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diff --git a/34923.txt b/34923.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..277eec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/34923.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1727 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Breaking with the Past, by +Francis Aidan Gasquet and John Cardinal Farley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Breaking with the Past + Catholic Principles Abandoned at the Reformation + +Author: Francis Aidan Gasquet + John Cardinal Farley + +Release Date: January 12, 2011 [EBook #34923] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BREAKING WITH THE PAST *** + + + + +Produced by Michael Gray, Diocese of San Jose + + + + + BREAKING WITH THE PAST + + OR + + CATHOLIC PRINCIPLES ABANDONED AT THE REFORMATION + + _Four Sermons Delivered at St. Patrick's Cathedral + New York, on the Sundays of Advent, 1913_ + + BY + + FRANCIS AIDAN GASQUET + + ABBOT-PRESIDENT OF THE ENGLISH BENEDICTINES + + + WITH A PREFACE BY + + HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL FARLEY + + + + P. J. KENEDY & SONS + PRINTERS TO THE HOLY APOSTOLIC SEE + NEW YORK + + + +NIHIL OBSTAT + REMIGIUS LAFORT + _Censor Deputatus_ + +IMPRIMATUR + JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY + _Archbishop of New York_ + +January 3, 1914 + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1914 +P. J. KENEDY & SONS + + + +TO +HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL FARLEY +ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK +THESE SERMONS DELIVERED AT HIS +REQUEST IN HIS CATHEDRAL +CHURCH +ARE DEDICATED +AS A SMALL TOKEN OF SINCERE RESPECT +AND AFFECTION + + + +PREFACE + +THE Rt. Rev. Francis Aidan Gasquet, Abbot-General of the English +Benedictines and Chairman of the Commission appointed for the revision +of the Vulgate or Latin Bible, gave a course of sermons at the High Mass +in St. Patrick's Cathedral on the Sundays of Advent, 1913, on "Catholic +Principles abandoned at the Reformation." + +These sermons attracted very wide attention. The subject chosen, while +seemingly a familiar one, proved most interesting to the vast +congregations, drawn by the fame of the preacher as a historian of the +Reformation period. His manner of treatment had much to do with the +profound interest manifested by his listeners. All attempt at pulpit +oratory was cast aside, and the preacher confined himself to a clear +unvarnished tale of the causes that led up to the so-called Reformation. +He showed himself a complete master of the question. As announced in his +opening sermon, the Rt. Rev. Abbot did not seek to be controversial, but +purely historical, and this purpose he followed to the end, basing all +his statements on documents whose authenticity could not be called in +question. He made clear what Cardinal Manning has so often repeated, +that England did not give up the Catholic faith of centuries, but was +simply robbed of it. + +It was my pleasure to be present at all the sermons, and to be held +under the spell of his simple eloquence, and to experience the appeal +his strong arguments must have made. The main thesis which the learned +Abbot sought to establish was that the doctrines of the Church in +England had been reconstructed under Lutheran and Calvinistic influence, +and the cultural beliefs held by the Church from the time of Christ had +been rejected. This was especially true of the priesthood. By Act of +Parliament a new form of ordination, carefully and systematically +excluding every word that could be interpreted to mean that the +candidate was to be a sacrificing priest, was introduced. + +In these days when there is a strong movement on foot without the fold, +to restore the unity of the Christian faith, we can indulge the hope +that the four lectures of the distinguished Abbot will prove fruitful. +They are on subjects so vital to unity; _i. e._ the Supremacy of the +Pope, the Sacrifice of the Mass, the Eternal Priesthood, the Universal +Church. We pray that these sermons will attract the attention of many +outside the Church, and make them meditate on the bitterness of breaking +from their "Father's House." May God's holy grace prove stronger than +prejudice, as it has so often in the past, and may it soften the hearts +which have been hardened by cruel legislation rather than by wilful +disobedience. + + JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY, + _Archbishop of New York_. + +NEW YORK, +The Feast of St. Thomas the Apostle, 1913 + + + +CONTENTS + + I THE POPE'S AUTHORITY + II THE HOLY MASS + III THE PRIESTHOOD + IV THE CHURCH BY LAW ESTABLISHED + BOOKS SUGGESTED FOR READING + + + +I + + + +I + +THE POPE'S AUTHORITY + +TO-DAY we begin the work of Advent. During these weeks of preparation +for the great feast of Christmas it is usual and useful to turn our +thoughts to some of the great principles upon which our faith as +Catholics is grounded, in order that we may realise more fully all that +our Blessed Lord's coming into this world has done for mankind in +general and for our individual souls in particular. It will not +therefore be altogether foreign to this purpose if during these Sundays +of Advent I ask your consideration of certain Catholic principles which +appear to me to have been deliberately abandoned in the great religious +revolution of the sixteenth century, known as the Reformation, but to +which our Catholic forefathers in England and in Ireland clung with +heroic constancy and for which they suffered loss of worldly goods and +even laid down their lives. + +And first, I should at the outset like to disclaim any desire to enter +into mere matters of controversy. In these days, when so many +aspirations and prayers for a return to Christian Unity are being +uttered and which in the face of the common enemy find an echo in the +heart of every Catholic, the bitterness engendered by the controversial +spirit is, to say the least, wholly foreign to the work of Union. But as +a first step to that Christian Unity we all pray for, it is surely +necessary to recognise the points of departure, out of which our +differences have grown. We cannot proceed far along the path towards +agreement unless we understand how we first began to differ, and +therefore, not in any spirit of bitterness or controversy. I desire to +speak of facts as they seem to me, and to point out what was really done +at the time of the Reformation in England, which still has obvious +consequences in all English-speaking countries. As far as I am concerned +at present those who hold that what was done in regard to religion in +the sixteenth century was well done may continue to hold this belief. +All I desire at this time is to ascertain _what_ was done. + +Now the first point of attack made on the traditional teachings of the +Catholic Church was upon the spiritual jurisdiction of the Pope. We +Catholics hold and believe that our Lord came down on earth and became +man to redeem us, not as a mere historical fact, which was once done and +completed by His death upon the Cross, but that the work of this +redemption was to be applied to the individual soul, through the work of +the Church He established on earth. This Church was to minister to souls +through the Sacraments He instituted, the grace He had purchased for +them by His Passion and Death, and it was to be the fount of all truth +and teaching. We Catholics further believe and hold that our Lord +established this His church upon the authority of St. Peter and his +successors, as the necessary basis of unity of faith and discipline. To +us this seems so certain that it is inconceivable that our Lord, who was +God and had all knowledge of the working of the human heart and mind, +should not have provided some such an authority as that of the Pope, as +the necessary bond of unity of the Faith. Mind, I am not proving this in +any way: I am but stating it as the firm and unchanging belief of +Catholics. + +Up to the time of King Henry VIII., and indeed till the end of the first +half of his reign, this, which is our belief, was that of England and +Ireland in common with all other parts of Christendom before the revolt +of Luther a few years before in Germany. Of this I do not think there +can be much doubt, except perhaps in the minds of professional +controversialists. Let me give a few examples of English teaching on the +subject. In the University of Oxford, up to the Reformation, there was +no more honoured theological authority in the schools, than the +celebrated Duns Scotus. This is what he taught as to papal authority: +"It is of faith that the ever Holy Roman Church, which is the pillar and +ground of all truth and against which the gates of hell cannot prevail, +admits of no error and teaches the truth. Hence they are excommunicated +as heretics who teach or hold anything different from what She teaches +and practises." This is clear enough teaching: and no less clear is the +declaration made by the representatives of England and Ireland in the +Council of Florence, which was held in A. D. 1417, a century and more +before the breach with Rome. At that Council there were present more +than a hundred British Bishops and Prelates. Peculiar circumstances +called for a declaration of their loyalty to the Universal Church, and +this is one clause in that declaration: "Moreover the Kingdom of +England, thanks be to God! has never swerved from its obedience to the +Roman Church: it has never tried to rend the seamless coat of Our Lord: +it has never endeavoured to shake off its loyalty to the Roman +Pontiffs." + +Ten years later again, in 1426, Pope Martin V. in a letter to the +Archbishop of Canterbury, states as a