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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas,
+[KU. Vol. 1 No. 11], by Bernardo Villa-R and E. Raymond Hall
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11]
+
+Author: Bernardo Villa-R
+        E. Raymond Hall
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2011 [EBook #36653]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Matthew Wheaton
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+    SUBSPECIATION IN POCKET GOPHERS OF KANSAS
+
+    By BERNARDO VILLA-R. and E. RAYMOND HALL
+
+
+    University of Kansas Publications
+    Museum of Natural History
+
+    Volume 1, No. 11, pp. 217-236
+    November 29, 1947
+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+    LAWRENCE
+    1947
+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+    Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, H. H. Lane, and Edward H. Taylor
+    Volume 1, No. 11, pp. 217-236
+    Published November 29, 1947
+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+    Lawrence, Kansas
+
+    PRINTED BY
+    FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+    TOPEKA, KANSAS
+    1947
+
+    21-8188
+
+
+
+
+Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas
+
+By BERNARDO VILLA-R. AND E. RAYMOND HALL
+
+
+Several full species of the genus _Geomys_ have been recorded from
+Kansas. The purpose of the study now reported upon was to determine the
+present taxonomic status of these animals and the distribution of each
+within the boundaries of Kansas. No pocket gopher of any kind has been
+reported from the southeastern part of the state; in all other parts
+_Geomys_ is locally common.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+
+The first published reference that we have found to pocket gophers of
+Kansas is Prof. Spencer F. Baird's (1857:377, 380) mention of two
+specimens from Fort Riley. One he identified as _Geomys bursarius_ (p.
+377) and the other (p. 380) he doubtfully referred to _Geomys
+breviceps_. Both specimens were obtained by Dr. W. A. Hammond. J. A.
+Allen (1874:49) reported pocket gophers from Kansas under the generic
+name "Geomys?". Professor M. V. B. Knox (1875:21) published a list of
+Kansas mammals in which he used the names _Geomys bursarius_ Shaw and
+_Geomys breviceps_ Baird, the last one for the specimen taken by Dr.
+Hammond, at Fort Riley. Baker (1889:57) employed the name _Geomys
+bursarius_ Rich. for the gopher "found along the hundredth meridian,
+between N latitude 38 deg. 30' and 39 deg. 30'." He reported this animal as
+common in western Kansas. Merriam (1895:129) recorded _G. bursarius_ and
+_G. lutescens_ from Kansas. Allen (1895:265) recorded five specimens of
+_Geomys lutescens_ collected between September 16 and October 13 at Long
+Island, Phillips County, Kansas, by W. W. Granger. Since that time
+several papers, some of them dealing mostly with habits of pocket
+gophers, have been published in which reference is made to _Geomys_ in
+Kansas. Hibbard (1933:240) recognized three species: _G. bursarius_, _G.
+lutescens_, and _G. breviceps llanensis_. In 1944 (74-75) he recorded
+_Cratogeomys_ from Meade County, on the basis of two skulls dug out of
+the ground, and he recognized the same three full species of the genus
+_Geomys_ that he did in 1933, along with two additional subspecies.
+
+Specimens to the total number of 335 from Kansas have been available
+for the present study of the five subspecies recognized. The reason for
+arranging all of the named kinds as subspecies of a single species is
+that intergradation has been found to occur between every pair of kinds
+having contiguous geographic ranges. The characters previously thought
+by some writers constantly to differentiate, say, _Geomys lutescens_ of
+western Kansas from _Geomys bursarius_ of eastern Kansas, prove not to
+do so; instead, in areas geographically intermediate between the
+geographic ranges of the two kinds, the pocket gophers are intermediate
+in morphological characters and therefore are regarded as intergrades.
+Intergradation of this kind here is accepted as the criterion of
+subspecies, and lack of such intergradation as the criterion of species.
+Search for structural characters, distinctive of the different kinds,
+additional to those characters noted by other writers, has resulted in
+the finding of a few such characters but they too are subject to
+intergradation. Therefore the several kinds are arranged as subspecies
+of a single species which takes the name _Geomys bursarius_ because it
+is the oldest available name. Detailed comment on specimens showing
+intergradation are to be found in the accounts of _G. b. bursarius_ and
+_G. b. major_.
+
+
+
+
+METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+
+The series with the largest number of individuals from one restricted
+locality was selected for initial study. These individuals were
+segregated by sex, and specimens of each sex were arranged from oldest
+to youngest. Each series was divided into age-groups, and within a given
+age-group of one sex from one locality of what was considered as one
+species, estimation was made of the amount of individual variation.
+Thus, it was possible when comparing different kinds of pocket gophers
+to use only one age class of one season of one sex.
+
+Age was estimated to some extent by size of animal and nature of its
+pelage. The immature pelage is grayer and the hair is more crinkled than
+in adults. A more certain guide to age, however, is furnished by the
+skull. With increasing age some sutures disappear, the rostrum increases
+in length and the ridges marking the limits of the temporal muscles come
+to fuse and eventually, in males, form a high sagittal crest.
+
+  Cranial measurements were taken as follows:
+
+  Basilar length.--From the anteriormost inferior border of the
+  foramen magnum to a line connecting the posteriormost margins
+  of the alveoli of the first upper incisors.
+
+  Length of the nasals.--The greatest length of the nasals.
+
+  Zygomatic breadth.--The greatest distance across the zygomatic
+  arches.
+
+  Mastoid breadth.--The greatest distance across the mastoids.
+
+  Breadth of rostrum.--Width, perpendicular to long axis of the
+  skull.
+
+  Interorbital constriction.--The least distance between the
+  orbits.
+
+  Maxillary tooth row.--The greatest length of the upper
+  molariform tooth row at the alveolar border.
+
+  Extension of premaxillae posterior to nasals.--From the
+  posteriormost border of the nasals to the posterior end of the
+  extension of a premaxilla.
