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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Philippines A Century Hence
+
+Author: Jose Rizal
+
+Editor: Austin Craig
+
+Translator: Charles Derbyshire
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35899]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE ***
+
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+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
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+               Noli Me Tangere Quarter-Centennial Series
+                         Edited by Austin Craig
+
+                            THE PHILIPPINES
+                            A CENTURY HENCE
+
+
+                             By JOSE RIZAL
+
+
+                              Manila: 1912
+                      Philippine Education Company
+                               34 Escolta
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        "In the Philippine Islands the American government has
+        tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the
+        greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in
+        the Philippines, Jose Rizal, steadfastly advocated."
+
+            --From a public address at Fargo, N.D., on April
+            7th. 1903, by the President of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+As "Filipinas dentro de Cien Anos", this article was originally
+published serially in the Filipino fortnightly review "La Solidaridad",
+of Madrid, running through the issues from September, 1889, to
+January, 1890.
+
+It supplements Rizal's great novel "Noli Me Tangere" and its sequel
+"El Filibusterismo", and the translation here given is fortunately by
+Mr. Charles Derbyshire who in his "The Social Cancer" and "The Reign
+of Greed" has so happily rendered into English those masterpieces
+of Rizal.
+
+The reference which Doctor Rizal makes to President Harrison had in
+mind the grandson-of-his-grandfather's blundering, wavering policy
+that, because of a groundless fear of infringing the natives' natural
+rights, put his country in the false light of wanting to share in
+Samoa's exploitation, taking the leonine portion, too, along with
+Germany and England.
+
+Robert Louis Stevenson has told the story of the unhappy
+condition created by that disastrous international agreement
+which was achieved by the dissembling diplomats of greedy Europe
+flattering unsophisticated America into believing that two monarchies
+preponderating in an alliance with a republic would be fairer than
+the republic acting unhampered.
+
+In its day the scheme was acclaimed by irrational idealists as a
+triumph of American abnegation and an example of modern altruism. It
+resulted that "the international agreement" became a constant cause
+of international disagreements, as any student of history could have
+foretold, until, disgusted and disillusioned, the United States
+tardily recalled Washington's warning against entanglements with
+foreign powers and became a party to a real partition, but this time
+playing the lamb's part. England was compensated with concessions
+in other parts of the world, the United States was "given" what it
+already held under a cession twenty-seven years old,--and Germany
+took the rest as her emperor had planned from the start.
+
+There is this Philippine bearing to the incident that the same stripe
+of unpractical philanthropists, not discouraged at having forced
+the Samoans under the ungentle German rule--for their victims and not
+themselves suffer by their mistakes, are seeking now the neutralization
+by international agreement of the Archipelago for which Rizal gave
+his life. Their success would mean another "entangling alliance"
+for the United States, with six allies, or nine including Holland,
+China and Spain, if the "great republic" should be allowed by the
+diplomats of the "Great Powers" to invite these nonentities in world
+politics, with whom she would still be outvoted.
+
+Rizal's reference to America as a possible factor in the Philippines'
+future is based upon the prediction of the German traveller Feodor
+Jagor, who about 1860 spent a number of months in the Islands and later
+published his observations, supplemented by ten years of further study
+in European libraries and museums, as "Travels in the Philippines",
+to use the title of the English translation,--a very poor one, by the
+way. Rizal read the much better Spanish version while a student in the
+Ateneo de Manila, from a copy supplied by Paciano Rizal Mercado who
+directed his younger brother's political education and transferred to
+Jose the hopes which had been blighted for himself by the execution of
+his beloved teacher, Father Burgos, in the Cavite alleged insurrection.
+
+Jagor's prophecy furnishes the explanation to Rizal's public life. His
+policy of preparing his countrymen for industrial and commercial
+competition seems to have had its inspiration in this reading done
+when he was a youth in years but mature in fact through close contact
+with tragic public events as well as with sensational private sorrows.
+
+When in Berlin, Doctor Rizal met Professor Jagor, and the distinguished
+geographer and his youthful but brilliant admirer became fast friends,
+often discussing how the progress of events was bringing true the
+fortune for the Philippines which the knowledge of its history and the
+acquaintance with its then condition had enabled the trained observer
+to foretell with that same certainty that the meteorologist foretells
+the morrow's weather.
+
+A like political acumen Rizal tried to develop in his countrymen. He
+republished Morga's History (first published in Mexico in 1609) to
+recall their past. Noli Me Tangere painted their present, and in El
+Filibusterismo was sketched the future which continuance upon their
+then course must bring. "The Philippines A Century Hence" suggests
+other possibilities, and seems to have been the initial issue in the
+series of ten which Rizal planned to print, one a year, to correct the
+misunderstanding of his previous writings which had come from their
+being known mainly by the extracts cited in the censors' criticism.
+
+Jose Rizal in life voiced the aspirations of his countrymen and as
+the different elements in his divided native land recognized that
+these were the essentials upon which all were agreed and that their
+points of difference among themselves were not vital, dissension
+disappeared and there came an united Philippines. Now, since his death,
+the fact that both continental and insular Americans look to him as
+their hero makes possible the hope that misunderstandings based on
+differences as to details may cease when Filipinos recognize that
+the American Government in the Philippines, properly approached,
+is willing to grant all that Rizal considered important, and when
+Americans understand that the people of the Philippines, unaccustomed
+to the frank discussions of democracy, would be content with so little
+even as Rizal asked of Spain if only there were some salve for their
+unwittingly wounded amor propio.
+
+A better knowledge of the writings of Jose Rizal may accomplish this
+desirable consummation.
+
+
+    "I do not write for this generation. I am writing for other
+    ages. If this could read me, they would burn my books, the
+    work of my whole life. On the other hand, the generation which
+    interprets these writings will be an educated generation; they
+    will understand me and say: 'Not all were asleep in the night-time
+    of our grandparents'."
+
+                            --The Philosopher Tasio, in Noli Me Tangere.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+JAGOR'S PROPHECY
+
+    The Prophecy Which Prompted Rizal's Policy of Preparation
+    For the Philippines
+
+
+This extract is translated from Pages 287-289 of "Reisen in den
+Philippinen von F. Jagor: Berlin 1873".
+
+"The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with the
+changed conditions of the present time.
+
+"The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world. Every
+facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old
+system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal
+reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs
+are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self
+respect of the population, the more impatiently will the existing
+evils be endured.
+
+"England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the
+bond of mutual advantage, viz., the production of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+"Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard
+and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+"Half-castes and creoles, it is true, are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all official appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manila.
+
+"Also the influence of American elements is at least discernible
+on the horizon, and will come more to the front as the relations of
+the two countries grow closer. At present these are still of little
+importance; in the meantime commerce follows its old routes, which
+lead to England and the Atlantic ports of the Union. Nevertheless,
+he who attempts to form a judgment as to the future destiny of the
+Philippines cannot fix his gaze only on their relations to Spain;
+he must also consider the mighty changes which within a few decades
+are being effected on that side of our planet. For the first time in
+the world's history, the gigantic nations on both sides of a gigantic
+ocean are beginning to come into direct intercourse: Russia, which
+alone is greater than two divisions of the world together; China,
+which within her narrow bounds contains a third of the human race;
+America, with cultivable soil enough to support almost three times
+the entire population of the earth. Russia's future role in the
+Pacific Ocean at present baffles all calculations. The intercourse
+of the two other powers will probably have all the more important
+consequences when the adjustment between the immeasurable necessity
+for human labor-power on the one hand, and a correspondingly great
+surplus of that power on the other, shall fall on it as a problem."
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the
+history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start in that
+direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean
+was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a
+year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California,
+that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception
+of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is
+now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided
+from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking among
+the world's greatest seaports.
