drops its second _h_ in inflection and +contracts:--_h[=e]are_, nom. pl. _h[=e]a_, dat. _h[=e]am_, acc. sing. masc. +_h[=e]anne_. + +_Fela_ (many) is indeclinable. {16} + +WEAK ADJECTIVES. + +The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:- + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ g[=o]d-a, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-e. + _Acc._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-an. + _Dat._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. + _Gen._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. + \________________ __________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ g[=o]d-an. + _Dat._ g[=o]d-um. + _Gen._ g[=o]d-ra. + +The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension. + +COMPARISON. + +The comparative is formed by adding _-ra_, and is declined like a weak +adjective:--_l[=e]of_ (dear), _l[=e]ofra_ masc., _l[=e]ofre_ fem., +_l[=e]ofran_ plur., etc.; _m[=ae]re_ (famous), _m[=ae]rra_. The superlative +is formed by adding _-ost_, and may be either weak or strong:--_l[=e]ofost_ +(dearest). + +The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in +_-est_ (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):-- + + eald (_old_), ieldra, ieldest. + lang (_long_), l[e,]n[.g]ra, l[e,]n[.g]est. + n[=e]ah (_near_), (n[=e]ar), n[=i]ehst. + h[=e]ah (_high_), h[=i]erra, h[=i]ehst. + +The following show different roots:-- + + g[=o]d (_good_), b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst. + yfel (_evil_), wiersa, wierrest. + mi[.c]el (_great_), m[=a]ra (m[=a]), m[=ae]st. + l[=y]tel (_little_), l[=ae]ssa (l[=ae]s), l[=ae]st. + +{17} + +The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from +adverbs:-- + + [=ae]r (_formerly_), [=ae]rra ([=ae]ror), [=ae]rest. + fore (_before_), . . . forma, fyrmest. + [=u]t (_out_), [=y]terra, [=y]temest. + +NUMERALS. + + CARDINAL. ORDINAL. + [=a]n, _one_. forma (_first_). + tw[=a], _two_. [=o]ther. + thr[=e]o, _three_. thridda. + f[=e]ower, _four_. f[=e]ortha. + f[=i]f, _five_. f[=i]f-ta. + siex, _six_. siex-ta. + seofon, _seven_. seofotha. + eahta, _eight_. eahtotha. + nigon, _nine_. nigotha. + t[=i]en, _ten_. t[=e]otha. + [e,]ndlufon, _eleven_. [e,]ndlyf-ta. + tw[e,]lf, _twelve_. tw[=e,]lf-ta. + thr[=e]o-t[=i]ene, _thirteen_. thr[=e]o-t[=e]otha. + f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene, _fourteen_. + f[=i]f-t[=i]ene, _fifteen_. + siex-t[=i]ene, _sixteen_. + seofon-t[=i]ene, _seventeen_. + eahta-t[=i]ene, _eighteen_. + nigon-t[=i]ene, _nineteen_. + tw[e,]n-ti[.g], _twenty_. + thri-ti[.g], _thirty_. + f[=e]ower-ti[.g], _forty_. + f[=i]f-ti[.g], _fifty_. + siex-ti[.g], _sixty_. + {18} + hund-.seofon-ti[.g], _seventy_. + hund-.eahta-ti[.g], _eighty_. + hund-.nigon-ti[.g], _ninety_. + hund } _hundred_. + hund-.t[=e]onti[.g], } + hund-.[e,]ndlufonti[.g], _hundred and ten_. + hund-.tw[e,]lfti[.g], _hundred and twenty_. + th[=u]send, _thousand_. + +_[=A]n_ is declined like other adjectives. + +_Tw[=a]_ is declined thus:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ tw[=e][.g]en, tw[=a], tw[=a]. + \__________________ ___________________/ + \/ + _Dat._ tw[=ae]m. + _Gen._ tw[=e][.g]ra. + +So also _b[=e][.g]en_ (both), _b[=a]_, _b[=ae]m_, _b[=e][.g]ra_. + +_Thr[=e]o_ is declined thus:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ thr[=i]e, thr[=e]o, thr[=e]o. + \_____________ _______________/ + \/ + _Dat._ thrim. + _Gen._ thr[=e]ora. + +The others up to _tw[e,]nti[.g]_ are generally indeclinable. Those in +_-ti[.g]_ are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like +adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives +they govern the genitive. + +_Hund_ and _th[=u]send_ are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, +always taking a genitive:--_eahta hund m[=i]la_ (eight hundred miles), +_f[=e]ower th[=u]send wera_ (four thousand men). + +Units are always put before tens:--_[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g]_ (twenty-one). +{19} + +The ordinals are always weak, except _[=o]ther_, which is always strong. + + * * * * * + +PRONOUNS. + +PERSONAL. + + SINGULAR. + _Nom._ i[.c] (_I_), th[=u] (_thou_). + _Acc._ m[=e], th[=e]. + _Dat._ m[=e], th[=e]. + _Gen._ m[=i]n, th[=i]n. + + DUAL. + _Nom._ wit (_we two_), [.g]it (_ye two_). + _Acc._ unc, inc. + _Dat._ unc, inc. + _Gen._ uncer, incer. + + PLURAL. + _Nom._ w[=e] (_we_), [.g][=e] (_ye_). + _Acc._ [=u]s, [=e]ow. + _Dat._ [=u]s, [=e]ow. + _Gen._ [=u]re, [=e]ower. + + + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ h[=e] (_he_), hit (_it_), h[=e]o (_she_). + _Acc._ hine, hit, h[=i]e. + _Dat._ him, him, hiere. + _Gen._ his, his, hiere. + \_________________ _________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ h[=i]e (_they_). + _Dat._ him. + _Gen._ hiera. + +There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal +pronouns are used instead:--_h[=i]e [.g]e.samnodon h[=i]e_ (they collected +themselves, assembled); _h[=i]e [=a].b[=ae]don him w[=i]f_ (they asked for +wives for themselves). _Self_ is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective +agreeing with its pronoun:--_sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum_ +(as they wished for themselves). + +POSSESSIVE. + +_M[=i]n_ (my), _th[=i]n_ (thy), _[=u]re_ (our), _[=e]ower_ (your), and the +dual _uncer_ and _incer_ are declined like other adjectives. The genitives +_his_ (his, its), _hiere_ (her), _hiera_ (their) are used as indeclinable +possessives. + +INTERROGATIVE. + + Masc. and Fem. Neut. + _Nom._ hw[=a] (_who_), hwaet (_what_). + _Acc._ hwone, hwaet. + _Dat._ hw[=ae]m, hw[=ae]m. + _Gen._ hwaes, hwaes. + _Instr._ hw[=y], hw[=y]. + +_Hwelc_ (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a +noun and an adjective. + +DEMONSTRATIVE. + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ se (_that_, _the_), thaet, s[=e]o. + _Acc._ thone, thaet, th[=a]. + _Dat._ th[=ae]m, th[=ae]m, th[=ae]re. + _Gen._ thaes, thaes, th[=ae]re. + _Instr._ th[=y], thon, th[=y], (th[=ae]re). + \_______________________ __________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ th[=a]. + _Dat._ th[=ae]m. + _Gen._ th[=a]ra. + +{21} + +_Se_ is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a +personal pronoun:--_h[=e] [.g]e.h[=i]erth m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c]th +th[=a]_ (he hears my words, and does them). _S[=e]_ as a demonstrative and +pers. pronoun has its vowel long. + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ thes (_this_), this, th[=e]os. + _Acc._ thisne, this, th[=a]s. + _Dat._ thissum, thissum, thisse. + _Gen._ thisses, thisses, thisse. + _Instr._ th[=y]s, th[=y]s. (thisse). + \__________________ ______________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ th[=a]s. + _Dat._ thissum. + _Gen._ thissa. + +Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are +_se ilca_ (same), which is always weak, _swelc_ (such), which is always +strong. + +RELATIVE. + +The regular relative is the indeclinable _the_, as in _[=ae]lc th[=a]ra the +th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth_ (each of those who hears these my +words). It is often combined with _s[=e]_, which is declined:--_s[=e] the_ += who, masc., _s[=e]o the_, fem., &c. _S[=e]_ alone is also used as a +relative:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e.[.c][=e]as_ (here is my +servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--_h[=e]r +th[=u] haefst thaet th[=i]n is_ (here thou hast that which is thine). + +INDEFINITE. + +Indefinites are formed with _sw[=a]_ and the interrogative pronouns, +thus:--_sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a]_, _sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a]_ (whoever), _sw[=a] +hwaet sw[=a]_ (whatever). {22} + +_[=A]n_ and _sum_ (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--_[=a]n mann_, +_sum mann_ = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is +generally not expressed. + +_[=Ae]l[.c]_ (each), _[=ae]ni[.g]_ (any), _n[=ae]ni[.g]_ (no, none), are +declined like other adjectives. + +_[=O]ther_ (other) is always strong:--_th[=a] [=o]thre m[e,]nn_. + +_Man_, another form of _mann_, is often used in the indefinite sense of +'one,' French _on_:--_his br[=o]thor Horsan man of.sl[=o]g_ (they killed +his brother Horsa). + + * * * * * + +VERBS. + +There are two classes of verbs in O.E., _strong_ and _weak_. The +conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, +that of weak verbs by the addition of _d_ (-ode, -ede, -de) to the +root-syllable. + +The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _bindan_ (bind), which +will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. bind-e, bind-e. + 2. bind-est, bintst, bind-e. + 3. bind-eth, bint, bind-e. + _plur._ bind-ath, bind-en. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. band, bund-e. + 2. bund-e, bund-e. + 3. band, bund-e. + _plur._ bund-on, bund-en. + + _Imper. sing._ bind; _plur._ bind-ath. _Infin._ bind-an. + _Partic. pres._ bind-ende; _pret._ [.g]e-.bund-en. + _Gerund._ t[=o] bind-enne. + +For the plural _bindath_, both indicative and imperative, _binde_ is used +when the personal pronoun follows immediately after {23} the verb:--_w[=e] +bindath_ (we bind), but _binde w[=e]_ (let us bind); so also _g[=a]th!_ (go +plur.), but _g[=a] [.g][=e]!_ (go ye). + +The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension +when used as a noun is given above, p. 10. + +The past participle generally prefixes _[.g]e-_, as in _[.g]e.bunden_, +_[.g]e.numen_ from _niman_ (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have +it already, as in _[.g]e.h[=i]eran_ (hear), _[.g]e.h[=i]ered_. It is +sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No _[.g]e_ is added +if the verb has another prefix, such as _[=a]-_, _be-_, _for-_; thus +_for.[.g]iefan_ (forgive) has the past participle _for.[.g]iefen_. The past +participle may be declined like an adjective. + +Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form _h[=a]t-te_ from +_h[=a]tan_ (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite +'was called':--_se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo_ (the monk's name was Abbo). + +STRONG VERBS. + +In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a +different vowel from that of the sing. (_ic band_, _w[=e] bundon_). The 2nd +sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the +preterite plural indicative (_th[=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden_.) + +The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the +root-vowel, thus:-- + + a _becomes_ [e,] _as in_ (h[=e]) st[e,]nt _from_ standan (_stand_). + ea " ie " fielth " feallan (_fall_). + e " i " cwithth " cwethan (_say_). + eo " ie " wierth " weorthan (_happen_). + [=a] " [=ae] " h[=ae]tt " h[=a]tan (_command_). + [=o] " [=e] " gr[=e]wth " gr[=o]wan (_grow_). + [=e]a " [=i]e " h[=i]ewth " h[=e]awan (_hew_). + [=e]o " [=i]e " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (_choose_). + [=u] " [=y] " l[=y]cth " l[=u]can (_close_). + +{24} + +The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is _-eth_, which is +generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:-- + + -teth _becomes_ -tt _as in_ l[=ae]tt _from_ l[=ae]tan (_let_). + -deth " -tt " b[=i]tt " b[=i]dan (_wait_). + -ddeth " -tt " bitt " biddan (_pray_). + -theth " -thth " cwithth " cwethan (_say_). + -seth " -st " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (_choose_). + -ndeth " -nt " bint " bindan (_bind_). + +Double consonants become single, as in _h[=e] fielth_ from _feallan_. + +Before the _-st_ of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in _th[=u] +cwist_ from _cwethan_, _th[=u] [.c][=i]est_ from _[.c][=e]osan_; and _d_ +becomes _t_, as in _th[=u] bintst_ from _bindan_. + +For the changes between _s_ and _r_, _th_ and _d_, _g_ and _h_, see p. 7. + +Some verbs, such as _s[=e]on_ (see), drop the _h_ and contract before most +inflections beginning with a vowel:--_ic s[=e]o_, _w[=e] s[=e]oth_, _t[=o] +s[=e]onne_; but _h[=e] sihth_. + +There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the +different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all +the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with +several others of the commoner ones. + +I. 'Fall'-conjugation. + +The pret. sing. and pl. has _[=e]o_ or _[=e]_, and the past partic. retains +the original vowel of the infinitive. {25} + + (_a_) [=e]o-_preterites_. + + ea:-- + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + feallan (_fall_) fielth f[=e]oll f[=e]ollon feallen + healdan (_hold_) hielt h[=e]old h[=e]oldon healden + wealdan (_wield_) wielt w[=e]old w[=e]oldon wealden + weaxan (_grow_) wiext w[=e]ox w[=e]oxon weaxen + + [=a]:-- + bl[=a]wan (_blow_) bl[=ae]wth bl[=e]ow bl[=e]owon bl[=a]wen + cn[=a]wan (_know_) cn[=ae]wth cn[=e]ow cn[=e]owon cn[=a]wen + s[=a]wan (_sow_) s[=ae]wth s[=e]ow s[=e]owon s[=a]wen + + [=e]:-- + w[=e]pan (_weep_) w[=e]pth w[=e]op w[=e]opon w[=o]pen + +_W[=e]pan_ has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original +_[=o]_ re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the +inflection. + + [=o]:-- + fl[=o]wan (_flow_) fl[=e]wth fl[=e]ow fl[=e]owon fl[=o]wen + gr[=o]wan (_grow_) gr[=e]wth gr[=e]ow gr[=e]owon gr[=o]wen + r[=o]wan (_row_) r[=e]wth r[=e]ow r[=e]owon r[=o]wen + + [=e]a:-- + b[=e]atan (_beat_) b[=i]ett b[=e]ot b[=e]oton b[=e]aten + h[=e]awan (_hew_) h[=i]ewth h[=e]ow h[=e]owon h[=e]awen + hl[=e]apan (_leap_) hl[=i]epth hl[=e]op hl[=e]opon hl[=e]apen + +(_b_) [=e]-_preterites_. + + [=a]:-- + h[=a]tan (_command_) h[=ae]tt h[=e]t h[=e]ton h[=a]ten + + [=ae]:-- + l[=ae]tan (_let_) l[=ae]tt l[=e]t l[=e]ton l[=ae]ten + + [=o]:-- + f[=o]n (_seize_) f[=e]hth f[=e]ng f[=e]ngon fangen + h[=o]n (_hang_) h[=e]hth h[=e]ng h[=e]ngon hangen + +{26} + +II. 'Shake'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _a_ (_ea_) and _[e,]_ (_ie_). _[=O]_ in pret. sing, and pl., _a_ +(_ae_) in partic. pret. _Standan_ drops its _n_ in the pret. The partic. +pret. of _sw[e,]rian_ is irregular. + +a:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + faran (_go_) faerth f[=o]r f[=o]ron faren + sacan (_quarrel_) saecth s[=o]c s[=o]con sacen + scacan (_shake_) scaecth sc[=o]c sc[=o]con scacen + standan (_stand_) st[e,]nt st[=o]d st[=o]don standen + +The following shows contraction of original _ea_:-- + + sl[=e]an (_strike_) sliehth sl[=o]g sl[=o]gon slae[.g]en + +[e,]:-- + + h[e,]bban (_lift_) h[e,]fth h[=o]f h[=o]fon hafen + s[.c]ieppan (_create_) s[.c]iepth sc[=o]p sc[=o]pon scapen + sw[e,]rian (_swear_) sw[e,]reth sw[=o]r sw[=o]ron sworen + +The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative +sing. is _h[e,]fe_ and _sw[e,]re_, like that of _w[e,]nian_ (p. 32). +_Sw[e,]rian_ has indic. _sw[e,]rige_, _sw[e,]rest_, like _w[e,]nian_; +_h[e,]bban_ has _h[e,]bbe_, _h[e,]fst_, &c. like _h[=i]eran_ (p. 30). + +III. 'Bind'-conjugation. + +_I_ (_ie_, _e_, _eo_) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is +nearly always a liquid (_l_, _r_) or nasal (_m_, _n_) in the infin., _a_ +(_ae_, _ea_) in pret. sing., _u_ in pret. pl., _u_ (_o_) in ptc. pret. +_Findan_ has a weak preterite. + +i:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET.SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + bindan (_bind_) bint band bundon bunden + drincan (_drink_) drincth dranc druncon druncen + findan (_find_) fint funde fundon funden + [.g]ieldan (_pay_) [.g]ielt [.g]eald guldon golden + (on)[.g]innan (_begin_) -[.g]inth -gann -gunnon -gunnen + {27} + grindan (_grind_) grint grand grundon grunden + iernan (_run_) [p. 7] iernth arn urnon urnen + [.g]e-.limpan (_happen_) -limpth -lamp -lumpon -lumpen + scrincan (_shrink_) scrincth scranc scruncon scruncen + springan (_spring_) springth sprang sprungon sprungen + swincan (_toil_) swincth swanc swuncon swuncen + windan (_wind_) wint wand wundon wunden + winnan (_fight_) winth wann wunnon wunnen + +e:-- + + berstan (_burst_) bierst baerst burston borsten + bre[.g]dan (_pull_) ... brae[.g]d brugdon brogden + delfan (_dig_) dilfth dealf dulfon dolfen + sweltan (_die_) swilt swealt swulton swolten + +eo:-- + + beorgan (_protect_) bierhth bearg burgon borgen + beornan (_burn_)[p. 7] biernth barn burnon burnen + [.c]eorfan (_cut_) [.c]ierfth [.c]earf curfon corfen + feohtan (_fight_) fieht feaht fuhton fohten + weorpan (_throw_) wierpth wearp wurpon worpen + weorthan (_become_) wierth wearth wurdon worden + +IV. 'Bear'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _e_ (_i_), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or +nasal; in _brecan_ the liquid precedes the vowel. _A_ (_ae_) in pret. +sing., _[=ae]_ (_[=a]_) in pret. pl., _o_ (_u_) in ptc. pret. _Cuman_ is +irregular. + +i:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + niman (_take_) nimth nam n[=a]mon numen + +e:-- + + beran (_bear_) bierth baer b[=ae]ron boren + brecan (_break_) bricth braec br[=ae]con brocen + s[.c]eran (_shear_) s[.c]ierth s[.c]ear s[.c][=e]aron scoren + stelan (_steal_) stilth stael st[=ae]lon stolen + teran (_tear_) .. taer t[=ae]ron toren + +{28} + +u:-- + + cuman (_come_) cymth c[=o]m c[=o]mon cumen + +V. 'Give'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _e_ (_i_, _eo_, _ie_) followed by single consonants, which are not +liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. +which keeps the vowel of the infinitive. + +e:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + cwethan (_say_) cwithth cwaeth cw[=ae]don cweden + etan (_eat_) itt [=ae]t [=ae]ton eten + sprecan (_speak_) spricth spraec spr[=ae]con sprecen + wrecan (_avenge_) wricth wraec wr[=ae]con wrecen + +i:-- + + biddan (_pray_) bitt baed b[=ae]don beden + li[.c][.g]an (_lie_) l[=i]th lae[.g] l[=ae]gon le[.g]en + sittan (_sit_) sitt saet s[=ae]ton seten + thi[.c][.g]an (_receive_) thi[.g]eth theah th[=ae]gon the[.g]en + +All these have weak presents:--imper. _bide_, _li[.g]e_, _site_, +_thi[.g]e_. Their _i_s are mutations of the _e_ which appears in their past +partic. + +ie:-- + + [.g]iefan (_give_) [.g]iefth [.g]eaf [.g][=e]afon [.g]iefen + (on)[.g]ietan (_understand_) -[.g]iett -[.g]eat -[.g][=e]aton + -[.g]ieten + +The following is contracted in most forms:-- + + s[=e]on (_see_) sihth seah s[=a]won sewen + +VI. 'Shine'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _[=i]_, with pret. sing, in _[=a]_, pl. _i_, ptc. pret. _i_. + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + b[=i]dan (_wait_) b[=i]tt b[=a]d bidon biden + b[=i]tan (_bite_) b[=i]tt b[=a]t biton biten + dr[=i]fan (_drive_) dr[=i]fth dr[=a]f drifon drifen + {29} + (be)l[=i]fan (_remain_) -l[=i]fth -l[=a]f -lifon -lifen + r[=i]dan (_ride_) r[=i]tt r[=a]d ridon riden + r[=i]pan (_reap_) r[=i]pth r[=a]p ripon ripen + ([=a])r[=i]san (_rise_) -r[=i]st -r[=a]s -rison -risen + s[.c][=i]nan (_shine_) s[.c][=i]nth sc[=a]n s[.c]inon s[.c]inen + sn[=i]than (_cut_) sn[=i]thth sn[=a]th snidon sniden + st[=i]gan (_ascend_) st[=i][.g]th st[=a]g stigon sti[.g]en + (be)sw[=i]can (_deceive_) -sw[=i]cth -sw[=a]c -swicon -swicen + [.g]e.w[=i]tan (_depart_) -w[=i]tt w[=a]t -witon -witen + wr[=i]tan (_write_) wr[=i]tt wr[=a]t writon writen + +VII. 'Choose'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _[=e]o_ and _[=u]_, with pret. sing. _[=e]a_, pl. _u_, ptc. pret. +_o_. _Fl[=e]on_ and _t[=e]on_ contract. + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + b[=e]odan (_offer_) b[=i]ett b[=e]ad budon boden + br[=e]otan (_break_) br[=i]ett br[=e]at bruton broten + [.c][=e]osan (_choose_) [.c][=i]est [.c][=e]as curon coren + fl[=e]ogan (_fly_) fl[=i]ehth fl[=e]ag flugon flogen + fl[=e]on (_flee_) fl[=i]ehth fl[=e]ah flugon flogen + fl[=e]otan (_float_) fl[=i]ett fl[=e]at fluton floten + hr[=e]osan (_fall_) hr[=i]est hr[=e]as hruron hroren + hr[=e]owan (_rue_) hr[=i]ewth hr[=e]aw hruwon hrowen + for.l[=e]osan (_lose_) -l[=i]est -l[=e]as -luron -loren + s[.c][=e]otan (_shoot_) s[.c][=i]ett s[.c][=e]at scuton scoten + sm[=e]ocan (_smoke_) sm[=i]ecth sm[=e]ac smucon smocen + t[=e]on (_pull_) t[=i]ehth t[=e]ah tugon togen + [=a]-thr[=e]otan (_fail_) -thr[=i]ett -thr[=e]at -thruton -throten + +[=u]:-- + + br[=u]can (_enjoy_) br[=y]cth br[=e]ac brucon brocen + b[=u]gan (_bow_) b[=y]hth b[=e]ag bugon bogen + l[=u]can (_lock_) l[=y]cth l[=e]ac lucon locen + l[=u]tan (_bow_) l[=y]tt l[=e]at luton loten + sc[=u]fan (_push_) sc[=y]fth s[.c][=e]af scufon scofen + +{30} + +WEAK VERBS. + +There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in _-an_, pret. _-de_ +(_h[=i]eran_, _h[=i]erde_, 'hear'); (2) in _-ian_, pret. _-ede_ +(_w[e,]nian_, _w[e,]nede_, 'wean'); (3) in _-ian_, pret. _-ode_ (_lufian_, +_lufode_, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have +a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third +conjugation very seldom have. + +I. _an-_verbs. + +This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except +in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding _-de_ and _-ed_ +respectively, with the following consonant changes. + + -ndde _becomes_ -nde _as in_ s[e,]nde _from_ s[e,]ndan (_send_). + -llde " -lde " fylde " fyllan (_fill_). + -tde " -tte " m[=e]tte " m[=e]tan (_find_). + -pde " -pte " dypte " dyppan (_dip_). + -cde " -hte " t[=ae]hte " t[=ae][.c]an (_show_). + +The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--_s[e,]nd_, +_m[=e]tt_, _t[=ae]ht_, but some of them often retain the uncontracted +forms:--_fylled_, _dypped_. When declined like adjectives they drop their +_e_ where practicable:--_fylled_, plur. _fylde_; _h[=i]ered_, _h[=i]erde_. + +The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs. + +(_a_) 'Hear'_-class_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-e (_hear_), h[=i]er-e. + 2. h[=i]er-st, h[=i]er-e. + 3. h[=i]er-th, h[=i]er-e. + _plur._ h[=i]er-ath, h[=i]er-en. + {31} + + _Pret. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. + 2. h[=i]er-dest, h[=i]er-de. + 3. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. + _plur._ h[=i]er-don, h[=i]er-den. + + Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-ath. Infin. h[=i]er-an. + Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed. + Gerund. t[=o] h[=i]er-enne. + +Further examples of this class are:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. + aet.[=i]ewan (_show_) -[=i]ewth -[=i]ewde -[=i]ewed. + c[=y]than (_make known_) c[=y]thth c[=y]thde c[=y]thed, + c[=y]dd + fyllan (_fill_) fylth fylde fylled + (n[=e]a)l[=ae][.c]an (_approach_) -l[=ae][.c]th -l[=ae]hte -l[=ae]ht + l[=ae]dan (_lead_) l[ae]tt l[=ae]dde l[=ae]dd + l[e,][.c][.g]an (_lay_) l[e,][.g]th l[e,][.g]de l[e,][.g]d + [.g]e.l[=i]efan (_believe_) -l[=i]efth -l[=i]efde -l[=i]efed + n[e,]mnan (_name_) n[e,]mneth n[e,]mnde n[e,]mned + s[e,]ndan (_send_) s[e,]nt s[e,]nde s[e,]nd + s[e,]ttan (_set_) s[e,]tt s[e,]tte s[e,]tt + sm[=e]an (_consider_) sm[=e]ath sm[=e]ade sm[=e]ad + t[=ae][.c]an (_show_) t[=ae][.c]th t[=ae]hte t[=ae]ht + w[e,]ndan (_turn_) w[e,]nt w[e,]nde w[e,]nd + +(_b_) 'Seek'-_class_. + +In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and +past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs. + +Those in double consonants (and _[.c][.g]_) simplify them in the contracted +2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:--_s[e,]lle_, _s[e,]lst_, _s[e,]lth_; +_s[e,][.c][,g]e_, _s[e,][.g]st_, _s[e,][.g]th_; also in the imperative, +which is formed as in Conj. II:--_s[e,]le_, _s[e,][.g]e_, _by[.g]e_, &c. +{32} + +[e,]:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. + + cw[e,]llan (_kill_) cw[e,]lth cwealde cweald + r[e,][.c][.c]an (_tell_) r[e,][.c]th reahte reaht + s[e,][.c][.g]an (_say_) s[e,][.g]th sae[.g]de sae[.g]d + s[e,]llan (_give_) s[e,]lth sealde seald + w[e,][.c][.c]an (_wake_) w[e,][.c]th weahte weaht + th[e,]n[.c]an (_think_) th[e,]n[.c]th th[=o]hte th[=o]ht + +i:-- + + bringan (_bring_) bringth br[=o]hte br[=o]ht + +y:-- + + by[.c][.g]an (_buy_) by[.g]th bohte boht + thyn[.c]an (_appear_) thyn[.c]th th[=u]hte th-uht + wyr[.c]an (_work_) wyr[.c]th worhte worht + +[=e]:-- + + r[=e][.c]an (_care_) r[=e][.c]th r[=o]hte r[=o]ht + s[=e][.c]an (_seek_) s[=e][.c]th s[=o]hte s[=o]ht + +II. 'Wean'-_conjugation_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. w[e,]n-i[.g]e (_wean_), w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + 2. w[e,]n-est, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + 3. w[e,]n-eth, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + _plur._ w[e,]n-iath, w[e,]n-ien. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. + 2. w[e,]n-edest, w[e,]n-ede. + 3. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. + _plur._ w[e,]n-edon, w[e,]n-eden. + + _Imper._ w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-iath. _Infin._ w[e,]n-ian. + _Partic. pres._ w[e,]n-iende; _pret._ w[e,]n-ed. + _Gerund._ t[=o] w[e,]n-ienne. + +{33} + +So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such +as _f[e,]rian_ (carry), _w[e,]rian_ (defend), _[.g]e.byrian_ (befit). There +are not many of them. + +III. 'Love'-_conjugation_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. luf-i[.g]e (_love_), luf-i[.g]e. + 2. luf-ast, luf-i[.g]e. + 3. luf-ath, luf-i[.g]e. + _plur._ luf-iath, luf-ien. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. luf-ode, luf-ode. + 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. + 3. luf-ode, luf-ode. + _plur._ luf-odon, luf-oden. + + _Imper._ luf-a, luf-iath. _Infin._ luf-ian. + _Partic. pres._ luf-iende: _pret._ luf-od. _Gerund._ t[=o] luf-ienne. + +So also _[=a]scian_ (ask), _macian_ (make), _weorthian_ (honour), and many +others. + +_Irregularities._ + +Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are +_habban_ (have) and _libban_ (live). + +_Habban_ has pres. indic. _haebbe_, _haefst_, _haefth_; _habbath_, subj. +_haebbe_, _haebben_, pret. _haefde_, imper. _hafa_, _habbath_, particc. +_habbende_, _haefd_. + +_Libban_ has pres. _libbe_, _leofast_, _leofath_; _libbath_, subj. _libbe_, +pret. _leofode_, imper. _leofa_, _libbath_, particc. _libbende_, +_lifiende_; _leofod_. + +_F[e,]tian_ (fetch) has pret. _f[e,]tte_. + +STRONG-WEAK VERBS. + +The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from +which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person +sing. in _t_. {34} + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. w[=a]t (_know_), wite. + 2. w[=a]st, wite. + 3. w[=a]t, wite. + _plur._ witon, witen. + + _Pret._ wiste. + + _Imper._ wite, witath. _Infin._ witan. + _Partic. pres._ witende; _pret._ witen. + +The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and +2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin. +and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not +exist. + +[=A]h (_possess_), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (_only as +adjective_)[4]. + +Cann (_know_) canst, cunnon; c[=u]the; cunnan; c[=u]th (_only as +adjective_.) + +Dearr (_dare_), durre, durron; dorste. + +[.G]e.man (_remember_), -manst; -munde; -munan. + +Mae[.g] (_can_), miht, magon, mae[.g]e (_subj._); mihte. + +M[=o]t (_may_), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste. + +S[.c]eal (_shall_), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (_subj._); scolde. + +Thearf (_need_), thurfon, thyrfe (_subj._); thorfte; thurfan. + +ANOMALOUS VERBS. + +(1) Willan (_will_) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. +sing.:-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. wile, wile. + 2. wilt, wile. + 3. wile, wile. + _plur._ willath, willen. + + _Pret._ wolde, etc. + +{35} + +Similarly _nyllan_ (will not):-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. nyle, nyle. + 2. nylt, nyle. + 3. nyle, nyle. + _plur._ nyllath, nyllen. + + _Pret._ nolde, etc. + +(2) Wesan (_be_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. eom; b[=e]o, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + 2. eart; bist, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + 3. is; bith, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + _plur._ sind; b[=e]oth, s[=i]en; b[=e]on. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. waes, w[=ae]re. + 2. w[=ae]re, w[=ae]re. + 3. waes, w[=ae]re. + _plur._ w[=ae]ron, w[=ae]ren. + + _Imper._ wes, wesath; b[=e]o, b[=e]oth. _Infin._ wesan; b[=e]on. + _Partic. pres._ wesende. + +The contracted negative forms are:--_neom_, _neart_, _nis_; _naes_, +_n[=ae]re_, _n[=ae]ron_; _n[=ae]re_, _n[=ae]ren_. + +(3) D[=o]n (_do_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. d[=o], d[=o]. + 2. d[=e]st, d[=o]. + 3. d[=e]th, d[=o]. + _plur._ d[=o]th, d[=o]n. + + _Pret._ dyde, etc. + + _Imper._ d[=o], d[=o]th. _Infin._ d[=o]n. + _Partic. pres._ d[=o]nde; _pret._ [.g]e.d[=o]n. + +{36} + +(4) G[=a]n (_go_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. g[=a], g[=a]. + 2. g[=ae]st, g[=a]. + 3. g[=ae]th, g[=a]. + _plur._ g[=a]th, g[=a]n. + + _Pret._ [=e]ode, [=e]ode. + + _Imper._ g[=a], g[=a]th. _Infin._ g[=a]n. + _Partic. pres._ gangende; _pret._ [.g]e.g[=a]n. + + * * * * * + +DERIVATION. + +PREFIXES. + +The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are _verbal_, +being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some +_nominal_, being confined to nouns and adjectives. + +[=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in _[=a].r[=i]san_, 'rise forth,' +'arise'; _[=a].faran_, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as +in _[=a].cw[e,]llan_ (kill), _[=a].hr[=e]osan_ (fall). + +(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, +as in _[=a]-hw[=ae]r_ (anywhere), _[=a]-wiht_ (anything). + +[=ae][.g]- from _[=a]-[.g]e_-, the _[=a]_ being mutated and the _e_ +dropped, has a similar meaning, as in _[=ae][.g]-hwelc_ (each), +_[=ae][.g]ther_ = _[=ae][.g]-hwaether_ (either). + +be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition _be_), (1) specializes +the meaning of a transitive verb, as in _be.s[e,]ttan_ (beset, surround), +_be.s[.c]ieran_ (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in +_be.th[e,]n[.c]an_ (consider) from _th[e,]n[.c]an_ (think); (3) gives a +privative meaning, as in _be.h[=e]afdian_ (behead). In some words, such as +_be.cuman_ (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37} + +for- (which is distinct from the preposition _for_) generally has the sense +of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in _for.d[=o]n_ (destroy), _for.weorthan_ +(perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has +this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in _for.br[=e]otan_ +(break up, break), _for.scrincan_ (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad +sense generally, as in _for.s[=e]on_ (despise), or negatives, as in +_for.b[=e]odan_ (forbid). + +[.