+
+  Depth of skull.--From the median suture of the frontals, on the
+  dorsal surface of the skull to the median suture of the
+  palatines at the level of the first molar (not premolar).
+
+  Length of rostrum.--From the anterior border of the nasal to
+  the maxilla at the lateral end of the hamulus of the lacrimal.
+
+  In the list of specimens examined, localities are arranged by
+  counties from west to east, beginning at the northwestern
+  corner of the state; specimens in each county are arranged from
+  north to south. If several localities are in the same latitude,
+  the westernmost is listed first. Capitalized color terms are
+  after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature,
+  Washington, D. C., 1912.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 1.  Map showing the geographic distribution of the
+  five subspecies of the Mississippi Valley pocket gopher, _Geomys
+  bursarius_, in Kansas, with insert showing range of the species.]
+
+  In connection with this study each of the authors acknowledges
+  assistance from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
+  and one of us (Villa) is grateful for assistance also to Drs.
+  Isaac Ochoterena and Roberto Llamas of the Biological Institute
+  of Mexico. For the loan of specimens we are grateful to Dr.
+  William B. Davis, of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of
+  Texas; Dr. G. C. Rinker, of Hamilton, Kansas; and Mr. A. J.
+  Kirn, of Somerset, Texas. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens
+  are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History.
+
+
+
+
+    ACCOUNTS OF SUBSPECIES
+
+    =Geomys bursarius lutescens=, Merriam
+
+
+    _Geomys bursarius lutescens_ Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 4:51,
+    October 8, 1890; Scheffer, Technical Bull., U. S. Dept. Agric.,
+    224:6, January, 1931.
+
+    _Geomys lutescens_ Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127-29,
+    January 31, 1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175,
+    1905; Lantz, Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April,
+    1905; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black,
+    30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:182, 1937;
+    Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:1, February 1, 1940; Allen,
+    Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Bull. Inf. in Educ., 20
+    (no. 5):15, May, 1940; Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zooel., Univ.
+    Michigan, 420:3, June 28, 1940.
+
+    _Geomys lutescens lutescens_, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+    Sci., 47:74, 1944.
+
+  _Type locality._--Sandhills on Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County,
+  western Nebraska.
+
+  _Distribution in Kansas._--Northwestern Kansas, eastward
+  certainly to Ellis County, southward certainly to Scott County.
+
+  _Description._--Animals with total length averaging no more
+  than 272 mm.; length of vertebrae of tail averaging no more
+  than 92; hind foot averaging no more than 35. Color: In autumn
+  pelage, upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff becoming Buckthorn
+  Brown in middorsal region and there forming a faint
+  longitudinal band; sides Pale Yellow Orange. In summer,
+  Buckthorn Brown on upper parts with a dorsal band, especially
+  distinct on specimens from Ellis and Trego counties; specimens
+  from farther west lack the distinct dorsal band. Underparts
+  Gray Drab and sometimes whitish, usually whitish in young
+  specimens; basal color of pelage Deep Neutral Gray; fore and
+  hind feet whitish. Skull: Zygomatic arch broadly and squarely
+  spreading anteriorly; temporal impressions uniting to form a
+  low sagittal crest in adult males, but in adult females and in
+  young males the impressions usually remain apart; shape of
+  interparietal varying from subquadrate in young specimens to
+  subtriangular or triangular in adults; in some young specimens
+  the interparietal is reduced to a minute, ovoid bone.
+
+_Comparisons._--See comparisons in the accounts of other subspecies
+occurring in Kansas.
+
+_Remarks._--In his monographic revision of the pocket gophers, Merriam
+(1895:129) recorded 3 "typical or nearly typical" specimens from Trego
+County, and 18 "non typical" specimens as follows: Garden Plain,
+Sedgwick County, 4; Belle Plain, Sumner County, 5; Cairo, Pratt County,
+6; Kiowa, Barber County, 2; and Ellis, Ellis County, 1. A detailed
+discussion of Merriam's account of the distribution of _Geomys
+lutescens_ in Kansas is given by Swenk (1940:11-12).
+
+Judging by specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural
+History, _G. bursarius lutescens_ in Kansas is restricted to the
+northwestern part of the state, reaching southward certainly to Scott
+County and eastward certainly to Ellis County; precise limits of
+distribution of this subspecies are unknown. Additional collecting is
+necessary to determine where the range of _lutescens_ meets the ranges
+of the other subspecies. The specimens studied are remarkably uniform.
+One specimen obtained in October, in Trego County, is slightly lighter
+colored than any other from Kansas. In other characteristics it agrees
+with specimens from northwestern Kansas and from the type locality.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total number 32, as follows: _Cheyenne
+  County_: 23 mi. (by road) NW St. Francis, 3. _Rawlins County_:
+  2 mi. NE Ludell, 10. _Logan County_: 5 mi. W Elkader, 3; no
+  locality more precise than county, 1. _Trego County_: Wakeeney,
+  4; 12 mi. S Collyer, Perrington Ranch, 3; no locality more
+  precise than county, 5. _Scott County_: 4 mi. S Scott City, 2.
+  _Ellis County_: Hays State College Campus, Hays, 1.
+
+
+    =Geomys bursarius majusculus= Swenk
+
+    _Geomys bursarius majusculus_ Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna,
+    1:6, December 5, 1939; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+    47:74, 1944.
+
+    _Geomys bursarius_, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad
+    route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1,
+    Mammals, 377, 1857; Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:120, January,
+    1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175, 1905; Lantz,
+    Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April, 1905;
+    Scheffer, Kansas State Agric. College Ento. and Zooel. Dept.
+    Bull., 172:199, September, 1910; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+    Sci., 36:240, 1933; Allen, Kansas State Teachers College
+    Emporia Bull. Inf. Stud. in Educ., 20 (no. 5):15, May, 1940.
+
+    _Geomys bursarius bursarius_, Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas
+    State Board Agric., 35:181, 1937.