recognised fact, that not only had +the Roman Pontiffs supreme authority as a fact, but that this authority +was derived as of divine institution from our Lord Himself and he tells +the archbishop that he is bound to protect "the rights and privileges of +the Roman Church and the Apostolic See, which Christ Himself gave by His +divine Word, and not men." This is the distinct claim put forth by the +Pope, and Archbishop Chicheley in his reply, made on behalf of the +English Church, fully and frankly admits this claim, and makes it quite +clear that the traditional teaching of the English Church in regard to +the Papacy was that it was of divine institution and not that its +authority was of ecclesiastical institution, and still less that England +or Ireland had ever given its obedience to the Pope on grounds of +national policy or expediency and not on a dogmatic basis. The matter is +put clearly enough to remove all doubt in the letter addressed to the +Pope by the University of Oxford at the same time as that of Archbishop +Chicheley in behalf of the English Bishops. "We recognise in your +beloved person (that of. Pope Martin V.) the true Head. We profess +without doubt and from our hearts (that you are) the one Supreme +Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ on earth and the true successor of St. +Peter." + +That this remained the firm and unshaken faith of the Church and people +of England and Ireland right up to the final breaking away from Rome we +have ample and positive proofs. Out of many I will cite one testimony. +When the teachings of the reformer, Luther, began to find adherents in +other lands, King Henry VIII., with the help of Bishop Fisher, himself +composed a book in defence of the Sacramental teaching of the Church. +This volume was taken to Rome by one of the English Bishops and +presented to the Pope in full Consistory on October 2, 1521. On behalf +of Henry, the envoy in the presence of all the Cardinals and Ambassadors +made public declaration of the entire loyalty of the English nation to +the Holy Roman Church and its Supreme Pontiff. "Of other nationalities," +he says, "let others speak. But assuredly my Britain--my England, as in +later times she has been called--has never yielded to Spain, never to +France, never to Germany, never to Italy, never to any nearer nation, +no, not even to Rome itself, in the service of God and in the Christian +faith and in the obedience due to the Most Holy Roman Church; even as +there is no nation which more opposes, more condemns, more loathes this +monster (_i. e._ the Lutheran apostasy) and the heresies which spring +from it." It was for the volume then presented and for the declaration +then made that Henry received the title of "Defender of the Faith" from +the Pope. + +Suddenly and almost as a bolt from the blue, difficulties between the +King of England and the Pope began to show themselves. Grave events +often spring from slight causes, and, whatever may be said by +professional controversalists, there can be no doubt that it was a mere +love affair of Henry VIII., which initiated the royal policy and finally +dragged England into schism and heresy. [1] To some, people, indeed, in +these days the action of the Pope in refusing to allow Henry to have his +own wilful way in putting aside his wedded wife, Katherine, and to marry +another woman, with whom he had had illicit relations, may appear to +have been the height of unwisdom. Certainly as a result it has had the +most disastrous consequences to the English Church. But this at least +all must confess: that the Pope's courageous action is a manifest proof +of the impossibility of ecclesiastical authority interfering without +right reason with the indissoluble sanctity of a true Christian +marriage. + + +[1] This statement was challenged in the press. It is difficult to see +how it can be questioned by anyone who has read the history of this +period. Those who are interested may be referred to an excellent article +in _America_ for Dec. 20, 1913, "What to say and how to say it." + + +To obtain the support of Parliament the King suggested that the nation +had incurred the extreme penalties of _praemunire_ by admitting the +legatine powers of Cardinal Wolsey, even though this had been done with +his royal knowledge and authority. His lay subjects were at once +pardoned for a mere technical offence against the statute laws, but the +clergy were excluded, in order to hold the penalties _in terrorem_ over +them. With his royal hand on the throats of his ecclesiastical subjects +he demanded a recognition of his Headship over the Church in England, +and finally Convocation, after a debate which extended over two and +thirty sessions, gave an unwilling assent to a clause admitting the King +as "the Protector and Supreme Head" of the English Church. This was the +thin edge of the wedge by which the cleavage from Rome and the Pope was +subsequently effected. At the time, there can be no doubt that the +inward meaning of the acknowledgment was not understood. Dean Hook says +that the statement was not "regarded as inconsistent with the legitimate +claims of the papacy," and as Froude admits, it is certain that "the +title was not intended to imply what it implied when, four years later, +it was conferred by Act of Parliament, and when England virtually was +severed by it from the Roman Communion." + +In 1532 by an Act entitled "The Submission of the clergy" the king +received their pledge not to legislate in ecclesiastical matters in +Convocation without his royal leave. By this "Submission" the English +Church deprived itself of all corporate action; and in the same year the +aged Archbishop Warham died. "We cannot doubt," writes the late Dr. +James Gairdner, the most competent judge of the events of this reign and +himself not a Catholic, "We cannot doubt that the event (_i. e._ the +death of the Archbishop of Canterbury) at once suggested to the King a +new method of achieving his end" and divorcing Queen Katherine. He +obtained from the Pope the appointment of Thomas Cranmer, a priest who +in defiance of the canons had secretly married in Germany the niece of +Osiander, the German Reformer, as a second wife. + +Having secured this appointment from the Holy See, the King directed +Cranmer to consider the divorce question, and the decree having been +pronounced by the subservient archbishop, Henry made Anne Boleyn his +Queen on June 1, 1533. Six months later the Convocations of Canterbury +and York, under strong royal pressure formally accepted the declaration +that "the Bishop of Rome has not in Scripture any greater jurisdiction +in the Kingdom of England than any foreign bishop." Finally in March, +1534, the severance of England from Rome ecclesiastically was effected +by the _Supreme Head_ act which styled the King the only "Supreme Head +in earth of the Church of England" and granted him the most ample powers +of ecclesiastical Visitation. Then the final touch was given to the work +by the _Act of Verbal Treasons_, by which it was declared to be high +treason to "imagine" any bodily harm to either the King or Queen or "to +deprive them of their dignity, title, style," etc. + +The change had now been effected: England was cut off from the +jurisdiction of Rome. Some men, like the Venerable Bishop Fisher, +Blessed Sir Thomas More, the heroic Carthusians and others, refused to +burden their consciences by taking the required oath and preferred +imprisonment and death. For the most part the clergy and monastic houses +gave way and did what was required of them. But there can be little +doubt that the nation at large disliked the King's proceedings. In spite +of the act for _Verbal Treasons_, which was wide enough to catch anyone +guilty of a mere expression of opinion, "on no other subject during the +entire reign have we such overt and repeated expressions of +dissatisfaction with the King and his proceedings," as Dr. Gairdner with +the fullest knowledge of this period declares. For, as he says, "the +ecclesiastical headship was without precedent and at variance with all +tradition:" . . . "It was a totally new order in the Church." + +My purpose does not lead me to speak of the exercise of ecclesiastical +jurisdiction by the King, in virtue of this new Headship over the +Church. As, by virtue of his authority, he had bidden Archbishop Cranmer +to pronounce the sentence of divorce, which the Pope had refused, so in +the dissolution of the religious houses, he pronounced the monks and +nuns in his kingdom freed from the vows they had made to God. In the +exercise of the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical he appointed +Thomas Crumwell, a layman, his Vicar General, and in this capacity, +Crumwell presided at all meetings of Bishops and regulated all +discussions upon spiritual affairs. + +There were various other religious changes initiated during the +remainder of this reign, like the destruction of shrines and the +prohibition of devotion to the saints, but it is one of the perplexing +problems of this time why there was not a more radical reconstruction of +religion in England upon the lines of the Lutheran principles of the +Reformation. The fact is that, though for his own purposes Henry was +willing enough to get rid of the Pope, he was never a Lutheran at heart. +He had defended Catholic principles against the German Reformed +doctrines in his work on the Seven Sacraments. He never wholly lost his +Catholic instinct, and to the last he maintained with a strong hand the +ancient Catholic Sacramental teaching, and in particular in regard to +the most Holy Eucharist and the doctrine of Transubstantiation. In this +regard the reforming party, as long as he lived, was kept