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in _[.g]e.f[=e]ra_ +(fellow-traveller, companion) from _f[=e]ran_ (travel). With verbs it often +signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in +_[.g]e.g[=a]n_ (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' _[.g]e.winnan_ +(win) from _winnan_ (fight). Hence generally prefixed to _h[=i]eran_ and +_s[=e]on_, _[.g]e.h[=i]eran_ and _[.g]e.s[=e]on_ strictly meaning 'succeed +in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), +where it originally gave the meaning of completion--_[.g]e.lufod_ = +'completely loved.' + +mis- = 'mis,' as in _mis-d[=ae]d_ (misdeed). + +n- = _ne_ (not), as in _n[=a]_ (not), literally 'never,' _n[=ae]fre_ +(never), _naes_ (was not) = _ne waes_. + +on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _on_. It +properly signifies 'separation,' as in _on.l[=u]can_ (open) from _l[=u]can_ +(lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in _on.[.g]innan_ +(begin). + +or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in _orsorg_ (unconcerned) from +_sorg_ (sorrow). + +t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _t[=o]_ +(which occurs in _t[=o].gaedre_, 'together,' &c.), but signifies +'separation,' as in _t[=o].berstan_ (burst asunder), _t[=o].bre[.g]dan_ +(shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in _t[=o].cw[=i]esan_ (crush to +pieces, bruise). + +un- negatives, as in _un-[.g]es[=ae]li[.g]_ (unhappy). {38} + +ENDINGS. + +(_a_) NOUNS. + +_Personal._ + +-end, from the present participle _-ende_, = '-er':--_H[=ae]lend_ (healer, +Saviour), _b[=u]end_ (dweller). + +-ere = '-er':--_s[=a]were_ (sower), _mynetere_ (money-changer, minter) from +_mynet_ (coin). + +-ing, patronymic, _aetheling_ (son of a noble, prince) from _aethele_ +(noble). + +_Abstract._ + +-nes, fem. from adjectives:--_g[=o]d-nes_ (goodness), _rihtw[=i]snes_ +(righteousness). + +-uth, -tho, fem., generally from adjectives:--_[.g][=e]oguth_ (youth), +_str[e,]n[.g]tho_ (strength) from _strang_. + +-ung, fem. from verbs:--_scotung_ (shooting, shot), _h[e,]rgung_ +(ravaging), from _scotian_, _h[e,]rgian_. + +The following are also independent words:-- + +-d[=o]m, masc.:--_w[=i]s-d[=o]m_ (wisdom), _th[=e]ow-d[=o]m_ (servitude). + +-h[=a]d, masc.:--_[.c]ild-h[=a]d_ (childhood). + +-r[=ae]den, fem.:--_[.g]e.cwid-r[=ae]den_ (agreement) from _cwide_ +(speech); _mann-r[=ae]den_ (allegiance). + +-s[.c]ipe, masc.:--_fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Concrete in +_waeter-s[.c]ipe_ (piece of water, water). + +(_b_) ADJECTIVES. + +-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--_gylden_ (golden), +_st[=ae]nen_ (of stone), _h[=ae]then_ (heathen) from _h[=ae]th_ (heath). In +_seolcen_ (silken) there is no mutation. + +-feald = '-fold':--_hund-feald_ (hundred-fold). + +-i[.g]:--_miht-i[.g]_ (mighty); _h[=a]l-i[.g]_ (holy) from _h[=a]l_ +(whole). {39} + +-isc, with mutation:--_[E,]n[.g]lisc_ (English) from _Angel_; _m[e,]nn-isc_ +(human) from _mann_. + +-ol:--_swic-ol_ (deceitful). + +-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--_st[=ae]n-iht_ (stony). + +-sum = 'some':--_h[=i]er-sum_ (obedient). + +The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:-- + +-faest:--_s[=o]th-faest_ (truthful). + +-full:--_sorg-full_ (sorrowful), _[.g]e.l[=e]af-full_ (believing, pious). + +-l[=e]as = '-less':--_[=a]r-l[=e]as_ (dishonoured, wicked). + +-lic (cp. _[.g]e.l[=i]c_) = '-ly':--_folc-lic_ (popular), _heofon-lic_ +(heavenly). + +-weard = '-ward':--_s[=u]than-weard_ (southward). + +VERBS. + +-l[=ae][.c]an:--_[=a]n-l[=ae][.c]an_ (unite), +_[.g]e.thw[=ae]r-l[=ae][.c]an_ (agree). + +ADVERBS. + +-e, the regular adverb-termination:--_lange_ (long), _[.g]e.l[=i]ce_ +(similarly) from _lang_, _[.g]e.l[=i]c_. Sometimes _-l[=i]ce_ (from _-lic_) +is used to form adverbs, as _bl[=i]the-l[=i]ce_ (gladly) from _bl[=i]the_. + +DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES. + +Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive +sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):-- + +-nes:--_for.[.g]iefen-nes_ (forgiveness), _[.g]e.r[e,][.c]ed-nes_ +(narrative), _welwillend-nes_ (benevolence). + +-lic:--_un[=a]r[=i]med-lic_ (innumerable). + +-l[=i]ce:--_welwillend-l[=i]ce_ (benevolently). + + * * * * * {40} + +SYNTAX. + +GENDER. + +When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or +pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:--_h[=i]e +[.g]e.samnodon h[=i]e_, _ealle th[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce +w[=i]f-menn_ ... _and th[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]thost w[=ae]ron_ ... (they +gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they +were most merry ...). Here _bl[=i]thost_ is in the neuter plur. + +CASES. + +Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with +_l[=ae]ran_ (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another +of the thing:--_h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=ae]ni[.g] thing [=a]scian_ (they +durst not ask him anything); _w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=ae]d [.g]e.l[=ae]ran_ +(we can teach you a plan). + +The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: _hw[=y] +stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?_ (why stand ye here all the +day idle?) + +Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and +(2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. +It is not always easy to separate the two. + +(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is +frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the +thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with +verbs of _giving_, &c., as in _h[=e] sealde [=ae]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning_ +(he gave each a penny); _addressing_, as in _ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e_ (I +say to you), _h[=e] thancode his Dryhtne_ (he thanked his Lord); but also +with many verbs of _benefiting_, _influencing_, &c., as in _ne d[=o] ic +th[=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan_ (I do thee no injury), _h[=i]e noldon him +l[=i]efan_ (they would not allow {41} them to do so); _th[=ae]m r[=e]thum +st[=i]erde_ (restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to +denote the person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in _by[.c][.g]ath +[=e]ow ele_ (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: +_h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=o]hton Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume_ (they came to +Britain as a help to the Britains--to help them); _h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st +him t[=o] fultume_ (he called Christ to his help). + +The dative is also used with adjectives of _nearness_, _likeness_, +&c.:--_[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop the him [.g]e.h[e,]ndost +waes_ (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); +_heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m mangere the s[=o]hte thaet +g[=o]de m[e,]regrot_ (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who +sought the good pearl). + +(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the _instrument_ and _manner_ +of an action: _h[=e] [.g]e.[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]athe_ (he ended with an +evil death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in _s[.c][=e]afm[=ae]lum_ +(sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--_thrim [.g][=e]arum [=ae]r +th[=ae]m the h[=e] forth.f[=e]rde_ (three years before he died), which is +also expressed by the instrumental itself:--_s[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian +[=ae]lce [.g][=e]are thone sanct_ (she used to cut the saint's hair every +year); _th[=y] f[=e]orthan [.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es_ (in the fourth year +of his reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is +used like the ablative absolute in Latin: _Hubba be.l[=a]f on +Northhymbra-lande, [.g]e.wunnenum si[.g]e mid waelhr[=e]ownesse_ (H. +remained in Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty). + +Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--_his f[=e]onda +sum_ (one of his enemies); _hiera f[=i]f w[=ae]ron dysi[.g]e_ (five of them +were foolish). Hence it is generally used with _fela_, as in _fela wundra_ +(many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18). + +The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of +various emotions and mental states, such as {42} _joy_, _desire_, +_remembering_:--_h[=i]e thaes fae[.g]nodon sw[=i]the_ (they rejoiced at it +greatly); _m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with +th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (it would be +pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) +their country); _ic thaes [.g]e.wilni[.g]e_ (I desire that); _[.g]if h[=e] +his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (if he cared about his life); _h[=e] waes thaes +H[=ae]lendes [.g]e.myndi[.g]_ (he was mindful of--he remembered the +Saviour). + +Some of these verbs, such as _biddan_ (ask), take an accusative of the +person and a genitive of the thing:--_h[=e] hine hl[=a]fes bitt_ (he asks +him for bread). + +Verbs of _depriving_, _restraining_, &c., have the same construction:--_nis +Angel-cynn be.d[=ae]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena_ (England is not deprived of +the Lord's saints). + +Some verbs of _giving_, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of +the person:--_him waes of.togen [=ae]lces f[=o]dan_ (they were deprived of +all food). + +The genitive is often used to _define_ an adjective or noun:--_th[=u] eart +wierthe sl[e,][.g]es_ (thou art worthy of death); _on th[=ae]m [.g][=e]are +the Aelfred aetheling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara waes_ (in the +year when Prince Alfred was twenty-one). + +CONCORD. + +Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de +m[e,]nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either +predicatively or in apposition:--_th[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de_; _h[=e] +[.g]e.seah [=o]thre [=i]dle standan_ (he saw others standing idle); _h[=i]e +c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum_ (they came with long ships, +not many). + +APPOSITION. + +In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put +in the genitive, but the two are simply put in {43} apposition, both being +declined separately:--_Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene (th[=ae]m) +[=i]e[.g]lande_. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the +same way:--_Aelfred aetheling_ (prince Alfred); _on Aethelredes cyninges +dae[.g]e_ (in the days of king Aethelred). + +There is a similar apposition with the adjective _sum_ followed by a noun +or pronoun, as in _sume th[=a] m[e,]nn_ (some of the men); _th[=a] th[=a] +h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g]_ (while he sowed, some of +them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in +_th[=a] b[=ae]don h[=i]e sume thaet Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen_ +(then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them). + +Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we +have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of +it:--_h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=ae]ton s[=u]thanwearde Bretene [=ae]rest_ (they +occupied the south of Britain first); _s[=u]thanweard hit_ (= thaet land) +_haefdon Peohtas_ (the Picts had the south part of it). + +ADJECTIVES. + +The weak forms are used: + +(1) after the definite article:--_se aethela cyning_ (the noble king); +_thaes aethelan cyninges_, _thaet g[=o]de m[e,]regrot_, _th[=a] g[=o]dan +m[e,]regrotu_. + +(2) after _this_:--_th[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode_ (these poor people, +_pl._); _thes h[=a]lga cyning_ (this holy king), _thisses h[=a]lgan +cyninges_. + +(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and +often after possessive pronouns:--_th[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas_ (thy +hidden treasures). + +(4) in the vocative:--_th[=u] yfla th[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa!_ (thou bad and +slothful servant); _[=e]al[=a] th[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning!_ (oh, thou dear +king). + +Note that _[=o]ther_ always keeps the strong form: _th[=a] [=o]thru +d[=e]or_ (the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: {44} +_th[=a]s m[=i]n word_ (these my words). _[=A]n_ in the sense of 'one' keeps +the strong form to distinguish it from the weak _[=a]na_ = 'alone': _thaet +[=a]n d[=e]orwierthe m[e,]regrot_ (the one precious pearl). + +ARTICLES. + +The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as +_God_, and also before _Dryhten_ (the Lord), _D[=e]ofol_ (the Devil), +although _se D[=e]ofol_ also occurs, and names of nations:--_Bretta cyning_ +(king of the Britons). + +It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where +it is omitted in Modern English also, as in _si[.g]efaest on s[=ae] and on +lande_ (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: +_[.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] wuda on.[.g][=e]an_ (went back to the wood); _se +floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe_ (the army of pirates went back to +their ships); _h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e_ (he took the +government--came to the throne). + +The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would +not be in Modern E., as in _se mann_ = 'man' (men in general). + +The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--_thaet dyde unhold +mann_ (an enemy did that); _h[=e] be.stealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf_ +(he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by _sum_: _on th[=ae]m +lande waes sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]e.h[=a]ten_ (in that country was +a man called L.). Or by _[=a]n_, as in Modern English_:--[=a]n wulf wearth +[=a].s[e,]nd t[=o] be.w[e,]rienne thaet h[=e]afod with th[=a] [=o]thru +d[=e]or_ (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild +beasts). + +PRONOUNS. + +_Hwaet_ is used interrogatively of persons where we should use +'who':--_h[=e] nyste hwaet h[=i]e w[=ae]ron_ (he did not know who they +were). {45} + +VERBS. + +NUMBER. + +After _[=ae]lc th[=a]ra the_ (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the +sing., agreeing not with _th[=a]ra the_ but with _[=ae]lc_:--_[=ae]lc +th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth_ (each of those who hear +these my words). + +When _thaet_ or _this_ is connected with a plural predicate by means of the +verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--_thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] +[=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land +[.g]e.s[=o]hton_ (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to +the land of the English race). + +Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a +genitive of the thing. + +Others, such as _thyn[.c]an_ (appear), take a dative of the person:--_waes +him [.g]e.th[=u]ht thaet h[=i]e be.h[=y]dden thaet h[=e]afod_ (they thought +they (the Danes) had hidden the head). + +TENSES. + +There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used +instead:--_ne [=a].b[=y]hth n[=ae]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare_ (Edmund will +never submit to H.); _g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic +s[e,]lle [=e]ow thaet riht bith_ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give +you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use +_b[=e]on_ in a future sense. Another example is _[.g]if ic b[=e]o +[.g]e.bunden mid seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e.wield_ (if I am +bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is +sometimes expressed by _will_ and _shall_, as in Modern English, though +generally with a sense of volition with the one, and of necessity with the +other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the +preterites _wolde_ and _scolde_:-- + +_H[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on the hine [=a].b[=i]tan wolde_ (he +seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); _h[=i]e w[=e]ndon thaet +h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on.f[=o]n_ (they expected to receive more). + +The preterite has the meaning of the modern + +(1) Preterite and imperfect:--_se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=ae]d t[=o] +s[=a]wenne, and th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ..._ (the sower _went_ out to +sow his seed, and while he _was sowing_ ...). + +(2) Perfect:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as_ (here is +my servant, whom I have chosen);--_[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] +lande_ (our king has just landed here). + +(3) Pluperfect:--_th[=a] th[=a] [.g]e.c[=o]mon the ymb th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan +t[=i]d c[=o]mon_ (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour). + +Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by _haebbe_ and +_haefde_ with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the +modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in _n[=u] ic haebbe +[.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]thru tw[=a] pund_ (now I have gained two other +pounds), but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. +The participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was +declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun +governed by _habban_: _h[=i]e haefdon hiera cyning [=a].worpenne_ (they had +deposed their king). + +The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb +_[=ae]r_ (before):--_his sw[=e]ora, the [=ae]r waes for.slae[.g]en_ (his +neck, which had been cut through). + +The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with +_wesan_:--_siththan h[=i]e [=a].farene w[=ae]ron_ (after they had gone +away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with +which it is connected. + +The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of +duration, &c.:--_[=a]n mann waes eardiende on Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, +Manu[=e] [.g]e.h[=a]ten_ (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47} + +PASSIVE. + +The passive is formed with _wesan_ or _weorthan_ with the past participle. +These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two +auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but _wesan_ appears to indicate a state, +_weorthan_ an action. + +_wearth [.g]e.lufod_ is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: _[=a]n +wulf wearth [=a].s[e,]nd_ (a wolf was sent); _m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe the[.g]nas, +the on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon of.slae[.g]ene_ (my beloved thanes, who have +been killed in their beds). + +_waes [.g]e.lufod_, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in +meaning:--_se [=ae]rendraca sae[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him +[.g]e.andwyrd waes_ (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered). + +SUBJUNCTIVE. + +The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but +merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, +conditions, doubt, &c. + +A. In principal sentences. + +_Wish_ and _command_ (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--_thaes +him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde_ (therefore let there be to +him praise and glory ever without end); _ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=ae]fre +oththe w[=i]n_ (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine). + +B. In dependent sentences. + +The chief cases are the following:-- + +(1) In _indirect narrative_ and _question_: _s[=e]o cw[=e]n sae[.g]de thaet +hiere n[=ae]re be healfum d[=ae]le [.g]e.sae[.g]d be Salomones m[=ae]rtho_ +(the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); +_ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=ae]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e_ (I ask where the offering +is); _m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=ae][.g]e_ (men {48} +wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is +perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of +the speaker, it is put in the indicative:--_h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de on +hw[=ae]m his miht waes_ (he told her what his strength consisted in). + +(2) After verbs of _desiring_ and _commanding_:-- + +_thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e and [.g]e.wys[.c]e mid m[=o]de thaet ic [=a]na +ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num_ (that I desire and wish +with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes). + +(3) To express _purpose_:--_th[=y] l[=ae]s [.g][=e] thone hw[=ae]te +[=a].wyrtwalien_ (lest ye root up the wheat);--_Dryhten [=a]s.t[=a]g +nither, t[=o] b[=ae]m thaet h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we th[=a] burg_ (the Lord +descended, in order that he might see the city). + +(4) To express _result_:--_th[=u] naefst th[=a] mihte thaet th[=u] mae[.g]e +him with.standan_ (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him). + +(5) To express _hypothetical comparison_ (as if):--_se wulf folgode forth +mid th[=ae]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=ae]re_ (the wolf followed on +with the head, as if he were tame); _h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, +and t[=o].brae[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o].t[=ae]re +ti[.c][.c]en_ (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were +rending a kid). + +(6) In _conditional_ clauses, generally with _[.g]if_ or _b[=u]tan_, and in +_concessive_ clauses with _th[=e]ah_, _th[=e]ah the_:--_God w[=a]t thaet ic +nyle [=a].b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=ae]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic_ +(God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or +live); _th[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cumath, and th[=e] cwicne [.g]e.bindath, +b[=u]tan th[=u] mid fl[=e]ame th[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e.beorge_ (these +pirates will come and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with +flight); _God hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oth thone mi[.c]lan +dae[.g], th[=e]ah the h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me_ (God will keep Edmund {49} +with his body whole until the great day, although he has come to +earth--been buried). Sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from the +context:--_clipiath t[=o] thissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] +[.g]e.m[=e]ten_ (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = _if_ ye meet +any one); _h[=i]e be.h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas with th[=ae]m the h[=e]o +be.swice Samson_ (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying +Samson, = if she would...). + +When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as +in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the +preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, +where _if I were_ ... implies _I am not_.... The modern distinction between +_if I were_ and _if I had been_, the former corresponding to the present +indicative _I am not_, the latter to the preterite _I was not_, is not made +in Old English, which uses _gif ic w[=ae]re_ in both instances. Sometimes +the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--_m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re +thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste +hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (I would rather fall in fight that my people might +possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as _[.g]if +hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte_ (if it might be so--if it were possible to save +my people by my death). + +(7) In clauses dependant on a _negative sentence_:--_nis n[=a]n thing the +his mihte with.stande_ (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes +the negation must be gathered from the context, as in _se h[=a]lga is +m[=ae]rra thonne m[e,]nn mae[.g]en [=a].sm[=e]an_ (the saint is more +illustrious than men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men +can conceive it). + +(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: _th[=i]n +r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.w[=i]tt fram th[=e], oth thaet th[=u] wite thaet God +[.g]e.wielt manna r[=i][.c]a_ (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till +thou knowest that God rules the kingdoms of men); _uton_ {50} _weorthian +[=u]rne naman, [=ae]r th[=ae]m the w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o].d[=ae]lde [.g]eond +ealle eorthan!