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     <title>
       The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Trial of Jesus, Vol. II, by Walter M. Chandler.
@@ -143,45 +143,7 @@ text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1em;}
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-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Trial of Jesus from a Lawyer's
-Standpoint, Vol. II (of II), by Walter M. Chandler
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Trial of Jesus from a Lawyer's Standpoint, Vol. II (of II)
-       The Roman Trial
-
-Author: Walter M. Chandler
-
-Release Date: October 7, 2012 [EBook #40967]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRIAL OF JESUS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeff G., Eleni Christofaki and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40967 ***</div>
 
 <div class='tnote'>
 <h3>Transcriber's notes</h3>
@@ -250,13 +212,13 @@ WALTER M. CHANDLER</p>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHRIST_BEFORE_PILATE">Christ Before Pilate</a></span> (Munkacsy)</td>
 <td><i>Frontispiece</i></td></tr>
 <tr>
-<td><span class="smcap"><a href="#TIBERIUS_CAESAR">Tiberius Cæsar</a></span> (Antique Sculpture)</td>
+<td><span class="smcap"><a href="#TIBERIUS_CAESAR">Tiberius CÃ¦sar</a></span> (Antique Sculpture)</td>
 <td>68</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#PONTIUS_PILATE">Pontius Pilate</a></span> (Munkacsy)</td>
 <td>81</td>
 </tr>
-<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHRIST_LEAVING_THE_PRAETORIUM">Christ Leaving the Prætorium</a></span> (Doré)</td>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHRIST_LEAVING_THE_PRAETORIUM">Christ Leaving the PrÃ¦torium</a></span> (DorÃ©)</td>
 <td>141</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_CRUCIFIXION">The Crucifixion</a></span> (Munkacsy)</td>
@@ -265,7 +227,7 @@ WALTER M. CHANDLER</p>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#JUPITER">Jupiter</a></span> (Antique Sculpture)</td>
 <td>195</td></tr>
 <tr>
-<td><span class="smcap"><a href="#AVE_CAESAR_IO_SATURNALIA">Ave Cæsar! Io Saturnalia</a></span> (Alma-Tadema)</td>
+<td><span class="smcap"><a href="#AVE_CAESAR_IO_SATURNALIA">Ave CÃ¦sar! Io Saturnalia</a></span> (Alma-Tadema)</td>
 <td>240</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_DYING_GLADIATOR">The Dying Gladiator</a></span> (Antique Sculpture)</td>
@@ -327,12 +289,12 @@ Jesus</span></td>
 <tr>
 <td><p class="center">PART II</p></td>
 </tr>
-<tr><td><p class="center"><i>GRÆCO-ROMAN PAGANISM</i></p></td>
+<tr><td><p class="center"><i>GRÃ†CO-ROMAN PAGANISM</i></p></td>
 </tr>
-<tr><td>I. <span class="smcap">The Græco-Roman Religion</span></td>
+<tr><td>I. <span class="smcap">The GrÃ¦co-Roman Religion</span></td>
 <td><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr>
 <tr>
-<td>II. <span class="smcap">Græco-Roman Social Life</span></td>
+<td>II. <span class="smcap">GrÃ¦co-Roman Social Life</span></td>
 <td><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
 
 <tr><td><p class="center"><i>APPENDICES</i></p></td></tr>
@@ -384,7 +346,7 @@ The nature of the verdicts pronounced by Pilate
 and by Herod rendered these things unnecessary in
 dealing with the Roman trial.</p>
 