in check and +had to wait for the King's death to secure further changes. + +To us Catholics, by the act of cutting England from Rome, the principle +of Christian Unity was rejected and sacrificed. The branch cut from the +tree no longer feeds upon the sap of the parent stock, and +disintegration is merely a matter of time. We who look back over the +centuries, which have passed since the severance of the English Church +from Union with Rome was effected, can see how the disintegration as to +doctrine, has gone on ever since. Few can deny that it is still +proceeding at a rate, which is rightly alarming those who still cling +even to the shreds of the religious formularies evolved in the +Reformation settlement. Hundreds of religious bodies, all claiming to be +Christian and all differing on vital and essential matters of belief, +can be seen round about us to-day. The process of division is still +going on and it must continue where there is no authority to speak with +a divine commission. We Catholics, as we review this chaos, may well +thank God that our English and Irish forefathers have fought and +suffered to maintain for us the Christian principle of a Supreme +authority in religion. + + + +II + +II + +THE HOLY MASS + +TO-DAY I propose to speak about the Most Holy Eucharist. The Sacrifice +of the Mass is the central doctrine of our religion. In it, as we +Catholics firmly believe, there is renewed on the Christian altar the +sacrifice of Calvary, and by God's power, at the words spoken by the +priest, the bread and wine is changed into the very Body and Blood of +our Lord. The word used by the Church to express this change of +substance is Transubstantiation; and in the mystery of our Faith we hold +that we have, under the outward appearances of bread and wine, the true +and real presence of our Blessed Lord. As truly and as really as our +Saviour, God and man, walked this earth in the days of His pilgrimage, +blessing the sick, curing diseases at His touch, and teaching the way of +life to the multitudes, so do we firmly believe and hold, that He is +amongst us to-day under the Eucharistic forms, ready to help and +encourage the weary, to console the afflicted, to bring the assurance of +His pardon to the penitent. + +I am not proving this. I am only stating it, as the firm faith we hold +as Catholics. Moreover, not only is the Mass our Christian Sacrifice; +but in the Holy Eucharist we have the food of our souls and the proper +sustenance of our spiritual life in this world. We hold and truly +believe that in Holy Communion we receive really and in fact, and not in +any mere figurative sense, our Blessed Lord Himself--Body, Soul and +Divinity. This is our faith to-day as it was the unbroken belief of the +Catholic Church from the earliest tunes. All round about us now we see +other religious bodies, claiming to be Christian which do not share our +teaching, and it is good to try and understand how this has come about. +The key to the explanation lies in the teaching of Reformation +principles in the sixteenth century. + +When Henry VIII. died, on January 25, 1547, for the first time in +history the king had made himself supreme not only in affairs of State +but in religion. Many minor changes, besides the destruction of the +religious life and the suppression of the monasteries, naturally marked +and followed upon the rejection of the Catholic principle of papal +authority and the assumption by the king of Supreme Headship over the +Church in England. The hopes, entertained by the German Reformers of +being able to obtain the adherence of the king and people of England to +their reformed doctrines, were disappointed during Henry's life. On his +death their hopes revived. Edward VI., a boy, only nine years of age, +succeeded to the throne, and the supreme power in the State was seized +by those whose sympathies were known to be on the side of the German +Reformation. The Lord Protector, Somerset, became the highest authority +in the State, and Archbishop Cranmer, for years a Lutheran at heart, was +the chief ecclesiastic in the realm. + +As one of the first acts of the reign, all the bishops were compelled to +take out fresh Commissions from the Crown for the exercise of their +episcopal offices. In this Cranmer set a willing example of obedience; +and in the preamble of the new Letters Patent the royal power was set +forth as the source of all jurisdiction, civil and ecclesiastical. + +Within a month of Edward's accession, the images of saints in the London +churches were dishonoured and mutilated, and sermons were preached, +without punishment or rebuke, against the observance of Lent and other +Catholic practices. Other changes in the line of the Reformation +followed quickly one upon another. Images, shrines and pictures of Our +Lady and the Saints were ordered to be destroyed, and the Litany of the +Saints, hitherto said in procession, was made into a prayer to be said +kneeling. All this was a sufficient indication of the trend of mind in +the men now in power towards the Reformation doctrines of Luther and the +other continental heretics. + +For objecting to these changes some of the bishops were lodged in +prison, and in the course of a general Visitation of churches in the +diocese of London, whilst the Bishop was in prison, the images in St. +Paul's and other city churches were pulled down and broken up; the +painted pictures and frescoes upon the walls--"the books of the poor and +unlearned" as they were called--were covered with whitewash, and in +their place the Ten Commandments were written upon the plaster. + +The first Parliament of this reign met in November, 1547, and the +important matter--from a religious standpoint--discussed and settled was +the introduction of Communion under both kinds--or as some modern +writers put it "the restoration of the cup to the laity." This change, +significant as it was, might mean little more than the rejection of a +disciplinary law of the Church, which had been introduced many ages +before for wise and obvious reasons. But to those who will study the +history of the controversies of the sixteenth century, the +reintroduction of Communion under both kinds was an outward +manifestation of the rejection of the Catholic Eucharistic doctrine, +which taught that our Blessed Lord was present, whole and entire, Body, +Soul and Divinity in each and every portion of the Most Holy Sacrament. +And, as St. Thomas teaches in his dogmatic hymn of the Holy Eucharist, +in every part and portion, "_integer accipitur_"--is received whole and +entire in Holy Communion. The history of the passage of this measure +through Parliament makes it clear that many of the Bishops and other +prominent ecclesiastics were opposed to this departure from existing +Catholic usage and that it was in reality imposed by the authority of +Parliament upon the Church under the plea that it was "conformable to +primitive practice." The Bill was but the beginning of other and more +important changes. The replies made at this time by Cranmer and other +innovating prelates to certain questions upon the nature of the Mass +leave no doubt as to the lengths they were prepared to go ha the +direction of Lutheran Eucharistic doctrine. The archbishop declared that +"_oblation and sacrifice_" were terms improperly used about the Mass, +and that it was only a "memory and representation of the sacrifice of +the Cross." In other words, Cranmer and the four other English bishops +who agreed with him, rejected the Sacrifice of the Mass as it had +hitherto been received in England as in every other part of the Catholic +world. + +To carry out the new order of Communion a form, founded upon the +celebrated work of Herman the Archbishop of Cologne, which had just +appeared in an English translation, was issued and ordered to be +inserted in the Latin Mass. The process of spoliation of the Church +begun in the reign of Henry VIII. was continued. A bill, strongly +opposed by churchmen, was passed in the House of Lords, giving to the +Crown all colleges, free chapels and chantries as well as the property +of all guilds and fraternities. By this measure the gravest injustice +was done to the members of the guilds, which were the charitable +associations, insurance societies, burial and sick clubs of Catholic +England. The funds thus confiscated for the most part represented the +savings of the poor. Moreover, religion suffered the gravest injury by +the confiscation of the chantry funds and the revenues for anniversary +prayers for the dead. These were in many cases at least intended to +supply the services of additional curates for the work of larger +parishes and for annual gifts to the poor. + +In the second year of the King's reign Cranmer intimated that the +Council had ordered the discontinuance of the old Catholic practices of +blessed candles, blessed ashes and blessed palms, as well as the Good +Friday ceremony of honouring the crucifix, known as "creeping to the +cross." + +All these changes were, however, only indications of the more serious +attack on the Catholic doctrine of the Holy Eucharist, which was being +engineered by the now almost openly avowed English Reforming party, +headed by Cranmer. On December 14, 1548, a draft of a new Prayer Book in +English to supersede the ancient Missal and Breviary was introduced into +the House of Lords and there followed a long debate upon the doctrine of +the Blessed Sacrament, contained in the service, which was intended to +take the place of the ancient Mass. This part of the new Book of Common +Prayer has a special interest and significance. + +In the course of this debate it appeared clearly that Archbishop Cranmer +had given up all belief in the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation +and in the sacrificial character of the Eucharist. In the account of +this discussion it also appears that the word "oblation," which had been +left in the proposed new Canon when the draft was shown to the Bishops, +had been struck out of the document presented to Parliament for its +approval, without their knowledge or consent. On January 15, 1549, +Parliament by statute approved the new form of service to take the place +of the Mass; its authority being simply a schedule of an act of +Parliament; the Church in synod or convocation almost certainly having +had nothing to say in this vital matter of doctrine and practice. + +It is not infrequently asserted that after all, except that the new +Communion service was in English, there was little or no change made in +form or substance. In other words, that the office of Communion, in the +First Prayer Book of Edward VI.