+
+"But in proportion as the commerce of the western coast of America
+extends the influence of the American elements over the South Sea, the
+ensnaring spell which the great republic exercises over the Spanish
+colonies will not fail to assert itself in the Philippines also. The
+Americans appear to be called upon to bring the germ planted by the
+Spaniards to its full development. As conquerors of the New World,
+representatives of the body of free citizens in contradistinction to
+the nobility, they follow with the axe and plow of the pioneer where
+the Spaniards had opened the way with cross and sword. A considerable
+part of Spanish America already belongs to the United States, and has,
+since that occurred, attained an importance which could not have been
+anticipated either during Spanish rule or during the anarchy which
+ensued after and from it. In the long run, the Spanish system cannot
+prevail over the American. While the former exhausts the colonies
+through direct appropriation of them to the privileged classes, and
+the metropolis through the drain of its best forces (with, besides, a
+feeble population), America draws to itself the most energetic element
+from all lands; and these on her soil, free from all trammels, and
+restlessly pushing forward, are continually extending further her
+power and influence. The Philippines will so much the less escape
+the influence of the two great neighboring empires, since neither
+the islands nor their metropolis are in a condition of stable
+equilibrium. It seems desirable for the natives that the opinions
+here expressed shall not too soon be realized as facts, for their
+training thus far has not sufficiently prepared them for success in
+the contest with those restless, active, most inconsiderate peoples;
+they have dreamed away their youth."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE
+
+
+I.
+
+Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most difficult and
+delicate questions relating to the Philippines, without weighing the
+consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we shall in the
+present article treat of their future.
+
+In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open
+the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may be reduced
+in general terms to what follows.
+
+Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had to
+sustain with their blood and the efforts of their sons the wars and
+ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles,
+in that terrible crisis when a people changes its form of government,
+its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the Philippines were
+depopulated, impoverished and retarded--caught in their metamorphosis,
+without confidence in their past, without faith in their present and
+with no fond hope for the years to come. The former rulers who had
+merely endeavored to secure the fear and submission of their subjects,
+habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from a dead tree, and
+the people, who had no love for them nor knew what liberty was, easily
+changed masters, perhaps hoping to gain something by the innovation.
+
+Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their
+ancient traditions, their recollections--they forgot their writings,
+their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by heart
+other doctrines, which they did not understand, other ethics,
+other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their
+climate and their way of thinking. Then there was a falling-off,
+they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed of what was
+distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what was foreign
+and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken and they acquiesced.
+
+Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that
+caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with gold, worship in
+a strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the
+already naturally superstitious spirit of the country, but did not
+succeed in destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system
+afterwards developed and operated with unyielding tenacity.
+
+When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this stage,
+when they had become disheartened and disgusted with themselves,
+an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many
+dormant wills and intellects to nothingness, in order to make of
+the individual a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and to
+develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was revealed,
+it was taken for granted, the race was insulted, an effort was made
+to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there were
+even writers and priests who pushed the movement still further by
+trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for
+virtue but also even the tendency to vice.
+
+Then this which they had thought would be death was sure
+salvation. Some dying persons are restored to health by a heroic
+remedy.
+
+So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the
+lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the chief trait of
+the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer
+and die under a foreign flag, he had it not when they whom he served
+repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study
+himself and to realize his misfortune. Those who had not expected this
+result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong every complaint,
+every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring thus to stifle
+every cry of sorrow with blood, and they made mistake after mistake.
+
+The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it had
+been awakened in only a few hearts, its flame nevertheless was surely
+and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid endeavors
+of certain classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments. Thus when
+a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion propagate it more and
+more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows to fan
+it into life.
+
+Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and
+noble spirits among the dominant race that tried to struggle for the
+rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among
+the dominated that aided the debasement of their own country. But
+both were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms.
+
+Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what
+will their future be?
+
+Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if
+so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain, with
+or without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices
+will have to be made?
+
+Will they be separated from the mother country to live independently,
+to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally themselves with
+neighboring powers?
+
+It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them
+both yes and no may be answered, according to the time desired to be
+covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how much less
+must there be in the life of a people, beings endowed with mobility
+and movement! So it is that in order to deal with these questions, it
+is necessary to presume an unlimited period of time, and in accordance
+therewith try to forecast future events.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+What will become of the Philippines within a century? Will they
+continue to be a Spanish colony?
+
+Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at Legazpi's
+death the Malayan Filipinos began to be gradually undeceived and,
+finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off, without
+any doubt whatsoever the reply would have been easy. To a spirit
+enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those unconquerable
+Kagayanes who nourished within themselves the spirit of the Magalats,
+to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat Salakab of
+the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was merely a
+question of getting together and making a determined effort. But for
+him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw everywhere discord and
+disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower classes, discouragement
+and disunion in the upper, only one answer presented itself, and it
+was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his neck beneath the yoke and
+accept the future with the resignation of an invalid who watches the
+leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid whose snows he discerns the
+outlines of his grave. At that time discord justified pessimism--but
+three centuries passed, the neck had become accustomed to the yoke,
+and each new generation, begotten in chains, was constantly better
+adapted to the new order of things.
+
+Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three
+centuries ago?
+
+For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people
+remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not advanced;
+for the friars and their followers the people have been redeemed from
+savagery, that is, they have progressed; for many Filipinos ethics,
+spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the good qualities of
+a people that falls into slavery that is, they have retrograded.
+
+Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our
+subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the political situation
+then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not
+possible at that time can be so now, or vice versa.
+
+Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain;
+let us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers, that there
+exist only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races;
+let us admit the assertions flaunted by many that three centuries
+of domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native
+a single spark of affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or
+not the Spanish cause has gained ground in the Islands.
+
+Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a
+handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most, many of whom were
+engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but
+also among the neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against
+the Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch, and
+ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the
+interior. Then communication with Mexico and Spain was slow, rare
+and difficult; frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling
+powers in the Islands, the treasury nearly always empty, and the life
+of the colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese
+trade. Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates,
+all enemies of the Spanish name, which was defended by an improvised
+fleet, generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners
+and enemies, as happened in the expedition of Gomez Perez Dasmarinas,
+which was checked and frustrated by the mutiny of the Chinese rowers,
+who killed him and thwarted all his plans and schemes. Yet in spite of
+so many adverse circumstances the Spanish authority has been upheld
+for more than three centuries and, though it has been curtailed,
+still continues to rule the destinies of the Philippine group.
+
+On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and
+rosy--as we might say, a beautiful morning compared to the vexed and
+stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of
+the Spanish sovereign have now been trebled; the fleet relatively
+improved; there is more organization in both civil and military
+affairs; communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer;
+she has no enemies abroad; her possession is assured; and the country
+dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence,
+a word that is to it almost incomprehensible. Everything then at
+first glance presages another three centuries, at least, of peaceful
+domination and tranquil suzerainty.
+
+But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible,
+of an ethical nature, far more powerful and transcendental.
+
+Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people:
+delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even now, in spite
+of contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different
+from his, we see the Malayan Filipino sacrifice everything--liberty,
+ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit,
+sometimes scientific, or of some other nature, but at the least word
+which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor
+expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he
+thinks he has received.
+
+So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three
+centuries, giving up their liberty and their independence, sometimes
+dazzled by the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes cajoled by
+the friendship offered them by a noble and generous people like the
+Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of which
+they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a mysterious
+character, or sometimes because the invading foreigner took advantage
+of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord and thus
+later to dominate both parties and subject them to his authority.
+
+Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained, thanks
+to the attachment of the people, to their mutual dissensions, and
+to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet
+been wounded. Then the people saw their own countrymen in the higher
+ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes
+of Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character,
+reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and attachment to Spain,
+love of the fatherland, made of the native, encomendero [1] and even
+general, as during the English invasion; then there had not yet been
+invented the insulting and ridiculous epithets with which recently
+the most laborious and painful achievements of the native leaders
+have been stigmatized; not then had it become the fashion to insult
+and slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published
+with governmental and superior ecclesiastical approval, the people
+that paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name,
+nor was it considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race,
+which was forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there were
+religious hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared
+to write against it, as did the Augustinian Gaspar de San Agustin and
+the Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light,
+and still less were they themselves rewarded with miters and raised
+to high offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time
+such as we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism
+have necessarily had some influence upon us, the most beautiful work
+of divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted
+into a caricature.