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>In Part II of this volume, Græco-Roman Paganism
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>In Part II of this volume, GrÃ¦co-Roman Paganism
 at the time of Christ has been treated. It is
 evident that this part of the treatise has no legal connection
 with the trial of Jesus. It was added simply
@@ -405,7 +367,7 @@ Chapter VI of this volume.</p>
 <p>Short biographical sketches of about forty members
 of the Great Sanhedrin who tried Jesus have been given
 under Appendix I at the end of this work. They were
-originally written by MM. Lémann, two of the greatest
+originally written by MM. LÃ©mann, two of the greatest
 Hebrew scholars of France, and are doubtless authoritative
 and correct. These sketches will familiarize
 the reader with the names and characters of a majority
@@ -554,15 +516,15 @@ Civilis of Justinian is a text-book in the greatest universities
 of the world, and Roman law is to-day the
 basis of the jurisprudence of nearly every state of continental
 Europe. The Germans never submitted to
-Cæsar and his legions. They were the first to resist
+CÃ¦sar and his legions. They were the first to resist
 successfully, then to attack vigorously, and to overthrow
 finally the Roman Empire. And yet, until a
 few years ago, Germans obeyed implicitly the edicts
-and decrees of Roman prætors and tribunes. Is it any
+and decrees of Roman prÃ¦tors and tribunes. Is it any
 wonder, then, that the lawyers of all modern centuries
 have looked back with filial love and veneration to the
 mighty jurisconsults of the imperial republic? Is it any
-wonder that the tragedy of the Prætorium and Golgotha,
+wonder that the tragedy of the PrÃ¦torium and Golgotha,
 aside from its sacred aspects, is the most notable
 event in history? Jesus was arraigned in one day, in
 one city, before the sovereign courts of the universe;
@@ -574,7 +536,7 @@ Nazarene stood charged with blasphemy and with
 treason against the enthroned monarchs represented by
 these courts; blasphemy against Jehovah who, from
 the lightning-lit summit of Sinai, proclaimed His laws
-to mankind; treason against Cæsar, enthroned and
+to mankind; treason against CÃ¦sar, enthroned and
 uttering his will to the world amidst the pomp and
 splendor of Rome. History records no other instance
 of a trial conducted before the courts of both Heaven
@@ -698,7 +660,7 @@ terseness the struggle which we should have expected
 between the effort of the Jews to get a mere countersign
 of their sentence, and the determination of Pilate
 to assume the full judicial responsibility, whether of
-first instance or of révision." This contention, it is believed,
+first instance or of rÃ©vision." This contention, it is believed,
 is right, and has been acted upon in dividing
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>the general treatise into two volumes, and in devoting
 each to a separate trial of the case.</p>
@@ -787,7 +749,7 @@ the good will and mercy of Rome. The free states received
 from Rome a charter of privileges (<i>lex data</i>)
 which, however, the Roman senate might at any time
 revoke. The allied cities were bound by a sworn
-treaty (<i>fædus</i>), a breach of which was a cause of war.
+treaty (<i>fÃ¦dus</i>), a breach of which was a cause of war.
 In either case, whether of charter or treaty, the grant
 of privileges raised the state or people on whom it was
 conferred to the level of the Italian communes and
@@ -797,15 +759,15 @@ exempted them from the payment of tribute, and,
 above all, allowed them entire freedom in the administration
 of their local laws. The subject states were
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>ruled by Roman governors who administered the so-called
-law of the province (<i>lex provinciæ</i>). This law
+law of the province (<i>lex provinciÃ¦</i>). This law
 was peculiar to each province and was framed to meet
 all the exigencies of provincial life. It was sometimes
 the work of a conquering general, assisted by a commission
 of ten men appointed by the senate. At other
 times, its character was determined by the decrees of
 the emperor and the senate, as well as by the edicts
-of the prætor and procurator. In any case, the law of
-the province (<i>lex provinciæ</i>) was the sum total of the
+of the prÃ¦tor and procurator. In any case, the law of
+the province (<i>lex provinciÃ¦</i>) was the sum total of the
 local provincial law which Rome saw fit to allow the
 people of the conquered state to retain, with Roman
 decrees and regulations superadded. These added decrees
@@ -881,7 +843,7 @@ self-government; and that the Great Sanhedrin still
 retained judicial and administrative power, subject to
 Roman authority in all matters pertaining to the local
 affairs of the Jews, is thus clearly and pointedly stated
-by Schürer: "As regards the area over which the
+by SchÃ¼rer: "As regards the area over which the
 jurisdiction of the supreme Sanhedrin extended, it has
 been already remarked above that its <i>civil</i> authority
 was restricted, in the time of Christ, to the eleven
@@ -923,7 +885,7 @@ reserved for himself."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Foo
 <p>The closing words of the last quotation suggest an
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>important fact which furnishes the answer to the question
 asked at the beginning of this chapter, Why were
-there two trials of Jesus? Schürer declares that the
+there two trials of Jesus? SchÃ¼rer declares that the
 Sanhedrin retained judicial and administrative power
 in all local matters which the "procurator had not
 specially reserved for himself." Now, it should be
@@ -945,10 +907,10 @@ however, has been opposed by both ancient and
 modern writers of repute; and, for this reason, it has
 been thought necessary to cite authorities and offer arguments
 in favor of the proposition that the right of
-life or death, <i>jus vitæ aut necis</i>, had passed from Jewish
+life or death, <i>jus vitÃ¦ aut necis</i>, had passed from Jewish
 into Roman hands at the time of Christ. Both
 sacred and profane history support the affirmative of
-this proposition. Regarding this matter, Schürer
+this proposition. Regarding this matter, SchÃ¼rer
 says: "There is a special interest attaching to the question
 as to how far the jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin
 was limited by the authority of the Roman procurator.
@@ -987,7 +949,7 @@ control of Roman procurators. The great Jewish historian
 reduced into a province, and Coponius, one of the
 equestrian order among the Romans, was sent as procurator,
 having the power of life and death put into
-his hands by Cæsar."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+his hands by CÃ¦sar."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
 