+
+    _Geomys breviceps_, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad
+    route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1,
+    Mammals, 380, 1857.
+
+   _Type locality._--Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.
+
+   _Distribution in Kansas._--Northeastern Kansas, westward
+   certainly to Clay and Marion counties and southward certainly
+   to Greenwood County.
+
+   _Description._--Color: Upper parts Mummy Brown in fresh
+   appearing pelage of February but in more worn pelage of March
+   more reddish being near (16') Prout's Brown; top of head and
+   sometimes back darker than rest of upper parts; underparts
+   usually with some whitish anteriorly; fore and hind feet and
+   approximately distal half of tail white. Size: Large, total
+   length averaging more than 280 mm. in males and 257 in females;
+   hind foot averaging 35 mm. or more in males. Skull: Large;
+   rostrum averaging more than twice as long as wide; sagittal
+   crest high in males and barely present in females; occiput
+   vertical when skull is laid top down; least width of braincase
+   less than
+   distance from alveolus of upper incisor to middle of lateral
+   border of P^4 at alveolar border.
+
+_Comparisons._--From _Geomys bursarius lutescens_, _majusculus_ differs
+as follows: Color darker, Mummy Brown to Prout's Brown instead of
+Buckthorn Brown. In both sexes: head and body a fifth to a sixth longer;
+hind foot 5 to 6 per cent longer; skull averaging larger in all parts
+measured except that premaxillae (in each subspecies) extend equally far
+posteriorly to nasals; diastema longer in relation to basilar length;
+rostrum longer relative to its width; sagittal crest higher; rostrum
+often more depressed distally; angle of suture between maxilla and jugal
+more obtuse.
+
+From _G. b. bursarius_, according to Swenk (1939:6), _majusculus_
+differs in larger size.
+
+From _G. b. illinoensis_, _majusculus_, according to Komarek and Spencer
+(1931:405), differs in brownish instead of slate-gray coloration and in
+two cranial characters as follows: Nasals straight-sided instead of
+shaped like an hour-glass, and superficial canals on palatine extending
+anteriorly beyond first molar, and from there anteriorly more or less
+separated. The first of these characters does not always hold;
+occasional individuals of _majusculus_, for example some from Douglas
+County, have the nasals shaped like an hour-glass.
+
+From _G. breviceps dutcheri_, _majusculus_ differs in larger size (hind
+foot more than 33 mm. in males, and 29 in females; basilar length more
+than 42 mm. in males and 36 in females); dorsal exposure of jugal longer
+than width of rostrum measured between ventral margins of infraorbital
+foramina.
+
+From _G. bursarius major_ of southcentral Kansas (for example Harvey
+County), _majusculus_ differs in slightly darker color, being Mummy
+Brown instead of Prout's Brown; size larger (in males total length more
+than 284 mm., hind foot 35 or more, basilar length of skull more than
+42, and in females total length 265 or more, hind foot averaging 33 or
+more, and basilar length 40 or more).
+
+Skull: Averaging larger in all parts measured, except that premaxillae
+do not extend so far posteriorly to nasals in either males or females;
+interorbital constriction slightly narrower in adult females; temporal
+ridges forming a more prominent sagittal crest in adult males (sagittal
+crest barely present in some adult males of _major_ from Harper County).
+
+_Remarks._--In employing the subspecific name _majusculus_ we are
+following Swenk (1939:6) who on the basis of larger size differentiated
+the animals from southeastern South Dakota, the eastern parts of
+Nebraska and Kansas, and the western and southern parts of Iowa, from
+_G. bursarius bursarius_ to which he assigned a more northern geographic
+range. In the absence of comparative materials of the northern
+subspecies we cannot make an independent decision on the validity of
+_majusculus_ and recognize that if it is inseparable from _G. b.
+bursarius_ the latter name will apply to specimens from northeastern
+Kansas. We are the more uncertain about applying the name _majusculus_
+to specimens from eastern Kansas because they average smaller than
+topotypes. Only at the northeasternmost locality in Kansas (3 mi. N
+Cummings, Atchison County) do specimens average as large as topotypes of
+_majusculus_. Farther southward they become progressively smaller in
+eastern Kansas, and we interpret this as intergradation with the still
+smaller subspecies _major_, to the southwest. The average external
+measurements of two adult males from Atchison County are: 321-99-35.
+Thirty-six miles farther south, in Douglas County, 16 adult males
+average 289-80-36. From Hamilton, Greenwood County, 80 miles farther
+southwest, nine adult males average 284-83-35. The maximum total length
+recorded at these three localities is: Atchison County, 342 (1 of 2
+specimens), Douglas County, 308 (1 of 16 specimens), Greenwood County,
+357 (in coll. of Dr. Glenn C. Rinker and 1 of 15 males of all ages
+involved). It will be seen, therefore, that although there is a trend to
+smaller average size toward the southward, the maximum of 357
+millimeters total length at Hamilton exceeds the maximum of 352
+millimeters recorded by Swenk (1939:3) among 86 males at Lincoln where
+the recorded average is largest.
+
+Four specimens from Salina (Debold Farm) are intermediate structurally,
+as they are also geographically, between _G. b. majusculus_ on the one
+hand and _Geomys bursarius lutescens_ and _Geomys bursarius major_ on
+the other hand. In color they agree with _majusculus_, as they do also
+in width of nasals posteriorly, in more obtuse angle of the rostrum and
+maxillary arm of the zygomatic arch. They agree with _G. b. lutescens_
+in having the occiput inclined anterodorsally, and are intermediate
+between _majusculus_ and _lutescens_, but nearer the latter in size of
+skull and in length of the rostrum relative to its width.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total number, 148, as follows: _Clay
+  County_: 6 mi. SW Clay Center, 3. _Jackson County_: 10-1/2 mi.
+  WSW Holton, 1; no locality more precise than county, 1.
