diff options
Diffstat (limited to '34954.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 34954.txt | 752 |
1 files changed, 752 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/34954.txt b/34954.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e011a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/34954.txt @@ -0,0 +1,752 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, +Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: January 14, 2011 [EBook #34954] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Monika Kraemer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 11, No. 1, pp. 1-9, 4 figs. + July 14, 1958 + + + Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, + Leptodeira discolor Guenther + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1958 + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Robert W. Wilson + + + Volume 11, No. 1, pp 1-9, 4 figs. + Published July 14, 1958 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED IN + THE STATE PRINTING PLANT + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1958 + + 27-6708 + + + + + Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, + Leptodeira discolor Guenther + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +At the time of completing my study of the genus _Leptodeira_ (1958) I +had seen no specimens of _Leptodeira discolor_, a species described by +Guenther in 1860 and subsequently referred to the genus _Hypsiglena_ by +Cope (1887), Boulenger (1894), and Mocquard (1908), and to the genus +_Pseudoleptodeira_ by Taylor (1938). Guenther's description was based on +two syntypes (British Museum of Natural History numbers 1946.1.23.67 +and 68) collected in Oaxaca, Mexico, by Auguste Salle. Information +concerning the scutellation and coloration of the syntypes was provided +by J. C. Battersby; in my revisionary study (_op. cit._) this +information was included in a short discussion of the species, which +was referred to _incerta sedis_ until specimens could be examined and +the relationships of the species determined. + +Through the courtesy of John M. Legler of the Museum of Natural History, +University of Kansas, I have been able to study a specimen of +_Leptodeira discolor_ obtained six miles southeast of Tamazulapam, +Oaxaca, Mexico, by J. R. Alcorn on June 22, 1955. Superficial +examination of the external characters of this snake shows a striking +resemblance to _Leptodeira_. The specimen has a vertical pupil, divided +anal, 21 scale rows, and two apical pits. The enlarged posterior +maxillary teeth are without a trace of a groove. Examination of the +hemipenis revealed that the organ was bifurcate and had a forked sulcus; +these penial characteristics are diagnostic of the subfamily +Xenodontinae and not the subfamily Colubrinae that includes the genera +_Hypsiglena_ and _Leptodeira_. + +Examination of all available xenodontine genera indicates that this +snake belongs to a heretofore unnamed genus. In recognition of the +mental torment customarily suffered by workers attempting to ascertain +the relationships of the many genera of colubrid snakes, I propose the +generic name + + + _Tantalophis_, new genus + + _Leptodeira_ (in part), Guenther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. + 317-318, 1860; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, p. 23, January + 9, 1884; Dunn, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 697-698, + December, 1936; Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 114 + (1), pp. 95-96, February 24, 1958. + + _Hypsiglena_ (in part), Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 32, p. 78, + 1887; Guenther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, pp. 137-138, + pl. 49, fig. A, October, 1894; Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes British + Museum, vol. 2, p. 211, September 23, 1894; Mocquard, _in_ Dumeril + and Bocourt, Mission Scientifique Mexique l'Amerique Centrale, vol. + 3, p. 871, 1908; Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, vol. 4, p. 183, May, + 1930. + + _Pseudoleptodeira_ (in part) Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. + 25, no. 15, p. 343, June 1, 1938. + + _Type Species._--_Leptodeira discolor_ Guenther, Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, pp. 317-318, 1860. + + _Diagnosis._--A xenodontine colubrid snake having a bifurcate + hemipenis with a forked sulcus spermaticus, many longitudinal folds + on basal portion, and small spines and calyces on distal part; 12 + or 13 maxillary teeth followed by short diastema and two somewhat + enlarged maxillary teeth lacking grooves; small parotid gland; + normal colubrid skull; no hypapophyses on posterior vertebrae; + elliptical pupils; two apical pits; smooth scales; normal colubrid + head shields; divided anal; paired caudals. + + The generic name comes from the Greek Tantalos, a mythological + character symbolic of eternal torment, and from the Greek ophis + for snake. + + + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Guenther) New comb. + + The synonymy for the species is indicated in the account of the + genus. The description below of the species is based on an adult + male from 6 miles southeast of Tamazulapam, Oaxaca, Mexico + (University of Kansas Museum of Natural History No. 40143). + + _Scutellation._--Head shields normal; upper labials 7-7 (third and + fourth entering orbit); lower labials 9-9 (1-4 in contact with + anterior chin-shield, 4 and 5 in contact with posterior + chin-shield); preoculars 1-1 and not in contact with frontal; + postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2-3, 1-2-3; nasals divided by a + distinct groove below nostril and