+
+The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination over
+the people, got in touch with it and made common cause with it against
+the oppressive encomenderos. Naturally, the people saw in them greater
+learning and some prestige and placed its confidence in them, followed
+their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest hours. If
+they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the native and
+made his cry reach even to the distant steps of the Throne. And not a
+few priests, both secular and regular, undertook dangerous journeys,
+as representatives of the country, and this, along with the strict
+and public residencia [2] then required of the governing powers,
+from the captain-general to the most insignificant official, rather
+consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying, even though
+it were only in form, all the malcontents.
+
+All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like
+mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays and suffers and
+it becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore,
+the general affront offered to a whole race, has wiped away the old
+feuds among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence
+in its former protectors, now its exploiters and executioners. The
+masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety of the past
+have come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live
+elsewhere, desires eternal infancy, eternal weakness, for the child in
+order to go on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has
+seen not only that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that
+she poisons it to stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she
+flies into a rage! The ancient show of justice, the holy residencia,
+has disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to prevail; the regard
+shown for a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in
+the government of his successor, sufficient to cause the citizen to
+lose his liberty and his home; if he obey the order of one official,
+as in the recent matter of admitting corpses into the church, it is
+enough to have the obedient subject later harassed and persecuted in
+every possible way; obligations and taxes increase without thereby
+increasing rights, privileges and liberties or assuring the few in
+existence; a regime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the
+minds, a regime worse than a period of disorder, for the fears that
+the imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality;
+the country is poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing
+is acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who
+are causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them!
+
+True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such
+bitterness. [3] But of what use are all the codes in the world, if by
+means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through
+anonymous traitors any honest citizen may be exiled or banished
+without a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code,
+of what use is life, if there is no security in the home, no faith in
+justice and confidence in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is
+all that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the
+cowardly accusation of a traitor has more influence in the timorous
+ears of the supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice?
+
+If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the
+Philippines within a century?
+
+The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence
+of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that
+are accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is
+not the place to speak of what outcome such a deplorable conflict
+might have, for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon
+a thousand circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though
+all the advantage should be on the government's side and therefore
+the probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no
+government ought to desire such.
+
+If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain obstinate,
+and instead of introducing reforms try to make the condition of
+the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to
+extremes against the classes that suffer and think, they are going
+to force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness
+of an unquiet life, filled with privation and bitterness, against
+the hope of securing something indefinite. What would be lost in
+the struggle? Almost nothing: the life of the numerous discontented
+classes has no such great attraction that it should be preferred
+to a glorious death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt--but then,
+what? Would not a bloody chasm yawn between victors and vanquished,
+and might not the latter with time and experience become equal in
+strength, since they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who
+disputes this? All the petty insurrections that have occurred in the
+Philippines were the work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers,
+who had to deceive and humbug the people or avail themselves of
+their power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all
+failed. No insurrection had a popular character or was based on a
+need of the whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it
+left no ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they
+had been duped the people bound up their wounds and applauded the
+overthrow of the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement
+springs from the people themselves and bases its cause upon their woes?
+
+So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not find
+capable and determined interpreters among the colonial governors and
+faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political changes
+send to fill such a delicate post; if met with the eternal it is out
+of order, proffered by the elements who see their livelihood in the
+backwardness of their subjects; if just claims are to go unheeded, as
+being of a subversive tendency; if the country is denied representation
+in the Cortes and an authorized voice to cry out against all kinds
+of abuses, which escape through the complexity of the laws; if, in
+short, the system, prolific in results of alienating the good will
+of the natives, is to continue, pricking his apathetic mind with
+insults and charges of ingratitude, we can assert that in a few years
+the present state of affairs will have been modified completely--and
+inevitably. There now exists a factor which was formerly lacking--the
+spirit of the nation has been aroused, and a common misfortune, a
+common debasement, has united all the inhabitants of the Islands. A
+numerous enlightened class now exists within and without the Islands,
+a class created and continually augmented by the stupidity of certain
+governing powers, which forces the inhabitants to leave the country,
+to secure education abroad, and it is maintained and struggles thanks
+to the provocations and the system of espionage in vogue. This class,
+whose number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant communication
+with the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the
+brain of the country in a few years it will form the whole nervous
+system and manifest its existence in all its acts.
+
+Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a people
+on the road to progress: the brutalization of the masses through
+a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch
+colonies, or theocratic, as in the Philippines; the impoverishment
+of the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and
+the fostering of feuds among the races.
+
+Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be
+impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in whose hands rests
+the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years
+in the colleges, issuing therefrom tired, weary and disgusted with
+books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue
+to progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and
+missals that inculcate hatred toward not only all scientific knowledge
+but even toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole
+elaborate system perfected and tenaciously operated by those who
+wish to keep the Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers,
+freethinkers, historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists
+and jurists. Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it suffers
+quickens it. No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable
+in the Filipino people and somehow or other it will shine forth and
+compel recognition. It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of
+the Philippines!
+
+May poverty arrest their development?
+
+Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere
+shown us and especially in the Philippines, that the classes
+which are better off have always been addicted to peace and order,
+because they live comparatively better and may be the losers in
+civil disturbances. Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit of
+conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire to
+change things, and has little care for life. Machiavelli himself held
+this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss
+of welfare stirs up more obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover,
+when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less
+complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for
+sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs in a poor country
+what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what
+use to the mother country would a poor and lean colony be?
+
+Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The
+Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not succumb before the
+foreigner, like the Australians, the Polynesians and the Indians
+of the New World. In spite of the numerous wars the Filipinos have
+had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically
+visited them, their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays
+of Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and
+lives and thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum,
+that poison which exterminated the natives of the Pacific islands,
+has no power in the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their
+present condition with that described by the early historians, makes
+it appear that the Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars
+with the inhabitants of the South consume only the soldiers, people
+who by their fidelity to the Spanish flag, far from being a menace,
+are surely one of its solidest supports.
+
+There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the provinces.
+
+This was formerly possible, when communication from one island
+to another was rare and difficult, when there were no steamers or
+telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the
+various provinces, when some provinces were cajoled by awards of
+privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But
+now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of
+distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that the inhabitants
+move from one island to another, communication and exchange of
+impressions naturally increase, and as all see themselves threatened
+by the same peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands
+and make common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly
+perfected, but to this end tend the measures of good government,
+the vexations to which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent
+changes of officials, the scarcity of centers of learning, which
+forces the youth of all the Islands to come together and begin to
+get acquainted. The journeys to Europe contribute not a little to
+tighten the bonds, for abroad the inhabitants of the most widely
+separated provinces are impressed by their patriotic feelings,
+from sailors even to the wealthiest merchants, and at the sight of
+modern liberty and the memory of the misfortunes of their country,
+they embrace and call one another brothers.
+
+In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the Philippines
+are inevitable, are decreed by fate.
+
+The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without requiring
+from the sovereign country more liberty Mutatis mutandis. For new men,
+a new social order.
+
+To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to
+risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee, tearing away the
+old rags that bind it.
+
+The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but
+with more law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves
+independent, after steeping themselves and the mother country in blood.
+
+As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture,
+which would be an evil for all and only the final argument in the most
+desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution
+the Islands may remain subjected to the Spanish authority with the very
+least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+If the Philippines must remain under the control of Spain, they
+will necessarily have to be transformed in a political sense, for
+the course of their history and the needs of their inhabitants so
+require. This we demonstrated in the preceding article.
+
+We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if
+it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful and fruitful
+if it emanate from the upper classes.
+
+Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their
+patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed reforms in order
+to forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered
+up to the present time, they have produced scanty results, for the
+government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only
+a happy issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that
+they have been based upon unstable grounds.
+
+We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms
+which have a palliative character are not only ineffectual but even
+prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that must
+be cured radically. And were we not convinced of the honesty and
+rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say that all
+the partial reforms are only plasters and salves of a physician who,
+not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to root it out,
+tries in this way to alleviate the patient's sufferings or to temporize
+with the cowardice of the timid and ignorant.
+
+All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and
+will be good--when carried out.
