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diff --git a/36784.txt b/36784.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b7dcb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/36784.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4721 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 4, +September 1893, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 4, September 1893 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 19, 2011 [EBook #36784] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 1 *** + + + + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +McCLURE'S MAGAZINE + +VOL. I SEPTEMBER, 1893 No. 4 + + +Copyright, 1893, by S. S. MCCLURE, Limited. All rights reserved. + + + + +Table of Contents + + PAGE + Edward E. Hale. The Man with a Country. By Herbert D. Ward. 291 + How Cassie Saved the Spoons. By Annie Howells Frechette. 301 + Surrender. By Gertrude Hall. 308 + "Human Documents." 309 + Dreams Go By Contraries. By George H. Jessop. 318 + The Tables Turned. By William Wordsworth. 326 + Pasteur at Home. By Ida M. Tarbell. 327 + Hugh Bronte'S Courtship. By Doctor William Wright. 341 + The Legend of the Elephant and the Lion. By Henry M. Stanley. 351 + Song. By Thomas Carew. 355 + The Life and Experiences of an Engineer of a Limited Express. + By Cleveland Moffett. 356 + Among the Gorillas. By R. L. Garner. 364 + + + + +Illustrations + + PAGE + Residence of Edward Everett Hale. 292 + Sitting-Room. 294 + Highland Street, With the Hale Place on the Right. 295 + Doctor Hale in His Study. 296 + The Library. 298 + The Dining-Room. 299 + E. E. Hale in 1847. From a Painting By Richard Hinsdale. 300 + Emperor William of Germany. 310 + Eugene Field. 314 + Colonel Albert A. Pope. 316 + The Statue of Jupille. 327 + The Pasteur Institute. 328 + The Lodge. 329 + M. Pasteur in His Salon. 330 + The House at Dole. 331 + M. Pasteur at Thirty. 332 + At the Jubilee of M. Pasteur. 333 + Portraits of M. Pasteur. 334 + A Group of Patients. 336 + The Library. 337 + M. Roux. 337 + Dosing the Virus. 338 + Dr. Metchnikoff in His Laboratory. 339 + Filling the Syringes. 339 + The Rabbits' Quarters. 340 + "The Flyer" Leaving the Grand Central Station, New York City. 357 + + + + +EDWARD E. HALE. + +THE MAN WITH A COUNTRY. + +BY HERBERT D. WARD. + + +When General Ward drove the British out of Roxbury in the reign of +George the Third, the valuation of the town was about sixty +thousand dollars. I do not know at what high figure the historic +city that guards the ashes of John Eliot is held now, but I do +know that, in this age of rapacious corporations and untrustworthy +trusts, genius outranks gold, and that Roxbury receives no small +increment of her value from the fact that Edward E. Hale is one of +her most distinguished citizens. To one fond of perceiving the +innate or accidental fitness of things, it is, perhaps, more than a +coincidence that Doctor Hale lives on Highland Street, and that +his house reminds one, with its massive front and Ionic columns, of a +Greek temple. + +This large house was built, about sixty years ago, by Mr. Bradford, +for his brother-in-law, Reverend Mr. Kent, and was used for a young +ladies' boarding-school. Even now, on some of the upper panes, girls' +names and girlish sentiments are to be read. When Doctor Hale took the +house, some twenty years ago, he introduced a carpenter to make what +are called "modern improvements." + +"Mr. Hale," said the carpenter, after a thorough inspection, "you are +fortunate in your bargain. _This house was built on honor._" Mr. Hale +has had a great mind to make this reply the motto over his doorway. + +When Doctor Hale once described his house to an eminent editor of one +of our leading magazines, he said: "You cannot mistake it; it is a +Greek temple just above Eliot Square." + +The editor, with the gentle blush that frisky memory will bring to the +cheeks of the staidest, quickly answered: "Yes, I have often +worshipped there." + +This is not a biographical paper. The readers of the "Atlantic" will +remember Doctor Hale's description of his father, the first of New +England's great railroad pioneers. Every one knows that our Mr. Hale +was named after his uncle, the great Edward Everett; but perhaps it is +not so generally known that Mrs. Hale is the granddaughter of Lyman +Beecher, and the niece of Mrs. Stowe. What may not be expected of +Doctor Hale's boys, with Beecher, Hale, and Everett blood in their +veins? There is no better selection, and the problem is an interesting +one. + +But, to many of us, the most interesting of Doctor Hale's connections +is his distant relation, Helen Kellar. The first time that wonderful, +blind, deaf-mute child, then not eight years old, came to his home, +there happened to be an Egyptian statuette of the god Terminus outside +the piazza steps. The child touched it, and, with her marvellous +discernment, starting back, said in her own way: "Oh, the ugly old +man!" + +Helen was then taken to the beautiful alto-relievo of Bernini, +representing the infants Christ and John playing together. It is a +little thing, and slowly the child ran her eye-fingers over the chubby +babes. Suddenly her sightless face lighted with the rarest smile. Her +soul had understood the significance of the holy group by an intuition +that science cannot gauge, and she bent over and kissed the sacred +children. + +After all, every home exhibits a clinging pananthropoism, if one may +be permitted to coin the word. Books and pictures and statuary are the +man, just as much as his style. They are his most subtile expression. +They are his unlying interpreters. As you walk into Doctor Hale's +parlor, resting upon the floor, there confronts you a realistic +colored photograph of the compelling Matterhorn. That picture, with +its glacier, its precipices, and its summit, conquered only by +cooeperative achievement, is a fit emblem of a family climbing from +height to height. + +We left the table, and Lyman Beecher's splendid portrait, that formed +a strong background for Doctor Hale's impressive head, and stopped for +a moment in the boys' study, opposite the parlor. There is the +portrait of Edward Everett, by Stuart Newton: of Alexander Everett, by +Alexander, and of Mrs. Hale, by Ransom, and a striking picture of the +doctor himself. How many of these sedate portraits have been shocked +by shuttlecock and bumped by football at the hands of Doctor Hale's +rollicking boys, only one of whom, Robert, of rising literary +reputation, is left with his father in the home! + +[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF EDWARD EVERETT HALE.] + +Across the narrow back hall one takes a quick glimpse of the four +phases of the moon on the stairway, then of hundreds of volumes +lining the walls, billows of books, breaking upon one +everywhere--five thousand of them. + +"That is Thomas Arnold's portrait--father of Matthew," said Doctor +Hale, pointing from his sofa, and then settling back into +reminiscences:--"Longfellow over there, and Dean Stanley. I liked +Stanley, and I think Stanley liked me. We were on very cordial terms. +He sat at the desk where you are, and I gave him Gladstone's article +on America, published that fall. There was a carriage at the door. I +was to show him some historical places. It was October, and cold. I +told the boys to bring some rugs. They came to the carriage with a lot +of Arab shawls. Stanley had just come from the desert, and with +marvellous dexterity he wound a shawl about him so that he looked like +an Arab sheik. I got a little frightened at the oriental look of it, +and said: 'Oh, we shall be in all the newspapers.' With reluctance he +consented to throw a cape over his shoulders instead. But I always +regretted that I did not allow him to go through the streets as an +Arab dean. When I bade him good-by that night, he said, with his +wonted thoughtfulness, 'Let me pay for this carriage; you would never +have had it if it hadn't been for me.' + +"'No,' said I, 'when I go to Westminster you shall pay for me. When +you are in Boston, I shall pay for you.' + +"When we got out of the carriage the hackman took off his hat and +said: 'If the carriage were mine, you shouldn't pay a cent. Doctor +Stanley is a good and great man, and I am proud to have carried him.' +That's pretty good for a Boston hackman." + +As my eyes roamed over the mass of portfolios stacked in an orderly +manner in the case at the foot of his lounge, my imagination conjured +many an interview that Mr. Hale must have had with immortals, +contemporaries, and friends of the man before me. + +And what invaluable letters must those portfolios contain! Doctor Hale +evidently caught my curiosity and my glance. + +"You would like to see some autographs?" he generously asked. + +"Yes, indeed, but I am afraid there is not time now. Tell me about +some of your most interesting ones." + +Then it proved that Doctor Hale had advantages in the line of +presidential autographs, because of his eminent and political +ancestry. His collection in this respect is complete, and in this way, +he says, he began it. + +"I was sitting one evening tearing up old papers, after my father's +death, and among them noticed a letter on the character of Washington. +Not considering it worth keeping, I took it to tear it up, when out +dropped a yellow paper, ancient and faded. It proved to be a letter of +George Washington himself, which had been enclosed in the other letter +by my father, evidently to illustrate a point in character which the +writer had raised. Then and there I resolved to make a collection of +presidential autographs. I don't dare to tell you how many family +commissions I hold in my portfolio. To me the collection is almost the +history of my family. I have been tempted to publish a couple of +volumes of national history of the nineteenth century, to be taken +bodily from my own portfolio of autographs. It might be rather +interesting." + +"Changing the subject, when did you first meet Emerson?" + +"Let me see, I first heard Emerson when I was eleven years old. He was +delivering his lecture on Mohammed. I first spoke to him in Harvard +College chapel, when a mutual acquaintance had just taken the highest +honors. Emerson said of him, with his keenest look: + +"'I didn't know he was so fine a fellow. Now, if some misfortune could +only happen to him; if he could be turned out of college, or could be +unpopular in his class, or his father could fail in business, all +would be well with him.' + +"This seemed at the time cynical, but when I read of the hardships of +Emerson's early life, and heard of the unhappy end of the man of +college honors, I understood it and was astounded at his penetration. + +"I have a letter of Emerson's (and you can take a copy of it if you +like) which cleared up an anecdote that was told of him at the time. +It was said that on one of his ocean trips he committed 'Alaric' or +some other long poem to memory, in order to while away a few otherwise +unprofitable days. It proved to be 'Lycidas,' and I never heard of any +one else who has committed 'Lycidas' to memory on an ocean trip for +pastime. Who else but Emerson would have thought of it?" + + CONCORD, _January 26_. + + MY DEAR HALE:--I know by much experience of my own what it is to + have Everett on the brain, and you, who have it in the blood, may + easily believe that it could only be "Alaric" that I was crooning + at sea. But it was not that, but Milton's "Lycidas," which I told + of in a lecture on Memory, to which I must think you refer; though + nothing of it was ever printed or reported that I know, and it + must have been read (_i.e._, the lecture) when you were very + young. I ought to be proud that the anecdote could reach you, but + the mystery of the memory interested me much. + + I wrote you yesterday about Stirling's pamphlet, which I hope will + come speedily to you. I do not recall the title, but it was, + perhaps, "Remarks on Mr. Huxley's Protoplasm." + + Yours, + R. W. EMERSON. + +"Here's another story of Emerson," continued my host, with a twinkle, +"that reminds me of the story of the man who said he couldn't make a +speech like Henry Clay, but he had once held the statesman's hat when +Clay was speaking. When Mr. Emerson delivered his second Phi Beta +address, the desk had been removed from the pulpit of the church, so +that he had at the beginning to kneel uncomfortably to read his +manuscript. I went back in the vestry and found the desk, and, in the +first pause in Emerson's address, placed it before him. The audience +of course applauded. When the oration was over, Lowell, who presided, +congratulated Mr. Emerson on his success, and Emerson's first words +were, 'Where's that saint, Edward Hale?'" + +[Illustration: SITTING-ROOM.] + +"Have you any special reminiscence of Hawthorne?" + +"Hardly any at all. Personally, Hawthorne was very reticent in +society. My own recollections of him, when I first saw him, were +that he hardly spoke a word to anybody. This little scrap of +Hawthorne's, which you may use, if you care to, was sent to the +'Boston Miscellany,' a magazine that my brother edited, and to +which all Young America at that time contributed. Lowell published +his first stories and articles in the 'Miscellany,' after those in +'Harvardiana.' + +"But with Lowell my relations were singularly intimate. He was also +intimate with my brother Nathan. Our room in college was convenient +for him, as his was at a distance from recitations. He was a class in +advance of me. Those were the days when we borrowed Emerson's volume +of Tennyson's first poems, and copied the poems in our scrap-books. +Lowell was deep in the old dramatists then, and read papers on them in +the Alpha Delta, which was the literary club to which we both +belonged. The intimacy which was then begun lasted through our lives. +He edited 'The Atlantic' when I published my first stories there. + +[Illustration: HIGHLAND STREET, WITH THE HALE PLACE ON THE RIGHT.] + +"By the way, it is reported that Ruskin will be made poet laureate! My +candidate, however, is Jean Ingelow. The Queen ought to have named a +woman. Talking on the subject, I have seen with these eyes the +original correspondence with which Prince Albert offered the +laureateship to Samuel Rogers. Rogers was greatly pleased, but after +consideration declined, because he was so old. The Prince then wrote +to Rogers to ask him to name the laureate. Rogers named Tennyson. Then +came a letter from the prime minister, in which he said: 'We are not +acquainted with the works of this gentleman, and will you be good +enough to let me know whether he has ever written anything which would +make it improper for a woman to name him for this post?'" + +Mr. Hale stopped and laughed heartily. "Just think of that!" he added, +with glee. + +After some skirmishing about the bush--for the office of +"interlocutor" is not very familiar to me--I asked Doctor Hale: + +"What do you consider the best thing you ever did?" He did not seem +annoyed or perplexed by the question. He thrust his arms behind his +head, extended himself the full length of the lounge, and regarded me +with his deep-set eyes. Doctor Hale's face wrinkles in a curious way +around his eyes. These are the features of his face. They are fine, +deep, sad, careless of human opinion--except it has to be conciliated +for a high purpose--and alert as a boy's, ready for a truth or for a +friend. I believe that a divine physiognomist would read Doctor Hale's +career in his gray eyes and their high ramparts. "Why, the young man's +head has an entirely different shape," said the elder Darwin of his +son Charles, on the young man's return from his voyage in the +"Beagle." It struck me oddly that in a like manner Doctor Hale's eyes +had been a mirror of his life. + +"I think," began Doctor Hale thoughtfully, "that 'In His Name,' as a +bit of literary work, is to be regarded as the best book I ever wrote. +The story of 'The Man Without a Country' has circulated in much larger +numbers. It was forged in the fire, and I think its great popularity +is due to the subject." + +"And what is your best literary work at present?" + +After some hesitation Doctor Hale answered: + +"I think my sermons are the best." + +This serious answer caused no little astonishment; for one naturally +thinks of Doctor Hale as an author rather than as a hard-working +minister. + +[Illustration: DOCTOR HALE IN HIS STUDY.] + +"I attach a great deal of importance to the weekly printing and +circulating of sermons," he continued. "It is more than fifteen years +since I began printing them for our people. It keeps a man at his best +work. It does away with slipshod carelessness. I should advise every +minister to print his sermons. The fact of it is," he continued, with +increasing vivacity, "five-sixths of my work in this office is parish +work. I am a person who has never lost sight of my profession. People +complain that my books always carry a moral. I wouldn't write if they +didn't." + +"How did you come to write--as an author, I mean?" + +"Until 1861 I was only known in Boston as an energetic minister of an +active church. I didn't want anything else. I believe now, as then, +that if anything is going to be done, it is to be done through that +agency. Then the war came along. I was in the Massachusetts Rifle +Corps, and," he said this with a pardonable twinkle of pride, "I have +drilled a major-general. Then I was on the Sanitary Commission. To +save the country--that brought me into public life, and I have never +got back into simple parish life again. Then came 'The Man Without a +Country.' In 1871 'Ten Times One is Ten' was published. From that book +came a peculiarity of my life. It brought me into close contact with +all parts of the world. From it sprang the 'Lend a Hand' and the +'King's Daughters,' and a dozen such working societies, and indirectly +the Epworth League and the Christian Endeavor. They copied the idea, +with many of my mottoes." + +The speaker stopped while the writer pondered how many a girl, from +East to West and North to South, carried upon her throat a plain +silver cross tied with a purple ribbon, her proudest ornament. It is +an inspiring picture and comes quickly to call. To make an era in +Christian self-surrender, to girdle the world with unselfish crosses, +to hammer high purposes into young souls, that is a better life than +to have written the best novel of the decade. + +"Yes," said Doctor Hale, with the authority of his threescore years +and eleven, "the parish is at the basis of my life, and takes +five-sixths of my time. All this would have been impossible without +it." + +In these days, when some of our eminent critics consider a moral +purpose detrimental to the literary value of a story, it is refreshing +to learn from the mouth of one of our most popular authors that his +success is due entirely to the inspiration of a Christian ideal. It +takes the modern school of critics to pat the Lord Jesus Christ upon +the back. Charles Kingsley and Doctor Hale will not be snuffed out by +them because they have chosen to Christianize their literary work. + +Edward E. Hale regards the ministry as the most practical business in +the world. The theory that the minister spends his mornings reading +Hebrew, and his afternoons praying with dying old women, is exploded +in his career. He knocks about in the most active of city life. It +came out that the day before I called he went up to the State House to +argue in favor of an honest bill of some kind. He then signed the +lease of the "Noonday Rest," a club where working girls are to get +good food. He made himself responsible for fifteen hundred dollars a +year because the poor girls had to be cared for, and he "knew it would +come back to him all right." Then the duties of Vice-President of the +Industrial Aid called for his attention. "I am the man of business," +he said, with flashing eyes. Of such are the charities of his life. + +Even while the writer was sitting in the chair that Dean Stanley +occupied, and revolving the problem whether Doctor Hale summoned from +some other planet the time in which to write his sermons, we were +interrupted by a messenger from the Society for Prevention of Cruelty +to Animals, who came for about fifty pounds of stories which Doctor +Hale had read in order to determine the four winners of prizes. + +"I was a little taken in," he said, with a boyish laugh, after the +messenger, stunned dumb by that kindly reception of Doctor Hale's +(which is denied to no one), had departed staggering; "I thought +they were to be short stories, and they turned out to be +sixty-thousand-word books." + +Doctor Hale's study, which he calls his office, was once used as the +school-room for day scholars, and had a piazza, on one side of it. +This Mr. Hale has boarded up and uses the space--three feet wide--for +his thousands of pamphlets. I stepped in there while the messenger +from the society with the long name was occupying our host's +attention, and, for all the world, it seemed like a touch from Dickens +or a section from the Athenaeum. That pamphlet alcove, narrow, musty, +yet busy, a composite of the stage-coach days and our electric era, +gave me a graver suspicion of Doctor Hale's cosmopolitan interests +than any word he had uttered or anything I had hitherto seen in the +temple. + +When I came back Doctor Hale was again stretched upon the lounge. He +began almost fiercely upon his favorite topic, and I can do no better +than to give his own words: + +"I have written twenty-five books, but I'm not an author; I'm a parish +minister. I don't care a snap for the difference between Balzac and +Daudet. That isn't important in life. I do care about the difference +between the classes of men who migrate to this country of mine." + +Here I interrupted him: + +"Is it better to do twenty things than one?" + +"Not best for every one; but for a man who writes forty sermons a +year, it is better not to get into one rut. To write those sermons +well he must come into touch with forty things or forty men. As a man +of letters, I say the same thing. An author must be an all-around man +and take a many-sided view of life. My friends think it harms me. I +say it does not." + +Although I was burning to ask a vital and perhaps an impertinent +question--for as he was so kind to me I wished not to be intrusive--I +waited while he chatted about his connection with Harvard. + +It is one of Doctor Hale's happiest memories that he was an overseer +of Harvard University when the modern plan was introduced of having +more than one person to take charge of the chapel services. The new +custom was initiated by appointing the clerical members of the +overseers and faculty to take the chapel in turn. Doctor Hale thinks +there were nine of them. So he took a ninth part. That system in turn +gave way to the present system, by which five or six men are appointed +annually. Each in turn is given a room in college, so as to enter into +intimate pastoral relationship with the boys. This system has proved +wonderfully successful. In the inauguration of each of its phases +Doctor Hale was senior in the board, and heavily influential in the +working of the experiment. It is not to be wondered at, that of the +experiences of his long life he values making the acquaintance of a +"couple of thousand of as fine young men as the day can produce." + +This is only another illustration of Doctor Hale's wide sweep and +influence. + +[Illustration: THE LIBRARY.] + +"Doctor Hale, you yourself have hinted at it, namely, that the worst +thing your friends say about you is, that you have too many irons in +the fire. Do you think that thereby you have missed an opportunity in +life?" + +"I am glad you asked that question," he reassured me with his most +winning smile. "I don't think I have," he said slowly. "I might have +written better verses; by the way"--I thought he was changing the +subject--"I am just editing a collection of my verses for Roberts +Brothers, to be called 'For Fifty Years.' On the title-page this +quotation from the 'Ingham Papers' will be printed as a motto for the +poems. Read it aloud to me." + +Judge how I was moved as I read the following words to him: + +"Poor Ingham was painfully conscious that he had no peculiar genius +for one duty rather than another. If it were his duty to write verses, +he wrote verses; to lay telegraph, he laid telegraph; to fight +slavers, he fought slavers; to preach sermons, he preached sermons. +And he did one of these things with just as much alacrity as the +other; the moral purpose entirely controlling such mental aptness or +physical habits as he could bring to bear." + +As my voice died away among the volumes, it flashed across me that in +these words could be found Doctor Hale's mental and spiritual +biography. + +"Is this your epitaph?" I asked, very soberly. + +"I am willing to stand by this as my epitaph," he repeated after me, +in his gravest tones. + +Now this scene was not an interview, but a revelation, and I felt that +it "was good to be there." But, as an engagement called us to go out +together, we arose. + +"I wish you could have seen more of my parish work," he said, as we +walked in the rain. He recurred to his favorite topic eagerly. "For +that is my real life." + +[Illustration: THE DINING-ROOM.] + +"Sermons?" The word started him off. + +"I have no patience with the idea that it takes six days of grinding +to write a sermon. What nonsense! A sermon consists of about two +thousand five hundred words. I take a cup of coffee before breakfast +and write about six pages--that is, six hundred and fifty words. In +the morning I dictate to my amanuensis one thousand five hundred +words. I am intensely interested in the subject, and this takes only a +quarter of an hour. In the afternoon I look it over and add five or +six hundred words, and the sermon is done. In all, I haven't put my +hand for over two hours to paper." + +Although I have written a sermon or two myself, and had a different +experience, I did not argue the point. I have a faint suspicion that +it would take most people fifty years of experience to arrive at such +a wonderful facility. + +Power? Where did Doctor Hale get the strength to carry through his +hundred duties?