_ (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over +the earth). + +The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by _should_ and _would_ with +an infinitive, as in Modern English. + +_Scolde_ is used after verbs of _desiring_, _requesting_ and +_commanding_:--_biddende thone Aelmihtigan thaet h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde_ +(praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the +verb of commanding is understood from the noun _[=ae]rende_:--_h[=e] +s[e,]nde t[=o] thaem cyninge b[=e]otlic [=ae]rende, thaet h[=e] +[=a].b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mannr[=ae]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores +r[=o]hte_ (he sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to +his allegiance, if he cared about his life). + +_Wolde_ is used after verbs of _purpose_:--_se cyning [=e]ode inn thaet he +wolde [.g]e.s[=e]on th[=a] the th[=ae]r s[=ae]ton_ (the king went in to see +those who were sitting there). + +INFINITIVE. + +After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive +sense:--_h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum_ (they ordered that +more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, +&c.:--_thaet m[=ae]ste wael the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon_ (the +greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite +pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc. + +GERUND. + +The gerund is used-- + +(1) to express purpose:--_[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=ae]d t[=o] +s[=a]wenne_ (the sower went forth to sow his seed). + +(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): _hit is +scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne_ (it is shameful to speak of such +things). {51} + +PREPOSITIONS. + +Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as _thurh_ (through), _ymbe_ +(about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as _aefter_ (after), +_[=ae]r_ (before), _aet_ (at), _be_ (by), _binnan_ (within), _b[=u]tan_ +(without), _for_ (for), _fram_ (from), _of_ (of), _t[=o]_ (to). + +Some govern both accusative and dative, such as _ofer_ (over), _on_ (on, +in), _under_ (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they +take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus _on_ with the +accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not +strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of +rest, as in _h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]e.timbrode ofer st[=a]n_ (he built his +house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in +_h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=ae]nihte_ (they fell on stony ground). + +As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that +_in_ is very seldom used, its place being supplied by _on_, the meaning +'on' being in its turn often expressed by _ofer_, as in the passage just +quoted. + +When a thing is referred to, _th[=ae]r_ is substituted for _hit_, the +preposition being joined on to the _th[=ae]r_, so that, for instance, +_th[=ae]r-t[=o]_ corresponds to _t[=o] him_; _h[=i]e l[=ae]ddon thone +cyning t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine th[=ae]r-t[=o]_ +(they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also +_h[=e]r-be[=e]astan_ is equivalent to 'east of this (country).' + +Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, +sometimes with other words intervening: _h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him +t[=o]_ (they shot at him with missiles); _h[=i]e cw[=ae]don him +be.tw[=e]onan_ (they said among themselves); _th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan t[=o] +lofe, the h[=i]e on [.g]e.l[=i]efdon_ (to the praise of the Almighty, in +whom they believed), where _on_ {52} refers to the indeclinable _the_. So +also in _thaet h[=u]s the h[=e] inne wunode_ (the house he dwelt in). + +Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the +preposition becomes an adverb: _se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and +for.dyde th[=a] mannslagan_ (the king sent his army to the place, and +destroyed the murderers). + +NEGATION. + +The negative particle is _ne_, which drops its _e_ before some common verbs +and pronouns, as in _nis_ = _ne is_, _n[=a]n_ = _ne [=a]n_. The negative +particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the +words besides which admit the contracted forms:--_t[=o].cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od +h[=e] ne for.br[=i]ett_ (he breaks not the bruised reed), _hit n[=a] ne +f[=e]oll_ (it did not fall); _n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n thing_ (no man knew +anything). So also with _ne ... ne_ = 'neither ... nor': _ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] +ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]emth_ (he neither disputes nor cries out). + +CORRELATION. + +Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as +in _th[=a] th[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, th[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum_ = +'_when_ the men slept, _then_ came one of his enemies.' In _th[=a] th[=a]_ += 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--_th[=a] +th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g]_ = 'then when he +sowed, some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the +conjunction _thaet_ is correlative with the pronoun _thaet_:--_thaes ic +[.g]e.wilni[.g]e thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum +the[.g]num_--'that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear +thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the +relative meaning:--_h[=e] [.g]e.br[=o]hte hine th[=ae]r h[=e] hine [=ae]r +[.g]e.nam_ (he brought him to the place where he took him from). {53} + +WORD-ORDER. + +The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, +though it is not so strict, thus:-- + +The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an +adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the +head of the sentence:--_th[=a] cwaeth se cyning_ (then said the king); +_[=ae]rest w[=ae]ron b[=u]end thisses landes Brettas_ (at first the Britons +were the inhabitants of this country); _on his dagum c[=o]mon [=ae]rest +thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu_ (in his days three ships first came); _thaet b[=ae]ron +olfendas_ (camels carried it); _m[=ae]re is se God the Dani[=e]l on +be.l[=i]efth_ (great is the God that Daniel believes in). + +The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; _w[=e] magon [=e]ow +r[=ae]d [.g]e.l[=ae]ran_ (we can teach you a plan). + +The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary +verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; _thaet w[=ae]ron +th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land +[.g]e.s[=o]hton_ (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to +the land of the English race); _thaet m[=ae]ste wael the w[=e] +s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon oth thisne andweardan dae[.g]_ (the greatest +slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day); _thaet h[=i]e +thone Godes mann [=a].bitan scolden_ (in order that they should devour the +man of God). + +There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, +or, at least, to bring it near the end: _hiene man of.sl[=o]g_ (they killed +him); _h[=i]e th[=ae]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon_ (they got the victory there). + + * * * * * + +{54} + +GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS. + + NOUNS. + STRONG. WEAK. + _M._ _N._ _F._ _M._ _N._ _F._ + _Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e + _A._ -- -- -(e) -an -e -an + _D._ -e -e -e -an -an -an + _G._ -es -es -e -an -an -an + \______ ______/ + \/ + _Pl. N._ -as -(u) -a -an + _D._ -um -um -um -um + _G._ -a -a -(en)a -ena + + ADJECTIVES. + _Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e + _A._ -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an + _D._ -um -um -re -an -an -an + _G._ -es -es -re -an -an -an + _I._ -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) + _Pl. N._ -e -(u) -e \______ ______/ + \______ ______/ \/ + \/ -an + _D._ -um -um + _G._ -ra -ra + + + + VERBS. + PRESENT. PRETERITE. + _Indic._ _Subj._ _Indic._ _Subj._ + _Sg._ 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de + 2. -(e)st; -ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de + 3. -(e)th; -ath -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de + _Pl._ -ath; -iath -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den + _Imper. sg._ -(a); _pl._ -(i)ath. _Infin._ -(i)an. + _Partic. pres._ -(i)ende; _pret._ -en, -ed, -od. _Ger._ (i)enne. + + * * * * * + + +{55} + +TEXTS. + +I. + +SENTENCES. + + [=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra thinga, thaet is God ael-mihti[.g]. Se + [.g]e.l[=e]afa the bith b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; this + sind + th[=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde + s[e,]lth his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A].l[=i]esend + is se g[=o]da + hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his + 5 + leoht ne s[e,]lth, and steorran of heofone feallath. Sw[=a] sw[=a] + waeter [=a].dw[=ae]s[.c]th f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a].dw[=ae]s[.c]th s[=e]o + aelmesse synna. + + Ealle [.g]e.s[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan, + steorran and eorthan, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=ae] and + ealle fiscas God [.g]e.sc[=o]p and [.g]e.worhte on siex dagum; and 10 + on th[=ae]m seofothan dae[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e.[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e] + be.h[=e]old th[=a] eall his weorc the h[=e] [.g]e.worhte, and h[=i]e + w[=ae]ron + eall sw[=i]the g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende + Godes [.g]e.l[=e]afan. H[=e] for.l[=e]t eall woruld-thing. Se cyning + be.b[=e]ad thaet man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15 + and hiera waes sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=ae]fre [=ae]r ne waes on n[=a]nes + cyninges dae[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t of.sl[=e]an ealle th[=a] D[e,]niscan + m[e,]nn the on Angel-cynne w[=ae]ron. + + Th[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n + mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n thing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20 + {56} + on th[=a] burg ealne dae[.g], and th[=o]hton thaet h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden + [=a].brecan. Se eorl [.g]e.w[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and waes + th[=ae]r + ealne thone winter. Aethelred cyning and Aelfred his br[=o]thor + fuhton with ealne thone h[e,]re on Aesces-d[=u]ne. + + Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=ae]le, thaet is, on th[=ae]re + s[=a]wle; 25 + h[=e]o ne [.g]e.[e,]ndath n[=ae]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e]th be his + [=a]gnum + willan, and wile bindan thone un-scyldigan, and thone scyldigan + [=a].l[=i]esan, thonne for.l[=i]est h[=e] th[=a] miht the him God + for.[.g]eaf. Th[=e]od winth on.[.g][=e]an th[=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e + on.[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e. + Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatiath for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]e.worhte 30 + fela wundra binnan th[=ae]m fierste the h[=e] biscop waes. H[=e] + [.g]e.h[=ae]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum waetre. Se cyning wearth + of.slae[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On th[=ae]m ilcan [.g][=e]are waes + se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se maesse-pr[=e]ost [=a]scath + thaet [.c]ild, and cwithth: 'With.saecst th[=u] d[=e]ofle?' Thonne + andwyrt 35 + se god-faeder, and cwithth: 'Ic with.sace d[=e]ofle.' God + aelmihtiga, [.g]e.miltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! Aethelred cyning c[=o]m + h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre th[=e]ode, and h[=e] glaedl[=i]ce fram him + eallum + on.fangen wearth. + + Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, be.b[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum thaet 40 + h[=i]e scolden t[=ae][.c]an eallum th[=e]odum th[=a] thing th[=a] h[=e] + self him + t[=ae]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for.[.g]iefath mannum hiera synna, thonne + for.giefth + [=e]ower se heofonlica Faeder [=e]owre synna. Ne mae[.g] n[=a]n + mann tw[=ae]m hl[=a]fordum th[=e]owian: oththe h[=e] [=a]nne hatath and + [=o]therne lufath, oththe h[=e] bith [=a]num [.g]e.h[=i]ersum and + [=o]thrum un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45 + + Se cyning nam thaes eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande. + M[e,]nn be.h[=o]fiath g[=o]dre l[=a]re on thissum t[=i]man, the is + [.g]e.[e,]ndung + thisse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, the is th[=ae]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af, + andb[=i]dath + thaes mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and th[=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste + for.molsnod, 50 + {57} + God hine [=a].r[=ae]rth, and [.g]e.bringth t[=o].gaedre s[=a]wle and + l[=i]chaman t[=o] th[=ae]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc faeder wile + s[e,]llan his + [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A].[.g]iefath + th[=ae]m c[=a]sere th[=a] + thing the thaes c[=a]seres sind, and Gode th[=a] thing the Godes sind. + S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]dath thaes [=e][.c]an [=ae]ristes. 55 + + H[=e] waes cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God + aelmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford. + D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and th[=a] + yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]ath is yfel and + earmlic, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e farath of thissum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o] + [=e][.c]um 60 + w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa haebbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca. + Ne [.g]e.wilna th[=u] [=o]thres mannes [=ae]hta! + + On th[=ae]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=i]e hider + on + land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on th[=a] burg ealne dae[.g], ac h[=i]e ne + mihton h[=i]e [=a].brecan. Th[=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum. + Th[=ae]r 65 + b[=e]oth sw[=i]the mani[.g]e byri[.g] on th[=ae]m lande, and on [=ae]lcre + byri[.g] + bith cyning. + + God cwaeth t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile for.d[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid + waetre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]e.healdan th[=e], and th[=i]n + w[=i]f, and th[=i]ne thr[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann haefde tw[=e][.g]en suna; + th[=a] 70 + cwaeth h[=e] t[=o] th[=ae]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o].dae[.g] on + m[=i]num + w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode th[=e]ah + siththan t[=o] + th[=ae]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his faeder willan. Se pr[=e]ost + cwaeth t[=o] th[=ae]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman thaes + Faeder, + thaes Suna, and thaes H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra th[=i]num faeder and + 75 + th[=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and baed for hiere + dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wearth [.g]e.h[=ae]led thurh [.g]e.l[=e]afan + th[=ae]re + m[=o]dor. + + B[=e]oth [.g]e.myndi[.g]e th[=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda the Dryhten cwaeth + on + {58} + his god-spelle! H[=e] cwaeth: 'For.[.g]iefath, and [=e]ow bith + for.[.g]iefen; 80 + s[e,]llath, and [=e]ow bith [.g]e.seald.' + + Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o] + [.g]e.biddenne. + Aelfred cyning f[=o]r mid thrim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=ae], and + [.g]e.feaht with f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlaestas D[e,]niscra manna, and + th[=a]ra + s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]e.nam, and th[=a] m[e,]nn of.slae[.g]ene w[=ae]ron + the 85 + th[=ae]r-on w[=ae]ron. Th[=a] c[=o]mon thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu. Th[=a] + [.g]e.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e + th[=a]ra thr[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and th-a m[e,]nn of.sl[=o]gon, ealle + b[=u]tan + f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a].wr[=a]t be th[=ae]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum the + him + aet.[=i]ewdu w[=ae]ron, thaet h[=i]e haefden [=e]agan him on [=ae]lce + healfe. + [=A]n th[=a]ra n[=i]etena waes on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him + aet.[=i]ewed, 90 + [=o]ther on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, thridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]orthe on + earnes. + + God thone [=ae]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]e.sc[=o]p, and + eall mann-cynn mid him. Aelfred Aethelwulfing waes cyning + ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan th[=ae]m d[=ae]le the under D[e,]na + onwealde + waes. [=Ae]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bierth g[=o]de waestmas, and [=ae]lc 95 + yfel tr[=e]ow bierth yfle waestmas; ne mae[.g] thaet g[=o]de tr[=e]ow + beran yfle waestmas, ne thaet yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de waestmas. + [=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=e]oth, + and + [=e]owru [=e]aran, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e [.g]e.h[=i]erath. Sw[=a] + hw[=a] sw[=a] s[e,]lth + [=a]num thurstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald waeter on m[=i]num naman, ne 100 + for.l[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=ae]thenra manna + we[.g]e! + G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bringth g[=o]d forth; and yfel + mann of yflum goldhorde bringth yfel forth. + + Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]e.cweden + [E,]n[.g]liscre + th[=e]ode apostol. Th[=a] h[=e] [.g]e.seah thaet se m[=ae]sta d[=ae]l + th[=ae]re th[=e]ode 105 + his l[=a]re for.s[=a]won, th[=a] for.l[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and + [.g]e.[.c][=e]as th[=a] h[=ae]thnan + l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=ae]tt, h[=i]e feallath b[=e][.g]en + on [=a]nne + pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa thaes Faeder and thaes + Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]e.l[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o + s[=a]wol thonne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama thonne his + scr[=u]d. 110 + {59} + S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorthlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofath. + Be.healdath th[=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, the ne s[=a]wath ne ne + r[=i]path, + ac se heofonlica Faeder h[=i]e [=a].f[=e]tt. H[=e] cwaeth, 'Ic neom + [=o]thrum mannum [.g]e.l[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=ae]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom + rihtw[=i]s, + and th[=a] [=o]thre sind synn-fulle.' 115 + + Th[=a] se H[=ae]lend thanon f[=o]r, th[=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en + blinde, + cwethende: '[.G]e.miltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cwaeth t[=o] + him: '[.G]e.l[=i]efe [.g]it thaet ic inc mae[.g]e [.g]e.haelan?' H[=e] + cwaeth: + 'S[=i]e inc aefter incrum [.g]e.l[=e]afan.' Aethelst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r + inn on Scot-land, [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid + s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120 + and his mi[.c]el ofer.h[e,]rgode. Se mann the God for.[.g]iett, God + for.[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Farath, and l[=ae]rath ealle th[=e]oda! + L[=ae]rath + h[=i]e thaet h[=i]e healden eall th[=a] thing the ic [=e]ow be.b[=e]ad! + Sume + m[e,]nn sae[.g]don be him thaet h[=e] w[=ae]re Aelfredes sunu cyninges. + Se H[=ae]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]ath + 125 + m[e,]nn thaet s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwaet s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] thaet ic + s[=i]e? + Th[=u] eart thaes libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cwaeth be his + Faeder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]ath thaet h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and + [.g][=e] hine ne + on.cn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e thone h[=a]lgan Faeder on.cn[=e]owen, + thonne under.f[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan his Sunu, the h[=e] + [=a].s[e,]nde 130 + t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]the nearu and sticol + s[=e] the l[=ae]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]the + br[=a]d and + sm[=e]the s[=e] the l[=ae]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] bith se + we[.g]-f[=e]renda + mann s[=e] the nimth thone sm[=e]than we[.g] the h[=i]ne mis-l[=ae]tt, + and + for.l[=ae]tt thone sticolan the hine [.g]e.bringth t[=o] th[=ae]re + byri[.g]. Thaet 135 + ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on th[=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]ath hit on leohte; + and thaet + [.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]e.h[=i]erath, bodiath uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e + scufon [=u]t + hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]e.w[e,]ndon him be.[.g]eondan s[=ae]. + + Healdath and d[=o]th sw[=a] hwaet sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]ath; and ne + d[=o] + [.g][=e] n[=a], aefter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]ath, and ne + d[=o]th. Eall 140 + hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o]th thaet m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=e]on. H[=i]e + lufiath thaet + {60} + man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=ae]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=ae]ddran and + n[=ae]ddrena + cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me? + + W[=e] sind ealle cuman on thissum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and + [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce + we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145 + m[e,]nn: [=a]n cymth, [=o]ther faerth. Hwelc mann s[e,]lth his bearne + n[=ae]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=Ae]lc th[=a]ra the bitt, h[=e] + on.f[=e]hth; + and s[=e] the s[=e][.c]th, h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=ae]th [=ae]lc th[=a]ra + on heofona + r[=i][.c]e the cwithth t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] the + wyr[.c]th + m[=i]nes Faeder willan the on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=ae]th on heofona 150 + r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d th[=ae]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and + hundum + weorpe. Ic haebbe the[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cwethe t[=o] + thissum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=ae]th; and t[=o] [=o]thrum, 'cum,' and + h[=e] + cymth, and t[=o] m[=i]num th[=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] this,' and h[=e] wyr[.c]th. + + Se H[=ae]lend [.g]e.nam th[=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and + t[=o].braec, 155 + and t[=o].d[=ae]lde be.twix th[=ae]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=i]ce + [=e]ac + th[=a] fiscas t[=o].d[=ae]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]e.n[=o]g haefdon. + Th[=a] the + th[=ae]r [=ae]ton w[=ae]ron f[=e]ower th[=u]send manna, b[=u]tan + [.c]ildum and + w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=ae]don, and + thus + cw[=ae]don: 'S[=o]thl[=i]ce th[=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] + thaet 160 + ic c[=o]me sibbe on eorthan to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o] + s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] be.b[=e]ad thaet h[=i]e s[=ae]ten ofer + th[=ae]re + eorthan. H[=e] sae[.g]de thaet North-manna land w[=ae]re sw[=i]the lang + and sw[=i]the smael. + + H[=i]e ealle on thone cyning w[=ae]ron feohtende, oth thaet h[=i]e 165 + hine ofslae[.g]enne haefdon. [=Ae]lc mann the [=o]thre m[e,]nn for.sihth + bith fram Gode for.sewen. S[=e] the [=e]aran haebbe t[=o] + [.g]e.hi[=e]renne, + [.g]e.h[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne. + + God cwaeth t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] waes Ionas [.g]e.h[=a]ten: + 'Far t[=o] th[=ae]re byri[.g], and boda th[=ae]r th[=a] word the ic th[=e] + s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170 + {61} + Lufiath [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o]th wel th[=ae]m the [=e]ow yfel + d[=o]th. + Lufa Dryhten th[=i]nne God on ealre th[=i]nre heortan, and on + ealre th[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum th[=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] the ne + lufath his br[=o]thor, thone the h[=e] [.g]e.sihth, h[=u] mae[.g] h[=e] + lufian God, + thone the h[=e] ne [.g]e.sihth l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne + th[=a]s 175 + thing [.g]e.weorthen, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e th[=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and + worulde [.g]e.[e,]ndunge. + + Se H[=ae]lend cwaeth t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] waes + h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=ae]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f + thissum + folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwaet h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste 180 + thaet Philippus thaet nyste. God mae[.g] d[=o]n eall thing; w[=e] + sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]e.l[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st + [=a].r[=ae]rde + Lazarum of d[=e]athe, and cwaeth t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum: + 'T[=o].l[=i]esath + his b[e,]ndas, thaet h[=e] g[=a]n mae[.g]e.' God is aelmihti[.g], + and mae[.g] d[=o]n eall thaet h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre + t[=i]de 185 + [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For th[=ae]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; + for + th[=ae]m the mannes Sunu wile cuman on th[=ae]re t[=i]de the [.g][=e] + nyton. + Se H[=ae]lend cwaeth be his Faeder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic + s[e,][.c][.g]e thaet ic hine ne cunne, thonne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow + [.g]e.l[=i]c.' + + Se d[=e]ofol cwaeth t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if th[=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, + cweth 190 + t[=o] thissum st[=a]num thaet h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a].w[e,]nde t[=o] + hl[=a]fum.' Th[=a] + and-wyrde se H[=ae]lend, and cwaeth: 'Hit is [=a].writen, "ne + leofath se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofath be eallum th[=ae]m + wordum the g[=a]th of Godes m[=u]the."' Se H[=ae]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him, + th[=ae]r h[=i]e w[=ae]ron [.g]e.gadrode, and cwaeth: 'S[=i]e sibb be.twix + 195 + [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a].fyrhte.' Faeder [=u]re, + th[=u] the + eart on heofonum, s[=i]e th[=i]n nama [.g]e.h[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon, + w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for.[.g]iefnesse: hwaet sculon + w[=e] + d[=o]n? + +{62} + +II. + +FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. + +VII. 24-7. + + [=Ae]lc th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth, and th[=a] + wyr[.c]th, bith + [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n + [.g]et.imbrode. + Th[=a] c[=o]m th[=ae]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and th[=ae]r + bl[=e]owon windas, + and [=a].hruron on thaet h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll: + s[=o]thl[=i]ce hit + waes ofer st[=a]n [.g]e.timbrod. 5 + + And [=ae]lc th[=a]ra the [.g]e.h[=i]erth th[=a]s m[=i]n word, and th[=a] + ne wyr[.c]th, + s[=e] bith [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m dysigan m[e,]nn, the [.g]e.timbrode his + h[=u]s ofer + sand-[.c]eosol. Th[=a] r[=i]nde hit, and th[=ae]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and + bl[=e]owon + windas, and [=a].hruron on th[=ae]t h[=u]s, and thaet h[=u]s f[=e]oll; + and + his hryre waes mi[.c]el. 10 + +XII. 18-21. + + H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e.[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]e.corena, + on th[=ae]m + wel [.g]e.l[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a].s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st + ofer hine, + and d[=o]m h[=e] bodath th[=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne + hriemth, + ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]e.h[=i]erth his stefne on str[=ae]tum. + T[=o].cw[=i]esed + hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for.br[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne + [=a].dw[=ae]scth, 15 + [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=e] [=a].weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his + naman + th[=e]oda [.g]e.hyhtath. + +XIII. 3-8. + + S[=o]thl[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. + And th[=a] + th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g], and fuglas + c[=o]mon + and [=ae]ton th[=a]. S[=o]thl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=ae]nihte, + th[=ae]r hit 20 + {63} + naefde mi[.c]le eorthan, and hraedl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for th[=ae]m + the + h[=i]e naefdon p[=ae]re eorthan d[=i]epan; s[=o]thl[=i]ce, [=u]p + sprungenre + sunnan, h[=i]e [=a].dr[=u]godon and for.scruncon, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e + naefdon wyrtruman. S[=o]thl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on thornas, and + th[=a] thornas w[=e]oxon, and for.thrysmdon th[=a]. Sumu s[=o]thl[=i]ce + 25 + f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eorthan, and sealdon waestm, sum hund-fealdne, + sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum thriti[.g]-fealdn[e,]. + +XIII. 24-30. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.worden th[=ae]m m[e,]nn [.g]e.l[=i]c the + s[=e]ow g[=o]d + s[=ae]d on his aecere. S[=o]thl[=i]ce, th[=a] th[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, + th[=a] c[=o]m his + f[=e]onda sum, and ofer.s[=e]ow hit mid coccele on.middan th[=ae]m 30 + hw[=ae]te, and f[=e]rde thanon. S[=o]thl[=i]ce, th[=a] s[=e]o wyrt + w[=e]ox, and + thone waestm br[=o]hte, th[=a] aet.[=i]ewde se coccel hine. Th[=a] + [=e]odon + thaes hl[=a]fordes th[=e]owas and cw[=ae]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne + s[=e]owe + th[=u] g[=o]d s[=ae]d on th[=i]num aecere? hwanon haefde h[=e] coccel?' + Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'thaet dyde unhold mann.' Th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a] + 35 + th[=e]owas: 'Wilt th[=u], w[=e] g[=a]th and gadriath h[=i]e?' Th[=a] + cwaep + h[=e]: 'Nese: th[=y] l[=ae]s [.g][=e] thone hw[=ae]te [=a].wyrtwalien, + thonne [.g][=e] + thone coccel gadriath. L[=ae]tath [=ae][.g]ther weaxan oth + r[=i]p-t[=i]man; + and on p[=ae]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e th[=ae]m r[=i]perum: + "gadriath + [=ae]rest thone coccel, and bindath s[.c][=e]af-m[=ae]lum t[=o] + for.baernenne; 40 + and gadriath thone hw[=ae]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."' + +XIII. 44-8. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c [.g]e.h[=y]ddum gold-horde on th[=ae]m + aecere. Thone be.h[=y]tt se mann the hine fint, and for his blisse + g[=ae]th, and s[e,]lth eall thaet h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]e.by[.g]th thone + aecer. + + Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m mangere the s[=o]hte + thaet g[=o]de 45 + m[e,]re-grot. Th[=a] h[=e] funde thaet [=a]n d[=e]or-wierthe m[e,]regrot, + th[=a] + [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall thaet h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte thaet + m[e,]regrot. + {64} + + Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c [=a].s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on th[=a] + s[=ae], and of + [=ae]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Th[=a] h[=i]e th[=a] thaet n[e,]tt [=u]p + 50 + [=a].tugon, and s[=ae]ton be th[=ae]m strande, th[=a] [.g]e.curon h[=i]e + th[=a] + g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and th[=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a].wurpon [=u]t. + +XVIII. 12-14. + + [.G]if hwelc mann haefth hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losath [=a]n of + th[=ae]m, h[=u], ne for.l[=ae]tt h[=e] th[=a] nigon and hund.nigonti[.g] + on th[=ae]m + muntum, and g[=ae]th, and s[=e][.c]th thaet [=a]n the for.wearth? And + [.g]if 55 + hit [.g]e.limpth thaet h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]thl[=i]ce ic [=e]ow + s[e,][.c][.g]e thaet h[=e] + sw[=i]thor [.g]e.blissath for th[=ae]m [=a]num thonne for th[=ae]m nigon + and + hund.nigontigum the n[=a] ne losodon. + +XX. 1-16. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m h[=i]redes ealdre, the on + [=ae]rnemer[.g]en + [=u]t [=e]ode [=a].h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard. + [.G]e.wordenre 60 + [.g]e.cwid-r[=ae]denne th[=ae]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=ae]lcum [=a]nne + th[e,]ning with his dae[.g]es weorce, and [=a].s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his + w[=i]n[.g]eard. + And th[=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]e.seah + othre on str[=ae]te [=i]dle standan. Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] + on + m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow thaet riht bith.' And + h[=i]e th[=a] 65 + f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe th[=a] siextan and nigothan + t[=i]d, and dyde th[=ae]m sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=i]ce. Th[=a] ymbe th[=a] + [e,]ndlyftan + t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]thre standende, and th[=a] + sae[.g]de h[=e]: + 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' Th[=a] cw[=ae]don + h[=i]e: + 'For th[=ae]m the [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: + 'And 70 + g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.' + + S[=o]thl[=i]ce th[=a] hit waes [=ae]fen [.g]e.worden, th[=a] sae[.g]de se + w[=i]n[.g]eardes + hl[=a]ford his [.g]e.r[=e]fan: 'Clipa th[=a] wyrhtan, and [=a].[.g]ief + him + hiera m[=e]de; on.[.g]inn fram th[=ae]m [=y]t.emestan oth thone + fyrmestan.' + Eornostl[=i]ce th[=a] th[=a] [.g]e.c[=o]mon the ymbe th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan + 75 + t[=i]d c[=o]mon, th[=a] on.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=ae]lc his p[e,]ning. And + th[=a] the + {65} + th[=ae]r [=ae]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon thaet h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re + on.f[=o]n; th[=a] + on.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e th[e,]ningas. Tha on.gunnon h[=i]e + murcnian + on.[.g][=e]an thone h[=i]redes ealdor, and thus cw[=ae]don: 'Th[=a]s + [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and th[=u] dydest h[=i]e + [.g]e.l[=i]ce [=u]s, 80 + the b[=ae]ron byrthenna on thisses dae[.g]es h[=ae]tan.' Th[=a] cwaeth + h[=e] + and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic + th[=e] + n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me th[=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o] + wyr[.c]enne with + [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim thaet th[=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile thissum + [=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] th[=e]. Oththe ne + m[=o]t ic 85 + d[=o]n thaet ic wile? Hwaether the th[=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for + th[=ae]m + the ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]oth tha fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and th[=a] + [=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]thl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e.clipode, and + f[=e]a [.g]e.corene.' + +XXII. 2-14. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m cyninge the macode his suna + 90 + [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his th[=e]owas, and clipode th[=a] [.g]e.lathodan + t[=o] + th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum. Th[=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. Th[=a] s[e,]nde h[=e] + eft [=o]thre + th[=e]owas, and sae[.g]de th[=ae]m [.g]e.lathodum: 'N[=u] ic + [.g]e.[.g]earwode + m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind of.slae[.g]ene, + and eall m[=i]n thing sind [.g]earu; cumath t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum.' + Th[=a] 95 + for.g[=i]emdon h[=i]e thaet, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum + t[=o] + his mangunge. And th[=a] [=o]thre n[=a]mon his th[=e]owas, and mid + t[=e]onan [.g]e.sw[e,]n[.c]ton, and of.sl[=o]gon. Th[=a] se cyning thaet + [.g]e.hierde, + th[=a] waes h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for.dyde + th[=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg for.baernde. 100 + + Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e] t[=o] his th[=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce th[=a]s [.g]iefta + sind + [.g]earwe, ac th[=a] the [.g]e.lathode w[=ae]ron ne sind wierthe. G[=a]th + n[=u] + t[=o] wega [.g]el[=ae]tum, and clipiath t[=o] thissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] + hwelce + sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e.m[=e]ten.' Th[=a] [=e]odon th[=a] th[=e]owas [=u]t + on th[=a] wegas, + and [.g]e.gadrodon ealle th[=a] the h[=i]e [.g]e.m[=e]tton, g[=o]de and + yfle; 105 + th[=a] w[=ae]ron th[=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu. + + Th[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, thaet h[=e] wolde [.g]e.s[=e]on th[=a] the + th[=ae]r + {66} + s[=ae]ton, and th[=a] [.g]e.seah h[=e] th[=ae]r [=a]nne mann the naes mid + [.g]ieftlicum + r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, + h[=u]meta + [=e]odest th[=u] inn, and naefdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' Tha sw[=i]gode + h[=e]. 110 + And se cyning cwaeth t[=o] his the[.g]num: '[.G]e.bindath his handa + and his f[=e]t, and weorpath hine on th[=a] [=y]terran th[=e]ostru; + th[=ae]r bith + w[=o]p and t[=o]tha gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind + [.g]e.lathode, + and f[=e]a [.g]e.corene. + +XXV. 1-13. + + Thonne bith heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m t[=i]en f[=ae]mnum, + the th[=a] 115 + leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on.[.g][=e]an thone br[=y]d-guman and + th[=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=ae]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. + And th[=a] f[=i]f + dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him; + th[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid th[=ae]m leohtfatum. + Th[=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, th[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and + sl[=e]pon. 120 + Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cwaeth: 'N[=u] se + br[=y]dguma cymth, farath him t[=o].[.g][=e]anes.' Th[=a] [=a].rison + ealle th[=a] + f[=ae]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. Th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a] + dysigan to p[=ae]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]llath [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for + th[=ae]m + [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a].cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' Th[=a] and.swarodon th[=a] + gl[=e]awan, 125 + and cw[=ae]don: 'Nese; th[=y] l[=ae]s the w[=e] and [.g][=e] naebben + [.g]en[=o]g: + g[=a]th t[=o] th[=ae]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]ath [=e]ow ele.' + Witodl[=i]ce, + th[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, th[=a] c[=o]m se + br[=y]dguma; + and th[=a] the [.g]earwe w[=ae]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] th[=ae]m + [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru waes be.locen. Th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan + c[=o]mon 130 + tha [=o]thre f[=ae]mnan, and cw[=ae]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=ae]t [=u]s + inn.' Th[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cwaeth: 'S[=o]th ic [=e]ow + s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, waciath, for th[=ae]m + the [.g][=e] + nyton ne thone dae[.g] ne th[=a] t[=i]d. + +XXV. 14-30. + + Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]lth[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135 + {67} + th[=e]owas, and be.t[=ae]hte him his [=ae]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde + f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=ae][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum + mae[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na. + + Th[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] the th[=a] f[=i]f pund under.f[=e]ng, and + [.g]e.str[=i]ende + [=o]thru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] the th[=a] tw[=a] under.feng, + [.g]e.str[=i]ende 140 + [=o]thru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] the thaet [=a]n under.f[=e]ng, + f[=e]rde, and + be.dealf hit on eorthan, and be.h[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh. + + Witodl[=i]ce aefter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m th[=a]ra th[=e]owa + hl[=a]ford, + and dihte him [.g]e.rad. Th[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] the th[=a] f[=i]f pund + under.f[=e]ng, + and br[=o]hte [=o]thru f[=i]f, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund + th[=u] sealdest 145 + m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]e.str[=i]ende [=o]thru f[=i]f.' Th[=a] cwaep his + hl[=a]ford t[=o] + him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]the, th[=u] g[=o]da th[=e]ow and [.g]e.tr[=e]owa: for + th[=ae]m + the th[=u] w[=ae]re [.g]e.tr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu thing, ic + [.]ge.s[e,]tte th[=e] ofer + mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] th[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' Th[=a] c[=o]m + s[=e] the th[=a] + tw[=a] pund under.f[=e]ng, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund th[=u] + 150 + m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic haebbe [.g]e.str[=i]ened [=o]thru tw[=a].' + Th[=a] cwaeth + his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]e.blissa, th[=u] g[=o]da th[=e]ow and + [.g]etr[=e]owa: + for th[=ae]m the th[=u] w[=ae]re [.g]e.tr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela + ic th[=e] + [.g]e.s[e,]tte; g[=a] on th[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]e.f[=e]an.' Th[=a] + c[=o]m s[=e] the thaet + [=a]n pund under.f[=e]ng, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t thaet 155 + th[=u] eart heard mann: th[=u] r[=i]pst th[=ae]r th[=u] ne s[=e]owe, and + gaderast th[=ae]r th[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde + of.dr[=ae]dd, + and be.h[=y]dde th[=i]n pund on eorthan; h[=e]r th[=u] haefst thaet + th[=i]n + is.' Th[=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cwaeth: 'th[=u] yfla + th[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, th[=u] wistest thaet ic r[=i]pe th[=ae]r ic ne + s[=e]owe, 160 + and ic gadri[.g]e th[=ae]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]e.byrede thaet + th[=u] + be.faeste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, thonne ic c[=o]me, + thaet m[=i]n is, mid th[=ae]m gafole. [=A].nimath thaet pund aet him, and + s[e,]llath th[=ae]m the m[=e] th[=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce + [=ae]lcum + th[=a]ra the haefth man s[e,]lth, and h[=e] haefth [.g]e.n[=o]g; th[=ae]m + the naefth, 165 + thaet him thyn[.c]th thaet h[=e] haebbe, thaet him bith aet.brogden. And + weorpath thone un.nyttan th[=e]ow on th[=a] [=y]terran th[=e]ostru; + th[=ae]r + bith w[=o]p and t[=o]tha grist.b[=i]tung.' + +{68} + +III. + +OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. + +I. + + Aefter th[=ae]m s[=o]thl[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=ae]con [=a]ne + spr[=ae][.c]e. Th[=a] + th[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=ae]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld + on + Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon th[=ae]r-on. + + Th[=a] cw[=ae]don h[=i]e him be.tw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s + ti[.g]elan, + and [=ae]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e haefdon ti[.g]elan + for 5 + st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=ae]don: 'Uton + timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel oth heofon h[=e]anne! uton + weorthian [=u]rne naman, [=ae]r th[ae]m the w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o].d[=ae]lde + [.g]eond + ealle eorthan!' + + Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a].st[=a]g nither, t[=o] th[=ae]m thaet h[=e] + [.g]e.s[=a]we 10 + th[=a] burg and thone st[=i]epel, the Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]e.timbrodon. + And h[=e] cwaeth: 'this is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e sprecath [=a]n + laeden, and h[=i]e be.gunnon this t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]e.sw[=i]cath + h[=i]e + [=ae]r th[=ae]m the hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]thl[=i]ce uton cuman and + t[=o].d[=ae]lan + hiera spr[=ae][.c]e!' 15 + + Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o].d[=ae]lde of th[=ae]re st[=o]we [.g]eond + ealle eorthan. + And for th[=ae]m man n[e,]mnde th[=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for th[=ae]m the + th[=ae]r + w[=ae]ron t[=o].d[=ae]lde ealle spr[=ae][.c]a. + +II. + + God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]e.h[=i]ersumnesse, and + clipode his naman, and cwaeth him thus t[=o]: 'Nim th[=i]nne 20 + [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, the th[=u] lufast, and far t[=o] + th[=ae]m + {69} + lande Visionis hrathe, and [.g]e.offra hine th[=ae]r uppan [=a]nre + d[=u]ne.' + + Abrah[=a]m th[=a] [=a].r[=a]s on th[=ae]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid + tw[=ae]m cnapum t[=o] th[=ae]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25 + on assum r[=i]dende. + + Th[=a] on th[=ae]m thriddan dae[.g]e, th[=a] h[=i]e th[=a] d[=u]ne + [.g]e.s[=a]won, th[=ae]r + th[=ae]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] of.sl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, th[=a] cwaeth + Abrah[=a]m + t[=o] th[=ae]m tw[=ae]m cnapum thus: 'Andb[=i]diath [=e]ow h[=e]r mid + th[=ae]m + assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and th[=ae]t [.c]ild g[=a]th unc t[=o] + [.g]e.biddenne, 30 + and wit siththan cumath s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.' + + Abrah[=a]m th[=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran thone wudu t[=o] th[=ae]re + st[=o]we, + and h[=e] self baer his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c tha [=a]scode + Abrah[=a]m + his faeder: 'Faeder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=ae]r s[=e]o offrung + s[=i]e; + h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se faeder: 'God + fores[.c][=e]awath, 35 + m[=i]n sunu, him self th[=a] offrunge.' + + H[=i]e c[=o]mon th[=a] t[=o] th[=ae]re st[=o]we the him [.g]e.sweotolode + God; + and h[=e] th[=ae]r weofod [=a].r[=ae]rde on th[=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and + thone + wudu [.g]e.l[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna + baernette, siththan h[=e] of.slae[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]e.band th[=a] + his 40 + sunu, and his sweord [=a].t[=e]ah, thaet h[=e] hine [.g]e.offrode on + th[=a] + ealdan w[=i]san. + + Mid th[=ae]m the h[=e] wolde th[=ae]t weorc be.[.g]innan, th[=a] clipode + Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde + s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cwaeth t[=o]: 'Ne [=a].cw[e,]le th[=u] 45 + thaet [.c]ild, ne th[=i]ne hand ne [=a].str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran! + N[=u] ic + on.cn[=e]ow s[=o]thl[=i]ce thaet p[=u] on.dr[=ae]tst sw[=i]the God, n[=u] + p[=u] p[=i]nne + [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest of.sl[=e]an for him.' + + Th[=a] be.seah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under baec, and [.g]e.seah th[=ae]r + [=a]nne ramm be.twix th[=ae]m br[=e]mlum be th[=ae]m hornum + [.g]e.haeftne, 50 + and h[=e] haefde thone ramm t[=o] th[=ae]re offrunge, and hine th[=ae]r + of.sn[=a]th Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t th[=a] + st[=o]we + _Dominus videt_, thaet is 'God [.g]e.sihth,' and [.g]iet is + [.g]e.sae[.g]d + sw[=a], _In monte Dominus videbit_, thaet is, 'God [.g]e.sihth on + d[=u]ne.' + {70} + + Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cwaeth: 'Ic sae[.g]de 55 + thurh m[=e] selfne, sae[.g]de se Aelmihtiga, n[=u] th[=u] noldest + [=a]rian + th[=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac th[=e] waes m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re + thonne + his l[=i]f, ic th[=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and th[=i]nne of-spring + ge.mani[.g]-fielde + sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol + on s[=ae]; th[=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. + And on 60 + th[=i]num s[=ae]de b[=e]oth ealle th[=e]oda [.g]e.bl[=e]tsode, for + th[=ae]m the th[=u] + [.g]e.h[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=ae]se thus.' + + Abrah[=a]m th[=a] [.g]e.[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon + him + h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge. + +III. + + Sum cw[=e]n waes on s[=u]th-d[=ae]le, Saba [.g]e.h[=a]ten, snotor and 65 + w[=i]s. Th[=a] [.g]e.h[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m + fram + th[=ae]m s[=u]thernum [.g]e.m[=ae]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m + mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=ae]ron s[=u]therne wyrta, + and d[=e]or-wierthe [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o + cw[=e]n + th[=a] haefde spr[=ae][.c]e with Salomon, and sae[.g]de him sw[=a] hwaet + 70 + sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e.th[=o]hte. Salomon th[=a] h[=i]e + l[=ae]rde, + and hiere sae[.g]de ealra th[=a]ra worda and[.g]iet the h[=e]o hine + [=a]scode. + Th[=a] [.g]e.seah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and thaet + m[=ae]re + tempel the h[=e] [.g]e.timbrod haefde, and th[=a] l[=a]c the man Gode + offrode, and thaes cyninges mani[.g]-fealde the[.g]nunga, and waes 75 + t[=o] th[=ae]m sw[=i]the of.wundrod thaet h[=e]o naefde furthor n[=a]nne + g[=a]st, + for th[=ae]m the h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] furthor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cwaeth + th[=a] + t[=o] th[=ae]m cyninge: 'S[=o]th is thaet word the ic [.g]e.h[=i]erde on + m[=i]num earde be th[=e] and be th[=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde + [.g]e.l[=i]efan [=ae]r th[=ae]m the ic self hit [.g]e.s[=a]we. N[=u] + haebbe ic [=a].fandod 80 + thaet m[=e] naes be healfum d[=ae]le th[=i]n m[=ae]rtho [.g]e.c[=y]ped. + M[=a]re + is th[=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and th[=i]n weorc thonne se hl[=i]sa w[=ae]re the + ic + [.g]e.h[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind th[=i]ne the[.g]nas and th[=i]ne + th[=e]owas, the + simle aet.foran th[=e] standath, and th[=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e.h[=i]erath. + [.G]e.bl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se aelmihtiga God, the th[=e] [.g]e.[.c][=e]as + and [.g]e.s[e,]tte 85 + {71} + ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, thaet th[=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and + riht-w[=i]snesse,' + H[=e]o for.[.g]eaf th[=ae]em cyninge th[=a] hund.tw[e,]lfti[.g] punda + goldes, + and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierthra wyrta and d[=e]orwierthra + [.g]immst[=a]na. + Salomon [=e]ac for.[.g]eaf th[=ae]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hwaes sw[=a] h[=e]o + [.g]iernde + aet him; and h[=e]o [.g]e.w[e,]nde on.[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]thle mid + hiere 90 + the[.g]num. Salomon th[=a] waes [.g]e.m[=ae]rsod ofer eallum eorthlicum + cyningum, and ealle th[=e]oda [.g]e.wilnodon thaet h[=i]e hine + [.g]e.s[=a]wen, + and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e.h[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald + l[=a]c + br[=o]hton. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n haefde [.g]e.t[=a]cnunge th[=ae]re h[=a]lgan + [.g]e.lathunge ealles 95 + cr[=i]stenes folces, the c[=o]m t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]e.sibbsuman Cr[=i]ste + t[=o] + [.g]e.h[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and th[=a] god-spellican l[=a]re tha + h[=e] + [=a].stealde, and be on.liehtunge thaes s[=o]than [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and be + th[=ae]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, + and be + hyhte and wuldre thaes [.g]e.m[=ae]nelican [=ae]ristes. 100 + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde + and on d[=e]orwierthum [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=ae]thum; and + thaet b[=ae]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]e.l[=e]affulle [.g]e.lathung, the + cymth + of [=ae]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bringth him th[=a]s fore-sae[.g]dan + l[=a]c + aefter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offrath him gold thurh s[=o]thne + 105 + [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=ae]thas thurh [.g]e.bedu, and d[=e]orwierthe + [.g]immas thurh fae[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra th[=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra + mae[.g]na. + Be thisse [.g]e.lathunge cwaeth se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: _Adstitit_ + _regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate_, + thaet is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt aet th[=i]nre sw[=i]thran, on + ofergyldum 110 + [.g]ierlan, ymb.scr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o + g[=a]stlice + cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e.lathung, is [.g]e.gl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierthre + fraetwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and + mihta. + + H[=e]o sae[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115 + [.g]e.lathung [.g]e.openath Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and tha + d[=i]eglan + [.g]e.th[=o]htas on s[=o]thre andetnesse. + + Olfendas b[=ae]ron th[=a] d[=e]orwierthan l[=a]c mid th[=ae]re cw[=e]ne + {72} + int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for th[=ae]m the th[=a] h[=ae]thnan, the [=ae]r + w[=ae]ron + [.g]e.hoferode thurh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice thurh leahtras, + b[=ae]ron, 120 + thurh hiera [.g]e.[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]e.l[=e]afan, th[=a] + g[=a]stlican l[=a]c + t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his + [.g]e.timbrunga, + and the[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]e.lathung wundrath Cr[=i]stes + w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] is s[=o]th w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall + w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125 + of him. H[=e] [.g]e.timbrode th[=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne + middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]e.sceafta [.g]e.s[e,]tte on thrim thingum, + _in mensura, et pondere, et numero_, thaet is, on [.g]e.mete, and + on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]e.tele. Cr[=i]stes the[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=ae]lo + and + folca [=a].l[=i]esednes, and th[=a] sind [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g]e the him + the[.g]niath t[=o] 130 + [.g]e.cw[=e]mednesse on th[=ae]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]e.r[=y]num. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n sae[.g]de thaet hiere n[=ae]re be healfum d[=ae]le + [.g]e.sae[.g]d + be Salomones m[=ae]rtho, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes + [.g]e.lathung, + oththe [.g]e.hwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, thonne h[=e]o cymth t[=o] + th[=ae]re heofonlican + Hierusal[=e]m, thonne [.g]e.sihth h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=ae]rtho + 135 + and wuldor thonne hiere [=ae]r on l[=i]fe thurh w[=i]tegan oththe + apostolas + [.g]e.c[=y]dd w[=ae]re. Ne mae[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on thissum l[=i]fe + [.g]e.s[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]e.h[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes + heorte + [=a].sm[=e]an th[=a] thing the God [.g]earcath th[=ae]m the hine lufiath. + Th[=a] + thing w[=e] magon be.[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a].sm[=e]an, + 140 + ne [=u]s n[=ae]fre ne [=a].thr[=i]ett th[=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]e.nyhtsumnes. + + Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle th[=e]oda + woldon [.g]e.s[=e]on thone [.g]e.sibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e.h[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u] + of eallum + th[=e]odum [.g]e.wilniath m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]e.s[=e]onne thone + [.g]e-sibbsuman 145 + Cr[=i]st thurh [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and thone godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e.h[=i]eran, + and h[=i]e him dae[.g]-hw[=ae]ml[=i]ce th[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c + [.g]e.offriath on + mani[.g]fealdum [.g]e.metum. + +IV. + + On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don th[=a] Babil[=o]niscan thone + {73} + w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] t[=o].wearp hiera + d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150 + and cw[=ae]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] th[=ae]m fore-sae[.g]dan cyninge + C[=y]rum: + 'Bet[=ae][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, the [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o].wearp, and + thone dracan + [=a].cwealde the w[=e] on be.l[=i]efdon; [.g]if th[=u] hine + for.st[e,]ntst, w[=e] + for.dilgiath th[=e] and th[=i]nne h[=i]red.' + + Th[=a] [.g]e.seah se cyning thaet h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=ae]ron, and + n[=i]edunga 155 + thone w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a].s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e th[=a] hine + [=a].wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]athe, on th[=ae]m w[=ae]ron seofon + l[=e]on, th[=ae]m + man sealde dae[.g]hw[=ae]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]theru and tw[=a] + s[.c][=e]ap, ac him + waes th[=a] of.togen [=ae]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, thaet h[=i]e thone + Godes + mann [=a].b[=i]tan scolden. 160 + + On th[=ae]re t[=i]de waes sum [=o]ther w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, + his + nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] baer his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] aecere. Th[=a] + c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cwaeth: 'Abacuc, ber thone + m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] the sitt on + th[=a]ra l[=e]ona + s[=e]athe.' Abacuc andwyrde th[=ae]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne + [.g]e.seah 165 + ic n[=ae]fre th[=a] burg, ne ic thone s[=e]ath n[=a]t.' + + Th[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]e.l[=ae]hte hine be th[=ae]m feaxe, and hine + baer + t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan th[=ae]m s[=e]athe. Th[=a] + clipode se + Abacuc: 'th[=u] Godes th[=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim th[=a]s l[=a]c the th[=e] + God + s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cwaeth: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=ae]lend, s[=i]e th[=e] + lof 170 + and weorth-mynd thaet th[=u] m[=e] [.g]e.mundest.' And h[=e] th[=a] + th[=ae]re + sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el th[=ae]r-rihte mid swiftum + flyhte [.g]e.br[=o]hte thone disc-the[.g]n, Abacuc, th[=ae]r h[=e] hine + [=ae]r [.g]e.nam. + + Se cyning th[=a] C[=y]rus on th[=ae]m seofothan dae[.g]e [=e]ode + dr[=e]ori[.g] 175 + t[=o] th[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]athe, and inn be.seah, and efne th[=a] + Dani[=e]l + sittende waes [.g]e.sundfull on.middan th[=ae]m l[=e]onum. Th[=a] clipode + se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=ae]re is se God the Dani[=e]l + on be.l[=i]efth.' And h[=e] th[=a] mid th[=ae]m worde hine [=a].t[=e]ah + of th[=ae]m + scraefe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan th[=a] the hine [=ae]r for.d[=o]n woldon. + 180 + Thaes cyninges h[=ae]s wearth hraedl[=i]ce [.g]e.fr[e,]mmed, and thaes + w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a].scofene be.twix th[=a] l[=e]on, and + h[=i]e + {74} + th[=ae]r-rihte mid gr[=ae]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o].t[=ae]ron. + Th[=a] + cwaeth se cyning: 'Forhtien and on.dr[=ae]den ealle eorth-b[=u]end + Dani[=e]les God, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] is [=A].l[=i]esend and + H[=ae]lend, 185 + wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorthan.' + +V. + + Nabochodonosor, se h[=ae]thena cyning, [.g]e.h[e,]rgode on Godes + folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=ae]dum God thaet + [.g]e.thafode. Th[=a] [.g]e.nam h[=e] th[=a] m[=a]thm-fatu, gyldenu and + silfrenu, + binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190 + [.g]e.l[=ae]dde. Hit [.g]e.lamp eft siththan thaet h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne + [.g]e.sihthe be him selfum [.g]e.seah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him siththan + [=a].[=e]ode. + + Aefter thissum ymb twelf m[=o]nath, [=e]ode se cyning binnan + his healle mid orm[=ae]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc + and his miht, and cwaeth: 'H[=u], ne is this s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n, + 195 + the ic self [.g]e.timbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] thrymme, m[=e] + selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum mae[.g]ne + and str[e,]n[.g]tho?' Ac him clipode th[=ae]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]the + [e,][.g]eslic + stefn of heofonum, thus cwethende: 'Th[=u] Nabochodonosor, + th[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.w[=i]tt fram th[=e], and th[=u] bist fram mannum + [=a].worpen, 200 + and th[=i]n wunung bith mid wild[=e]orum, and th[=u] itst gaers, sw[=a] + sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, oth thaet th[=u] wite thaet se h[=e]alica + God [.g]e.wielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and thaet h[=e] for.