+
+When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho
+Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a sumptuous and
+well-appointed table "covered with fruit and many varieties of food
+differently prepared," but between the wretch's mouth and each dish
+the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying, "Take it
+away!" The dish removed, Sancho was as hungry as ever. True it is
+that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem to have been
+written by Cervantes especially for the colonial administrations:
+"You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except according to the usage and
+custom of other islands where there are governors." Something was
+found to be wrong with each dish: one was too hot, another too moist,
+and so on, just like our Pedro Rezios on both sides of the sea. Great
+good did his cook's skill do Sancho! [4]
+
+In the case of our country, the reforms take the place of the dishes,
+the Philippines are Sancho, while the part of the quack physician is
+played by many persons, interested in not having the dishes touched,
+perhaps that they may themselves get the benefit of them.
+
+The result is that the long-suffering Sancho, or the Philippines,
+misses his liberty, rejects all government and ends up by rebelling
+against his quack physician.
+
+In like manner, so long as the Philippines have no liberty of the
+press, have no voice in the Cortes to make known to the government
+and to the nation whether or not their decrees have been duly obeyed,
+whether or not these benefit the country, all the able efforts of
+the colonial ministers will meet the fate of the dishes in Barataria
+island.
+
+The minister, then, who wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin
+by declaring the press in the Philippines free and by instituting
+Filipino delegates.
+
+The press is free in the Philippines, because their complaints rarely
+ever reach the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they do they are so
+secret, so mysterious, that no newspaper dares to publish them,
+or if it does reproduce them, it does so tardily and badly.
+
+A government that rules a country from a great distance is the one that
+has the most need for a free press, more so even than the government
+of the home country, if it wishes to rule rightly and fitly. The
+government that governs in a country may even dispense with the press
+(if it can), because it is on the ground, because it has eyes and ears,
+and because it directly observes what it rules and administers. But
+the government that governs from afar absolutely requires that the
+truth and the facts reach its knowledge by every possible channel,
+so that it may weigh and estimate them better, and this need increases
+when a country like the Philippines is concerned, where the inhabitants
+speak and complain in a language unknown to the authorities. To govern
+in any other way may also be called governing, but it is to govern
+badly. It amounts to pronouncing judgment after hearing only one of
+the parties; it is steering a ship without reckoning its conditions,
+the state of the sea, the reefs and shoals, the direction of the winds
+and currents. It is managing a house by endeavoring merely to give
+it polish and a fine appearance without watching the money-chest,
+without looking after the servants and the members of the family.
+
+But routine is a declivity down which many governments slide, and
+routine says that freedom of the press is dangerous. Let us see
+what History says: uprisings and revolutions have always occurred in
+countries tyrannized over, in countries where human thought and the
+human heart have been forced to remain silent.
+
+If the great Napoleon had not tyrannized over the press, perhaps it
+would have warned him of the peril into which he was hurled and have
+made him understand that the people were weary and the earth wanted
+peace. Perhaps his genius, instead of being dissipated in foreign
+aggrandizement, would have become intensive in laboring to strengthen
+his position and thus have assured it. Spain herself records in her
+history more revolutions when the press was gagged. What colonies
+have become independent while they have had a free press and enjoyed
+liberty? Is it preferable to govern blindly or to govern with ample
+knowledge?
+
+Some one will answer that in colonies with a free press, the prestige
+of the rulers, that prop of false governments, will be greatly
+imperiled. We answer that the prestige of the nation is preferable to
+that of a few individuals. A nation acquires respect, not by abetting
+and concealing abuses, but by rebuking and punishing them. Moreover,
+to this prestige is applicable what Napoleon said about great men and
+their valets. We, who endure and know all the false pretensions and
+petty persecutions of those sham gods, do not need a free press in
+order to recognize them; they have long ago lost their prestige. The
+free press is needed by the government, the government which still
+dreams of the prestige which it builds upon mined ground.
+
+We say the same about the Filipino representatives.
+
+What risks does the government see in them? One of three things:
+either that they will prove unruly, become political trimmers, or
+act properly.
+
+Supposing that we should yield to the most absurd pessimism and admit
+the insult, great for the Philippines, but still greater for Spain,
+that all the representatives would be separatists and that in all
+their contentions they would advocate separatist ideas: does not a
+patriotic Spanish majority exist there, is there not present there
+the vigilance of the governing powers to combat and oppose such
+intentions? And would not this be better than the discontent that
+ferments and expands in the secrecy of the home, in the huts and in
+the fields? Certainly the Spanish people does not spare its blood
+where patriotism is concerned, but would not a struggle of principles
+in parliament be preferable to the exchange of shot in swampy lands,
+three thousand leagues from home, in impenetrable forests, under a
+burning sun or amid torrential rains? These pacific struggles of ideas,
+besides being a thermometer for the government, have the advantage of
+being cheap and glorious, because the Spanish parliament especially
+abounds in oratorical paladins, invincible in debate. Moreover, it is
+said that the Filipinos are indolent and peaceful--then what need the
+government fear? Hasn't it any influence in the elections? Frankly,
+it is a great compliment to the separatists to fear them in the midst
+of the Cortes of the nation.
+
+If they become political trimmers, as is to be expected and as they
+probably will be, so much the better for the government and so much
+the worse for their constituents. They would be a few more favorable
+votes, and the government could laugh openly at the separatists,
+if any there be.
+
+If they become what they should be, worthy, honest and faithful to
+their trust, they will undoubtedly annoy an ignorant or incapable
+minister with their questions, but they will help him to govern and
+will be some more honorable figures among the representatives of
+the nation.
+
+Now then, if the real objection to the Filipino delegates is that they
+smell like Igorots, which so disturbed in open Senate the doughty
+General Salamanca, then Don Sinibaldo de Mas, who saw the Igorots
+in person and wanted to live with them, can affirm that they will
+smell at worst like powder, and Senor Salamanca undoubtedly has no
+fear of that odor. And if this were all, the Filipinos, who there in
+their own country are accustomed to bathe every day, when they become
+representatives may give up such a dirty custom, at least during the
+legislative session, so as not to offend the delicate nostrils of
+the Salamancas with the odor of the bath.
+
+It is useless to answer certain objections of some fine writers
+regarding the rather brown skins and faces with somewhat wide
+nostrils. Questions of taste are peculiar to each race. China, for
+example, which has four hundred million inhabitants and a very ancient
+civilization, considers all Europeans ugly and calls them "fan-kwai,"
+or red devils. Its taste has a hundred million more adherents than
+the European. Moreover, if this is the question, we would have to
+admit the inferiority of the Latins, especially the Spaniards, to
+the Saxons, who are much whiter.
+
+And so long as it is not asserted that the Spanish parliament
+is an assemblage of Adonises, Antinouses, pretty boys, and other
+like paragons; so long as the purpose of resorting thither is to
+legislate and not to philosophize or to wander through imaginary
+spheres, we maintain that the government ought not to pause at these
+objections. Law has no skin, nor reason nostrils.
+
+So we see no serious reason why the Philippines may not have
+representatives. By their institution many malcontents would be
+silenced, and instead of blaming its troubles upon the government,
+as now happens, the country would bear them better, for it could at
+least complain and with its sons among its legislators would in a
+way become responsible for their actions.
+
+We are not sure that we serve the true interests of our country by
+asking for representatives. We know that the lack of enlightenment, the
+indolence, the egotism of our fellow countrymen, and the boldness,
+the cunning and the powerful methods of those who wish their
+obscurantism, may convert reform into a harmful instrument. But
+we wish to be loyal to the government and we are pointing out to
+it the road that appears best to us so that its efforts may not
+come to grief, so that discontent may disappear. If after so just,
+as well as necessary, a measure has been introduced, the Filipino
+people are so stupid and weak that they are treacherous to their
+own interests, then let the responsibility fall upon them, let them
+suffer all the consequences. Every country gets the fate it deserves,
+and the government can say that it has done its duty.
+
+These are the two fundamental reforms, which, properly interpreted
+and applied, will dissipate all clouds, assure affection toward Spain,
+and make all succeeding reforms fruitful. These are the reforms sine
+quibus non.
+
+It is puerile to fear that independence may come through them. The free
+press will keep the government in touch with public opinion, and the
+representatives, if they are, as they ought to be, the best from among
+the sons of the Philippines, will be their hostages. With no cause
+for discontent, how then attempt to stir up the masses of the people?
