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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Breaking with the Past, by 
+Francis Aidan Gasquet and John Cardinal Farley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Breaking with the Past
+       Catholic Principles Abandoned at the Reformation
+
+Author: Francis Aidan Gasquet
+        John Cardinal Farley
+
+Release Date: January 12, 2011 [EBook #34923]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BREAKING WITH THE PAST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Michael Gray, Diocese of San Jose
+
+
+
+
+  BREAKING WITH THE PAST
+
+  OR
+
+  CATHOLIC PRINCIPLES ABANDONED AT THE REFORMATION
+
+  _Four Sermons Delivered at St. Patrick's Cathedral
+  New York, on the Sundays of Advent, 1913_
+
+  BY
+
+  FRANCIS AIDAN GASQUET
+
+  ABBOT-PRESIDENT OF THE ENGLISH BENEDICTINES
+
+
+  WITH A PREFACE BY
+
+  HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL FARLEY
+
+
+
+  P. J. KENEDY & SONS
+  PRINTERS TO THE HOLY APOSTOLIC SEE
+  NEW YORK
+
+
+
+NIHIL OBSTAT
+     REMIGIUS LAFORT
+     _Censor Deputatus_
+
+IMPRIMATUR
+     JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY
+     _Archbishop of New York_
+
+January 3, 1914
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1914
+P. J. KENEDY & SONS
+
+
+
+TO
+HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL FARLEY
+ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK
+THESE SERMONS DELIVERED AT HIS
+REQUEST IN HIS CATHEDRAL
+CHURCH
+ARE DEDICATED
+AS A SMALL TOKEN OF SINCERE RESPECT
+AND AFFECTION
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+THE Rt. Rev. Francis Aidan Gasquet, Abbot-General of the English
+Benedictines and Chairman of the Commission appointed for the revision
+of the Vulgate or Latin Bible, gave a course of sermons at the High Mass
+in St. Patrick's Cathedral on the Sundays of Advent, 1913, on "Catholic
+Principles abandoned at the Reformation."
+
+These sermons attracted very wide attention. The subject chosen, while
+seemingly a familiar one, proved most interesting to the vast
+congregations, drawn by the fame of the preacher as a historian of the
+Reformation period. His manner of treatment had much to do with the
+profound interest manifested by his listeners. All attempt at pulpit
+oratory was cast aside, and the preacher confined himself to a clear
+unvarnished tale of the causes that led up to the so-called Reformation.
+He showed himself a complete master of the question. As announced in his
+opening sermon, the Rt. Rev. Abbot did not seek to be controversial, but
+purely historical, and this purpose he followed to the end, basing all
+his statements on documents whose authenticity could not be called in
+question. He made clear what Cardinal Manning has so often repeated,
+that England did not give up the Catholic faith of centuries, but was
+simply robbed of it.
+
+It was my pleasure to be present at all the sermons, and to be held
+under the spell of his simple eloquence, and to experience the appeal
+his strong arguments must have made. The main thesis which the learned
+Abbot sought to establish was that the doctrines of the Church in
+England had been reconstructed under Lutheran and Calvinistic influence,
+and the cultural beliefs held by the Church from the time of Christ had
+been rejected. This was especially true of the priesthood. By Act of
+Parliament a new form of ordination, carefully and systematically
+excluding every word that could be interpreted to mean that the
+candidate was to be a sacrificing priest, was introduced.
+
+In these days when there is a strong movement on foot without the fold,
+to restore the unity of the Christian faith, we can indulge the hope
+that the four lectures of the distinguished Abbot will prove fruitful.
+They are on subjects so vital to unity; _i. e._ the Supremacy of the
+Pope, the Sacrifice of the Mass, the Eternal Priesthood, the Universal
+Church. We pray that these sermons will attract the attention of many
+outside the Church, and make them meditate on the bitterness of breaking
+from their "Father's House." May God's holy grace prove stronger than
+prejudice, as it has so often in the past, and may it soften the hearts
+which have been hardened by cruel legislation rather than by wilful
+disobedience.
+
+     JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY,
+     _Archbishop of New York_.
+
+NEW YORK,
+The Feast of St. Thomas the Apostle, 1913
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  I   THE POPE'S AUTHORITY
+  II  THE HOLY MASS
+  III THE PRIESTHOOD
+  IV  THE CHURCH BY LAW ESTABLISHED
+      BOOKS SUGGESTED FOR READING
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE POPE'S AUTHORITY
+
+TO-DAY we begin the work of Advent. During these weeks of preparation
+for the great feast of Christmas it is usual and useful to turn our
+thoughts to some of the great principles upon which our faith as
+Catholics is grounded, in order that we may realise more fully all that
+our Blessed Lord's coming into this world has done for mankind in
+general and for our individual souls in particular. It will not
+therefore be altogether foreign to this purpose if during these Sundays
+of Advent I ask your consideration of certain Catholic principles which
+appear to me to have been deliberately abandoned in the great religious
+revolution of the sixteenth century, known as the Reformation, but to
+which our Catholic forefathers in England and in Ireland clung with
+heroic constancy and for which they suffered loss of worldly goods and
+even laid down their lives.
+
+And first, I should at the outset like to disclaim any desire to enter
+into mere matters of controversy. In these days, when so many
+aspirations and prayers for a return to Christian Unity are being
+uttered and which in the face of the common enemy find an echo in the
+heart of every Catholic, the bitterness engendered by the controversial
+spirit is, to say the least, wholly foreign to the work of Union. But as
+a first step to that Christian Unity we all pray for, it is surely
+necessary to recognise the points of departure, out of which our
+differences have grown. We cannot proceed far along the path towards
+agreement unless we understand how we first began to differ, and
+therefore, not in any spirit of bitterness or controversy. I desire to
+speak of facts as they seem to me, and to point out what was really done
+at the time of the Reformation in England, which still has obvious
+consequences in all English-speaking countries. As far as I am concerned
+at present those who hold that what was done in regard to religion in
+the sixteenth century was well done may continue to hold this belief.
+All I desire at this time is to ascertain _what_ was done.
+
+Now the first point of attack made on the traditional teachings of the
+Catholic Church was upon the spiritual jurisdiction of the Pope. We
+Catholics hold and believe that our Lord came down on earth and became
+man to redeem us, not as a mere historical fact, which was once done and
+completed by His death upon the Cross, but that the work of this
+redemption was to be applied to the individual soul, through the work of
+the Church He established on earth. This Church was to minister to souls
+through the Sacraments He instituted, the grace He had purchased for
+them by His Passion and Death, and it was to be the fount of all truth
+and teaching. We Catholics further believe and hold that our Lord
+established this His church upon the authority of St. Peter and his
+successors, as the necessary basis of unity of faith and discipline. To
+us this seems so certain that it is inconceivable that our Lord, who was
+God and had all knowledge of the working of the human heart and mind,
+should not have provided some such an authority as that of the Pope, as
+the necessary bond of unity of the Faith. Mind, I am not proving this in
+any way: I am but stating it as the firm and unchanging belief of
+Catholics.
+
+Up to the time of King Henry VIII., and indeed till the end of the first
+half of his reign, this, which is our belief, was that of England and
+Ireland in common with all other parts of Christendom before the revolt
+of Luther a few years before in Germany. Of this I do not think there
+can be much doubt, except perhaps in the minds of professional
+controversialists. Let me give a few examples of English teaching on the
+subject. In the University of Oxford, up to the Reformation, there was
+no more honoured theological authority in the schools, than the
+celebrated Duns Scotus. This is what he taught as to papal authority:
+"It is of faith that the ever Holy Roman Church, which is the pillar and
+ground of all truth and against which the gates of hell cannot prevail,
+admits of no error and teaches the truth. Hence they are excommunicated
+as heretics who teach or hold anything different from what She teaches
+and practises." This is clear enough teaching: and no less clear is the
+declaration made by the representatives of England and Ireland in the
+Council of Florence, which was held in A. D. 1417, a century and more
+before the breach with Rome. At that Council there were present more
+than a hundred British Bishops and Prelates. Peculiar circumstances
+called for a declaration of their loyalty to the Universal Church, and
+this is one clause in that declaration: "Moreover the Kingdom of
+England, thanks be to God! has never swerved from its obedience to the
+Roman Church: it has never tried to rend the seamless coat of Our Lord:
+it has never endeavoured to shake off its loyalty to the Roman
+Pontiffs."