 <p>Again, we are informed that Annas was deposed
 from the high priesthood by the procurator Valerius
@@ -1077,7 +1039,7 @@ before Pilate, this charge was abandoned and that of
 high treason against Rome was substituted. Now, it
 is certain that a Roman governor would not have allowed
 a Jewish tribunal to try an offense involving
-high treason against Cæsar. This was a matter exclusively
+high treason against CÃ¦sar. This was a matter exclusively
 under his control. It is thus certain that Pilate
 did not merely review a sentence which had been
 passed by the Sanhedrin after a regular trial, but that
@@ -1112,12 +1074,12 @@ these questions.</p>
 <p>The New Testament Gospels
 denominate Pilate the "governor" of Judea. A more
 exact designation is contained in the Latin phrase,
-<i>procurator Cæsaris</i>; the procurator of Cæsar. By this
+<i>procurator CÃ¦saris</i>; the procurator of CÃ¦sar. By this
 is meant that Pilate was the deputy, attorney, or personal
-representative of Tiberius Cæsar in the province
+representative of Tiberius CÃ¦sar in the province
 of Judea. The powers and duties of his office were by
 no means limited to the financial functions of a Roman
-quæstor, a <i>procurator fiscalis</i>. "He was a procurator
+quÃ¦stor, a <i>procurator fiscalis</i>. "He was a procurator
 <i>cum potestate</i>; a governor with civil, criminal, and
 military jurisdiction; subordinated no doubt in rank to
 the adjacent governor of Syria, but directly responsible
@@ -1127,12 +1089,12 @@ to his great master at Rome."</p>
 is impossible unless we first thoroughly understand the
 official character of the man whose political substitute
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>he was. A thorough understanding of the official
-character of Tiberius Cæsar is impossible unless we
+character of Tiberius CÃ¦sar is impossible unless we
 first fully comprehend the political changes wrought
-by the civil wars of Rome in which Julius Cæsar defeated
+by the civil wars of Rome in which Julius CÃ¦sar defeated
 Cneius Pompey at the battle of Pharsalia and
 made himself dictator and undisputed master of the
-Roman world. With the ascendency of Cæsar the ancient
+Roman world. With the ascendency of CÃ¦sar the ancient
 republic became extinct. But liberty was still
 cherished in the hearts of Romans, and the title of king
 was detestable. The hardy virtues and democratic
@@ -1144,8 +1106,8 @@ and Roman patriotism was paralyzed. The hand of a
 dictator guided by a single intelligence was the natural
 result of the progressive degradation of the Roman
 state. The logical and inevitable outcome of the death
-of Cæsar and the dissolution of the Triumvirate was
-the régime of Augustus, a monarchy veiled under republican
+of CÃ¦sar and the dissolution of the Triumvirate was
+the rÃ©gime of Augustus, a monarchy veiled under republican
 forms. Recognizing Roman horror of absolutism,
 Roman love of liberty, and Roman detestation
 of kingly power, Augustus, while in fact an emperor,
@@ -1156,7 +1118,7 @@ superiority, and exhibited extreme simplicity of
 manners in public and private life. This was the
 strategy of a successful politician who sought to conceal
 offensive reality under the cloak of a pleasant deception.
-Great Cæsar fallen at the foot of Pompey's
+Great CÃ¦sar fallen at the foot of Pompey's
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>statue was a solemn reminder to Augustus that the
 dagger of the assassin was still ready to defend the
 memory of freedom, after liberty was, in reality, dead.
@@ -1189,10 +1151,10 @@ all that for centuries had broadened and expanded
 under the magnificent abstraction of Rome."
 The boundless authority of Rome was thus centered
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>in the hands of a single person. Consuls, tribunes,
-prætors, proconsuls, and procurators were merely the
+prÃ¦tors, proconsuls, and procurators were merely the
 agents and representatives of this person.</p>
 
-<p>Tiberius Cæsar, the political master of Pontius Pilate,
+<p>Tiberius CÃ¦sar, the political master of Pontius Pilate,
 was the successor of Augustus and the first inheritor
 of his constitution. Under this constitution,
 Augustus had divided the provinces into two classes.
@@ -1203,7 +1165,7 @@ to his personal control, and were governed by procurators
 who acted as his deputies or personal representatives.
 Judea came in his second class, and the real
 governor of his province was the emperor himself.
-Tiberius Cæsar was thus the real procurator of Judea
+Tiberius CÃ¦sar was thus the real procurator of Judea
 at the time of the crucifixion and Pilate was his political
 substitute who did his bidding and obeyed his will.
 Whatever Tiberius might have done, Pilate might
@@ -1220,7 +1182,7 @@ that he should summon to his aid a council of advisers.
 This advisory body was composed of two elements:
 (1) Roman citizens resident in this particular locality
 where the governor was holding court; and (2) members
-of his personal staff known as the Prætorian
+of his personal staff known as the PrÃ¦torian
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>Cohort. The governor, in his conduct of judicial proceedings,
 might solicit the opinions of the members of
 his council. He might require them to vote upon the
@@ -1247,7 +1209,7 @@ many limitations. A few of these may be named.</p>
 
 <p>In the first place, the rights guaranteed to subject
 states within the provincial area by the law of the
-province (<i>lex provinciæ</i>) were the first limitations
+province (<i>lex provinciÃ¦</i>) were the first limitations
 upon his power.</p>
 
 <p>Again, it is a well-known fact that Roman citizens
@@ -1313,7 +1275,7 @@ It has been denied that Pilate had a right to
 apply Jewish law in the government of his province;
 but this denial is contrary to authority. Innes says:
 "The Roman governor sanctioned, or even himself administered,
-the old law of the region."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Schürer says:
+the old law of the region."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> SchÃ¼rer says:
 "It may be assumed that the administration of the
 civil law was wholly in the hands of the Sanhedrin
 and native or local magistrates: Jewish courts decided
@@ -1325,14 +1287,14 @@ decided, if he pleased, according to Jewish law."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FN
 Greenidge says: "Even the first clause of the Sicilian
 <i>lex</i>, if it contained no reference to jurisdiction by the
 local magistrate, left the interpretation of the <i>native
-law</i> wholly to Roman <i>proprætors</i>."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> It is thus clearly
+law</i> wholly to Roman <i>proprÃ¦tors</i>."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> It is thus clearly
 evident that Roman procurators might apply either
 Roman or local laws in ordinary cases.</p>
 
 <p>(2) That Roman governors were empowered to
 apply the adjective law of Rome to the substantive law
 of the province. In support of this contention, Greenidge
-says: "The edict of the <i>proprætor</i> or pro-consul,
+says: "The edict of the <i>proprÃ¦tor</i> or pro-consul,
 ... clearly could not express the native law of each
 particular state under its jurisdiction; but its generality
 and its expansiveness admitted, as we shall see, of
@@ -1342,7 +1304,7 @@ of any particular city."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href
 <p>(3) That the criminal procedure employed by Pilate
 in the trial of Jesus should have been the criminal
 procedure of a capital case tried at Rome, during the
-reign of Tiberius Cæsar. This fact is very evident
+reign of Tiberius CÃ¦sar. This fact is very evident
 from the authorities. The trial of capital cases at
 Rome furnished models for similar trials in the provinces.
 In the exercise of the unlimited jurisdiction of
@@ -1368,13 +1330,13 @@ expressed, is Geib, who says: "It is nevertheless true
 that the knowledge which we have, imperfect though
 it may be, leaves no doubt that the courts of the Italian
 municipalities and provinces had, in all essential elements,
-the permanent tribunals (<i>quæstiones perpetuæ</i>)
+the permanent tribunals (<i>quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦</i>)
 as models; so that, in fact, a description of the proceedings
 in the permanent tribunals is, at the same
 time, to be regarded as a description of the proceedings
 in the provincial courts."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
 
-<p>These permanent tribunals (<i>quæstiones perpetuæ</i>)
+<p>These permanent tribunals (<i>quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦</i>)
 were courts of criminal jurisdiction established at
 Rome, and were in existence at the time of the crucifixion.
 Proceedings in these courts in capital cases,
@@ -1428,18 +1390,18 @@ and constantly in mind the purpose
 of this chapter: to describe
 the mode of trial in capital cases
 at Rome during the reign of Tiberius
-Cæsar; and thus to furnish
+CÃ¦sar; and thus to furnish
 a model of criminal procedure
 which Pilate should have
 imitated in the trial of Jesus at
 Jerusalem. In the last chapter, we saw that the proceedings
-of the permanent tribunals (<i>quæstiones perpetuæ</i>)
+of the permanent tribunals (<i>quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦</i>)
 at Rome furnished models for the trial of
 criminal cases in the provinces. It is now only necessary
 to determine what the procedure of the permanent
 tribunals at the time of Christ was, in order to understand
 what Pilate should have done in the trial of
-Jesus. But the character of the <i>quæstiones perpetuæ</i>,
+Jesus. But the character of the <i>quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦</i>,
 as well as the rules and regulations that governed their
 proceedings, cannot well be understood without reference
 to the criminal tribunals and modes of trial in
@@ -1482,7 +1444,7 @@ and criminal matters.</p>
 witnessed the distribution of the powers of government
 formerly exercised by the king among a number of
 magistrates and public officers. Consuls, tribunes,
-prætors, ædiles, both curule and plebeian, exercised,
+prÃ¦tors, Ã¦diles, both curule and plebeian, exercised,
 under the republic, judicial functions in criminal
 matters.</p>
 
@@ -1492,8 +1454,8 @@ power in matters of life and death. This is
 shown by the condemnation and execution of the sons
 of Brutus and their fellow-conspirators.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Associated
 with the consuls were, at first, two annually appointed
-quæstors whom they nominated. The functions of the
-quæstors were as unlimited as those of their superiors,
+quÃ¦stors whom they nominated. The functions of the
+quÃ¦stors were as unlimited as those of their superiors,
 the consuls; but their jurisdiction was confined chiefly
 to criminal matters and finance.</p>
 
@@ -1504,14 +1466,14 @@ a negative control over the regular magistracies of the
 community. But, finally, they became the chief public
 prosecutors of political criminals.</p>
 
-<p>The prætors, whose chief jurisdiction was in civil
+<p>The prÃ¦tors, whose chief jurisdiction was in civil
 matters, were potentially as fully criminal judges as
 the consuls, and there may have been a time when a
 portion of criminal jurisdiction was actually in their
 hands. In the later republic, they presided over the
-<i>quæstiones perpetuæ</i>, permanent criminal tribunals.</p>
+<i>quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦</i>, permanent criminal tribunals.</p>
 
-<p>The ædiles are found in Roman history exercising
+<p>The Ã¦diles are found in Roman history exercising
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>functions of criminal jurisdiction, although their general
 powers were confined to the special duties of caring
 for the games, the market, and the archives.</p>
@@ -1657,7 +1619,7 @@ Capitol could not be seen; and that thereupon the conviction
 of Manlius was secured and his condemnation
 pronounced.</p>
 
-<p>In the year 185 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, the tribune M. Nævius, at the
+<p>In the year 185 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, the tribune M. NÃ¦vius, at the
 instigation of Cato, accused Scipio Africanus before
 the tribes of having been bribed to secure a dishonorable
 peace. It was clearly evident that a charge of this
@@ -1705,9 +1667,9 @@ could be set in motion. This difficulty was increased
 with the growth of the republic, in which crimes also
 grew in number and magnitude. The necessity for the
 reform of the criminal law resulted in the institution
-of permanent tribunals (<i>quæstiones perpetuæ</i>). A
+of permanent tribunals (<i>quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦</i>). A
 series of legal enactments accomplished this result.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>The earliest law that created a permanent <i>quæstio</i> was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>The earliest law that created a permanent <i>quÃ¦stio</i> was
 the <i>lex Calpurnia</i> of 149 <span class="small">B.C.</span> And it was the proceedings
 in these courts, which we shall now describe, that
 should have guided Pilate in the trial of Jesus.</p>
@@ -1718,9 +1680,9 @@ chapter the successive steps in the trial of criminal
 cases before the permanent tribunals at Rome.</p>
 
 <p><i>First Stage</i> (<i>postulatio</i>).&mdash;A Roman criminal trial
-before a <i>quæstio perpetua</i> commenced with an application
-to the presiding magistrate, the prætor or the
-<i>iudex quæstionis</i>, for permission to bring a criminal
+before a <i>quÃ¦stio perpetua</i> commenced with an application
+to the presiding magistrate, the prÃ¦tor or the
+<i>iudex quÃ¦stionis</i>, for permission to bring a criminal
 charge against a certain person. The technical Latin
 expression for this request to prosecute is <i>postulatio</i>.
 It should be here noted that State's attorneys or public
@@ -1762,7 +1724,7 @@ the whole proceeding known as the <i>divinatio</i> was to
 secure a prosecutor who was at once both able and sincere;
 and both these qualities were generally very
 strenuously urged by all those who desired to assume
-the rôle of accuser. Indeed all personal qualifications
+the rÃ´le of accuser. Indeed all personal qualifications
 involving the mental and moral attributes of the
 would-be prosecutors were pointedly urged. At the
 hearing, the different candidates frequently became
@@ -1794,7 +1756,7 @@ on the merits of different applicants, because there was
 only one would-be accuser; and his qualifications were
 beyond dispute. In such a case, when a request to
 bring a criminal charge against a certain person had
-been presented by a citizen to the prætor, there followed,
+been presented by a citizen to the prÃ¦tor, there followed,
 after a certain interval of time, a private hearing
 before the president of the court for the purpose of
 gaining fuller and more definite information concerning
@@ -1809,8 +1771,8 @@ The <i>lex Memmia</i>, passed in the year 114 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, p
 a delinquent to plead that he was absent from
 Rome on public business, as an excuse for not appearing
 at the <i>nominis delatio</i>. In the year 58 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, the
-tribune L. Antistius impeached Julius Cæsar. But the
-colleagues of Antistius excused Cæsar from personal
+tribune L. Antistius impeached Julius CÃ¦sar. But the
+colleagues of Antistius excused CÃ¦sar from personal
 attendance because he was absent in the service of the
 state in Gaul. But, if the accused appeared at the
 <i>nominis delatio</i>, the prosecutor interrogated him at
@@ -1884,7 +1846,7 @@ the presence of the defendant was not necessary,
 whether he was in voluntary exile, or was obstinately
 absent. In 52 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, Milo was condemned in his absence;
 and we read in Plutarch that the assassins of
-Cæsar were tried in their absence, 43 <span class="small">B.C.</span></p>
+CÃ¦sar were tried in their absence, 43 <span class="small">B.C.</span></p>
 
 <p>Excusable absence necessitated an adjournment of
 the case. The chief grounds for an adjournment were:
@@ -1933,7 +1895,7 @@ wherein to catch another man's goods."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_2
 <p><i>Seventh Stage</i> (<i>impaneling the judges</i>).&mdash;But if
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>the prosecutor appeared in due time, the trial formally
 began by the impaneling of the judges. This was usually
-done by the prætor or <i>iudex quæstionis</i> who, at the
+done by the prÃ¦tor or <i>iudex quÃ¦stionis</i> who, at the
 beginning of the trial, placed the names of the complete
 panel of jurors, inscribed on white tablets, into
 an urn, and then drew out a certain number. Both
@@ -1945,10 +1907,10 @@ time.</p>
 <p><i>Eighth Stage</i> (<i>beginning of the trial</i>).&mdash;When the
 judges had been impaneled, the regular proceedings
 began. The place of trial was the Forum. The curule
-chair of the prætor and the benches of the judges, constituting
+chair of the prÃ¦tor and the benches of the judges, constituting
 the tribunal, were here placed. On the
 ground in front of the raised platform upon which the
-prætor and judges sat, were arranged the benches of
+prÃ¦tor and judges sat, were arranged the benches of
 the parties, their advocates and witnesses. Like the
 ancient Hebrew law, Roman law required that criminal
 cases should be tried only by daylight, that is, between
@@ -2492,14 +2454,14 @@ St. Luke contains the indictment:
 "And they began to accuse
 him, saying, We found this
 fellow perverting the nation, and forbidding to give
-tribute to Cæsar, saying that he himself is Christ a
+tribute to CÃ¦sar, saying that he himself is Christ a
 King." Three distinct elements are wrapped up in
 this general accusation; but they are all interwoven
 with and culminate in the great charge that Jesus
 claimed to be "Christ a King." Of this accusation
 alone, Pilate took cognizance. And there is no mistake
 as to its nature and meaning. It was High Treason
-against Cæsar&mdash;the most awful crime known to Roman
+against CÃ¦sar&mdash;the most awful crime known to Roman
 law. This was the charge brought by the priests of
 the Sanhedrin against the Nazarene. What then was
 the law of Rome in relation to the crime of high treason?
@@ -2537,14 +2499,14 @@ and Pilate failed to present a written charge against
 Jesus.</p>
 <hr class="l1" />
 <div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i-fp068.jpg" width="410" height="642" alt="TIBERIUS CÆSAR (ANTIQUE SCULPTURE)" title="TIBERIUS CÆSAR (ANTIQUE SCULPTURE)" />
-<p class="caption"><a name="TIBERIUS_CAESAR" id="TIBERIUS_CAESAR"></a>TIBERIUS CÆSAR (ANTIQUE SCULPTURE)</p>
+<img src="images/i-fp068.jpg" width="410" height="642" alt="TIBERIUS CÃ†SAR (ANTIQUE SCULPTURE)" title="TIBERIUS CÃ†SAR (ANTIQUE SCULPTURE)" />
+<p class="caption"><a name="TIBERIUS_CAESAR" id="TIBERIUS_CAESAR"></a>TIBERIUS CÃ†SAR (ANTIQUE SCULPTURE)</p>
 </div>
 <hr class="l1" />
 <p>In studying the trial of Jesus and the charge brought
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>against Him, the reader should constantly remind himself
 that the crucifixion took place during the reign of
-Tiberius Cæsar, a morbid and capricious tyrant, whose
+Tiberius CÃ¦sar, a morbid and capricious tyrant, whose
 fretful and suspicious temper would kindle into fire at
 the slightest suggestion of treason in any quarter.
 Tacitus records fifty-two cases of prosecution for treason
@@ -2617,7 +2579,7 @@ of the Roman constitution was that the exercise of
 this right was not a religious but a governmental function.
 The modern doctrine of the separation of
 Church and State had no place in Roman politics at
-the time of Christ. Tiberius Cæsar, at the beginning
+the time of Christ. Tiberius CÃ¦sar, at the beginning
 of his reign, definitely adopted the principle of a state
 religion, and as Pontifex Maximus, was bound to protect
 the ancient Roman worship as a matter of official
@@ -2641,7 +2603,7 @@ Greek gods was at first vigorously opposed, but the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>exquisite beauty of Greek sculpture, the irresistible influence
 of Greek literature, and the overwhelming
 fascination of Greek myths, finally destroyed this
-opposition, and placed Apollo and Æsculapius in the
+opposition, and placed Apollo and Ã†sculapius in the
 Roman pantheon beside Jupiter and Minerva.</p>
 
 <p>At another time the senate declared war on the
@@ -2650,7 +2612,7 @@ way into Rome. It had the images of Isis and Serapis
 thrown down; but the people set them up again. It
 decreed that the temples to these deities should be destroyed,
 but not a single workman would lay hands
-upon them. Æmilius Paulus, the consul, was himself
+upon them. Ã†milius Paulus, the consul, was himself
 forced to seize an ax and break in the doors of the
 temple. In spite of this, the worship of Isis and Serapis
 was soon again practiced unrestrained at Rome.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
@@ -2695,7 +2657,7 @@ balance of the world it was the dominant cult. "The
 provinces," says Renan, "were entirely free to adhere
 to their own rights, on the sole condition of not interfering
 with those of others." "Such toleration or indifference,
-however," says Döllinger, "found its own
+however," says DÃ¶llinger, "found its own
 limits at once whenever the doctrine taught had a practical
 bearing on society, interfered with the worship
 of the state gods, or confronted their worship with one
@@ -2705,7 +2667,7 @@ be brought into no affinity or corporate relation with
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>them, and would not bend to the supremacy of Jupiter
 Capitolinus."</p>
 
-<p>Now, the principles declared by Renan and Döllinger
+<p>Now, the principles declared by Renan and DÃ¶llinger
 are fundamental and pointed in the matter of the
 relationship between the teachings of Jesus and the
 theory of treason under Roman law. These principles
@@ -2766,18 +2728,18 @@ of seditious atheism whose teachings and principles
 were destructive of the established order of things.
 The Roman conception of the nature of the crime committed
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>by an attack upon the national religion is well
-illustrated by the following sentence from Döllinger:
+illustrated by the following sentence from DÃ¶llinger:
 "If an opinion unfavorable to the apotheosis of any
 member of the imperial dynasty happened to be
 dropped, it was dangerous in itself as falling within
 the purview of the law of high treason; and so it fell
-out in the case of Thrasea Pætus, who refused to believe
-in the deification of Poppæa." If it was high
+out in the case of Thrasea PÃ¦tus, who refused to believe
+in the deification of PoppÃ¦a." If it was high
 treason to refuse to believe in the deification of an emperor
 or an empress, what other crime could be imputed
 to him whose design was to destroy an entire
 religious system, and to pile all the gods and goddesses&mdash;Juno
-and Poppæa, Jupiter and Augustus&mdash;in common
+and PoppÃ¦a, Jupiter and Augustus&mdash;in common
 ruin?</p>
 