+
+Likewise inadmissible is the objection offered by some regarding the
+imperfect culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Aside from the
+fact that it is not so imperfect as is averred, there is no plausible
+reason why the ignorant and the defective (whether through their own
+or another's fault) should be denied representation to look after
+them and see that they are not abused. They are the very ones who
+most need it. No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights
+to civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since
+the Filipino is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay
+taxes or shed his blood to defend the fatherland, why must this
+fitness be denied him when the question arises of granting him some
+right? Moreover, how is he to be held responsible for his ignorance,
+when it is acknowledged by all, friends and enemies, that his zeal for
+learning is so great that even before the coming of the Spaniards every
+one could read and write, and that we now see the humblest families
+make enormous sacrifices in order that their children may become a
+little enlightened, even to the extent of working as servants in order
+to learn Spanish? How can the country be expected to become enlightened
+under present conditions when we see all the decrees issued by the
+government in favor of education meet with Pedro Rezios who prevent
+execution thereof, because they have in their hands what they call
+education? If the Filipino, then, is sufficiently intelligent to pay
+taxes, he must also be able to choose and retain the one who looks
+after him and his interests, with the product whereof he serves the
+government of his nation. To reason otherwise is to reason stupidly.
+
+When the laws and the acts of officials are kept under surveillance,
+the word justice may cease to be a colonial jest. The thing that makes
+the English most respected in their possessions is their strict and
+speedy justice, so that the inhabitants repose entire confidence in
+the judges. Justice is the foremost virtue of the civilizing races. It
+subdues the barbarous nations, while injustice arouses the weakest.
+
+Offices and trusts should be awarded by competition, publishing the
+work and the judgment thereon, so that there may be stimulus and
+that discontent may not be bred. Then, if the native does not shake
+off his indolence he can not complain when he sees all the offices
+filled by Castilas.
+
+We presume that it will not be the Spaniard who fears to enter into
+this contest, for thus will he be able to prove his superiority by
+the superiority of intelligence. Although this is not the custom in
+the sovereign country, it should be practiced in the colonies, for
+the reason that genuine prestige should be sought by means of moral
+qualities, because the colonizers ought to be, or at least to seem,
+upright, honest and intelligent, just as a man simulates virtues
+when he deals with strangers. The offices and trusts so earned will
+do away with arbitrary dismissal and develop employees and officials
+capable and cognizant of their duties. The offices held by natives,
+instead of endangering the Spanish domination, will merely serve
+to assure it, for what interest would they have in converting the
+sure and stable into the uncertain and problematical? The native
+is, moreover, very fond of peace and prefers an humble present to
+a brilliant future. Let the various Filipinos still holding office
+speak in this matter; they are the most unshaken conservatives.
+
+We could add other minor reforms touching commerce, agriculture,
+security of the individual and of property, education, and so on,
+but these are points with which we shall deal in other articles. For
+the present we are satisfied with the outlines, and no one can say
+that we ask too much.
+
+There will not be lacking critics to accuse us of Utopianism:
+but what is Utopia? Utopia was a country imagined by Thomas Moore,
+wherein existed universal suffrage, religious toleration, almost
+complete abolition of the death penalty, and so on. When the book was
+published these things were looked upon as dreams, impossibilities,
+that is, Utopianism. Yet civilization has left the country of Utopia
+far behind, the human will and conscience have worked greater miracles,
+have abolished slavery and the death penalty for adultery--things
+impossible for even Utopia itself!
+
+The French colonies have their representatives. The question has also
+been raised in the English parliament of giving representation to
+the Crown colonies, for the others already enjoy some autonomy. The
+press there also is free. Only Spain, which in the sixteenth century
+was the model nation in civilization, lags far behind. Cuba and
+Porto Rico, whose inhabitants do not number a third of those of
+the Philippines, and who have not made such sacrifices for Spain,
+have numerous representatives. The Philippines in the early days
+had theirs, who conferred with the King and the Pope on the needs
+of the country. They had them in Spain's critical moments, when she
+groaned under the Napoleonic yoke, and they did not take advantage of
+the sovereign country's misfortune like other colonies, but tightened
+more firmly the bonds that united them to the nation, giving proofs of
+their loyalty; and they continued until many years later. What crime
+have the Islands committed that they are deprived of their rights?
+
+To recapitulate: the Philippines will remain Spanish, if they
+enter upon the life of law and civilization, if the rights of their
+inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted,
+if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery
+or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations.
+
+Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the Islands a lode to
+be exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, thus to relieve the
+sovereign country of taxes, killing the goose that lays the golden
+eggs and shutting its ears to all cries of reason, then, however
+great may be the loyalty of the Filipinos, it will be impossible to
+hinder the operations of the inexorable laws of history. Colonies
+established to subserve the policy and the commerce of the sovereign
+country, all eventually become independent, said Bachelet, and before
+Bachelet all the Phoenecian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English,
+Portuguese and Spanish colonies had said it.
+
+Close indeed are the bonds that unite us to Spain. Two peoples
+do not live for three centuries in continual contact, sharing the
+same lot, shedding their blood on the same fields, holding the same
+beliefs, worshipping the same God, interchanging the same ideas,
+but that ties are formed between them stronger than those fashioned
+by arms or fear. Mutual sacrifices and benefits have engendered
+affection. Machiavelli, the great reader of the human heart, said:
+la natura degli huomini, e cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi
+fanno, come per quelli che essi ricevono (it is human nature to be
+bound as much by benefits conferred as by those received). All this,
+and more, is true, but it is pure sentimentality, and in the arena
+of politics stern necessity and interests prevail. Howsoever much
+the Filipinos owe Spain, they can not be required to forego their
+redemption, to have their liberal and enlightened sons wander about
+in exile from their native land, the rudest aspirations stifled in
+its atmosphere, the peaceful inhabitant living in constant alarm,
+with the fortune of the two peoples dependent upon the whim of one
+man. Spain can not claim, not even in the name of God himself, that
+six millions of people should be brutalized, exploited and oppressed,
+denied light and the rights inherent to a human being, and then heap
+upon them slights and insults. There is no claim of gratitude that
+can excuse, there is not enough powder in the world to justify, the
+offenses against the liberty of the individual, against the sanctity
+of the home, against the laws, against peace and honor, offenses that
+are committed there daily. There is no divinity that can proclaim
+the sacrifice of our dearest affections, the sacrifice of the family,
+the sacrileges and wrongs that are committed by persons who have the
+name of God on their lips. No one can require an impossibility of the
+Filipino people. The noble Spanish people, so jealous of its rights
+and liberties, can not bid the Filipinos renounce theirs. A people
+that prides itself on the glories of its past can not ask another,
+trained by it, to accept abjection and dishonor its own name!
+
+We who today are struggling by the legal and peaceful means of debate
+so understand it, and with our gaze fixed upon our ideals, shall not
+cease to plead our cause, without going beyond the pale of the law,
+but if violence first silences us or we have the misfortune to fall
+(which is possible, for we are mortal), then we do not know what
+course will be taken by the numerous tendencies that will rush in to
+occupy the places that we leave vacant.
+
+If what we desire is not realized....
+
+In contemplating such an unfortunate eventuality, we must not turn
+away in horror, and so instead of closing our eyes we will face what
+the future may bring. For this purpose, after throwing the handful
+of dust due to Cerberus, let us frankly descend into the abyss and
+sound its terrible mysteries.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+History does not record in its annals any lasting domination exercised
+by one people over another, of different race, of diverse usages and
+customs, of opposite and divergent ideals.
+
+One of the two had to yield and succumb. Either the foreigner was
+driven out, as happened in the case of the Carthaginians, the Moors
+and the French in Spain, or else these autochthons had to give way
+and perish, as was the case with the inhabitants of the New World,
+Australia and New Zealand.
+
+One of the longest dominations was that of the Moors in Spain, which
+lasted seven centuries. But, even though the conquerors lived in the
+country conquered, even though the Peninsula was broken up into small
+states, which gradually emerged like little islands in the midst
+of the great Saracen inundation, and in spite of the chivalrous
+spirit, the gallantry and the religious toleration of the califs,
+they were finally driven out after bloody and stubborn conflicts,
+which formed the Spanish nation and created the Spain of the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries.