[.g]iefth + r[=i][.c]e th[=ae]m + the h[=e] wile.' + + Witodl[=i]ce on th[=ae]re ilcan t[=i]de waes th[=e]os spr[=ae][.c] + [.g]e.fylled 205 + ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid + wild[=e]orum, leofode be gaerse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, oth thaet his + feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his nae[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a] + earnes clawa. + + Eft siththan him for.[.g]eaf se aelmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]e.witt, 210 + and h[=e] cwaeth: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a].h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p + t[=o] + heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wearth for.[.g]iefen, and ic th[=a] + bl[=e]tsode thone h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode + {75} + thone the leofath on [=e][.c]nesse, for th[=ae]m the his miht is + [=e][.c]e, and + his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=ae][.g]the and on m[=ae][.g]the. Ealle + eorth-b[=u]end 215 + sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]e.tealde on his with.metennesse. Aefter his + willan h[=e] d[=e]th [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eorthan, and + nis + n[=a]n thing the his mihte with.stande, oththe him t[=o] cwethe 'hw[=y] + d[=e]st th[=u] sw[=a]?' On th[=ae]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet + [.g]e.w[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e], + and ic be.c[=o]m t[=o] weorth-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n + 220 + m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] be.c[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and + m[=i]n + m[=ae]rtho wearth [.g]e.[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=ae]rsi[.g]e + and + wuldri[.g]e thone heofonlican cyning, for th[=ae]m the eall his weorc + sind s[=o]th, and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] mae[.g] + [.g]e.[=e]ath-m[=e]dan + th[=a] the on m[=o]di[.g]nesse farath.' 225 + + Thus [.g]e.[=e]athm[=e]dde se aelmihtiga God thone m[=o]digan cyning + Nabochodonosor. + +{76} + +IV. + +SAMSON. + + [=A]n mann waes eardiende on Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, Manu[=e] + [.g]e.h[=a]ten, of th[=ae]re m[=ae][.g]the Dan; his w[=i]f waes + un-t[=i]emend, and + h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m th[=a] gangende t[=o] Godes + [e,]n[.g]el, and cwaeth thaet h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him + [.g]e.m[=ae]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=ae]fre oththe w[=i]n, ne + n[=a]ht 5 + f[=u]les ne thi[.c][.g]e; s[=e] bith Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his + [.c]ildh[=a]de; and + man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oththe be.s[.c]ieran, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] + on.[.g]inth t[=o] [=a].l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, of + Philist[=e]a + th[=e]owte.' + + H[=e]o [=a].c[e,]nde th[=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere sae[.g]de se + [e,]n[.g]el, and 10 + h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]the w[=e]ox; and God hine + bl[=e]tsode, + and Godes g[=a]st waes on him. H[=e] wearth th[=a] mihti[.g] on + mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]tho, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne + l[=e]on be we[.g]e, the + hine [=a].b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o].brae[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, + swelce he + t[=o].t[=ae]re sum [=e]athelic ti[.c][.c]en. 15 + + H[=e] be.gann th[=a] t[=o] winnenne with th[=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera + fela of.sl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, th[=e]ah the h[=i]e onweald + haefden + ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. Th[=a] f[=e]rdon th[=a] Philist[=e]i forth aefter + Samsone, + and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode thaet h[=i]e hine [=a].[.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera + onwealde, + thaet h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=ae]denne mid tintregum 20 + on him. H[=i]e th[=a] hine [.g]e.bundon mid tw[=ae]m baestenum r[=a]pum + and hine [.g]e.l[=ae]ddon t[=o] th[=ae]m folce. And th[=a] + Philist[=e]iscan thaes + fae[.g]nodon sw[=i]the; urnon him t[=o].[.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende; + woldon + hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=ae]denne. Th[=a] t[=o].brae[.g]d + Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, thaet th[=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston the + h[=e] mid 25 + {77} + [.g]e.bunden waes. And h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte th[= a] s[=o]na sumes assan + [.c]inn-b[=a]n the h[=e] th[=ae]r funde, and [.g]e.feaht with h[=i]e, and + of.sl[=o][.g] + [=a]n th[=u]send mid thaes assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wearth th[=a] + sw[=i]the + of.thyrst for th[=ae]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and baed thone + heofonlican + God thaet h[=e] him [=a].s[e,]nde drincan, for th[=ae]m the on th[=ae]re + 30 + n[=e]awiste naes n[=a]n waeters[.c]ipe. Th[=a] arn of th[=ae]n + [.c]innb[=a]ne + of [=a]num t[=e]th waeter; and Samson th[=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne + thancode. + + Aefter thissum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre + byri[.g] + on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]e.h[=a]ten. And h[=i]e thaes fae[.g]nodon; + 35 + be.s[e,]tton th[=a] th[=ae]t h[=u]s the h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine + [.g]e.niman mid th[=ae]m the h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=ae]rne-mer[.g]en, + and hine + of.sl[=e]an. Hwaet th[=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under.[.g]eat; and + [=a].r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o].middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]e.nam + th[=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]e.baer on his hry[.c][.g]e mid th[=ae]m + postum, 40 + sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e be.locenu w[=ae]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne + t[=o] ufeweardum + th[=ae]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]e.sihthum. + + Hine be.sw[=a]c sw[=a].th[=e]ah siththan [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila + [.g]e.h[=a]ten, of + th[=ae]m h[=ae]thnan folce, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de, thurh + hiere sw[=i]cd[=o]m 45 + be.p[=ae]ht, on hw[=ae]m his str[e,]n[.g]tho waes and his wundorlicu + miht. Th[=a] h[=ae]thnan Philist[=e]i be.h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas with + th[=ae]m + the h[=e]o be.swice Samson thone strangan. Th[=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o + hine [.g]eorne mid hiere [=o]l[=ae][.c]unge on hw[=ae]m his miht + w[=ae]re; + and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e.bunden mid seofon 50 + r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e.wield.' Thaet + swicole w[=i]f th[=a] be.[.g]eat th[=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] thurh + sierwunge + sw[=a] wearth [.g]e.bunden. And him man c[=y]thde thaet + th[=ae]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; th[=a] t[=o].braec h[=e] s[=o]na th[=a] + r[=a]pas, sw[=a] + sw[=a] h[e,]fel-thr[=ae]das; and thaet w[=i]f nyste on hw[=ae]m his miht + 55 + waes. H[=e] wearth eft [.g]e.bunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and + h[=e] th[=a] t[=o].braec, sw[=a] sw[=a] th[=a] [=o]thre. + + H[=e]o be.sw[=a]c hine sw[=a].th[=e]ah, thaet h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de aet + {78} + n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode [.g]e.h[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de; + and + ic naes n[=ae]fre [.g]e.[e,]fsod, ne n[=ae]fre be.scoren; and [.g]if ic + b[=e]o 60 + be.scoren, thonne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]thrum mannum [.g]e.l[=i]c;' + and h[=e]o l[=e]t th[=a] sw[=a]. + + H[=e]o th[=a] on sumum dae[.g]e, th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] on sl[=ae]pe + lae[.g], for.[.c]earf + his seofon loccas, and [=a].weahte hine siththan; th[=a] waes + h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]thre m[e,]nn. And th[=a] + Philist[=e]i 65 + [.g]e.f[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine be.l[=ae]wde, and + [.g]e.l[=ae]ddon + hine on.we[.g]; and h[=e]o haefde thone s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a] + him [.g]e.wearth. + + H[=i]e th[=a] hine [=a].bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]e.bundenne l[=ae]ddon on + heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne 70 + be.lucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan aet + hiera hand-cweorne. Th[=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht + eft on him. And th[=a] Philist[=e]i full.bl[=i]the w[=ae]ron: thancodon + hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]e.h[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e thurh his fultum + hiera f[=e]ond [.g]e.wielden. 75 + + Th[=a] Philist[=e]i th[=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]e.worhton, and + [.g]e.samnodon + h[=i]e on sumre [=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle th[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and + [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, thr[=e]o th[=u]send manna on mi[.c]elre + blisse. + And th[=a] th[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]thost w[=ae]ron, th[=a] b[=ae]don h[=i]e + sume thaet Samson + m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na 80 + [.g]e.f[e,]tte mid sw[=i]thlicre w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan + be.twix tw[=ae]m st[=ae]nenum sw[=e]orum. On th[=ae]m tw[=ae]m sw[=e]orum + st[=o]d thaet h[=u]s eall [.g]e.worht. And Samson th[=a] plegode + sw[=i]the him aet.foran; and [.g]e.l[=ae]hte th[=a] sw[=e]oras mid + sw[=i]thlicre + mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o].gaedre thaet h[=i]e s[=o]na + t[=o].burston; and 85 + thaet h[=u]s th[=a] [=a].f[=e]oll eall, th[=ae]m folce t[=o] d[=e]athe, + and Samson + forth mid, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]athe + [=a].cwealde + thonne h[=e] [=ae]r cwic dyde. + +{79} + +V. + +FROM THE CHRONICLE. + + Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund + m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on th[=ae]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f + [.g]e.th[=e]odu: + [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-laeden. + + [=Ae]rest w[=ae]ron b[=u]end thisses landes Brettas. Th[=a] c[=o]mon + of Armenia, and [.g]e.s[=ae]ton s[=u]than-wearde Bretene [=ae]rest. + Th[=a] 5 + [.g]e.lamp hit thaet Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]than of Scithian mid + langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and th[=a] c[=o]mon [=ae]rest on + North-ibernian [=u]p; and th[=ae]r b[=ae]don Scottas thaet h[=i]e + th[=ae]r + m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e + cw[=ae]don thaet h[=i]e ne mihten ealle aet.gaedre [.g]e.wunian th[=ae]r. + 10 + And th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hwaethre + r[=ae]d + [.g]e.l[=ae]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]ther [=i]e[.g]land h[=e]r-be.[=e]astan; + th[=ae]r [.g][=e] + magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willath; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow + with.st[e,]nt, + w[=e] [=e]ow fultumiath thaet [.g][=e] hit mae[.g]en [.g]e.g[=a]n.' + + Th[=a] f[=e]rdon th[=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon this land + northan-weard; 15 + s[=u]than-weard hit haefdon Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=ae]r + cw[=ae]don. + And th[=a] Peohtas him [=a].b[=ae]don w[=i]f aet Scottum on th[=a] + [.g]e.r[=a]d + thaet h[=i]e [.g]e.curen hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on th[=a] w[=i]f-healfe. + Thaet + h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange siththan. + + And th[=a] [.g]e.lamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne thaet Scotta sum d[=ae]l 20 + [.g]e.w[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene, and thaes landes sumne d[=ae]l + [.g]e.[=e]odon; and waes hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]e.h[=a]ten: fram + thaem h[=i]e sind [.g]e.n[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi. + {80} + + Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus on.f[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e, + and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon winter. 25 + + And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne + [.g]e.lathode, Bretta cyninge, [.g]e.s[=o]hton Bretene on th[=ae]m + st[e,]de the is [.g]e.n[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=ae]rest Brettum t[=o] + fultume, + ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton. + + Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on.[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a] + 30 + dydon, and si[.g]e haefdon sw[=a] hw[=ae]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon. + + H[=i]e th[=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran + fultum; and h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and + thaes + landes cysta. H[=i]e th[=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran fultum. Th[=a] + c[=o]mon + th[=a] m[e,]nn of thrim m[=ae][.g]thum [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of + 35 + [E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum. + + Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--thaet is s[=e]o + m[=ae][.g]th the n[=u] eardath on Wiht--and thaet cynn on West-seaxum + the man n[=u].[.g]iet h[=ae]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum + c[=o]mon [=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]th-seaxe, and West-seaxe. 40 + Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] siththan st[=o]d w[=e]ste be.twix [=I]otum + and + Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle + Northhymbre. + + 455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton with Wyrt[.g]eorne + th[=ae]m cyninge in th[=ae]re st[=o]we the is [.g]e.cweden + Ae[.g]les-threp; 45 + and his br[=o]thor Horsan man of.sl[=o]g. And aefter th[=ae]m + H[e,]n[.g]est + f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and Aesc his sunu. + + 457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Aesc fuhton with Brettas in th[=ae]re + st[=o]we the is [.g]e.cweden Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and th[=ae]r + of.sl[=o]gon + f[=e]ower th[=u]send wera. And th[=a] Brettas th[=a] for.l[=e]ton + C[e,]nt-land, 50 + and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g]. + + 473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and Aesc [.g]e.fuhton with W[=e]alas, and + [.g]e.n[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and th[=a] W[=e]alas + flugon + th[=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r. + + 787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge. 55 + And on his dagum c[=o]mon [=ae]rest thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and th[=a] se + {81} + [.g]e.r[=e]fa th[=ae]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde dr[=i]fan t[=o] + thaes cyninges + t[=u]ne, th[=y] h[=e] nyste hwaet h[=i]e w[=ae]ron; and hine man + of.sl[=o]g. + Thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the + Angel-cynnes + land [.g]e.s[=o]hton. 60 + + 851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]e.feaht with h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn + mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re aet Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and th[=ae]r mi[.c]el + wael + [.g]e.sl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon. + + And th[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are Aethelst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux + mi[.c]elne h[e,]re of.sl[=o]gon aet Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon 65 + s[.c]ipu [.g]e.f[=e]ngon, and th[=a] [=o]thru [.g]e.fl[=i]emdon; and + h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn + [=ae]rest ofer winter s[=ae]ton. + + And th[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]orthe healf hund s[.c]ipa on + T[e,]mese-m[=u]than, and br[=ae]con Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg, + and [.g]e.fl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his 70 + fierde; and f[=e]rdon th[=a] s[=u]th ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]thri[.g]e; + and + him [.g]e.feaht with Aethelwulf cyning and Aethelbeald his + sunu aet [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and th[=ae]r thaet + m[=ae]ste + wael [.g]e.sl[=o]gon on h[=ae]thnum h[e,]re the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an + h[=i]erdon oth + thisne andweardan dae[.g], and th[=ae]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon. 75 + + 867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer + Humbre-m[=u]than + t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre on North-hymbre. And th[=ae]r waes mi[.c]el + un-[.g]ethw[=ae]rnes th[=ae]re th[=e]ode be.twix him selfum, and h[=i]e + haefdon hiera cyning [=a].worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne + cyning under.f[=e]ngon Aellan. And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] + th[=ae]m 80 + [.g]e.[.c]ierdon thaet h[=i]e with thone h[e,]re winnende w[=ae]ron; and + h[=i]e + th[=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]e.gadrodon, and thone h[e,]re s[=o]hton aet + Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on th[=a] [.c]eastre br[=ae]con, and h[=i]e + sume + inne wurdon; and th[=ae]r waes un-[.g]emetlic wael ge.slae[.g]en + Northanhymbra, + sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and th[=a] cyningas 85 + b[=e][.g]en ofslae[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f with thone h[e,]re frith + nam. + +{82} + +VI. + +KING EDMUND. + + Sum sw[=i]the [.g]e.l[=ae]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]than ofer s[=ae] fram + sancte + Benedictes st[=o]we, on Aethelredes cyninges dae[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne + aer[.c]e-biscope, thrim [.g][=e]arum [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=e] + forth.f[=e]rde, + and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. Th[=a] wurdon h[=i]e aet spr[=ae][.c]e, oth + thaet D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a] + [=E]admundes 5 + sweord-bora hit reahte Aethelst[=a]ne cyninge, th[=a] th[=a] + D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann waes, and se sweord-bora waes for.ealdod + mann. Th[=a] [.g]e.s[e,]tte se munuc ealle th[=a], [.g]e.r[e,][.c]ednesse + on + [=a]nre b[=e]c, and eft, th[=a] th[=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s, + binnan f[=e]am + [.g][=e]arum, th[=a] [=a].w[e,]ndon w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a] + sw[=a] hit h[=e]r.aefter 10 + st[e,]nt. Se munuc th[=a] Abbo binnan tw[=ae]m [.g][=e]arum + [.g]e.w[e,]nde + h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wearth s[=o]na t[=o] abbode + [.g]e.s[e,]tt on th[=ae]m ilcan mynstre. + + [=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, waes snotor and + weorthfull, and weorthode simle mid aethelum th[=e]awum thone 15 + aelmihtigan God. H[=e] waes [=e]ath-m[=o]d and [.g]e.thungen, and + sw[=a] [=a]n-r[=ae]d thurh.wunode thaet h[=e] nolde [=a].b[=u]gan t[=o] + bismerfullum + leahtrum, ne on n[=a]wthre healfe h[=e] ne [=a].hielde his + th[=e]awas, ac waes simle [.g]e.myndi[.g] th[=ae]re s[=o]than l[=a]re: + '[.G]if th[=u] + eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]e.s[e,]tt, ne [=a].h[e,]fe th[=u] + th[=e], ac b[=e]o be.twix 20 + mannum sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] waes + cysti[.g] w[=ae]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] faeder, and mid + wel-willendnesse [.g]e.wissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse, + and th[=ae]m r[=e]thum st[=i]erde, and [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode + on s[=o]thum + [.g]e.l[=e]afan. 25 + {83} + + Hit [.g]e.lamp th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan thaet th[=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode + f[=e]rdon + mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land, + sw[=a] + sw[=a] hiera [.g]e.wuna is. On th[=ae]m flotan w[=ae]ron th[=a] fyrmestan + h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e.[=a]nl[=ae]hte thurh + d[=e]ofol, + and h[=i]e on Northhymbra-lande [.g]e.l[e,]ndon mid aescum, and 30 + [=a].w[=e]ston thaet land, and th[=a] l[=e]ode of.sl[=o]gon. Th[=a] + [.g]e.w[e,]nde + Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba be.l[=a]f on + Northhymbra-lande, + [.g]e.wunnenum si[.g]e mid wael-hr[=e]ownesse. + Hinguar th[=a] be.c[=o]m t[=o] [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on + th[=ae]m [.g][=e]are + the Aelfred aetheling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara waes, s[=e] the + West-seaxna 35 + cyning siththan wearth m[=ae]re. And se fore-sae[.g]da + Hinguar f[=ae]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande be.stealcode, and + th[=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f, and th[=a] un[.g]ewittigan + [.c][=i]ld, + and to bismere t[=u]code th[=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e] s[e,]nde + th[=a] siththan s[=o]na t[=o] th[=ae]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=ae]rende, + thaet h[=e] 40 + [=a].b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=ae]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his + f[=e]ores r[=o]hte. + Se [=ae]rend-raca c[=o]m th[=a] t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares + [=ae]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a].b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re cyning, c[=e]ne + and si[.g]efaest on s[=ae] and on lande, haefth fela th[=e]oda + [.g]e.weald, + and c[=o]m n[=u] mid fierde f[=ae]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, thaet 45 + h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode haebbe. N[=u] h[=ae]tt h[=e] + th[=e] + d[=ae]lan th[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and th[=i]nra ieldrena + [.g]e.str[=e]on + arodl[=i]ce with hine, and th[=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if th[=u] + cwic b[=e]on wilt, for th[=ae]m the th[=u] naefst th[=a] miht thaet + th[=u] mae[.g]e + him with.standan.' 50 + + Hwaet th[=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop the him + th[=a] [.g]e.h[e,]ndost waes, and with hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] + th[=ae]m + r[=e]than Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Th[=a] forhtode se biscop + for th[=ae]m f[=ae]rlican [.g]e.limpe, and for thaes cyninges l[=i]fe, + and cwaeth thaet him r[=ae]d th[=u]hte thaet h[=e] t[=o] th[=ae]m + [.g]e.buge the 55 + him b[=e]ad Hinguar. Th[=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and be.seah + t[=o] th[=ae]re eorthan, and cwaeth th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce + him + t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]e.t[=a]wode + th[=a]s earman + {84} + land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on + [.g]e.feohte + f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' + 60 + And se biscop cwaeth: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, th[=i]n folc + l[=i]th of.slae[.g]en, and th[=u] naefst thone fultum thaet th[=u] + feohtan + mae[.g]e, and th[=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cumath, and th[=e] cwicne + [.g]e.bindath, + b[=u]tan th[=u] mid fl[=e]ame th[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e.beorge, oththe + th[=u] th[=e] sw[=a] + [.g]e.beorge thaet th[=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' Th[=a] cwaeth [=E]admund + cyning, 65 + sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] full.c[=e]ne waes: 'thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e and + [.g]e.w[=y]s[.c]e + mid m[=o]de thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum + the[.g]num, + the on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=ae]rl[=i]ce + of.slae[.g]ene fram thissum flot-mannum. Naes m[=e] n[=ae]fre + [.g]e.wunelic + thaet ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]thor sweltan, 70 + [.g]if ic thorfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se aelmihtiga God + w[=a]t thaet ic nyle [=a].b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=ae]fre, + ne fram + his s[=o]thre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.' + + Aefter thissum wordum h[=e] [.g]e.w[e,]nde t[=o] th[=ae]m [=ae]rend-racan + the + Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and sae[.g]de him un.forht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 + th[=u] w[=ae]re n[=u] wierthe sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a].f[=y]lan on + th[=i]num f[=u]lum + bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=ae]nan handa, for th[=ae]m the ic Cr[=i]ste + folgi[.g]e, the + [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]e.b[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]thel[=i]ce wile b[=e]on + of.slae[.g]en + thurh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awath. Far n[=u] + sw[=i]the hrathe, + and s[e,][.g]e th[=i]num r[=e]than hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a].b[=y]hth + n[=ae]fre [=E]admund 80 + Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=ae]thnum h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to + H[=ae]lende + Cr[=i]ste [=ae]rest mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan on thissum lande [.g]e.b[=u]ge."' + + Th[=a] [.g]e.w[e,]nde se [=ae]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce on.we[.g], and + [.g]e.m[=e]tte + be we[.g]e thone wael-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde + f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and sae[.g]de th[=ae]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him + [.g]e.andwyrd 85 + waes. Hinguar beb[=e]ad th[=a] mid bieldo th[=ae]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re + thaet h[=i]e thaes cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, the his + h[=ae]se + for.seah, and hine s[=o]na bindan. + + Hwaet th[=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid th[=ae]m the Hinguar c[=o]m, + st[=o]d innan his healle, thaes H[=ae]lendes [.g]e.myndi[.g], and + [=a].wearp 90 + his w[=ae]pnu: wolde [.g]e.efenl[=ae][.c]an Cr[=i]stes + [.g]e.b[=y]snungum, the + {85} + for.b[=e]ad Petre mid w[=ae]pnum t[=o] winnenne with th[=a] + waelhr[=e]owan + I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwaet th[=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan th[=a] [=E]admund + [.g]e.bundon, and + [.g]e.bismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] + siththan l[=ae]ddon thone [.g]e.l[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num + eorth-faestan 95 + tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine th[=ae]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum, + and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] + simle clipode be.twix th[=ae]m swinglum mid s[=o]thum [.g]e.l[=e]afan + t[=o] + H[=ae]lende Cr[=i]ste; and th[=a] h[=ae]thnan th[=a] for his + [.g]e.l[=e]afan wurdon + w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] + fultume: 100 + h[=i]e scuton th[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, + oth thaet h[=e] eall waes be.s[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les + byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus waes. Th[=a] [.g]e.seah Hinguar, se + [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, thaet se aethela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste + with.sacan, + ac mid [=a]nr[=ae]dum [.g]e.l[=e]afan hine [=ae]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine + th[=a] 105 + be.h[=e]afdian, and th[=a] h[=ae]thnan sw[=a] dydon. Be.twix th[=ae]m the + h[=e] + clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste th[=a].[.g]iet, th[=a] tugon th[=a] h[=ae]thnan + thone h[=a]lgan + t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of thaet + h[=e]afod, + and his s[=a]wol s[=i]thode [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. Th[=ae]r + waes sum + mann [.g]e.h[e,]nde [.g]e.healden, thurh God be.h[=y]dd th[=ae]m + h[=ae]thnum, 110 + the this [.g]e.h[=i]erde eall, and hit eft sae[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] + hit + s[e,][.c][.g]ath h[=e]r. + + Hwaet th[=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and + be.h[=y]ddon thaet + h[=e]afod thaes h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on th[=ae]m thi[.c][.c]um + br[=e]mlum, + thaet hit be.byr[.g]ed ne wurde. Th[=a] aefter fierste siththan h[=i]e + 115 + [=a].farene w[=ae]ron, c[=o]m thaet land-folc t[=o], the th[=ae]r t[=o] + l[=a]fe waes, + th[=ae]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c lae[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon + swithe + s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru thaet h[=i]e + naefden thaet + h[=e]afod t[=o] th[=ae]m bodi[.g]e. Th[=a] sae[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere + the hit [=ae]r + [.g]e.seah, thaet th[=a] flotm[e,]nn haefden thaet h[=e]afod mid him; and + 120 + waes him [.g]e.th[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit waes full.s[=o]th, thaet + h[=i]e beh[=y]dden + thaet h[=e]afod on th[=ae]m holte for.hwega. + + H[=i]e [=e]odon th[=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] th[=ae]m wuda, + s[=e][.c]ende [.g]e.hw[=ae]r, + [.g]eond th[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=ae]r mihten + {86} + [.g]e.m[=e]tan thaet h[=e]afod. Waes [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor thaet [=a]n + wulf 125 + wearth [=a].s[e,]nd, thurh Godes wissunge, t[=o] be.w[e,]rienne thaet + h[=e]afod with th[=a] [=o]thru d[=e]or ofer dae[.g] and niht. H[=i]e + [=e]odon th[=a] + s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]e.wunelic is + th[=ae]m + the on wuda g[=a]th oft, 'hw[=ae]r eart th[=u] n[=u], [.g]e.f[=e]ra?' And + him + andwyrde thaet h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a] + [.g]e.l[=o]me 130 + clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=ae]ni[.g] + clipode, oth thaet h[=i]e ealle be.c[=o]mon thurh th[=a] clipunge him + t[=o]. + Th[=a] lae[.g] se gr[=ae]ga wulf the be.wiste thaet h[=e]afod, and mid + his + tw[=ae]m f[=o]tum haefde thaet h[=e]afod be.clypped, gr[=ae]di[.g] and + hungri[.g], + and for Gode ne dorste thaes h[=e]afdes on.byr[.g]an, ac 135 + h[=e]old hit with d[=e]or. Th[=a] wurdon h[=i]e of.wundrode thaes + wulfes hierd-r[=ae]denne, and thaet h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m + f[e,]redon + mid him, thanciende th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan ealra his wundra. + Ac se wulf folgode forth mid th[=ae]m h[=e]afde, oth thaet h[=i]e t[=o] + t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam waere, and [.g]e.w[e,]nde eft siththan + 140 + t[=o] wuda on.