--the Book of 1549--was the Latin Mass +translated into English. Whatever else it was, whether a return to +primitive observances or an adaptation of ancient foreign liturgies, or +any other thing of the same nature, it was most certainly not a +translation; not even a free rendering of the Latin Mass into the +vernacular. + +Those who are familiar with the Latin Missal, or those who will take the +trouble to examine it, will see at once that the Mass consists mainly of +two parts,--the first a preparation for and leading up to the second. In +the former we have the prayers and supplications with passages of Holy +Scripture from the Epistles and Gospels, selected by the Church as +appropriate to the feast or Sunday upon which they are read. In this +part also we have the ceremonial offices arranged for the offering of +the bread and wine prepared for the Christian Sacrifice, accompanied by +prayers expressing the idea of sacrifice and oblation. + +Thus, for example, at the offering of the bread the priest says these +words: "Receive, O Holy Father, Almighty and Everlasting God, _this +spotless Host,_" etc. When he offers the chalice with the wine and water +in it he says: "We offer up to Thee, O Lord, the chalice of Salvation, +beseeching Thee of Thy mercy that our _sacrifice_ may ascend with an +odour of sweetness in the sight of Thy Divine Majesty," etc.; and he +adds: "May the _Sacrifice_ we this day offer up be well-pleasing to +Thee." Finally, bowing down before the altar, the priest says: "Receive, +O Holy Trinity, this _oblation_ offered up by us to Thee," etc., and, +turning to those who are assisting, he says: "Brethren, pray that this +_sacrifice_, which is both mine and yours, may be well-pleasing to God +the Father Almighty." To this the people through the server reply: "May +the Lord receive this _sacrifice_ at your hands," etc. Everyone who will +carefully examine these prayers must see that the main idea contained in +all is that of _sacrifice_ and _oblation_. In the same way the prayer +called the Secret, which follows upon the offering of the bread and wine +for the Sacrifice, though it varies with the feast celebrated, +practically always contains some mention of the oblation or victim to be +offered. Thus on this, the second Sunday of Advent, the Secret prayer +contains these words: "Be appeased, we beseech Thee, O Lord, by our +prayers and by the _sacred Victim_ we humbly offer," etc. + +In the second part of the Holy Mass we shall find, if we use our +Missals, or Mass books, that there is one unchanging ritual _formula_ +called the "Canon," during which the words of Consecration are +pronounced by the priest over the bread and wine. By the efficacy of +these words, as we Catholics believe, the substance of the bread and +wine are changed by God's power into the Body and Blood of Christ; and +in this Sacred Canon the Christian sacrifice is perfected. Naturally we +should expect to find in this solemn part of the Mass the same idea of +sacrifice and oblation clearly expressed. And so it is. The priest begs +Almighty God "to receive and to bless these gifts, these _oblations_, +these holy and _spotless hosts_, which we offer up to Thee;" and "to be +appeased by this _oblation_ which we offer." Again he prays: "Vouchsafe +to bless this same _oblation,_ to take it for Thy very own . . . so that +on our behalf it may _be made into_ the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ," +etc. To this he adds: "Wherefore we offer up to thine excellent Majesty +. . . a _Victim_ which is pure, a Victim which is holy, a Victim which +is stainless, the holy Bread of life everlasting and the Cup of eternal +salvation." Then after the words of Consecration, bowing down before the +sacred species on the altar, the celebrant says: "Humbly we beseech +Thee, Almighty God, to command that by the hands of Thy holy Angel, this +our _Sacrifice_ be uplifted to thine altar on high." + +Now let us understand what was done by the English Reformers in the new +service drawn up in 1549 to take the place of the ancient Mass. In a +general way it may be said that up to the Gospel the first Communion +service followed outwardly at least the old Missals. The ritual offering +of the bread and wine, however, with the prayers expressing oblation and +sacrifice--a part which was known as the Offertory--was swept away +altogether in the new service. In its place was substituted a few +sentences appropriate to almsgiving and a new meaning was given to the +word "Offertory," which has since come to signify a collection. This +change is significant of the Eucharistic doctrines of the German +Reformers and is fully in accord with Cranmer's known opinions in regard +to oblation and sacrifice, every expression or idea of which was +ruthlessly removed from the new Book. The old prayer, called the Secret, +which almost invariably contained a mention of the Sacrifice about to be +offered, was left out. + +Following upon the Offertory and Secret comes the Preface, or immediate +preparation for the sacred Canon. This, with certain unimportant +changes, was allowed to stand in the new composition as it was in the +Missal. But the last words of the _Sanctus_, with which the Preface +invariably concludes: "Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the +Lord," although allowed to stand in the first Book of Common Prayer of +1549, was removed in the subsequent Book of 1552, and does not find a +place in the present Communion Service. The reason for this later change +is obvious. With the new Canon we come to understand the full +significance of the changes made in the new liturgy. Our present +detailed knowledge of the Canon of the Mass goes back for thirteen +hundred years, and, with the exception of one short clause inserted by +St. Gregory the Great, it has remained unchanged to the present day. +This alone is a sufficient testimony to the veneration in which the +prayer was regarded. It was a sacred heritage, coming to the Catholic +Church from unknown antiquity, and it was substantially the same in +every Western liturgy. + +The Canon of the First Communion service was, so far as _ideas_ go, an +absolutely new Canon. Outwardly, even, it was so different to the Canon +of the Mass that it was characterised by the common people as "a +Christmas game." It offers prayers to God in place of "these gifts, +these offerings, these holy undefiled sacrifices" of the Catholic Canon; +and in a word, every idea or expression of the ancient doctrine of +sacrifice was studiously omitted by the composers of the new Prayer +Book. In fact, the words of "Consecration," or as they are now +frequently called, "Institution," which it might have been supposed even +Cranmer would have respected as too sacred to touch or tamper with, are +changed for a formula taken from the new Lutheran use of Nuremberg, +which had been drawn up by Osiander, Cranmer's relative by marriage. + +In brief, then, it is impossible for any unbiased mind to compare the +ancient Canon of the Holy Mass--the Canon which still exists unchanged +in our Missals to-day--with the relative part of the new Communion +service without seeing that both in spirit and substance the First +Prayer Book of Edward VI was conceived with the design of getting rid of +the Catholic Mass altogether. [1] It was as little a translation of the +Latin Missal as the similar Lutheran productions of Germany, which were +ostensibly based upon the design of getting rid of the sacrificial +character of the Mass altogether. The First Prayer Book of 1549 merely +represented one stage of the downgrade of Eucharistic doctrine in +departure from the old Catholic beliefs towards the more advanced +Protestant schools of thought represented by Calvin and others. So +another--the second liturgy of Edward VI--was soon in preparation and +was issued in 1552. + + +[1] For the convenience of those interested this comparison may be found +at the end of this lecture. + + +In one thing only did it differ. In the First Prayer Book the Communion +service contained some shreds of a Canon,--a new Canon, it is true, but +a Canon,--whereas Luther's declared intention was to get rid of what he +called "the abominable Canon" altogether, leaving only the words of +Institution. This too was effected in the Second Prayer Book of 1552. In +this also there is one significant omission amongst a number of other +changes. From the "Sanctus" after the Preface and immediately leading up +to the Canon the words "Blessed is He who cometh in the name of the +Lord" are omitted as if to emphasise the rejection of the doctrine of +Transubstantiation in the new formulae. + +It is unnecessary to do more than point out that the rejection of +authority in religious matters had already the consequences which any +reasonable man would have prophesied for a system of religion founded +upon the royal power, or, as in this case of the young King Edward, upon +the personal opinions of his ministers. It is in some quarters the +fashion nowadays to assume that there were no substantial changes in the +Liturgy of the Church at this period, and that the Catholic Mass and the +Anglican Communion service to-day are essentially and substantially the +same. To any one, who will put the one by the side of the other and note +the changes and omissions, it must appear as clear as the noonday sun +that there is a difference, essential and substantial, depending upon +doctrinal teaching, on which there should be no misunderstanding. I am +not here concerned to determine whether these changes were good or bad. +What I wish to make clear is that these changes were made, and that they +are significant of a change in doctrine. + + + +NOTE + +COMPARISON OF THE MASS AND THE COMMUNION SERVICE + + +Missal + + _Sanctus_ + Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts + The Heavens and earth are full of Thy glory + Hosanna in the highest + Blessed is he that Cometh in the Name of the Lord.