faint groove above; portion of + rostral visible from above, one-third length of internasals; + internasals pentagonal and one-half as long as prefrontals; + parietal suture approximately as long as frontal; ventrals 178; + anal divided; caudals 80. Scales in 21 rows at midbody and showing + the following reduction: + + 2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (162) + 21 --------------- 19 -------------- 17 (178) + 2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (152) + + _Coloration._--Dorsal ground-color light brown and extending onto + edges of ventrals; transverse body blotches numbering 50, each + 1-1/2 to 3 scales long and separated by light interspaces 1-1/2 to + 2 scales long; blotches brownish black and extending onto second + scale row; lateral intercalary spots forming dark smudges on rows 1 + and 2. Top of head black, flecked with tan; nape cream, followed by + dark band six scales long; dark nape stripe from posterior edges of + parietals to first dark body band. Venter cream-tan; throat and + labials cream; posterior margins of all upper labials and of lower + labials 1-3 black-edged (Figure 1). + + _Size and Proportions._--Head and body 312 mm. long; tail 118 mm., + amounting to 37.8 per cent of length of head and body. + + _Variation._--Data on the syntypes of _Leptodeira discolor_ + furnished by J. C. Battersby give some indication of the variation + in the species. Both are males, and they have 175 and 180 ventrals, + 88 and 89 caudals, 1 preocular, 2 postoculars, 1-2-3 temporals, 7 + and 8 upper labials, 9 lower labials. They have body lengths of + 365 and 402 mm., total lengths of 509 and 555 mm., tail/body ratios + of 38.0 and 39.4. They have 51 and 54 dark blotches on the body. + + [Illustration: Fig. 1. Dorsal and lateral views of the head of + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Guenther). (KU No. 40143). x 7.] + + _Skull._--The skull is typically colubrid and shows no + modifications. The quadrate has both a median and a lateral + depression, forming a strong lateral flange on the anterior edge; + the columellar process is elliptical, and the supra-columellar + crest is robust. The posteroinferior vomerine process extends + directly posteriorly and then angles sharply posterodorsally, + enclosing an elliptical vomerine fenestra. The lateral processes of + the premaxillary are slightly pointed; the median spine is + relatively thin and high. The pterygoids bear 23 and 21 teeth that + decrease in size posteriorly; the transpalatine articulating + process of the pterygoid is rounded, not robust; the lateral crest + is high and moderately robust; the depression in the ventral + surface of the pterygoid is moderate. There are 12 and 13 maxillary + teeth that increase in size posteriorly; these are followed by a + short diastema and two larger, solid teeth. The prediastemal teeth + are slightly curved and slender. The maxillary is laterally + compressed; the posterior knob is not robust; there is one foramen + in the lateral face of the bone (Figure 2). The 10 palatine teeth + are almost uniform in size; the dentary bears 19 teeth that + decrease in size posteriorly. + + [Illustration: Fig. 2. Lateral view of the left maxillary of + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Guenther). (KU No. 40143). x 17.] + + A thin and otherwise small parotid gland or "venom sac" extends + posteriorly from beneath the eye to about the angle of the jaw; a + minute duct connects with the anteromedian surface and extends to + the fleshy part of the mouth at the posterior end of the maxillary + (Figure 3). + + [Illustration: Fig. 3. Lateral view of the head of _Tantalophis + discolor_ (Guenther), showing the position and relative size of the + parotid gland. (KU No. 40143). x 3.] + + _Hemipenis._--In _situ_ the hemipenis extends to the posterior edge + of the thirteenth caudal. The unforked part of the organ is + bedecked with numerous heavy longitudinal folds alternating with + thinner folds. The basal parts of the two heads are covered with + moderate sized spines, those closest to the base and the sulcus + being the smallest. The distal parts of the heads are covered with + calyces. The sulcus bifurcates on the unforked part of the organ at + a point about two-thirds of the distance from the base to the + division of the organ. The sulcus is a deep groove between heavy + folds proximally and is a shallower furrow distally (Figure 4). + + [Illustration: Fig. 4. Hemipenis of _Tantalophis discolor_ + (Guenther). The organ was cut on the ventral surface and opened. + (KU No. 40143). x 4.] + +_Relationships._--Using Dunn's (1928) arrangement of the American +colubrid snakes as a guide permits the taxonomist to group _Tantalophis_ +with several genera, some of which occur in South America and others in +the West Indies. Although the significance of such generic characters as +scale pits and nature of the hemipenis is not clear, these characters +must, of necessity, be utilized in attempting to ascertain the +relationships of _Tantalophis_ to other colubrid snakes. Assuming that +the primary divisions of the American colubrids into subfamilies based +on the nature of the sulcus spermaticus and the presence or absence of +hypapophyses on the posterior vertebrae have some reality, _Tantalophis_ +must be placed in the subfamily Xenodontinae comprising genera chiefly +South American in their distribution, but with several genera in Middle +America and a few in North America and the West Indies. In order to +limit the number of genera to be compared with _Tantalophis_, only those +xenodontines having apical pits and bifurcate hemipenis are considered. +These