+  _Atchison County_: 3 mi. N Cummings, 2. _Jefferson County_:
+  Oskaloosa, 1. _Leavenworth County_: Fort Leavenworth
+  (Government Hill, 2; Engineer Hill, 1), 6; no locality more
+  precise
+  than county, 19. _Saline County_: Salina, Debold Farm, 4 (coll.
+  of A. J. Kirn). _Morris County_: 1-1/2 mi. N Council Grove, 3.
+  _Douglas County_: 1 mi. NW Midland, 2; 1 mi. N Lawrence, 1;
+  2-1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 1 mi. W K. U. Campus, 2; 1 mi. W
+  Lawrence, 2; 1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; "W K. U. Campus," 2; K. U.
+  Campus, 4; Lawrence, 23; South Lawrence, 1; 1/2 mi. SW K. U.
+  Campus, 2; Southwest K. U. Campus, 1; Haskell Institute, 1;
+  4-1/2 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 7 mi. SW Lawrence, 6; 7-1/2 mi. SW
+  Lawrence, 1; 8 mi. SW Lawrence, 1; 10 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 11 mi.
+  SW Lawrence, 3; no locality more precise than county, 15.
+  _Marion County_: 1-1/2 mi. NE Lincolnville, 6; 4 mi. SE
+  Lincolnville, 1; 6 mi. S Lincolnville, 1. _Greenwood County_:
+  Hamilton, 1; 1/2 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 1 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 4 mi.
+  S and 14 mi. W Hamilton, 6; 8 mi. SW Toronto, 1; 8-1/2 mi. SW
+  Toronto, 5; no locality more precise than county, 6.
+
+
+    =Geomys bursarius jugossicularis= Hooper
+
+    _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus.
+    Zooel., Univ. Michigan, no. 420: 1, June 28, 1940; Hibbard,
+    Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 47, p. 75, 1944.
+
+    _Type locality._--Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado.
+
+    _Distribution in Kansas._--Extreme southwestern part of state,
+    northward certainly to Hamilton County and south certainly to
+    Morton and Seward counties.
+
+    _Description._--A yellowish-cinnamon colored animal, with body
+    of medium size, zygomatic plate of maxilla deep and mastoid
+    process small.
+
+_Comparisons._--Differs from _Geomys bursarius industrius_ in slightly
+lighter color; occiput not strongly inclined anterodorsally.
+
+From _G. b. lutescens_, _jugossicularis_ differs in less buffy
+coloration and deeper zygomatic plate of maxilla.
+
+_Remarks._--_G. bursarius jugossicularis_ and _G. bursarius industrius_
+intergrade in the southern part of Meade County. Some specimens from
+this area show a coloration resembling that of _G. b. jugossicularis_;
+nevertheless, one specimen from Morton County has the occiput
+anterodorsally inclined as in _G. b. industrius_.
+
+  Specimens examined from Hamilton County correspond closely to _G. b.
+  jugossicularis_; they agree with it both in color and in cranial
+  characters.
+
+     _Specimens examined._--Total number, 20, distributed as
+     follows: _Hamilton County_: 1 mi. E Coolidge, Conard Farm, 4.
+     _Morton County_: 12 mi. NE Elkhart, 2; Cimarron River, 12 mi. N
+     Elkhart, 4; no locality more precise than county, 6. _Seward
+     County_: 1 mi. E Arkalon, 4.
+
+
+    =Geomys bursarius industrius=, new subspecies
+
+    _Geomys lutescens_ Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127, January
+    31, 1895.
+
+    _Geomys breviceps llanensis_, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+    Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board
+    Agric., 35:181. 1937.
+
+    _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus.
+    Zooel., Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940.
+
+  _Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull, no. 14083 Museum of
+  Natural History, University of Kansas; from 1-1/2 miles north
+  of Fowler, Meade County, Kansas; obtained December 30, 1941, by
+  H. H. Hildebrand, original number 16.
+
+  _Distribution in Kansas._--Southwestern Kansas from Meade
+  County eastward certainly to Pratt and Clark counties; from
+  Pawnee County southward probably to the Oklahoma boundary.
+
+  _Diagnosis._--Size of body medium; color of upper parts Cinnamon
+  Brown; skull with occiput strongly inclined anterodorsally in
+  males.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 2. Three views of the skull of the type
+  specimen of _Geomys bursarius industrius_. A. Lateral view; B.
+  Dorsal view; C. Ventral view. All natural size.]
+
+  _Description._--Color: Upper parts Cinnamon Brown, slightly
+  reddish, but in some specimens collected in September, in
+  Pawnee County, near (15' _i_) Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts
+  usually Wood Brown, somewhat whitish anteriorly; forefeet
+  white; hind feet and approximately distal half of tail whitish.
+  Size: Medium (see measurements), total length averaging not
+  more than 271 mm. in males and 254 in females; hind foot
+  averaging not more than 35 mm. in males and less than 32 in
+  females. Skull: In males, least width of braincase equal to
+  distance from alveolus of incisor to anterior border of
+  alveolus of first upper molar, occiput strongly inclined
+  anterodorsally, temporal impressions usually united in a low
+  sagittal crest, zygomatic arch heavy and curved at level of
+  jugal bone. In adult females least width of braincase
+  approximately equal to distance from alveolus of incisor to
+  anterior border of alveolus of first upper molar (not
+  premolar); occiput less inclined anterodorsally
+  than in males; temporal ridges not forming a sagittal crest. In
+  young females the width of the braincase is more than the
+  distance between the alveoli of the incisor and first molar.
+
+_Comparisons._--_G. lutescens industrius_ differs from _G. lutescens
+lutescens_ in: Color darker; least width of braincase not equal to
+(usually more than) the distance from the alveolus of incisor to the
+anterior border of the alveolus of the first upper molar.
+
+_G. lutescens industrius_ differs from _G. lutescens jugossicularis_ in:
+Color slightly darker, the former being Cinnamon Brown instead of
+Vinaceous Cinnamon, with hairs basally Deep Neutral Gray in upper parts
+and underparts. Skull: Jugular part of zygomatic arch more curved
+(convex dorsally) and occiput far more inclined anterodorsally; lower
+part of mastoidal ridge more prominent.
+
+For comparison with _G. l. major_, see account of that subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--Judging from the known specimens of this subspecies, it has
+the smallest geographic range of any of the subspecies in Kansas, but
+additional collecting in Hodgeman County and counties to the north and
+west of it may extend the known range in those directions; collecting in
+Comanche County and in adjoining parts of Oklahoma may extend the known
+range to the southward.
+
+The anterodorsal inclination of the occiput in males is the one cranial
+character in which _industrius_ differs from all of the subspecies with
+adjoining geographic ranges. The existence of this unique (among
+adjoining subspecies) cranial character is the principal reason for
+according subspecific status to this animal. Although it has other
+characters which are fairly uniform over a considerable geographic area,
+these other characters, namely, Cinnamon Brown color of the upper parts
+and medium size of the body, after all, are conditions intermediate
+between those in _jugossicularis_ to the west and those in the darker
+and larger animals assigned to _major_ to the eastward. Considering the
+intermediate geographic position of _industrius_, the color and size are
+approximately what a person would predict by study of only the animals
+to the west and those to the east. Therefore, the color and size
+probably are indicative of intergradation between _jugossicularis_ and
+_major_. Still, there is the anterodorsally inclined occiput in
+males--a character of a unique sort--and this influences us to give
+subspecific status to this animal with full recognition of the fact that
+it is a "weak" subspecies as compared with any one of the adjoining
+subspecies.
+
+Hooper (1940:2) in naming as new _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_
+referred to his new subspecies a skin-only from Meade County State Park.
+Our more abundant material from there shows the cranial conformation to
+be that of _industrius_ to which we accordingly assign the specimens.
+However, with only a skin available, we, too, would have used the name
+_jugossicularis_ because the color is paler than in other specimens of
+_industrius_ and this paleness indicates intergradation between the two
+named subspecies. Specimens from Pratt County are slightly darker than
+_industrius_ thereby indicating intergradation between _industrius_ and
+_major_.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total number, 58, distributed as
+  follows: _Pawnee County_: Jct. Pawnee and Arkansas rivers,
+  Larned, 6; 1 mi. S and 1 mi. E Larned, 7. _Edwards County_: 1
+  mi. W and 3-1/2 mi. S Kinsley, 1. _Kiowa County_: Rezeau Ranch,
+  5 mi. N Belvidere, 2. _Pratt County_: Pratt, 14; no locality
+  more precise than county, 1. _Meade County_: 3-1/2 mi. NE
+  Fowler, 2; 2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/4 mi.
+  N and 3/4 mi. E Fowler, 2; 7 mi. N Meade, Cudahy Ash Pit, 2; 13
+  mi. SW Meade, 9; State Lake, 2; State Park, 4. _Clark County_:
+  7 mi. SW Kingsdown, E. A. Stephenson Ranch, 1; 6 mi. S
+  Kingsdown, 1.
+
+
+    =Geomys bursarius major= Davis
+
+    _Geomys lutescens major_ Davis, Texas Agric. Exp. St., Bull.
+    no. 590:32, August, 1940; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+    47:75, 1944.
+
+    _Geomys lutescens_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 8:129, January 31,
+    1895.
+
+    _Geomys breviceps llanensis_, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20
+    (pt. 2): 215, 1907; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240,
+    1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric.,
+    35:182, 1937; Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:12, February 1,
+    1940.
+
+  _Type locality._--Eight miles west of Clarendon, Donley County,
+  Texas.
+
+  _Distribution in Kansas._--Southcentral Kansas, northward
+  certainly to Ellsworth County, westward certainly to Stafford
+  and Barber counties and eastward to Cowley County.
+
+  _Description._--Color: Upper parts varying from Brussels Brown
+  in some specimens to nearly Prout's Brown, especially in
+  specimens from central part of state. Top of head, and
+  sometimes back, darker than rest of upper parts, but no well
+  defined black stripe; underparts varying from whitish to nearly
+  Buffy Brown; fore and hind feet and approximately distal half
+  of tail white. Size: Large (see measurements). Skull: Sagittal
+  crest absent in females and barely present in males; least
+  width of braincase more than distance from alveolus of incisor
+  to middle of lateral border of P^4 at alveolar border. Length
+  of auditory bulla (from anteroventral edge of paroccipital
+  process of exoccipital to hamulus of peterygoid), in each sex,
+  more than 8 mm.; occiput usually vertical when skull is laid
+  top down; zygomatic arch broadly and squarely spreading,
+  divergent anteriorly; rostrum averaging less than twice as long
+  as wide.
+
+_Comparisons._--From _G. bursarius lutescens_, _major_ differs in color
+darker, premaxillae extending slightly farther posteriorly; temporal
+impressions usually forming a more well-marked sagittal crest in males;
+ventral side of zygomatic arch, at level of jugal bone, more curved.
+
+From _G. bursarius majusculus_, _major_ differs in slightly lighter
+color, smaller size of body; in males, total length less than 284 mm.;
+hind foot 34 or less; basilar length of skull less than 42; in females
+total length less than 264, hind foot no more than 33, and basilar
+length less than 39.
+
+From _G. bursarius industrius_, _major_ differs in color, being Prout's
+Brown, instead of Cinnamon Brown (less Fuscous); body averaging 10 per
+cent longer; total length in males from 9 to 9.7 per cent longer, hind
+foot 9.7 per cent longer on the average; skull averaging larger in all
+parts measured. Occiput less inclined anterodorsally; top nearly flat,
+less arched than that of _G. b. industrius_; auditory bulla averaging
+slightly larger and less inflated.
+
+_Remarks._--Specimens of this subspecies from Norman, Cleveland County,
+Oklahoma, and Canton, Dewey County, Oklahoma, and most of those from
+Kansas, are more Fuscous than topotypes and tend toward _G. bursarius
+majusculus_. Specimens from McPherson County have a darker dorsal stripe
+resembling that of _G. bursarius majusculus_. One adult from Little Salt
+Marsh, Stafford County, is pale, closely resembling topotypes.
+
+Most of the cranial characters, nevertheless, are constant in all
+available specimens, except that in specimens of each sex from the type
+locality the basilar length averages 4 to 5 per cent shorter. In the
+constancy of size of the relatively large auditory bullae and in the
+nearly flat dorsal profile of the cranial part of the skull, the
+specimens from Kansas agree with the specimens from the type locality.
+
+Specimens from Harper County have the occiput slightly inclined
+anterodorsally and thus are reminiscent of _industrius_ which has an
+even greater inclination of the occiput. Probably the appearance in
+dilute fashion of this character in Harper County is properly to be
+interpreted as intergradation with _industrius_. If so, the actual
+intergradation may be to the northwest _via_ Pratt County since
+specimens from Barber County, immediately west of Harper and lying
+between Harper County and the range of _industrius_, do not have the
+occiput so inclined.
+
+Of a pair of adults from eight miles west of Rosalia, Butler County,
+the female is indistinguishable in color from adults of _G. b.
+industrius_ from northern Meade County and from two specimens from
+eleven miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, Texas, near the type
+locality of _G. b. major_. The male from eight miles west of Rosalia is
+darker as compared either with _G. b. industrius_ or _G. b. major_ and
+the coloration of the upper parts resembles those in _G. b._
+_majusculus_; the underparts are only slightly paler than the upper
+parts as in _majusculus_. Measurements of the skulls are intermediate
+between the averages for _G. b. majusculus_ and those for _G. b. major_.
+These specimens from eight miles west of Rosalia are intermediate
+structurally, and since they are intermediate geographically between _G.
+b. majusculus_ and _G. b. major_, they suggest intergradation of the two
+subspecies. The specimens in question are referred to _major_ because
+the size is nearer that of _major_. It is mainly the intermediate nature
+of these two specimens from Butler County, and the intermediate nature
+of the specimens from McPherson County, Kansas, that have caused us to
+treat _G. b. majusculus_ as only subspecifically distinct from the more
+western subspecies, _major_.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total number, 77, as follows: _Ellsworth
+  County_: 2 mi. S Ellsworth, 1. _McPherson County_: Smoky Hill
+  River, 1 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W Lindsborg, 5; 1/2 mi. E McPherson,
+  1. _Stafford County_: Little Salt Marsh, 12; no locality more
+  precise than county, 3. _Reno County_: 8 mi. N and 1 mi. E
+  Haven, 2. _Harvey County_: 1 mi. E and 1/2 mi. N Halstead, 1;
+  Halstead, 3. _Butler County_: 8 mi. W Rosalia, 2. _Barber
+  County_: near South Bridge, Sun City, 1; 2 mi. S Sun City, 1;
+  Wells Ranch, Aetna, 5; "1 mi. W Aetna," 3; near South Bridge,
+  Aetna, 1; near Bridge, 1 mi. S Aetna, 2. _Harper County_: 4-1/2
+  mi. NE Danville, 8; 1 mi. N Harper, 11; 3 mi. S Harper, 1.
+  _Cowley County_: 3 mi. SW Arkansas City, 4; 3 mi. SE Arkansas
+  City, 9; 3 mi. S Arkansas City, 1.
+
+
+
+
+    MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES OF GEOMYS
+
+
+    (In millimeters)
+
+    Key for table headings in table on this page.
+
+    N:  Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number
+    L:  Total length
+    T:  Length of tail
+    H:  Length of hind foot
+    B:  Basilar length
+    Na: Length of nasals
+    Z:  Zygomatic breadth
+    M:  Mastoid breadth
+    Rb: Breadth of rostrum
+    I:  Interorbital constriction
+    A:  Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row
+    E:  Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals
+    S:  Depth of skull
+    Rl: Length of rostrum
+
+    ======+===+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+===+===+===+====+=====
+      N   |L  | T  | H  | B  | Na | Z  | M  | Rb | I | A | E | S  | Rl
+    ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+-----
+                         _G. b. lutescens_; topotypes
+    5 ave.|266|82.0|34.2|40.0|17.7|30.5|26.8|11.5|6.7|8.6|3.9|17.1|20.8
+      min.|257|76.0|33.0|38.3|16.0|29.1|26.1|11.2|6.3|8.1|3.5|16.2|19.1
+      max.|276|91.0|36.0|42.4|20.3|31.7|27.5|11.9|6.9|9.2|4.2|17.7|23.6
+
+                     2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas
+     12088|272|92.0|35.0|43.2|19.1|32.3|27.7|11.3|6.6|8.4|2.8|18.0|22.1
+
+                   _G. b. majusculus_; Douglas Co., Kansas
+          |   |    |    |    |    |[A] |    |    |   |   |   |    |
+  16 ave. |289|79.8|36.3|47.1|21.0|34.1|30.4|12.1|6.8|9.3|3.7|18.5|24.9
+     min. |273|70.0|32.0|44.7|18.9|30.5|27.5|11.1|6.5|8.2|2.9|17.3|22.9
+     max. |308|95.0|55.0|49.9|23.2|38.0|34.5|13.5|7.6|10.3|5.7|20.0|28.1
+
+                  _G. b. jugossicularis_; Morton Co., Kansas
+    4 ave.|265|82.0|34.2|40.7|16.9|30.0|27.9|10.7|6.0|8.6|5.2|17.3|21.2
+      min.|250|68.0|30.0|38.5|16.1|29.0|27.5|10.5|5.5|8.2|4.7|16.4|20.2
+      max.|285|92.0|37.0|42.4|17.4|31.1|28.4|11.0|6.2|9.2|5.5|17.9|22.0
+
+                    _G. b. industrius_; Meade Co., Kansas
+    8 ave.|265|82.0|35.0|40.9|18.1|30.0|28.0|11.0|6.2|8.8|4.3|17.7|21.8
+      min.|247|70.0|33.0|37.9|15.5|28.2|26.5| 9.9|5.7|8.0|2.9|16.8|19.5
+      max.|280|90.0|36.0|43.4|21.0|32.4|29.5|11.6|7.0|9.1|5.2|19.1|24.2
+
+             _G. b. major_; Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
+     11724|256|66.0|34.0|41.0|18.3|31.6|28.2|10.6|6.1|9.0|4.0|17.0|21.3
+
+                      1 mi. W Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
+     11153|240|75.0|32.0|36.7|15.7|26.9|24.6| 9.9|5.9|8.8|4.0|15.0|19.5
+     11152|240|65.0|32.0|36.0|14.2|26.1|25.4|10.9|5.6|8.5|5.0|15.5|18.5
+
+                  3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
+          |   |    |    |    |[E] |    |    |    |   |   |   |    |
+     12870|246|76.0|32.0|42.1|16.0|33.7|29.7|11.5|6.3|9.4|4.5|17.6|21.3
+
+                  3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
+     12892|282|84.0|33.0|41.7|17.3|....|27.7|10.8|6.4|8.9|4.2|17.2|21.5
+    ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+-----
+
+
+
+
+    MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT FEMALES OF GEOMYS
+
+
+    (In millimeters)
+
+    Key for table headings in table on this page.
+
+    N:  Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number
+    L:  Total length
+    T:  Length of tail
+    H:  Length of hind foot
+    B:  Basilar length
+    Na: Length of nasals
+    Z:  Zygomatic breadth
+    M:  Mastoid breadth
+    Rb: Breadth of rostrum
+    I:  Interorbital constriction
+    A:  Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row
+    E:  Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals
+    S:  Depth of skull
+    Rl: Length of rostrum
+
+    ======+===+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+===+===+===+====+=====
+      N   | L | T  | H  | B  | Na | Z  | M  | Rb | I | A | E | S  | Rl
+    ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+-----
+                              _G. b. lutescens_; topotypes
+    6 ave.|233|72.3|31.1|35.3|15.0|25.9|23.7|10.4|6.1|8.3|3.7|15.4|18.4
+      min.|215|63.0|30.0|33.5|13.9|24.6|21.8|10.1|5.6|8.1|2.9|14.8|17.3
+      max.|254|76.0|32.0|37.0|16.8|26.7|24.8|10.7|6.6|8.5|4.5|16.2|19.8
+
+                          2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas
+     11733|230|63.0|31.0|35.3|15.1|26.5|24.1| 9.3|6.1|7.5|2.4|15.0|18.2
+     12155|245|70.0|30.0|35.6|14.6|25.2|24.1|10.6|6.4|7.5|3.1|14.9|18.2
+
+                        _G. b. majusculus_; Douglas Co., Kansas
+          |   |    |    |[B] |[B] |[A] |    |    |   |   |   |    |
+  17 ave. |265|78.6|32.8|40.6|17.2|28.6|26.4|10.9|6.5|9.1|3.6|16.6|21.0
+     min. |222|59.0|30.0|37.1|15.9|26.7|24.9|10.0|5.9|8.5|2.0|15.2|18.8
+     max. |304|92.0|35.0|47.0|20.1|33.4|29.1|12.3|7.3|10.0|5.9|19.1|24.1
+
+                       _G. b. jugossicularis_; Morton Co., Kansas
+      5012|244|72.0|30.0|36.2|16.4|25.4|25.0|10.0|5.9|8.0|4.2|16.0|19.3
+      5395|230|72.0|30.0|34.6|13.9|24.7|24.8| 9.8|5.8|8.0|4.5|15.2|17.5
+
+                         _G. b. industrius_; Meade Co., Kansas
+          |   |[C] |    |[D] |    |    |[D] |
+   7 ave. |238|73.0|31.3|36.4|14.9|26.3|24.8|10.0|6.0|8.4|4.1|16.2|18.6
+     min. |231|65.0|30.0|35.4|14.0|25.8|24.5| 9.5|5.6|8.1|3.6|15.5|17.5
+     max. |256|75.0|32.0|37.8|16.1|27.8|25.9|10.3|6.5|8.7|4.7|17.6|19.9
+
+                    _G. b. major_; 1 mi. S Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
+     10069|257|95.0|32.0|37.0|16.4|26.4|25.5|10.8|6.2|9.0|3.4|16.4|19.4
+
+                               Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
+     10070|242|83.0|30.0|36.8|15.7|26.2|25.0|10.1|6.5|9.1|3.3|15.8|19.1
+
+                         Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
+     12238|239|65.0|31.0|34.2|14.5|24.6|23.7| 9.6|6.0|8.0|3.6|15.2|17.7
+
+                          1 mi. S.Sun City, Barber Co., Kansas
+     11075|232|66.0|28.0|34.2|14.4|25.0|23.6| 9.9|5.9|8.0|3.4|15.0|17.0
+
+                       3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
+     12872|242|66.0|30.0|38.1|15.0|28.0|26.2|10.3|6.3|7.8|4.5|16.1|19.1
+
+                       3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
+     12894|230|82.0|30.0|38.5|15.5|28.0|25.6|10.0|6.7|8.7|4.0|16.6|19.5
+     12893|246|83.0|32.0|36.5|14.2|25.6|24.8| 9.6|6.6|8.7|4.6|15.4|18.1
+    ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+-----
+
+[A] 15 averaged.
+
+[B] 16 averaged.
+
+[C] 6 averaged.
+
+[D] 5 averaged.
+
+[E] approximate.