[1] Hosanna, etc. + +--to receive and to bless these gifts, these oblations, these holy and +spotless hosts which we offer up to Thee-- + +Wherefore, we beseech Thee O Lord to be appeased by this oblation which +we . . . offer + +Vouchsafe to bless this same Oblation to take it for Thy very-own . . . +so that on our behalf it may be _made into_ the Body and Blood of J. C., +etc. + +Wherefore . . . we . . . offer up to thine Excellent. Majesty ... a +Victim which is pure, a Victim which is holy, a Victim which is +stainless, the holy Bread of life everlasting and the Cup of eternal +salvation . . . + +Humbly we beseech Thee, Almighty God to command that by the hands of Thy +Holy Angel, this our _Sacrifice_ be uplifted to thine Altar on high + + +1549 + +[Our Lord] who made there [upon the Cross] by his one oblation once +offered, a full perfect and sufficient sacrifice, oblation and +satisfaction . . . and did institute and in his holy Gospel command us +to celebrate a perpetual memory of that his precious death. [2] + +--to receive these our prayers and supplications [3]-- +which we offer unto [3] thy Divine Majesty. + +Vouchsafe to bless and [3] sanctify these thy gifts and creatures of +bread and wine, that they may _be unto us_ the Body and Blood-- + +Wherefore... we do celebrate and make here before Thy Divine Majesty, +with these Thy holy gifts the _memorial_ which Thy Son hath willed us to +make . . . desiring [thee] to accept this our _Sacrifice of praise and +thanksgiving_ . . . + +and we offer and present unto Thee ourselves, our souls and bodies to be +a reasonable, holy and lively sacrifice to Thee + +accept this our bounden duty and service +and command these our _prayers and supplications_ by the ministry of Thy +Holy Angels to be brought up into Thy holy Tabernacle [4] + + +[1] _Blessed is he who cometh_, etc., left out in 1552 and subsequent +recensions. + +[2] This is still found in the Communion Service. + +[3] Omitted in 1552 + +[4] Omitted in 1552. The _American_ Service has _accept this our bounden +duty and Service_ as above, _but_ LEAVES out "_and command these_," etc. + + + +III + +III + +THE PRIESTHOOD + +LAST Sunday I spoke of the Catholic doctrine of the Mass and the Holy +Eucharist; I pointed out what our faith taught us about the Blessed +Sacrament and how the Mass was to our Catholic forefathers and to us +to-day, the central act of worship of God; and that the Holy Communion +in a very true sense is the food of our spiritual life, as it binds us +to God and brings Him into our lives in truth and in reality, which is +the end and object of every act of religion. I pointed out to you that +by the principles of the Reformation, adopted by the followers of the +Lutheran theology in England, the Mass, as a "Sacrifice and Oblation," +was not merely attacked doctrinally, and spoken of by the men of the "New +Learning" with scurrilous profanity, but destroyed altogether, as far as +it was possible for them to do. The service of Communion in the New Book +of Common Prayer, designed to take the place of the ancient missals, was +drawn up in such a way as to get rid of every expression of the Catholic +doctrine as to the Sacrifice of the Mass, absolutely. If the old dictum +_lex orandi est lex credendi_--prayer follows belief--has any +application at all, it must be obvious in this case that the authors of +the new English Prayer Book had completely rejected the Catholic belief +as to the Most Holy Sacrament. The proof lies not in the new forms only +when compared with the old, but in the clear and definite statements of +those who had the main share in drawing up the Communion Service of the +Book of Common Prayer and the chief part in imposing its acceptance upon +the people of England. + +I know well that in comparatively late times one school of thought in +the English Church have endeavoured to get back to the old Catholic +doctrine of the Sacrifice of the Mass. Some have been so dissatisfied +with the formula of the Communion in the Book of Common Prayer that they +have added to it and have even in some cases made use of our ancient +Canon from the Latin missal. In other instances, as in the Communion +Service in the American Church, a longer Canon had been adopted, taken +from the First Prayer Book of 1549 and arranged differently from that of +the Second Book now in use in England. But the doctrine in this is in no +sense our Catholic doctrine. For, although the words "sacrifice" and +"oblation" may be found in it, as indeed in the Anglican prototype, the +word signifies not the Catholic sacrifice, the offering up of the Body +and Blood of our Lord as a living victim upon the altar, but as the +words in the Communion office define it, "our sacrifice of praise and +thanksgiving," in which "we offer and present ourselves, our souls and +bodies, to be a reasonable, holy and living sacrifice unto thee." Mind, +for my present purpose, I am not here contending that the work of the +Reformers in the 16th century in thus composing a new formula was wrong. +All I would insist upon is that this was in fact done; that certain +ancient Catholic principles were abandoned in the New Communion Service, +and that this new Book by the authority of the State was imposed upon +the consciences of all. + +That the change thus forcibly effected was disliked very generally +cannot be doubted. The new Service was ordered to come into general use +in the Churches on Whitsunday, 1549, and the very next day the people of +Stamford Courtenay in Devon compelled their parish priest to return to +the old missal. This was but an indication of the spirit of the people +and a beginning of those numerous disturbances in various parts of the +country which for a time seriously alarmed the men in power. In +Oxfordshire the rising was put down with a firm hand and many priests +were hanged from the towers of their parish churches, as the obvious +leaders of their people to resist these innovations. In Devonshire the +rising took a more serious aspect and the people assembled in their +thousands demanding the restoration of the Latin Mass and the abolition +of the new service in English, which they described as "a Christmas +game." "We will have," they said, "the Mass as of old and the Blessed +Sacrament hanging in our churches"; and to show the religious character +of their revolt against the State-imposition of the new form of +religion, the insurgents carried the Most Holy Sacrament in a pyx in +their midst, and marched with processional crosses and banners. By the +aid of foreign mercenaries--German and Italian--they were defeated, and +thousands, some say twenty thousand of the men who rose in defence of +the Catholic doctrine of the Mass were slaughtered. + +We have now to go a step farther in our contrast of our Catholic belief +with the Reformation principles. This morning I propose to speak of the +sacred priesthood. The Catholic doctrine of the Sacrifice of the Mass +imples a sacrificing priesthood. To us a priest in the first place is a +man chosen, set aside and consecrated for the service of the altar. He +is a man and, alas! sometimes, in spite of the dignity of his calling, +he shows himself to be very human; but by the vocation of God that is +given to him and by his ordination at the hands of the bishop he +receives a character which nothing can take away and which enables him +to stand before the altar and offer the Christian Sacrifice. At his +word, spoken by the power God has given him, he changes the elements of +bread and wine into the true and real Body and Blood of Christ, and +offers them to God a sacrifice for the living and the dead. This is the +Catholic belief as to the priesthood, and it has been the belief of +Catholics from the earliest ages. I am not concerned to prove this, but +merely state it as a part of our belief. + +As might be expected, the doctrine is set forth clearly in the form of +Ordination, to be found in the ancient Pontificals, or Books containing +those forms, which to-day are practically the same as those used in +England in the sixteenth century. If we take the rite of Ordination to +the priesthood we shall immediately note in the address of admonition to +the candidates that the Bishop speaks of the purity of life necessary +for those "_who celebrate Mass and consecrate the Body and Blood of +Christ_"; whose hands are anointed "that they may know that they receive +the grace of _Consecrating_"; and who receive the chalice and paten to +show "they receive the _power of offering sacrifices_ pleasing to God, +since it belongs to them to consecrate the sacrament of the Body and +Blood of the Lord on God's altar." The candidate is likewise reminded of +the excellence of the _priestly office_ by virtue of which the _Passion +of Christ_ is daily celebrated on the altar. + +In the course of the rite, the priest's hands are blessed, since he is +to _consecrate the sacrifice_ offered for the sins and offences of the +people; and he is given the chalice, etc., to show forth and emphasise +the _power to offer sacrifice_ and _celebrate the Mass_; and in the +final blessing God is asked to bless the newly ordained in the priestly +order who is to offer _Sacrifices_ pleasing to Him. In a word the whole +Ordination service in the Catholic Pontifical reiterates and most +emphatically states the fact that the priest is ordained to offer up the +Sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ upon the altar. This is the +dominant note running through the entire rite: the ordained is made a +"sacrificing priest." Towards the close of the ceremony, and after the +new priest has acted as such by co-consecrating with the Bishop at Mass, +the Bishop gives him the power of jurisdiction by placing his hands upon +his head saying: "Receive the Holy Ghost: whose sins ye shall forgive +they are forgiven," etc. + +This was the rite of Ordination to the priesthood which was in existence +in England at the time when the First Prayer Book of Edward VI was +imposed on the English clergy and people. On the face of it there could +be no possibility of allowing this old Ordination service to stand as it +was. The Mass had been changed into a Communion service,--a memorial of +Christ's Passion,--and the doctrinal teaching of the former had been +made, rightly or wrongly, to give place to the Reformed principles +clearly expressed in the latter. The notion of oblation and sacrifice +was now wholly foreign to the Eucharistic teaching, as understood by the +followers of the Lutheran German reformed religion, who had presided +over the composition of the new Prayer Book. It became therefore +necessary to draw up another form for the Ordination of ministers, +conceived on the same doctrinal basis as that of the Book of Common +Prayer. + +This new Ordinal was in fact already prepared when the Prayer Book was +issued, and on January 5, 1550, a Bill to sanction it was introduced +into the House of Peers. It gave rise to much discussion, and for +refusing to assent to it one of the bishops was lodged in the prison +where others of the Catholic-minded prelates were already confined. The +"New form and manner of making and consecrating archbishops, bishops, +priests, and deacons" was, however, approved of by Parliament in +anticipation and ordered to be ready for April 1. + +The new Ordinal did in regard to the ancient Catholic Pontifical what +the Communion service had done for the Missal. Having first swept away +all the minor Orders and the Subdiaconate, the new form carefully and +systematically excluded every word that could be interpreted to mean +that the candidate was ordained to be a sacrificing priest. For the most +part the new rite was a new composition, drawn up to meet the doctrinal +views as to the Holy Eucharist of the English Reformers of advanced +Lutheran principles. One of the few passages of the Pontifical preserved +in the Ordinal were the words, "Receive the Holy Ghost: whose sins ye +shall forgive," etc, which accompanied the Imposition of Hands after the +ordination in the ancient rite and conferred "the power of the Keys." In +the new rite this subordinate form became the substantial form of the +new Ordination service, although in it there was for a hundred years, +until 1662, no mention of the Order conferred. There can be hardly any +doubt that this omission came about by the adoption of the old form by +the compilers of the new Ordinal. In the case of the Catholic Pontifical +no such specific mention was called for, as when used in that to convey +jurisdiction, the priest was already ordained and had co-celebrated with +the Bishop. + +Once more I repeat that I am not here concerned with any discussion as +to whether the new Ordinal was better or worse than the ancient +Pontifical. I desire merely to bring out the facts and to make it clear +that the service of Holy Communion in the Book of Common Prayer and the +Ordination service in a doctrinal point of view go together. They are +the expression of a change, of a serious organic change from the ancient +teachings of the Faith, as expressed in the Missal and Pontifical. The +Prayer Book and the Ordinal of Edward VI were the serious expression of +the deliberate alteration in the Eucharistic teachings of the official +heads of the Church in England at this time. They constituted a break, +clear, sharp and decisive with the past. There can be no doubt of this +in view of the facts. The change may have been for good or for ill, but +it can hardly be denied that it was made, and made not by accident but +of set purpose. It was a deliberate breach in the continuity of teaching +as to the Holy Eucharist and the Sacrifice of the Mass, which had +existed in the Church in England from the earliest days of Christianity; +and the new teaching found its expression in the new formularies. [1] + + +[1] The subsequent history of the Anglican Church shows that even the +need of Episcopal ordination was not considered absolutely necessary for +the administration of the Sacraments in that Communion. It was not, +indeed, until 1662 that it was legally necessary for a beneficed +clergyman to have been so ordained. Bishop Hooker himself admitted the +ministration and received the Communion from the hands of Saravia who +was a Calvinistic minister. The truth of this position is upheld by the +present Anglican Bishop of Durham in a letter to the London _Times_ of +Dec. 13, 1913. He cites as witnesses: "Bancroft, who carried his +colleagues, including Andrews, with him in consecrating Presbyterian +ministers Bishops for Scotland in 1609; Andrews, who claims 'our +government to be by Divine right, yet it follows not that a Church +cannot stand without it': Ussher, who says (to Du Moulin), after a +solemn assertion of the greatness of Episcopacy, that he is prepared, to +receive the Blessed Sacrament at the hand of the French ministers if he +were at Charenton' . . . and Cosin, asserting in his Will his 'union of +soul with all the orthodox,' 'which I desire chiefly to be understood of +Protestants and the best Reformed Churches.'" + + +There can be no doubt as to what the ardent Reformers, who had the +matter in hand, intended to do. The press teemed with books of ribald +denunciation of the Sacrifice of the Mass and the Orders of the ancient +Catholic rite were derided in such terms as "greasy and stinking" +Orders. Moreover, the destruction of the altars obviously emphasised the +change which had taken place. The abolition of the Sacrifice and the +Sacrificing priesthood made them obsolete and unnecessary. Bishop +Ridley, a reforming prelate of the most uncompromising type, directed +the Churchwardens of London to pull down the popish altars and to +procure in their place "the form of a table" in order "more and more to +turn the simple from the old superstitious opinions of the popish Mass." +The substitute for the Catholic altars was to be "after the form of an +honest table decently covered," and was to be placed anywhere in the +chancel or choir, as was found most convenient. At St. Paul's, London, +for example, various experiments were made both as to the best position +of the table and as to how best the minister could stand at it. Four +years later Bishop White of Winchester taunted Ridley about this. "When +your table was constituted," he said, "you could never be content in +placing the same, now east, now north, now one way, now another, until +it pleased God of His goodness to place it clean out of the Church." + +Beyond this the altar-stones, which by solemn rites and the unction of +Holy Oil had been consecrated to God for the Sacrifice of the Mass, and +upon which the Body and Blood of Christ had been offered daily for the +living and the dead, were not only pulled down, cast out of the church +and defaced, but were out of derision and contempt set in the floor or +the doorway that the passer-by might tread them under foot; or were +turned to other still more debased uses. To us Catholics the consecrated +altar, with its relics of the saints and the memories of its hallowed +consecration, is the most sacred thing, set apart to God's service, +together with the chalice and the paten in which and upon which the +mystery of the sacramental renewal of Christ's Passion is effected by +the words of the priest. It was this hallowed stone which was treated +with disdain and dishonour. To those who would have us think that the +whole of the changes made at the time of the Reformation were mere +protests, against what they please to call the abuse of the Mass, in the +multiplication of Masses for the living and the dead, the fact of the +contemptuous and wholesale destruction of the ancient altars and the +substitution of a moveable table, should be sufficient to show that it +was no abuse that was thought of, or aimed at, but the abolition of the +Sacrifice altogether. + +But there were other indications that this abolition of the Mass and +priesthood was the set policy of the men in power at this time. A more +advanced Calvinist than even Ridley urged the party forward on the down +grade of Catholic doctrine. In 1550 John Hooper was offered the +bishopric of Gloucester, but refused it, partly because of the mention +of Saints in the New Ordinal, but mainly because of the vestments, which +he would be called upon to wear