+
+Ten years later again, in 1426, Pope Martin V. in a letter to the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, states as a recognised fact, that not only had
+the Roman Pontiffs supreme authority as a fact, but that this authority
+was derived as of divine institution from our Lord Himself and he tells
+the archbishop that he is bound to protect "the rights and privileges of
+the Roman Church and the Apostolic See, which Christ Himself gave by His
+divine Word, and not men." This is the distinct claim put forth by the
+Pope, and Archbishop Chicheley in his reply, made on behalf of the
+English Church, fully and frankly admits this claim, and makes it quite
+clear that the traditional teaching of the English Church in regard to
+the Papacy was that it was of divine institution and not that its
+authority was of ecclesiastical institution, and still less that England
+or Ireland had ever given its obedience to the Pope on grounds of
+national policy or expediency and not on a dogmatic basis. The matter is
+put clearly enough to remove all doubt in the letter addressed to the
+Pope by the University of Oxford at the same time as that of Archbishop
+Chicheley in behalf of the English Bishops. "We recognise in your
+beloved person (that of. Pope Martin V.) the true Head. We profess
+without doubt and from our hearts (that you are) the one Supreme
+Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ on earth and the true successor of St.
+Peter."
+
+That this remained the firm and unshaken faith of the Church and people
+of England and Ireland right up to the final breaking away from Rome we
+have ample and positive proofs. Out of many I will cite one testimony.
+When the teachings of the reformer, Luther, began to find adherents in
+other lands, King Henry VIII., with the help of Bishop Fisher, himself
+composed a book in defence of the Sacramental teaching of the Church.
+This volume was taken to Rome by one of the English Bishops and
+presented to the Pope in full Consistory on October 2, 1521. On behalf
+of Henry, the envoy in the presence of all the Cardinals and Ambassadors
+made public declaration of the entire loyalty of the English nation to
+the Holy Roman Church and its Supreme Pontiff. "Of other nationalities,"
+he says, "let others speak. But assuredly my Britain--my England, as in
+later times she has been called--has never yielded to Spain, never to
+France, never to Germany, never to Italy, never to any nearer nation,
+no, not even to Rome itself, in the service of God and in the Christian
+faith and in the obedience due to the Most Holy Roman Church; even as
+there is no nation which more opposes, more condemns, more loathes this
+monster (_i. e._ the Lutheran apostasy) and the heresies which spring
+from it." It was for the volume then presented and for the declaration
+then made that Henry received the title of "Defender of the Faith" from
+the Pope.
+
+Suddenly and almost as a bolt from the blue, difficulties between the
+King of England and the Pope began to show themselves. Grave events
+often spring from slight causes, and, whatever may be said by
+professional controversalists, there can be no doubt that it was a mere
+love affair of Henry VIII., which initiated the royal policy and finally
+dragged England into schism and heresy. [1] To some, people, indeed, in
+these days the action of the Pope in refusing to allow Henry to have his
+own wilful way in putting aside his wedded wife, Katherine, and to marry
+another woman, with whom he had had illicit relations, may appear to
+have been the height of unwisdom. Certainly as a result it has had the
+most disastrous consequences to the English Church. But this at least
+all must confess: that the Pope's courageous action is a manifest proof
+of the impossibility of ecclesiastical authority interfering without
+right reason with the indissoluble sanctity of a true Christian
+marriage.
+
+
+[1] This statement was challenged in the press. It is difficult to see
+how it can be questioned by anyone who has read the history of this
+period. Those who are interested may be referred to an excellent article
+in _America_ for Dec. 20, 1913, "What to say and how to say it."
+
+
+To obtain the support of Parliament the King suggested that the nation
+had incurred the extreme penalties of _praemunire_ by admitting the
+legatine powers of Cardinal Wolsey, even though this had been done with
+his royal knowledge and authority. His lay subjects were at once
+pardoned for a mere technical offence against the statute laws, but the
+clergy were excluded, in order to hold the penalties _in terrorem_ over
+them. With his royal hand on the throats of his ecclesiastical subjects
+he demanded a recognition of his Headship over the Church in England,
+and finally Convocation, after a debate which extended over two and
+thirty sessions, gave an unwilling assent to a clause admitting the King
+as "the Protector and Supreme Head" of the English Church. This was the
+thin edge of the wedge by which the cleavage from Rome and the Pope was
+subsequently effected. At the time, there can be no doubt that the
+inward meaning of the acknowledgment was not understood. Dean Hook says
+that the statement was not "regarded as inconsistent with the legitimate
+claims of the papacy," and as Froude admits, it is certain that "the
+title was not intended to imply what it implied when, four years later,
+it was conferred by Act of Parliament, and when England virtually was
+severed by it from the Roman Communion."
+
+In 1532 by an Act entitled "The Submission of the clergy" the king
+received their pledge not to legislate in ecclesiastical matters in
+Convocation without his royal leave. By this "Submission" the English
+Church deprived itself of all corporate action; and in the same year the
+aged Archbishop Warham died. "We cannot doubt," writes the late Dr.
+James Gairdner, the most competent judge of the events of this reign and
+himself not a Catholic, "We cannot doubt that the event (_i. e._ the
+death of the Archbishop of Canterbury) at once suggested to the King a
+new method of achieving his end" and divorcing Queen Katherine. He
+obtained from the Pope the appointment of Thomas Cranmer, a priest who
+in defiance of the canons had secretly married in Germany the niece of
+Osiander, the German Reformer, as a second wife.
+
+Having secured this appointment from the Holy See, the King directed
+Cranmer to consider the divorce question, and the decree having been
+pronounced by the subservient archbishop, Henry made Anne Boleyn his
+Queen on June 1, 1533. Six months later the Convocations of Canterbury
+and York, under strong royal pressure formally accepted the declaration
+that "the Bishop of Rome has not in Scripture any greater jurisdiction
+in the Kingdom of England than any foreign bishop." Finally in March,
+1534, the severance of England from Rome ecclesiastically was effected
+by the _Supreme Head_ act which styled the King the only "Supreme Head
+in earth of the Church of England" and granted him the most ample powers
+of ecclesiastical Visitation. Then the final touch was given to the work
+by the _Act of Verbal Treasons_, by which it was declared to be high
+treason to "imagine" any bodily harm to either the King or Queen or "to
+deprive them of their dignity, title, style," etc.
+
+The change had now been effected: England was cut off from the
+jurisdiction of Rome. Some men, like the Venerable Bishop Fisher,
+Blessed Sir Thomas More, the heroic Carthusians and others, refused to
+burden their consciences by taking the required oath and preferred
+imprisonment and death. For the most part the clergy and monastic houses
+gave way and did what was required of them. But there can be little
+doubt that the nation at large disliked the King's proceedings. In spite
+of the act for _Verbal Treasons_, which was wide enough to catch anyone
+guilty of a mere expression of opinion, "on no other subject during the
+entire reign have we such overt and repeated expressions of
+dissatisfaction with the King and his proceedings," as Dr. Gairdner with
+the fullest knowledge of this period declares. For, as he says, "the
+ecclesiastical headship was without precedent and at variance with all
+tradition:" . . . "It was a totally new order in the Church."
+
+My purpose does not lead me to speak of the exercise of ecclesiastical
+jurisdiction by the King, in virtue of this new Headship over the
+Church. As, by virtue of his authority, he had bidden Archbishop Cranmer
+to pronounce the sentence of divorce, which the Pope had refused, so in
+the dissolution of the religious houses, he pronounced the monks and
+nuns in his kingdom freed from the vows they had made to God. In the
+exercise of the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical he appointed
+Thomas Crumwell, a layman, his Vicar General, and in this capacity,
+Crumwell presided at all meetings of Bishops and regulated all
+discussions upon spiritual affairs.
+
+There were various other religious changes initiated during the
+remainder of this reign, like the destruction of shrines and the
+prohibition of devotion to the saints, but it is one of the perplexing
+problems of this time why there was not a more radical reconstruction of
+religion in England upon the lines of the Lutheran principles of the
+Reformation. The fact is that, though for his own purposes Henry was
+willing enough to get rid of the Pope, he was never a Lutheran at heart.
+He had defended Catholic principles against the German Reformed
+doctrines in his work on the Seven Sacraments. He never wholly lost his
+Catholic instinct, and to the last he maintained with a strong hand the
+ancient Catholic Sacramental teaching, and in particular in regard to
+the most Holy Eucharist and the doctrine of Transubstantiation. In this
+regard the reforming party, as long as he lived, was kept in check and
+had to wait for the King's death to secure further changes.
+
+To us Catholics, by the act of cutting England from Rome, the principle
+of Christian Unity was rejected and sacrificed. The branch cut from the
+tree no longer feeds upon the sap of the parent stock, and
+disintegration is merely a matter of time. We who look back over the
+centuries, which have passed since the severance of the English Church
+from Union with Rome was effected, can see how the disintegration as to
+doctrine, has gone on ever since. Few can deny that it is still
+proceeding at a rate, which is rightly alarming those who still cling
+even to the shreds of the religious formularies evolved in the
+Reformation settlement. Hundreds of religious bodies, all claiming to be
+Christian and all differing on vital and essential matters of belief,
+can be seen round about us to-day. The process of division is still
+going on and it must continue where there is no authority to speak with
+a divine commission. We Catholics, as we review this chaos, may well
+thank God that our English and Irish forefathers have fought and
+suffered to maintain for us the Christian principle of a Supreme
+authority in religion.
+
+
+
+II
+
+II
+
+THE HOLY MASS
+
+TO-DAY I propose to speak about the Most Holy Eucharist. The Sacrifice
+of the Mass is the central doctrine of our religion. In it, as we
+Catholics firmly believe, there is renewed on the Christian altar the
+sacrifice of Calvary, and by God's power, at the words spoken by the
+priest, the bread and wine is changed into the very Body and Blood of
+our Lord. The word used by the Church to express this change of
+substance is Transubstantiation; and in the mystery of our Faith we hold
+that we have, under the outward appearances of bread and wine, the true
+and real presence of our Blessed Lord. As truly and as really as our
+Saviour, God and man, walked this earth in the days of His pilgrimage,
+blessing the sick, curing diseases at His touch, and teaching the way of
+life to the multitudes, so do we firmly believe and hold, that He is
+amongst us to-day under the Eucharistic forms, ready to help and
+encourage the weary, to console the afflicted, to bring the assurance of
+His pardon to the penitent.
+
+I am not proving this. I am only stating it, as the firm faith we hold
+as Catholics. Moreover, not only is the Mass our Christian Sacrifice;
+but in the Holy Eucharist we have the food of our souls and the proper
+sustenance of our spiritual life in this world. We hold and truly
+believe that in Holy Communion we receive really and in fact, and not in
+any mere figurative sense, our Blessed Lord Himself--Body, Soul and
+Divinity. This is our faith to-day as it was the unbroken belief of the
+Catholic Church from the earliest tunes. All round about us now we see
+other religious bodies, claiming to be Christian which do not share our
+teaching, and it is good to try and understand how this has come about.
+The key to the explanation lies in the teaching of Reformation
+principles in the sixteenth century.
+
+When Henry VIII. died, on January 25, 1547, for the first time in
+history the king had made himself supreme not only in affairs of State
+but in religion. Many minor changes, besides the destruction of the
+religious life and the suppression of the monasteries, naturally marked
+and followed upon the rejection of the Catholic principle of papal
+authority and the assumption by the king of Supreme Headship over the
+Church in England. The hopes, entertained by the German Reformers of
+being able to obtain the adherence of the king and people of England to
+their reformed doctrines, were disappointed during Henry's life. On his
+death their hopes revived. Edward VI., a boy, only nine years of age,
+succeeded to the throne, and the supreme power in the State was seized
+by those whose sympathies were known to be on the side of the German
+Reformation. The Lord Protector, Somerset, became the highest authority
+in the State, and Archbishop Cranmer, for years a Lutheran at heart, was
+the chief ecclesiastic in the realm.
+
+As one of the first acts of the reign, all the bishops were compelled to
+take out fresh Commissions from the Crown for the exercise of their
+episcopal offices. In this Cranmer set a willing example of obedience;
+and in the preamble of the new Letters Patent the royal power was set
+forth as the source of all jurisdiction, civil and ecclesiastical.
+
+Within a month of Edward's accession, the images of saints in the London
+churches were dishonoured and mutilated, and sermons were preached,
+without punishment or rebuke, against the observance of Lent and other
+Catholic practices. Other changes in the line of the Reformation
+followed quickly one upon another. Images, shrines and pictures of Our
+Lady and the Saints were ordered to be destroyed, and the Litany of the
+Saints, hitherto said in procession, was made into a prayer to be said
+kneeling. All this was a sufficient indication of the trend of mind in
+the men now in power towards the Reformation doctrines of Luther and the
+other continental heretics.
+
+For objecting to these changes some of the bishops were lodged in
+prison, and in the course of a general Visitation of churches in the
+diocese of London, whilst the Bishop was in prison, the images in St.
+Paul's and other city churches were pulled down and broken up; the
+painted pictures and frescoes upon the walls--"the books of the poor and
+unlearned" as they were called--were covered with whitewash, and in
+their place the Ten Commandments were written upon the plaster.
+
+The first Parliament of this reign met in November, 1547, and the
+important matter--from a religious standpoint--discussed and settled was
+the introduction of Communion under both kinds--or as some modern
+writers put it "the restoration of the cup to the laity." This change,
+significant as it was, might mean little more than the rejection of a
+disciplinary law of the Church, which had been introduced many ages
+before for wise and obvious reasons. But to those who will study the
+history of the controversies of the sixteenth century, the
+reintroduction of Communion under both kinds was an outward
+manifestation of the rejection of the Catholic Eucharistic doctrine,
+which taught that our Blessed Lord was present, whole and entire, Body,
+Soul and Divinity in each and every portion of the Most Holy Sacrament.
+And, as St. Thomas teaches in his dogmatic hymn of the Holy Eucharist,
+in every part and portion, "_integer accipitur_"--is received whole and
+entire in Holy Communion. The history of the passage of this measure
+through Parliament makes it clear that many of the Bishops and other
+prominent ecclesiastics were opposed to this departure from existing
+Catholic usage and that it was in reality imposed by the authority of
+Parliament upon the Church under the plea that it was "conformable to
+primitive practice." The Bill was but the beginning of other and more
+important changes. The replies made at this time by Cranmer and other
+innovating prelates to certain questions upon the nature of the Mass
+leave no doubt as to the lengths they were prepared to go ha the
+direction of Lutheran Eucharistic doctrine. The archbishop declared that
+"_oblation and sacrifice_" were terms improperly used about the Mass,
+and that it was only a "memory and representation of the sacrifice of
+the Cross." In other words, Cranmer and the four other English bishops
+who agreed with him, rejected the Sacrifice of the Mass as it had
+hitherto been received in England as in every other part of the Catholic
+world.
+
+To carry out the new order of Communion a form, founded upon the
+celebrated work of Herman the Archbishop of Cologne, which had just
+appeared in an English translation, was issued and ordered to be
+inserted in the Latin Mass. The process of spoliation of the Church
+begun in the reign of Henry VIII. was continued. A bill, strongly
+opposed by churchmen, was passed in the House of Lords, giving to the
+Crown all colleges, free chapels and chantries as well as the property
+of all guilds and fraternities. By this measure the gravest injustice
+was done to the members of the guilds, which were the charitable
+associations, insurance societies, burial and sick clubs of Catholic
+England. The funds thus confiscated for the most part represented the
+savings of the poor. Moreover, religion suffered the gravest injury by
+the confiscation of the chantry funds and the revenues for anniversary
+prayers for the dead. These were in many cases at least intended to
+supply the services of additional curates for the work of larger
+parishes and for annual gifts to the poor.
+
+In the second year of the King's reign Cranmer intimated that the
+Council had ordered the discontinuance of the old Catholic practices of
+blessed candles, blessed ashes and blessed palms, as well as the Good
+Friday ceremony of honouring the crucifix, known as "creeping to the
+cross."
+
+All these changes were, however, only indications of the more serious
+attack on the Catholic doctrine of the Holy Eucharist, which was being
+engineered by the now almost openly avowed English Reforming party,
+headed by Cranmer. On December 14, 1548, a draft of a new Prayer Book in
+English to supersede the ancient Missal and Breviary was introduced into
+the House of Lords and there followed a long debate upon the doctrine of
+the Blessed Sacrament, contained in the service, which was intended to
+take the place of the ancient Mass. This part of the new Book of Common
+Prayer has a special interest and significance.
+
+In the course of this debate it appeared clearly that Archbishop Cranmer
+had given up all belief in the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation
+and in the sacrificial character of the Eucharist. In the account of
+this discussion it also appears that the word "oblation," which had been
+left in the proposed new Canon when the draft was shown to the Bishops,
+had been struck out of the document presented to Parliament for its
+approval, without their knowledge or consent. On January 15, 1549,
+Parliament by statute approved the new form of service to take the place
+of the Mass; its authority being simply a schedule of an act of
+Parliament; the Church in synod or convocation almost certainly having
+had nothing to say in this vital matter of doctrine and practice.
+
+It is not infrequently asserted that after all, except that the new
+Communion service was in English, there was little or no change made in
+form or substance. In other words, that the office of Communion, in the
+First Prayer Book of Edward VI.--the Book of 1549--was the Latin Mass
+translated into English. Whatever else it was, whether a return to
+primitive observances or an adaptation of ancient foreign liturgies, or
+any other thing of the same nature, it was most certainly not a
+translation; not even a free rendering of the Latin Mass into the
+vernacular.
+
+Those who are familiar with the Latin Missal, or those who will take the
+trouble to examine it, will see at once that the Mass consists mainly of
+two parts,--the first a preparation for and leading up to the second. In
+the former we have the prayers and supplications with passages of Holy
+Scripture from the Epistles and Gospels, selected by the Church as
+appropriate to the feast or Sunday upon which they are read. In this
+part also we have the ceremonial offices arranged for the offering of
+the bread and wine prepared for the Christian Sacrifice, accompanied by
+prayers expressing the idea of sacrifice and oblation.
+
+Thus, for example, at the offering of the bread the priest says these
+words: "Receive, O Holy Father, Almighty and Everlasting God, _this
+spotless Host,_" etc. When he offers the chalice with the wine and water
+in it he says: "We offer up to Thee, O Lord, the chalice of Salvation,
+beseeching Thee of Thy mercy that our _sacrifice_ may ascend with an
+odour of sweetness in the sight of Thy Divine Majesty," etc.; and he
+adds: "May the _Sacrifice_ we this day offer up be well-pleasing to
+Thee." Finally, bowing down before the altar, the priest says: "Receive,
+O Holy Trinity, this _oblation_ offered up by us to Thee," etc., and,
+turning to those who are assisting, he says: "Brethren, pray that this
+_sacrifice_, which is both mine and yours, may be well-pleasing to God
+the Father Almighty." To this the people through the server reply: "May
+the Lord receive this _sacrifice_ at your hands," etc. Everyone who will
+carefully examine these prayers must see that the main idea contained in
+all is that of _sacrifice_ and _oblation_. In the same way the prayer
+called the Secret, which follows upon the offering of the bread and wine
+for the Sacrifice, though it varies with the feast celebrated,
+practically always contains some mention of the oblation or victim to be
+offered. Thus on this, the second Sunday of Advent, the Secret prayer
+contains these words: "Be appeased, we beseech Thee, O Lord, by our
+prayers and by the _sacred Victim_ we humbly offer," etc.
+
+In the second part of the Holy Mass we shall find, if we use our
+Missals, or Mass books, that there is one unchanging ritual _formula_
+called the "Canon," during which the words of Consecration are
+pronounced by the priest over the bread and wine. By the efficacy of
+these words, as we Catholics believe, the substance of the bread and
+wine are changed by God's power into the Body and Blood of Christ; and
+in this Sacred Canon the Christian sacrifice is perfected. Naturally we
+should expect to find in this solemn part of the Mass the same idea of
+sacrifice and oblation clearly expressed. And so it is. The priest begs
+Almighty God "to receive and to bless these gifts, these _oblations_,
+these holy and _spotless hosts_, which we offer up to Thee;" and "to be
+appeased by this _oblation_ which we offer." Again he prays: "Vouchsafe
+to bless this same _oblation,_ to take it for Thy very own . . . so that
+on our behalf it may _be made into_ the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ,"
+etc. To this he adds: "Wherefore we offer up to thine excellent Majesty
+. . . a _Victim_ which is pure, a Victim which is holy, a Victim which
+is stainless, the holy Bread of life everlasting and the Cup of eternal
+salvation." Then after the words of Consecration, bowing down before the
+sacred species on the altar, the celebrant says: "Humbly we beseech
+Thee, Almighty God, to command that by the hands of Thy holy Angel, this
+our _Sacrifice_ be uplifted to thine altar on high."
+
+Now let us understand what was done by the English Reformers in the new
+service drawn up in 1549 to take the place of the ancient Mass. In a
+general way it may be said that up to the Gospel the first Communion
+service followed outwardly at least the old Missals. The ritual offering
+of the bread and wine, however, with the prayers expressing oblation and
+sacrifice--a part which was known as the Offertory--was swept away
+altogether in the new service. In its place was substituted a few
+sentences appropriate to almsgiving and a new meaning was given to the
+word "Offertory," which has since come to signify a collection. This
+change is significant of the Eucharistic doctrines of the German
+Reformers and is fully in accord with Cranmer's known opinions in regard
+to oblation and sacrifice, every expression or idea of which was
+ruthlessly removed from the new Book. The old prayer, called the Secret,
+which almost invariably contained a mention of the Sacrifice about to be
+offered, was left out.
+
+Following upon the Offertory and Secret comes the Preface, or immediate
+preparation for the sacred Canon. This, with certain unimportant
+changes, was allowed to stand in the new composition as it was in the
+Missal. But the last words of the _Sanctus_, with which the Preface
+invariably concludes: "Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the
+Lord," although allowed to stand in the first Book of Common Prayer of
+1549, was removed in the subsequent Book of 1552, and does not find a
+place in the present Communion Service. The reason for this later change
+is obvious. With the new Canon we come to understand the full
+significance of the changes made in the new liturgy. Our present
+detailed knowledge of the Canon of the Mass goes back for thirteen
+hundred years, and, with the exception of one short clause inserted by
+St. Gregory the Great, it has remained unchanged to the present day.
+This alone is a sufficient testimony to the veneration in which the
+prayer was regarded. It was a sacred heritage, coming to the Catholic
+Church from unknown antiquity, and it was substantially the same in
+every Western liturgy.
+
+The Canon of the First Communion service was, so far as _ideas_ go, an
+absolutely new Canon. Outwardly, even, it was so different to the Canon
+of the Mass that it was characterised by the common people as "a
+Christmas game." It offers prayers to God in place of "these gifts,
+these offerings, these holy undefiled sacrifices" of the Catholic Canon;
+and in a word, every idea or expression of the ancient doctrine of
+sacrifice was studiously omitted by the composers of the new Prayer
+Book. In fact, the words of "Consecration," or as they are now
+frequently called, "Institution," which it might have been supposed even
+Cranmer would have respected as too sacred to touch or tamper with, are
+changed for a formula taken from the new Lutheran use of Nuremberg,
+which had been drawn up by Osiander, Cranmer's relative by marriage.
+
+In brief, then, it is impossible for any unbiased mind to compare the
+ancient Canon of the Holy Mass--the Canon which still exists unchanged
+in our Missals to-day--with the relative part of the new Communion
+service without seeing that both in spirit and substance the First
+Prayer Book of Edward VI was conceived with the design of getting rid of
+the Catholic Mass altogether. [1] It was as little a translation of the
+Latin Missal as the similar Lutheran productions of Germany, which were
+ostensibly based upon the design of getting rid of the sacrificial
+character of the Mass altogether. The First Prayer Book of 1549 merely
+represented one stage of the downgrade of Eucharistic doctrine in
+departure from the old Catholic beliefs towards the more advanced
+Protestant schools of thought represented by Calvin and others. So
+another--the second liturgy of Edward VI--was soon in preparation and
+was issued in 1552.
+
+
+[1] For the convenience of those interested this comparison may be found
+at the end of this lecture.
+
+
+In one thing only did it differ. In the First Prayer Book the Communion
+service contained some shreds of a Canon,--a new Canon, it is true, but
+a Canon,--whereas Luther's declared intention was to get rid of what he
+called "the abominable Canon" altogether, leaving only the words of
+Institution. This too was effected in the Second Prayer Book of 1552. In
+this also there is one significant omission amongst a number of other
+changes. From the "Sanctus" after the Preface and immediately leading up
+to the Canon the words "Blessed is He who cometh in the name of the
+Lord" are omitted as if to emphasise the rejection of the doctrine of
+Transubstantiation in the new formulae.
+
+It is unnecessary to do more than point out that the rejection of
+authority in religious matters had already the consequences which any
+reasonable man would have prophesied for a system of religion founded
+upon the royal power, or, as in this case of the young King Edward, upon
+the personal opinions of his ministers. It is in some quarters the
+fashion nowadays to assume that there were no substantial changes in the
+Liturgy of the Church at this period, and that the Catholic Mass and the
+Anglican Communion service to-day are essentially and substantially the
+same. To any one, who will put the one by the side of the other and note
+the changes and omissions, it must appear as clear as the noonday sun
+that there is a difference, essential and substantial, depending upon
+doctrinal teaching, on which there should be no misunderstanding. I am
+not here concerned to determine whether these changes were good or bad.
+What I wish to make clear is that these changes were made, and that they
+are significant of a change in doctrine.
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+COMPARISON OF THE MASS AND THE COMMUNION SERVICE
+
+
+Missal
+
+  _Sanctus_
+  Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts
+  The Heavens and earth are full of Thy glory
+  Hosanna in the highest
+  Blessed is he that Cometh in the Name of the Lord.[1] Hosanna, etc.
+
+--to receive and to bless these gifts, these oblations, these holy and
+spotless hosts which we offer up to Thee--
+
+Wherefore, we beseech Thee O Lord to be appeased by this oblation which
+we . . . offer
+
+Vouchsafe to bless this same Oblation to take it for Thy very-own . . .
+so that on our behalf it may be _made into_ the Body and Blood of J. C.,
+etc.
+
+Wherefore . . . we . . . offer up to thine Excellent. Majesty ... a
+Victim which is pure, a Victim which is holy, a Victim which is
+stainless, the holy Bread of life everlasting and the Cup of eternal
+salvation . . .
+
+Humbly we beseech Thee, Almighty God to command that by the hands of Thy
+Holy Angel, this our _Sacrifice_ be uplifted to thine Altar on high
+
+
+1549
+
+[Our Lord] who made there [upon the Cross] by his one oblation once
+offered, a full perfect and sufficient sacrifice, oblation and
+satisfaction . . . and did institute and in his holy Gospel command us
+to celebrate a perpetual memory of that his precious death. [2]
+
+--to receive these our prayers and supplications [3]--
+which we offer unto [3] thy Divine Majesty.
+
+Vouchsafe to bless and [3] sanctify these thy gifts and creatures of
+bread and wine, that they may _be unto us_ the Body and Blood--
+
+Wherefore... we do celebrate and make here before Thy Divine Majesty,
+with these Thy holy gifts the _memorial_ which Thy Son hath willed us to
+make . . . desiring [thee] to accept this our _Sacrifice of praise and
+thanksgiving_ . . .
+
+and we offer and present unto Thee ourselves, our souls and bodies to be
+a reasonable, holy and lively sacrifice to Thee
+
+accept this our bounden duty and service
+and command these our _prayers and supplications_ by the ministry of Thy
+Holy Angels to be brought up into Thy holy Tabernacle [4]
+
+
+[1] _Blessed is he who cometh_, etc., left out in 1552 and subsequent
+recensions.
+
+[2] This is still found in the Communion Service.
+
+[3] Omitted in 1552
+
+[4] Omitted in 1552. The _American_ Service has _accept this our bounden
+duty and Service_ as above, _but_ LEAVES out "_and command these_," etc.
+
+
+
+III
+
+III
+
+THE PRIESTHOOD
+
+LAST Sunday I spoke of the Catholic doctrine of the Mass and the Holy
+Eucharist; I pointed out what our faith taught us about the Blessed
+Sacrament and how the Mass was to our Catholic forefathers and to us
+to-day, the central act of worship of God; and that the Holy Communion
+in a very true sense is the food of our spiritual life, as it binds us
+to God and brings Him into our lives in truth and in reality, which is
+the end and object of every act of religion. I pointed out to you that
+by the principles of the Reformation, adopted by the followers of the
+Lutheran theology in England, the Mass, as a "Sacrifice and Oblation,"
+was not merely attacked doctrinally, and spoken of by the men of the "New
+Learning" with scurrilous profanity, but destroyed altogether, as far as
+it was possible for them to do. The service of Communion in the New Book
+of Common Prayer, designed to take the place of the ancient missals, was
+drawn up in such a way as to get rid of every expression of the Catholic
+doctrine as to the Sacrifice of the Mass, absolutely. If the old dictum
+_lex orandi est lex credendi_--prayer follows belief--has any
+application at all, it must be obvious in this case that the authors of
+the new English Prayer Book had completely rejected the Catholic belief
+as to the Most Holy Sacrament. The proof lies not in the new forms only
+when compared with the old, but in the clear and definite statements of
+those who had the main share in drawing up the Communion Service of the
+Book of Common Prayer and the chief part in imposing its acceptance upon
+the people of England.
+
+I know well that in comparatively late times one school of thought in
+the English Church have endeavoured to get back to the old Catholic
+doctrine of the Sacrifice of the Mass. Some have been so dissatisfied
+with the formula of the Communion in the Book of Common Prayer that they
+have added to it and have even in some cases made use of our ancient
+Canon from the Latin missal. In other instances, as in the Communion
+Service in the American Church, a longer Canon had been adopted, taken
+from the First Prayer Book of 1549 and arranged differently from that of
+the Second Book now in use in England. But the doctrine in this is in no
+sense our Catholic doctrine. For, although the words "sacrifice" and
+"oblation" may be found in it, as indeed in the Anglican prototype, the
+word signifies not the Catholic sacrifice, the offering up of the Body
+and Blood of our Lord as a living victim upon the altar, but as the
+words in the Communion office define it, "our sacrifice of praise and
+thanksgiving," in which "we offer and present ourselves, our souls and
+bodies, to be a reasonable, holy and living sacrifice unto thee." Mind,
+for my present purpose, I am not here contending that the work of the
+Reformers in the 16th century in thus composing a new formula was wrong.
+All I would insist upon is that this was in fact done; that certain
+ancient Catholic principles were abandoned in the New Communion Service,
+and that this new Book by the authority of the State was imposed upon
+the consciences of all.
+
+That the change thus forcibly effected was disliked very generally
+cannot be doubted. The new Service was ordered to come into general use
+in the Churches on Whitsunday, 1549, and the very next day the people of
+Stamford Courtenay in Devon compelled their parish priest to return to
+the old missal. This was but an indication of the spirit of the people
+and a beginning of those numerous disturbances in various parts of the
+country which for a time seriously alarmed the men in power. In
+Oxfordshire the rising was put down with a firm hand and many priests
+were hanged from the towers of their parish churches, as the obvious
+leaders of their people to resist these innovations. In Devonshire the
+rising took a more serious aspect and the people assembled in their
+thousands demanding the restoration of the Latin Mass and the abolition
+of the new service in English, which they described as "a Christmas
+game." "We will have," they said, "the Mass as of old and the Blessed
+Sacrament hanging in our churches"; and to show the religious character
+of their revolt against the State-imposition of the new form of
+religion, the insurgents carried the Most Holy Sacrament in a pyx in
+their midst, and marched with processional crosses and banners. By the
+aid of foreign mercenaries--German and Italian--they were defeated, and
+thousands, some say twenty thousand of the men who rose in defence of
+the Catholic doctrine of the Mass were slaughtered.
+
+We have now to go a step farther in our contrast of our Catholic belief
+with the Reformation principles. This morning I propose to speak of the
+sacred priesthood. The Catholic doctrine of the Sacrifice of the Mass
+imples a sacrificing priesthood. To us a priest in the first place is a
+man chosen, set aside and consecrated for the service of the altar. He
+is a man and, alas! sometimes, in spite of the dignity of his calling,
+he shows himself to be very human; but by the vocation of God that is
+given to him and by his ordination at the hands of the bishop he
+receives a character which nothing can take away and which enables him
+to stand before the altar and offer the Christian Sacrifice. At his
+word, spoken by the power God has given him, he changes the elements of
+bread and wine into the true and real Body and Blood of Christ, and
+offers them to God a sacrifice for the living and the dead. This is the
+Catholic belief as to the priesthood, and it has been the belief of
+Catholics from the earliest ages. I am not concerned to prove this, but
+merely state it as a part of our belief.
+
+As might be expected, the doctrine is set forth clearly in the form of
+Ordination, to be found in the ancient Pontificals, or Books containing
+those forms, which to-day are practically the same as those used in
+England in the sixteenth century. If we take the rite of Ordination to
+the priesthood we shall immediately note in the address of admonition to
+the candidates that the Bishop speaks of the purity of life necessary
+for those "_who celebrate Mass and consecrate the Body and Blood of
+Christ_"; whose hands are anointed "that they may know that they receive
+the grace of _Consecrating_"; and who receive the chalice and paten to
+show "they receive the _power of offering sacrifices_ pleasing to God,
+since it belongs to them to consecrate the sacrament of the Body and
+Blood of the Lord on God's altar." The candidate is likewise reminded of
+the excellence of the _priestly office_ by virtue of which the _Passion
+of Christ_ is daily celebrated on the altar.
+
+In the course of the rite, the priest's hands are blessed, since he is
+to _consecrate the sacrifice_ offered for the sins and offences of the
+people; and he is given the chalice, etc., to show forth and emphasise
+the _power to offer sacrifice_ and _celebrate the Mass_; and in the
+final blessing God is asked to bless the newly ordained in the priestly
+order who is to offer _Sacrifices_ pleasing to Him. In a word the whole
+Ordination service in the Catholic Pontifical reiterates and most
+emphatically states the fact that the priest is ordained to offer up the
+Sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ upon the altar. This is the
+dominant note running through the entire rite: the ordained is made a
+"sacrificing priest." Towards the close of the ceremony, and after the
+new priest has acted as such by co-consecrating with the Bishop at Mass,
+the Bishop gives him the power of jurisdiction by placing his hands upon
+his head saying: "Receive the Holy Ghost: whose sins ye shall forgive
+they are forgiven," etc.
+
+This was the rite of Ordination to the priesthood which was in existence
+in England at the time when the First Prayer Book of Edward VI was
+imposed on the English clergy and people. On the face of it there could
+be no possibility of allowing this old Ordination service to stand as it
+was. The Mass had been changed into a Communion service,--a memorial of
+Christ's Passion,--and the doctrinal teaching of the former had been
+made, rightly or wrongly, to give place to the Reformed principles
+clearly expressed in the latter. The notion of oblation and sacrifice
+was now wholly foreign to the Eucharistic teaching, as understood by the
+followers of the Lutheran German reformed religion, who had presided
+over the composition of the new Prayer Book. It became therefore
+necessary to draw up another form for the Ordination of ministers,
+conceived on the same doctrinal basis as that of the Book of Common
+Prayer.
+
+This new Ordinal was in fact already prepared when the Prayer Book was
+issued, and on January 5, 1550, a Bill to sanction it was introduced
+into the House of Peers. It gave rise to much discussion, and for
+refusing to assent to it one of the bishops was lodged in the prison
+where others of the Catholic-minded prelates were already confined. The
+"New form and manner of making and consecrating archbishops, bishops,
+priests, and deacons" was, however, approved of by Parliament in
+anticipation and ordered to be ready for April 1.
+
+The new Ordinal did in regard to the ancient Catholic Pontifical what
+the Communion service had done for the Missal. Having first swept away
+all the minor Orders and the Subdiaconate, the new form carefully and
+systematically excluded every word that could be interpreted to mean
+that the candidate was ordained to be a sacrificing priest. For the most
+part the new rite was a new composition, drawn up to meet the doctrinal
+views as to the Holy Eucharist of the English Reformers of advanced
+Lutheran principles. One of the few passages of the Pontifical preserved
+in the Ordinal were the words, "Receive the Holy Ghost: whose sins ye
+shall forgive," etc, which accompanied the Imposition of Hands after the
+ordination in the ancient rite and conferred "the power of the Keys." In
+the new rite this subordinate form became the substantial form of the
+new Ordination service, although in it there was for a hundred years,
+until 1662, no mention of the Order conferred. There can be hardly any
+doubt that this omission came about by the adoption of the old form by
+the compilers of the new Ordinal. In the case of the Catholic Pontifical
+no such specific mention was called for, as when used in that to convey
+jurisdiction, the priest was already ordained and had co-celebrated with
+the Bishop.
+
+Once more I repeat that I am not here concerned with any discussion as
+to whether the new Ordinal was better or worse than the ancient
+Pontifical. I desire merely to bring out the facts and to make it clear
+that the service of Holy Communion in the Book of Common Prayer and the
+Ordination service in a doctrinal point of view go together. They are
+the expression of a change, of a serious organic change from the ancient
+teachings of the Faith, as expressed in the Missal and Pontifical. The
+Prayer Book and the Ordinal of Edward VI were the serious expression of
+the deliberate alteration in the Eucharistic teachings of the official
+heads of the Church in England at this time. They constituted a break,
+clear, sharp and decisive with the past. There can be no doubt of this
+in view of the facts. The change may have been for good or for ill, but
+it can hardly be denied that it was made, and made not by accident but
+of set purpose. It was a deliberate breach in the continuity of teaching
+as to the Holy Eucharist and the Sacrifice of the Mass, which had
+existed in the Church in England from the earliest days of Christianity;
+and the new teaching found its expression in the new formularies. [1]
+
+
+[1] The subsequent history of the Anglican Church shows that even the
+need of Episcopal ordination was not considered absolutely necessary for
+the administration of the Sacraments in that Communion. It was not,
+indeed, until 1662 that it was legally necessary for a beneficed
+clergyman to have been so ordained. Bishop Hooker himself admitted the
+ministration and received the Communion from the hands of Saravia who
+was a Calvinistic minister. The truth of this position is upheld by the
+present Anglican Bishop of Durham in a letter to the London _Times_ of
+Dec. 13, 1913. He cites as witnesses: "Bancroft, who carried his
+colleagues, including Andrews, with him in consecrating Presbyterian
+ministers Bishops for Scotland in 1609; Andrews, who claims 'our
+government to be by Divine right, yet it follows not that a Church
+cannot stand without it': Ussher, who says (to Du Moulin), after a
+solemn assertion of the greatness of Episcopacy, that he is prepared, to
+receive the Blessed Sacrament at the hand of the French ministers if he
+were at Charenton' . . . and Cosin, asserting in his Will his 'union of
+soul with all the orthodox,' 'which I desire chiefly to be understood of
+Protestants and the best Reformed Churches.'"
+
+
+There can be no doubt as to what the ardent Reformers, who had the
+matter in hand, intended to do. The press teemed with books of ribald
+denunciation of the Sacrifice of the Mass and the Orders of the ancient
+Catholic rite were derided in such terms as "greasy and stinking"
+Orders. Moreover, the destruction of the altars obviously emphasised the
+change which had taken place. The abolition of the Sacrifice and the
+Sacrificing priesthood made them obsolete and unnecessary. Bishop
+Ridley, a reforming prelate of the most uncompromising type, directed
+the Churchwardens of London to pull down the popish altars and to
+procure in their place "the form of a table" in order "more and more to
+turn the simple from the old superstitious opinions of the popish Mass."
+The substitute for the Catholic altars was to be "after the form of an
+honest table decently covered," and was to be placed anywhere in the
+chancel or choir, as was found most convenient. At St. Paul's, London,
+for example, various experiments were made both as to the best position
+of the table and as to how best the minister could stand at it. Four
+years later Bishop White of Winchester taunted Ridley about this. "When
+your table was constituted," he said, "you could never be content in
+placing the same, now east, now north, now one way, now another, until
+it pleased God of His goodness to place it clean out of the Church."
+
+Beyond this the altar-stones, which by solemn rites and the unction of
+Holy Oil had been consecrated to God for the Sacrifice of the Mass, and
+upon which the Body and Blood of Christ had been offered daily for the
+living and the dead, were not only pulled down, cast out of the church
+and defaced, but were out of derision and contempt set in the floor or
+the doorway that the passer-by might tread them under foot; or were
+turned to other still more debased uses. To us Catholics the consecrated
+altar, with its relics of the saints and the memories of its hallowed
+consecration, is the most sacred thing, set apart to God's service,
+together with the chalice and the paten in which and upon which the
+mystery of the sacramental renewal of Christ's Passion is effected by
+the words of the priest. It was this hallowed stone which was treated
+with disdain and dishonour. To those who would have us think that the
+whole of the changes made at the time of the Reformation were mere
+protests, against what they please to call the abuse of the Mass, in the
+multiplication of Masses for the living and the dead, the fact of the
+contemptuous and wholesale destruction of the ancient altars and the
+substitution of a moveable table, should be sufficient to show that it
+was no abuse that was thought of, or aimed at, but the abolition of the
+Sacrifice altogether.
+
+But there were other indications that this abolition of the Mass and
+priesthood was the set policy of the men in power at this time. A more
+advanced Calvinist than even Ridley urged the party forward on the down
+grade of Catholic doctrine. In 1550 John Hooper was offered the
+bishopric of Gloucester, but refused it, partly because of the mention
+of Saints in the New Ordinal, but mainly because of the vestments, which
+he would be called upon to wear and which he regarded as aaronic
+abominations. "You have got rid of the Mass," he said, "then rid
+yourselves of the feathers of the Mass also." Later, however, when in
+doctrinal principle Cranmer and others had advanced further in the
+direction of Calvin, Hooper was consecrated according to the new Ordinal
+on his own terms. The Mass was gone; the priesthood had passed away; the
+altars were pulled down in the sanctuaries; the consecrated stones were
+broken and dishonoured, and why should not the Vestments--Aaronic
+abominations--indicative of the sacrificial character of the priest be
+dispensed with also?
+
+The time was propitious for Cranmer to take measures for the final
+destruction of the old order. Since the imposition of the First Book of
+Common Prayer he had had time to grow out of his previous Lutheranism
+and had come under the spell of Calvin and his adherents in Geneva. The
+Reformer had written to Cranmer a personal letter urging him to be more
+active and hasten on the movement of Reform. The Archbishop of
+Canterbury had replied begging Calvin to ply King Edward with letters
+urging him to eradicate the last vestiges of the old superstition. This
+was the spirit which presided at the composition of the Second Book of
+Edward VI. It was issued in 1552, and before this commissions were
+dispatched throughout the country to seize in the King's name all church
+plate and vestments.
+
+I have already spoken a word about this final recension of the Liturgy
+of Edward VI. It is here sufficient to say that it was Calvinistic in
+its conception and doctrine. In the First Prayer Book there was some
+slight outward resemblance to the Mass. This was swept away, and, to use
+the expression of one who lived at the time, this new liturgy "had made
+a very hay of the Mass." Of the ancient _Canon_, which the Apostolic See
+had possessed from the earliest ages and had kept inviolate, nothing was
+allowed to survive, even as to form. Great Popes like St. Leo and St.
+Gregory had inserted a few words into this inheritance of the Church
+with fear and reverence. Such men would have considered it sacrilegious
+and impious to alter or reject any part of it. Cranmer and his followers
+felt no such scruples. They first mutilated it and altered it to their
+heart's content and finally got rid of nearly every word of it
+altogether. The outcome of their work may be studied in the Anglican
+Book of Common Prayer to-day, where the Communion Service is
+substantially that of the Book of 1552.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IV
+
+THE CHURCH BY LAW ESTABLISHED
+
+BEARING in mind what the Catholic teaching was and is in regard to the
+Supremacy of the Pope, the Holy Mass and the sacrificial character of
+the priesthood, we can understand how far away from these teachings the
+legislation of King Edward's reign had carried England. To our Catholic
+forefathers in the beginning of the 16th Century, as to us to-day, the
+Pope was the Supreme Head of the Christian Church and the foundation of
+Christian unity. The Mass was the great Christian Sacrifice in which the
+bread and wine were substantially changed into the very Body and Blood
+of our Blessed Lord. The priest at his Ordination was given a
+sacrificial character, expressed clearly in the rite, empowering him to
+offer up the Eucharistic Sacrifice upon the Christian altar. In the
+second quarter of the 16th Century all these points of belief were
+changed by a small but determined band of English Reformers.
+
+For a few years, on the death of Edward VI, Mary restored the old
+religion; the papal supremacy and jurisdiction was again acknowledged;
+the altars were once more set up; the ancient liturgy of the Mass was
+read again from the old missals; priests were again ordained according
+to the rite in the Catholic Pontifical, and the ordinations of those who
+had received orders under the Edwardine Ordinal were rejected. I pass
+over the reign of Queen Mary, which came to an end with her death in
+November, 1558. I am dealing with Catholic beliefs contrasted with the
+principles of the Reformation, and in this brief reign of Queen Mary the
+country returned to union with Rome, and all that this implied.
+
+Of this reign, however, I may be allowed perhaps to add the verdict of
+the late Dr. James Gairdner, a non-Catholic historian, than whom no one
+has a greater right to speak with authority. "History has been cruel to
+her (Mary's) memory. The horrid epithet 'bloody,' bestowed so
+unscrupulously alike on her and on Bonner and Gardiner and the bishops
+generally, had at least a plausible justification in her case from the
+severities to which she gave her sanction. . . . Among the victims, no
+doubt, there were many true heroes and really honest men, but many of
+them also would have been persecutors if they had had their way. Most of
+them retained the belief in a Catholic Church but rejected the Mass and
+held by the services authorised in Edward VI.'s reign. But of course
+this meant complete rejection of an older authority--higher according to
+the time-honoured theory than that of any king or Parliament--which had
+never been openly set aside until that generation."
+
+With Queen Mary's premature death religious difficulties revived. At
+first it was not generally known whether her successor, Elizabeth, would
+remain staunch to the old religion or favour the new, although there
+were suspicions that she was inclined to the latter. She was welcomed as
+sovereign by all parties, Catholic as well as Protestant, and no one now
+I believe credits the silly story that she was forced into the arms of
+the Reformers by the refusal of the Pope to recognise her as lawful
+Queen.
+
+Almost from the first it was easy to conjecture which way lay her
+inclination. By the advice of Cecil, her chief adviser, she formed a
+secret cabinet within a cabinet, which occupied itself with a project
+for "the alteration of religion," as it is called in the document still
+extant. Those "now in the Pope's religion" were to be got rid of, and by
+process of law all were to be made to "abjure the Pope of Rome and
+conform themselves to the new alterations." What these "alterations" in
+the form of religion signified is not doubtful. They meant the
+reintroduction of the liturgical reforms of Edward's reign, including
+the abolition of the Catholic missal and Ordinal.
+
+One of the first measures proposed to Parliament at the beginning of the
+new reign was the Act of Royal Supremacy. Its object was of course to do
+away with the Spiritual Supremacy of the Pope and substitute that of the
+Crown, and a stringent oath admitting this was to be required of all
+holding any office in the State. By this, every adherent of the old
+faith was deliberately excluded from any and every position in the
+Church or State.
+
+At this time ten of the English Sees were vacant and the brunt of the
+battle for the preservation of the old religion fell upon the diminished
+number of Bishops in the House of Lords. Their hands were, however,
+strengthened greatly by a solemn pronouncement made by the clergy in
+Convocation, wherein they declared their entire belief in the Catholic,
+as opposed to the Reformed teaching of the existence of the "natural
+body of Christ" under the "species of bread and wine" in "the Sacrament
+of the Altar, by virtue of the word of Christ, spoken by the priest."
+They declared also their belief in the doctrine of Transubstantiation
+and in the Sacrifice of the Mass, and at the same time affirmed "that to
+Blessed Peter and to his lawful successors in the Apostolic See, as
+Vicars of Christ, has been given the supreme power of feeding and ruling
+the Church of Christ upon Earth and of confirming their brethren." The
+English universities at this time also made the same declaration. Thus,
+when change of religion and the readoption of the principles of the
+Reformed Churches of Germany which had ruled in the days of Edward VI.
+was in the air, the unfettered Church in England, the bishops, clergy
+and the teaching bodies boldly declared for the old catholic faith of
+the Holy Eucharist, the Mass and the Supremacy of the Pope.
+
+But, the power was again in the hands of those who desired the
+"alteration of religion," as it was called, and this was effected mainly
+by three acts of Parliament. By the first, the tenths on Ecclesiastical
+property were given over to the crown; by the second, the Supremacy of
+the sovereign in matters ecclesiastical was reaffirmed; and the third,
+the Act of Uniformity authorised and imposed under serious penalties the
+Reformed Prayer Book of Edward VI. in place of the ancient Catholic
+Missal and Pontifical. The Bishops in the House of Lords fought these
+measures step by step and unanimously voted against them. With a few
+unimportant modifications the new Eucharist office was that of the
+second Book of Common Prayer of 1552--the Book, from which every vestige
+of the mass in its essential parts had been removed. After a struggle,
+in which by some means the defenders of the old religion delayed the
+passage of the measure, it was passed by a majority of only three votes,
+and without the support of one single spiritual peer. To a man the
+Bishops of the Church opposed the Bill. The famous speeches of Bishop
+Scot and of Abbot Feckenham, in which they challenged history to produce
+a single instance where the bishops of any church were not consulted and
+listened to in so momentous a change, were the last constitutional
+efforts of the Church of England to prevent the innovations in matters
+of religion being imposed by Parliament upon the consciences of those
+who regarded them as heretical. The very narrow majority, which carried
+this religious revolution, makes it more than likely that their
+arguments had weight. There can be no reasonable doubt that had ten
+episcopal sees not been vacant at this time the intentions of the
+Government would have been defeated, at least for a time, and the new
+Liturgy would not then have been imposed upon all by an act of
+Parliament. As it was, the Elizabethan settlement of religion--as it is
+called--rested obviously on the infallibility of the odd three votes of
+the majority.
+
+It was now that the "Act of Uniformity in Religion" came to be enforced.
+By it the Tudor maxim _Cujus regio ejus religio_--that must be the
+religion of a kingdom, which is the religion of the ruler--was carried
+out in practice. The form of religion authorised by the Queen and the
+Parliamentary majority was the only one allowed. The consciences of
+individuals were disregarded, and just as in the days of the persecuting
+pagan Emperors Christians were compelled by force to throw incense on
+the altars of the pagan gods, so now with equal disregard for freedom of
+conscience Catholics--those who refused to accept the Elizabethan
+settlement of religion--were forced by fines, imprisonment and other
+penalties, to attend the new services in their parish churches. They
+became known as "Recusants" for refusing to be present at the Communion
+Service of the English Prayer Book, which had again taken the place of
+the Holy Mass.
+
+Then, too, began a systematic attempt to stamp out the old religion. The
+priesthood was proscribed, and priests were hunted down and exiled for
+offering up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass; and, during the centuries of
+persecution, which began with the reign of Queen Elizabeth, hundreds of
+priests and others were put to death for the sole crime of having said
+or having been present at the Mass. In the well-known phrase of one of
+the present English cabinet ministers: "It was the Mass that mattered,"
+and the real struggle was for this all along the line. To the Catholic,
+who realised all that the Mass meant,--how it was the centre of his
+religion and the sublime Christian Sacrifice, it was a point of honour
+and conscience to imperil fortune and even life for so sacred a
+heritage. To the Protestant in those days the Mass was a fable and
+dangerous deceit, and with Luther he desired above all things to root
+out this superstition from the land; and so, as there could be no Mass
+without a Mass-priest, all the efforts of those in power were directed
+towards extirpating all those who continued in spite of the laws to
+exercise their ministry, and to prevent others coming from abroad to
+continue their work, when they either perished on the scaffold, or worn
+out by the long continued persecution and constant searches for them,
+passed away in their hiding places. In England and in Ireland the record
+of this terrible time makes us wonder how it was possible that any
+remnant of the old religion could have survived.
+
+Cecil, who was the master brain directing the policy of Queen Elizabeth,
+had counted upon the gradual extinction of the old Marian priesthood and
+the consequent eradication of the old Faith from the hearts of a people
+left without priest or teacher or Sacraments. From 1580 the coming of
+the Jesuits and seminary priests from abroad, to keep the light of the
+Faith alive if possible, in spite of fines and the rack and gallows,
+made it clear to the all-powerful minister that he had miscalculated the
+effect of his repressive policy. From that time the persecution began in
+earnest.
+
+What contributed no doubt to increase the trials of the English and
+Irish Catholics was the embarrassing excommunication pronounced by Pope
+Pius V against Queen Elizabeth. It furnished the government with a
+weapon they were not slow to seize upon, by making it appear to the
+popular mind as if a political offence, if not a criminal treason, was
+connected with the exercise of the Catholic faith. Catholics for being
+Catholics were henceforth treated as traitors. For the last twenty years
+of this reign, with one exception, there were numerous executions for
+religion in England. Most of those who suffered thus were
+priests--Mass-priests as they were called in derision of their sacerdotal
+character. Thousands of men and women also were punished under the penal
+laws for the exercise of the old religion. Fines and imprisonment were
+the lot of those who refused at any price to accept the religious
+settlement of the sovereign--to accept the form of religion which their
+consciences refused. The sad records of this period show that many a
+Catholic family was impoverished and destroyed by the fines levied upon
+it. Gradually even great estates had to be sold to meet the demands of
+penal laws against recusancy--the refusal to attend the Protestant
+service. Then followed a long period of repression and ostracism. For
+two centuries the unfortunate papist was shut out of the life of the
+nation and subject to every insult and baseless accusation. One writer
+who lived during this period says of this system: "The experience of
+Elizabeth's reign had shown that the infliction of actual death roused a
+life-giving enthusiasm among Catholics themselves and sympathy in the
+witnesses of their sufferings. The penal system now introduced was the
+preference for gagging a man, binding him hand and foot, bandaging his
+eyes and imprisoning him for life, rather than killing him outright."
+
+Everywhere throughout England and Ireland there was a stolid and heroic
+resistance to the imposition of the new form of State church on the part
+of those who remained true to the old religion. Looking back to those
+days of darkness and despair it seems impossible to believe that any
+remnant of those who would not bow their knees to Baal could survive the
+system by which it was hoped to crush them. And when liberty of
+conscience was at last accorded it was more in the spirit of compassion
+than in any expectation that they could revive and live again that it
+was given. As well might the world think that the worship of Pan or of
+Jupiter would spring again into life as that the poor, despised, dying
+Catholics could expand and grow once more into a position of respect and
+influence, reasserting and publicly upholding the principles of the
+Catholic Faith, for which their forefathers in England and Ireland had
+suffered persecution and even death.
+
+These principles I have endeavoured to set out during the past four
+Sundays. Mainly there were only three, which were attacked by the
+upholders of the Reformation doctrines. The Papal Supremacy over the
+Church, the safeguard of unity of Faith, and a mark of the Church,
+Christ established in this world; the Christian Sacrifice--the Mass,
+attacked and swept away by the Reformers; and the Priesthood in its
+sacrificial character, which was the necessary consequence of the
+Eucharistic doctrine upheld by the German and English Reformers. There
+were of course many minor points of Catholic belief and practice which
+were attacked and destroyed in these days; such, for example, as
+devotion to the Mother of God and the Saints, and the long established
+custom of blessed ashes and candles and the creeping to the Cross on
+Good Friday. But the main lines of departure from the Catholic Faith
+along which the Reformation moved were the three I have indicated. A
+return can be contemplated only by frankly facing the issues. To-day we
+find men of the highest intelligence and good faith claiming to have the
+same Christian sacrifice and the same sacrificing priests as the
+Catholic Church, and they are using a Communion Service from which of
+set purpose every notion of Oblation and Sacrifice has been ruthlessly
+removed, and their ministers are ordained by an Ordinal, which
+designedly was composed to express the rejection of the sacrificial
+character of the Christian priest. The prayer for Christian Unity must
+go up from every heart, but if it is to be something more than
+sentiment, the facts must be faced frankly and with courage.
+
+
+
+BOOKS SUGGESTED FOR READING
+
+  Short History of the Church in England. _Gasquet_.
+  Henry III and the Church. _Gasquet_.
+  Roman Law and Canon Law. _Maitland_.
+  Lollardy and the Reformation, 4 vols. _Gairdner_.
+  History of the Reformation. _Blunt_.
+  History of the English Church in the 16th Century. _Gairdner_.
+  The Eve of the Reformation. _Gasquet_.
+  England under the Old Religion and Other Essays. _Gasquet_.
+  What then happened at the Reformation (in above).
+  Henry VIII and the English Monasteries. _Gasquet_.
+  Henry VI and the Book of Common Prayer. _Gasquet and Bishop_.
+  What Edward VI did with the Liturgy (in England under the Old Religion).
+  Anglican Ordinations (in above).
+  Anglican Ordinations. _Canon Estcourt_.
+  The Pope and the Ordinal. _S. Barnes_.
+  The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. _H. N. Birt_.
+  Hampshire Recusants. _Gasquet_.
+  The Line of Cleavage (C. T. Soc.). _H. N. Birt_.
+  Parker Society publications.
+  Catholic Truth Society--various Historical Papers.
+  The Ecclesia Anglicana, for what does it Stand? By the Bishop of
+    Tanzibar, and subsequent correspondence in the _London Times_,
+    December, 1913, and January, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Breaking with the Past, by 
+Francis Aidan Gasquet and John Cardinal Farley
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