include _Cyclagras_, _Drepanoides_, _Hypsirhynchus_, _Ialtris_, +_Leimadophis_, _Pseudablabes_, _Siphlophis_, _Tachymenis_, _Tomodon_, +and _Trypanurgos_. Aside from differences in scutellation, +_Leimadophis_, _Siphlophis_, and _Trypanurgos_ have the heads of the +hemipenes terminating in a disc, and _Ialtris_ has a plicate hemipenis. +_Tomodon_ has basal spines on the hemipenis. The hemipenes of the other +genera have proximal folds, distal spines, and distal calyces, not +greatly unlike the condition found in _Tantalophis_. Of these, +_Cyclagras_, _Hypsirhynchus_, and _Pseudablabes_ have round pupils and +certain differences in scutellation. _Drepanoides_ and _Tachymenis_ have +elliptical pupils like those of _Tantalophis_, but _Tachymenis_ has only +one apical pit, and _Drepanoides_ has one apical pit or none. In the +above characters no especially close relationship between _Tantalophis_ +and any one of these genera is apparent. + +If the characteristics usually employed in distinguishing and relating +genera are ignored and other more subjective criteria are used, the +relationships of _Tantalophis_ still remain obscure. Of the xenodontine +genera _Tantalophis_ approaches _Leimadophis_ in general physiognomy; +perhaps it represents an early divergent stock of _Leimadophis_ that has +undergone radical changes in the hemipenis and other characters. On the +other hand, if the nature of the hemipenis is of no importance in +defining supergeneric groups of colubrid snakes, _Tantalophis_ may have +its relationships with _Leptodeira_ and _Hypsiglena_. Although +herpetologists have been working intensively on American colubrids for +many decades, the relationships of the majority of the groups are not +well understood. Until the hemipenes and skulls of all of the forms have +been studied and compared, and the evolutionary significance has been +determined for the characters of the hemipenes, dentition, and apical +pits, our knowledge of the relationships of these snakes will be +incomplete. + +_Remarks._--The individual on which this paper is based is the only +specimen of the species with definite locality data. It is from a +locality six miles southeast of Tamazulapam in northwestern Oaxaca. This +town lies at an elevation of about 6500 feet in the upper reaches of the +Balsas Basin, an arid interior valley that expands in its upper end to +form a broad basin of rolling and dissected terrain ranging from about +4000 to 6800 feet in elevation. The countryside around Tamazulapam is +arid and supports plants of the genera _Prosopis_, _Acacia_, _Ipomoea_, +and _Cassia_, and also columnar cacti. Oaks and pines grow on the +limestone hills rising above the rolling valley. _Tantalophis_ may be +endemic to the Balsas Basin, as are many other species of reptiles. +However, if the snake has its relatives to the south in lower Central +America and South America, such a distribution seems unlikely, even for +an apparent relict. + +_Acknowledgments._--For permission to study and report on this specimen +I am indebted to Dr. E. Raymond Hall and Mr. John M. Legler. I am +grateful to Dr. Laurence C. Stuart for many helpful suggestions and to +Dr. Norman E. Hartweg for placing at my disposal the facilities of the +Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. + + +LITERATURE CITED + + AMARAL, A. DO + + 1930 Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII--Lista remissiva dos + ophidios da regiao neotropica. Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4:129-275. + + BOULENGER, G. A. + + 1894 Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural + History). London, 2:xi + 382, pls. 1-20, figs. 1-25. + + COPE, E. D. + + 1887 Catalogue of the batrachians and reptiles of Central America + and Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32:1-98. + + DUELLMAN, W. E. + + 1958 A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus _Leptodeira_. + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, pls. 1-31, figs. 1-25, + maps 1-25. + + DUMERIL, A. M., and BOCOURT, F. + + 1870-1909 Etudes sur les reptiles. Mission scientifique au Mexique + et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Recherches zoologiques. Paris, + Pt. 3, 1:xiv + 1012, pls. 1-77. + + DUNN, E. R. + + 1928 A tentative key and arrangement of the American genera of + Colubridae. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 2 (1):18-24. + + 1936 Notes on North American _Leptodeira_. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., + 22 (12):689-698. + + GARMAN, S. + + 1884 The North American reptiles and batrachians. Bull. Essex + Inst., 16:1-46, 3 figs. + + GUeNTHER, A. C. L. G. + + 1860 On new reptiles and fishes from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, pp. 316-319. + + 1885-1902 Biologia Centrali-Americana. Reptilia and Batrachia. + London, pp. xx + 1-326, pls. 1-76. + + TAYLOR, E. H. + + 1938 Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus _Leptodeira_, with a + proposal of a new snake genus, _Pseudoleptodeira_. Univ. + Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:315-355, pls. 30-34, figs. 1-7. + +_Transmitted March 11, 1958. Contribution No. 11 from the Department of +Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit 2, Michigan._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid +Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. Duellman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE *** + +***** This file should be named 34954.txt or 34954.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/9/5/34954/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Monika Kraemer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |