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diff --git a/36653.txt b/36653.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abf83b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/36653.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1395 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas, +[KU. Vol. 1 No. 11], by Bernardo Villa-R and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11] + +Author: Bernardo Villa-R + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: July 7, 2011 [EBook #36653] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHERS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Matthew Wheaton +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + SUBSPECIATION IN POCKET GOPHERS OF KANSAS + + By BERNARDO VILLA-R. and E. RAYMOND HALL + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 1, No. 11, pp. 217-236 + November 29, 1947 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1947 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, H. H. Lane, and Edward H. Taylor + Volume 1, No. 11, pp. 217-236 + Published November 29, 1947 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1947 + + 21-8188 + + + + +Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas + +By BERNARDO VILLA-R. AND E. RAYMOND HALL + + +Several full species of the genus _Geomys_ have been recorded from +Kansas. The purpose of the study now reported upon was to determine the +present taxonomic status of these animals and the distribution of each +within the boundaries of Kansas. No pocket gopher of any kind has been +reported from the southeastern part of the state; in all other parts +_Geomys_ is locally common. + + + + +HISTORY + + +The first published reference that we have found to pocket gophers of +Kansas is Prof. Spencer F. Baird's (1857:377, 380) mention of two +specimens from Fort Riley. One he identified as _Geomys bursarius_ (p. +377) and the other (p. 380) he doubtfully referred to _Geomys +breviceps_. Both specimens were obtained by Dr. W. A. Hammond. J. A. +Allen (1874:49) reported pocket gophers from Kansas under the generic +name "Geomys?". Professor M. V. B. Knox (1875:21) published a list of +Kansas mammals in which he used the names _Geomys bursarius_ Shaw and +_Geomys breviceps_ Baird, the last one for the specimen taken by Dr. +Hammond, at Fort Riley. Baker (1889:57) employed the name _Geomys +bursarius_ Rich. for the gopher "found along the hundredth meridian, +between N latitude 38 deg. 30' and 39 deg. 30'." He reported this animal as +common in western Kansas. Merriam (1895:129) recorded _G. bursarius_ and +_G. lutescens_ from Kansas. Allen (1895:265) recorded five specimens of +_Geomys lutescens_ collected between September 16 and October 13 at Long +Island, Phillips County, Kansas, by W. W. Granger. Since that time +several papers, some of them dealing mostly with habits of pocket +gophers, have been published in which reference is made to _Geomys_ in +Kansas. Hibbard (1933:240) recognized three species: _G. bursarius_, _G. +lutescens_, and _G. breviceps llanensis_. In 1944 (74-75) he recorded +_Cratogeomys_ from Meade County, on the basis of two skulls dug out of +the ground, and he recognized the same three full species of the genus +_Geomys_ that he did in 1933, along with two additional subspecies. + +Specimens to the total number of 335 from Kansas have been available +for the present study of the five subspecies recognized. The reason for +arranging all of the named kinds as subspecies of a single species is +that intergradation has been found to occur between every pair of kinds +having contiguous geographic ranges. The characters previously thought +by some writers constantly to differentiate, say, _Geomys lutescens_ of +western Kansas from _Geomys bursarius_ of eastern Kansas, prove not to +do so; instead, in areas geographically intermediate between the +geographic ranges of the two kinds, the pocket gophers are intermediate +in morphological characters and therefore are regarded as intergrades. +Intergradation of this kind here is accepted as the criterion of +subspecies, and lack of such intergradation as the criterion of species. +Search for structural characters, distinctive of the different kinds, +additional to those characters noted by other writers, has resulted in +the finding of a few such characters but they too are subject to +intergradation. Therefore the several kinds are arranged as subspecies +of a single species which takes the name _Geomys bursarius_ because it +is the oldest available name. Detailed comment on specimens showing +intergradation are to be found in the accounts of _G. b. bursarius_ and +_G. b. major_. + + + + +METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS + + +The series with the largest number of individuals from one restricted +locality was selected for initial study. These individuals were +segregated by sex, and specimens of each sex were arranged from oldest +to youngest. Each series was divided into age-groups, and within a given +age-group of one sex from one locality of what was considered as one +species, estimation was made of the amount of individual variation. +Thus, it was possible when comparing different kinds of pocket gophers +to use only one age class of one season of one sex. + +Age was estimated to some extent by size of animal and nature of its +pelage. The immature pelage is grayer and the hair is more crinkled than +in adults. A more certain guide to age, however, is furnished by the +skull. With increasing age some sutures disappear, the rostrum increases +in length and the ridges marking the limits of the temporal muscles come +to fuse and eventually, in males, form a high sagittal crest. + + Cranial measurements were taken as follows: + + Basilar length.--From the anteriormost inferior border of the + foramen magnum to a line connecting the posteriormost margins + of the alveoli of the first upper incisors. + + Length of the nasals.--The greatest length of the nasals. + + Zygomatic breadth.--The greatest distance across the zygomatic + arches. + + Mastoid breadth.--The greatest distance across the mastoids. + + Breadth of rostrum.--Width, perpendicular to long axis of the + skull. + + Interorbital constriction.--The least distance between the + orbits. + + Maxillary tooth row.--The greatest length of the upper + molariform tooth row at the alveolar border. + + Extension of premaxillae posterior to nasals.--From the + posteriormost border of the nasals to the posterior end of the + extension of a premaxilla. + + Depth of skull.--From the median suture of the frontals, on the + dorsal surface of the skull to the median suture of the + palatines at the level of the first molar (not premolar). + + Length of rostrum.--From the anterior border of the nasal to + the maxilla at the lateral end of the hamulus of the lacrimal. + + In the list of specimens examined, localities are arranged by + counties from west to east, beginning at the northwestern + corner of the state; specimens in each county are arranged from + north to south. If several localities are in the same latitude, + the westernmost is listed first. Capitalized color terms are + after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, + Washington, D. C., 1912. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing the geographic distribution of the + five subspecies of the Mississippi Valley pocket gopher, _Geomys + bursarius_, in Kansas, with insert showing range of the species.] + + In connection with this study each of the authors acknowledges + assistance from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation + and one of us (Villa) is grateful for assistance also to Drs. + Isaac Ochoterena and Roberto Llamas of the Biological Institute + of Mexico. For the loan of specimens we are grateful to Dr. + William B. Davis, of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of + Texas; Dr. G. C. Rinker, of Hamilton, Kansas; and Mr. A. J. + Kirn, of Somerset, Texas. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens + are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. + + + + + ACCOUNTS OF SUBSPECIES + + =Geomys bursarius lutescens=, Merriam + + + _Geomys bursarius lutescens_ Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 4:51, + October 8, 1890; Scheffer, Technical Bull., U. S. Dept. Agric., + 224:6, January, 1931. + + _Geomys lutescens_ Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127-29, + January 31, 1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175, + 1905; Lantz, Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April, + 1905; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, + 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:182, 1937; + Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:1, February 1, 1940; Allen, + Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Bull. Inf. in Educ., 20 + (no. 5):15, May, 1940; Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zooel., Univ. + Michigan, 420:3, June 28, 1940. + + _Geomys lutescens lutescens_, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. + Sci., 47:74, 1944. + + _Type locality._--Sandhills on Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, + western Nebraska. + + _Distribution in Kansas._--Northwestern Kansas, eastward + certainly to Ellis County, southward certainly to Scott County. + + _Description._--Animals with total length averaging no more + than 272 mm.; length of vertebrae of tail averaging no more + than 92; hind foot averaging no more than 35. Color: In autumn + pelage, upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff becoming Buckthorn + Brown in middorsal region and there forming a faint + longitudinal band; sides Pale Yellow Orange. In summer, + Buckthorn Brown on upper parts with a dorsal band, especially + distinct on specimens from Ellis and Trego counties; specimens + from farther west lack the distinct dorsal band. Underparts + Gray Drab and sometimes whitish, usually whitish in young + specimens; basal color of pelage Deep Neutral Gray; fore and + hind feet whitish. Skull: Zygomatic arch broadly and squarely + spreading anteriorly; temporal impressions uniting to form a + low sagittal crest in adult males, but in adult females and in + young males the impressions usually remain apart; shape of + interparietal varying from subquadrate in young specimens to + subtriangular or triangular in adults; in some young specimens + the interparietal is reduced to a minute, ovoid bone. + +_Comparisons._--See comparisons in the accounts of other subspecies +occurring in Kansas. + +_Remarks._--In his monographic revision of the pocket gophers, Merriam +(1895:129) recorded 3 "typical or nearly typical" specimens from Trego +County, and 18 "non typical" specimens as follows: Garden Plain, +Sedgwick County, 4; Belle Plain, Sumner County, 5; Cairo, Pratt County, +6; Kiowa, Barber County, 2; and Ellis, Ellis County, 1. A detailed +discussion of Merriam's account of the distribution of _Geomys +lutescens_ in Kansas is given by Swenk (1940:11-12). + +Judging by specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History, _G. bursarius lutescens_ in Kansas is restricted to the +northwestern part of the state, reaching southward certainly to Scott +County and eastward certainly to Ellis County; precise limits of +distribution of this subspecies are unknown. Additional collecting is +necessary to determine where the range of _lutescens_ meets the ranges +of the other subspecies. The specimens studied are remarkably uniform. +One specimen obtained in October, in Trego County, is slightly lighter +colored than any other from Kansas. In other characteristics it agrees +with specimens from northwestern Kansas and from the type locality. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number 32, as follows: _Cheyenne + County_: 23 mi. (by road) NW St. Francis, 3. _Rawlins County_: + 2 mi. NE Ludell, 10. _Logan County_: 5 mi. W Elkader, 3; no + locality more precise than county, 1. _Trego County_: Wakeeney, + 4; 12 mi. S Collyer, Perrington Ranch, 3; no locality more + precise than county, 5. _Scott County_: 4 mi. S Scott City, 2. + _Ellis County_: Hays State College Campus, Hays, 1. + + + =Geomys bursarius majusculus= Swenk + + _Geomys bursarius majusculus_ Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, + 1:6, December 5, 1939; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., + 47:74, 1944. + + _Geomys bursarius_, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad + route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1, + Mammals, 377, 1857; Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:120, January, + 1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175, 1905; Lantz, + Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April, 1905; + Scheffer, Kansas State Agric. College Ento. and Zooel. Dept. + Bull., 172:199, September, 1910; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. + Sci., 36:240, 1933; Allen, Kansas State Teachers College + Emporia Bull. Inf. Stud. in Educ., 20 (no. 5):15, May, 1940. + + _Geomys bursarius bursarius_, Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas + State Board Agric., 35:181, 1937. + + _Geomys breviceps_, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad + route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1, + Mammals, 380, 1857. + + _Type locality._--Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska. + + _Distribution in Kansas._--Northeastern Kansas, westward + certainly to Clay and Marion counties and southward certainly + to Greenwood County. + + _Description._--Color: Upper parts Mummy Brown in fresh + appearing pelage of February but in more worn pelage of March + more reddish being near (16') Prout's Brown; top of head and + sometimes back darker than rest of upper parts; underparts + usually with some whitish anteriorly; fore and hind feet and + approximately distal half of tail white. Size: Large, total + length averaging more than 280 mm. in males and 257 in females; + hind foot averaging 35 mm. or more in males. Skull: Large; + rostrum averaging more than twice as long as wide; sagittal + crest high in males and barely present in females; occiput + vertical when skull is laid top down; least width of braincase + less than + distance from alveolus of upper incisor to middle of lateral + border of P^4 at alveolar border. + +_Comparisons._--From _Geomys bursarius lutescens_, _majusculus_ differs +as follows: Color darker, Mummy Brown to Prout's Brown instead of +Buckthorn Brown. In both sexes: head and body a fifth to a sixth longer; +hind foot 5 to 6 per cent longer; skull averaging larger in all parts +measured except that premaxillae (in each subspecies) extend equally far +posteriorly to nasals; diastema longer in relation to basilar length; +rostrum longer relative to its width; sagittal crest higher; rostrum +often more depressed distally; angle of suture between maxilla and jugal +more obtuse. + +From _G. b. bursarius_, according to Swenk (1939:6), _majusculus_ +differs in larger size. + +From _G. b. illinoensis_, _majusculus_, according to Komarek and Spencer +(1931:405), differs in brownish instead of slate-gray coloration and in +two cranial characters as follows: Nasals straight-sided instead of +shaped like an hour-glass, and superficial canals on palatine extending +anteriorly beyond first molar, and from there anteriorly more or less +separated. The first of these characters does not always hold; +occasional individuals of _majusculus_, for example some from Douglas +County, have the nasals shaped like an hour-glass. + +From _G. breviceps dutcheri_, _majusculus_ differs in larger size (hind +foot more than 33 mm. in males, and 29 in females; basilar length more +than 42 mm. in males and 36 in females); dorsal exposure of jugal longer +than width of rostrum measured between ventral margins of infraorbital +foramina. + +From _G. bursarius major_ of southcentral Kansas (for example Harvey +County), _majusculus_ differs in slightly darker color, being Mummy +Brown instead of Prout's Brown; size larger (in males total length more +than 284 mm., hind foot 35 or more, basilar length of skull more than +42, and in females total length 265 or more, hind foot averaging 33 or +more, and basilar length 40 or more). + +Skull: Averaging larger in all parts measured, except that premaxillae +do not extend so far posteriorly to nasals in either males or females; +interorbital constriction slightly narrower in adult females; temporal +ridges forming a more prominent sagittal crest in adult males (sagittal +crest barely present in some adult males of _major_ from Harper County). + +_Remarks._--In employing the subspecific name _majusculus_ we are +following Swenk (1939:6) who on the basis of larger size differentiated +the animals from southeastern South Dakota, the eastern parts of +Nebraska and Kansas, and the western and southern parts of Iowa, from +_G. bursarius bursarius_ to which he assigned a more northern geographic +range. In the absence of comparative materials of the northern +subspecies we cannot make an independent decision on the validity of +_majusculus_ and recognize that if it is inseparable from _G. b. +bursarius_ the latter name will apply to specimens from northeastern +Kansas. We are the more uncertain about applying the name _majusculus_ +to specimens from eastern Kansas because they average smaller than +topotypes. Only at the northeasternmost locality in Kansas (3 mi. N +Cummings, Atchison County) do specimens average as large as topotypes of +_majusculus_. Farther southward they become progressively smaller in +eastern Kansas, and we interpret this as intergradation with the still +smaller subspecies _major_, to the southwest. The average external +measurements of two adult males from Atchison County are: 321-99-35. +Thirty-six miles farther south, in Douglas County, 16 adult males +average 289-80-36. From Hamilton, Greenwood County, 80 miles farther +southwest, nine adult males average 284-83-35. The maximum total length +recorded at these three localities is: Atchison County, 342 (1 of 2 +specimens), Douglas County, 308 (1 of 16 specimens), Greenwood County, +357 (in coll. of Dr. Glenn C. Rinker and 1 of 15 males of all ages +involved). It will be seen, therefore, that although there is a trend to +smaller average size toward the southward, the maximum of 357 +millimeters total length at Hamilton exceeds the maximum of 352 +millimeters recorded by Swenk (1939:3) among 86 males at Lincoln where +the recorded average is largest. + +Four specimens from Salina (Debold Farm) are intermediate structurally, +as they are also geographically, between _G. b. majusculus_ on the one +hand and _Geomys bursarius lutescens_ and _Geomys bursarius major_ on +the other hand. In color they agree with _majusculus_, as they do also +in width of nasals posteriorly, in more obtuse angle of the rostrum and +maxillary arm of the zygomatic arch. They agree with _G. b. lutescens_ +in having the occiput inclined anterodorsally, and are intermediate +between _majusculus_ and _lutescens_, but nearer the latter in size of +skull and in length of the rostrum relative to its width. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 148, as follows: _Clay + County_: 6 mi. SW Clay Center, 3. _Jackson County_: 10-1/2 mi. + WSW Holton, 1; no locality more precise than county, 1. + _Atchison County_: 3 mi. N Cummings, 2. _Jefferson County_: + Oskaloosa, 1. _Leavenworth County_: Fort Leavenworth + (Government Hill, 2; Engineer Hill, 1), 6; no locality more + precise + than county, 19. _Saline County_: Salina, Debold Farm, 4 (coll. + of A. J. Kirn). _Morris County_: 1-1/2 mi. N Council Grove, 3. + _Douglas County_: 1 mi. NW Midland, 2; 1 mi. N Lawrence, 1; + 2-1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 1 mi. W K. U. Campus, 2; 1 mi. W + Lawrence, 2; 1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; "W K. U. Campus," 2; K. U. + Campus, 4; Lawrence, 23; South Lawrence, 1; 1/2 mi. SW K. U. + Campus, 2; Southwest K. U. Campus, 1; Haskell Institute, 1; + 4-1/2 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 7 mi. SW Lawrence, 6; 7-1/2 mi. SW + Lawrence, 1; 8 mi. SW Lawrence, 1; 10 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 11 mi. + SW Lawrence, 3; no locality more precise than county, 15. + _Marion County_: 1-1/2 mi. NE Lincolnville, 6; 4 mi. SE + Lincolnville, 1; 6 mi. S Lincolnville, 1. _Greenwood County_: + Hamilton, 1; 1/2 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 1 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 4 mi. + S and 14 mi. W Hamilton, 6; 8 mi. SW Toronto, 1; 8-1/2 mi. SW + Toronto, 5; no locality more precise than county, 6. + + + =Geomys bursarius jugossicularis= Hooper + + _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. + Zooel., Univ. Michigan, no. 420: 1, June 28, 1940; Hibbard, + Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 47, p. 75, 1944. + + _Type locality._--Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado. + + _Distribution in Kansas._--Extreme southwestern part of state, + northward certainly to Hamilton County and south certainly to + Morton and Seward counties. + + _Description._--A yellowish-cinnamon colored animal, with body + of medium size, zygomatic plate of maxilla deep and mastoid + process small. + +_Comparisons._--Differs from _Geomys bursarius industrius_ in slightly +lighter color; occiput not strongly inclined anterodorsally. + +From _G. b. lutescens_, _jugossicularis_ differs in less buffy +coloration and deeper zygomatic plate of maxilla. + +_Remarks._--_G. bursarius jugossicularis_ and _G. bursarius industrius_ +intergrade in the southern part of Meade County. Some specimens from +this area show a coloration resembling that of _G. b. jugossicularis_; +nevertheless, one specimen from Morton County has the occiput +anterodorsally inclined as in _G. b. industrius_. + + Specimens examined from Hamilton County correspond closely to _G. b. + jugossicularis_; they agree with it both in color and in cranial + characters. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 20, distributed as + follows: _Hamilton County_: 1 mi. E Coolidge, Conard Farm, 4. + _Morton County_: 12 mi. NE Elkhart, 2; Cimarron River, 12 mi. N + Elkhart, 4; no locality more precise than county, 6. _Seward + County_: 1 mi. E Arkalon, 4. + + + =Geomys bursarius industrius=, new subspecies + + _Geomys lutescens_ Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127, January + 31, 1895. + + _Geomys breviceps llanensis_, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. + Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board + Agric., 35:181. 1937. + + _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. + Zooel., Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull, no. 14083 Museum of + Natural History, University of Kansas; from 1-1/2 miles north + of Fowler, Meade County, Kansas; obtained December 30, 1941, by + H. H. Hildebrand, original number 16. + + _Distribution in Kansas._--Southwestern Kansas from Meade + County eastward certainly to Pratt and Clark counties; from + Pawnee County southward probably to the Oklahoma boundary. + + _Diagnosis._--Size of body medium; color of upper parts Cinnamon + Brown; skull with occiput strongly inclined anterodorsally in + males. + + [Illustration: FIG. 2. Three views of the skull of the type + specimen of _Geomys bursarius industrius_. A. Lateral view; B. + Dorsal view; C. Ventral view. All natural size.] + + _Description._--Color: Upper parts Cinnamon Brown, slightly + reddish, but in some specimens collected in September, in + Pawnee County, near (15' _i_) Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts + usually Wood Brown, somewhat whitish anteriorly; forefeet + white; hind feet and approximately distal half of tail whitish. + Size: Medium (see measurements), total length averaging not + more than 271 mm. in males and 254 in females; hind foot + averaging not more than 35 mm. in males and less than 32 in + females. Skull: In males, least width of braincase equal to + distance from alveolus of incisor to anterior border of + alveolus of first upper molar, occiput strongly inclined + anterodorsally, temporal impressions usually united in a low + sagittal crest, zygomatic arch heavy and curved at level of + jugal bone. In adult females least width of braincase + approximately equal to distance from alveolus of incisor to + anterior border of alveolus of first upper molar (not + premolar); occiput less inclined anterodorsally + than in males; temporal ridges not forming a sagittal crest. In + young females the width of the braincase is more than the + distance between the alveoli of the incisor and first molar. + +_Comparisons._--_G. lutescens industrius_ differs from _G. lutescens +lutescens_ in: Color darker; least width of braincase not equal to +(usually more than) the distance from the alveolus of incisor to the +anterior border of the alveolus of the first upper molar. + +_G. lutescens industrius_ differs from _G. lutescens jugossicularis_ in: +Color slightly darker, the former being Cinnamon Brown instead of +Vinaceous Cinnamon, with hairs basally Deep Neutral Gray in upper parts +and underparts. Skull: Jugular part of zygomatic arch more curved +(convex dorsally) and occiput far more inclined anterodorsally; lower +part of mastoidal ridge more prominent. + +For comparison with _G. l. major_, see account of that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--Judging from the known specimens of this subspecies, it has +the smallest geographic range of any of the subspecies in Kansas, but +additional collecting in Hodgeman County and counties to the north and +west of it may extend the known range in those directions; collecting in +Comanche County and in adjoining parts of Oklahoma may extend the known +range to the southward. + +The anterodorsal inclination of the occiput in males is the one cranial +character in which _industrius_ differs from all of the subspecies with +adjoining geographic ranges. The existence of this unique (among +adjoining subspecies) cranial character is the principal reason for +according subspecific status to this animal. Although it has other +characters which are fairly uniform over a considerable geographic area, +these other characters, namely, Cinnamon Brown color of the upper parts +and medium size of the body, after all, are conditions intermediate +between those in _jugossicularis_ to the west and those in the darker +and larger animals assigned to _major_ to the eastward. Considering the +intermediate geographic position of _industrius_, the color and size are +approximately what a person would predict by study of only the animals +to the west and those to the east. Therefore, the color and size +probably are indicative of intergradation between _jugossicularis_ and +_major_. Still, there is the anterodorsally inclined occiput in +males--a character of a unique sort--and this influences us to give +subspecific status to this animal with full recognition of the fact that +it is a "weak" subspecies as compared with any one of the adjoining +subspecies. + +Hooper (1940:2) in naming as new _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ +referred to his new subspecies a skin-only from Meade County State Park. +Our more abundant material from there shows the cranial conformation to +be that of _industrius_ to which we accordingly assign the specimens. +However, with only a skin available, we, too, would have used the name +_jugossicularis_ because the color is paler than in other specimens of +_industrius_ and this paleness indicates intergradation between the two +named subspecies. Specimens from Pratt County are slightly darker than +_industrius_ thereby indicating intergradation between _industrius_ and +_major_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 58, distributed as + follows: _Pawnee County_: Jct. Pawnee and Arkansas rivers, + Larned, 6; 1 mi. S and 1 mi. E Larned, 7. _Edwards County_: 1 + mi. W and 3-1/2 mi. S Kinsley, 1. _Kiowa County_: Rezeau Ranch, + 5 mi. N Belvidere, 2. _Pratt County_: Pratt, 14; no locality + more precise than county, 1. _Meade County_: 3-1/2 mi. NE + Fowler, 2; 2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/4 mi. + N and 3/4 mi. E Fowler, 2; 7 mi. N Meade, Cudahy Ash Pit, 2; 13 + mi. SW Meade, 9; State Lake, 2; State Park, 4. _Clark County_: + 7 mi. SW Kingsdown, E. A. Stephenson Ranch, 1; 6 mi. S + Kingsdown, 1. + + + =Geomys bursarius major= Davis + + _Geomys lutescens major_ Davis, Texas Agric. Exp. St., Bull. + no. 590:32, August, 1940; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., + 47:75, 1944. + + _Geomys lutescens_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 8:129, January 31, + 1895. + + _Geomys breviceps llanensis_, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 + (pt. 2): 215, 1907; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, + 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., + 35:182, 1937; Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:12, February 1, + 1940. + + _Type locality._--Eight miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, + Texas. + + _Distribution in Kansas._--Southcentral Kansas, northward + certainly to Ellsworth County, westward certainly to Stafford + and Barber counties and eastward to Cowley County. + + _Description._--Color: Upper parts varying from Brussels Brown + in some specimens to nearly Prout's Brown, especially in + specimens from central part of state. Top of head, and + sometimes back, darker than rest of upper parts, but no well + defined black stripe; underparts varying from whitish to nearly + Buffy Brown; fore and hind feet and approximately distal half + of tail white. Size: Large (see measurements). Skull: Sagittal + crest absent in females and barely present in males; least + width of braincase more than distance from alveolus of incisor + to middle of lateral border of P^4 at alveolar border. Length + of auditory bulla (from anteroventral edge of paroccipital + process of exoccipital to hamulus of peterygoid), in each sex, + more than 8 mm.; occiput usually vertical when skull is laid + top down; zygomatic arch broadly and squarely spreading, + divergent anteriorly; rostrum averaging less than twice as long + as wide. + +_Comparisons._--From _G. bursarius lutescens_, _major_ differs in color +darker, premaxillae extending slightly farther posteriorly; temporal +impressions usually forming a more well-marked sagittal crest in males; +ventral side of zygomatic arch, at level of jugal bone, more curved. + +From _G. bursarius majusculus_, _major_ differs in slightly lighter +color, smaller size of body; in males, total length less than 284 mm.; +hind foot 34 or less; basilar length of skull less than 42; in females +total length less than 264, hind foot no more than 33, and basilar +length less than 39. + +From _G. bursarius industrius_, _major_ differs in color, being Prout's +Brown, instead of Cinnamon Brown (less Fuscous); body averaging 10 per +cent longer; total length in males from 9 to 9.7 per cent longer, hind +foot 9.7 per cent longer on the average; skull averaging larger in all +parts measured. Occiput less inclined anterodorsally; top nearly flat, +less arched than that of _G. b. industrius_; auditory bulla averaging +slightly larger and less inflated. + +_Remarks._--Specimens of this subspecies from Norman, Cleveland County, +Oklahoma, and Canton, Dewey County, Oklahoma, and most of those from +Kansas, are more Fuscous than topotypes and tend toward _G. bursarius +majusculus_. Specimens from McPherson County have a darker dorsal stripe +resembling that of _G. bursarius majusculus_. One adult from Little Salt +Marsh, Stafford County, is pale, closely resembling topotypes. + +Most of the cranial characters, nevertheless, are constant in all +available specimens, except that in specimens of each sex from the type +locality the basilar length averages 4 to 5 per cent shorter. In the +constancy of size of the relatively large auditory bullae and in the +nearly flat dorsal profile of the cranial part of the skull, the +specimens from Kansas agree with the specimens from the type locality. + +Specimens from Harper County have the occiput slightly inclined +anterodorsally and thus are reminiscent of _industrius_ which has an +even greater inclination of the occiput. Probably the appearance in +dilute fashion of this character in Harper County is properly to be +interpreted as intergradation with _industrius_. If so, the actual +intergradation may be to the northwest _via_ Pratt County since +specimens from Barber County, immediately west of Harper and lying +between Harper County and the range of _industrius_, do not have the +occiput so inclined. + +Of a pair of adults from eight miles west of Rosalia, Butler County, +the female is indistinguishable in color from adults of _G. b. +industrius_ from northern Meade County and from two specimens from +eleven miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, Texas, near the type +locality of _G. b. major_. The male from eight miles west of Rosalia is +darker as compared either with _G. b. industrius_ or _G. b. major_ and +the coloration of the upper parts resembles those in _G. b._ +_majusculus_; the underparts are only slightly paler than the upper +parts as in _majusculus_. Measurements of the skulls are intermediate +between the averages for _G. b. majusculus_ and those for _G. b. major_. +These specimens from eight miles west of Rosalia are intermediate +structurally, and since they are intermediate geographically between _G. +b. majusculus_ and _G. b. major_, they suggest intergradation of the two +subspecies. The specimens in question are referred to _major_ because +the size is nearer that of _major_. It is mainly the intermediate nature +of these two specimens from Butler County, and the intermediate nature +of the specimens from McPherson County, Kansas, that have caused us to +treat _G. b. majusculus_ as only subspecifically distinct from the more +western subspecies, _major_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 77, as follows: _Ellsworth + County_: 2 mi. S Ellsworth, 1. _McPherson County_: Smoky Hill + River, 1 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W Lindsborg, 5; 1/2 mi. E McPherson, + 1. _Stafford County_: Little Salt Marsh, 12; no locality more + precise than county, 3. _Reno County_: 8 mi. N and 1 mi. E + Haven, 2. _Harvey County_: 1 mi. E and 1/2 mi. N Halstead, 1; + Halstead, 3. _Butler County_: 8 mi. W Rosalia, 2. _Barber + County_: near South Bridge, Sun City, 1; 2 mi. S Sun City, 