and which he regarded as aaronic +abominations. "You have got rid of the Mass," he said, "then rid +yourselves of the feathers of the Mass also." Later, however, when in +doctrinal principle Cranmer and others had advanced further in the +direction of Calvin, Hooper was consecrated according to the new Ordinal +on his own terms. The Mass was gone; the priesthood had passed away; the +altars were pulled down in the sanctuaries; the consecrated stones were +broken and dishonoured, and why should not the Vestments--Aaronic +abominations--indicative of the sacrificial character of the priest be +dispensed with also? + +The time was propitious for Cranmer to take measures for the final +destruction of the old order. Since the imposition of the First Book of +Common Prayer he had had time to grow out of his previous Lutheranism +and had come under the spell of Calvin and his adherents in Geneva. The +Reformer had written to Cranmer a personal letter urging him to be more +active and hasten on the movement of Reform. The Archbishop of +Canterbury had replied begging Calvin to ply King Edward with letters +urging him to eradicate the last vestiges of the old superstition. This +was the spirit which presided at the composition of the Second Book of +Edward VI. It was issued in 1552, and before this commissions were +dispatched throughout the country to seize in the King's name all church +plate and vestments. + +I have already spoken a word about this final recension of the Liturgy +of Edward VI. It is here sufficient to say that it was Calvinistic in +its conception and doctrine. In the First Prayer Book there was some +slight outward resemblance to the Mass. This was swept away, and, to use +the expression of one who lived at the time, this new liturgy "had made +a very hay of the Mass." Of the ancient _Canon_, which the Apostolic See +had possessed from the earliest ages and had kept inviolate, nothing was +allowed to survive, even as to form. Great Popes like St. Leo and St. +Gregory had inserted a few words into this inheritance of the Church +with fear and reverence. Such men would have considered it sacrilegious +and impious to alter or reject any part of it. Cranmer and his followers +felt no such scruples. They first mutilated it and altered it to their +heart's content and finally got rid of nearly every word of it +altogether. The outcome of their work may be studied in the Anglican +Book of Common Prayer to-day, where the Communion Service is +substantially that of the Book of 1552. + + + +IV + +IV + +THE CHURCH BY LAW ESTABLISHED + +BEARING in mind what the Catholic teaching was and is in regard to the +Supremacy of the Pope, the Holy Mass and the sacrificial character of +the priesthood, we can understand how far away from these teachings the +legislation of King Edward's reign had carried England. To our Catholic +forefathers in the beginning of the 16th Century, as to us to-day, the +Pope was the Supreme Head of the Christian Church and the foundation of +Christian unity. The Mass was the great Christian Sacrifice in which the +bread and wine were substantially changed into the very Body and Blood +of our Blessed Lord. The priest at his Ordination was given a +sacrificial character, expressed clearly in the rite, empowering him to +offer up the Eucharistic Sacrifice upon the Christian altar. In the +second quarter of the 16th Century all these points of belief were +changed by a small but determined band of English Reformers. + +For a few years, on the death of Edward VI, Mary restored the old +religion; the papal supremacy and jurisdiction was again acknowledged; +the altars were once more set up; the ancient liturgy of the Mass was +read again from the old missals; priests were again ordained according +to the rite in the Catholic Pontifical, and the ordinations of those who +had received orders under the Edwardine Ordinal were rejected. I pass +over the reign of Queen Mary, which came to an end with her death in +November, 1558. I am dealing with Catholic beliefs contrasted with the +principles of the Reformation, and in this brief reign of Queen Mary the +country returned to union with Rome, and all that this implied. + +Of this reign, however, I may be allowed perhaps to add the verdict of +the late Dr. James Gairdner, a non-Catholic historian, than whom no one +has a greater right to speak with authority. "History has been cruel to +her (Mary's) memory. The horrid epithet 'bloody,' bestowed so +unscrupulously alike on her and on Bonner and Gardiner and the bishops +generally, had at least a plausible justification in her case from the +severities to which she gave her sanction. . . . Among the victims, no +doubt, there were many true heroes and really honest men, but many of +them also would have been persecutors if they had had their way. Most of +them retained the belief in a Catholic Church but rejected the Mass and +held by the services authorised in Edward VI.'s reign. But of course +this meant complete rejection of an older authority--higher according to +the time-honoured theory than that of any king or Parliament--which had +never been openly set aside until that generation." + +With Queen Mary's premature death religious difficulties revived. At +first it was not generally known whether her successor, Elizabeth, would +remain staunch to the old religion or favour the new, although there +were suspicions that she was inclined to the latter. She was welcomed as +sovereign by all parties, Catholic as well as Protestant, and no one now +I believe credits the silly story that she was forced into the arms of +the Reformers by the refusal of the Pope to recognise her as lawful +Queen. + +Almost from the first it was easy to conjecture which way lay her +inclination. By the advice of Cecil, her chief adviser, she formed a +secret cabinet within a cabinet, which occupied itself with a project +for "the alteration of religion," as it is called in the document still +extant. Those "now in the Pope's religion" were to be got rid of, and by +process of law all were to be made to "abjure the Pope of Rome and +conform themselves to the new alterations." What these "alterations" in +the form of religion signified is not doubtful. They meant the +reintroduction of the liturgical reforms of Edward's reign, including +the abolition of the Catholic missal and Ordinal. + +One of the first measures proposed to Parliament at the beginning of the +new reign was the Act of Royal Supremacy. Its object was of course to do +away with the Spiritual Supremacy of the Pope and substitute that of the +Crown, and a stringent oath admitting this was to be required of all +holding any office in the State. By this, every adherent of the old +faith was deliberately excluded from any and every position in the +Church or State. + +At this time ten of the English Sees were vacant and the brunt of the +battle for the preservation of the old religion fell upon the diminished +number of Bishops in the House of Lords. Their hands were, however, +strengthened greatly by a solemn pronouncement made by the clergy in +Convocation, wherein they declared their entire belief in the Catholic, +as opposed to the Reformed teaching of the existence of the "natural +body of Christ" under the "species of bread and wine" in "the Sacrament +of the Altar, by virtue of the word of Christ, spoken by the priest." +They declared also their belief in the doctrine of Transubstantiation +and in the Sacrifice of the Mass, and at the same time affirmed "that to +Blessed Peter and to his lawful successors in the Apostolic See, as +Vicars of Christ, has been given the supreme power of feeding and ruling +the Church of Christ upon Earth and of confirming their brethren." The +English universities at this time also made the same declaration. Thus, +when change of religion and the readoption of the principles of the +Reformed Churches of Germany which had ruled in the days of Edward VI. +was in the air, the unfettered Church in England, the bishops, clergy +and the teaching bodies boldly declared for the old catholic faith of +the Holy Eucharist, the Mass and the Supremacy of the Pope. + +But, the power was again in the hands of those who desired the +"alteration of religion," as it was called, and this was effected mainly +by three acts of Parliament. By the first, the tenths on Ecclesiastical +property were given over to the crown; by the second, the Supremacy of +the sovereign in matters ecclesiastical was reaffirmed; and the third, +the Act of Uniformity authorised and imposed under serious penalties the +Reformed Prayer Book of Edward VI. in place of the ancient Catholic +Missal and Pontifical. The Bishops in the House of Lords fought these +measures step by step and unanimously voted against them. With a few +unimportant modifications the new Eucharist office was that of the +second Book of Common Prayer of 1552--the Book, from which every vestige +of the mass in its essential parts had been removed. After a struggle, +in which by some means the defenders of the old religion delayed the +passage of the measure, it was passed by a majority of only three votes, +and without the support of one single spiritual peer. To a man the +Bishops of the Church opposed the Bill. The famous speeches of Bishop +Scot and of Abbot Feckenham, in which they challenged history to produce +a single instance where the bishops of any church were not consulted and +listened to in so momentous a change, were the last constitutional +efforts of the Church of England to prevent the innovations in matters +of religion being imposed by Parliament upon the consciences of those +who regarded them as heretical. The very narrow majority, which carried +this religious revolution, makes it