+
+The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength
+and activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science
+teaches us that it is either assimilated, destroys the organism,
+is eliminated or becomes encysted.
+
+Encystment of a conquering people is impossible, for it signifies
+complete isolation, absolute inertia, debility in the conquering
+element. Encystment thus means the tomb of the foreign invader.
+
+Now, applying these considerations to the Philippines, we must
+conclude, as a deduction from all we have said, that if their
+population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators
+do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equable laws and
+free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to
+different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute
+one mass, socially and politically homogeneous, that is, not harassed
+by opposing tendencies and antagonistic ideas and interests, some
+day the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves
+independent. To this law of destiny can be opposed neither Spanish
+patriotism, nor the love of all the Filipinos for Spain, nor the
+doubtful future of dismemberment and intestine strife in the Islands
+themselves. Necessity is the most powerful divinity the world knows,
+and necessity is the resultant of physical forces set in operation
+by ethical forces.
+
+We have said and statistics prove that it is impossible to exterminate
+the Filipino people. And even were it possible, what interest would
+Spain have in the destruction of the inhabitants of a country she
+can not populate or cultivate, whose climate is to a certain extent
+disastrous to her? What good would the Philippines be without
+the Filipinos? Quite otherwise, under her colonial system and
+the transitory character of the Spaniards who go to the colonies,
+a colony is so much the more useful and productive to her as it
+possesses inhabitants and wealth. Moreover, in order to destroy the
+six million Malays, even supposing them to be in their infancy and
+that they have never learned to fight and defend themselves, Spain
+would have to sacrifice at least a fourth of her population. This we
+commend to the notice of the partizans of colonial exploitation.
+
+But nothing of this kind can happen. The menace is that when the
+education and liberty necessary to human existence are denied by
+Spain to the Filipinos, then they will seek enlightenment abroad,
+behind the mother country's back, or they will secure by hook or
+by crook some advantages in their own country, with the result that
+the opposition of purblind and paretic politicians will not only be
+futile but even prejudicial, because it will convert motives for love
+and gratitude into resentment and hatred.
+
+Hatred and resentment on one side, mistrust and anger on the other,
+will finally result in a violent and terrible collision, especially
+when there exist elements interested in having disturbances, so that
+they may get something in the excitement, demonstrate their mighty
+power, foster lamentations and recriminations, or employ violent
+measures. It is to be expected that the government will triumph
+and be generally (as is the custom) severe in punishment, either
+to teach a stern lesson in order to vaunt its strength or even to
+revenge upon the vanquished the spells of excitement and terror
+that the danger caused it. An unavoidable concomitant of those
+catastrophes is the accumulation of acts of injustice committed
+against the innocent and peaceful inhabitants. Private reprisals,
+denunciations, despicable accusations, resentments, covetousness,
+the opportune moment for calumny, the haste and hurried procedure of
+the courts martial, the pretext of the integrity of the fatherland
+and the safety of the state, which cloaks and justifies everything,
+even for scrupulous minds, which unfortunately are still rare, and
+above all the panic-stricken timidity, the cowardice that battens upon
+the conquered--all these things augment the severe measures and the
+number of the victims. The result is that a chasm of blood is then
+opened between the two peoples, that the wounded and the afflicted,
+instead of becoming fewer, are increased, for to the families and
+friends of the guilty, who always think the punishment excessive
+and the judge unjust, must be added the families and friends of the
+innocent, who see no advantage in living and working submissively
+and peacefully. Note, too, that if severe measures are dangerous in
+a nation made up of a homogeneous population, the peril is increased
+a hundred-fold when the government is formed of a race different from
+the governed. In the former an injustice may still be ascribed to one
+man alone, to a governor actuated by personal malice, and with the
+death of the tyrant the victim is reconciled to the government of
+his nation. But in a country dominated by a foreign race, even the
+justest act of severity is construed as injustice and oppression,
+because it is ordered by a foreigner, who is unsympathetic or is
+an enemy of the country, and the offense hurts not only the victim
+but his entire race, because it is not usually regarded as personal,
+and so the resentment naturally spreads to the whole governing race
+and does not die out with the offender.
+
+Hence the great prudence and fine tact that should be exercised
+by colonizing countries, and the fact that government regards the
+colonies in general, and our colonial office in particular, as training
+schools, contributes notably to the fulfillment of the great law that
+the colonies sooner or later declare themselves independent.
+
+Such is the descent down which the peoples are precipitated. In
+proportion as they are bathed in blood and drenched in tears and gall,
+the colony, if it has any vitality, learns how to struggle and perfect
+itself in fighting, while the mother country, whose colonial life
+depends upon peace and the submission of the subjects, is constantly
+weakened, and, even though she make heroic efforts, as her number is
+less and she has only a fictitious existence, she finally perishes. She
+is like the rich voluptuary accustomed to be waited upon by a crowd of
+servants toiling and planting for him, and who, on the day his slaves
+refuse him obedience, as he does not live by his own efforts, must die.
+
+Reprisals, wrongs and suspicions on one part and on the other
+the sentiment of patriotism and liberty, which is aroused in these
+incessant conflicts, insurrections and uprisings, operate to generalize
+the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. The struggle
+will be brief, for it will amount to a slavery much more cruel than
+death for the people and to a dishonorable loss of prestige for the
+dominator. One of the peoples must succumb.
+
+Spain, from the number of her inhabitants, from the condition of her
+army and navy, from the distance she is situated from the Islands,
+from her scanty knowledge of them, and from struggling against a people
+whose love and good will she has alienated, will necessarily have to
+give way, if she does not wish to risk not only her other possessions
+and her future in Africa, but also her very independence in Europe. All
+this at the cost of bloodshed and crime, after mortal conflicts,
+murders, conflagrations, military executions, famine and misery.
+
+The Spaniard is gallant and patriotic, and sacrifices everything,
+in favorable moments, for his country's good. He has the intrepidity
+of his bull. The Filipino loves his country no less, and although he
+is quieter, more peaceful, and with difficulty stirred up, when he
+is once aroused he does not hesitate and for him the struggle means
+death to one or the other combatant. He has all the meekness and all
+the tenacity and ferocity of his carabao. Climate affects bipeds in
+the same way that it does quadrupeds.
+
+The terrible lessons and the hard teachings that these conflicts will
+have afforded the Filipinos will operate to improve and strengthen
+their ethical nature. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the
+Spain of the eighth. With their bitter experience, instead of intestine
+conflicts of some islands against others, as is generally feared,
+they will extend mutual support, like shipwrecked persons when they
+reach an island after a fearful night of storm. Nor may it be said
+that we shall partake of the fate of the small American republics. They
+achieved their independence easily, and their inhabitants are animated
+by a different spirit from what the Filipinos are. Besides, the danger
+of falling again into other hands, English or German, for example,
+will force the Filipinos to be sensible and prudent. Absence of
+any great preponderance of one race over the others will free their
+imagination from all mad ambitions of domination, and as the tendency
+of countries that have been tyrannized over, when they once shake off
+the yoke, is to adopt the freest government, like a boy leaving school,
+like the beat of the pendulum, by a law of reaction the Islands will
+probably declare themselves a federal republic.
+
+If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and stubborn
+conflicts, they can rest assured that neither England, nor Germany,
+nor France, and still less Holland, will dare to take up what Spain
+has been unable to hold. Within a few years Africa will completely
+absorb the attention of the Europeans, and there is no sensible nation
+which, in order to secure a group of poor and hostile islands, will
+neglect the immense territory offered by the Dark Continent, untouched,
+undeveloped and almost undefended. England has enough colonies in the
+Orient and is not going to risk losing her balance. She is not going
+to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor Philippine Islands--if
+she had entertained such an intention she would not have restored
+Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point in the Philippines,
+whence she might gradually expand. Moreover, what need has John
+Bull the trader to exhaust himself for the Philippines, when he is
+already lord of the Orient, when he has there Singapore, Hongkong
+and Shanghai? It is probable that England will look favorably upon
+the independence of the Philippines, for it will open their ports to
+her and afford greater freedom to her commerce. Furthermore, there
+exist in the United Kingdom tendencies and opinions to the effect
+that she already has too many colonies, that they are harmful, that
+they greatly weaken the sovereign country.