1; + Wells Ranch, Aetna, 5; "1 mi. W Aetna," 3; near South Bridge, + Aetna, 1; near Bridge, 1 mi. S Aetna, 2. _Harper County_: 4-1/2 + mi. NE Danville, 8; 1 mi. N Harper, 11; 3 mi. S Harper, 1. + _Cowley County_: 3 mi. SW Arkansas City, 4; 3 mi. SE Arkansas + City, 9; 3 mi. S Arkansas City, 1. + + + + + MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES OF GEOMYS + + + (In millimeters) + + Key for table headings in table on this page. + + N: Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number + L: Total length + T: Length of tail + H: Length of hind foot + B: Basilar length + Na: Length of nasals + Z: Zygomatic breadth + M: Mastoid breadth + Rb: Breadth of rostrum + I: Interorbital constriction + A: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row + E: Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals + S: Depth of skull + Rl: Length of rostrum + + ======+===+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+===+===+===+====+===== + N |L | T | H | B | Na | Z | M | Rb | I | A | E | S | Rl + ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----- + _G. b. lutescens_; topotypes + 5 ave.|266|82.0|34.2|40.0|17.7|30.5|26.8|11.5|6.7|8.6|3.9|17.1|20.8 + min.|257|76.0|33.0|38.3|16.0|29.1|26.1|11.2|6.3|8.1|3.5|16.2|19.1 + max.|276|91.0|36.0|42.4|20.3|31.7|27.5|11.9|6.9|9.2|4.2|17.7|23.6 + + 2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas + 12088|272|92.0|35.0|43.2|19.1|32.3|27.7|11.3|6.6|8.4|2.8|18.0|22.1 + + _G. b. majusculus_; Douglas Co., Kansas + | | | | | |[A] | | | | | | | + 16 ave. |289|79.8|36.3|47.1|21.0|34.1|30.4|12.1|6.8|9.3|3.7|18.5|24.9 + min. |273|70.0|32.0|44.7|18.9|30.5|27.5|11.1|6.5|8.2|2.9|17.3|22.9 + max. |308|95.0|55.0|49.9|23.2|38.0|34.5|13.5|7.6|10.3|5.7|20.0|28.1 + + _G. b. jugossicularis_; Morton Co., Kansas + 4 ave.|265|82.0|34.2|40.7|16.9|30.0|27.9|10.7|6.0|8.6|5.2|17.3|21.2 + min.|250|68.0|30.0|38.5|16.1|29.0|27.5|10.5|5.5|8.2|4.7|16.4|20.2 + max.|285|92.0|37.0|42.4|17.4|31.1|28.4|11.0|6.2|9.2|5.5|17.9|22.0 + + _G. b. industrius_; Meade Co., Kansas + 8 ave.|265|82.0|35.0|40.9|18.1|30.0|28.0|11.0|6.2|8.8|4.3|17.7|21.8 + min.|247|70.0|33.0|37.9|15.5|28.2|26.5| 9.9|5.7|8.0|2.9|16.8|19.5 + max.|280|90.0|36.0|43.4|21.0|32.4|29.5|11.6|7.0|9.1|5.2|19.1|24.2 + + _G. b. major_; Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas + 11724|256|66.0|34.0|41.0|18.3|31.6|28.2|10.6|6.1|9.0|4.0|17.0|21.3 + + 1 mi. W Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas + 11153|240|75.0|32.0|36.7|15.7|26.9|24.6| 9.9|5.9|8.8|4.0|15.0|19.5 + 11152|240|65.0|32.0|36.0|14.2|26.1|25.4|10.9|5.6|8.5|5.0|15.5|18.5 + + 3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas + | | | | |[E] | | | | | | | | + 12870|246|76.0|32.0|42.1|16.0|33.7|29.7|11.5|6.3|9.4|4.5|17.6|21.3 + + 3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas + 12892|282|84.0|33.0|41.7|17.3|....|27.7|10.8|6.4|8.9|4.2|17.2|21.5 + ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----- + + + + + MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT FEMALES OF GEOMYS + + + (In millimeters) + + Key for table headings in table on this page. + + N: Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number + L: Total length + T: Length of tail + H: Length of hind foot + B: Basilar length + Na: Length of nasals + Z: Zygomatic breadth + M: Mastoid breadth + Rb: Breadth of rostrum + I: Interorbital constriction + A: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row + E: Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals + S: Depth of skull + Rl: Length of rostrum + + ======+===+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+===+===+===+====+===== + N | L | T | H | B | Na | Z | M | Rb | I | A | E | S | Rl + ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----- + _G. b. lutescens_; topotypes + 6 ave.|233|72.3|31.1|35.3|15.0|25.9|23.7|10.4|6.1|8.3|3.7|15.4|18.4 + min.|215|63.0|30.0|33.5|13.9|24.6|21.8|10.1|5.6|8.1|2.9|14.8|17.3 + max.|254|76.0|32.0|37.0|16.8|26.7|24.8|10.7|6.6|8.5|4.5|16.2|19.8 + + 2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas + 11733|230|63.0|31.0|35.3|15.1|26.5|24.1| 9.3|6.1|7.5|2.4|15.0|18.2 + 12155|245|70.0|30.0|35.6|14.6|25.2|24.1|10.6|6.4|7.5|3.1|14.9|18.2 + + _G. b. majusculus_; Douglas Co., Kansas + | | | |[B] |[B] |[A] | | | | | | | + 17 ave. |265|78.6|32.8|40.6|17.2|28.6|26.4|10.9|6.5|9.1|3.6|16.6|21.0 + min. |222|59.0|30.0|37.1|15.9|26.7|24.9|10.0|5.9|8.5|2.0|15.2|18.8 + max. |304|92.0|35.0|47.0|20.1|33.4|29.1|12.3|7.3|10.0|5.9|19.1|24.1 + + _G. b. jugossicularis_; Morton Co., Kansas + 5012|244|72.0|30.0|36.2|16.4|25.4|25.0|10.0|5.9|8.0|4.2|16.0|19.3 + 5395|230|72.0|30.0|34.6|13.9|24.7|24.8| 9.8|5.8|8.0|4.5|15.2|17.5 + + _G. b. industrius_; Meade Co., Kansas + | |[C] | |[D] | | |[D] | + 7 ave. |238|73.0|31.3|36.4|14.9|26.3|24.8|10.0|6.0|8.4|4.1|16.2|18.6 + min. |231|65.0|30.0|35.4|14.0|25.8|24.5| 9.5|5.6|8.1|3.6|15.5|17.5 + max. |256|75.0|32.0|37.8|16.1|27.8|25.9|10.3|6.5|8.7|4.7|17.6|19.9 + + _G. b. major_; 1 mi. S Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas + 10069|257|95.0|32.0|37.0|16.4|26.4|25.5|10.8|6.2|9.0|3.4|16.4|19.4 + + Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas + 10070|242|83.0|30.0|36.8|15.7|26.2|25.0|10.1|6.5|9.1|3.3|15.8|19.1 + + Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas + 12238|239|65.0|31.0|34.2|14.5|24.6|23.7| 9.6|6.0|8.0|3.6|15.2|17.7 + + 1 mi. S.Sun City, Barber Co., Kansas + 11075|232|66.0|28.0|34.2|14.4|25.0|23.6| 9.9|5.9|8.0|3.4|15.0|17.0 + + 3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas + 12872|242|66.0|30.0|38.1|15.0|28.0|26.2|10.3|6.3|7.8|4.5|16.1|19.1 + + 3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas + 12894|230|82.0|30.0|38.5|15.5|28.0|25.6|10.0|6.7|8.7|4.0|16.6|19.5 + 12893|246|83.0|32.0|36.5|14.2|25.6|24.8| 9.6|6.6|8.7|4.6|15.4|18.1 + ------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----- + +[A] 15 averaged. + +[B] 16 averaged. + +[C] 6 averaged. + +[D] 5 averaged. + +[E] approximate. + + + + +SUBSPECIES OF THE SPECIES GEOMYS BURSARIUS + + +If _Geomys lutescens major_ Davis is correctly judged to intergrade with +_Geomys bursarius majusculus_ Swenk, the name for the full species will +be _Geomys bursarius_ because _bursarius_ is the oldest name among those +available. Some new combinations of names are required. According to our +present understanding, the eleven kinds of pocket gophers named below +are properly to be arranged as subspecies of the species _Geomys +bursarius_: + + _Geomys bursarius bursarius_ (Shaw). Type from unknown locality + in Upper Mississippi Valley. + + _Geomys bursarius majusculus_ Swenk. Type from Lincoln, + Lancaster County, Nebraska. + + _Geomys bursarius hylaeus_ Blossom. Type from 10 mi. S Chadron, + Dawes County, Nebraska. + + _Geomys bursarius levisagittalis_ Swenk. Type from Spencer, + Boyd County, Nebraska. + + _Geomys bursarius vinaceus_ Swenk. Type from Scottsbluff, + Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. + + _Geomys bursarius lutescens_ Merriam. Type from Sandhills on + Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, Nebraska. + + _Geomys bursarius illinoensis_ Komarek and Spencer. Type from 1 + mi. S Momence, Kankakee County, Illinois. + + _Geomys bursarius jugossicularis_ Hooper. Type from Lamar, + Prowers County, Colorado. + + _Geomys bursarius industrius_ new subspecies. Type from 1-1/2 + mi. N Fowler, Meade County, Kansas. + + _Geomys bursarius major_ Davis. Type from 8 mi. W Clarendon, + Donley County, Texas. + + _Geomys bursarius llanensis_ Bailey. Type from Llano, Llano + County, Texas. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +ALLEN, J. A. + 1874. Notes on the mammals of portions of Kansas, Colorado, + Wyoming and Utah. Part I. On the mammals of middle and western + Kansas. Bull. Essex Inst., 6 (no. 2):43-52. February, 1874. + + 1895. List of mammals collected in the Black Hills region of + South Dakota and in western Kansas by Mr. Walter W. Granger + with field notes by the collector. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 7:259-274. August 21, 1895. + +ALLEN, P. + 1940. Kansas mammals. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, + Bull. Inf. Stud. in Educ., Number 20 (no. 5):l-62. May, 1940. + +BAKER, A. B. + 1889. Mammals of western Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., + 11:56-58 (for 1887-88). + +BAIRD, S. F. + 1857. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the + Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department. + Mammals, Part I, xxxii + 757, pls. 17-60, 35 figs. in text, + 1857. + +BLACK, J. D. + 1937. Mammals of Kansas. Thirtieth Bienn. Rept. Kansas State + Board of Agric., 35:116-217. + +DAVIS, W. B. + 1940. Distribution and variation of pocket gophers (Genus + Geomys) in the southwestern United States. Texas Agric. Exp. + Station, Bull., 590:1-38, 6 figs. in text. October 23, 1940. + +HIBBARD, C. W. + 1933. A revised check list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas + Acad. Sci., 36:230-249. + + 1944. A checklist of Kansas mammals, 1943. Trans. Kansas Acad. + Sci., 47:61-88. + +HOOPER, E. T. + 1940. A new race of pocket gopher of the species Geomys + lutescens from Colorado. Occas. Papers, Mus. Zooel., Univ. + Michigan, 420:1-3. June 28, 1940. + +KNOX, M. V. B. + 1875. Kansas Mammalia. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 4:18-22. + +KOMAREK, E. V. , and SPENCER, D. A. + 1931. A new pocket gopher from Illinois and Indiana. Journ. + Mamm., 12:404-408, 1 pl., 1 fig. in text. November 11, 1931. + +LANTZ, D. E. + 1905. Kansas mammals in their relations to agriculture. Kansas + State Agric. College Bull., 129:331-404. April, 1905. + + 1905. A list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., + 19:171-178. + + 1907. Additions and corrections to the list of Kansas mammals. + Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 (pt. 2):214-217. + +MERRIAM, C. H. + 1890. Descriptions of twenty-six new species of North American + mammals. N. Amer. Fauna, 4: v + 60, 3 pls., 3 figs. in text. + October 8, 1890. + + 1895. Monographic revision of the pocket gopher Family + Geomyidae.... N. Amer. Fauna, 8:1-258, 19 pls. and + frontispiece, 71 figs. in text, 4 maps. January 31, 1895. + +SCHEFFER, T. H. + 1910. The pocket gopher. Kansas State Agric. Coll. Ent. and + Zooel. Dept., Bull., 172:197-233, illustrated. September, 1910. + + 1931. Habits and economic status of the pocket gophers. U. S. + Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull., 224:1-27, 8 pls., 2 figs. in text. + January, 1931. + +SWENK, M. H. + 1939. A study of local size variations in the prairie pocket + gopher (Geomys bursarius), with description of a new subspecies + from Nebraska. Missouri Valley Fauna, 1:1-8. December 5, 1939. + + 1940. A study of subspecific variation in the yellow pocket + gopher (Geomys lutescens) in Nebraska, and the geographical and + ecological distribution of the variants. Missouri Valley Fauna, + 2:1-12. February 1, 1940. + +_Transmitted May 30, 1947._ + + + PRINTED BY + FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1947 + 21-8188 + + + + +Transcriber Notes: + + +Minor typographical errors were corrected without notice. + +Italic words and phrases are marked _like this_. + +Bold words and phrases are marked =like this=. + +Small caps are converted to all upper case, LIKE THIS. + +Superscripts in text are indicated by use of the caret, like this ^4. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of +Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11], by Bernardo Villa-R and E. 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