--editing--writing--aiding public work and public and +private charities--correspondence--for he is the busiest man in +Boston, and his business increases upon him week by week in an +appalling ratio. + +"How on earth do you do it all? Where do you get the power? What is +it?" + +"The simple truth is," and I quote his words exactly, "that any child +of God, who in any adequate way believes that he can partake of the +divine nature, knows that he has strength enough for any business +which looks the right way; that is, which helps to bring God's kingdom +into the world. Well, if you are working with Aladdin's lamp, or with +Monte Cristo's treasures, you are not apt to think you will fail. Far +less will you think you will fail if you are working with the +omnipotence of the Lord God behind you. When people talk to me, +therefore, about optimism or good spirits or expecting success, if I +know them well enough I say that I am promised infinite power to work +with, and that whenever I have trusted it fairly and squarely, I have +found that the promise was true." + +He stopped, and under the shelter of a high steeple we separated: and +the parish priest, the author, the eager citizen, the helper of poor +girls and struggling young men, the man of power, the Christian +cosmopolitan, strode down the street, and was lost in the mist. + +I could not help calling to mind a pretty story told of him while he +was travelling in the West. As the train stopped at some forsaken +hamlet in California, twenty girls were seen upon the platform. On +hearing that Edward E. Hale was to pass through, they had begged off +from school in order to greet him. They were "King's Daughters," and +Doctor Hale was their inspiration and their chief. Each girl was +loaded with a different flower, with which she garlanded her hero. + +Such a tender and reverential free-masonry as this, founded by +himself, greets him daily through the mail, and overwhelms him when he +travels from his own home. + +As the author of "The Man Without a Country," "In His Name," and "Ten +Times One is Ten," he sways our imagination and our hearts. But let +him also be known as a man content to be a parish minister, and as one +who never fails to lend a hand when the chance is given to him. + +[Illustration: E. E. HALE IN 1847. FROM A PAINTING BY RICHARD HINSDALE.] + + + + +HOW CASSIE SAVED THE SPOONS. + +BY ANNIE HOWELLS FRECHETTE. + + +The last good-by had been said, and the comfortable country carriage, +drawn by its two glossy bay horses, had disappeared around a knoll. + +"They is do'rn," remarked the baby, as if just in possession of a +solemn fact. + +"Torse they is do'rn, you blessed baby," answered Florence, his +fifteen-year-old sister, stooping down and lifting him in her strong +arms and kissing him. + +The baby, let me remark, was a sturdy boy of four, with bright brown +eyes and red cheeks--cheeks so plump that when you had a side view of +his face you could only see the tip of his little pug nose. + +"Well, if ever anybody has earned a holiday, they are father and +mother," said Cassie. + +"Cassie, dear, your sentiment is better than your grammar," laughed +Rose, the eldest of the three sisters. + +"Never you mind my grammar, Miss Eglantine. I mayn't have much 'book +larnin',' but I've got a head on my shoulders, as father frequently +remarks--which is a good thing, for I couldn't bear to look at myself +in the glass if I hadn't--and besides, how could I do my hair up so +neatly, (Cassie's hair was the joke of the family) if I hadn't? And +now I'm going up-stairs to cry, and I'll be down in three minutes to +help with the dishes," and the giddy girl flew into the house and +disappeared. + +At the expiration of the three minutes which Cassie had set apart as +sacred to her grief, she reappeared, sniffing audibly, but otherwise +cheerful. + +"Now, girls, I say let us buzz through the work like a swarm of +industrious bumble-bees, and then go down to the creek lots and put in +the day gathering nuts. Last night, as Ned and I came through them, +the nuts were falling like hail, and we can pick up our winter's +supply in a few hours." + +This was favorably received, for they were all--even Rose--children +enough to enjoy a long day in the autumn woods. We all know that +willing hands make light work, and the morning's task was quickly +done; a basket of lunch was put up, and the girls, with the baby, were +soon scampering through the meadow toward the little creek, whose +borders for miles around were famous for their wealth of nuts. + +The harvest was indeed bountiful, and they worked merrily and +untiringly until bags and baskets were filled and deposited by a great +log, where their brother would next day find them and cart them home. +So busy and happy had they been that they could scarcely believe that +the day had ended until the woods began to fill with shadows, and the +baby declared he was sleepy and wanted his supper. + +"Who would ever have believed it so late?" cried Rose, peering from +under the low boughs toward the west, "and there are all those cows to +milk and the chickens to feed! Come, come, girls, not another nut; +we'll have to go home at once if we want to get through before dark. +Cassie, you are the quickest, do run ahead and let the bars down, and +get the pails ready, and I'll carry the baby--he's so tired, poor +little fellow, he can hardly stand. Florence can start the fire and +begin the supper while you and I do the chores." + +Away sped the light-footed Cassie, while the others made such haste as +they could with the tired baby, who wept in a self-pitying way upon +Rose's shoulder. + +"Oo dirls is 'tarvin' me an' walkin' me most to pieces, an' I want my +mover," he wailed, as he finally dozed off. + +Rose laid him upon the lounge in the cozy sitting-room, and, waiting +for a moment to see Florence started with the supper, for which they +were all ready, hurried away to the barn, where she could hear Cassie +whistling, and talking to the cows as she milked. + +Out from the kitchen's open door appetizing odors of coffee and frying +ham stole to greet the two girls, as they came towards the house with +their brimming pails of frothy milk. + +"It smells good," said Cassie, "and I'm as hungry as a tramp----" + +"Oh, Cassie! why did you say that? I've just been trying not to think +about tramps. I always feel creepy when I'm about the barn after dark, +anyway, and now----" + +"Well, my saying that won't bring any along." + +"They are positively the only things in the world that I'm afraid +of." + +"Well, then, _I'm_ not afraid of them. And suppose one should come? +Surely three great stout girls ought to be able to take care of +themselves." + +"Oh, Cassie, dear, please stop talking about them! I feel as if one +were stepping on my heels. Let's run." + +"And spill the milk? Not much." + +The kitchen looked so bright and cheery as they entered it that Rose +seemed to leave her fears outside with the duskiness, and by the time +she had strained the milk and put it away, she had forgotten that +tramps existed. + +Cassie had gone up-stairs to make some needed changes in her toilet, +the baby had roused from a short nap and was taking a rather mournful +interest in the preparations for supper, when Rose, who had just +stopped to ask him whether he would rather have honey or preserves, +heard a stealthy step upon the porch. A moment later, the door was +pushed slowly open and a man walked in. + +"Good evening, ladies. Is your pa at home?" + +"N--no," faltered Rose, trying to settle to her own satisfaction +whether this dirty-looking stranger might be some new neighbor, who +had come upon legitimate business, or whether he was her one horror--a +tramp. + +"Any of your big brothers in?" with rather a jocular manner. + +"N--no, sir." + +"And I don't see any bull-dog loafin' round," he added. + +"Our dord, he is dead," explained the baby solemnly. + +"Well, that's a good thing. Will the old gentleman be in soon?" + +"I--I don't know--yes--I--I _hope_ so. Is there any message you would +like to leave for him?" + +Before the man could answer, the baby's voice was again heard. + +"My fahver he's dorn orf." + +"Where's he gone, sonny?" + +"He's dorn on the tars, so's my mohver; and my bid brover he putted +yem on, and he won't be home 'til I'm asleep, and he's doin' to brin' +me a drum and put it in my bed." + +(Oh, how Rose longed to shake the baby!) + +"Well, then, ladies, since you are likely to be alone, I think I'll +stay and keep you company; and since you press me, I _will_ take tea +and spend the evening. Don't go to any extra work for me, though; it +all looks very nice. I'm rather hungry, so you may dish up that ham at +once, my dear"--this to poor Florence, who had shrunk almost into +invisibility behind the stove-pipe, and who seemed glued to the +spot--"I've usually a very fair appetite, and I am sure I will relish +it." + +He tossed his hat down beside the chair which he drew up to the +table. + +With the light falling full upon his dirty, insolent face, Rose knew +that her greatest dread was before her. With her knees almost sinking +under her, she started toward the stairs, for she felt that she must +let the intrepid Cassie know, and find out what she advised. + +"Where are you going, my dear?" asked the tramp, suspiciously. "You've +not got any big cousin or uncle or anything of that kind up-stairs +that you are going to call to tea, have you?" + +"Oh, no, there is no one up-stairs but my poor sister," she managed to +gasp. She could not have told why she said "poor sister," unless it +was from the sense of calamity which had overtaken them all. + +"In that case be spry, for I'm hungry, and I want you to pour out my +tea for me. I like to have a pretty face opposite me at table." + +Rose dragged herself up the narrow enclosed stairs and into Cassie's +room. + +"Well, Rose, you _must_ be about tuckered out. You come up-stairs as +if you were eighty," said Cassie, looking up from the shoe she was +fastening. "Why, what ails you? You look as if you had seen a ghost!" + +"Oh, Cassie, there is one of them down-stairs!" came in a whisper. + +"What _do_ you mean, Rose Bostwick? A _ghost_ down-stairs!" + +"No--no--a tramp." + +"Whew!" and Cassie gave a low whistle. "And I suppose you're scared?" + +"Oh, Cassie, I feel as if I were choking! Do hurry down, he may be +killing poor little Florence and the baby. What shall we do? The baby +has told him we are all alone." + +"The baby ought to be soundly spanked for that." + +"What _can_ we do? Try to think." + +Cassie sat swinging the button-hook in her hand and thinking very hard +and fast. + +"Does he know I'm here?" + +"Yes, I've told him." + +"Then it would be no use for me to pretend to be Ned," thinking +aloud. + +"I'm afraid not." + +Another silence dedicated to thought. + +"Rose?" + +"Yes." + +"I'm going to be crazy. I'm going to chase him off the farm." + +"Oh, Cassie, you _can't_! He's a great, big, impudent wretch. What +folly to talk about chasing him off the farm!" + +"It's our only chance." + +"Don't count on me. _I_ can't help you. My teeth are chattering with +terror, and my legs are doubling up under me this very minute. I +couldn't help chase a fly." + +"You can scream, I s'pose?" + +"Oh, yes, I can do that." + +"Well, you do the screaming and I'll do the chasing. Rush down-stairs +and scream and scream, and bang the door to, and just shriek: 'She's +out--she's out--she's coming down stairs!' And you'll see what a +perfectly beautiful lunatic I will be. It's a good thing I have this +old dress on, and only one shoe. Now make a rush, and scream." + +Rose's over-strained nerves were her best allies, and as she flew down +the stairs it was the easiest thing in the world for her to give one +piercing shriek after another. They resounded from the narrow stairway +through the kitchen, and for the moment seemed to paralyze its +inmates. As she burst in upon them, Florence was transfixed midway of +the table and the stove with the platter of ham in her hands, the baby +had climbed upon a chair, and the tramp had arisen with a bewildered +air from the table. As her skirts cleared the door, she turned and +dashed it shut, and flung herself against it, shrieking, "She's +out--she's out of her room!" + +To the mystified Florence there came but one solution to her +behavior--fright had overthrown her sister's reason, and with a wail +she rushed toward her, crying, "She's crazy! Oh, she's crazy!" + +"Who's crazy?" yelled the tramp. + +The baby, now wildly terrified, set up a loud weeping, while from the +stairway came a succession of blows and angry demands that the door be +opened. A moment later it was forced ajar, and a head crowned with a +mass of tossed hair was thrust out and quickly followed by a hand in +which was clutched a gun. + +"She's got the gun! Oh, Florence, run to the baby!" cried Rose. + +"Who's that?" demanded the apparition, making a rush toward the +tramp. + +"Here, keep off! Leave me alone!" backing away and warding off an +expected blow. + +She stood before him, tall, strong, and agile. + +"I won't leave you alone. What do you mean by locking me in that room? +I'm no more crazy than you are. What's this?" as she stumbled over the +hat which the tramp had put beside the chair, and into which he had +deposited the silver spoons from the table. "Oh, I see, you are all in +league to rob me of my gold and precious stones!" and catching the hat +up on the muzzle of the gun she gave it a whirl which sent the spoons +glittering in every direction; then, advancing upon him, she thrust +hat and gun into the face of the horrified man. With a volley of oaths +he sprang backwards, upsetting his chair and falling over it. + +"Oh, don't kill him, Cassie! don't kill him!" + +"We'll have a merry time," gaily dancing about him and prodding him +sharply with the gun, as he tried to scramble to his feet. + +"Keep off with that gun, can't you!" he yelled. "Can't you hold her, +you screaming idiots?" and half crawling, half pushed, he gained the +kitchen door, which had stood partly open since he had entered. + +"Where are you going, my pretty maid? Don't you try to get away," +shouted Cassie, as she lilted lightly after him. The tramp stayed not +to answer her question nor to obey her command, but clearing the door +fled wildly away through the dusk. + +"Here's your hat; I'll fire it after you," she called, and a sharp +report rang out on the quiet evening air, then all was still. + +The three girls stood for a moment in the door, watching the dim +outline fleeing across the meadow in the direction of the highway. + +"He'll think twice before inviting himself to supper another time," +quietly remarked Cassie with a satisfied smile. + +"Oh, Cassie, darling, you have saved our lives," cried Florence, +flinging her arms around her sister. + +"I don't know about that; but I've saved the spoons, anyway." + +"There, there, baby," going to the still afflicted boy; "don't cry any +more. Sister Cassie was just making a dirty old tramp hop; she didn't +really shoot him, she was just playing shoot." + +"Oh, Cassie, you splendid, brave girl! How _did_ you ever happen to +think to go crazy?" asked Rose, as she looked over her shoulder from +the door which she was barricading. + +"Well, I knew something had to be done, and that just popped into my +mind. I was doing 'Ophelia' the other day up in my room, so I was in +practice; and didn't I make a sweetly pensive maniac? Now I hope you +girls will never again make disrespectful comments upon any little +private theatricals of mine. If I had never cultivated my dramatic +talents, what would have become of you, I'd like to know?" + +It was some time before the tidal wave of excitement subsided +sufficiently for the girls to settle down for the evening, or for the +baby to go to sleep. Again and again they thought they heard +footsteps, and, although the door was locked and double-locked, they +drew up into battle line whenever the autumn wind shook down a shower +of leaves upon the roof. + +Just as the clock was on the stroke of eight, a pleasant sound came +fitfully to them. It was a softly whistled tune, and the cheery +cadence told of a mind free from unpleasant doubts of welcome. + +"Surely that can't be Ned back already; he wasn't to start home until +nine," said Rose, going to the window and cautiously peeping from +under the curtain. + +"Right you are there, sister Rose," assented Cassie. "It surely can't +be, especially as Ned could no more whistle 'Marching through Georgia' +than you could have done the marching. It sounds uncommonly like young +Farmer Dunscomb's whistle to me." + +"Well, whoever it is, I am deeply thankful that somebody besides a +tramp is coming," interrupted Florence. + +"And so am I," demurely agreed Rose. "Do go to the door, Cassie, and +peep out, and make sure that it isn't that dreadful creature coming +back." + +"Are you a dreadful creature coming to murder us all?" demanded Cassie +of the whistler, setting the door slightly ajar, and thrusting her +head out. + +"Well, I don't go round giving myself out as a dreadful creature," +responded a jolly voice from the porch. "Hello! What's this I'm +breaking my neck over?" as the owner of the voice tripped upon an old +slouch hat. + +"Bring that article of wearing apparel to me, if you please," +requested Cassie as she opened the door, letting a flood of light out +upon the visitor. "That is a little token of remembrance which I wish +to keep. There!" holding the hat out at arm's length, "I have long +wanted a gilt toasting-fork or rolling-pin, or something artistic, for +my room; now I shall embroider these shot-holes and gild the brim and +hang it up by long blue ribbons, just where my waking orbs can rest +upon it as they open in the morning. Ah, this hat will ever have +stirring memories for me, friend George," eying the young man +dramatically. + +He looked at her a moment, then burst into a hearty laugh. "Is she +crazy, Rose?" + +"Yes, she's the dearest and bravest lunatic in the world, George," +answered Rose. + + + + +SURRENDER. + +BY GERTRUDE HALL. + + + Then lead me, Friend. Here is my hand, + Not in dumb resignation lent, + Because thee one cannot withstand-- + In love, Lord, with complete consent. + + Lead--and I, not as one born blind + Obeys in sheer necessity, + But one with muffled eyes designed, + Will blindly trust myself to thee. + + Lead.--Though the road thou mak'st me tread + Bring sweat of anguish to my brow, + And on the flints my track be red, + I will not murmur--it is thou. + + Lead.--If we come to the cliff's crest, + And I hear deep below--oh, deep!-- + The torrent's roar, and "Leap!" thou sayst, + I will not question--I will leap. + + + + +"HUMAN DOCUMENTS." + + "_For of the soule the bodie forme doth take, + For soule is forme and doth the bodie make._" + + --From "An Hymne in Honour of Beautie."--SPENSER. + + +BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. + +WILLIAM II., EMPEROR OF GERMANY, was born January 27, 1859, and +received an education chiefly at home, under the supervision of his +parents, his tutors, and his military instructors. On March 9, 1888, +his grandfather, the first emperor, died. On June 15 of the same year +Emperor Frederick also died, and William II. succeeded. After spending +some time in personally visiting the courts of European sovereigns, +the young emperor took a decisive step towards his future standing as +a leader in European politics, by severing relations with his +grandfather's right-hand man, Prince Bismarck. From that time, he has +himself been the most prominent and dominating figure in the +administration of Germany's affairs. He has, without regard to +imperial precedent, personally connected himself with such questions +as concern the population of the whole world, notably the Socialistic +and Labor problems. He has made himself, also, a master of the +smallest details concerning the government of his people, and even of +his household. As yet without experience of actual warfare, he is an +alert and constant inspector of both his army and navy, and, in his +determined enforcement of the "Army Bill," has given evidence of his +desire to uphold Germany as a military power second to none. With the +exception of slight colonial difficulties in Samoa and Africa, he has +had as yet no foreign trouble to contend with. He is a close student +and an eager inquirer; he is a good shot, a skilled horseman, and +interested in all forms of sport. + +EUGENE FIELD, poet and journalist, was born in St. Louis in 1850, but +spent the greater part of his youth in Massachusetts. He was educated +at Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, and the State University at +Columbia, Missouri. After a visit to Europe, he commenced work as a +journalist on the "St. Louis Journal." From that time to the present +he has been continually connected with the western newspaper press of +America, having occupied editorial positions in St. Joseph, Kansas +City, and Denver, and finally on the Chicago "News." His humorous and +satirical studies in that newspaper have made him widely known, and +his occasional verses have become very popular. His best work has been +published in book form under the titles: "A Little Book of Western +Verse," "A Second Book of Verse," and "A Little Book of Profitable +Tales." (See "Dialogue between Eugene Field and Hamlin Garland," in +the August number of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.) + +COLONEL ALBERT AUGUSTUS POPE, President of the Pope Manufacturing +Company, was born in Boston in 1843. He received an ordinary +public-school education, and at nineteen years of age entered the +Union army as a volunteer, with the appointment of second lieutenant +in the 35th Massachusetts Infantry, serving with distinction, and +being gazetted lieutenant-colonel "for gallant conduct in the battles +of Knoxville, Poplar Springs Church, and front of Petersburg." At the +close of the war he commenced business in Boston, and, becoming +interested in the development of the bicycle, he began to introduce +the machines into the United States, commencing the manufacture of +them in 1878. The Pope Manufacturing Company are the proprietors of +the "Columbia" bicycle, and their works are among the largest of the +kind in the world. Colonel Pope has taken an active interest in +affairs of public moment both in his native State and throughout the +country, notably so in the movement for establishing better roads, and +in the welfare and education of factory employees. + + +EMPEROR WILLIAM OF GERMANY. + +_Born January 27, 1859._ + +[Illustration: AGE 10. 1869. PRINCE WILLIAM OF PRUSSIA, YOUNGEST +LIEUTENANT IN THE ARMY.] + +[Illustration: AGE 25. 1884. PRINCE WILLIAM, COLONEL OF INFANTRY.] + +[Illustration: AGE 15. 1874. STUDENT AT CASSEL.] + +[Illustration: AGE 20. 1879. PRINCE WILLIAM, PREMIER LIEUTENANT.] + +[Illustration: AGE 29. CROWN PRINCE OF PRUSSIA, IN THE UNIFORM OF A +COLONEL OF HUSSARS.] + +[Illustration: AGE 29. EMPEROR WILLIAM OF GERMANY, KING OF PRUSSIA, IN +THE UNIFORM OF A GENERAL OF CUIRASSIERS.] + +[Illustration: AGE 33. DECEMBER, 1892. EMPEROR WILLIAM OF GERMANY, IN THE +UNIFORM OF A GENERAL OF CUIRASSIERS OF THE ROYAL BODY GUARD.] + + +EUGENE FIELD. + +_Born in St. Louis, 1850._ + +[Illustration: AGE SIX MONTHS.] + +[Illustration: AGE 12.] + +[Illustration: AGE 20.] + +[Illustration: AGE 23.] + +[Illustration: AGE 30.] + +[Illustration: AGE 34.] + +[Illustration: AGE 42.] + + +COLONEL ALBERT A. POPE. + +_Born in Boston, 1843._ + +[Illustration: AGE 7.] + +[Illustration: AGE 15.] + +[Illustration: AGE 19. 1862. LIEUTENANT IN THE 35TH MASSACHUSETTS +INFANTRY.] + +[Illustration: AGE 27.] + +[Illustration: AGE 48.] + + + + +DREAMS GO BY CONTRARIES. + +BY GEORGE H. JESSOP. + + +"I don't want to hurry any one," remarked our host, shaking the ashes +out of a well-blackened meerschaum, "but we have a long day before us +to-morrow, and if any one wants any sleep this is the time to take +it." + +No response from any one of the half-dozen men lounging in the snug +armchairs of that most perfectly appointed smoking-room. + +"I don't mind," said Sir Alan. "Two or three hours in bed are enough +for me at any time. Please pass the spirit case, Jones. I wonder +you're not sleepy, Tom Everton. You used always to be in bed by eleven +when you had an early morning in prospect, but I suppose matrimony has +cured you of that along with other failings." + +"Tom says he isn't going," some one remarked. + +"Not going! Pooh, nonsense! I thought he'd made up his mind to bring +down a hart royal, at least, or leave his bones on Balmaquidder +Brae." + +Mr. Everton looked decidedly uncomfortable. + +"I--I should like to try of all things," he stammered, "but--well--I +won't--at least I think--I--I shan't go with you to-morrow--that is, +if Sir Alan will excuse me." + +"Please yourself and you'll please me," replied the hospitable +baronet; "but if it isn't any secret I'd like to know what has made +you change your mind so suddenly." + +"He promised Mrs. Everton he wouldn't go," broke in the previous +speaker. "She dreamed a dream, and, like Pharaoh's chief baker, she +thought there was something in it." + +"Do be quiet, Jones," interrupted Everton, irritably. "My wife had a +rather odd dream last night, and she's a bit nervous, you know, +and--well, after all, it's not much to give up one day's +deer-stalking, if any one's going to make herself miserable over it." + +We all knew each other pretty well, this little circle of guests +collected by Sir Alan to help him to shoot his Scotch mountain, and +very free and outspoken was the "chaff" that flew around poor Tom +Everton's devoted head. He bore it with great good-humor for some +time, till Jones made a rather uncalled-for remark involving questions +of free will and "petticoat government." Then Tom flared up. + +"I don't stay at home because I'm afraid of anything, but simply +because I have promised. My wife dreamed that I went out with this +party, and it grew late without any of us coming back. Then she +thought she saw me lying face down in the Balmaquidder, and she seemed +to know I was dead. I don't remember the details, but I know she +worked herself up into a shocking nervous state about it till I +promised not to go. Of course it's all nonsense, I know that, but what +can I do?" + +"Do as you promised!" It was Colonel Eyre's deep voice that uttered +the words, and we all glanced round at the speaker. He had remained +silent during the badinage occasioned by Everton's determination, +sitting with his tumbler of Scotch whiskey-and-water in front of him, +puffing away silently at the short brier-root, whose bowl scarcely +cleared the sweep of his heavy, grizzled mustache. He was holding the +pipe in his hand now, sitting erect and speaking with unmistakable +earnestness of manner. "Do as you promised, and don't be too sure it's +all nonsense, either. I have known cases in which men have lived to be +very thankful that they yielded to a presentiment." + +"But this was a dream, colonel," broke in the irrepressible Jones. + +"Dream be it, then! Stay at home, Everton. As you say, it's not much +to miss a day's shooting. And if you neglect this warning the chances +are you may never live to regret it." The speaker took a sip from the +tumbler in front of him, replaced his pipe between his lips, and +leaned back as if the subject were at an end. + +But the colonel, an Indian officer of many years' service, was +popularly supposed to have led a life of adventure, and to have +figured in more than one story whose exciting incidents could well +bear repetition. As a rule, he was a taciturn man, and it was by no +means easy to "set him talking," as the story goes. The present seemed +an opportunity too good to be lost, and several voices demanded the +experience by whose authority he had spoken so decidedly. + +"Well, yes," said Colonel Eyre slowly, "I have seen a presentiment +very remarkably fulfilled. I am not much of a hand at yarning, but, if +you wish, I have no objection to give you a leaf out of my own book, +if it's only that you may leave my friend Tom here in peace to follow +his own course, without badgering him about it. Yes, I mean you, Mr. +Jones," he went on, impaling that helpless youngster with a glance +that sent him nervously to the spirit case, while the rest of us +settled ourselves comfortably to listen, and Sir Alan, with a "Fire +ahead, colonel," drew his chair forward into a better position. + +"It was a good while after the breaking of the monsoon in '68," began +the colonel, slowly; "the weather was cool and pleasant enough, so +that, on the face of it, it seemed no great hardship when I was +ordered to take a detachment down to Sumbalpar. I was stationed at +Raipur at the time, in the Orissa district, and word came of some +trouble with the Zemindars above Sumbalpar. The only thing that seemed +inconvenient was the suddenness of the order. It was just 'Fall in and +march out' without delay of an hour. I was a young married man in +those days, pretty much in the position of my friend Tom Everton, with +a wife of two years and a bit of a baby a few months old. It wasn't +pleasant to leave them behind me in a place like Raipur, and, of +course, it was out of the question to start them at an hour's notice. +I spoke to my bearer, Josein, one of the best native servants I ever +saw, and directed him to make arrangements for an early march on the +following morning. He was to see my family driven quietly over to +Sumbalpar in the tonga. They were to travel by easy stages under the +charge of a careful bilewallah. If there are any 'griffs' in this +company, I may explain for their benefit that a tonga is a kind of +bullock wagon, and a bilewallah is the driver of the same. Well, I had +just time for a few words of comfort and farewell--Tom will appreciate +all that--before I rode out of Raipur at the head of my column. We +camped that night in the jungle, after a march of about twenty miles, +and it was under canvas that I was visited with the dream or +presentiment, or whatever you choose to call it, that gives such point +as it may possess to this old-time yarn of mine." + +The colonel paused to refill his glass, but every one's interest was +now awakened, and no one broke the momentary silence that ensued. + +"It was pretty late before I fell asleep," resumed Colonel Eyre, +setting down his tumbler, "and it was still dark when I awoke, or +seemed to awake, with my wife's voice ringing in my ears--a shriek of +agony that made me start up from my pillow and listen breathlessly. +There was a lantern burning in my tent--I had left it so when I lay +down--and by the glimmer of light I saw a large, dark mass spread +itself between me and the canvas roof and gradually settle down on my +head. I did not know what it was--it was vague and formless in +outline--but I had a consciousness that it was something of a +dangerous nature--something that threatened my life--and I struggled +to throw myself to one side or the other. In vain. I could not move +hand or foot. I lay as if chained to the bed, and still the dark mass +descended, shutting out light and air and seeming to suffocate me." + +"Nightmare!" remarked Sir Alan. + +"Very possibly," returned the colonel. "Suddenly, just as I gave +myself up for lost, and sank back on the pillow exhausted, I heard my +wife's voice again, this time clear and articulate. 'Save yourself, +Gerald,' it cried. 'Make one more effort for my sake.' I glanced up at +the threatening outline, nerving myself for a final struggle. It was +no longer formless; its approach had ceased to be slow. Swift as the +swoop of a falcon it descended upon me--the immense body of a tiger on +the spring--its cruel jaws agape, its enormous paws with every claw +unsheathed, and its hot, fetid breath on my very brow!" + +"A decidedly uncomfortable dream," observed Jones. + +"Of course all this passed in one-tenth of the time I take to tell it. +I rolled out from under the hungry jaws, and just as I reached the +ground I heard the angry growl of the baffled monster, followed by a +shattering roar loud enough to waken the Seven Sleepers. As my senses +came back to me, I found myself lying half on the ground, half on my +low camp bed, my body bathed in perspiration, and trembling in every +limb. Just then my batman put his head inside the tent-flap and asked +me if I had heard the roar, adding that there was a tiger in the camp. +I pulled on my clothes, and I could hear the men walking about among +the tents, searching and whispering--but no trace of a tiger could we +discover." + +"Then it was a real tiger?" inquired Tom. + +"It would seem so, as the whole camp had heard the roar as well as +myself. However, it was almost morning by this time, and as every one +was afoot and moments were precious I gave orders to push on at once. +A hurried chota hazree was quickly prepared and despatched, and by the +time the sun rose we were fairly on our way, with a good prospect of +reaching Sumbalpar before nightfall. I couldn't shake off the +impression of the dream, however, try as I would. Besides, some +natives who had come in before we broke camp told us of a man-eater +which had been infesting the district. A tiger that has once tasted +human flesh, as you may have heard, is never content with beef or +venison afterwards, and they sometimes make themselves the terror of a +whole country-side before they are shot. What with the vague +misgivings suggested by my dream, and the tangible danger of the +man-eater, I found myself growing more and more uneasy with every mile +we marched. Finally, I determined to turn back and meet my wife. I was +well mounted, and I believed I could gallop to the rear, assure myself +that all was well with her, and pick up my command again before it +reached Sumbalpar. I left the detachment in charge of a sergeant--poor +old Busbee, he died of jungle fever that same year--and rode back as +fast as King Tom, a very speedy chestnut, could lay leg to ground. I +passed the spot where we had spent the night, and kept on several +miles beyond without seeing anything to cause uneasiness. My fears +were beginning to disperse, and common sense made itself heard. I +realized that I might find it very difficult to give a satisfactory +explanation of my absence if the men reached Sumbalpar without +me--they do not pay much attention to dreams at headquarters. This +view of the case became more impressive with each mile I rode, and I +determined that if the next turn in the path did not bring my family +into view, or show me some other good reason for pushing on, I would +turn back and rejoin my command. Thus resolved, I cantered forward, +swung round the tangled angle of brush that limited my view, and +saw----" + +Here the colonel stopped for another sip of whiskey-and-water. + +"What did you see?" cried Sir Alan. "Your wife?" + +"Yes, sir, I saw her. She was sitting with the baby in her lap in the +tonga--pale--I have never seen such an expression of strained terror +on any human countenance. The bilewallah was in front, trying to keep +the bullocks, which seemed almost frantic with fear, to the path. I +knew the man well--one of the best hands with a team at the +station--but just then his face was so distorted with fright that I +hardly recognized him. You know that lilac-grayish tinge a native's +face gets when he is scared almost to death----" + +"I know, I know," broke in Sir Alan. "But what was the matter--what +was frightening them? Could you see anything?" + +"Indeed I could," replied the colonel. "Cause enough they had; not +five yards behind them trotted the largest tiger it has ever been my +fortune to see." + +Various exclamations testified to the completeness of the surprise to +which Colonel Eyre had treated his audience. + +"Was it a man-eater?" I asked. + +"At first I supposed it was, but if it had been I never should have +seen them alive. After I shot the beast----" + +"Oh, you did shoot him?" + +"Don't ask me how! I am counted a fair shot--I was far better then; +but when I levelled my rifle at that brute's heart, when I realized +how much hung on the result--for if I had missed, or if I had merely +wounded him, he would have been in the tonga at a single spring, and +nothing under heaven itself could have saved those dearest to me from +a horrible death--when I realized all this, I don't know how I found +the nerve to pull the trigger. I suppose I knew it was the only +chance. My appearance had enraged the animal and he was just preparing +to spring. This I do know, and I'm not ashamed to own it: when I saw +that I had laid the tiger out with a single shot--a thing that doesn't +happen twice in a lifetime--I fell flat beside the tonga in the act of +helping my wife down; for the first and last time in my life I +fainted. + +"Yes, it was a pretty hard trial on the nerves," resumed the +colonel, as our discussion of the situation sank into silence, "but +nothing to what my wife had gone through. That tiger had followed +them for more than four miles through the jungle. The bilewallah, +with rare presence of mind, had managed to keep the bullocks to their +steady jog-trot--any increase of pace or appearance of flight would +have provoked a spring. She, poor woman, had succeeded in hushing +her baby, for had the child cried, nothing is surer than that the +sound would have led to an attack. It must have been an awful four +miles for her. It was years before she recovered from the effect." + +"And why did not the tiger attack them?" inquired Jones. "Does any one +know?" + +"The animal was doubtless waiting to kill them till they got into the +vicinity of water," explained Colonel Eyre. "Tigers often do that with +cattle and other large quarry. There was water a mile or less further +on. I had noticed it myself in passing. If I had not come upon the +ground, another ten minutes would have sealed their fate." + +"So it may fairly be said that your dream was the means of saving +their lives," observed Tom Everton, who, although the most silent, had +not been the least attentive of the listeners. + +"I think we may fairly admit so much," replied Colonel Eyre. "If it +had not been for my dream, I do not think the report of the man-eater +would have brought me back. On the other hand, but for hearing about +the man-eater and actually being awakened by the roar of a tiger, I am +not sure that the dream would have had weight enough with me to induce +me to leave a detachment on the march--a serious thing, gentlemen, as +some of you who are soldiers know well enough." + +"It's a very curious circumstance, certainly," observed Sir Alan; and +then there was a pause. + +"But see here, colonel," Tom broke in again, "the dream, if a warning +at all, was a warning of danger to you, yourself, and though you +certainly heard Mrs. Eyre's voice calling to you, yet it was urging +you to save yourself, and not summoning you to her assistance." + +"That is very true, and it puzzled me at the time. But, as I argued, +it is wonderful enough to get a warning of danger in the future at +all; you must not expect to have it spelled out to you in large print. +Now, as to this dream of Mrs. Everton's--it prefigures danger to you, +as I understand?" + +"You must go to Mrs. Everton herself for the details. All that I +remember is that she saw me lying drowned in the Balmaquidder, and +read the vision as a warning that some accident would befall me if I +joined the shooting-party to-morrow. But, by the light of your +experience, it would seem the danger is to her, not to me." + +"I'm not quite so sure of that," returned the colonel, thoughtfully. + +"Well, I think there can be no question that your dream saved your +wife's life," observed Jones, upon whose scepticism the colonel's +narrative had made some impression. + +"No question at all," rejoined that officer, rising, "and therefore, +young man, pay attention to dreams, whether they be your own or those +of your better half, which should be, _a fortiori_, better and more +reliable than your own. Good-night, gentlemen. It's past one o'clock, +and we have an early start before us." + +In ten minutes more silence and darkness reigned in the smoking-room +of Balmaquidder Lodge. + +Next morning the men of the party were up and stirring betimes. As I +left my bedroom, candle in hand, I heard voices proceeding from the +apartment occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Everton. "Ah, ha," thought I, +"Tom's curtain lecture is not over yet." However, our friend's absence +was forgotten in the enjoyment of a substantial Highland breakfast, +and by the time the sun asserted his power against the mist we were +bravely breasting a steep mountain side, spurred on by the hope of a +good day's sport. + +Only one incident occurred at our start. Sir Alan was setting his face +against a steep brae when he was stopped by the bare-legged gillie +who acted as our guide. "Dinna gae yon gait, Sir Alan. We must win +ower by the brig below." + +"Can't we get across by the stepping-stones at the ford?" inquired our +host, impatiently. "The bridge is a mile of a round." + +"I dinna ken that the stanes'll be ower muckle safe, Sir Alan, forbye +ye canna see them at a' wi' the white water swirling ower them, and +the pool maybe ten feet deep close in under them. We mought win ower +recht enoo, an' again we mought na--ye ken----" + +"Yes, I ken," interrupted Sir Alan. "We'll go round by the bridge, +gentlemen. There's a flood in the river, it appears--a cheerful habit +the Balmaquidder has when you least want it or expect it." + +By the bridge accordingly we went, and when I saw the brown water +whirling down in swift eddies I was thankful that we had not attempted +the stepping-stones. + +It was evening, and fast growing dark, when we reached the glen on our +return, wet, tired, and hungry, but thoroughly satisfied with the +day's result. We were stepping out briskly, for we knew we were close +to home, when a big mountain hawk swooped right in front of us. Jones, +who had not drawn the cartridge from his rifle, let fly on the +instant, without remembering how small was his chance with a bullet at +quarry on the wing. We were amusing ourselves chaffing Jones as the +bird flew off untouched when Colonel Eyre, who was a few steps to the +rear, pulled up short and raised his hand to signal for silence. + +We all heard it then--a shrill, lamentable voice ringing sharply from +the hillside; there was no mistaking the purport of that appeal, it +was a cry for help. But the mist was beginning to settle and the echo +baffled us. For a moment we looked blankly at each other and around, +not knowing whither to turn. + +Again the cry, "Help, help, help!" with a note of agony in it that +stirred the blood like a trumpet. "God guide us--'tis at the foord +above you," cried the gillie, and, tired as we were, none of us were +far behind him when he reached the stepping-stones. + +They were hidden by a mass of swirling, broken water, but just below +them lay the pool of which the guide had spoken--calm by comparison +with the ford, but agitated nevertheless with a swift current that +flashed between steep banks faced with granite; as ugly a place for an +accident as might be found in the whole length of the brawling +Balmaquidder. + +And an accident had happened, plainly enough. On one of the granite +boulders knelt Mrs. Everton, leaning back with all her might against +the drag of a plaid, one end of which she held, while the other was +lost in the black shadows of the pool. + +She heard our footsteps as we ran up, but did not turn her head. +"Help, help!" she cried again. "I can't hold on much longer, and +he--oh----" + +She broke off with a sob, as strong hands relieved her of the +extemporized life-line, and Colonel Eyre, bending forward, peered down +into the obscurity of the pool. I was one of those who had grasped the +shore end of the plaid, and the strain told me that whoever was below +still maintained his grasp. "Can you hold on another moment?" asked +the colonel; then, without waiting for a reply, "Cling close for dear +life. Now, boys, gently does it. A steady, slow pull--no jerking;" and +in another moment the dripping, half-senseless form of Tom Everton was +drawn out on the bank, his drowning grip of the plaid still +unloosened, and laid beside the fainting form of his wife. + +"It was this way," Tom explained some hours later, when we were all +assembled for our usual smoking-room symposium. "I dare say I was +pretty cross all day, thinking of the sport you fellows were having, +and all I was missing, and towards evening my wife suggested that we +should walk out and try to meet you. We kept along the river up to +the stepping-stones, but the crossing there looked so bad that my wife +would not hear of my attempting it. I did not think it so very +dangerous, but I dare say I'd have let her have her own way----" + +"As you usually do," interjected Jones. + +"----when all of a sudden I heard a shot close by on the other side. +Then I started over at once. I've been across the ford a dozen times, +but before I had taken three steps I found the stream was too strong +for me. I tried to turn back, but the current seemed to whirl me right +off my feet; I went sliding over the slippery stones, and in two +seconds I was soused well over my head into the pool below, and +spinning round like a troll in a brook. I tried to grasp hold of +something on the bank, but that was the only result"--showing his +lacerated hands--"and I think I must have been very close to kingdom +come, when something or another flapped in my face. I clutched it and +hung on like grim death; it was Jenny's plaid, which she had the +presence of mind to fling me and the pluck and strength to hold on to +till you came to help. God bless her, I say"--Tom's voice faltered a +little--"she's a wife to be proud of; and the next time she has a +dream and wants me to stay at home, she shan't have to ask me twice." + +"Oh, by the by, the dream!" broke in Sir Alan. "Is this accident to +Tom to be regarded as the fulfilment of his wife's dream or not?" + +"Mrs. Everton's dream was a warning," said the colonel. "I should say +that, having profited by the warning----" + +"But stay," I argued, "did she profit by the warning? She persuaded +her husband to stay at home. Now, if he had gone with us he would have +crossed by the bridge and been as safe as any of us. The dream did not +save him. On the contrary, it very nearly drowned him." + +"She acted for the best, and all's well that ends well," replied the +colonel. "Look at my dream, now. If I had not gone to my wife's help +and shot that tiger I should never have seen her again. No, no, as I +said before, you can't expect these warnings to be printed out in big +type. You must just take them as they come, and chance your reading +them aright." + +"And come within an ace of drowning yourself, or some one else," +interjected Jones. + +"It only bears out the old saying that 'Dreams go by contraries,'" I +remarked. "Still, these are a very remarkable pair of coincidences." + +"Here's my view," said Sir Alan. "Eat light suppers, go to bed +healthily tired, and you won't dream at all; or, if you must, forget +all about it as soon as possible. You can torture a warning out of +almost anything, and make yourself wretched trying to find out where +the hidden danger is, and very likely rush right into it, as Everton +did, trying to avoid it. Half the time dreams do go by contraries, and +it's dangerous meddling with what we don't understand." + +And by the time the spirit case had completed its next round, we all +agreed with Sir Alan. + + + + +THE TABLES TURNED. + +BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. + + + Up! up, my friend! and quit your books, + Or surely you'll grow double; + Up! up, my friend! and clear your looks; + Why all this toil and trouble? + + The sun, above the mountain's head, + A freshening lustre mellow + Through all the long, green fields has spread, + His first sweet evening yellow. + + Books! 'tis a dull and endless strife; + Come, hear the woodland linnet-- + How sweet his music! on my life, + There's more of wisdom in it! + + And hark! how blithe the throstle sings! + He, too, is no mean preacher; + Come forth into the light of things-- + Let Nature be your teacher. + + She has a world of ready wealth, + Our minds and hearts to bless; + Spontaneous wisdom breathed by health, + Truth breathed by cheerfulness. + + One impulse from a vernal wood + May teach you more of man, + Of moral evil and of good, + Than all the sages can. + + Sweet is the lore which Nature brings; + Our meddling intellect + Misshapes the beauteous forms of things-- + We murder to dissect. + + Enough of Science and of Art; + Close up those barren leaves; + Come forth, and bring with you a heart + That watches and receives. + + + + +PASTEUR AT HOME. + +WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORK DONE AT THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE IN PARIS. + +BY IDA M. TARBELL. + + +"Institut Pasteur." The coachman nodded. The cab door slammed. The +vehicle rattled across the Seine, left the grand boulevards, passed +the garden of the Luxembourg, and fell into a long, narrow street +running off into the southwestern corner of Paris. The high, dignified +house-fronts and the stately portals were soon passed; busy little +shops took their place. We were in an industrial quarter whose +commonplace was only varied here and there by a fine old _hotel_, the +country house of some rich proprietor, probably, in the days, not so +very long ago, when all this portion of the city was without the +walls, and when an industrial invasion was undreamed of. + +The cab left the Rue Vaugirard, crossed a superb boulevard, entered +the Rue Dutot, and stopped. Behind a long, high, black _grille_, and +separated from it by a hedge of shrubbery, a grass plot, and a broad +gravelled drive-way, rose a red-brick, stone-trimmed facade. Across +the front, above the handsome doorway, one read _Institut Pasteur_; +and, still higher, _Subscription Publique, MDCCCLXXXVIII_. + +On the grass plot in front of the stately marble steps stood a small +bronze statue mounted on a high granite pedestal. It represented a boy +of twelve or fourteen years in a life-and-death struggle with a mad +dog. He has succeeded in fastening about the neck of the furious +animal the thong of a long whip. He is strangling him. Beside the boy, +or the ground, is a wooden shoe. With it he will beat the beast to +death. The statue tells the story of one of the earliest subjects +treated by M. Pasteur for hydrophobia, Jean-Baptiste Jupille, a +shepherd lad, who, seeing a group of children attacked by a mad dog, +throttled the animal and beat it dead with his _sabot_. He carried +away a dozen or more bites from the conflict, was sent to Paris, +inoculated, and cured. A fitting subject to place before the doorway +of the Pasteur Institute! + +[Illustration: THE STATUE OF JUPILLE.] + +Statue, facade and lawn are new. The bricks have not yet lost their +glare. One can almost see the dust still on the stone. The bronze has +not lost its fresh lustre. Even the lawn has the unevenness of new +sod, the horse-chestnut trees are small, the ivy has not had time to +climb far up the walls. + +Everything is still and sealed in front, but to the right, from the +_concierge's_ lodge back to a solid, practical, dark stone building +in the rear of the main hall, is a throng of idle people, chatting in +clusters, sunning themselves on the benches, walking up and down. It +is a strikingly cosmopolitan company. There are Arabs in red, brown, +blue, or white; Italian women in aprons and lace head-dresses; Spanish +peasants in dark cloaks and broad-brimmed hats; Yankees, Zouaves, +Russians. The low babel of a multitude of tongues fills the air. + +One only brushes the edge of this crowd as he makes his way to the +doorway in the end of the main building, the entrance to the private +apartment of M. Pasteur. + +Narrow winding stairs lead up to a suite of lofty rooms, furnished +with solid, dignified woods, carpeted with soft, dark rugs, windows +and doors hung with heavy stuffs. The immediate impression is one of +comfort, warmth and quiet. The impression deepens as one enters the +library, where, before a desk, sits the great French savant, Madame +Pasteur near by. There is something home-like here. This might be the +sitting-room of some well-to-do New England squire or judge. +Involuntarily one searches in the face of the eminent savant, eying +him so keenly and so kindly, for traces of relationship with the +Puritan type. There is the same square determination, the same +obstinacy of purpose, the same direct sincerity; but it is mellowed by +Latin tenderness, kindled by French brilliancy. + +This is a great man, one feels instinctively--a man so great that he +despises notoriety--and a journalist. It is reassuring. + +[Illustration: THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE.] + +The great master does not look to be seventy years of age as he sits +behind his desk, his elbow on the table, his hand supporting his head. +His hair and beard are still iron-gray; the hair is concealed largely +by the silk skullcap he always wears, but the beard is abundant. The +eyes are as penetrating, as full of ardor, as ever. It is only when he +speaks or moves that one sees the ravages of the paralysis which +overtook him twenty-five years ago, after his terrible three years of +labor in the little house at Alais, investigating the disease of the +silk-worm. The whole left side has been since then nearly useless. His +speech is hesitating, his motion difficult, but in spite of his +feebleness he spares no pains to interest his guest. One talks with M. +Pasteur with the ease and naturalness of the fireside. + +"Look at my birthplace," he says, rising, and taking from the mantel +a photograph of the humble home at Dole, Jura, where he was born. "My +village gave it to me at my _fete_." + +I happen to know the story of the picture, and examine it with +pleasure. There was, indeed, no more touching feature in the great +Pasteur jubilee of last December than the presentation of this +photograph by the Mayor of Dole. + +The little village has always had a loyal pride in the fact that M. +Pasteur was born there. Ten years ago it celebrated the French Fourth +of July (July 14) by placing a plaque on the facade of the house, +bearing the inscription: + + ICI EST NE LOUIS PASTEUR, + LE 22 DEC., 1822. + +M. Pasteur was present and made a speech. In the course of it he +referred to his parents, their ambition for him, their self-sacrifice, +their faith in him. He recalled his father's words: "Louis, if I see +you one day a professor in the college of Arbois I shall be the +happiest man on earth." Overpowered by his recollections, he broke +down, sobbing. + +The villagers of Dole have never forgotten the scene. When the great +Pasteur jubilee was celebrated they sent up their mayor, commissioned +to present the picture of the early home, together with a facsimile of +the register of M. Pasteur's birth. That they were not mistaken in +thinking that he would be pleased, it is easy to see as he stands +before me, eying the humble house with tender pride. + +[Illustration: THE LODGE.] + +"Have you no picture of yourself taken in your boyhood at Dole?" + +"No," he answered. "The earliest picture I have is much later. Let me +see, I must have been decorated then. Where is the old album?" + +The album is brought, a small square book, looking as if it had just +come off the table in the best room of a New England farm-house. There +is the same high-relief decoration, the same gilt lines edging the +photograph apertures. And these people? Verily, they might have lived +in New England forty years ago! + +M. Pasteur turns the leaves. Madame Pasteur leans over his shoulder. +They stop now and then and exchange a smile as they come upon an old +friend. At last the sought-for photograph is found. M. Pasteur at +thirty--a great man already, for already he has made discoveries in +crystallography which have won him a name among scientists. + +The plans for investigation which filled the head of the young man who +sits up so straight in the old photograph were never completed. The +enthusiastic student of crystallography was forced to change the +subject of his studies. Even now the great savant laments the change. + +"If I have a regret," he says, "it is that I did not follow that +route, less rude, it seems to me, and which would have led, I am +convinced, to wonderful discoveries. A sudden turn threw me into the +study of fermentations, fermentations set me at diseases, but I am +still inconsolable to think that I have never had time to go back to +my old subject." + +Beside the hero of the studies in crystallography M. Pasteur places +his latest picture. It lacks in youthfulness, but it has gained in +ripeness. This photograph has much of the vigor and the alertness one +sees in the splendid bust by Paul Dubois displayed in the Salon of +1880, and now in a gallery at Copenhagen. This bust is the most +satisfactory portrait of M. Pasteur ever made, unless it be the +painting by Edelfelt displayed in the Salon of 1886. In the same Salon +appeared Bonnat's portrait of M. Pasteur and his granddaughter. + +[Illustration: M. PASTEUR IN HIS SALON.] + +As I look at M. Pasteur in his library, however, I see only the +old model of Bonnat. I have difficulty in believing, indeed, as I +watch him bending smilingly over the old album, now and then +laughing aloud at the discovery of some forgotten picture, that +this man, over fifty years ago, for the sake of an education, made +himself a jack-of-all-trades in the college of Besancon, and was +aroused every morning at four o'clock with the night-watchman's cry: +"_Come, Pasteur, chase the demon of laziness._" It is difficult to +picture him in the intoxication of scientific enthusiasm and +discovery, sacrificing health, leisure, pleasure, to the passion of +learning which had taken possession of him. + +He is so gentle, it seems incredible that he has had to meet coldness, +contempt, opposition of every species, in his life; that, when he +asked the most modest of appropriations from the government, he met +the contemptuous reply that "there was no rubric in the budget for +allowing three hundred dollars a year for experiments;" that for every +step in his discoveries he has had literally to fight, contending with +Pouchet and Joly on the subject of spontaneous generation, with Liebig +on fermentations, with the Germans and Italians on the attenuation of +virus, with the popular opinion of his own compatriots when he dared +vaccinate for hydrophobia, and when his supporters dared erect the +present Institute to facilitate his work. + +One cannot picture him _tete-a-tete_ with mad dogs. It is hard to +believe him capable of that astonishing self-mastery which made him +withhold for months, and sometimes even years, the results of +incomplete investigations, and of the equal hardihood which, when he +was convinced of a truth, led him to accept the most severe and most +public tests of its exactness. + +I make an attempt to find the scientist and venture a question. + +"Oh," says M. Pasteur, "if you want to know that, you must go and see +M. Roux. You will find him in the laboratory." + +We rise and go into the long hall. At the opposite end from the +library two large doors open into the spacious vestibule which +occupies the centre of the main building. + +"You can go out by the main hall and directly into the laboratory, or +down the private stairs." I hesitated. No, I would not spoil my +impression of M. Pasteur at home. I would keep laboratory and home +separate. I descended to the private entrance, and, as I went down, +two kindly faces looked over at me, and the gentle, hesitating voice +of the great savant said: + +"Take care, it is dark. Don't slip. Take care." On the last step I +stopped and looked up. The two friendly faces were still looking +down. + +[Illustration: THE HOUSE AT DOLE, WHERE M. PASTEUR WAS BORN.] + +I had come to see the destroyer of the theory of spontaneous +generation, the demonstrator of the microbe origin of disease, the +conqueror of hydrophobia. I had found something greater, perhaps, than +them all--a perfectly gentle soul. + + +IN M. PASTEUR'S WORKSHOP. + +I crossed the lawn and entered a large waiting-room occupying the +middle of the building devoted to laboratory work. The room is flooded +with light, seated with benches, and decorated with no other ornaments +than a series of photographs of the Pasteur Institute at Rio +Janeiro, two great maps on which are marked the cities where +institutions similar to this at Paris are to be found, and cards +containing certain rules applicable to patients coming for treatment +against hydrophobia. Among these latter the important ones are that +the treatment is gratuitous, that each patient must bathe before +coming for inoculation, that board and lodging are not furnished, and +that the grateful may, if they wish, leave a gift at the end of +their term of treatment. + +There were sixty or seventy persons in the room. They had come to be +vaccinated against hydrophobia. They were of the greatest contrast in +age, in condition, in culture. Beside a shrivelled, leather-brown Arab +woman from the desert was a pink and white little miss from London. A +young man with the refined face, correct dress and distinguished +manners of a gentleman sat beside a huge and none-too-clean German +laborer. As a rule, it was a friendly, cheerful company. It was only +here and there that one saw a person who seemed conscious that in his +veins a hideous poison was at work. Most of them took it for granted +that their cure was certain. Some of them scoffed at the nonsense of +going to the trouble of being vaccinated. + +A dignified liveried servant entered, calling "Attention." The company +bestirred itself and disappeared. I made my way to the inoculating +room. + +The operation of inoculating for hydrophobia is founded on the theory +that if an "attenuated" microbe, that is a microbe so treated that its +power of doing harm has been reduced to a low degree, is introduced +into a body, it will produce an indisposition which is not itself +serious, but which is sufficient to render the body proof against +attacks of the original microbe. + +Now M. Pasteur has discovered that it is possible to so treat a +microbe that its power of evil is of any degree; that is, to "exalt" +as well as to "attenuate" it. Having these microbes of varying +strengths he invented a method of graduated vaccination; that is, by +beginning with a virus of low degree, and increasing each day the +strength of the virus, an operator arrives at a point where he can +vaccinate a body with a virus stronger than there is any danger of its +ever being exposed to in nature. He thus secures lasting immunity. + +Thus, in vaccinating against rabies, the patient is treated first with +a weak virus; this is followed by one more powerful, and so on, until +at the end a highly "exalted" one is injected safely. + +[Illustration: M. PASTEUR AT THIRTY.] + +It is this treatment which is practised daily at the Pasteur +Institute, in the inoculation room where I found myself. + +Gathered in a kind of pen formed by a little fence were three members +of the institution: a secretary, whose business it is to keep track of +the number of persons to be treated with each particular virus; an +assistant, who has prepared the virus for the day's use; twelve small +wine glasses of cloudy liquid protected by small paper funnels; and, +by a table, the inoculator. The roll was called and a half dozen men +entered the room. They were to be inoculated with a virus of the +lowest strength, most of them for the first time. They showed a +bewildered and comic embarrassment as the attendant directed them to +bare the hypogastrium. The embarrassment changed to a momentary look +of distress as they felt their arms pinned behind their backs, and the +sharp needle injected a syringeful of virus into the delicate flesh. +The first class of men and boys passed out, and the women and little +children entered. They were succeeded by a second class, and so on +until all had been treated. + +The simplicity of the operation seemed out of proportion to the horror +of the disease. I remembered the shrugs I had seen and the doubts I +had heard expressed over the treatment. "It is not sure yet." "It does +not always work; such-a-one died, you know." "They have not found the +microbe either." My faith was shaking. Evidently I must see Doctor +Roux. + +On the second floor of the building I found the office and private +laboratory of the under-director of the Pasteur Institute, a man +whose researches in connection with Pasteur, whose devotion in the +cholera mission in Egypt in 1883, and whose independent investigations +on diphtheria, have made him famous in the medical world. The office +was small, and it had something of the attraction of a curio shop. +There was none of the precision of the man of small affairs here. It +was the confusion of the man of big affairs, who cannot endure to have +his things meddled with. Over a table where culture tubes, blow-pipes, +virus glasses and bottles filled with suspicious-looking fluids were +scattered promiscuously around a valuable microscope, hung a gem of a +painting--a dashing charge of cavalry. Beside a case of books, and +partly concealing a fine portrait of Pasteur, hung the gray-white +laboratory blouses of M. Roux. Under an exquisite etching askew in a +corner stood a cage of brown-and-white guinea-pigs, martyrs to +science, probably. + +[Illustration: AT THE JUBILEE OF M. PASTEUR. THE PRESIDENT OF THE +REPUBLIC WELCOMING M. PASTEUR IN THE AMPHITHEATRE OF THE OLD SORBONNE.] + +Curiosity was cut short, for a quick step was heard in the outer room, +and Doctor Roux entered. A slight figure, bent a little from a life +spent over books, tubes and microscopes, but tingling to the +finger-tips with nervous energy; a face a little pale, but fresh in +color; brown hair and beard, glowing brown eyes, perhaps forty +years--such is this eminent associate of Pasteur. As he runs over the +pile of letters cut and awaiting him, he talks. + +"So you have just seen the inoculation? Do I believe it a sure cure?" +The doctor lays down his letters as he repeats the latter question in +an astonished tone. "Of course I do. There is nothing surer in medical +science. Look at these figures." He rises and draws out from the midst +of a pile of papers a big black _serviette_, fumbles for a moment +among the documents it contains, and pulls out the latest report made +by the Institute on the results of vaccination for hydrophobia, that +for 1891. + +"Now listen to these figures. In 1886 the Pasteur made its first +report: 2,671 persons were vaccinated that year against hydrophobia; +25 of them died--.94 of one per cent. In 1887, 1,770 persons were +treated; 13 died--.73 of one per cent. In 1888, 1,622 were treated; 9 +died--.55 of one per cent. In 1889, 1,830 were treated; 7 died--.38 of +one per cent. In 1890, 1,540 were treated; 5 died--.32 of one per +cent. In 1891, 1,559 were treated; 3 died--.19 of one per cent. You +notice each year the per cent. of deaths has been lower. In the six +years the treatment has been reported, we average just about one-half +of one per cent of loss. Tell me where you find a treatment surer?" + +"But you have not found the microbe?" + +"Humph! that does not prevent the method working. It is aggravating +not to have found him. It prevents, possibly, the simplification of +the inoculation process. Nevertheless it works. So does vaccination +for small-pox. We do not know the microbe of small-pox. There is much +we do not know yet. Remember, too, that it was only in 1880 that M. +Pasteur made up his mind to begin an exhaustive study of hydrophobia, +and that all he foresaw at first was the possibility of vaccinating +dogs against rabies, and that it was only in 1885 that the first +person, little Joseph Meister, was inoculated, after a council of +physicians had decided that his death was certain, and that his life +was saved." + + +PORTRAITS OF M. PASTEUR. + +[Illustration: BY LAFON.] + +[Illustration: BUST BY P. DUBOIS.] + +[Illustration: BY BONNAT.] + +[Illustration: BY A. EDELFALT.] + +The newness of the Pasteur doctrines and treatment is, indeed, one of +the most striking things about the Institute. One rubs his eyes to +remember that, thirteen years ago, very few people admitted the _role_ +of bacteria in the world, and that those who did admit their existence +were very much at sea about what to do with them. + +The doctrine of microbe, the theory that ferments and virus are living +beings, that a vaccine is an attenuated virus, that medicine is based +on the artificial attenuation of virus--all this is now so widely +received, is so thoroughly a part of popular belief, that one is +bewildered in remembering that twelve years ago the general theory of +disease was that it is "in us, from us, by us." Especially is all this +astonishing, standing in the Pasteur Institute, the crystallization of +the microbe doctrine. + +"Yes," continued Doctor Roux, "we have conquered hydrophobia; nothing +is more certain." + +"And you hope to conquer other diseases in the same way?" + +The doctor made a fine nervous gesture. "In science one does not hope; +one proves. In every thirty thousand experiments one succeeds. We +study diseases here. Each physician has his special line of +investigation. We hope for nothing. We simply report what we find." + +"But you yourself, Doctor Roux, have certainly hopes that diphtheria +is almost conquered?" + +The doctor pursed up his mouth. + +"The investigations in diphtheria are in just this condition. We have +proved at the Pasteur Institute" (Doctor Roux is modest and says 'we,' +which means himself and his assistant, M. Versin) "that diphtheria is +a toxic disease; that is, that it results from a poison. The microbe +of diphtheria does not penetrate throughout the system as in the case +of most other microbic diseases. It exists only in the mucus found on +the pharynx. This microbe does not cause death, but it secretes a +poison which penetrates throughout the body and kills. This being +proved, of course the next step is to find what will destroy the +poison. + +"Doctor Behring, working at Berlin, has found that the blood of +animals vaccinated for diphtheria gives a therapeutic serum which +destroys the diphtheric poison. We are now testing the practical value +of the serum at the Institute. This is absolutely our 'last word' on +diphtheria." + +"And as for cholera! What is the last word?" + +"The _bacillus virgula_ of Doctor Koch is believed, by the great +majority of savants, to be the true cholera germ. We are trying +here, as experimenters are trying elsewhere, to give immunity to +animals against the microbe. It is absolutely all that one can say +authoritatively on the cholera." + +"And the method of vaccination which Doctor Haffkine believes he has +discovered?" + +"It has not been proved yet that it will give immunity. Until we have +that proof we neither hope nor fear. We simply work and wait. Doctor +Haffkine has, you know, severed his connection with the Pasteur +Institute and gone to India to continue his researches." + +"But he has had faith enough in his method to try its effects on +himself, has he not?" + +"Very true, and so have perhaps a hundred others tried its effects. +But that proves nothing." + +There is a self-repression about these severe statements which has +something of the heroic in it. Who would be so glad to announce +absolute safeguards against diphtheria and cholera as this man who has +risked his life to find them? Yet, until he is sure, he will not even +say "hope." + +I remember the words of Pasteur himself: "To believe that one has +found an important scientific fact, to be in a fever to announce it, +to compel one's self for days, weeks, sometimes years, to be silent, +to force one's self to destroy his own experiments and to announce +nothing until he has exhausted all contrary hypotheses--that is +hard." + +It is hard, but it is one of the strongest elements in the Pasteur +spirit of scientific research. Evidently Doctor Roux has learned to +practise it vigorously. + +"In the same way that we are investigating diphtheria and cholera," +continues the doctor, "we are studying other diseases. But one cannot +get a fair idea of what the Pasteur Institute does by any other means +than looking at its organizations. There is a great deal done here +besides original investigation. In the first place, we are an +absolutely independent and free institution. The money was given by +popular subscription and without conditions. + +"The entire lower floor is devoted to practical work. There are +performed the inoculations for hydrophobia on an average of some +seventy a day. The practical department is not, however, confined to +the treatment of hydrophobia. There are prepared the vaccines for all +those diseases of animals which M. Pasteur has proved can be cured by +inoculation, such as chicken cholera, splenic fever, and _rouget_ of +swine. + +[Illustration: A GROUP OF PATIENTS.] + +"Quantities of virus are sold constantly to farmers for vaccinating +their stock. It is these sales which help support the institution. It +is an example of science living by science. + +"Here on this floor we do our instructing. In the lecture hall across +the way M. Ducloux gives his lessons on microbic chemistry, studies +the process of fermentation, microbic poisons, all phases, in short, +of biological chemistry. + +"My work is lectures on, and experiments illustrating, the technique +of the microbic method. Those who follow the courses are divided into +two classes, students who simply follow the courses and repeat the +experiments in the general laboratory, and the savants who conduct +original researches here. The latter are furnished each with a private +laboratory in the third story. Here for a merely nominal rent they can +have the exclusive use of a laboratory furnished with all necessary +apparatus, and can pursue whatever class of investigation pleases +them." + +"And you have many students?" + +"We have always fifteen or twenty, and from all parts of the world. +Look at my roll." + +The doctor rose and drew out from the mass of pamphlets and papers on +his table a big roll-book. + +"I have the names of those who have taken my lectures. Here is an +Egyptian, many Russians, a Turk, numbers from South America, from +Canada, from the East, from everywhere. Let us look for your +compatriots." + +Doctor Roux ran his finger down the pages. "Here is one, Doctor +Orchinard of New Orleans. Here another, Doctor Tabadie of New York; +and then there is Kenyoun of the United States Marine Service. But +there have been more students in the institution from South America +than from North. + +[Illustration: THE LIBRARY.] + +"The department of original work is in the third story, and is under +Doctor Metchnikoff, who is, you know, a Russian who has established +himself here in order to devote himself to scientific investigation. +Doctor Metchnikoff is aided by his wife, who acts as _preparateur_. +She is an assistant of great skill and delicacy. He receives no salary +for his labor. There are, in fact, three of the leading members of our +faculty who receive no salary--M. Pasteur himself, M. Ducloux, and M. +Metchnikoff. They have resigned the award they deserve because of our +insufficient income." + +"But the common opinion is that you are rich here." + +"I know, but it is a mistake. The Pasteur Institute is very poorly +endowed. Its yearly income is only about twenty-four thousand dollars. +This revenue comes from three sources: the small appropriations made +by the government, the income from the remnant of the private +subscription with which it was built, and the product of the sales of +vaccine. The fact that we can partly support ourselves," added the +doctor, laughingly, "is the best proof one can have of the +practicability of bacteriology. + +"The most surprising feature about it is, that in the case of almost +every institution copied after us, and there are some eighteen or +twenty of them in various parts of the world, the income is much +larger than ours. At Berlin and St. Petersburg the incomes are four or +five times as large as ours, and, excepting Berlin, we are the only +Pasteur Institute doing practical work. It is the old story," said the +doctor resignedly, "one sows and another reaps." + +[Illustration: M. ROUX.] + +There is certainly injustice and short-sightedness in such a state of +things. The investigations of Pasteur have taken too heavy a bundle +from the load of horrors which humanity carries, to be allowed to be +limited for lack of money: + +Immunity from infectious diseases, and nothing else is the logical +outcome of the Pasteur doctrines, means too much to make economy on +the part of purse-holders excusable, when it is a question of funds +for the investigations. When men like Doctor Roux and his associates, +men trained in the severe Pasteur spirit and passionate for truth, are +ready to sacrifice their lives to this work, overcoming the earth's +plagues, money is the last thing they should be wanting. Especially is +this true now, when the work on two of the most terrible scourges of +humanity--diphtheria and cholera--stands at critical stages. + +There is something harshly ironical, too, in the idea that the +institution of Louis Pasteur, whose discoveries have, declares +Professor Huxley, made good the war indemnity of five thousand million +francs paid by France to Germany, should be crippled for funds. + +The doctor's confidences were cut short by an imperative summons from +without. I rose to go. + +"Take a stroll through the building," advised he as he said good-by. I +followed his advice. + +[Illustration: DOSING THE VIRUS.] + +From the library one naturally passes to the laboratories. They open +from the long halls in numbers. One wonders how so much room can be +utilized, but none seems to be going to waste. In each some step of +the microbic process is going on. Here is a doctor inoculating a +rabbit with the poison of a mad dog sent to the Institute only the day +before. The little animal lies on the table insensible, chloroformed, +while with the sharp-toothed little trephine the operator makes a tiny +hole in its skull, lays bare the brain, and inserts the virus. By the +time the aperture is closed Brer Rabbit is sitting up, looking about, +none the worse for his experience, save a bald spot on his forehead, +a tiny tin tag covered with hieroglyphics hanging from his ear. Two +minutes later he was nibbling a carrot; fifteen days later he died +"mad as a March hare." + +It is not only rabbits which undergo this operation. Guinea-pigs, +chickens, mice and rats are used in quantities. In the laboratory of +autopsy there are to be seen aquariums filled with the dainty axolotl +of Mexico, glasses of odd fish, even cages of birds. + +In another room an experimenter is dissecting a rabbit which has died +of rabies, and from whose spinal cord he expects to get material for +vaccinal virus. + +[Illustration: DR. METCHNIKOFF IN HIS LABORATORY.] + +In a small dark room, whose temperature is never allowed to vary, +which is never swept nor dusted for fear of arousing tranquil +microbes, and whose door is never opened except when absolutely +necessary, are arranged rows of drying bottles, in which hang bits of +the marrow. These bottles are marked with the degree of violence of +the rabies from which the animal died, and with the date when the +marrow was put up to dry. + +Here, attendants are preparing the veal broth and the gelatines in +which the infected marrows will be cultivated. + +[Illustration: FILLING THE SYRINGES.] + +Thus as one goes from room to room he can follow the whole method of +successive cultures, that method which is "the key-stone of the arch, +and without which there could be no vigorous demonstration of the +Pasteur method." + +On every hand one sees the interesting "ways of doing things" which +characterize the Institute. Here, the cleaning of jars, syringes and +tubes is going on; not a simple washing and drying. In the Pasteur +household articles are sterilized as well as cleaned--that is, burned +in the flames of a spirit lamp, or in an oven. There, a man is blowing +bulbs, droll balloon pipettes, all the multitude of glass contrivances +the laboratories demand. Here, under a microscope, an investigator has +the diphtheria pest, an inoffensive speck; there, another has in his +field a whole colony of lively little straight and bent sticks; it is +a company of Doctor Koch's cholera microbes. + +Wherever one goes in the building there is a busy intentness, an +absorption, an absolute blindness to everything but the work in hand, +be it the contents of a culture tube, or the film on a microscope +slide. One can easily believe of these workers the story told of M. +Pasteur himself, that he had to be hunted up on his wedding morning +and pulled away from his microscope, in order to be got into his +dress-coat and gloves in time for the ceremony. + +Evidently, too, they have not forgotten the words their master spoke +on the day of the inauguration of the Institute: + +"All the enthusiasm you have had since the beginning, my dear +co-laborers, I beg of you to keep; but give it, as an inseparable +companion, a severe control. Announce nothing that you cannot prove in +a simple, decisive fashion. + +"Cultivate the critical spirit. Left to itself it neither awakens +ideas nor stimulates to great deeds, but without it all is lost." + +As one goes from room to room, and talks with one and another of the +busy, courteous savants, he realizes finally that it is here that +Pasteur the scientist is to be found. The labors that made the great +savant famous are all summed up here. Here his methods are at work, +here is his spirit alive in the men who have best comprehended him, +and whom he has been able most deeply to inspire. It is a great thing +to achieve. It is a greater thing to inspire others to achieve. Louis +Pasteur has done both. + +[Illustration: THE RABBITS' QUARTERS.] + + + + +STRANGER THAN FICTION. + +HUGH BRONTE'S COURTSHIP. THE ELOPEMENT OF HUGH BRONTE AND ALICE MCCLORY. + +Unpublished Chapters from "The Brontes in Ireland." + +BY DOCTOR WILLIAM WRIGHT. + + NOTE.--"The Brontes in Ireland" will be issued in book form by D. + Appleton & Co., after the serial publication is concluded in + MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. + + +I. LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT. + +The visit to McClory's in County Down was another momentous step in +the life of Hugh Bronte. He had shaken off the nightmare of cruel +slavery. His work, mostly in the open air, suited him. He was well +paid, had good food and clothing, and in two years the starved and +ragged boy had become a large, handsome, well-dressed man. Like most +handsome people, Hugh knew that he was handsome, and the resources of +Dundalk were taxed in those days to the utmost to set off to +perfection his manly and stately figure. + +On Christmas Eve Hugh Bronte drove up furiously in a Newry gig to the +house of McClory in Ballynaskeagh. He was a somewhat vain man, and +fond of admiration, and, no doubt, as he approached McClory's thatched +cottage, with his pockets full of money, and with the self-confidence +which prosperity breeds, he meant to flutter the house with his +greatness. + +But a surprise was in store for him. The cottage door was opened, in +response to his somewhat boisterous knock, by a young woman of +dazzling beauty. Hugh Bronte, previous to his flight, had seen few +women except his Aunt Mary, and in the days of his freedom he had +become acquainted only with lodging-house keepers and County Louth +women who carried their fowl and eggs to Dundalk fairs and markets. He +had scarcely ever seen a comely girl, and never in his life any one +who had any attractions for him. + +The simply dressed, artless girl who opened the door was probably the +prettiest girl in County Down at the time. The rector of Magherally, +who married her, pronounced her the most beautiful woman he had ever +seen. Her hair, which hung in a profusion of ringlets round her +shoulders, was luminous gold. Her forehead was Parian marble. Her +evenly set teeth were lustrous pearls, and the roses of health glowed +on her cheeks. She had the long brown eyelashes that in Ireland so +often accompany golden hair, and her deep brown eyes had the violet +tint and melting expression which, in a diluted form, descended to her +granddaughters, and made the plain and irregular faces of the Bronte +girls really attractive. The eyes also contained the lambent fire that +Mrs. Gaskell noticed in Charlotte's eyes, ready to flash indignation +and scorn. She had a tall and stately figure, with head well poised +above a graceful neck and well-formed bust; but she did not +communicate these graces of form to her granddaughters. There are +people still living who remember the stately old woman, "Alys Bronte," +as she was called by her neighbors in her old age. + +Hugh Bronte was completely unmanned by the radiant beauty of the +simple country girl who stood before him. He stood awkwardly staring +at her with his mouth open, working with his hat, and trying in vain +to say something. At last he stammered out a question about Mr. +McClory, and the girl, who was Alice McClory, told him that her +brother would soon be home, and invited him into the house. + +He entered, blushing and feeling uncomfortable, but the unaffected +simplicity of Alice McClory's manner soon put him at his ease, and +before the brother Patrick, known afterwards as "Red Paddy," had +returned home, he was madly and hopelessly in love with his sister. + +Like his son, the Reverend Patrick Bronte, in England, and like the +Irish curate who proposed marriage to Charlotte on the strength of one +night's acquaintance, Hugh, dazzled by beauty and blinded by love, +declared his passion before he had discovered any signs of mutual +liking, or had any evidence that his advances would be agreeable. + +Alice, in simple, but cold and business-like manner, told him that she +did not yet know him; but that as he was a Protestant, and she a +Catholic, there was an insuperable bar between them. + +Hugh urged that he himself had no religion, never having darkened a +church door, and that he was quite willing to be anything she wished +him to be. + +Alice met his earnest pleadings with playful sallies which +disconcerted him, and little by little she led him to the story of his +life, episodes of which she had heard from her brother. Pity melts the +heart to love, and Alice was moved greatly by Hugh's simple +narrative. + + +II. PURE LOVE AND PARTY STRIFE. + +The Christmas holidays passed pleasantly under the hospitable roof of +the McClory family. The chief amusement of the neighborhood was +drinking in the shebeen, or local public house, but Hugh declined to +accompany Paddy to the shebeen, preferring solitude with his sister. + +Before the holidays had come to a close, Hugh and Alice had become +engaged, but the course of true love in their case was destined to the +proverbial fate. All Miss McClory's friends were scandalized at the +thought of her consenting to marry a Protestant. + +Religion, among Catholics and Orangemen, in those days, consisted +largely of party hatred. He was a good Protestant who, sober as well +as drunk, cursed the Pope, and on the 12th of July wore orange colors, +and played with fife and drum a tune known as "The Battle of the +Boyne." And he was a good Catholic who, in whatever condition, used +equally emphatic language regarding King William. No more genuine +expression of religious feeling was looked for on either side. + +There is a story told in the McClory district which illustrates the +current religious sentiment. Two brother Orangemen, good men after +their lights, had long been fast friends. They seldom missed an +opportunity, in the presence of Catholics, of consigning the Pope to +an uncomfortable place, to which he himself has been wont to consign +heretics. + +It happened that one of the two Orangemen fell sick, and when he was +at the point of death his friend became greatly concerned about his +spiritual state, and visited him. He found him in an unconscious +condition, and sinking fast; and putting his lips close to the ear of +his sick friend, he asked him to give him a sign that he felt +spiritually happy. The dying man, with a last supreme effort, raised +his voice above a whisper, and in the venerable and well-known formula +cursed the Pope. His friend was comforted, believing that all was +well. + +Whether this gruesome story be true or not, it goes to illustrate the +fact that blasphemous bigotry had largely usurped the place of +religion. But bitter party feeling did not end with mere words. Bloody +battles between Orangemen and Catholics were periodically fought on +the 12th of July, the anniversary of the battle of the Boyne, and on +the 17th of March, Saint Patrick's day. Within six miles of McClory's +house more than a dozen pitched battles were fought, sometimes with +scythes tied on poles, and sometimes with firearms. One of these +murderous onsets, known as the battle of Ballynafern, took place +within sight of McClory's house. + +At Dolly's Brae a battle was fought in 1849, in presence of a large +body of troops, who remained neutral spectators of the conflict till +the Catholics fled, and then joined with the victors in firing on the +flying foe. + +The scenes of these struggles, such as Tillyorier, Katesbridge, +Hilltown, The Diamond, etc., are classic spots now. Each has had its +poet, and ballads are sung to celebrate the prowess of the victors, +who were uniformly the Orangemen, inasmuch as they used firearms, +while the Catholics generally fought with pikes and scythes. + +Hugh Bronte had not yet discovered the deep and wide gulf that yawned +between Protestants and Catholics, and so he made light of the +religious objections of which he had heard so much from Alice. But the +Catholic friends of Miss McClory, who had heard the Pope cursed by +Protestant lips almost every day of their lives, could not stand by +and see a Catholic lamb removed into the Protestant shambles. They +came to look on Bronte as a Protestant emissary, more influenced by a +fiendish desire to plunder the Catholic fold than by love for their +beautiful relative. + +Hugh Bronte, in his eager simplicity, wanted to supersede all +opposition by getting married immediately, but so great a commotion +ensued that he had to return to the kilns at Mount Pleasant, leaving +his matrimonial prospects in a very unsatisfactory condition. + +Troops of relatives invaded the McClory house daily, and ardent +Catholics tried in vain to argue down Alice McClory's newly kindled +love. All the Roman Catholic neighbors joined in giving copious +advice, and little was talked of in fairs and markets, and at chapel, +but the proposed marriage of Alice McClory with an unknown Protestant +heretic. + +The priest, also, as family friend, was drawn into the matter. In +those days Irish priests were educated in France or Italy, and were +generally men of culture and refinement. Their horizon had been +widened. They had come in contact with the language, literature, and +social habits of other peoples, and they had become courteous men of +the world. They had to some extent got out of touch with the fierce +fanaticism of party strife. + +The priest called on Miss McClory. Everybody knew that he had, and +awaited the result; but Alice's beauty and simplicity and tears made +such an impression on the kind-hearted old priest that his chivalrous +instinct was aroused, and he was almost won to the lady's side. The +centre of the agitation then shifted from McClory's cottage to the +priest's manse, and so hot was the anger of the infuriated Catholics +that the good-natured priest promised, sorely against his will, that +he would not consent to marry the pair. + +Hugh Bronte was nominally a Protestant, but he had not been in a +church of any kind from the time he was five years of age. He had +received no religious instruction. He could not read the Bible for +himself, and no one had ever read it to him, and he was as innocent of +any religious bias or bigotry as a savage in Central Africa. Suddenly +he found himself the central figure in a fierce religious drama. + +At first he was greatly amused, and laughed at the very suggestion of +his religion being considered a stumbling-block. From the time he left +his father's house he had seldom heard the divine name except in some +form of malediction, and religion had brought no consolation to his +hard life. He had never presumed to think that he had any relationship +to the church, its priests were so gorgeous, and its people so +well-to-do. Gallagher had made him familiar with the dread powers of +the infernal world, and with the "Blessed Virgin and the saints" in +their malevolent capacity, but the malignant hypocrisy of Gallagher +was quite as repulsive to him as the vindictive blasphemy of his +uncle. In fact, he had lived in an atmosphere untouched by the light +or warmth of religion. + +Hugh's bondage and suffering had made him neither cringing nor cruel, +and his freedom had come in time to permit the full development of a +large and generous heart in a robust and healthy body. In his +simplicity of heart he prevailed on Alice to invite her friends to +meet him. He would soon remove their dislike with regard to his +religion. Under the impulse of his enthusiasm he thought he could +disarm prejudice by a frank and open avowal of his absolute +indifference to all religions. + +Nothing, perhaps, in the whole history of the Brontes exceeded in +interest that meeting. A dozen wily Ulster Catholics gathered round +simple-hearted Hugh Bronte in Paddy McClory's kitchen. How the Orange +champions would have trembled for the Protestant cause if they had +been aware of Hugh's danger! + +The preliminary salutations over, a black bottle was produced, and a +glass of whiskey handed round. Hugh had never learned to drink +whiskey, and, at that time, detested the very smell of it. His refusal +to drink with McClory's friends was a first ground of offence, but the +whiskey had not yet brought the drinkers into the quarrelsome mood. + +When several bottles of McClory's whiskey had been drunk, and the +temperature of the guests had risen, the religious question was +approached. Bronte was urged, in peremptory tones, to abjure +Protestantism. He had his answer ready. He was no more a Protestant +than they were, and he had no Protestantism to abjure. "Will you then +curse King William?" said a fiery little man, who had taken much +liquor, and seemed to be the spokesman of the party. + +There is a principle in human nature which has been taken far too +little account of by both philosophers and peasants. It has been the +dominant principle in many of the important decisions that have sealed +the fate of nations as well as of individuals. The principle is +expressed by a word which is always pronounced in one way by the +cultured, and in quite a different way by the unlettered. The word in +its illiterate use is "contr_air_yness," and but for the principle +expressed by this word the Bronte girls would never have made their +mark in literature, and this history would never have been written. + +"Curse King William," shouted the fiery little man, supported by a +hoarse shout from the other half-tipsy guests, all of whom had turned +fierce and glaring eyes on the supposed Protestant. + +"I cannot curse King William," replied Hugh, smiling. "He never did me +any harm; besides, he is beyond the region of my blessings and +cursings. But," added he, warming with his subject, "I should not mind +cursing the Pope, if he is the author of your fierce and besotted +religion." + +Alice first saw the danger, and uttered a sharp cry. Suddenly the +family party sprang upon Hugh, as the ambushed Philistines once flung +themselves on Samson, but he shook them off, and left them sprawling +on the floor. Alice drew him from the house, bleeding and disheveled, +and after a tender parting in the grove beside the stream, he started +on foot for Mount Pleasant. + +Two immediate results followed that conflict. Hugh Bronte became a +furious Protestant and a frantic lover. There was no lukewarmness or +indifference as to his Protestantism. The Bronte _contrairyness_ had +met the kind of opposition to give it a stubborn set, and he there and +then became a Protestant, double-dyed, in the warp and in the woof. +The process of his conversion, such as it was, was prompt, decisive, +effectual. It was somewhat orange in hue and militant in fibre, and +was a genuine product of the times. + +Hugh's love for Alice was fanned into a fierce flame by the events of +that night. When he first met her he had been dazzled by her rare +beauty. He had seen few women, and never one like Alice. For the first +time he had come under the spell of a simple but beautiful girl. They +were young, shy lovers; very happy in each other's company, but each +sufficiently self-possessed to be happy enough in self. + +From the crucible of contradiction on that night the jewel love had +leaped forth. Each was drawn out from the self-centre in which each +had been concentrated in self; he to declare his love in the face of +relentless foes, and she to cling to him, and protect him, when +bruised and torn by her friends. Beneath the pines, that night, they +pledged, with mingling tears, undying love. They parted, but their +hearts were one; and persecution, poverty and bereavement only welded +them more closely together in the changing years. + + +III. LOVE'S SUBTERFUGES. + +Hugh returned to the Mount Pleasant kilns, but his heart was no longer +in his work. The burning of lime requires incessant care. The +limestones must be broken to a proper size, layers of coal in due +proportion must be added, and there must be constant watchfulness lest +the fires should die out. Farmers' sons and servants started generally +from County Down about midnight, and after traveling all night arrived +at the kilns for their loads about dawn. A badly burnt kiln of lime +was a grave loss to the owners, as well as a serious disappointment to +the customers, and likely to result in loss of custom. + +There were many complaints as to the character of the lime immediately +after Christmas, and the farmers on several occasions found, on +slaking their loads at home, that only the surface of the stones was +burnt, and that they had paid for, and imported, heaps of raw +limestone. + +Hugh's thoughts were not in his business. He had made several Sunday +journeys to Ballynaskeagh, to have secret meetings with Alice. They +met in the grove by the brook, in a spot still pointed out as the +"Lovers' Arbor" or "Courting Bower," and there, under willows +festooned with ivy and honeysuckle and sweetbriers, they spent lonely +but happy Sundays. + +They were at last betrayed by a Catholic servant who had been +intrusted with a message to Alice. Then began a system of espionage +and petty persecution, and all the forces of the McClory clan were +united in an effort to compel Alice to marry a Catholic neighbor, +called Joe Burns. + +At this time Hugh began to learn to read and write, and he succeeded +so far, by the light from the eye of the kiln at night, as to be able +to write love letters which Alice was able to read. He also, about the +same time, succeeded in spelling his way through the New Testament. + +Like many other professions, a lime-kiln is a jealous mistress, and +requires constant attentions. Young Bronte brought to it a divided +mind, and gave it the second place in his thoughts. He was constantly +leaving the kilns in the care of a companion on Saturday evenings and +making long journeys to see Alice, returning on Monday morning, after +a fatiguing night's journey. At first his companions did all they +could to make up for his absence and absent-mindedness; but a change +came, and they did their best to throw the light of exaggeration on +his deficiencies. + +News had reached them from the North that he was a Protestant +firebrand, that he had cursed the Pope, and made a savage attack on +some harmless Catholics. At the kilns his manner had changed, and he +had become moody and morose. Besides, he was constantly reading a +little book by the light of the burning lime at night, instead of +telling stories and singing songs, as in former times. The book was +said to be the Bible, but it was in fact a New Testament that he was +learning to read. + +A plot was immediately hatched to get rid of so dangerous a colleague. +One of the Catholics undertook, as usual, to look after the kilns +while he made an expedition to County Down; but he not only failed to +charge the kilns properly, but he sent for the owner on Monday morning +early, that he might see for himself the condition of things. The +northern carts arrived by dawn, to find that there was nothing for +them but unburnt lime. While the matter was being explained Hugh +arrived, haggard and weary after his night's journey, and was +peremptorily dismissed, without any explanation from either side being +tendered or accepted. + +I have no record of Hugh's proceedings immediately after his +dismissal, but he must have been reduced to considerable straits, for +he went to the hiring ground in Newry, and engaged himself, as a +common servant-boy, to a farmer who resided in Donoughmore. As a farm +laborer in those days he would receive about six pounds per annum, +with board and lodging; but then he was near his Alice, and that made +every burden light. + +Hugh's new master, James Harshaw, was not an ordinary farmer. The +Harshaws had occupied the farm from early in the fifteenth century, +and James, who had received the education of a gentleman, had behind +him the traditions of an old and respectable family. In the Harshaw +home shrewd and steady industry was brightened by culture and +refinement. The wheel of fortune had brought Hugh Bronte into a family +where mental alacrity had full play. + +Bronte seems to have been treated with consideration and kindness by +the Harshaws, who probably recognized in him something superior to the +ordinary farm servant. At any rate, in those days the walls of class +distinction were not raised so high as they are now, and the Harshaw +children taught him to read. + +Hugh was much with the family. He drove them to Donoughmore +Presbyterian Meeting House on Sundays, and sat with them in their pew, +and he accompanied them to rustic singing parties, and such local +gatherings. He used also to drive them in the summer time to +Warrenpoint and Newcastle, and other watering-places, and remain with +them as their attendant. + +In such treatment of a servant there was nothing unusual, and Mr. John +Harshaw, the present proprietor of the ancestral home, has no very +decisive information regarding this particular servant. He says, "The +probability is that Hugh Bronte hired with my grandfather, whose land +touched the Lough, but I fear it is too true that he passed through my +grandfather's service and left no permanent record behind him."[1] + +I think it is more than probable that Bronte repaid his young masters +and mistresses for their teaching, by telling them stories. Under +Harshaw's roof he found not only work and shelter, but a home and +comfort, and it is inconceivable that under those circumstances he +allowed the gift that was in him, of charming by vivid narration, to +lie dormant. + +As long as he lived he spoke of the Harshaws with gratitude and +affection, and I do not believe he could have been so glad and happy +without contributing to the general enjoyment. + +In the latter part of last century, the _raconteur_ occupied the place +in Ireland now taken by the modern novelist, and I believe Hugh Bronte +dropped doctrines into the minds of the young Harshaws which produced +far-reaching results. Such was the fixed conviction of my old teacher, +the Reverend W. McAllister. + +It happened that the Martins, another ancient family, lived quite near +to the Harshaws. The land of the two families enclosed Loughorne +round. The Martins were rich and slightly aristocratic, but the two +families were thrown much together, and Samuel Martin, the son of the +one house, married Jane Harshaw, the daughter of the other. + +She was a deeply religious and resolute woman, with a stern sense of +duty. One of her nephews tells me she always conducted family worship +after the death of her husband. She died of a fever, caught while +ministering to the dying, in accordance with her high sense of +Christian duty. Her life was given for others, and, at her funeral, +the Reverend S. J. Moore said: "She was a woman who knew her duty and +did it." + +Her second son, John Martin, inherited his mother's great mental +capacity and strong sense of duty. At school, in Newry, he met young +John Mitchel, and inspired him with something of his own enthusiasm, +and the two youths came to the conclusion that it was their duty to +put right Ireland's wrongs. John Mitchel was sent to penal servitude +for fifteen or twenty years, and then John Martin stepped into the +place vacated by his friend, and was transported to Van Diemen's Land +for ten years. + +The conviction of "honest John Martin" gave a blow to the old system +in Ireland from which it has never recovered. Even his enemies were +shocked at the ferocity of the sentence; but then he had written a +pamphlet under the text: "_Your land, strangers devour it in your +presence, and it is desolate._" (Isaiah, i. 7.) He had proclaimed from +the housetops Hugh Bronte's tenant-right doctrines, of which more +anon. He had attacked the sacred rights of landlordism, and he was +sent to a safe and distant place for quite a different offence, called +treason felony. + +John Martin was a man of large property, but he devoted his life and +all his income to what he considered the good of others. + +He had taken his B.A. degree at Trinity College, Dublin, and studied +medicine, and for many years he gave advice and medicine gratuitously +to all who came to him. The poor were passionately attached to him. + +I remember seeing him and speaking to him once, after he had received +a free pardon, and become a member of parliament. No one could have +looked on the great, capacious head, and the handsome, benevolent +face, without questioning the system that had no better use for such a +man than sending him to rot in penal servitude. Lord Palmerston beheld +the ex-convict with profound admiration, and expressed deep sympathy +with him as the victim of a bad system. + +John Martin preached and suffered for the very doctrines that Hugh +Bronte enunciated with such passionate conviction. Where did he get +those doctrines? I have a profound belief, though I have no positive +proofs, that John Martin's beliefs and principles grew from seeds sown +by Hugh Bronte, the servant boy. In this belief the Reverend W. +McAllister and the Reverend David McKee shared, or, rather, my faith +has grown from their convictions. + +Jane Harshaw, however she got them, carried the doctrines into the +Martin family. They mingled with and strengthened her strong sense +of duty, and they added passion to her lust after justice and the +thing that was right. With her son John, the feeling of obligation +to break the ban of Ireland's curse became irresistible. He was +dowered with an inexhaustible grace of pity for all sufferers, and the +impulse to redress the wrongs of the oppressed overpowered him and +led him to acts of impatience and imprudence, which gave his +cool-headed enemies the opportunity they were ready enough to +embrace. But the revolutionary doctrines for which John Martin +suffered came from the same seed that produced Charlotte Bronte's +radical sentiments, and it is interesting to note that in both cases +the seed produced its fruit about the same period (1847-1848). + +I must now leave these historical speculations, however plausible and +probable they may be, and return to the direct narration of known +facts. + +Hugh Bronte had disappeared forever from the Mount Pleasant kilns. +Those who had plotted his dismissal exaggerated every foible of his +life, and invented others, after he was gone, until, by a spiteful +blending of fact and fancy, they made him into a monster. + +The farmers' sons and servants who carted lime from Mount Pleasant to +County Down brought with them wonderful tales of his misdeeds and +disgrace. And Alice McClory's guardians believed that he had +disappeared forever into the distant South, from whence he had +emerged. They never suspected that he was actually living in their +neighborhood, and that he and Alice had met at Warrenpoint, Newcastle, +and elsewhere. + + [1] As we shall see, the parish records of Hugh's marriage and + Patrick's baptism are both lost, and though Patrick was + schoolmaster in Glascar Presbyterian school, and in Drumgooland + Episcopalian school, he has left no permanent record behind him + in either place. Records in those days were ill-kept. + + +IV. THE ELOPEMENT. + +Under restraint, Alice had drooped and pined, but now that Bronte had +left the country she was permitted to ride about the neighborhood +quite alone. She enjoyed horse exercise greatly, but no matter in what +direction she left home her way lay always through Loughorne. Perhaps +the roads were better in that direction, but she always exchanged +salutations with a handsome working-man, by the expanse of water in +Loughorne. When he was not about she used very humanely to take her +horse down to the lake to drink, and from a hole in an old tree she +used to remove a scrap of paper, leaving something instead. The tree +used to be pointed out as "Bronte's post-box," but the lake has +recently been drained, and the trees have, I believe, disappeared. + +Everything that could be done was done, to please Miss McClory, but no +opportunity was missed to further Farmer Burns's suit. He was a +prosperous man. He had a good farm, a good house, plenty of horses and +cows, and was a very desirable husband for Alice. He was also a +Catholic. Bronte had shown that he did not care for her by going away, +and never thinking of her more. The priest joined with Alice's female +friends in pleading for Burns. At length, by incessant perseverance, +they prevailed on her to consent to marry Burns, and forget Bronte. +The incessant drip had made an impression at last, and the crafty +relatives had gained their end. + +There was joy in the Catholic camp when it was publicly announced that +Miss McClory and Mr. Burns were soon to be married. McClory's house +was thatched anew, and whitewashed and renovated throughout. The roses +were nailed up around the windows; the street was strewn with fresh +sand; new window-blinds and bed-curtains were provided, and pots and +pans were burnished. Never before had McClory's house been subjected +to such an outburst of sweeping and brushing and washing and scouring; +the whole place became redolent of potash and suds. It was spring +cleaning _in excelsis_. + +The local dressmaker, Annie McCabe, whose granddaughter, of the same +name, is now dressmaker in the same place, assisted by Miss +McClory's female relatives, was busily engaged on the bridal dress. +Burns used to look in daily on the incessant preparations, his +countenance beaming with joy, but Alice would not permit him to +destroy the pleasures of imagination by approaching near to her. She +would lift her finger coyly, and warn him off, if he presumed on any +familiarities, but she allowed him to sit on the other side of the +fire from that graced by herself. + +At length the wedding-day arrived. Such signs of feasting had never +before been seen in Ballynaskeagh. New loaves had been procured from +Newry, fresh beef from Rathfriland, whiskey from Banbridge. A great +pudding, composed of flour and potatoes, and boiled for many hours +over a slow fire, with hot coals on the lid of the oven, had been +prepared. Two of the largest turkeys had been boiled, and laid out on +great dishes with an abundant coating of melted butter, and a huge +roll of roasted beef was served up as a burnt offering. Signs of +abundance stood on table and dresser and hob, while rows of bottles +peeped from behind the window-curtains; and neither envy nor spite +could say that Red Paddy McClory was not providing a splendid wedding +for his sister. The morning rose glorious, and, as the custom then +was, Burns and his friends, mounted on their best horses, raced to the +house of the bride "_for the broth_," first in being the winner. On +such occasions crowds of neighbors crowned the hilltops. The cavalcade +was greeted with ringing cheers, as it swept in a cloud of dust down +the road from the Knock Hill. Several riders were unhorsed, but the +steeds arrived in McClory's court, champing their bits and covered +with foam. A covered car from Newry stood near the house, on the road, +to take Alice to the chapel, but she was to ride away from the chapel +mounted on the pillion, behind her husband. + +There was an unexpected pause; no one knew why. Some dismounted and +stood by their stirrups, ready to mount when the bride had entered her +carriage. Glasses of whiskey were handed round, and then the pause +became more awkward and the suspense more intense. At last it became +known that Alice, who had been up nearly all night finishing her new +gowns, had felt weary, and fitting on her wedding dress, had gone out +on her mare for a spurt, to shake off drowsiness. Messengers were sent +in different directions to search for her, but they had not returned. +Some accident must have befallen her. + +Burns, who rode a powerful black horse, and who had won the broth, +galloped off wildly towards Loughbrickland. The other cavaliers +scoured the country in different directions; but, while all kinds of +surmises were being hazarded, a messenger on foot from Banbridge, with +dainties for the feast, arrived, and reported that he had met Miss +McClory and a tall gentleman galloping furiously toward the river +Bann, near Banbridge. There was great excitement among the guests, and +whiskey and strong language without measure. After a hurried +consultation the mounted guests agreed to pursue the fugitives and +bring Miss McClory back; but, while they were tightening their girths +and getting ready for a gallop of five or six miles, a boy rode up to +the house on the mare that had been ridden by Alice, bearing a letter +to say she had just been married to Hugh Bronte in Magherally church. +She sent her love and grateful thanks to her brother, hoped the party +would enjoy the wedding dinner, and begged them to drink her health +as Mrs. Bronte. + +The plucky manner in which the lady had carried out her own plan, +outwitting the coercionists by her own cleverness, called forth +admiration in the midst of disappointment, and the cheery message +touched every heart. The calamity that had befallen Burns did not +weigh heavily on the hearts of the guests, in presence of the splendid +dinner before them, and especially as it was now clear that the lady +was being forced to marry him against her will. + +At this juncture the kind and courteous old priest rose, and with +great skill and good-humor talked about the events of the day. He +brought into special prominence the humorous and heroic episode in a +manner that appealed to the chivalry of his hearers, and then, with +tender pathos, referring to the beautiful daughter of the house, +called upon the guests to drink her health. The toast was responded to +with a hearty ringing cheer. Burns, who has left a good reputation +behind him, promptly proposed prosperity to the new-married couple, +and Red Paddy, always kind and generous, promised to send the united +good wishes of the whole party to the bride and bridegroom, and to +assure them of a hearty welcome, in which the past would be forgotten. +Paddy, as we shall see, kept his word. Thus the grandfather and +grandmother of the great novelists were married in 1776, in the +Protestant church of Magherally, the clergyman who officiated +pronouncing the bride the most beautiful woman he had ever seen. + + * * * * * + +The following verses have always been known as the product of Hugh +Bronte's muse. I am inclined to think they may have, in an original +form, been produced by Hugh, and smoothed down by his son Patrick. And +perhaps, in the refining process, they have lost in strength more than +they have gained in sound. + +I do not think old Hugh would have known anything, at first hand, of +"the peach bloom," or of "the blood-red Mars." The poem, forty years +ago, had many variations, but there is one line of special interest, +as it shows that the verses were known to Charlotte Bronte. The verse, +with a slight variation, is put into the mouth of Jane Eyre. Rochester +says: "Jane suits me; do I suit her?" Jane answers: "To the finest +fibre of my nature, sir." + + +ALICE AND HUGH. + + The red rose paled before the blush + That mantled o'er thy dimpled cheek, + The peach bloom faded at the flush + That tinged thy beauty ripe and meek. + + Thy milk-white brow outshone the snow: + Thy lustrous eyes outglanced the stars: + Thy cherry lips, with love aglow, + Burned ruddier than the blood-red Mars. + + Thy sweet, low voice waked in my heart + Dead memories of my mother's love. + My long-lost sister's artless art + Lived in thy smiles, my gentle dove. + + Dear Alice, how thy charm and grace + Kindled my dull and stagnant life! + From first I saw thy winning face, + My whole heart claimed thee for my wife. + + I thought you'd make me happy, dear: + I sought you for my very own: + You clung to me through storm and fear: + You loved me still, though poor and lone. + + My love was centred all in self: + Thy love was centred all in me: + True wife, above all pride and pelf, + My life's deep current flows for thee. + + The finest fibres of my soul + Entwine with thine in love's strong fold; + Our tin cup is a golden bowl; + Love fills our cot with wealth untold. + + + + +THE LEGEND OF THE ELEPHANT AND THE LION. + +BY HENRY M. STANLEY. + +Copyright, 1893, by Henry M. Stanley. + + +It was a custom with us, when crossing Africa in 1874-77, to meet +after dinner around the camp-fire, to while away the evening with +pleasant gossip, reminiscences, curious African legends. Sunset in the +tropics is soon followed by darkness, and the heavy vapors rising from +the hot, steaming ground appear to give thickness and substance to it. +A large fire is then very agreeable, as it drives away the damp and +dew; and it is a comfort to look into its flames and glowing embers, +wherein each man sees what he sees. No doubt the drift of the mind at +such times, to think of such things as are driven away by the needs of +the stirring day, suggested that we could be more sociable and more +interested if we related to one another such stories as were told to +us by the old folks at home. On trial it was found that there were +some of our men who were most accomplished in the art of narration, +and I fancied, after writing one or two out, that there was some kind +of a moral of an African character in each, after which I paid more +attention to them, and, on retiring from the circle, I would hastily +jot down what I had heard. If there were some points still obscure in +the story I would invite its narrator to relate it to me at the first +halting-place. But then I would find also that there was a great deal +of difference between the story told to me alone and that related to +the audience round the fire--there was then less local color, less +detail, and less animation. + + * * * * * + +At a camp on the Upper Congo, in 1877, Chakanja drew near our fire as +story-telling was about to begin, and was immediately beset with eager +demands for a tale from him. Like a singer, who always professes to +have a cold before indulging us, Chakanja needed more than a few +entreaties; but finally, after vowing that he never could remember +anything, he consented to gratify us with the legend of the Elephant +and the Lion. + +"Well," he answered, with a deep sigh, "if I must, I must. You must +know we Waganda are fond of three things--to have a nice wife, a +pleasant farm, and to hear good news, or a lively story. I have heard +a great many stories in my life, but, unlike Kadu, my mind remembers +them not. Men's heads are not the same, any more than men's hearts are +like. But I take it that a poor tale is better than none. It comes +back to me like a dream, this tale of the Elephant and the Lion. I +heard it first when on a visit to Gabunga's; but who can tell it like +him? If you think the tale is not well told, it is my fault; but then, +do not blame me too much, or I shall think I ought to blame you +to-morrow, when it will be your turn to amuse the party. + +"Now open your ears. A huge and sour-tempered elephant went and +wandered in the forest. His inside was slack for want of juicy roots +and succulent reeds, but his head was as full of dark thoughts as a +gadfly is full of blood. As he looked this way and that, he observed a +young lion asleep at the foot of a tree. He regarded it for a while, +then, as he was in a wicked mind, it came to him that he might as well +kill it, and he accordingly rushed at it, and impaled it with his +tusks. He lifted it with his trunk, swung it about, dashed it against +the tree, and afterwards kneeled on the body until it became as +shapeless as a crushed banana pulp. He then laughed, and said, 'Ha! +ha! This is a proof that I am strong. I have killed a lion, and people +will say proud things of me, and will wonder at my strength.' + +"Presently a brother elephant came up and greeted him. + +"'See,' said the first elephant, 'what I have done. It was I that +killed him. I lifted him on high, and, lo! he lies like a rotten +banana. Do you not think I am very strong? Come, be frank now, and +give me some credit for what I have done.' + +"Elephant No. 2 replied: 'It is true that you are strong, but that was +only a young lion. There are others of his kind, and I have seen them, +who would give you considerable trouble.' + +"'Ho, ho!' laughed the first elephant. 'Get out, stupid! You may bring +his whole tribe here, and I will show you what I can do. Ay, and to +your dam to boot.' + +"'What! My own mother, too!' + +"'Yes. Go and fetch her if you like.' + +"'Well, well,' said No. 2, 'you are far gone, there is no doubt. Fare +you well.' + +"No. 2 proceeded on his wanderings, resolved in his own mind that, if +he had an opportunity, he would send some one to test the boaster's +strength. No. 1 called out to him: + +"'Away you go. Good-by to you.' + +"A little way on, No. 2 elephant met a lion and lioness, full grown, +and splendid creatures, who turned out to be the parents of the +youngster which had been slain, and he said to them, after a sociable +chat: + +"'If you go further on along the path I came, you will meet a kind of +game which requires killing badly. He has just mangled your cub.' + +"Meantime elephant No. 1, chuckling to himself very conceitedly, +proceeded to the pool near by to bathe and cool himself. At every step +he went you could hear this: 'Ha, ha, ha! Lo! I have killed a lion.' +While he was in the pool, spurting the water in a shower over his +back, he suddenly looked up, and at the water's edge beheld a grown +lion and lioness regarding him sternly. + +"'Well, what do you want?' he asked. 'Why are you standing there +looking at me?' + +"'Are you the rogue who killed our child?' they asked. + +"'Perhaps I am,' he answered. 'Why do you want to know?' + +"'Because we are in search of him. If it be you that did it, you will +have to do the same to us before you leave this ground.' + +"'Ho! ho!' laughed the elephant loudly. 'Well, hark! It was I who +killed your cub. Come now, it was I. Do you hear? And if you do not +leave here mighty quick, I shall have to serve you both as I served +him.' + +"The lions roared aloud in their fury, and switched their tails +violently. + +"'Ho, ho!' laughed the elephant gayly. 'This is grand! There is no +doubt I shall run soon, they make me so skeery;' and he danced round +the pool, and jeered at them, then drank a great quantity of water and +blew it in a shower over them. + +"The lions stirred not, but kept steadfastly gazing at him, planning +how best to attack him. + +"Perceiving that they were obstinate, he threw another stream of water +over the lions and then backed into the deepest part of the pool, +until there was nothing seen of him but the tip of his trunk. When he +arose again the lions were still watching him and had not moved. + +"'Ho, ho!' he trumpeted, 'still there? Wait a little, I am coming to +you.' He advanced towards the shore, but, when he was close enough, +the lion sire sprang into the air, and alighted on the elephant's +back, and furiously tore at the muscles of the neck, and bit deep into +the shoulder. The elephant retreated into the deepest part of the pool +again, and submerged himself and his enemy, until the lion was +compelled to abandon his back and begin to swim ashore. No sooner had +he felt himself relieved than the elephant rose to the surface, and +hastily followed and seized the lion with his trunk. Despite the +lion's struggles, he was pressed beneath the surface, dragged under +the elephant's knees, and trodden into the mud, and in a short time +the lion sire was dead. + +"The elephant laughed triumphantly, and cried, 'Ho, ho! am I not +strong, Ma Lion? Did you ever see the like of me before? Two of you, +Young Lion and Pa Lion, are now killed. Ma Lion, you had better try +now, just to see if you won't have better luck. Come on, old woman, +just once.' + +"The lioness fiercely answered, while she retreated from the pool, +'Hold on where you are. I am going to find my brother, and will be +back shortly.' + +"The elephant trumpeted his scorn of her kind, and seizing the carcass +of her lord, flung it on shore after her, and declared his readiness +to abide where he was, that he might make mash of all the lion +family. + +"In a short time the lioness had found her brother, who was a mighty +fellow, and full of fight. As they advanced near the pool together, +they consulted as to the best means of getting at him. Then the +lioness sprang forward to the edge of the pool. The elephant retreated +a short distance. The lioness upon this crept along the pool, and +pretended to lap the water. The elephant moved towards her. The lion +waited his chance, and finally, with a great roar, sprang upon his +shoulders and commenced tearing away at the very place which had been +wounded by lion sire. + +"The elephant backed quickly into deep water, and submerged himself, +but the lion maintained his hold and bit deeper. The elephant then +sank down until there was nothing to be seen but the tip of his trunk, +upon which the lion, to avoid suffocation, relaxed his hold, and swam +vigorously toward shore. The elephant rose up, and as the lion was +stepping on shore, seized him, and drove one of his tusks through his +body; but, as he was in the act, the lioness sprang upon the +elephant's neck, and bit and tore so furiously that he fell dead, and +with his fall crushed the dying lion. + +"Soon after the close of the terrible combat, elephant No. 2 came up, +and discovered the lioness licking her chops and paws, and said: + +"'Hello, it seems there has been quite a quarrel here lately. Three +lions are dead, and here lies one of my own kind, stiffening.' + +"'Yes,' replied the lioness gloomily, 'the rogue elephant killed my +cub while the little fellow was asleep in the woods. He then killed my +husband and brother, and I killed him; but I do not think the elephant +has gained much by fighting with us. I did not have much trouble in +killing him. Should you meet any friends of his, you may warn them to +leave the lioness alone, or she may be tempted to make short work of +them.' + +"Elephant No. 2, though a patient person generally, was annoyed at +this, and gave a sudden kick with one of his hind feet which sent her +sprawling a good distance off; and asked: + +"'How do you like that, Ma Lion?' + +"'What do you mean by that?' demanded the enraged lioness. + +"'Oh, because I hate to hear so much bragging.' + +"'Do you also wish to fight?' she asked. + +"'We should never talk about doing an impossible thing, Ma Lion,' he +answered. 'I have travelled many years through these woods, and I have +never fought yet. I find that when a person minds his own business he +seldom comes to trouble, and when I meet one who is even stronger than +myself, I greet him pleasantly, and pass on, and I should advise you +to do the same, Ma Lion.' + +"'You are saucy, elephant. It would be well for you to think upon your +stupid brother there, who lies so stark under your nose, before you +trouble one who slew him, with your insolence.' + +"'Well, words never yet made a plantation; it is the handling of a hoe +that makes fields. See here, Ma Lion, if I talked to you all day I +could not make you wise. I will just turn my back to you. If you will +bite me you will soon learn how weak you are.' + +"The lioness, angered still more by the elephant's contempt, sprang at +his shoulders, and clung to him; upon which he rushed at a stout tree, +and, pressing his shoulders against it, crushed the breath out of her +body, and she ceased her struggles. When he relaxed his pressure, the +body fell to the ground, and he knelt upon it, and kneaded it until +every bone was broken. + +"While the elephant was meditatively standing over the body, and +thinking what misfortunes happen to boasters, a man came along, +carrying a spear; and seeing that the elephant was unaware of his +presence, he thought what great luck had happened to him. + +"Said he, 'Ah, what fine tusks he has! I shall be rich with them, and +shall buy slaves and cattle, and with these I will get a wife and a +farm,' saying which he advanced silently, and when he was near enough, +darted his spear into a place behind the shoulder. + +"The elephant turned around quickly, and, on beholding his enemy, +rushed after him, and, overtaking him, mauled him until in a few +moments he was a mangled corpse. + +"At this time a woman approached, and seeing four lions and one +elephant and her husband dead, she raised up her hands wonderingly, +and cried, 'How did all this happen?' The elephant, hearing her voice, +came from behind a tree, with a spear quivering in his side, and +bleeding profusely. At the sight of him the woman turned round to fly, +but the elephant cried out to her, 'Nay, run not, woman, for I can do +you no harm. The happy days in the woods are ended for all the tribes. +The memory of this scene will never be forgotten. Animals will be at +constant war one with another. Lions will no more greet elephants, the +buffaloes will be shy, the rhinoceroses will live apart, and man, when +he comes within the shadows, will think of nothing else than his +terrors, and he will fancy an enemy in every shadow. I am sorely +wounded, for thy man stole up to my side and drove his spear into me, +and soon I shall die.' + +"When she had heard these words the woman hastened home, and all the +villagers, old and young, hurried into the woods, by the pool, where +they found four lions, two elephants, and one of their own tribe lying +still and lifeless. + +"The words of the elephant have turned out to be true, for no man goes +nowadays into the silent and deserted woods but he feels as though +something was haunting them, and thinks of goblinry, and starts at +every sound. Out of the shadows, which shift with the sun, forms seem +crawling and phantoms appear to glide, and we are in a fever almost +from the horrible illusions of fancy. We breathe quickly and fear to +speak, for the smallest vibration in the silence would jar on our +nerves. I speak the truth, for when I am in the woods near the night, +there swim before my eyes a multitude of terrible things which I never +see by the light of day. The flash of a firefly is a ghost, the chant +of a frog becomes a frightful roar, the sudden piping of a bird +signalizes murder, and I run. No, no, no woods for me when alone." + +And Chakanja rose to his feet and went to his own quarters, solemnly +shaking his head. But we all smiled at Chakanja, and thought how +terribly frightened he would be if any one suddenly rose from behind a +dark bush and cried "Boo!" to him. + + + + +SONG. + +BY THOMAS CAREW. +(1589-1639.) + + + Ask me no more where Jove bestows, + When June is past, the fading rose, + For in your beauty's orient deep + These flowers, as in their causes, sleep. + + Ask me no more whither do stray + The golden atoms of the day, + For, in pure love, heaven did prepare + Those powders to enrich your hair. + + Ask me no more where those stars light + That downwards fall in dead of night, + For in your eyes they sit, and there + Fixed become as in their sphere. + + Ask me no more whither doth haste + The nightingale when May is past, + For in your sweet dividing throat + She winters, and keeps warm her note. + + + + +AT THE THROTTLE. + +THE LIFE AND EXPERIENCES OF AN ENGINEER OF A LIMITED EXPRESS. + +BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT. + + "_See the huge creature with muscles of steel, his heart a furnace + of glowing coal, and the strength of a thousand horses nerving his + sinews. See him strut forth from his stable, and, saluting the + train of cars with a dozen sonorous puffs from his iron nostrils, + stand panting to be gone. He would drag the pyramids across the + Desert of Sahara if they could be hitched on._" + + +The average New Yorker who rides to Chicago in twenty hours on the +World's Fair flyer does an easy day's work, in fact, does no work at +all. He rests comfortably at night, enjoys well-served meals, and +reaches his destination almost before he knows it. Having paid the +price, such is the arrogance of money, he takes all that is done for +him quite as a matter of course, and knows no more of the workings of +this wonderful train than a school-boy, while he cares rather less. An +engine pulls the cars, steam works the engine, and as for the +engineer, the New Yorker never thinks of him except to growl at him +when the train is late, and to advocate hanging him if there is an +accident. + +Meantime, what is the engineer of this fastest train in the world +doing for the passenger? In the first place, the Chicago flyer is not +driven by one but by many engineers. In order to cover the nine +hundred and sixty-four miles between the two cities in twenty hours, +including nine stops, there are required seven huge engines in relays, +driven by seven grimy heroes. A run of less than one hundred and fifty +miles is the limit per day for each engine, while three hours of the +plunging rush wears out the strongest engineer. Sixty, seventy, eighty +miles an hour--what does that mean to the man at the throttle? It +means that the six and a half feet drivers turn five times every +second and advance one hundred feet. Tic-tic-tic, and the train has +run the length of New York's highest steeple. The engineer turns his +head for five seconds to look at the gauges, and in that time the +terrible iron creature, putting forth the strength of a thousand +horses, may have shot past a red signal with its danger warning five +hundred feet away. Ten seconds, and one thousand feet are left +behind--one-fifth of a mile. Who knows what horrors may lie within +that thousand feet! There may be death lurking round a curve, death +spreading its arms in a tunnel, and the engineer must see and be +responsible for everything. Not only must he note instantly all that +is before him, the signals, switches, bridges, the passing trains, and +the condition of the rails, but he must act at the same moment, +working throttle, air-brakes, or reversing-lever, not as quick as +thought, but quicker, for there is no time to think. His muscles must +do the right thing automatically under circumstances where a second is +an age. In the three hours of his vigil there are ten thousand eight +hundred seconds, during each one of which he must watch with the +mental alertness of an athlete springing for a flying trapeze from +the roof of an amphitheatre, with the courageous self-possession of a +matador awaiting the deadly rush of a maddened bull; and far more +depends upon the engineer's watching well, because, if he fails by a +hair's breadth in coolness or precision of judgment, there may come +destruction, not only to himself, but to hundreds of passengers, who, +while he stands guard, are perhaps grumbling at the waiters in the +dining-car or telling funny stories in the smoker. + +In addition to this constant mental tension the engineer on this +hurling train has to endure material discomfort, often bodily +suffering. The air sweeps back in his face with the breath of a +hurricane, blowing smoke and cinders into his eyes. Most people know +the intense pain a cinder causes in a man's eye, particularly a hot +cinder. The suffering is almost unbearable, and yet, suffering or no +suffering, the engineer who gets a cinder in his eye can have no +relief until the end of his relay. They shut their lips, these +unflinching men, keep looking ahead, and bear it. Long after they +leave the cab, the burning sensation in their eyes and eyelids +continues, and even persists after hours of sleep. "It seems as if +nothing would rest my eyes, sir," said one of the new men after his +first week on the flyer. No wonder the eyesight of engineers fails +rapidly, no wonder many of them are removed from their positions every +year because the examining doctors find them unable to distinguish the +signals. The engineer suffers also from the plunging and tossing of +the monster locomotive, which bruises his whole body with its violent +rocking, and causes sharp pains in the back, particularly where there +is any tendency to kidney trouble. One has only to watch these strong +men as they stumble down from their engines at the end of a relay, has +only to observe their white faces and unsteady gait, and see the +condition of physical collapse which follows, to understand what it +costs in vitality and grit to give the ease-loving public this +incomparable train service. + +[Illustration: "THE FLYER" LEAVING THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION, NEW YORK +CITY.] + +Thus it is that while the New Yorker gets to Chicago with scarcely +more discomfort than if he had remained at home, the same journey +wears out seven engineers, all picked men; for many of them who have +seen years of service on trains running forty miles an hour, break +down entirely when put upon the flyer. So exhausted are these seven +engineers by their comparatively short relays that they are obliged +to lay off entirely during the following day to recover from the +shock. They do not even take the opposite-bound flyer back over +their stretch, but return with their engines to their respective +starting-points, drawing slower trains. Thus, seven strong men do +two days' work every time the flyer runs from New York to Chicago, +and seven other men do two days' work every time it runs back. Each +engineer works three hours on the flyer, returns home on an easy +train, and then rests forty hours before his muscles and nerves and +brain are in condition to repeat the operation. + +So it results that twenty-eight engineers, one at a time, are required +to run this wonderful train from New York to Chicago and back again. +Fourteen veterans drive the great engines one way, and fourteen +brother veterans drive them the other. Twenty-eight men for a single +complete trip of a single train, and they the flower of American +engineers, splendid fellows every one of them, with cool heads, stanch +hearts, and the experience of years at the throttle. The fact is, +these men of iron, who, after all, are made of flesh and blood, have +been called upon of late years to bear a mental and physical strain +which has increased steadily as the speed rates have advanced. Forty, +fifty, sixty, seventy, and now eighty miles an hour, each greater +velocity has meant greater pressure, not only on the boilers and +cylinders, but on men's brains; has meant greater expenditure, not +only of coal and dollars, but of nerve force, until now experts +recognize with concern that the limit of human endurance has been +almost reached. Science may remove the mechanical difficulties in the +way of running a hundred miles an hour, or more, for such a rate has +already been predicted; money may buy better axles, wheels, +lubricators, and machinery, but where are the men who will run these +trains of the future when they are built? Can science breed us a race +of giants? Can money purchase an immunity against suffering or eyes +that are indestructible? If twenty-eight engineers are required to-day +on the Chicago flyer, how many, pray, will be necessary on a train +running fifty or one hundred per cent. faster? + +I gained a vivid impression of what it means to drive one of these +monster engines, by actually travelling from New York to Albany, a few +days ago, in the cab of Engine 870, which takes the Empire State +express over the first stretch of its journey--one hundred and +forty-two miles--at a rate rather faster than that of the Chicago +flyer. At the throttle was Archie Buchanan, a silent man with gray +eyes and earnest face, who comes of a family of engineers, and is one +of the most trusted of the New York Central employees. Buchanan's +brother John, a skilled engineer in his time, was cut in two some +years ago in an accident near East Albany. His brother James is a +master mechanic at the shops at West Albany, and his brother William, +after serving for years as a New York Central engineer, was made +Superintendent of Rolling Stock, a position he still holds. + +Buchanan smiled quietly as I climbed upon the fireman's seat at the +left. It was a perfect July morning, and at 8.39 the shrill whistle +sounded, worked by the conductor's bell-rope, and we were off, nine +minutes behind time on account of some trouble with the air-brakes. + +"We must make up the delay, Al," said the engineer to his fireman, as +the wheels began to turn. Those were the only words he spoke until we +reached Albany, and, had he spoken, neither Al nor I could have heard +him for the roar. + +Now the slow, heavy pant of the engine quickens, and we shoot under +bridges and streets, passing out of New York. For a few minutes +Buchanan, working the reversing-lever, lets the pistons go the full +length of the cylinders, but he gradually cuts down their stroke to +eight inches, making the steam expansion do the rest. This lessens the +noise from the exhaust, but the noise from the pounding of the +mountain of iron on the rails increases in geometrical ratio. A shower +of cinders blows in with black smoke, and a hot one settles in my +neck. The smoke tastes of oil, the cinder burns--this is but a +foretaste of things to come. I turn my head to avoid suffocation and +get a scorching blast from the fire-box, whose door is swung wide +open. The fireman's orders are to make up the lost time, and he +proposes to do it. In goes coal at the rate of two shovelfuls a minute +for the first half-hour. Before we reach Albany he has shovelled in +more than three tons, and had the day been windy it would have taken +more. In the intervals he rakes and prods the white-hot crater and +rings the bell as we shoot past towns and cities. Buchanan tends to +the whistle and air-brakes. The noise is dreadful, as if a thousand +devils were dancing in one's head. The motion is so violent from side +to side that we all have to hold on tightly. A little more and one +would be seasick. + +As the hundred-ton engine pounds along with horrible din, a strange +sense of exhilaration succeeds that of physical discomfort. One +becomes indifferent to everything, and, courting now the smoke-laden +hurricane, thrusts one's head from the window into the sweeping +air-billows, which dash against the face like breakers and with the +same strangling force. I was seized with a wild desire to go faster; +seventy miles an hour was not enough, and I would fain have opened +everything to its full capacity, stop-cocks, levers, throttle, and +all, and taken part in a furious, splendid runaway. Strange thoughts +chased through my mind; the houses of flying towns seemed to be +rushing at each other in battle from either side, a long line of loose +ties between the tracks suggested an endless procession of turtles, +the trees seemed to be dancing down the hills, and the people who +stared up at us while stepping away from the dangerous suction seemed +to be creatures of another race. I have learned since that engineers +often have that feeling of belonging to some other world, and it comes +upon them particularly at night. A man of highly strung organization +could easily go mad riding on an engine running seventy miles an +hour. + +These curious illusions of the senses were presently succeeded by a +period of intense and perfectly normal curiosity. I counted the number +of strokes made by the piston in a minute, and found there were about +three hundred. I counted the number of puffs from the smoke-stack, and +decided correctly that there were four times as many of these as there +were piston-strokes, that is, about twenty to the second. Then I +counted the oil-cans, the gauges, and made mental photographs of the +inside of the cab. + +From start to finish we made no stop and only slackened our speed +twice to "pick up water," this important operation being accomplished +with a great splashing by a scoop under the tender, which drops into a +trough running lengthwise of the track for about twelve hundred feet, +and always kept full to the brim. The scoop is controlled by a lever +in the tender, which the fireman directs. In the winter, steam-pipes +through the troughs keep the water from freezing. During the whole +distance Buchanan scarcely changed his position, and never turned his +head. For two hours and thirty-six minutes he stood at the right of +the boiler, an immovable figure in gray overalls and black skullcap, +his left hand on the throttle, while his right clutched the window to +steady him. I never once saw his eyes, which were fixed on the track +ahead as if held there by a magnet. No matter how the smoke and +cinders poured in through the open windows in front, no matter the +bridges and tunnels nor the mad rush of air, his eyes stayed forward +always, sweeping the line before us anxiously, constantly on the alert +for signals, for switches, for obstructions, for the long tunnel, for +the train side-tracked near Poughkeepsie, for the water troughs, for a +score of things, the missing any one of which might mean disaster. +And, as he watched, silent and motionless, there was one thought in +his mind and only one, whether we would make up the lost nine minutes +and get into Albany on time. Al's thoughts were the same, and, like +one of Dante's demons, he worked at the coal and the fire and the +water, now oiling the drivers, now looking at the gauges, ever busy +and ever growing blacker and oilier in hands and face. + +Very proud we were as we ran into Albany at 11.15 A.M. on time to the +minute, having made the run of one hundred and forty-two miles in one +hundred and fifty-six minutes, an average of 53.8 miles an hour. This +exceeds the average of the Chicago flyer, which is 48.2 miles an hour, +although for a much greater distance. Several times our speed had +reached seventy miles an hour, and with better coal and other +conditions equally favorable, Buchanan has driven 870 up to the +eighty-mile point. With the sound devils still dancing in my head, I +watched the engineer as he rubbed down his iron horse after the hard +run. He was tired himself, and his face was white, but he went over +the rods and cylinders as tenderly and carefully as if he was +refreshing the muscles and sinews of a living creature. + +"She's a beauty, isn't she?" he said, in a tone which bore witness to +the love felt by the man for the machine. "You see, she has always +been true to me, 870 has, and I've run her ever since she was built. +She's never cranky or sick, and she makes her three hundred miles a +day three hundred and sixty-five times a year, and does her duty every +time. That's more than you can say of many men, or women either, isn't +it?" + +It seems that there are about fifty engines in constant use on the New +York Central with the power and dimensions of 870, and only the +peerless 999, with her heavier build and smoke-consuming device, can +boast any points of superiority. The life of an engine like 870 is +about twenty years, during which time she makes several visits to the +hospital for new cylinders, new flues, and a new fire-box. Aside from +that, the engine needs about an hour's care morning and night, and a +washout and blowout of her boilers at the end of alternate weeks. +Only at these periods is the engine's fire allowed to go out. + +I asked Buchanan what were the principal qualifications for a +first-class engineer, and what was the training necessary to become +one. "To begin with," he said, "a man must be a first-class fireman, +which is no easy matter. He must know just how much coal to put on the +fire and when to put it on, so as to keep the steam at full pressure +without burning too much fuel. The great secret of good firing is to +put coal on often and a little at a time. You noticed Al did that on +our run up. When a fireman has shown himself worthy of it, he is given +a chance to drive an engine for switching work or on a freight train. +The first years of his life as an engineer are very hard, for he has +to run at all sorts of hours, day and night, winter and summer, and on +the meanest kinds of trains. If this does not kill him he finally +becomes engineer on an express and has a better time of it, but a good +many of the boys prefer to remain firemen all their lives rather than +stand such hardships. My man Al has tried driving an engine twice, and +come back to me both times. You can be pretty sure that a man who gets +to be an engineer on one of the fine trains to-day has earned his +position. He must know his engine like a book, backwards and forwards, +must know how to manage her when she is sick and well, and what to do +if an eccentric breaks or a piston gets leaking or a valve-spindle is +bent. He must know how to work the injector so as to keep water enough +in the boiler without wasting any by the steam blowing off. He must be +able to save power by working the steam expansively and yet keeping up +his speed; he must know every inch of the road, the grades, bridges, +switches, curves, and tunnels, and all the trains he has to pass or +which may pass him. He must be able to control his train and engine at +full speed, must understand the effect of the weather on the rails, +must know how to use the air-brakes and the reversing-lever, and when +not to use them." + +I listened and marvelled. + +"What would you do in a collision?" I asked. + +The engineer pushed back the little black skullcap from his iron-gray +hair and said, in the low tone which is usual with him: + +"It is pretty hard to say what a man should do when he hears the +whistle of danger ahead or sees that a crash is coming. Even the best +of us are liable to get confused at such a moment. What would you do +if you woke up in the night and found a burglar holding a pistol at +your head? There are no rules for such cases. What I would not do, +though, is to reverse my engine, although many engineers are liable to +lose their heads at a critical moment and make that mistake. It is a +curious thing that reversing your engine suddenly when going at high +speed makes the train go faster instead of slower. The reason is that +the drivers slip and the locomotive shoots ahead as if she were on +skates. The only thing to do is to put on the air-brakes and pray +hard." + +The man's words, all the more impressive for their rugged simplicity, +brought to my mind again the thought of danger, for in spite of the +wonderful system by which these flying trains are run, in spite of the +elaborate precautions taken and the many eyes forever watching to see +that they are carried out, it is impossible to go through such an +experience as mine without realizing that there is danger in these +desperate dashes. Suppose something goes wrong on the track ahead +while the train is making sixty or seventy miles an hour. Suppose, as +the whirling caravan rounds a curve or plunges through a tunnel, +another whirling caravan is seen blocking the path. Then what? Would +there be time to stop? Could the engineer, with all his skill and +bravery, prevent disaster? With the old trains running forty miles an +hour, seven hundred and sixty feet of track was necessary to bring the +locomotive and six cars to a dead stop from full speed. No one has +ever made the experiment with the Chicago flyer or the Empire State +express, but unquestionably it would take at least a thousand feet of +track to stop either of them, and many things can happen in a thousand +feet. There are never more than a thousand feet, and very often only a +few hundred, between the three sets of signals, with their red, green, +and yellow bars, which are shown at each station of the block system +all along the route. As there are a hundred of these stations between +New York and Albany, that gives three hundred sets of signals to be +instantly recognized and obeyed on this relay alone, and a man had +better die than make a mistake. Now there are two difficulties with +these signals; in the first place, some of them are so close together +that no human power could stop the train in the space between them; +and in the second place, going at such a speed, it is almost +impossible to distinguish the green signals against the background of +foliage. Already it has been found necessary to substitute yellow +signals for green ones in a number of cases. + +While we were talking, a trainman drew a dead chicken from between two +bars of the cowcatcher, where its head was wedged. It had been struck +so suddenly that the feathers were scarcely rumpled, and the lucky +finder evidently proposed to have broiled poulet for dinner. I had +noticed the poor fowl on the way up, scurrying along in front of the +engine, and pitied its stupidity in refusing to leave the track, as it +might perfectly well have done. Buchanan told me that they often catch +chickens in this way, and find them excellent eating. Then he went on +to describe the sensations of running over animals and men. + +"It always seems to me, sir, that the engine hates to kill a man as +much as we do. Of course, it's only a fancy, but once, up at +Germantown, when the sheet-iron flange around the tender cut off a +man's head clean as a razor, the fireman and I both felt the engine +tremble in a queer way. Another time there was a man on the track who +had just come out of a hospital, and, instead of killing him, old 870 +just caught him gently on her cowcatcher and threw him off the track +without doing him any injury except a broken arm. It's curious about +animals. The ones we dread most are hogs. A fat hog will throw a train +off the track quicker than a horse or a cow. When we see a cow or +horse ahead we put on full speed and try to hurl them clear of the +track. If we strike them going slow we are apt to get the worst of +it." + +There is a sympathy which draws together two men who have ridden side +by side on an engine running seventy miles an hour, and I was glad to +accept Engineer Buchanan's invitation to pay him a visit at his place +up the Hudson. No contrast could be greater or more charming than that +between the engineer at his post of danger and endurance, and the +father and husband, in his pretty vine-covered home by the river. Mr. +Buchanan in private life is a prosperous resident of Morris Heights, +where he owns valuable property, and enjoys alternate days among the +flowers, fruits, and vegetables of his garden. This garden is the +pride of his life, and, next to bringing a train in on time, I believe +he takes more pride in his roses, grapes, peas, and onions than in +anything in the world. We sat for a long time on the engineer's +favorite bench, under a cool grape arbor, with the river running +lazily at our feet. Buchanan, looking like a different man in +citizen's dress, talked unpretentiously of his life. There was no +posing as a hero, no complaining about hardships, just a simple, +straight-forward story of twenty-six years passed almost entirely on +an engine--twenty-six years of constant danger. Surely that ought to +have some curious influence on the human mind and character. In +Buchanan's case this influence certainly has been for good, for he +told me how, as a young man, he had come out of the war with +shiftless, lazy habits, fond of wasting his time and money in Eighth +Avenue saloons, and then how he had become steady and saving, when he +began to run regularly on an engine. + +"When I used to be away on long stretches," he said, "with nothing to +do but think, I saw how foolish it was giving my money to a saloon +keeper for him to put in the bank instead of putting it there myself. +It used to come to me at night, as the engine ran along through the +shadows, that the friends I had down in the city were not good for +much, and that, if I lost my job or was hurt in an accident, they +would be the first to turn their backs on me. At last I decided to get +away from all my bad associations and from New York too; so I scraped +together what money I could and bought this land, where I have lived +ever since with my wife and children. That was the best day's work I +ever did. It was a hard-looking place when I bought it, nothing but +rocks and weeds, but I was proud of it, and put in all my spare time +fixing it up until I have made it what it is to-day." + +As he spoke the engineer's eyes wandered complacently over the +gardens, the trim gravel walks, and the pretty house--everything as +neat and spic-span as the kitchen of a Dutch house-wife. + +When not busy with his garden Buchanan's favorite occupation is +reading histories of the war and reminiscences of its great generals. +He will sit in his rocking-chair on the shady piazza for hours, +reading of Lincoln and McClellan and the stirring scenes in which he +himself took part--the battles of Second Bull Run, Seven Days, Big +Bethel, and Bristol Station. He has fought these battles over again +hundreds of times in his fancy, and many a lonely hour on the track +has been brightened by the memories of what he saw and did in the +great struggle. His admiration for General McClellan knows no bound, +and he entered into quite an argument to show that "McClellan did all +the work, sir, and the other fellows got all the glory." The only +vacation Buchanan has taken in a quarter of a century was a few years +ago, when he went South for a month to see the old battlefields once +more; but they were all changed, and he came back saddened. "I shall +never lay off again," he said, "until I lay off for good." + +Archie Buchanan is but a fair type of the loyal fellows who drive the +flying engines of to-day. Many of them are as thrifty as he is; he +told me of one veteran in the company's employ, Thomas Dormatty, who +has property in Schenectady valued at one hundred thousand dollars, +and who, in spite of his seventy years, does his regular run between +Albany and Syracuse. It is easy to see what that means of saving and +prudent investment, when one remembers that the best engineers receive +only from one hundred and forty to one hundred and sixty dollars per +month. And when they have finished their terms of usefulness, and are +unable to run any longer, that same day their pay stops, as it stops +when they are ill; for railway companies are not philanthropists and +have no pension system. + +I was glad to learn that there is no truth in the popular notion that +engineers are full of superstition. Buchanan told me he had never +experienced any such feeling, and had never known a superstitious +engineer, with the exception of Nat Sawyer, the veteran who is now at +Chicago with Engine 999. It is Nat who runs "the bosses' engine"--that +is, the luxurious observation car which takes the directors and +officials of the road on their tours of inspection. In spite of his +well-proven courage, Engineer Sawyer always hesitates to go out on his +engine if he meets a cross-eyed person in the morning on his way to +the roundhouse. That, however, is only the exception which proves the +rule. + +As he was showing me about his house, which is furnished with taste +and comfort, Buchanan stopped before two large portraits of his father +and mother. Both of them are alive. His father is eighty-seven, his +mother four years younger. Speaking of his parents, the engineer said +reverently: "My father was a blacksmith and gave me a strong body, but +my mother did more for me than that, because she has prayed for me +every day of her life, and I have never had an accident on a train and +never got so much as a scratch in the war." + +When I spoke of religion Buchanan showed some reticence. "How can I +get time to go to church," he said, "when I run my engine every other +day in the year, Sundays, holidays, and all? I guess my religion is +hard work, and I don't know but it's as good as any other." + +The religion of hard work! Is it possible for the man who drives one +of our great modern trains to have any other religion than that? +Fifteen days in the month, twelve months in the year, he runs his +engine three hundred miles; and besides that, does extra work when a +sick comrade must be replaced, or the occasion demands. The remaining +days of the year he is resting for the strain and responsibility of +the morrow. He worships in the same place that he does his duty, under +the broad arch of heaven; his creed is to keep the train on time, his +prayer that danger may be averted. And when his eyes fail or his +health breaks down, he says good-by to the old engine which has been +his comrade on many a thrilling ride, and spends the years that remain +in some quiet, vine-covered home like the one I saw up the Hudson. + + + + +AMONG THE GORILLAS. + +A VOICE FROM THE WILDERNESS. + +BY R. L. GARNER, Author of "The Speech of Monkeys," etc. + + +An article written from the wilds of Africa may be expected to contain +long tales of bloody deeds and great perils, of narrow escapes from +hungry lions, battles with hordes of gory cannibals, and dramatic +rescue in the nick of time, followed by a swift revenge and a grand +flourish of trumpets; but as I have never been so fortunate in my +travels as to meet with the romantic events that are so common to many +travellers, I must ask my readers to be content with some plain facts, +set forth in simple prose; and as my mission to Africa is in search of +the truth in certain lines, I feel excused from any attempt to paint, +in the rosy hues of fancy, such thrilling scenes as some depict. + +I shall omit some details of travel which are full of interest, but as +many of my detours have been over routes that have been travelled by +others and described by some, in various tints of truth and fiction, I +shall pass, with long strides, over the time since my arrival on the +coast to the present. + +As the chief object of my visit to this wilderness is to study the +habits of the gorilla and chimpanzee in a state of nature, I shall +confine myself chiefly to them, and to such things as I find among the +natives in common with them. + +After a long voyage of thirty-six days from England, I arrived in +Gaboon, the capital of the French Congo, where I was kindly received +by the governor and others, and assured of any aid that they could +render me. They manifested great interest in my work and anxiety for +its success. + +During my stay of some weeks there I acquired much information, of +great value to me, about the distribution of various tribes, and also +of the apes. In the meantime I paid a visit to the king of the +M'pongwe people, in his country called Denni, lying on the south side +of the Gaboon River. The name of the king is Adande Repontjombo, which +means _the son_ of Repontjombo, who was king when Paul du Chaillu was +in Africa. + +The dignity of king, in Africa, does not rank with such a title in +Europe. Here his powers are but little superior to those of any other +native. He works, hunts, loafs, begs and lies just as others do. I +must make an exception of the King of Denni, who is, by far, the best +of all the royal Africans I have met, much of which is due to a good +education, and his contact with white men. King Adande is an +intelligent man, and well informed on many subjects. He reads, writes +and speaks English and French in addition to his native tongue. + +A visit to the king, here, is not a matter of so much pomp and +ceremony as such a visit to the sovereign of Great Britain, but to me +it was novel and full of deep interest. + +Leaving Gaboon near the beginning of the year, I came to this section, +known as Fernan Vaz, but by the natives called Eliuee N'Kami. The +portion to which this name belongs extends from about one degree south +latitude to about one degree forty-five minutes south along the coast, +and thence, toward the interior, about three or four days' journey up +the Rembo N'Kami, embracing the great lake and surrounding country; +and this is the true habitat of the gorilla, which the natives called +_n'jina_ (n'geena). + +After arranging here for a sojourn of a few months, I placed the most +of my heavy effects in the custody of the Ste. Anne Mission, and began +a journey up the Ogowe. I proceeded as far as N'djole, which is about +two hundred and twenty miles from the coast. Along the way I made many +inquiries about the gorilla, but elicited little information of any +value. At a village called Ouimbiana, near an outlet of a lake called +Ezhanga, a native offered me quite a fine skull of a gorilla in +exchange for rum or tobacco, but, not having either of these current +articles of trade, I could not make the purchase. The animal had been +killed near Lake Ezhanga, which lies on the south side of the Ogowe, +and about four days from the coast. At Lambarene, about one day higher +up the river, I was presented with a fine skull from near that same +lake. At N'djole I was assured that five gorillas had been seen near +there only a few weeks before my visit, and that two native Pangwes +had been killed by them, on the south side of the river. But it is +very rare that one is ever seen so far away from the coast. I did not +hear of one on the north side of the river, and the natives all along +told me that they were all on the south side. + +On my return I went into the Lake Ezhanga section, where I had heard +they were abundant, but, on reaching the south side of the lake, I was +told that they lived far away in the bush, and that ten boys and a +canoe could take me in one day to the very spot where schools of them +revel all the day and howl most of the night; but I didn't go. + +I must digress for a moment to tell you what a superb lake the Ezhanga +is, dotted with islands, among which are some perfect gems of wild +and varied beauty. It is a sublime panorama. Down to the very edge of +the water hang perfect walls of trailing vines and weeping trees, +which look like the ivy-clad ruins of mediaeval England. Towers of +green, of every shade the most vivid fancy can depict; crumbling +turrets and broken arches, hung with garlands of flowers. Here are +some of the most brilliant flowers and gorgeous foliage I have yet +seen in this tropical land. In one part of the lake is a vast +archipelago, which forms a gigantic labyrinth of coves and grottos. At +places the boughs from island to island almost meet overhead, forming +a grand archway of varied green set with the jewels of the floral +queen, and looking as though Dame Nature and her maids had decked it +for their own triumphal arch. Within the deep and solemn shadows of +these sylvan naves no sunbeams kiss the limpid waters, and not a voice +disturbs their quiet, save the harsh scream of the eagle or the wail +of the lone ibis. Now and then is seen some bird with plumage of most +brilliant tint, which looks as if its costume were designed for such a +place, and here and there the fish disport in some retired nook. + +When once this fairy land is passed, the waters broaden to an inland +sea, with only a few islands of a larger size. Some of these are +skirted with wide bands of grass, sometimes sweeping away between the +trees in a long vista, on whose green expanse stands, perhaps, a +solitary hut, and on which feed the herds of hippopotami which lead a +life of idle luxury along these fertile shores and in the lonely +waters of this sea of dreams. + +Coming on down the Ogowe, I spent four days in a native village of the +Orungo tribe. The town is called M'biro, but I do not know what the +name signifies unless it is _mud_. I was kindly treated by the people, +who delighted in hearing of some of the wonders of my country. The old +king was in ecstasies at my efforts to speak a few phrases of his +language, and vowed that nothing except a former betrothal restrained +him from offering me his daughter for a wife, to go with me to my +country and see some of the things of which I had told him. At this +place I was again assured that the gorilla lived on the south side of +the river. + +My next point was Fernan Vaz, which I reached in two days' journey +along the Jimbogombi, one of the most beautiful rivers one can +imagine. It is bordered with myriads of stately palms, bamboos, and +ferns, relieved by vines, orchids, and flowers. Here the monkey revels +in the plenitude of wild fruits, and the pheasant finds a safe retreat +from crafty woodsmen, while birds of diverse kinds invoke the spirit +of nature with the voice of song. + +On reaching Ste. Anne I selected a site for my cage and erected it at +once. It is located in the heart of the jungle, a trifle more than a +mile from any human habitation, and I named it Fort Gorilla. It is in +a spot where nothing but the denizens of the bush has any cause to +come. It is near a grove of plantains, on which the gorilla feasts +with the gusto of a charter member of the Gourmand Club. He does not +care so much for the fruit, but takes out the tender heart of the +young stalk, which is quite succulent, and eats it with an appetite +peculiar to his race. + +Before my cage was quite in order to receive, I had my first call from +a young gorilla, who came within about ten yards, as if to see what +was going on. I had my rifle in my hand, but did not fire at him, as I +desired to have him call again and bring his friends. He didn't tarry +long, but hurried off into the bush as though he had something to +tell. + +The third day after my cage was complete, a family of ten gorillas +crossed the rear of the open grounds belonging to the mission, and not +more than two hundred yards from the house. A small native boy was +within some twenty yards of them when they crossed the path in front +of him. Within a few minutes I was notified of the fact, and took my +rifle and followed them into the bush until I lost their trail. A few +hours later they were seen again by some natives, not far away from my +cage, but they did not call on me. The next day, however, I had a +visit from a group who came within some thirty yards of the cage. The +bush was so dense that I could not see them, but I could easily +distinguish four or five voices, which seemed to be engaged in a +family broil of some kind. I suppose that they were the same family +that had been seen the day before. + +Pere Buleon, _le pere superieur_ of Ste. Anne, tells me that he has +twice seen a family of gorillas feeding in a plantain grove, and that, +on both occasions, the father gorilla sat quietly eating the fruit +which the others gathered and brought to him. I have learned from +other reliable sources that gorillas are often seen in groups or +families of twelve or fifteen, and always have one which seems to be +chief among them, and this one the natives call _ekombo n'jina_, which +means gorilla king. + +It is the current belief that these groups consist of one adult male, +and a number of females and their young. The gorilla is evidently +polygamous, but when he once adopts a wife she remains so for years, +and a certain degree of marital fidelity is observed. The same +practice prevails with the natives, with one exception in favor of the +gorilla, and that is that I have never heard of one selling one of his +wives, which the natives frequently do. + +As far as it can be said that the gorilla has any form of government, +it is strictly patriarchal, and there are reasons to justify the +belief that they have some fixed ideas of order and justice. Many of +the natives declare that they have seen the gorillas holding a +palaver, at which the king always presided, while the others stood or +sat in a semicircle, talking in an excited manner. They do not claim +to have interpreted what was said or understood the nature of the +quarrel, but, as a rule, all natives believe that the gorilla has a +language which is understood among themselves, and used in the same +manner as man uses his speech. + +To my mind it is quite evident that the habit of the gorilla is to go +in groups, although it is a very common thing to see one quite alone, +or to see a single pair of them. I think, as a rule, when you see one +alone it is a young male who has set out in the world for himself, and +the pair is perhaps a bridal couple. + +The next visit I received was by a fine young chimpanzee, who came to +an opening in the bush, where he stopped and took quite a look at the +situation. He betrayed no sign of alarm, and seemed half-way tempted +to come nearer, but after a halt of nearly a minute he resumed his +march with an air of great leisure, nor did he deign to turn his head +to see if I followed him. + +On the day after this a young gorilla came within six or seven yards +of my cage and took a good peep at me. He stood for a few seconds, +holding on to a bush with one hand; his lips were relaxed and his +mouth half open, as if surprised and perplexed at what he beheld. His +countenance did not portray either fear or anger, but utter amazement. +I heard him creeping through the bush before I saw him, and I don't +think he was aware of my presence until he was so near. During this +short visit I sat as still as a statue, and I think he was in doubt as +to whether I was alive or not; but when he turned away into the bush +he lost no time in getting out of reach. He uttered no sound except a +suppressed _umph_! + +A day or two later I heard a couple among the plantains, but could +only get the faintest glimpse of them. They were talking but little, +and I don't think they broke any of the stalks. As well as I could +determine, there were only two, but they were of good size and alike +in color. + +At this moment I hear one tearing a plantain stalk within about thirty +yards of me. I can only hear one voice, but as they do not talk much +when alone, I presume there are more of them not far away. He is +uttering a low murmuring sound which seems to express pleasure, but I +am not yet able to translate it into English. Time and patience, +however, will accomplish that, and much more. + +It is a fact worthy of notice that some of the sounds uttered by the +gorilla and chimpanzee are identical with certain sounds in the +native language, and it is quite as easy to find letters to represent +them. One word in N'Kami, meaning _yes_ or _assent_, is exactly the +same as one sound that is much used by the chimpanzee, but is not +within the scope of any known system of phonetic symbols. The same is +true of the word for _five_ in one dialect of Kroo speech. + +My visitor has gone from the plantain grove without calling to pay his +respects, but I am now being closely inspected by a young porcupine, +who doesn't appear to be so shy as his elders are; and just in the +rear of my domicile is a large school of mangaby monkeys who come +frequently to visit me. There are about twenty of them, some very +large, and as I have never disturbed them, they seem to be getting +more familiar. In fact, I am seldom without something to interest, +amuse, or edify me. Parrots, toucans, and scores of other birds keep +up a constant babel, and it is no longer such a novelty to me to hear +a gorilla near my fort. At night I frequently have a leopard or +bush-cat visit me; it is then too dark to shoot them, but my interest +is centr----s--s--st!--s--s--st! Oh, the precious moment! I have just +had a new and grand experience. I am a trifle nervous, but I must tell +you. While writing the last few lines above, a large dog from the +mission came to pay me a visit. He has become attached to me, and has +learned the way to my retreat. He soon found a bone which I had thrown +into the bush, and began to gnaw with great vigor. Within a few feet +of my cage is a small, rough path cut through the bush to mark the +boundary of the mission lands. Suddenly there appeared on the edge of +this path a huge female gorilla, carrying a young one on her back. She +was not more than thirty feet from me when I first saw her, and her +tread was so stealthy that I did not hear the rustle of a leaf. She +peeped along the edge of the bush with the greatest caution, with her +whole attention fixed upon the dog. In a few moments she advanced very +softly towards him, with the evident purpose of attack, until she was +within a measured distance of eleven feet of me, without having +observed my presence, I think. The dog was not aware of her approach, +and she was now within fourteen feet of him. With my rifle at my elbow +I was prepared for action in an instant, as I did not want her to kill +the dog. As I cocked my gun she stopped, sat down on the ground for a +few seconds, and gave me such a look of scorn that I almost felt that +I had done wrong to interfere. She then turned away uneasily and +retraced her steps with moderate haste, but she did not run, or betray +much sign of fear. In an instant she was lost in the bush, and not the +faintest sound was uttered. There were doubtless more of them near by, +as the natives say it is very rare to find one female and babe alone, +but so far as I could see she was all alone. She may have been a +widow, and if so, I should think her chances to remain so were very +fine, if beauty goes at par among her beaux, for she certainly was one +of the most hideous-looking things I have ever seen. + +The temptation to shoot her was almost too great to resist, and the +desire to capture the babe made it all the more so, but I have +refrained, so far, from firing my gun anywhere near my cage. I could +have shot this one to-day with such ease and safety that I almost +regret that I did not, but she may return. + +I have had the pleasure this afternoon of hearing three others howling +in different directions, one of which appears to be a very large one. + +I have been told that the gorilla builds a rude hut or shelter in +which he makes his home, but, so far, I have found no trace of any +kind of structure built by them, nor can any native tell me where one +can be found. I do not believe that he has the most remote idea of a +home. He is nomadic in habit, and I doubt if he ever spends two nights +in the same place. During the day gorillas wander about from place to +place in quest of food, and wherever night finds them they remain till +morning. They are not nocturnal in habit, and the stories of their +howling and talking all night are not well founded. They do sometimes +yell at night, I have no doubt, but I think it is not common with +them, though at the first sign of dawn they make their presence known, +and no one will mistake the cause of the sound. One morning, about +five o'clock, I was startled from my sleep by one of the most terrific +yells, within about one hundred feet of my cage. It was not simply one +great shout, but a long series of sounds of varying pitch and +loudness, and at intervals of something like a minute they were +repeated, for about ten or twelve times, and to my ear appeared to be +exactly the same each time. I quietly turned out of bed and dressed +myself; I took my rifle and sat down, and watched until long after +sunrise, in the hope that they would pass by my cage. All the sounds +came from one direction until the last two, which indicated to me that +the author of them was changing his location. My interpretation of the +sound was that it was from the king gorilla, to arouse his family, who +were doubtless scattered off into different trees for the night. The +sound did not suggest to my mind any idea of fear, anger, or mirth, +but business, and I am inclined to believe that the chief of the clan +summons all to the march when he thinks it time to move. The +succeeding morning I heard the same sounds repeated in another +direction, and, I suspect, by the same gorilla. + +The usual pictures of the gorilla do not represent him as I have seen +him. He has not only a crouching habit, but he walks on all four of +his legs, and has the motion of most quadrupeds, using his right arm +and left leg at the same time, and alternates with the left arm and +right leg. It is not exactly a walk or a trot, but a kind of ambling +gait, while the chimpanzee uses his arms as crutches, but lifts one +foot from the ground a little in advance of the other. They do not +place the palm of the hand on the ground, but use the back of the +fingers from the second joint, and at times the one I have described +above seemed to touch only the back of the nails, but this was when +she was scarcely moving at all. I am now preparing to photograph some +of them, and I think I can give a more reliable picture of this +animal than I have ever seen heretofore. + +As to the stories about their howling all night, I would add that +there is a large bird here which makes a sound very much like one +sound made by the gorilla, and it is a very easy matter to mistake it. +When I first came I was often deceived by it myself, but now I can +detect it very easily. This bird cries at all hours, and I think it +has imposed upon the honest credulity of many strangers. + +It is said that at night the king gorilla selects a large tree in +which he places his family, and then takes up position at the base of +the tree to ward off any harm during the night. I very much doubt this +story. I think it quite probable that the gorillas habitually sleep in +trees at night, but from all I can learn of the king, he looks after +his own comfort and safety first, and lets his family do as they can. +I have also heard that the king always finds a place of safety for +them before he will attack a foe, but this is not confirmed by any +fact that I can obtain. The gorilla will avoid an attack unless +surprised or wounded, and in such an event he wastes no time in +formalities. + +Two stories of the gorilla are in stereotype, and every native will +furnish you with a certified copy, without the slightest variation of +the text. One is, that when a gorilla kills a man he tears open the +breast and drinks the blood of his victim; and the other, that a +gorilla seizes the barrel of a gun and crushes it with his teeth. The +uniform version of these two stories is such as to make one believe +that they have been taught by rote, and I am in doubt as to their +authorship; they have a strong tincture of the white man's yarns. + +The thrilling stories about gorillas stealing women and holding them +as captives in the bush, and of their taking children and holding them +for ransom, are mere freaks of fancy, and I can find no native of the +land in which the gorilla is found who believes that such a thing ever +occurred, but all assert that man, woman, and child fare alike in the +hands of this cruel beast. Such stories abound in the parts where no +gorillas were ever seen, but when you get into his true range his +real history loses much of its poesy. + +Many of the stories told of him, however, in his own land, are novel +and curious, but conflicting, and some of them absurd; yet all agree +in one respect, and that is that his savage instincts and great +strength make him the terror of the forest, and I have no doubt that +when he is in a rage he is both fierce and powerful; but I am still +inclined to believe that both his ferocity and his strength are rated +far above their true value, and it is stated as a current fact that in +combat with the chimpanzee the gorilla always gets whipped, and often +killed. I cannot testify to this, as I have not seen such a fight, and +they seldom occur, yet I have reason to believe it to be true. + +I have heard a story of the origin of man and the gorilla, which I +shall relate as a queer bit of native lore. It is confined to the +Galoi tribe, and appears to be of recent origin, and, to my mind, has +a strong Caucasian flavor; besides, no vestige of such a tale is found +in any other tribe that I have seen. + +They say that Einyambie (God) had four sons who lived with him in some +aerial abode, and three of them came to the earth, leaving the oldest +one with Einyambie. On their arrival here they held a big palaver as +to what mode of life they should adopt. The oldest of the three wanted +to build a town and plant some fruit, but the other two preferred to +live in the forest and subsist upon the wild products of nature. +Accordingly they separated, and the oldest went and built him a town, +and planted some bananas and manioc, while the other two roamed about +through the primeval bush, and ate such wild fruits as they could +find, but they had no fire. After some talk about the matter, it was +agreed that the older of the two should go to the brother in the town, +and ask him for fire, while the younger should remain in the bush and +gather up sticks of dry wood to burn. The one who had gone to town +soon returned with fire, and the two got on quite well for a time, but +when the wet season came on they found it more difficult to procure +food, and at last it was decided that the elder should again visit the +town to ask their brother to supply them, and the younger should +remain to keep up the fire; but the youth went to sleep and let it die +out, so, when the other returned with food, they had no fire to cook +it. This vexed the elder very much and a quarrel ensued, in +consequence of which they separated. The youngest brother was left +alone in the deep bush, and, thus cut off from all fellowship with his +brethren, he wandered about until he became wild and fierce, and for +want of clothing was exposed to the weather, until a coat of hair grew +all over him, and in this wise came the gorilla into the world. + +The next older brother, on leaving the remote forest, took up his +abode near the town, and by this means came in contact at times with +his brother in the town, from whom he learned a few useful things, and +thus became more wise and civil than the one left in the bush; and +from this one came the "bushman;" while the progeny of the one who +built the town are _the people_ of the world. Such is the origin on +earth of these three kindred races, as told by the sages of Galoi. + +You will observe that this novel has no woman in it, and her origin +remains a question in Galoi. + +As a rule, the natives do not eat the gorilla, and very seldom kill +one, but this I attribute more to fear than to respect. That great +tribe of cannibals known as Pangwe, however, slay and eat him without +compunction. This tribe was scarcely known on the coast a few years +ago, but they are shifting like the desert sands from the interior, +northeast of the Gaboon, to the coast southwest, until to-day they are +found throughout the valley of the Ogowe, and as far south as Selle +Kama, on the coast. They are the Jews of West Africa, and the life and +soul of the trade of this part. They go into the bush for ivory, +ebony, piassava, and dye-woods, and carry them for days to find sale +for them. They drink much less rum than other natives, and deprecate +slavery in all forms, except as hostage; but they are cruel, savage, +and treacherous, and hold human life at small value. + +Up to this time I have not told you of the chimpanzee, which I have +long believed to be the social and mental superior of the gorilla. My +opinion was based upon a study of their skulls, and I was aware that +many great men of science held opposite views; but all the evidence +that I can find here, where they are best known, tends to confirm my +belief. Every instinct of the gorilla seems to be averse to all human +society; he delights in a life of seclusion in the most remote and +desolate parts of the jungle, and I have never heard of but one +gorilla that became even tolerant to man, much less attached to him, +and this one was a mere infant. I have seen a few in captivity, but +all of them are vicious, and devoid of any sense of gratitude +whatever. On the other hand, the chimpanzee delights in the society of +man, and displays many good traits. It is not at all rare to find tame +ones on this coast, going about the premises at large, and quite as +much at home as any resident. With this short preface I desire to +introduce my own young friend, who lives with me in my forest home. He +is a fine specimen of the chimpanzee race, and I call him Moses, +because he was found in a papyrus swamp of the Ogowe. He is devoted to +me, and cries after me like a spoiled baby, and follows me like a pet +dog. I do not confine him, so he goes about in the bush near the cage, +and selects some of the tender buds of young plants and vines, and +returns to me to be petted and caressed. He is a great pleasure to me +as well as a great plague, for he wants to hug me all the time, and +never wants me to put him down. About ten o'clock every day he comes +for a nap, and when I wrap him up and lay him on a box by my side, he +sleeps quietly till noon. After a good sleep he climbs on my lap and +embraces me with devotion, until I really tire of him. Much of the +time I write with him on my lap, and when I put him outside the cage +he climbs up near me, and begs and pulls my sleeve until I relent, and +let him come inside again. When I leave my cage I usually take him +with me, and when he sees me take my rifle he begins to fret, until I +let him mount my back, which he does with great skill, and hangs on to +me like the ivy to a church wall. A few days since, as we were +returning from a short tour, I saw a young chimpanzee crossing the +path about thirty yards from us, and I tried to induce Moses to call +his little cousin; but he declined to do so, and I accused him of +being proud because he was mounted and the other was afoot, and hence +he would not speak to him. + +I am trying to teach Moses to speak English, but up to this time he +has not succeeded. He tries to move his lips as I do, but makes no +sound. However, he has only been in school a very short term, and I +think he will learn by and by. I am also trying him on some simple +problems with blocks, and sometimes I think he is doing quite +well. I am giving him some lessons in cleanliness, and he listens +with profound silence to my precepts, but when it comes to taking a +bath, Moses is a rank heretic. He will allow his hands to be washed, +but when it comes to wetting his face, no logic will convince him +that he needs it. He has a great horror for large bugs, and when one +comes near him he will talk like a phonograph, and brush at it +with his hands until he gets rid of it. When he sees or hears anything +strange, he always tells me in a low tone, unless it comes too +near, and then he announces it with a yell. At times I refuse to pay +any attention to him, and he will fall down, scream, and sulk like +a very naughty child. He is extremely jealous, and does not want +any one to come near me. I have made him a neat little house, with +hammock and mosquito-bar, and at night I tuck him in, when he +sleeps quietly until late in the morning. Then he crawls out, rubbing +his eyes, and wants his breakfast. He wants to try everything he +sees me eat. + +I must now tell you of the most novel and singular thing known of the +chimpanzee, the native name of which is "_n'tyigo_" (n'cheego). All +native tribes in this part of Africa use some species of drum to make +the music for their frequent dances. The drum used by the N'Kami is +called _n'gaema_, and the dance is called _kanjo_. The chimpanzees have +a similar fete, and set to similar music. They meet in great numbers +at a certain place in the bush, and beat their strange tum-tum, which +the natives call the _n'gaema n'tyigo_. The performer makes a peculiar +humming vocal sound while he beats on his mysterious drum with great +zeal, during which time all the others go through a series of frantic +motions which resemble a dance, and which the natives call the _kanjo +n'tyigo_. When the music ceases, the dance ends for the time, and all +the group join in a loud, wild shout. After a brief pause the dance is +resumed, and these festivities are often continued for two or three +hours. At intervals the musician is relieved by another taking his +place, and two at a time have been known to beat and hum. + +I have heard of this in many parts of Africa with some slight +changes of detail, but have as often been assured that it had +defied the skill of all woodsmen to ascertain the real character of +the drum used by them in this unique _n'kanjo_. Some assert that +they beat upon a dead tree, others that they use a concave piece of +wood or bark, while some contend that they strike the breast with +their hands; but, during my sojourn here, I have been shown what I +believe is the genuine _n'gaema n'tyigo_. It is a peculiar spot of +sonorous earth, of irregular shape but usually about two feet in +diameter, and formed of clay superimposed upon a soil resembling +peat. It appears to be artificial, but the natives cannot tell +whether it is natural or made by the _n'tyigo_, but it is fairly +certain that it is used by the chimpanzee as described, and it is +not a bad imitation of the native _n'gaema_. I have examined one of +these with much care, and I am inclined to believe that it is +artificial, as it is isolated from all similar clay, and appears to +have been kneaded. + +I have, as yet, seen but few chimpanzees since I have taken up my +abode at Fort Gorilla, but I hope to enjoy some private interviews +with them before I decamp. + +It is difficult for me to tell you what it is to be alone in the bosom +of the N'Kami forest. No fancy can portray the solitude of such a time +and place. Just now the elements are in an angry mood; the thunder +rolls along the sky, until the earth recoils and trembles at the +sound; the wind shrieks through the jungle as if to find a refuge from +impending wrath; the pouring rain pursues it with the speed of fear; +the lightning waves its torch, and glowing chains of fire fall. Such +is the way in which the long and dreary nights approach my hermitage. +And yet, I am content among the dismal shadows of the wilderness, for +Nature makes me her confidant, and every hour divulges some new +secret; and my cage affords me such immunity from danger that I can +sit quiescently and witness all her sports, as no one ever witnessed +them before. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 4, +September 1893, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 1 *** + +***** This file should be named 36784.txt or 36784.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/7/8/36784/ + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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