[.g][=e]an. + + Th[=a] land-l[=e]ode th[=a] siththan l[e,][.g]don thaet h[=e]afod t[=o] + th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan + bodi[.g]e, and be.byri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre + hraedunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a].r[=ae]rdon s[=o]na him on.uppan. Eft + th[=a] on fierste, aefter fela [.g][=e]arum, th[=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung + [.g]e.sw[=a]c, 145 + and sibb wearth for.[.g]iefen th[=ae]m [.g]e.sw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, th[=a] + f[=e]ngon + h[=i]e t[=o].gaedre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorthl[=i]ce + th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan, + for th[=ae]m the ge.l[=o]me wundru wurdon aet his byr[.g]enne, aet + th[=ae]m [.g]e.bed-h[=u]se th[=ae]r h[=e] be.byr[.g]ed waes. H[=i]e + woldon th[=a] + f[e,]rian mid folclicre weorthmynde thone h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 + l[e,][.c][.g]an innan th[=ae]re [.c]iri[.c]an. Th[=a] waes mi[.c]el + wundor thaet h[=e] + waes eall sw[=a] [.g]e.h[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=ae]re, mid cl[=ae]num + l[=i]chaman, + and his sw[=e]ora waes [.g]e.h[=ae]led, the [=ae]r waes for.slae[.g]en, + and + waes swelce [=a]n seolcen thr[=ae]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] + sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofs.lae[.g]en waes. [=E]ac swelce th[=a] wunda, + 155 + the th[=a] waelhr[=e]owan h[=ae]thnan mid [.g]e.l[=o]mum scotungum on his + l[=i]ce macodon, w[=ae]ron [.g]e.h[=ae]lde thurh thone heofonlican God; + {87} + and h[=e]; l[=i]th sw[=a] onsund oth thisne and-weardan dae[.g], + and-b[=i]diende + [=ae]ristes and thaes [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s + c[=y]thth, the l[=i]th un-formolsnod, thaet h[=e] b[=u]tan for.li[.g]re + h[=e]r on 160 + worulde leofode, and mid cl[=ae]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]thode. + + Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]e.h[=a]ten, aet thaes h[=a]lgan + byr[.g]enne, on [.g]e.bedum and faestennum manigu [.g][=e]ar siththan. + S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=ae]lce [.g][=e]are thone sanct, and his + nae[.g]las + [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] + h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 + on weofode. Tha weorthode thaet land-folc mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan thone + sanct, and Th[=e]odred biscop thearle mid [.g]iefum on golde and + on seolfre, th[=ae]m sancte t[=o] weorthmynde. + + Th[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=ae]l un-[.g]es[=ae]lige th[=e]ofas eahta on + [=a]nre nihte t[=o] th[=ae]m [=a]r-weorthan h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan + th[=a] 170 + m[=a]thmas the m[e,]nn thider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid craefte + h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]the + th[=a] + haespan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb.[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac + under.dealf th[=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=ae]ddre wolde + on.l[=u]can th[=ae]t [=e]ag-th[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and + earml[=i]ce 175 + f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] thaet se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]e.band, + [=ae]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, thaet hiera + n[=a]n ne + mihte thaet morth [.g]e.fr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e thanon [=a].styrian; ac + st[=o]don sw[=a] oth mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn th[=a] thaes wundrodon, h[=u] + th[=a] + weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=ae]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]e.delfe, 180 + and [=ae]lc on his weorce waes faeste [.g]e.bunden. H[=i]e wurdon + th[=a] [.g]e.br[=o]hte t[=o] th[=ae]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t + h[=i]e [=a].h[=o]n on + h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] naes n[=a] [.g]e.myndi[.g] h[=u] se + mildheorta + God clipode thurh his w[=i]tegan th[=a]s word the h[=e]r standath: + _Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses_, 'th[=a] the man l[=ae]tt + 185 + t[=o] d[=e]athe [=a].l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac th[=a] + h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes + b[=e]c [.g]e.h[=a]dodum for.b[=e]odath [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum + t[=o] + b[=e]onne ymbe th[=e]ofas, for th[=ae]m the hit ne [.g]e.byreth th[=ae]m + the + b[=e]op [.g]e.corene Gode to the[.g]nienne thaet h[=i]e + [.g]e.thw[=ae]rl[=ae][.c]an + scylen on [=ae]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]athe, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]oth Dryhtnes + 190 + {88} + the[.g]nas. Eft th[=a] Th[=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, + h[=e] siththan + be.hr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge thaet h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]thne d[=o]m + s[e,]tte + th[=ae]m un[.g]es[=ae]ligum th[=e]ofum, and hit be.s[=a]rgode [=ae]fre + oth his + l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and th[=a] l[=e]ode baed [.g]eorne thaet h[=i]e him mid + faesten + full[=i]ce thr[=i]e dagas, biddende thone Aelmihtigan thaet h[=e] him + 195 + [=a]rian scolde. + + On th[=ae]m lande waes sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]e.h[=a]ten, + r[=i][.c]e + for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] th[=ae]m + h[=a]lgan + mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]the, and h[=e]t him aet.[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce + sw[=i]the + thone h[=a]lgan sanct, hwaether h[=e] [.g]e.sund w[=ae]re; ac sw[=a] + hrathe 200 + sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]e.seah thaes sanctes l[=i]chaman, th[=a] [=a].w[=e]dde + h[=e] s[=o]na, + and wael-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e.[e,]ndode yflum + d[=e]athe. This is th[=ae]m [.g]e.l[=i]c the se [.g]e.l[=e]affulla + p[=a]pa Greg[=o]rius + sae[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, the + l[=i]th on + R[=o]me-byri[.g], thaet m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] + l[=ae][.g]e [.g]e 205 + g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]e.stilde sw[=a] thaet th[=ae]r + swulton + on th[=ae]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn aet.gaedre; th[=a] + [.g]eswicon + th[=a] [=o]thre t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne thone martyr mid m[e,]nniscum + [.g]e.dwylde. + + Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]e.h[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=ae][.c]e be th[=ae]m + 210 + h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, the w[=e] h[=e]r nyllath on [.g]e.write s[e,]ttan, + ac h[=i]e + w[=a]t [.g]e.hw[=a]. On thissum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum + [=o]thrum, thaet God aelmihti[.g] mae[.g] thone mann [=a].r[=ae]ran eft + on + d[=o]mes dae[.g]e onsundne of eorthan, s[=e] the hielt [=E]admund + h[=a]lne + his l[=i]chaman oth thone m[=i][.c]lan dae[.g], th[=e]ah the h[=e] on + moldan c[=o]me. 215 + Wierthe w[=ae]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for th[=ae]m weorthfullan h[=a]lgan thaet + h[=i]e + man weorthode and wel [.g]e.l[=o]gode mid cl[=ae]num Godes th[=e]owum + t[=o] Cr[=i]stes th[=e]owd[=o]me; for th[=ae]m the se h[=a]lga is + m[=ae]rra thonne + m[e,]nn mae[.g]en [=a].sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn be.d[=ae]led Dryhtnes + h[=a]lgena, thonne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]ath swelce h[=a]lgan + swelce 220 + thes h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]thberht se [=e]adiga and sancte + Aethelthr[=y]th on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on + l[=i]chaman, + [.g]e.l[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]thre on + {89} + Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, the fela wundra wyr[.c]ath, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit + w[=i]de is c[=u]th, th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan t[=o] lofe, the h[=i]e on + [.g]e.l[=i]efdon. 225 + Cr[=i]st [.g]e.sweotolath mannum thurh his m[=ae]re h[=a]lgan thaet h[=e] + is + aelmihti[.g] God the wyr[.c]th swelc wundru, th[=e]ah the th[=a] earman + I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga with.s[=o]cen, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e sind + [=a].wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne + b[=e]oth n[=a]n + wundru [.g]e.worht aet hiera byr[.g]ennum, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e ne + 230 + [.g]e.l[=i]efath on thone lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st + [.g]e.sweotolath + mannum hw[=ae]r se g[=o]da [.g]e.l[=e]afa is, thonne h[=e] swelc wundru + wyr[.c]th thurh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond th[=a]s eorthan, thaes him + s[=i]e + wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Faeder and th[=ae]m H[=a]lgan + G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235 + +{91} + +NOTES. + +The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; +paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar. + +I. SENTENCES. + +Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1. + +this sind. Gr. 45. 2. + +l. 6. s[e,]lth. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 7. s[=e]o aelmesse. Gr. 44. 3. + +l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3). + +l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3. + +n[=ae]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. _ne waes_ is usually contracted +into _naes_; the full form is used here because the _waes_ is emphatic. + +l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4. + +l. 23. Aethelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6. + +l. 24. Aesces-d[=u]n, _sf._ Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the +ashtree.' + +l. 27. wile here denotes _repetition_, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52. + +l. 28. thonne is correlative with _gif_ (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3. + +l. 37. aelmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4). + +l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Faeder. This insertion of the definite +article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent. + +l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6). + +l. 52. t[=o], for. + +l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18. + +l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1. + +l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2). + +l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3. + +l. 63. p[=ae]m, those. + +hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land. + +l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is _bledsian_. It is a +derivative of _bl[=o]d_, like _r[=i][.c]sian_ from _r[=i][.c]e_, with +mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with +blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to +consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim. + +l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably _g[=o]dspell_ += 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek _euaggelion_. {92} +Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following +consonant-group, or else _god_ was directly substituted for _g[=o]d_, as +giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in +the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic +(gudhspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the +Old English missionaries. + +bith. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19. + +l. 89. him on [=ae]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = +on every side (of themselves). + +l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5. + +l. 93. Aethelwulf-ing. Gr. 38. + +l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7. + +l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is +common in O. E., as in other languages. + +l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=ae]tt. _[.g]if_ here takes the indic., +instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be +unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (withst[e,]nt) is assumed as +certain, and VI. 19. + +l. 114. cw[=ae]de. Gr. 48. (5). + +l. 118. mae[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1). + +l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A). + +l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the +first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below. + +l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3. + +l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2). + +l. 124. w[=ae]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1). + +l. 132. s[=e] the. Gr. 21. + +l. 135. thaet. Gr. 21; 52. 3. + +l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2. + +l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive +pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion. + +l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. + +l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8). + +l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.' + +l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7). + +l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare _mae[.g]e_, l. 118 above. + +l. 166. ofslae[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5. + +l. 176. [.g]eweorthan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.) + +l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93} + +II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. + +l. 1. th[=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8. + +l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8). + +l. 20. hit refers back to _s[=ae]d_, l. 18. + +l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2. + +l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin _factum est_. + +l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19. + +l. 40. t[=o] forbaernenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to +burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as +in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1). + +l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137. + +l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=ae]enne th[=ae]m wyrhtum. A very stiff +adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem +facta cum operariis.' _th[=ae]m wyrhtum_ is to be taken as a dative of the +person affected (Gr. 41). + +l. 67. dyde th[=ae]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit +similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the +_sw[=a]_ being pleonastic. + +l. 86. thaet. Gr. 21. + +l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.' + +l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. _h[=u]s_ must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' +'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural _h[=u]s_ is regularly used to denote the +group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the +kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called +_eldh[=u]s_ (fire-house). + +l. 107. thaet h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of +two constructions, (1) _h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on_, (2) _thaet_ (in order +that) _h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we_. + +III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. + +The first two pieces are taken from Aelfric's translation of the +Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards +by Grein as vol. i. of his _Bibliothek der angelsaechsischen +Prosa_--Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Aelfric's Homilies +(edited by Thorpe)--ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432. + +l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5. + +l. 13. laeden. This word is the Latin _latina_ (= _lingua latina_) used +first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94} + +l. 17. for th[=ae]m ... for th[=ae]m the, correlative, the first +demonstrative, the second relative. + +l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of _s[.c]eal_ with a verb of motion +understood is very common. + +l. 36. him self. _him_ is the reflexive dative of interest referring to +_God_--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such +constructions we see the origin of the modern _himself_, _themselves_. + +ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second +_n[=u]_ being almost causal (since). + +l. 51. haefde ... t[=o], took ... for. + +l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1). + +l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.' + +m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.' + +l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57. + +l. 82. w[=ae]re. Gr. 49. (7). + +l. 89. hwaes is governed by _[.g]iernde_, by 'attraction.' + +l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb. + +l. 137. w[=ae]re. Gr, 49. (7). + +l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for _[.g]el[=i]efan_. + +l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above. + +l. 174. [=ae]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6. + +l. 200. fram mannum. _fram_ here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in +passive constructions. + +l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8). + +IV. SAMSON. + +From Aelfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch. + +l. 8. on[.g]inth t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, _on[.g]innan_ is +often used pleonastically in this way. + +l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with _[.g]eh[=a]ten_ is put +in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the +general principle (Gr. 42. 6). + +l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=ae]ron, locked as they were. + +ufeweardum th[=ae]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2. + +l. 46. waes, consisted. + +l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect _[.g]eworhtum_ (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps +the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative +clause--_the of sinum [.g]eworhte sind_. {95} + +l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground +that'--'because (as they said).' + +l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106. + +l. 87. forth is often used pleonastically in this way with _mid_. + +V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. + +l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. _h[=e]r_ is here used analogously to +_th[=ae]r_, as in II. 3 and the modern E. _there are_. Cp. also l. 12 +below. + +[.g]eth[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that +Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the +time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this +section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle. + +l. 5. Armenia is an error for _Armorica_. + +l. 6. Scithie, Scythia. + +l. 8. Northibernie, North of Ireland. + +l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which +constitute the Chronicle. + +l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *_Wurtigern_ +from the British _Vortigern_. + +l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet. + +l. 45. Ae[.g]lesthrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford. + +l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford. + +l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows +that it is taken from some old poem. + +l. 61. h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn, Danes. + +l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that +is 'with a force of Devonshire men.' + +l. 64. dux is here written instead of _ealdormann_. So also we find _rex_ +for _cyning_. + +l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich. + +l. 68. f[=e]orthe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the +regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German +_viertehalb_. + +l. 71. S[=u]thri[.g]e, Surrey. + +l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley. + +l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. _h[e,]re_ got a bad sense, through its +association with _h[e,]rgian_ (to harry), and hence is applied only to a +plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws _h[e,]re_ is defined as {96} +a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English +army (militia) is called _fierd_, l. 71, 3 above. + +Humbrem[=u]tha, mouth of the Humber. + +l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of _Eboracum_. + +l. 84. inne wurdon, got in. + +l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51. + +VI. KING EDMUND. + +From Aelfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English +Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by +Thorpe, in his _Analecta Anglosaxonica_ from a very late MS. It is here +given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7. + +It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that +is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The +alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m _s_[=u]than ofer s[=ae] fram +_s_ancte Benedictes _s_t[=o]we; _d_ae[.g]e, t[=o] _D_[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c. + +l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive _sancti_. + +l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, _sanct_ having been made +into a substantive. + +l. 39. bilew[=i]t = _*bile-hw[=i]t_ (with the regular change of _hw_ into +_w_ between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no +doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of +'gentle,' 'simple.' + +l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of _wyrcan_ with a genitive is +frequent. + +l. 76. w[=ae]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6). + +l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably _f[=u]sne_, but the plural +_f[=u]se_ may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively. + +l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh _bettws_, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel +in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged. + +l. 176. sw[=a] thaet does not denote result here, but is +explanatory--'namely by being bound....' + +l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive. + +l. 179. thaes ... h[=u], correlative. + +l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the +Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.' + +l. 200. hwaether, (that he might see) whether ... + +l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining. + +l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = _[=ae]l-[=i]eg_ 'eel-island.' {97} + +GLOSSARY. + +The order is strictly alphabetical (th following _t_) except that words +with the prefix _ge_ are put in the order of the letter that follows the +_ge_ (_gebed_ under _b_, &c.). + +The following abbreviations are used :-- + + _sm._, _sn._, _sf._ masc., neut., fem. substantive. + _sv._ strong verb. + _wv._ weak verb. + _swv._ strong-weak verb (preterito-present). + +The others require no explanation. + +The numbers after _sv._ refer to the classes of strong verbs in the +grammar. + +Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The +latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the +phonetic laws given in the grammar. + + [=A], _av._ ever, always. + abbod, _sm._ abbot [_Latin_ abbatem]. + [=a]-.b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ (offer), announce. + [=a]-.biddan, _sv. 5_, ask for, demand. + [=a]-.b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, devour. + [=a]-.bl[e,]ndan, _wv._ blind [blind]. + [=a]-.brecan, _sv. 4_, break into, take (city). + [=a]-.b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend; swerve, turn. + ac, _cj._ but. + [=a]-.c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear (child). + [=a]-.cw[e,]llan, _wv._ kill. + [=a]-.cw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish. + [=a]-.dr[=u]gian, _wv._ dry up, _intr._ [dr[=y][.g]e]. + [=a]-.dw[=ae]s[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish. + aecer, _sm._ field. + aethele, _aj._ noble, excellent. + aetheling, _sm._ prince. + [=ae]fen, _sm._ evening. + [=ae]fre, _av._ ever, always. + aefter, _av._, _prep. w. dat._ after--aefter th[=ae]em, after that, + afterwards; according to, by. + [=ae][.g]-hwelc, _prn._ each. + [=ae][.g]ther, _prn._ either, each--_cj._ [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e ... [.g]e, + both ... and [ = [=ae][.g] hwaether]. + [=ae]ht, _sf._ property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan]. + [=ae]lan, _wv._ burn. + [=ae]l[.c], _aj._ each. + aelmesse, _sf._ alms, charity [_Greek_ ele[=e]mosun[=e]]. + ael-mihti[g.], _aj._ almighty. + [=ae]ni[.g], _aj._ any [[=a]n]. + [=ae]r, _prep. w. dat._ before (of time), [=ae]r th[=ae]m the, _cj._ + before. + [=ae]r, _av._ formerly, before; _superl._ [=ae]rest, _adj. and adv._, + first. + aer[.c]e-biscop, _sm._ archbishop [_Latin_ archiepiscopus]. + [=ae]rende, _sn._ errand, message. + {98} + [=ae]rend-raca, _sm._ messenger. + [=ae]-rist, _sfm._ (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san]. + [=ae]rne-mergen, _sm._ early morning. + aesc, _sm._ (ash-tree); war-ship. + aet, _prp. w. dat._ at; _deprivation_, from; _origin_, + _source_--[=a]b[=ae]don w[=i]f aet him, 'asked for wives from them;' + _specification_, _defining_--wurdon aet spr[=ae][.c]e, 'fell into + conversation.' + aet-.bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_ (snatch away), deprive of. + aet-.foran, _prp. w. dat._ before. + aet-.gaedre, _av._ together. + aet-[=i]ewan, _wv. w. dat._ show. + [=ae]ton, _see_ etan. + [=a]-.fandian, _wv._ experience, find out [findan]. + [=a]-.faran, _sv. 2_, go away, depart. + [=a]-.feallan, _sv. 1_, fall. + [=a]-.f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed. + [=a]-.f[=y]lan, _wv._ defile [f[=u]l]. + [=a]-fyrht, _aj._ frightened [_past partic. of_ [=a].fyrhtan _from_ + forht]. + [=a]gan, _swv._ possess. + [=a]-.g[=a]n, _sv._ happen. + [=a]gen, _aj._ own [_originally past partic. of_ [=a]gan]. + [=a]-.[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, render. + [=a]h, _see_ [=a]gan. + [=a]-.h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise, exalt. + [=a]-.hieldan, _wv._ incline. + [=a]-.h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang, _trans._ + [=a]-.hr[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, fall. + [=a]hte, _see_ [=a]gan. + [=a]-hw[=ae]r, _av._ anywhere. + [=a]-.h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire. + [=a]-.l[=i]esan, _wv._ (loosen), release; redeem [l[=e]as]. + [=a]-.l[=i]esed-nes, _sf._ redemption. + [=a]-l[=i]esend, _sm._ redeemer. + [=a]n, _aj._ one (_always strong_); a certain one, certain; alone + (_generally weak_); _gen. pl._ [=a]nra _in_ [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c], + 'each one.' + [=a]n-c[e,]nned, _aj._ (_past partic._) (only-born), only (child). + and, _cj._ and. + and-b[=i]dian, _wv. w. gen._ wait, expect [b[=i]dan]. + andet-nes, _sf._ confession. + andettan, _wv._ confess. + and-[.g]iet, _sn._ sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence. + and-swarian, _wv. w. dat._ answer [andswaru]. + and-swaru, _sf._ answer [sw[e,]rian]. + and-weard, _aj._ present. + and-wyrdan, _wv. w. dat._ answer [word]. + Angel, _sm._ Anglen (a district in Slesvig). + Angel-cynn, _sn._ English nation, England. + [=a]-.niman, _sv. 4_, take away. + [=a]n-l[=ae][.c]an, _wv._ unite. + [=a]n-m[=o]d, _aj._ unanimous. + [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ unanimously. + [=a]n-r[=ae]d, _aj._ (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute. + apostol, _sm._ apostle. + [=a]r, _sf._ mercy; honour. + [=a]-.r[=ae]ran, _wv._ raise, build [[=a]r[=i]san]. + [=a]rian, _wv. w. dat._ honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r]. + [=a]-.r[=i]san, _sv. 6_, arise. + [=a]r-l[=e]as, _aj._ wicked. + arn, _see_ iernan. + arod, _aj._ quick, bold. + arod-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly, readily, boldly. + [=a]r-weorth, _adj._ worthy of honour, venerable. + [=a]scian, _wv._ ask. + [=a]-.sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, thrust. + [=a]-.s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send. + [=a]-.s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set, place. + [=a]-.sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think of, conceive. + assa, _sm._ ass. + [=a]-.st[e,]llan, _wv._ institute. + [=a]-.st[=i]gan, _sv. 6_, ascend, descend. + [=a]-.str[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ stretch out, extend. + [=a]-.styrian, _wv._ stir, move. + [=a]-.t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, draw out, draw, take. + atol-lic, _aj._ deformed. + [=a]-.thr[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, fail, run short. + {99} + [=a]-.w[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ awake, arouse [wacian]. + [=a]-.w[=e]dan, _wv._ go mad [w[=o]d]. + [=a]-.w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; translate. + [=a]-.weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw, throw away; depose (king). + [=a]-.w[=e]stan, _wv._ lay waste, ravage. + [=a]-.wier[.g]ed, _aj._ cursed, accursed, [_past. partic. of_ + [=a]wier[.g]an, _from_ wearg]. + [=a]-wiht, _prn._ aught, anything. + [=a]-.wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write. + [=a]-.wyrtwalian, _wv._ root up. + + B. + + Baec, _sn._ back--under baec, behind. + baed, _see_ biddan. + b[=ae]don, _see_ biddan. + baernan, _wv._ burn, _trans._ [beornan]. + baernett, _sn._ burning. + b[=ae]ron, _see_ beran. + baest, _sm._ bast. + baesten, _aj._ of bast. + be, _prep. w. dat._ by; about, concerning. + beald, _aj._ bold. + bearn, _sn._ child [beran]. + b[=e]atan, _sv. 1_, beat. + be-.b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ bid, command. + be-.byr[.g]an, _wv._ bury. + b[=e][.c], _see_ b[=o]c. + be-.clyppan, _wv._ embrace, encompass, hold. + be-.cuman, _sv. 4_, come. + _[.g]e_.bed, _sn._ prayer [biddan]. + be-.d[=ae]lan, _wv. w. gen._ deprive of [d[=ae]l]. + b[e,]dd, _sn._ bed. + be-.delfan, _sv. 3_; (hide by digging), bury. + _[.g]e_.bed-h[=u]s, _sn._ oratory, chapel. + be-.faestan, _wv._ (make fast); _w. dat._ commit, entrust to. + be-.foran, _prp. w. dat._ before. + b[=e][.g]en, _prn._ both. + be-.