+
+For the same reasons Germany will not care to run any risk, and because
+a scattering of her forces and a war in distant countries will endanger
+her existence on the continent. Thus we see her attitude, as much in
+the Pacific as in Africa, is confined to conquering easy territory
+that belongs to nobody. Germany avoids any foreign complications.
+
+France has enough to do and sees more of a future in Tongking and
+China, besides the fact that the French spirit does not shine in zeal
+for colonization. France loves glory, but the glory and laurels that
+grow on the battlefields of Europe. The echo from battlefields in the
+Far East hardly satisfies her craving for renown, for it reaches her
+quite faintly. She has also other obligations, both internally and
+on the continent.
+
+Holland is sensible and will be content to keep the Moluccas and
+Java. Sumatra offers her a greater future than the Philippines, whose
+seas and coasts have a sinister omen for Dutch expeditions. Holland
+proceeds with great caution in Sumatra and Borneo, from fear of
+losing everything.
+
+China will consider herself fortunate if she succeeds in keeping
+herself intact and is not dismembered or partitioned among the European
+powers that are colonizing the continent of Asia.
+
+The same is true of Japan. On the north she has Russia, who envies and
+watches her; on the south England, with whom she is in accord even
+to her official language. She is, moreover, under such diplomatic
+pressure from Europe that she can not think of outside affairs until
+she is freed from it, which will not be an easy matter. True it is
+that she has an excess of population, but Korea attracts her more
+than the Philippines and is, also, easier to seize.
+
+Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the
+Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may some day
+dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example
+is contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest
+vices, and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan
+question. But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of
+the States congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly
+attempt it the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they
+know very well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North
+America would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get
+into the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to her traditions.
+
+Very likely the Philippines will defend with inexpressible valor the
+liberty secured at the price of so much blood and sacrifice. With the
+new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of
+their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide
+road of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their
+fatherland, both internally and externally, with the same enthusiasm
+with which a youth falls again to tilling the land of his ancestors,
+so long wasted and abandoned through the neglect of those who have
+withheld it from him. Then the mines will be made to give up their
+gold for relieving distress, iron for weapons, copper, lead and
+coal. Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile
+life for which the islanders are fitted by their nature, ability and
+instincts, and once more free, like the bird that leaves its cage,
+like the flower that unfolds to the air, will recover the pristine
+virtues that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted
+to peace--cheerful, happy, joyous, hospitable and daring.
+
+These and many other things may come to pass within something like a
+hundred years. But the most logical prognostication, the prophecy based
+on the best probabilities, may err through remote and insignificant
+causes. An octopus that seized Mark Antony's ship altered the face of
+the world; a cross on Cavalry and a just man nailed thereon changed
+the ethics of half the human race, and yet before Christ, how many
+just men wrongfully perished and how many crosses were raised on
+that hill! The death of the just sanctified his work and made his
+teaching unanswerable. A sunken road at the battle of Waterloo buried
+all the glories of two brilliant decades, the whole Napoleonic world,
+and freed Europe. Upon what chance accidents will the destiny of the
+Philippines depend?
+
+Nevertheless, it is not well to trust to accident, for there is
+sometimes an imperceptible and incomprehensible logic in the workings
+of history. Fortunately, peoples as well as governments are subject
+to it.
+
+Therefore, we repeat, and we will ever repeat, while there is time,
+that it is better to keep pace with the desires of a people than
+to give way before them: the former begets sympathy and love, the
+latter contempt and anger. Since it is necessary to grant six million
+Filipinos their rights, so that they may be in fact Spaniards, let
+the government grant these rights freely and spontaneously, without
+damaging reservations, without irritating mistrust. We shall never
+tire of repeating this while a ray of hope is left us, for we prefer
+this unpleasant task to the need of some day saying to the mother
+country: "Spain, we have spent our youth in serving thy interests in
+the interests of our country; we have looked to thee, we have expended
+the whole light of our intellects, all the fervor and enthusiasm of our
+hearts in working for the good of what was thine, to draw from thee a
+glance of love, a liberal policy that would assure us the peace of our
+native land and thy sway over loyal but unfortunate islands! Spain,
+thou hast remained deaf, and, wrapped up in thy pride, hast pursued
+thy fatal course and accused us of being traitors, merely because we
+love our country, because we tell thee the truth and hate all kinds
+of injustice. What dost thou wish us to tell our wretched country,
+when it asks about the result of our efforts? Must we say to it that,
+since for it we have lost everything--youth, future, hope, peace,
+family; since in its service we have exhausted all the resources of
+hope, all the disillusions of desire, it also takes the residue which
+we can not use, the blood from our veins and the strength left in our
+arms? Spain, must we some day tell Filipinas that thou hast no ear for
+her woes and that if she wishes to be saved she must redeem herself?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RIZAL'S FAREWELL ADDRESS
+
+ADDRESS TO SOME FILIPINOS
+
+
+"Countrymen: On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been
+in use, among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a
+painful surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over
+an incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications
+of the disturbances continuing, and if any still, in good or bad faith,
+are availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive
+the unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may
+be known.
+
+"From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what
+was being planned, I opposed it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+"I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might
+seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills
+which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate, if, at any
+sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of civic virtues, without
+which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and repeat
+my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+"Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn,
+this uprising,--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back,--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+"Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith.
+
+
+    Jose Rizal.
+
+                                    "Fort Santiago, December 15th, 1896.
+
+
+The Spanish judge-advocate-general commented upon the address:
+
+
+"The preceding address to his countrymen which Dr. Rizal proposes
+to direct to them, is not in substance the patriotic protest
+against separatist manifestations and tendencies which ought to
+come from those who claim to be loyal sons of Spain. According
+to his declarations, Don Jose Rizal limits himself to condemning
+the present insurrectionary movement as premature and because he
+considers now its triumph impossible, but leaves it to be inferred
+that the wished-for independence can be gained by procedures less
+dishonorable than those now being followed by the rebels, when the
+culture of the people shall be a most valuable asset for the combat
+and guarantee its successful issue.
+
+"For Rizal the question is of opportuneness, not of principles nor of
+aims. His manifesto might be summarized in these words: 'Because of
+my proofs of the rebellion's certainty to fail, lay down your arms,
+my countrymen. Later I shall lead you to the Promised Land.'
+
+"So far from being conducive to peace, it could advance in the
+future the spirit of rebellion. For this reason the publication of
+the proposed address seems impolitic, and I would recommend to Your
+Excellency to forbid its being made public, but to order that all
+these papers be forwarded to the Judge Advocate therein and added to
+the case against Rizal."
+
+                                          "Manila, December 19th, 1896."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RIZAL'S DEFENCE
+
+
+These "Additions" were really Doctor Rizal's defence before the
+court martial which condemned him and pretended to have tried him,
+on the charge of having organized revolutionary societies and so
+being responsible for the rebellion.
+
+The only counsel permitted him, a young lieutenant selected from the
+junior Spanish army officers, risked the displeasure of his superiors
+in the few words he did say, but his argument was pitiably weak. The
+court scene, where Rizal sat for hours with his elbows corded back of
+him while the crowd, unrebuked by the court, clamored for his death,
+recalls the stories of the bloody assizes of Judge Jeffreys and of
+the bloodthirsty tribunals of the Reign of Terror. He was compelled
+to testify himself, was not permitted to hear the testimony given for
+the prosecution, no witness dared favor him, much less appear in his
+behalf, and his own brother had been tortured, with the thumbscrews
+as well as in other mediaeval and modern ways, in a vain endeavor to
+extort a confession implicating the Doctor.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONS TO MY DEFENCE
+
+Don Jose Rizal y Alonso respectfully requests the Court Martial to
+consider well the following circumstances:
+
+First.--Re the rebellion. From July 6th, 1892, I had absolutely no
+connection with politics until July 1st of this year when, advised
+by Don Pio Valenzuela that an uprising was proposed, I counselled
+against it, trying to convince him with arguments. Don Pio Valenzuela
+left me convinced apparently; so much so that instead of later taking
+part in rebellion, he presented himself to the authorities for pardon.