more than likely that their +arguments had weight. There can be no reasonable doubt that had ten +episcopal sees not been vacant at this time the intentions of the +Government would have been defeated, at least for a time, and the new +Liturgy would not then have been imposed upon all by an act of +Parliament. As it was, the Elizabethan settlement of religion--as it is +called--rested obviously on the infallibility of the odd three votes of +the majority. + +It was now that the "Act of Uniformity in Religion" came to be enforced. +By it the Tudor maxim _Cujus regio ejus religio_--that must be the +religion of a kingdom, which is the religion of the ruler--was carried +out in practice. The form of religion authorised by the Queen and the +Parliamentary majority was the only one allowed. The consciences of +individuals were disregarded, and just as in the days of the persecuting +pagan Emperors Christians were compelled by force to throw incense on +the altars of the pagan gods, so now with equal disregard for freedom of +conscience Catholics--those who refused to accept the Elizabethan +settlement of religion--were forced by fines, imprisonment and other +penalties, to attend the new services in their parish churches. They +became known as "Recusants" for refusing to be present at the Communion +Service of the English Prayer Book, which had again taken the place of +the Holy Mass. + +Then, too, began a systematic attempt to stamp out the old religion. The +priesthood was proscribed, and priests were hunted down and exiled for +offering up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass; and, during the centuries of +persecution, which began with the reign of Queen Elizabeth, hundreds of +priests and others were put to death for the sole crime of having said +or having been present at the Mass. In the well-known phrase of one of +the present English cabinet ministers: "It was the Mass that mattered," +and the real struggle was for this all along the line. To the Catholic, +who realised all that the Mass meant,--how it was the centre of his +religion and the sublime Christian Sacrifice, it was a point of honour +and conscience to imperil fortune and even life for so sacred a +heritage. To the Protestant in those days the Mass was a fable and +dangerous deceit, and with Luther he desired above all things to root +out this superstition from the land; and so, as there could be no Mass +without a Mass-priest, all the efforts of those in power were directed +towards extirpating all those who continued in spite of the laws to +exercise their ministry, and to prevent others coming from abroad to +continue their work, when they either perished on the scaffold, or worn +out by the long continued persecution and constant searches for them, +passed away in their hiding places. In England and in Ireland the record +of this terrible time makes us wonder how it was possible that any +remnant of the old religion could have survived. + +Cecil, who was the master brain directing the policy of Queen Elizabeth, +had counted upon the gradual extinction of the old Marian priesthood and +the consequent eradication of the old Faith from the hearts of a people +left without priest or teacher or Sacraments. From 1580 the coming of +the Jesuits and seminary priests from abroad, to keep the light of the +Faith alive if possible, in spite of fines and the rack and gallows, +made it clear to the all-powerful minister that he had miscalculated the +effect of his repressive policy. From that time the persecution began in +earnest. + +What contributed no doubt to increase the trials of the English and +Irish Catholics was the embarrassing excommunication pronounced by Pope +Pius V against Queen Elizabeth. It furnished the government with a +weapon they were not slow to seize upon, by making it appear to the +popular mind as if a political offence, if not a criminal treason, was +connected with the exercise of the Catholic faith. Catholics for being +Catholics were henceforth treated as traitors. For the last twenty years +of this reign, with one exception, there were numerous executions for +religion in England. Most of those who suffered thus were +priests--Mass-priests as they were called in derision of their sacerdotal +character. Thousands of men and women also were punished under the penal +laws for the exercise of the old religion. Fines and imprisonment were +the lot of those who refused at any price to accept the religious +settlement of the sovereign--to accept the form of religion which their +consciences refused. The sad records of this period show that many a +Catholic family was impoverished and destroyed by the fines levied upon +it. Gradually even great estates had to be sold to meet the demands of +penal laws against recusancy--the refusal to attend the Protestant +service. Then followed a long period of repression and ostracism. For +two centuries the unfortunate papist was shut out of the life of the +nation and subject to every insult and baseless accusation. One writer +who lived during this period says of this system: "The experience of +Elizabeth's reign had shown that the infliction of actual death roused a +life-giving enthusiasm among Catholics themselves and sympathy in the +witnesses of their sufferings. The penal system now introduced was the +preference for gagging a man, binding him hand and foot, bandaging his +eyes and imprisoning him for life, rather than killing him outright." + +Everywhere throughout England and Ireland there was a stolid and heroic +resistance to the imposition of the new form of State church on the part +of those who remained true to the old religion. Looking back to those +days of darkness and despair it seems impossible to believe that any +remnant of those who would not bow their knees to Baal could survive the +system by which it was hoped to crush them. And when liberty of +conscience was at last accorded it was more in the spirit of compassion +than in any expectation that they could revive and live again that it +was given. As well might the world think that the worship of Pan or of +Jupiter would spring again into life as that the poor, despised, dying +Catholics could expand and grow once more into a position of respect and +influence, reasserting and publicly upholding the principles of the +Catholic Faith, for which their forefathers in England and Ireland had +suffered persecution and even death. + +These principles I have endeavoured to set out during the past four +Sundays. Mainly there were only three, which were attacked by the +upholders of the Reformation doctrines. The Papal Supremacy over the +Church, the safeguard of unity of Faith, and a mark of the Church, +Christ established in this world; the Christian Sacrifice--the Mass, +attacked and swept away by the Reformers; and the Priesthood in its +sacrificial character, which was the necessary consequence of the +Eucharistic doctrine upheld by the German and English Reformers. There +were of course many minor points of Catholic belief and practice which +were attacked and destroyed in these days; such, for example, as +devotion to the Mother of God and the Saints, and the long established +custom of blessed ashes and candles and the creeping to the Cross on +Good Friday. But the main lines of departure from the Catholic Faith +along which the Reformation moved were the three I have indicated. A +return can be contemplated only by frankly facing the issues. To-day we +find men of the highest intelligence and good faith claiming to have the +same Christian sacrifice and the same sacrificing priests as the +Catholic Church, and they are using a Communion Service from which of +set purpose every notion of Oblation and Sacrifice has been ruthlessly +removed, and their ministers are ordained by an Ordinal, which +designedly was composed to express the rejection of the sacrificial +character of the Christian priest. The prayer for Christian Unity must +go up from every heart, but if it is to be something more than +sentiment, the facts must be faced frankly and with courage. + + + +BOOKS SUGGESTED FOR READING + + Short History of the Church in England. _Gasquet_. + Henry III and the Church. _Gasquet_. + Roman Law and Canon Law. _Maitland_. + Lollardy and the Reformation, 4 vols. _Gairdner_. + History of the Reformation. _Blunt_. + History of the English Church in the 16th Century. _Gairdner_. + The Eve of the Reformation. _Gasquet_. + England under the Old Religion and Other Essays. _Gasquet_. + What then happened at the Reformation (in above). + Henry VIII and the English Monasteries. _Gasquet_. + Henry VI and the Book of Common Prayer. _Gasquet and Bishop_. + What Edward VI did with the Liturgy (in England under the Old Religion). + Anglican Ordinations (in above). + Anglican Ordinations. _Canon Estcourt_. + The Pope and the Ordinal. _S. Barnes_. + The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. _H. N. Birt_. + Hampshire Recusants. _Gasquet_. + The Line of Cleavage (C. T. Soc.). _H. N. Birt_. + Parker Society publications. + Catholic Truth Society--various Historical Papers. + The Ecclesia Anglicana, for what does it Stand? By the Bishop of + Tanzibar, and subsequent correspondence in the _London Times_, + December, 1913, and January, 1914. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Breaking with the Past, by +Francis Aidan Gasquet and John Cardinal Farley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BREAKING WITH THE PAST *** + +***** This file should be named 34923.txt or 34923.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/9/2/34923/ + +Produced by Michael Gray, Diocese of San Jose + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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