+
+
+
+
+SUBSPECIES OF THE SPECIES GEOMYS BURSARIUS
+
+
+If _Geomys lutescens major_ Davis is correctly judged to intergrade with
+_Geomys bursarius majusculus_ Swenk, the name for the full species will
+be _Geomys bursarius_ because _bursarius_ is the oldest name among those
+available. Some new combinations of names are required. According to our
+present understanding, the eleven kinds of pocket gophers named below
+are properly to be arranged as subspecies of the species _Geomys
+bursarius_:
+
+  _Geomys bursarius bursarius_ (Shaw). Type from unknown locality
+  in Upper Mississippi Valley.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius majusculus_ Swenk. Type from Lincoln,
+  Lancaster County, Nebraska.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius hylaeus_ Blossom. Type from 10 mi. S Chadron,
+  Dawes County, Nebraska.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius levisagittalis_ Swenk. Type from Spencer,
+  Boyd County, Nebraska.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius vinaceus_ Swenk. Type from Scottsbluff,
+  Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius lutescens_ Merriam. Type from Sandhills on
+  Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, Nebraska.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius illinoensis_ Komarek and Spencer. Type from 1
+  mi. S Momence, Kankakee County, Illinois.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius jugossicularis_ Hooper. Type from Lamar,
+  Prowers County, Colorado.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius industrius_ new subspecies. Type from 1-1/2
+  mi. N Fowler, Meade County, Kansas.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius major_ Davis. Type from 8 mi. W Clarendon,
+  Donley County, Texas.
+
+  _Geomys bursarius llanensis_ Bailey. Type from Llano, Llano
+  County, Texas.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+ALLEN, J. A.
+  1874. Notes on the mammals of portions of Kansas, Colorado,
+  Wyoming and Utah. Part I. On the mammals of middle and western
+  Kansas. Bull. Essex Inst., 6 (no. 2):43-52. February, 1874.
+
+  1895. List of mammals collected in the Black Hills region of
+  South Dakota and in western Kansas by Mr. Walter W. Granger
+  with field notes by the collector. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+  7:259-274. August 21, 1895.
+
+ALLEN, P.
+  1940. Kansas mammals. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia,
+  Bull. Inf. Stud. in Educ., Number 20 (no. 5):l-62. May, 1940.
+
+BAKER, A. B.
+  1889. Mammals of western Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+  11:56-58 (for 1887-88).
+
+BAIRD, S. F.
+  1857. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the
+  Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department.
+  Mammals, Part I, xxxii + 757, pls. 17-60, 35 figs. in text,
+  1857.
+
+BLACK, J. D.
+  1937. Mammals of Kansas. Thirtieth Bienn. Rept. Kansas State
+  Board of Agric., 35:116-217.
+
+DAVIS, W. B.
+  1940. Distribution and variation of pocket gophers (Genus
+  Geomys) in the southwestern United States. Texas Agric. Exp.
+  Station, Bull., 590:1-38, 6 figs. in text. October 23, 1940.
+
+HIBBARD, C. W.
+  1933. A revised check list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas
+  Acad. Sci., 36:230-249.
+
+  1944. A checklist of Kansas mammals, 1943. Trans. Kansas Acad.
+  Sci., 47:61-88.
+
+HOOPER, E. T.
+  1940. A new race of pocket gopher of the species Geomys
+  lutescens from Colorado. Occas. Papers, Mus. Zooel., Univ.
+  Michigan, 420:1-3. June 28, 1940.
+
+KNOX, M. V. B.
+  1875. Kansas Mammalia. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 4:18-22.
+
+KOMAREK, E. V. , and SPENCER, D. A.
+  1931. A new pocket gopher from Illinois and Indiana. Journ.
+  Mamm., 12:404-408, 1 pl., 1 fig. in text. November 11, 1931.
+
+LANTZ, D. E.
+  1905. Kansas mammals in their relations to agriculture. Kansas
+  State Agric. College Bull., 129:331-404. April, 1905.
+
+  1905. A list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+  19:171-178.
+
+  1907. Additions and corrections to the list of Kansas mammals.
+  Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 (pt. 2):214-217.
+
+MERRIAM, C. H.
+  1890. Descriptions of twenty-six new species of North American
+  mammals. N. Amer. Fauna, 4: v + 60, 3 pls., 3 figs. in text.
+  October 8, 1890.
+
+  1895. Monographic revision of the pocket gopher Family
+  Geomyidae.... N. Amer. Fauna, 8:1-258, 19 pls. and
+  frontispiece, 71 figs. in text, 4 maps. January 31, 1895.
+
+SCHEFFER, T. H.
+  1910. The pocket gopher. Kansas State Agric. Coll. Ent. and
+  Zooel. Dept., Bull., 172:197-233, illustrated. September, 1910.
+
+  1931. Habits and economic status of the pocket gophers. U. S.
+  Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull., 224:1-27, 8 pls., 2 figs. in text.
+  January, 1931.
+
+SWENK, M. H.
+  1939. A study of local size variations in the prairie pocket
+  gopher (Geomys bursarius), with description of a new subspecies
+  from Nebraska. Missouri Valley Fauna, 1:1-8. December 5, 1939.
+
+  1940. A study of subspecific variation in the yellow pocket
+  gopher (Geomys lutescens) in Nebraska, and the geographical and
+  ecological distribution of the variants. Missouri Valley Fauna,
+  2:1-12. February 1, 1940.
+
+_Transmitted May 30, 1947._
+
+
+  PRINTED BY
+  FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+  TOPEKA, KANSAS
+  1947
+  21-8188
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber Notes:
+
+
+Minor typographical errors were corrected without notice.
+
+Italic words and phrases are marked _like this_.
+
+Bold words and phrases are marked  =like this=.
+
+Small caps are converted to all upper case, LIKE THIS.
+
+Superscripts in text are indicated by use of the caret, like this ^4.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of
+Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11], by Bernardo Villa-R and E. Raymond Hall
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHERS ***
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