+
+Secondly.--A proof that I maintained no political relation with any
+one, and of the falsity of the statement that I was in the habit of
+sending letters by my family, is the fact that it was necessary to
+send Don Pio Valenzuela under an assumed name, at considerable cost,
+when in the same steamer were travelling five members of my family
+besides two servants. If what has been charged were true, what occasion
+was there for Don Pio to attract the attention of any one and incur
+large expenses? Besides, the mere fact of Sr. Valenzuela's coming to
+inform me of the rebellion proves that I was not in correspondence
+with its promoters for if I had been then I should have known of
+it, for making an uprising is a sufficiently serious matter not to
+hide it from me. When they took the step of sending Sr. Valenzuela,
+it proves that they were aware that I knew nothing, that is to say,
+that I was not maintaining correspondence with them. Another negative
+proof is that not a single letter of mine can be shown.
+
+Thirdly.--They cruelly abused my name and at the last hour wanted
+to surprise me. Why did they not communicate with me before? They
+might say likewise that I was, if not content, at least resigned to my
+fate, for I had refused various propositions which a number of people
+made me to rescue me from that place. Only in these last months, in
+consequence of certain domestic affairs, having had differences with
+a missionary padre, I had sought to go as a volunteer to Cuba. Don
+Pio Valenzuela came to warn me that I might put myself in security,
+because, according to him, it was possible that they might compromise
+me. As I considered myself wholly innocent and was not posted on the
+details of the movement (besides that I had convinced Sr. Valenzuela)
+I took no precautions, but when His Excellency, the Governor General,
+wrote me announcing my departure for Cuba, I embarked at once,
+leaving all my affairs unattended to. And yet I could have gone to
+another part or simply have staid in Dapitan for His Excellency's
+letter was conditional. It said--"If you persist in your idea of
+going to Cuba, etc." When the uprising occurred it found me on board
+the warship "Castilla", and I offered myself unconditionally to His
+Excellency. Twelve or fourteen days later I set out for Europe, and
+had I had an uneasy conscience I should have tried to escape in some
+port en route, especially Singapore, where I went ashore and when
+other passengers who had passports for Spain staid over. I had an
+easy conscience and hoped to go to Cuba.
+
+Fourthly.--In Dapitan I had boats and I was permitted to make
+excursions along the coast and to the settlements, absences which
+lasted as long as I wished, at times a week. If I had still had
+intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in
+the vintas of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements. Neither would
+I have built my small hospital nor bought land nor invited my family
+to live with me.
+
+Fifthly.--Some one has said that I was the chief. What kind of a
+chief is he who is ignored in the plotting and who is notified only
+that he may escape? How is he chief who when he says no, they say yes?
+
+--As to the "Liga":
+
+Sixthly.--It is true that I drafted its By-Laws whose aims were to
+promote commerce, industry, the arts, etc., by means of united action,
+as have testified witnesses not at all prejudiced in my favor, rather
+the reverse.
+
+Seventhly.--The "Liga" never came into real existence nor ever got
+to working, since after the first meeting no one paid any attention
+to it, because I was exiled a few days later.
+
+Eighthly.--If it was reorganized nine months afterwards by other
+persons, as now is said, I was ignorant of the fact.
+
+Ninthly.--The "Liga" was not a society with harmful tendencies and
+the proof is the fact that the radicals had to leave it, organizing
+the Katipunan which was what answered their purposes. Had the "Liga"
+lacked only a little of being adapted for rebellion, the radicals
+would not have left it but simply would have modified it; besides,
+if, as some allege, I am the chief, out of consideration for me and
+for the prestige of my name, they would have retained the name of
+"Liga". Their having abandoned it, name and all, proves clearly that
+they neither counted on me nor did the "Liga" serve their purposes,
+otherwise they would not have made another society when they had one
+already organized.
+
+Tenthly.--As to my letters, I beg of the court that, if there are
+any bitter criticisms in them, it will consider the circumstances
+under which they were written. Then we had been deprived of our two
+dwellings, warehouses, lands, and besides all my brothers-in-law
+and my brother were deported, in consequence of a suit arising from
+an inquiry of the Administracion de Hacienda (tax-collecting branch
+of the government), a case in which, according to our attorney (in
+Madrid), Sr. Linares Rivas, we had the right on our side.
+
+Eleventhly.--That I have endured exile without complaint, not because
+of the charge alleged, for that was not true, but for what I had
+been able to write. And ask the politico-military commanders of
+the district where I resided of my conduct during these four years
+of exile, of the town, even of the very missionary parish priests
+despite my personal differences with one of them.
+
+Twelfthly.--All these facts and considerations destroy the
+little-founded accusation of those who have testified against me,
+with whom I have asked the Judge to be confronted. Is it possible
+that in a single night I was able to line up all the filibusterism,
+at a gathering which discussed commerce, etc., a gathering which went
+no further for it died immediately afterwards? If the few who were
+present had been influenced by my words they would not have let the
+"Liga" die. Is it that those who formed part of the "Liga" that night
+founded the Katipunan? I think not. Who went to Dapitan to interview
+me? Persons entirely unknown to me. Why was not an acquaintance sent,
+in whom I would have had more confidence? Because those acquainted
+with me knew very well that I had forsaken politics or that, realizing
+my views on rebellion, they must have refused to undertake a mission
+useless and unpromising.
+
+I trust that by these considerations I have demonstrated that neither
+did I found a society for revolutionary purposes, nor have I taken
+part since in others, nor have I been concerned in the rebellion,
+but that on the contrary I have been opposed to it, as the making
+public of a private conversation has proven.
+
+
+    Fort Santiago, Dec. 26, 1896.
+
+        JOSE RIZAL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RESPECTING THE REBELLION.
+
+    The remarks about the rebellion are from a photographic copy
+    of the pencil notes used by Rizal for his brief speech. The
+    manuscript is now in the possession of Sr. Eduardo Lete, of
+    Saragossa, Spain.
+
+
+I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc. and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion of my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. "Besides, said I, don't consider me but our country which
+is the one that will suffer." I went on to show how absurd was the
+movement.--This later Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not tell me
+that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I was its
+chief, nor anything of that sort.
+
+Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order nor makes any arrangement, who is not
+consulted in any way about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then, when he decides against it, is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+              A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+            Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+            Where all around perfume is shed,
+            And life but as a dream is known;
+            The land that I can call my own,
+            By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+            Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+            And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+            And all along the spreading shore
+            The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+              While yet in childhood's happy day,
+            I learned upon its sun to smile,
+            And in my breast there seemed the while
+            Seething volcanic fires to play;
+            A bard I was, and my wish alway
+            To call upon the fleeting wind,
+            With all the force of verse and mind:
+            "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+            From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+            And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+                                          From "Mi Piden Versos" (1882),
+                                      verses from Madrid for his mother.
+
+
+
+
+              One by one they have passed on,
+            All I loved and moved among;
+            Dead or married--from me gone,
+            For all I place my heart upon
+            By fate adverse are stung.
+
+              Go thou too, O Muse, depart;
+            Other regions fairer find;
+            For my land but offers art
+            For the laurel, chains that bind,
+            For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+              But before thou leavest me, speak;
+            Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+            Thou couldst ever from me seek
+            A song of sorrow for the weak,
+            Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+                                                From "A Mi Musa" (1884),
+                                    requested by a young lady of Madrid.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] An encomendero was a Spanish soldier who as a reward for faithful
+service was set over a district with power to collect tribute and
+the duty of providing the people with legal protection and religious
+instruction. This arrangement is memorable in early Philippine annals
+chiefly for the flagrant abuses that appear to have characterized it.
+
+[2] No official was allowed to leave the Islands at the expiration
+of his term of office until his successor or a council appointed by
+the sovereign inquired into all the acts of his administration and
+approved them. (This residencia was a fertile source of recrimination
+and retaliation, so the author quite aptly refers to it a little
+further on as "the ancient show of justice."
+
+[3] The penal code was promulgated in the Islands by Royal Order of
+September 4, 1884.
+
+[4] Cervantes' "Don Quijote," Part II, chapter 47.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
+
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