[.g]eondan, _prp. w. acc._ beyond. + be-.[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, get, obtain. + be-.[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin. + be-.h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, _w. dat._ promise. + be-.h[=e]afdian, _wv._ behead [h[=e]afod]. + be-.healdan, _sv. 1_, behold. + be-.h[=o]fian, _wv. w. gen._ require. + be-.hr[=e]owsian, _wv._ repent [hr[=e]owan]. + be-.h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide. + be-.l[=ae]wan, _wv._ betray. + be-.l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe. + be-.l[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, remain [l[=a]f]. + be-.l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, lock, close. + b[e,]nd, _smfn._ bond [bindan]. + b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ offer. + b[=e]on, _v._ be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with. + beorg, _sm._ hill, mountain. + _[.g]e_beorgan, _sv. 3_, _w. dat._ save, protect. + beornan, _sv. 3_, burn, _intrans_. + b[=e]ot-lic, _aj._ boastful. + be-.p[=ae][.c]an, _wv._ deceive. + beran, _sv. 4_, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth). + b[e,]rn, _sn._ barn. + berstan, _sv. 3_, burst. + be-.s[=a]rgian, _wv._ lament [s[=a]ri[.g]]. + be-.s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear, cut hair. + be-.s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see, look. + be-.s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set about, surround, cover. + be-.stealcian, _wv._ go stealthily, steal. + be-.sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_, deceive, circumvent, betray. + be-.t[=ae][.c]an, _wv._ commit, entrust, give up. + b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, _see_ g[=o]d. + be.tw[=e]onan, _prp. w. dat._ between, among. + be-.twix, _prep. w. acc. and dat._ between, among; _of time_, + during--betwix th[=ae]m the, _cj._ while. + be-.w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend. + be-.witan, _swv._ watch over, have charge of. + b[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, wait. + biddan, _sv. 5_, ask, beg. + _[.g]e_.biddan, _sv. 5_, _refl._ pray. + {100} + bieldo, _sf._ (boldness), arrogance [beald]. + b[=i]-g[e,]ng, _sm._ worship [bi, by, _and_ g[e,]n[.g] _from_ g[=a]n]. + bile-w[=i]t, _aj._ simple, innocent. + bindan, _sv. 3_, bind. + binnan, _av._ inside; _prp. w. dat._ within, in [ = be-innan]. + biscop, _sm._ bishop [_Latin_ episcopus]. + bi-smer, _snm._ insult, ignominy. + bismer-full, _aj._ ignominious, shameful. + bismerian, _wv._ treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. + b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, bite. + bith, _see_ b[=e]on. + bl[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, blow. + bleoh, _sn._ colour. + bl[=e]ow, _see_ bl[=a]wan. + bl[=e]tsian, _wv._ bless. + blind, _aj._ blind. + bliss, _sf._ merriment, joy. + blissian, _wv._ rejoice. + bl[=i]the, _aj._ glad, merry. + bl[=i]the-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly. + bl[=o]d, _sn._ blood. + b[=o]c, _sf._ book, scripture. + B[=o]c-laeden, _sn._ book Latin, Latin. + bodian, _wv._ announce, preach [b[=e]odan]. + bodi[.g], _sm._ body. + bohte, _see_ by[.c][.g]an. + br[=a]d, _aj._ broad. + br[=ae]th, _sm._ vapour, odour. + brecan, _sv. 4_, break; take (city). + bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, pull. + br[=e]mel, _sm._ bramble. + Breten, _sf._ Britain. + Brettas, _smpl._ the British. + Brettisc, _aj._ British [Brettas]. + bringan, _wv._ bring. + br[=o]hte, _see_ bringan. + br[=o]thor, _sm._ brother. + br[=u]can, _sv. 7_, _w. gen._ enjoy, partake of. + br[=y]d, _sf._ bride. + br[=y]d-guma, _sm._ bridegroom [_literally_ bride-man]. + b[=u]an, _wv._ dwell. + b[=u]end, _smpl._ dwellers [_pres. partic. of_ b[=u]an]. + bufan, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over, above, on. + b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend, incline. + bundon, _see_ bindan. + burg, _sf._ city. + burg-[.g]eat, _sn._ city-gate. + b[=u]tan, _av._ outs[=i]de; _prp. w. dat._ without, except, besides [ = + be-[=u]tan]. + b[=u]tan, _cj._ unless, except. + by[.c][.g]an, _wv._ buy. + byrthen, _sf._ burden [beran]. + byr[.g]en, _sf._ tomb [bebyr[.g]an]. + _[.g]e_byrian, _wf._ be due, befit. + byri[.g], _see_ burg. + byrst, _sf._ bristle. + _[.g]e_.b[=y]snian, _wv._ give example, illustrate. + _[.g]e_.b[=y]snung, _sf._ example. + + C. + + Cann, _see_ cunnan. + can[=o]n, _sm._ canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books. + Cantwara-burg, _sf._ Canterbury [Cantwara, _gen. of_ Cantware]. + Cant-ware, _pl._ Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [_Lat._ Cantia _and_ ware]. + c[=a]sere, _sm._ emperor [_Latin_ Caesar]. + [.c]eaflas, _smpl._ jaws. + [.c]eald, _aj._ cold. + [.c]ealf, _sn._ calf. + [.c][=e]ap, _sn._ purchase. + [.c][=e]as, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + [.c]easter, _sf._ city [_Latin_ castra]. + c[=e]ne, _aj._ brave, bold. + c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear child. + C[e,]nt, _sf._ Kent [Cantia]. + C[e,]nt-land, _sn._ Kent. + [.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut. + [.c][=e]osan, _sv. 7_, choose. + c[=e]pan, _wv. w. gen._ attend, look out for. + [.c][=i]epan, _wv._ trade, sell [[.c][=e]ap]. + [.c][=i]epend, _sm._ seller [_pres. partic. of_ [.c][=i]epan]. + [.c]ierr, _sm._ turn. + {101} + [.c]ierran, _wv._ turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to. + _[.g]e_.[.c]ierred-nes, _sf._ conversion. + [.c]ild, _sn._ child. + [.c]ild-h[=a]d, _sm._ childhood. + [.c]inn-b[=a]n, _sn._ jawbone. + [.c]iri[.c]e, _sf._ church. + cl[=ae]ne, _aj._ clean, pure. + clawu, _sf._ claw. + clipian, _wv._ call, summon. + clipung, _sf._ calling. + clyppan, _wv._ clip, embrace. + cnapa, _sm._ (boy, youth), servant. + cnoll, _sm._ top, summit. + coccel, _sm._ corn-cockle. + c[=o]m, _see_ cuman. + coren, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + craeft, _sm._ skill, cunning. + cr[=i]sten, _aj._ Christian. + cuma, _sm._ stranger [cuman]. + cuman, _sv. 4_, come; cuman [=u]p, land. + cunnan, _swv._ know. + cunnian, _wv._ try [cunnan]. + curon, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + c[=u]th, _aj._ known [_originally past partic. of_ cunnan]. + cw[=ae]don, _see_ cwethan. + cwaeth, _see_ cwethan. + cweartern, _sn._ prison. + cw[=e]man, _wv._ please, gratify. + _[.g]e_.cw[=e]mednes, _sf._ pleasing. + cw[=e]n, _sf._ queen. + cwethan, _sv. 5_, say, speak; name, call. + cwic, _aj._ alive. + cwide, _sm._ speech, address [cwethan]. + _[.g]e_cw[=i]d-r[=ae]den, _sf._ agreement. + cwithth, _see_ cwethan. + cymth, _see_ cuman. + cyne-cynn, _sn._ royal family. + cyne-l[=i]c, _aj._ royal. + cyne-l[=i]ce, _av._ like a king, royally. + cyne-st[=o]l, _sm._ throne. + cyning, _sm._ king. + cynn, _sn._ race, kind. + cyst, _sf._ excellence [[.c][=e]osan]. + cysti[.g], _aj._ (excellent), charitable. + c[=y]than, _wv._ make known, tell [c[=u]th]. + + D. + + D[=ae]d, _sf._ deed. + dae[.g], _sm._ day. + dae[.g]-hw[=ae]m-l[=i]ce, _av._ daily. + d[=ae]l, _sm._ part--be healfum d[=ae]le, by half. + d[=ae]lan, _wv._ divide, share. + d[=e]ad, _aj._ dead. + d[=e]ath, _sm._ death. + Defena-s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ Devonshire [Devonia]. + dehter, _see_ dohtor. + _[.g]e_delf, _sn._ digging. + delfan, _sv. 3_, dig. + D[e,]ne, _smpl._ Danes. + D[e,]nisc, _aj._ Danish. + d[=e]ofol, _sum._ devil [_Latin_ diabolus]. + d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, _sn._ idol. + d[=e]op, _aj._ deep. + d[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast. + d[=e]ore, _aj._ dear, precious. + d[=e]or-wierthe, _aj._ precious. + d[=i]egol, _aj._ hidden, secret. + d[=i]egol-nes, _sf._ secret. + d[=i]epe, _sf._ depth [d[=e]op]. + dihtan, _wv._ appoint [_Latin_ dictare]. + disc-the[.g]n, _sm._ (dish-thane), waiter. + dohtor, _sf._ daughter. + d[=o]m, _sm._ doom, judgment, sentence. + d[=o]n, _sv._ do, act. + dorste, _see_ durran. + draca, _sm._ dragon. + dranc, _see_ drincan. + dr[=e]ori[.g], _aj._ sad. + dr[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, drive. + drinca, _sm._ drink. + drincan, _sv. 3_, drink. + drohtnian, _wv._ live, continue, behave. + drohtnung, _sf._ conduct. + dr[=y][.g]e, _aj._ dry. + Dryhten, _sm._ Lord, + d[=u]n, _sf._ hill, down. + durran, _swv._ dare. + duru, _sf._ door. + d[=u]st, _sn._ dust. + _[.g]e_.dwyld, _sn._ error. + dyde, _see_ d[=o]n. + dyppan, _wv._ dip. + dysi[.g], _aj._ foolish. + + {102} + E. + + [=E]ac, _av._ also; [=e]ac swelce, also. + [=e]acnian, _wv._ increase. + [=e]adi[.g], _aj._ (prosperous), blessed. + [=e]age, _sn._ eye. + [=e]ag-th[=y]rel, _sn._ (eye-hole), window. + eahta, _num._ eight. + [=e]a-l[=a], _interj._ oh! + eald, _aj._ old--_cp._ ieldra. + Eald-seaxe, _smpl._ Old Saxons. + ealdor, _sm._ chief, master. + ealdor-mann, _sm._ chief, officer. + eall, _aj._ all. + eall, _av._ quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as. + eall-n[=i]we, _aj._ quite new. + eallunga, _av._ entirely. + ealu, _sn._ ale. + eard, _sm._ country, native land. + eardian, _wv._ dwell. + [=e]are, _sn._ ear. + earm, _sm._ arm. + earm, _aj._ poor, wretched, despicable. + earm-lic, _aj._ miserable. + earm-l[=i]ce, _av._ miserably, wretchedly. + earn, _sm._ eagle. + eart, _see_ wesan. + [=e]ast, _av._ eastwards. + [=e]ast-d[=ae]l, _sm._ east part, the East. + [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ East-Anglians. + [=E]ast-seaxe, _smpl._ East-Saxons. + [=e]athe-lic, _aj._ insignificant, weak. + [=e]ath-m[=e]dan, _wv._ humble [[=e]athm[=o]d]. + [=e]ath-m[=o]d, _aj._ humble. + [=e][.c]e, _aj._ eternal. + [=e][.c]-nes, _sf._ eternity. + efen, _aj._ even. + _[.g]e_.efen-l[=ae][.c]an, _wv._ imitate. + efne, _av._ behold, lo! [efen]. + [e,]fsian, _wv._ clip, shear. + eft, _av._ again; afterwards, then; back. + [e,][.g]e, _sm._ fear. + [e,][.g]esa, _sm._ fear [e[.g]e]. + [e,][.g]es-lic, _aj._ fearful, awful. + [=e]htere, _sm._ persecutor. + ele, _sm._ oil. + [e,]l-th[=e]odi[.g]-nes, _sf._ foreign land. + [e,]nde, _sm._ end. + [e,]ndemes, _av._ together. + _[.g]e_.[e,]ndian, _wv._ end; die. + [e,]ndlufon, _num._ eleven. + [e,]ndlyfta, _aj._ eleventh. + _[.g]e_.[e,]ndung, _sf._ ending, end. + [e,]n[.g]el, _sm._ angel [_Latin_ angelus]. + [E,]n[.g]la-land, _sn._ England [[E,]n[.g]la _gen. pl. of_ [E,]n[.g]le]. + [E,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ the English [Angel]. + [E,]n[.g]lisc, _aj._ English--_sn._ English language [[E,]n[.g]le]. + [=e]ode, _see_ g[=a]n. + eom, _see_ wesan. + eorl, _sm._ earl. + eorth-b[=u]end, _sm._ earth-dweller. + eorthe, _sf._ earth. + eorth-faest, _aj._ firm in the earth. + eorth-lic, _aj._ earthly. + eornost, _sf._ earnest. + eornost-l[=i]ce, _av._ in truth, indeed. + [=e]ow, _see_ th[=u]. + etan, _sv. 5_, eat. + [=e]thel, _sm._ country, native land. + + F. + + Faeder, _sm._ father. + fae[.g]en, _aj._ glad. + fae[.g]er, _aj._ fair. + fae[.g]er-nes, _sf._ fairness, beauty. + fae[.g]nian, _wv. w. gen._ rejoice. + f[=ae]mne, _sf._ virgin. + f[=ae]r, _sf._ danger. + f[=ae]r-lic, _aj._ sudden. + f[=ae]r-l[=i]ce, _av._ suddenly. + faest, _aj._ fast, firm. + faestan, _wv._ fast. + faesten, _sf._ fasting. + faet, _sn._ vessel. + f[=a]g-nes, _sf._ variegation, various colours. + fandian, _wv. w. gen._ try, test, tempt [findan]. + faran, _sv. 2_, go. + faru, _sf._ procession, retinue, pomp. + f[=e]a, _aj. pl._ few. + _[.g]e_.f[=e]a, _sm._ joy. + feallan, _sv. 1_, fall. + fearr, _sm._ bull; ox. + feax, _sn._ hair of head. + {103} + f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed [f[=o]da]. + fela, _aj. pl. w. gen._ many. + feld, _sm._ field. + feoh, _sn._ money, property. + _[.g]e_.feoht, _sn._ fight. + feohtan, _sv. 3_, fight. + f[=e]ole, _sf._ file. + f[=e]olian, _wv._ file. + f[=e]oll, _see_ feallan. + f[=e]ond, _sm._ enemy. + feorh, _snm._ life. + feorm, _sf._ (food); feast, banquet. + feorr, _av._ far. + f[=e]ortha, _num._ fourth. + f[=e]ower, _num._ four. + _[.g]e_.f[=e]ra, _sm._ companion [f[=o]r]. + f[=e]ran, _wv._ go, fare [f[=o]r]. + _[.g]e_.f[=e]ran, _wv._ (go over), take possession of. + f[e,]rian, _wv._ carry [faran]. + f[=e]t, _see_ f[=o]t. + f[e,]tian, _wv._ fetch--_pret._ [.g]ef[e,]tte. + _[.g]e_.f[e,]tte, _see_ f[e,]tian. + f[=i]end, _see_ f[=e]ond. + fierd, _sf._ army [faran]. + fierlen, _aj._ distant [feorr]. + fierst, _sm._ period, time. + f[=i]f, _num._ five. + findan, _sv. 3_ (_pret._ funde), find. + fisc, _sm._ fish. + fisc-cynn, _sn._ fish-kind. + fl[=e]am, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]on]. + fleax, _sn._ flax. + fl[=e]ogan, _sv. 7_, fly. + fl[=e]on, _sv. 7_, flee. + fl[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, float. + fl[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, quarrel, dispute. + _[.g]e_.fl[=i]eman, _wv._ put to flight [fl[=e]am]. + fl[=o]d, _sm._ flood. + flota, _sm._ fleet [fl[=e]otan]. + flot-h[e,]re, _sm._ naval army, army of pirates. + flot-mann, _sm._ sailor, pirate. + fl[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, flow. + flugon, _see_ fl[=e]on. + flyht, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]ogan]. + f[=o]da, _sm._ food. + folc, _sn._ people, nation. + folc-lic, _aj._ popular. + folgian, _wv. w. dat._ follow; obey. + f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, came to + the throne; t[=o]gaedre f[=e]ngon, joined together. + for, _prep. w. dat._ before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde, in the eyes of the + world; _causal_, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for + Gode, for the fear of God--for th[=ae]m, therefore, for th[=ae]em + (the), because; _w. acc._, instead of, for. + f[=o]r, _sf._ journey [faran]. + f[=o]r, _see_ faran. + for-.baernan, _wv._ burn up, burn, _trans._ + for-.b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, forbid. + for-.br[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, break. + for-.[.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut off. + for-.dilgian, _wv._ destroy. + for-.d[=o]n, _sv._ destroy. + for-.ealdod, _aj._ aged [_past partic. of_ forealdian, grow old]. + fore-s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ pre-ordain, decree, appoint. + fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say before--se foresae[.g]da, the aforesaid. + for-.[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, grant; forgive. + for-.[.g]ief-nes, _sf._ forgiveness. + for-.[.g][=i]eman, _wv._ neglect. + for-.[.g]ietan, _sv._ forget. + forht, _aj._ afraid. + forhtian, _wv._ be afraid. + for-.hwega, _av._ somewhere. + for-.l[=ae]tan, _sv. 1_, leave, abandon. + for-.l[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, lose. + for-.li[.g]er, _sn._ wantonness, immorality. + forma, _aj._ first--_superl._ fyrmest, first. + for-.molsnian, _wv._ crumble, decay. + for-.scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink up. + for-s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, despise. + for-.sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, cut through. + for-.standan, _sv. 2_, (stand before), protect. + forth, _av._ forth, forwards, on. + forth-.f[=e]ran, _wv._ depart, die. + for-.thrysman, _wv._ suffocate, choke. + {104} + for-.weorthan, _sv. 3_, perish. + f[=o]t, _sm._ foot. + fraetwian, _wv._ adorn. + fraetwung, _sf._ ornament. + fram, _prep. w. dat._ from; _agent. w. pass._ h[=i]e w[=ae]ron fram + Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]elathode, invited by. + fr[e,]mman, _wv._ perform, do. + fr[=e]ond, _sm._ friend. + frith, _sm._ peace--frith niman, make peace. + fugol, _sm._ bird. + fuhton, _see_ feohtan. + f[=u]l, _aj._ foul, impure. + full, _aj._ full. + full-.bl[=i]the, _aj._ very glad. + full-.c[=e]ne, _aj._ very brave. + ful-l[=i]ce, _av._ fully. + full-.s[=o]th, _aj._ very true. + fultum, _sm._ help; forces, troops. + fultumian, _wv. w. dat._ help. + funde, _see_ findan. + furthor, _av._ further, more [forth]. + f[=u]s, _aj._ hastening. + fyllan, _wv._ fill, fulfil [full]. + f[=y]r, _sn._ fire. + fyrmest, _see_ forma. + + G. + + Gadrian, _wv._ gather. + gaers, _sn._ grass. + gafeloc, _sm._ missile, spear. + gafol, _sn._ interest, profit. + gamen, _sn._ sport. + g[=a]n, _sv._ go. + _[.g]e._g[=a]n, _sv._ gain, conquer. + gangende, _see_ g[=a]n. + g[=a]st, _sm._ spirit; se h[=a]lga g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost. + g[=a]st-lic, _aj._ spiritual. + [.g]e, _cj._ and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and. + [.g][=e], _see_ th[=u]. + [.g]ealga, _sm._ gallows. + [.g][=e]ar, _sn._ year. + [.g]earcian, _wv._ prepare [[.g]earo]. + [.g]eard, _sm._ yard, court. + [.g]earu, _aj._ ready. + [.g]earwian, _wv._ prepare. + [.g]eat, _sn._ gate. + [.g][=e]oguth, _sf._ youth. + [.g][=e]omrung, _sf._ lamentation. + [.g]eond, _prp. w. acc._ through, throughout. + [.g][=e]ong, _aj._ young. + [.g]eorn, _aj._ eager. + [.g]eorne, _av._ eagerly, earnestly. + [.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, give. + [.g]iefta, _sfpl._ marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan]. + [.g]ieft-h[=u]s, _sn._ wedding-hall. + [.g]ieft-lic, _aj._ wedding. + [.g]iefu, _sf._ gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan]. + [.g]ierla, _sm._ dress [[.g]earu]. + [.g]iernan, _wv. w. gen._ yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn]. + [.g]iet, _av._ yet; further, besides. + [.g]if, _cj._ if. + [.g]imm, _sm._ gem, jewel [_Latin_ gemma]. + [.g]imm-st[=a]n, _sm._ gem, jewel. + [.g]it, _see_ th[=u]. + [.g][=i]tsian, _wv._ covet. + [.g][=i]tsung, _sf._ covetousness, avarice. + glaed, _aj._ glad. + glaed-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly. + gl[=e]aw, _aj._ prudent, wise. + gl[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ adorn; trim (lamp). + god, _sm._ God. + god-faeder, _sm._ godfather. + god-spell, _sn._ gospel. + godspel-lic, _aj._ evangelical. + g[=o]d, _aj._ good--_compar._ b[e,]tera. _superl._ b[e,]tst. + g[=o]d, _sn._ good thing, good. + gold, _sn._ gold. + gold-hord, _sn._ treasure. + gr[=ae]di[.g]. _aj._ greedy. + gr[=ae][.g], _aj._ grey. + gr[=e]tan, _wv._ greet, salute. + grindan, _sv. 3_, grind. + gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, _sf._ gnashing of teeth. + grymetian, _wv._ grunt, roar. + gyldan, _wv._ gild [gold]. + gylden, _aj._ golden [gold]. + + H. + + Habban, _wv._ have; take. + {105} + h[=a]d, _sm._ rank, condition. + _[.g]e_.h[=a]dod, _aj._ ordained, in orders, clerical [_past partic. of_ + h[=a]dian, ordain]. + haefde, haefth, _see_ habban. + haeftan, _wv._ hold fast, hold [habban]. + h[=ae]lan, _wv._ heal [h[=a]l]. + h[=ae]lend, _sm._ Saviour [_pres. partic. of_ h[=ae]lan]. + h[=ae]lo, _sf._ salvation [h[=a]l]. + h[=ae]s, _sf._ command. + haespe, _sf._ hasp. + h[=ae]te, _sf._ heat [h[=a]t]. + h[=ae]th, _sf._ heath. + h[=ae]then, _aj._ heathen [h[=ae]th]. + h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, sound. + _[.g]e_.h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, uninjured. + h[=a]lga, _sm._ saint. + h[=a]l[.g]ian, _wv._ hallow, consecrate. + h[=a]li[.g], _aj._ holy. + h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, _sm._ holy object, relic. + h[=a]m, _av._ homewards, home. + hand, _sf._ hand. + hand-cweorn, _sf._ hand-mill. + hangian, _wv._ hang, _intr._ [h[=o]n]. + h[=a]t, _aj._ hot. + h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, command, ask--_w. inf. in passive sense_, h[=e]ton him + s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ; name--_passive_, h[=a]tte. + hatian, _wv._ hate. + h[=a]tte, _see_ h[=a]tan. + h[=e], _prn_. he. + h[=e]afod, _sn._ head. + h[=e]afod-mann, _sm._ head-man, ruler, chief. + h[=e]ah, _aj._ high--_superl._ h[=i]ehst. + healdan, _sv. 1_, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep. + healf, _aj._ half. + healf, _sf._ side. + h[=e]a-lic, _aj._ lofty [h[=e]ah]. + heall, _sf._ hall. + heard, _aj._ hard ; strong; severe. + h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise. + h[e,]fel-thr[=ae]d, _sm._ web-thread, thread. + h[e,]fe, _sm._ weight [h[e,]bban]. + h[e,]fi[.g], _aj._ heavy [h[e,]fe]. + h[e,]ll, _sf._ hell. + _[.g]e_.h[e,]nde, _aj. w. dat._ near [hand]. + h[=e]o, _see_ h[=e]. + heofon, _sm._ heaven--_often in plur._, heofona r[=i][.c]e. + heofon-lic, _aj._ heavenly. + h[=e]old, _see_ healdan. + heord, _sf._ herd. + heorte, _sf._ heart. + h[=e]r, _av._ here; hither--h[=e]r.aefter, &c., hereafter. + h[=e]r-be-.[=e]astan, _av._ east of this. + h[e,]re, _sm._ army. + h[e,]re-r[=e]af, _sn._ spoil. + h[e,]re-toga, _sm._ army-leader, general, chief [toga _from_ t[=e]on]. + h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, make war [h[e,]re]. + h[e,]rgung, _sf._ (ravaging), warfare, war. + h[e,]rian, _wv._ praise. + h[=e]t, _see_ h[=a]tan. + hider, _av_. hither. + h[=i]e, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]ehst, _see_ h[=e]ah. + hiera, _see_ h[=e]. + _[.g]e_.h[=i]eran, _wv._ hear. + hierde, _sm._ shepherd [heord]. + hierd-r[=ae]den, _sf._ guardianship. + hiere, _see_ h[=e]. + _[.g]e_.h[=i]er-sum, _aj. w. dat._ obedient [h[=i]eran]. + _[.g]e_.h[=i]ersum-nes, _sf._ obedience. + him, hine, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]red, _snm._ family, household. + his, _see_ h[=e]. + hit, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]w, _sn._ hue, form. + hl[=ae]dder, _sf._ ladder. + hlaest, _sm._ load. + hl[=a]f, _sm._ bread, loaf of bread. + hl[=a]ford, _sm._ lord. + hl[=i]sa, _sm._ fame. + hl[=u]d, _aj._ loud. + hl[=y]dan, _wv._ make a noise, shout [hl[=u]d]. + hnappian, _wv_. doze. + _[.g]e_.hoferod, _aj._ (past partic.), hump-backed. + holt, _sn._ wood. + {106} + h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang [hangian]. + horn, _sm._ horn. + hraed-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly. + hraedung, _sf._ hurry. + hrathe, _av._ quickly--sw[=a] hrathe sw[=a], as soon as. + hr[=e]od, _sn._ reed. + hr[=e]owan, _sv. 7_, rue, repent. + hr[=i]eman, _wv._ cry, call. + hr[=i]ther, _sn._ ox. + hr[=o]f, _sn._ roof. + hry[.c][.g], _sm._ back. + hryre, _sm._ fall [hr[=e]osan]. + h[=u], _av._ how. + h[=u]-meta, _av._ how. + hund, _sn. w. gen._ hundred. + hund, _sm._ dog. + hund-feald, _aj._ hundredfold. + hund-.nigonti[.g], _num._ ninety. + hund-.tw[e,]lfti[.g], _num._ hundred and twenty. + hungor, _sm._ hunger; famine. + hungri[.g], _aj._ hungry. + h[=u]ru, _av._ especially. + h[=u]s, _sn._ house. + hux-l[=i]ce, _av._ ignominiously. + hw[=a], _prn._ who. + [.g]e.hw[=a], _prn._ every one. + hw[=ae]m, _see_ hw[=a]. + hw[=ae]r, _av._ where--sw[=a] hw[=ae]r sw[=a], wherever. + [.g]e.hw[=ae]r, _av._ everywhere. + hwaes, hwaet, _see_ hw[=a]. + hwaet, _interj._ what! lo! well. + hw[=ae]te, _sm._ wheat. + hwaether, _av. cj._ whether--hwaether the, _to introduce a direct + question_. + hwaethre, _av._ however. + hwanon, _av._ whence. + hwel[.c], _prn._ which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever. + [.g]e.hwel[.c], _prn._ any, any one. + hw[=i]l, _sf._ while, time. + hwone, _see_ hw[=a]. + hwonne, _av._ when. + hw[=y], _av._ why. + h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide. + hyht, _sf._ hope. + _[.g]e_.hyhtan, _wv._ hope. + h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire. + + I. + + I[.c], _prn._ I. + [=i]del, _aj._ idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain. + [=i]e[.g]-land, _sn._ island. + ieldan, _wv._ delay [eald]. + ieldra, _see_ eald. + ieldran, _smpl._ ancestors [_originally compar._ of eald]. + iernan, _sv. 3_, run; flow. + ierre, _aj._ angry. + [=i]l, _sm._ hedgehog. + ilca, _prn._ same (always weak, and with the definite article). + in, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ in, into. + inc, _see_ th[=u]. + inn, _av._ in (of motion). + innan, _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) within. + inne, _av._ within, inside. + inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, _sn._ inner thoughts, mind. + in-t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ into. + [=I]otan, _smpl._ Jutes. + [=I]r-land, _sn._ Ireland. + I[=u]d[=e]isc, _aj._ Jewish--th[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews. + + L. + + L[=a], _interj._ lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir! + l[=a]c, _sn._ gift; offering, sacrifice. + [.g]e.l[=ae][.c]an, _wv._ seize. + l[=ae]dan, _wv._ lead; carry, bring, take. + laeden, _sn._ Latin; language. + lae[.g], _see_ li[.c][.g]an. + l[=ae]ran, _wv. w. double acc._ teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r]. + _[.g]e_.l[=ae]red, _aj._ learned [_past partic._ of l[=ae]ran]. + l[=ae]s, _av._ less--th[=y] l[=ae]s (the), _cj. w. subj._ lest. + l[=ae]tan, _sv. 1_, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t th[=a] sw[=a], she let the + matter rest there. + _[.g]e_.l[=ae]te, _sn._--wega [.g]el[=ae]tu, _pl._ meetings of the roads. + l[=a]f, _sf._ remains--t[=o] l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left + [(be)l[=i]fan]. + {107} + _[.g]e._lamp, _see_ _[.g]e_limpan. + land, _sn._ land, country. + land-folc, _sn._ people of the country. + land-h[e,]re, _sm._ land-army. + land-l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people of the country. + lang, _aj._ long. + lange, _av._ for a long time, long. + lang-l[=i]ce, _av._ for a long time, long. + l[=a]r, _sf._ teaching, doctrine. + late, _av._ slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year. + _[.g]e._lathian, _wv._ invite. + _[.g]e._lathung, _sf._ congregation. + l[=e]af, _sf._ leave. + __[.g]e._l_[=e]afa, _sm._ belief, faith. + _[.g]e._l[=e]af-full, _aj._ believing, pious. + leahtor, _sm._ crime, vice. + l[=e]as, _aj._ without (expers), _in compos._--less; false. + l[=e]at, _see_ l[=u]tan. + l[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ lay [li[.c][.g]an]. + _[.g]e._l[e,]ndan, _wv._ land [land]. + l[=e]o, _smf._ lion. + l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people. + l[=e]of, _aj._ dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=ae]re l[=e]ofre, I would + rather--[lufu]. + leofode, _see_ libban. + leoht, _sn._ light. + leoht-faet, _sn._ (light-vessel), lamp. + leornian, _wv._ learn. + leornung-cniht, _sm._ disciple. + l[=e]t, _see_ l[=ae]tan. + libban, _wv._ live. + l[=i]c, _sn._ body, corpse. + _[.g]e._l[=i]c, _aj. w. dat._ like. + _[.g]e._l[=i]ce, _av._ in like manner, alike, equally. + li[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, lie. + l[=i]c-hama, _sm._ body. + l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, _av._ bodily. + _[.g]e_l[=i]cian, _wv. w. dat._ please. + l[=i]efan, _wv. w. dat._ allow [l[=e]af]. + _[.g]e._l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe [gel[=e]afa]. + l[=i]f, _sn._ l[=i]fe. + lifiend, _see_ libban. + lim, _sn._ limb, member. + _[.g]e._limp, _sn._ event, emergency, calamity. + _[.g]e_.limpan, _sv. 3_, happen. + l[=i]th, _see_ li[.c][.g]an. + locc, _sm._ lock of hair. + lof, _sn._ praise; glory. + _[.g]e_.l[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish. + _[.g]e_.l[=o]m, _aj._ frequent, repeated. + _[.g]e_.l[=o]me, _av._ often, repeatedly. + losian, _wv. w. dat._ be lost--him losath, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan]. + l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, close. + lufian, _wv._ love. + lufu, _sf._ love [l[=e]of]. + Lunden-burg, _sf._ London [Lundonia]. + l[=u]tan, _sv. 7_, stoop. + l[=y]tel, _aj._ little. + + M. + + M[=a], _see_ micel. + macian, _wv._ make. + mae[.g], _swv._ can, be able. + mae[.g]en, _sn._ strength, capacity; virtue [mae[.g]]. + m[=ae][.g]th, _sf._ family; tribe, nation; generation. + _[.g]e_.m[=ae]ne, _aj._ common. + _[.g]e_.m[=ae]nelic, _aj._ common, general. + m[=ae]re, _aj._ famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). + _[.g]e_.m[=ae]re, _sn._ boundary, territory. + m[=ae]rsian, _wv._ extol, celebrate [m[=ae]re]. + m[=ae]rtho, _sf._ glory [m[=ae]re]. + maesse, _sf._ mass [_Latin_ missa]. + maesse-pr[=e]ost, _sm._ mass-priest. + m[=ae]st, _see_ mi[.c]el. + magon, _see_ mae[.g]. + man, _indef._ one [mann]. + m[=a]n, _sn._ wickedness. + m[=a]n-d[=ae]d, _sf._ wicked deed. + m[=a]n-full, _aj._ wicked. + mangere, _sm._ merchant. + mangung, _sf._ trade, business. + mani[.g], _aj._ many. + man[=i][.g]-feald, _aj._ manifold. + mani[.g]-fieldan, _wv._ multiply [mani[.g]feald]. + mann, _sm._ man; person. + mann-cynn, _sn._ mankind. + {108} + mann-r[=ae]den, _sf._ allegiance. + mann-slaga, _sm._ manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e]. + m[=a]re, _see_ mi[.c]el. + martyr, _sm._ martyr. + m[=a]thm, _sm._ treasure. + m[=a]thm-faet, _sn._ precious vessel. + m[=e], _see_ ic. + mearc, _sf._ boundary. + m[=e]d, _sf._ reward, pay. + m[=e]der, _see_ m[=o]dor. + m[e,]nn, _see_ mann. + m[e,]nnisc, _aj._ human [mann]. + m[e,]re-grot, _sr._ pearl [margarita]. + mer[.g]en, _sm._ morning [morgen]. + _[.g]e_.met, _sn._ measure; manner, way. + metan, _sv. 5_, measure. + _[.g]e_.m[=e]tan, _wv._ meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t]. + m[e,]te, _sm._ food--pl. m[e,]ttas. + mi[.c]el, _aj._ great, much--_comp._ m[=a]re, m[=a] (_adv._, _sn._, + _aj._), _sup._ m[=ae]st. + mi[.c]le, _av._ greatly, much. + mid, _prp. w. dat._ (_instr._) with--mid th[=ae]m the, _cj._ when. + middan-[.g]eard, _sm._ world [_literally_ middle enclosure]. + midde, _aj._ mid, middle (only of time). + middel, _sn._ middle. + Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ Middle-Angles. + Mier[.c]e, _smpl._ Mercians [mearc]. + miht, _sf._ might, strength; virtue [mae[.g]]. + mihte, _see_ mae[.g]. + mihti[.g], _aj._ mighty, strong. + m[=i]l, _sf._ mile [_Latin_ milia (passuum)]. + mild-heort, _aj._ mild-hearted, merciful. + _[.g]e_.miltsian, _wv. w. dat._ have mercy on, pity [milde]. + m[=i]n, _see_ ic. + mis-l[=ae]dan, _wv._ mislead, lead astray. + mis-lic, _aj._ various. + m[=o]d, _sn._ heart, mind. + m[=o]dig, _aj._ proud. + m[=o]di[.g]-nes, _sf._ pride. + m[=o]dor, _sf._ mother. + molde, _sf._ mould, earth. + m[=o]na, _sm._ moon. + m[=o]nath, _sm._ month--_pl._ m[=o]nath [m[=o]na]. + morgen, _sm._ morning. + morth, _sn._ (murder), crime. + m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan. + _[.g]e._m[=o]t, _sn._ meeting. + m[=o]tan, _swv._ may; ne m[=o]t, must not. + _[.g]e._munan, _swv._ remember. + munt, _sm._ mountain, hill [_Latin_ montem]. + munuc, _sm._ monk [_Latin_ monachus]. + murcnian, _wv._ grumble, complain. + m[=u]th, _sm._ mouth. + m[=u]tha, _sm._ mouth of a river [m[=u]th]. + _[.g]e._mynd, _sf._ memory, mind [[.g]emunan]. + _[.g]e._myndi[.g], _aj. w. gen._ mindful. + mynet, _sf._ coin [_Latin_ moneta]. + mynetere, _sm._ money-changer. + mynster, _sn._ monastery [_Latin_ monasterium]. + + N. + + N[=a], _av._ not, no [ = ne [=a]]. + nabban = ne habban. + n[=ae]ddre, _sf._ snake. + naefde, naefst, = ne haefde, ne haefst. + n[=ae]fre, _av._ never [ = ne [=ae]fre]. + nae[.g]el, _sm._ nail. + naes = ne waes. + n[=a]ht, _prn. w. gen._ naught, nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht]. + n[=a]ht-nes, _sf._ worthlessness, cowardice. + nam, _see_ niman. + nama, _sm._ name. + n[=a]mon, _see_ niman. + n[=a]n, _prn._ none, no [ = ne [=a]n]. + n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t. + n[=a]wther, _prn._ neither [ = ne [=a]hwaether (either)]. + ne, _av._ not--ne ... ne, neither ... not. + {109} + n[=e]ah, _av._ near; _superl._ n[=i]ehst--aet n[=i]ehstan, next, + immediately, afterwards. + nearu, _aj._ narrow. + n[=e]a-wist, _sfm._ neighbourhood [wesan]. + n[e,]mnan, _wv._ name [nama]. + neom = ne eom. + nese, _av._ no. + n[e,]tt, _sn._ net. + n[=i]ed, _sf._ need. + n[=i]edunga, _av._ needs, by necessity. + n[=i]ehst, _see_ n[=e]ah. + n[=i]eten, _sn._ animal. + nigon, _num._ nine. + nigotha, _aj._ ninth. + niht, _sf._ night. + niman, _sv. 4_, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. + nis = ne is. + nither, _av._ down. + n[=i]we, _aj._ new. + _[.g]e_.n[=o]g, _aj._ enough. + nolde = ne wolde. + north, _av._ north. + Northhymbra-land, _sn._ Northumberland. + North-hymbre, _smpl._ Northumbrians [Humbra]. + northan-weard, _aj._ northward. + North-m[e,]nn, _pl._ Norwegians. + n[=u], _av._ now, just now; _cj. causal_, now that, since. + n[=u].[.g]iet, _av._ still. + _[.g]e_.nyht-sum-nes, _sf._ sufficience, abundance. + nyle, = ne wile. + nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon. + + O. + + Of, _prp. w. dat._ of, from _of place_, _origin_, _privation_, _release_, + &c.; _partitive_, s[e,]llath [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, some of your + oil. + of-.dr[=ae]dd, _aj._ afraid [_past partic. of_ ofdr[=ae]dan, dread]. + ofer, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over; on; _of time_, during, throughout, + over. + ofer-gyld, _aj._ (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. + ofer-.h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, over-run. + ofer-.s[=a]wan, _sv. 2_, sow over. + offrian, _wv._ offer, sacrifice [_Latin_ offerre]. + offrung, _sf._ offering, sacrifice. + of-.sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, slay. + of-.sn[=i]than, _sv. 6_, kill [sn[=i]than, cut]. + of-spring, _sm._ offspring [springan]. + oft, _av._ often. + of-.t[=e]on, _sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing_, deprive. + of-.thyrst, _aj._ thirsty [_past partic. of_ ofthyrstan, _from_ thurst]. + of-.wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder. + [=o]-l[=ae][.c]ung, _sf._ flattery. + olfend, _sm._ camel [_Latin_ elephas]. + on, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ on; in; _hostility_, against, on h[=i]e + fuhton; _of time_, in. + on-.byr[.g]an, _wv._ taste. + on-.cn[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, know, recognize. + on.dr[=ae]dan, _sv. 1_, _wv._ dread, fear. + on-.f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive. + on-.[.g][=e]an, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; _hostility_, against. + on-.[.g][=e]an, _av._ back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned. + on-[.g]inn, _sn._ beginning. + on-.[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin. + on-.liehtan, _wv._ illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. + on.liehtung, _sf._ illumination, light. + on-.l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, unlock. + on-.middan, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of. + on-s[=i]en, _sf._ appearance, form. + on-sund, _aj._ sound, whole. + on-.uppan, _prp. w. dat._ upon. + on-weald, _sm._ rule, authority, power; territory. + on-.we[.g], _av._ away. + open, _aj._ open. + openian, _wv._ open, reveal, disclose. + orgel-l[=i]ce, _av._ proudly. + {110} + or-m[=ae]te, _aj._ immense, boundless [metan]. + or-sorg, _aj._ unconcerned, careless. + oth, _prp. w. acc._ until--oth thaet, _cj._ until; up to, as far as. + [=o]ther, _prn._ (always strong), second; other. + oththe, _cj._ or--oththe ... oththe, either ... or. + oxa, _sm._ ox. + + P. + + P[=a]pa, _sm._ pope [_Latin_ papa]. + p[e,]ning, _sm._ penny. + Peohtas, _smpl._ Picts. + Philist[=e]isc, _aj._ Philistine. + Pihtisc, _aj._ Pictish [Peohtas]. + plegian, _wv._ play. + post, _sm._ post [_Latin_ postis]. + pr[=e]ost, _sm._ priest [_Latin_ presbyter]. + pund, _sn._ pound [_Latin_ pondus]. + pytt, _sm._ pit [_Latin_ puteus]. + + R. + + Racent[=e]ag, _ sf._ chains. + r[=a]d, _see_ r[=i]dan. + _[.g]e_.r[=a]d, _sn._ reckoning, account; on th[=a] [.g]er[=a]d thaet, on + condition that. + r[=ae]d, _sm._ advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=ae]d + th[=u]hte, it seemed advisable to him. + ramm, _sm._ ram. + r[=a]p, _sm._ rope. + r[=e]af, _sn._ robe, dress. + reahte, _see_ re[.c][.c]an. + r[=e][.c]an, _wv. w. gen._ reck, care. + r[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ tell, narrate. + _[.g]e_.r[e,][.c]ednes, _sf._ narrative. + _[.g]e_.r[=e]fa, _sm._ officer, reeve, bailiff. + re[.g]en, _sm._ rain. + r[=e]the, _aj._ fierce, cruel. + r[=i][.c]e, _aj._ powerful, of high rank. + r[=i][.c]e, _sn._ kingdom, sovereignty, government. + r[=i][.c]etere, _sn._ (ambition), pomp. + r[=i][.c]sian, _wv._ rule. + r[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, ride. + riftere, _sm._ reaper. + riht, _aj._ right; righteous. + riht-l[=i]ce, _av._ rightly, correctly. + riht-w[=i]s, _aj._ righteous. + riht-w[=i]snes, _sf._ righteousness. + r[=i]m, _sm._ number. + r[=i]man, _wv._ count. + r[=i]nan, _wv._ rain [re[.g]en]. + r[=i]pan, _sv. 6_, reap. + r[=i]pere, _sm._ reaper. + r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, _sm._ reaping-time, harvest. + r[=o]hte, _see_ r[=e][.c]an. + R[=o]me-burg, _sf._ city of Rome. + r[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, row. + ryne, _sm._ course. + _[.g]e_.r[=y]ne, _sn._ mystery. + + S. + + S[=ae], _sf._ sea--_dat._ s[=ae]. + s[=ae]d, _sn._ seed. + sae[.g]de, _see_ s[e,][.c][.g]an. + s[=ae]l, _sm._ time, occasion. + _[.g]e_.s[=ae]li[.g], _aj._ happy, blessed. + _[.g]e_.s[=ae]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, _av._ happily, blessedly. + saet, s[=ae]ton, _see_ sittan. + sagol, _sm._ rod, staff. + [.g]e.samnian, _wv._ collect, assemble. + samod, _av_. together, with. + sanct, _sm._ saint [_Latin_ sanctus]. + sand, _sf._ dish of food [s[e,]ndan]. + sand-[.c]eosol, _sm._ sand (_literally_ sand-gravel). + s[=a]r, _sn._ grief. + s[=a]r, _aj._ grievous. + s[=a]ri[.g], _aj._ sorry, sad. + s[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, sow. + s[=a]were, _sm._ sower. + s[=a]wol, _sf._ soul. + scamu, _sf._ shame. + scand, _sf._ disgrace. + scand-lic, _aj._ shameful. + s[.c][=e]af, _sm._ sheaf [sc[=u]fan]. + s[.c][=e]af-m[=ae]lum, _av._ sheafwise. + _[.g]e_.s[.c]eaft, _sf._ creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, _swv._ ought + to, must; shall. + s[.c][=e]ap, _sn._ sheep. + s[.c]eatt, _sm._ (tribute); money. + s[.c][=e]awere, _sm._ spy, witness. + s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ see; examine; read. + s[.c][=e]awung, _sf._ seeing, examination. + s[.c][=e]otan, _sv. 7_, shoot. + {111} + s[.c]ieppan, _sv. 2_, create. + s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear. + s[.c]ip, _sn._ ship. + s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, _sm._ fleet. + s[.c]ip-hlaest, _sm._ (shipload), crew. + s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ shire. + scolde, _see_ sceal. + sc[=o]p, _see_ s[.c]ieppan. + scort, _aj._ short. + scotian, _wv._ shoot [s[.c][=e]otan]. + Scot-land, _sn._ Ireland. + Scottas, _smpl._ the Irish. + scotung, _sf._ shot. + scraef, _sn._ cave. + scr[=i]n, _sn._ shrine [_Latin_ scrinium]. + scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink. + scr[=u]d, _sn._ dress. + scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe [scr[=u]d]. + sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship). + sculon, _see_ s[.c]eal. + scuton, _see_ s[.c][=e]otan. + scyld, _sf._ guilt [sculon, sceal]. + scyldig, _aj._ guilty. + scylen, _see_ sceal. + Scyttisc, _aj._ Scotch [Scottas]. + se, s[=e], _prn._ that; the; he; who. + _[.g]e_seah, _see_ _[.g]e_s[=e]on. + sealde, _see_ s[e,]llan. + s[=e]ath, _sm._ pit. + Seaxe, _smpl._ Saxons. + s[=e][.c]an, _wv._ seek; visit, come to; attack. + s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say. + self, _prn._ self. + s[e,]llan, _wv._ give; sell. + s[=e]lest, _av. superl._ best. + s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send, send message [sand]. + s[=e]o, _see_ se. + seofon, _num._ seven. + seofotha, _aj._ seventh. + seolc, _sf._ silk. + seolcen, _aj._ silken. + seolfor, _sn._ silver. + _[.g]e._s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see. + s[=e]ow, _see_ s[=a]wan. + _[.g]e._s[e,]tnes, _sf._ narrative [s[e,]ttan]. + s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set; appoint, institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan _w. dat._ pass + sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. + sibb, _sf._ peace. + _[.g]e_.sibb-sum, _aj._ peaceful. + s[=i]e, _see_ wesan. + s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, _av._ purely. + s[=i]efre, _aj._ pure. + sierwung, _sf._ stratagem. + siex, _num._ six. + siexta, _aj._ sixth. + siexti[.g], _num._ sixty. + siexti[.g]-feald, _aj._ sixtyfold. + si[.g]e, _sm._ victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory. + si[.g]e-faest, _aj._ victorious. + _[.g]e_.sihth, _sf._ sight; vision, dream [[.g]es[=e]on]. + sifren, _aj._ silver. + simle, _av._ always. + sind, _see_ wesan. + sinu, _sf_, sinew. + sittan, _sv. 5_, sit; settle, stay. + _[.g]e_.sittan, _sv. 5_, take possession of. + s[=i]th, _sm._ journey. + s[=i]thian, _wv._ journey, go. + siththan, _av._ since, afterwards; cj. when. + sl[=ae]p, _sm._ sleep. + sl[=ae]pan, _sv. 1_, sleep, + slaga, _sm._ slayer. [sl[=e]an, _past. partic._ [.g]eslae[.g]en]. + sl[=a]w, _aj._ slow, slothful, dull. + sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, strike; slay, kill. + sl[e,][.c][.g], _sm._ hammer [slaga, sl[=e]an]. + sl[e,][.g]e, _sm._ killing [slaga, sl[=e]an]. + sl[=e]p, _see_ sl[=ae]pan. + sl[=o]g, _see_ sl[=e]an. + smael, _aj._ narrow. + sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think; consult. + sm[=e]ocan, _sv. 7_, smoke. + sm[=e]the, _aj._ smooth. + snotor, _aj._ wise, prudent. + s[=o]na, _av._ soon; then. + sorg, _sf._ sorrow. + s[=o]th, _aj._ true. + s[=o]th, _sn._ truth. + s[=o]th-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed. + spade, _wf._ spade [_Lati_n spatha]. + {112} + spr[=ae][.c], _sf._ speech, language; conversation [sprecan]. + sprecan, _sv. 5_, speak. + spr[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ (scatter); sow [springan]. + springan, _sv. 3_, spring. + sprungen, _see_ springan. + st[=ae]nen, _aj._ of stone [st[=a]n]. + st[=ae]niht, _sn._ stony ground [_originally adj._ 'stony,' from + st[=a]n]. + st[=a]n, _sm._ stone; brick. + standan, _sv. 2_, stand. + st[=e]ap, _aj._ steep. + st[e,]de, _sm._ place. + stefn, _sf._ voice. + stelan, _sv. 4_, steal. + st[e,]nt, _see_ standan. + st[=e]or, _sf._ steering, rudder. + steorra, _sm._ star. + sticol, _aj._ rough. + st[=i]epel, _sm._ steeple [st[=e]ap]. + st[=i]eran, _wv. w. dat._ restrain [st[=e]or]. + _[.g]e_.stillan, _wv._ stop, prevent. + stille, _aj._ still, quiet. + st[=o]d, _see_ standan. + st[=o]l, _sm._ seat. + st[=o]w, _sf._ place. + str[=ae]t, _sf._ street, road [_Latin_ strata via]. + strand, _sm._ shore. + strang, _aj._ strong. + str[=e]dan, _wv._ (scatter), sow. + str[e,]n[.g]tho, _sf._ strength [strang]. + [.g]e.str[=e]on, _sn._ possession. + [.g]e.str[=i]enan, _wv._ gain [[.g]estr[=e]on]. + str[=u]tian, _wv._ strut. + sty[.c][.c]e, _sn._ piece. + sum, _prn._ some, a certain (one), one; a. + _[.g]e_.sund, _aj._ sound, healthy. + _[.g]e_.sund-full. _aj._ safe and sound. + sundor, _av._ apart. + sunne, _sf._ sun. + sunu, _sm._ son. + s[=u]th, _av._ south, southwards. + s[=u]than, _av._ from the south. + s[=u]than-weard, _aj._ southward. + s[=u]th-d[=ae]l, _sm._ the South. + s[=u]therne, _aj._ southern. + S[=u]th-seaxe, _smpl._ South-Saxons. + sw[=a], _av._ so; sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as. + sw[=a]c, _see_ sw[=i]can. + sw[=a]-.th[=e]ah, _av._ however. + swefn, _sn._ sleep; dream. + swel[.c], _prn._ such. + swel[.c]e, _av._ as if, as it were, as, like. + sweltan, _sv. 3_, die. + sw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ afflict, molest [swincan]. + sw[e,]n[.g], _sm._ stroke, blow [swingan]. + sw[=e]or, _sm._ pillar. + sw[=e]ora, _sm._ neck. + sweord, _sn._ sword. + sweord-bora, _sm._ sword-bearer [beran]. + sweotol, _aj._ clear, evident. + sweotolian, _wv._ display, show, indicate. + sweotolung, _sf._ manifestation, sign. + sw[e,]rian, _sv. 2_, swear. + sw[=i]c, _sm._ deceit. + _[.g]e_.sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_ (fail, fall short); cease (betray). + sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, _sm._ deceit [sw[=i]can]. + swicol, _aj._ deceitful, treacherous. + swicon, _see_ sw[=i]can. + swift, _aj._ swift. + sw[=i]gian, _wv._ be silent. + swincan, _sv. 3_, labour, toil. + swingan, _sv. 3_, beat. + swingle, _sf._ stroke [swingan]. + swipe, _sm._ whip. + sw[=i]the, _av._ very, much, greatly, violently--_cp._ sw[=i]thor, + rather, more. + sw[=i]th-lic, _aj._ excessive, great. + sw[=i]thre, _sf._ right hand [_cp. of_ sw[=i]the _with_ hand + _understood_]. + swulton, _see_ sweltan. + swuncon, _see_ swincan. + swungon, _see_ swingan. + syndri[.g], _aj._ separate [sundor]. + syn-full, _aj._ sinful. + syngian, _wv._ sin. + synn, _sf._ sin. + + {113} + T. + + T[=a]cen, _sn._ sign, token; miracle. + t[=a]cnian, _wv._ signify. + _[.g]e_.t[=a]cnung, _sf._ signification, type. + t[=ae][.c]an, _wv. w. dat._ show; teach. + talu, _sf._ number [getel]. + tam, _aj._ tame. + t[=a]wian, _wv._ ill-treat. + t[=e]am, _sm._ progeny [t[=e]on]. + _[.g]e_.tel, _sn._ number. + t[e,]llan, _wv._ count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte, count as + naught [talu]. + T[e,]mes, _sf._ Thames [Tamisia]. + tempel, _sn._ temple [_Latin_ templum]. + t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, pull, drag. + t[=e]ona, _sm._ injury, insult. + t[=e]on-r[=ae]den, _sf._ humiliation. + t[=e]th, _see_ t[=o]th. + ti[.c][.c]en, _sn._ kid. + t[=i]d, _sf._ time; hour. + t[=i]e[.g]an, _wv._ tie. + t[=i]eman, _wv._ teem, bring forth [t[=e]am]. + t[=i]en, _num._ ten. + tierwe, _sf._ tar. + ti[.g]ele, _wf._ tile [_Latin_ tegula]. + t[=i]ma, _sm._ time. + timbrian, _wv._ build. + _[.g]e_.timbrung, _sf._ building. + tintre[.g], _sn._ torture. + tintregian, _wv._ torture. + t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt, made abbot; + _time_, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; _adverbial_, t[=o] + scande, ignominiously; _fitness_, _purpose_, _for_--th[=ae]m folce + (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]athe, to the death of the people, so that the + people were killed; t[=o] th[=ae]m thaet, cj. in order that--t[=o] + thaem (sw[=i]the) ... thaet, so (greatly) ... that. + t[=o], _av._ too. + t[=o]-.berstan, _sv. 3_, burst, break asunder. + t[=o]-.brecan, _sv. 4_, break in pieces, break through. + t[=o]-.bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, tear asunder. + t[=o]-.cw[=i]esan, _wv._ crush, bruise. + t[=o]-cyme, _sm._ coming [cuman]. + t[=o]-.dae[.g], _av._ to-day. + t[=o]-.d[=ae]lan, _wv._ disperse; separate, divide. + t[=o]-.gaedre, _av._ together. + t[=o]-.[.g][=e]anes, _prp. w. dat._ towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to + meet him. + t[=o]l, _sn._ tool. + t[=o]-.l[=i]esan, _wv._ loosen [l[=e]as]. + t[=o]-.middes, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of. + t[=o]-.teran, _sv. 4_, tear to pieces. + t[=o]th, _sm._ tooth. + t[=o]-weard, _aj._ future. + t[=o]-.weorpan, _sv. 3_, overthrow, destroy. + tr[=e]ow, _sn._ tree. + _[.g]e_.tr[=e]owe, _aj._ true, faithful. + trum, _aj._ strong. + trymman, _wv._ strengthen [trum]. + trymmung, _sf._ strengthening, encouragement. + t[=u]cian, _wv._ ill-treat. + tugon, _see_ t[=e]on. + t[=u]n, _sm._ village, town. + tw[=a], tw[=ae]m, _see_ tw[=e][.g]en. + tw[=e][.g]en, _num._ two. + tw[e,]lf, _num._ twelve. + tw[e,]nti[.g], _num. w. gen._ twenty. + + Th. + + Th[=a], _av. cj._ then; when--th[=a] th[=a], when, while--_correlative_ + th[=a] ... th[=a], when ... (then). + th[=a], th[=ae]m, &c., _see_ se. + th[=ae]r, _av._ there--th[=ae]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--th[=ae]r + th[=ae]r, _correl._ where. + th[=ae]re, _see_ se. + th[=ae]r-rihte, _av._ immediately. + thaes, _av._ therefore; wherefore. + thaes, thaet, _see_ se. + thaet, _cj._ that. + _[.g]e_.thafian, _wv._ allow, permit. + th[=a]-.[.g]iet, _av._ still, yet. + thanc, _sm._ thought; thanks. + thancian, _wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person_, thank. + {114} + thanon, _av._ thence, away. + th[=a]s, _see_ this. + the, _rel. prn._ who--s[=e] the, who; _av._ when. + th[=e], _see_ th[=u]. + th[=e]ah, _av. cj._ though, yet, however--th[=e]ah the, although. + thearf, _swv._ need. + thearle, _av._ very, greatly. + th[=e]aw, _sm._ custom, habit; th[=e]awas, virtues, morality. + the[.g]en, _sm._ thane; servant. + the[.g]nian, _wv. w. dat._ serve. + the[.g]nung, _sf._ service, retinue. + th[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ think, expect [thanc]. + th[=e]od, _sf._ people, nation. + _[.g]e_.th[=e]ode, _sn._ language. + th[=e]of, _sm._ thief. + th[=e]os, _see_ thes. + th[=e]ostru, _spl._ darkness. + th[=e]ow, _sm._ servant. + th[=e]ow-d[=o]m, _sm._ service. + th[=e]owian, _wv. w. dat._ serve. + th[=e]owot, _sn._ servitude. + thes, _prn._ this. + thi[.c][.c]e, _aj._ thick. + thi[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, take, receive; eat, drink. + th[=i]n, _see_ th[=u]. + thing, _sn._ thing. + this, thissum, &c., _see_ thes. + _[.g]e_.p[=o]ht, _sm._ thought. + th[=o]hte, _see_ th[e,]n[.c]an. + thone, _see_ se. + thonne, _av. cj._ then; when; because. + thonne, _av._ than. + thorfte, _see_ thearf. + thorn, _sm._ thorn. + thr[=ae]d, _sm._ thread. + thr[=e]o, _see_ thr[=i]e. + thridda, _aj._ third. + thr[=i]e, _num._ three. + thrim, _see_ thr[=i]e. + thriti[.g], _num._ thirty. + thriti[.g]-feald, _aj._ thirtyfold. + thrymm, _sm._ glory. + th[=u], _prn._ thou. + th[=u]hte, _see_ thyn[.c]an. + _[.g]e_.thungen, _aj._ excellent, distinguished. + thurh, _prp. w. acc._ through; _causal_, through, by. + thurh-.wunian, _wv._ continue. + thurst, _sm._ thirst. + thursti[.g], _aj._ thirsty. + thus, _av._ thus. + th[=u]send, _sn._ thousand. + _[.g]e_.thw[=ae]r-l[=ae][.c]an, _wv._ agree. + th[=y], _instr. of_ se; _av._ because. + th[=y]fel, _sm._ bush. + th[=y].l[=ae]s, _cj._ lest. + thyn[.c]an, _wv. impers. w. dat._ m[=e] thyn[.c]th, methinks + [th[e,]n[.c]an]. + th[=y]rel, _sn._ hole [thurh]. + + U. + + Ufe-weard, _aj._ upward, at the top of. + un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, _aj._ innumerable. + unc, _see_ ic. + un-_[.g]e_cynd, _aj._ strange, of alien family. + un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, _sf._ immortality. + under, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ under. + under-cyning, _sm._ under-king. + under-.delfan, _sv._ dig under. + under-.f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive, take. + under-.[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, understand. + undern-t[=i]d, _sf._ morning-time. + un-forht, _aj._ dauntless. + un-for-molsnod, _aj._ (past partic.) undecayed. + un-_[.g]e_h[=i]ersum, _aj. w. dat._ disobedient. + un-hold, _aj._ hostile. + un-_[.g]e_metlic, _aj._ immense. + un-mihti[.g], _aj._ weak. + un-nytt, _aj._ useless. + un-rihtl[=i]ce, _av._ wrongly. + un-rihtw[=i]s, _aj._ unrighteous. + un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _sn._ countless number or quantity. + un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _aj._ countless. + un-_[.g]e_s[=ae]li[.g], _aj._ unhappy, accursed. + un-scyldi[.g], _aj._ innocent. + un-t[=i]emend, _aj._ barren [_from pres. partic._ of t[=i]eman]. + {115} + un-_[.g]e_thw[=ae]r-nes, _sf._ discord. + un-_[.g]e_witti[.g], _aj._ foolish. + [=u]p, _av._ up. + [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, _sf._ conceit, arrogance. + [=u]p-fl[=o]r, _sf._ (_dat. sing._ -a) upper floor, upper story. + uppan, _prp. w. dat._ on, upon. + urnon, _see_ iernan. + [=u]s, _see_ ic. + [=u]t, _av._ out. + [=u]tan, _av._ outside. + uton, _defect. verb, w. infin._ let us--uton g[=a]n, let us go! + + W. + + Wacian, _wv._ be awake, watch. + w[=ae]dla, _sm._ poor man. + wael, _sn._ slaughter--wael [.g]e.sl[=e]an, make a slaughter. + wael-hr[=e]ow, _aj._ cruel. + waelhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, _av._ cruelly, savagely. + waelhr[=e]ownes, _sf._ cruelty. + w[=ae]pen, _sn._ weapon. + waer, _aj._ wary. + w[=ae]ron, waes, _see_ wesan. + waestm, _sm._ (growth); fruit. + waeter, _sn._ water. + waeter-s[.c]ipe, _sm._ piece of water, water. + w[=a]fung, _sf._ (spectacle), display. + -ware, _pl._ (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [_originally + defenders, cp._ w[e,]rian]. + w[=a]t, _see_ witan. + _[.g]e_w[=a]t, _see_ _[.g]e_w[=i]tan. + w[=e], _see_ ic. + _[.g]e_.weald, _sn._ power, command. + wealdan, _sv. 1, w. gen._ rule. + Wealh, _sm._ (_pl._ W[=e]alas), _sm._ Welshman, Briton (_originally_ + foreigner). + weall, _sm._ wall. + weall-l[=i]m, _sm._ (wall-lime), cement, mortar. + wearg, _sm._ felon, criminal [_originally_ wolf, _then_ proscribed man, + outlaw]. + weaxan, _sv. 1_, grow, increase. + we[.g], _sm._ way, road. + we[.g]-f[=e]rende, _aj._ (pres. partic.) way-faring. + wel, _av._ well. + wel-willend-nes, _sf._ benevolence. + w[=e]nan, _wv._ expect, think. + _[.g]e_.w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; go [windan]. + w[e,]nian, _wv._ accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna]. + weofod, _sn._ altar. + weorc, _sn._ work. + weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw. + weorth, _sn._ worth. + weorth, _aj._ worth, worthy. + weorthan, _sv. 3_, happen; become--w. aet spr[=ae][.c]e, enter into + conversation. + _[.g]e_.weorthan, _sv. 3, impers. w. dat._--him [.g]ewearth, they agreed + on. + weorth-full, _aj._ worthy. + weorthian, _wv._ honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. + weorth-l[=i]ce, _aj._ honourably. + weorth-mynd, _sf._ honour. + w[=e]ox, _see_ weaxan. + w[=e]pan, _sv. 1_, weep. + wer, _sm._ man. + w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend [waer]. + werod, _sn._ troop, army. + wesan, _sv._ be. + west, _av._ west. + West-seaxe, _smpl._ West-saxons. + w[=e]ste, _aj._ waste, desolate. + w[=i]d, _aj._ wide. + w[=i]de, _av._ widely, far and wide. + widewe, _sf._ widow. + _[.g]e_.wieldan, _wv._ overpower, conquer [wealdan]. + wierthe, _aj. w. gen._ worthy [weorth]. + w[=i]f, _sn._ woman; wife. + w[=i]f-healf, _sf._ female side. + w[=i]f-mann, _sm._ woman. + wiht, _sf._ wight, creature, thing. + Wiht, _sf._ Isle of Wight [Vectis]. + Wiht-ware, _pl._ Wight-dwellers. + wilde, _aj._ wild. + wild[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast. + willa, _sm._ will. + {116} + willan, _swv._ will, wish; _of repetition_, be used to. + _[.g]e_.wilnian, _wv. w. gen._ desire. + w[=i]n, _sn._ wine. + wind, _sm._ wind. + windan, _sv. 3_, wind. + w[=i]n-[.g]eard, _sm._ vineyard. + winnan, _sv. 3_, fight. + _[.g]e_.winnan, _sv. 3_, win, gain. + winter, (_pl._ winter), _sm._ winter; _in reckoning_ = year. + winter-setl, _sn._ winter-quarters. + w[=i]s, _aj._ wise. + w[=i]s-d[=o]m, _sm._ wisdom. + w[=i]se, _sf._ (wise), way. + _[.g]e_.wiss, _aj._ certain. + _[.g]e_.wissian, _wv._ guide, direct. + _[.g]e_.wissung, _sf._ guidance, direction. + wiste, _see_ witan. + wit, _see_ ic. + wita, _sm._ councillor, sage. + witan, _swv._ know. + _[.g]e_.w[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, depart. + w[=i]te, _sn._ punishment; torment. + w[=i]tega, _sm._ prophet. + witod-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed, and [witan]. + _[.g]e_.witt, _sn._ wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. + with, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; along--with we[.g], by the road; + _hostility_, against--fuhton with Brettas, fought with the Britons; + _association, sharing, &c._, with; _defence_, against; _exchange, + price, for_--with th[=ae]m the, in consideration of, provided that. + with-.meten-nes, _sf._ comparison. + with-.sacan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ deny. + with-.standan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ withstand, resist. + wlite, _sm._ beauty. + w[=o]d, _aj._ mad. + w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ madly. + wolde, _see_ willan. + w[=o]p, _sm._ weeping [w[=e]pan]. + word, _sn._ word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. + _[.g]e_worden, _see_ weorthan. + worhte, _see_ wyr[.c]an. + woruld, _sf._ world. + woruld-thing, _sn._ worldly thing. + wrecan, _sv. 5_, avenge. + wr[=e][.g]an, _wv._ accuse. + _[.g]e_.writ, _sn._ writing [wr[=i]tan]. + wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write. + wudu, _sm._ wood. + wuldor, _sn._ glory. + wuldrian, _wv._ glorify, extol. + wulf, _sm._ wolf. + _[.g]e_.wuna, _sm._ habit, custom [wunian]. + wund, _sf._ wound. + wundor, _sn._ wonder; miracle. + wundor-lic, _aj._ wonderful, wondrous. + wundor-l[=i]ce, _av._ wonderfully, wondrously. + wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder. + _[.g]e_.wunelic, _aj._ customary. + wunian, _wv._ dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna]. + wunung, _sf._ dwelling. + _[.g]e_wunnen, _see_ _[.g]e_winnan. + wyr[.c]an, _wv._ work, make; build; do, perform [weorc]. + wyrhta, _sm._ worker. + wyrt, _sf._ herb, spice; crop. + wyrt-br[=ae]th, _sm._ spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. + wyrtruma, _sm._ root. + w[=y]s[.c]an, _wv._ wish. + + Y. + + Yfel, _aj._ evil, bad. + yfel, _sn._ evil. + ymbe, _prp. w. acc._ around; _of time_, about, at. + ymb-.scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe, array. + ymb-.[=u]tan, _av._ round about. + [=y]terra, _aj. comp._ outer; _superl._ [=y]temest, outermost, last + [[=u]t]. + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Notes + +[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced +exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened. + +[2] Both vowels. + +[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom. + +[4] So also _n[=a]h_ = _ne_ (not) _[=a]h_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER*** + + +******* This file should be named 34316.txt or 34316.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/3/1/34316 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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