 <p>From the foregoing, it may be readily seen that it is
@@ -2889,7 +2851,7 @@ trial of Jesus.</p>
 <img src="images/letter_h-ch07.jpg" width="100" height="111" alt="H" title="H"
 class="floatl" />
 
-<i><span class="hidden">H</span>IS Name.</i>&mdash;The prænomen or
+<i><span class="hidden">H</span>IS Name.</i>&mdash;The prÃ¦nomen or
 first name of Pilate is not known.
 Rosadi calls him Lucius, but
 upon what authority is not
@@ -2916,7 +2878,7 @@ The soldiers of this legion might have been
 of the fable."</p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>It is historically almost certain that Pilate was a native
-of Seville, one of the cities of Bætic Spain that
+of Seville, one of the cities of BÃ¦tic Spain that
 enjoyed rights of Roman citizenship. In the war of
 annihilation waged by Agrippa against the Cantabrians,
 the father of Pilate, Marcus Pontius, acquired
@@ -2959,7 +2921,7 @@ guardianship of the attentions paid her by young men
 was so strict that he once wrote a letter to Lucius Vinicius,
 a handsome young man of good family, in which
 he said: "You have not behaved very modestly, in
-making a visit to my daughter at Baiæ." Notwithstanding
+making a visit to my daughter at BaiÃ¦." Notwithstanding
 this good training, Julia became one of the
 lewdest and coarsest women in Rome. Augustus married
 her first to Marcellus; then, after the death of
@@ -2999,9 +2961,9 @@ This paper contained his commission as procurator of
 Judea; and the real object of the suit paid to Claudia
 was attained.</p>
 
-<p>Pilate proceeded at once to Cæsarea, the headquarters
+<p>Pilate proceeded at once to CÃ¦sarea, the headquarters
 of the government of his province. His wife, who
-had been left behind, joined him afterwards. Cæsar's
+had been left behind, joined him afterwards. CÃ¦sar's
 permission to do this was a most gracious concession,
 as it was not generally allowed that governors of provinces
 should take their wives with them. At first it was
@@ -3019,7 +2981,7 @@ learn that at the time of the death of Augustus, Germanicus
 had his wife Agrippina with him in Germany;
 and afterwards, in the beginning of the reign
 of Tiberius, she was also with him in the East. Piso,
-the præfect of Syria, took his wife with him at the same
+the prÃ¦fect of Syria, took his wife with him at the same
 time. These facts are historical corroborations of the
 Gospel accounts of the presence of Claudia in Jerusalem
 at the time of the crucifixion and of her warning
@@ -3048,7 +3010,7 @@ on the other hand, in defiance of precedent and policy,
 city by night carrying aloft their standards, blazoned
 with the images of Tiberius. The news of this outrage
 threw the Jews into wild excitement. The people in
-great numbers flocked down to Cæsarea, where Pilate
+great numbers flocked down to CÃ¦sarea, where Pilate
 was still stopping, and begged him to remove the
 standards. Pilate refused; and for five days the discussion
 went on. At last he became enraged, summoned
@@ -3105,7 +3067,7 @@ and intensified in the hearts of the Jews.</p>
 
 <p>A third act of defiance of the religious prejudices of
 the inhabitants of Jerusalem illustrates not only the obstinacy
-but the stupidity as well of the deputy of Cæsar
+but the stupidity as well of the deputy of CÃ¦sar
 in Judea. In the face of his previous experiences, he
 insisted on hanging up in Herod's palace certain gilt
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>shields dedicated to Tiberius. The Jews remonstrated
@@ -3119,7 +3081,7 @@ among whom were the four sons of Herod, was
 addressed to the emperor, asking for the removal of
 the offensive decorations. Tiberius granted the request
 and the shields were taken from Jerusalem and deposited
-in the temple of Augustus at Cæsarea&mdash;"And thus
+in the temple of Augustus at CÃ¦sarea&mdash;"And thus
 were preserved both the honor of the emperor and the
 ancient customs of the city."<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
 
@@ -3197,7 +3159,7 @@ and had stricken with inward paralysis the moral fiber
 of his manhood. And now, in the supreme moment of
 his life and of history, from his nerveless grasp fell the
 reins of fate and fortune that destiny had placed within
-his hands. Called upon to play a leading rôle in the
+his hands. Called upon to play a leading rÃ´le in the
 mighty drama of the universe, his craven cowardice
 made him a pitiable and contemptible figure. A
 splendid example this, the conduct of Pilate, for the
@@ -3330,7 +3292,7 @@ officers of Lucerne. The neighboring shepherds bound
 themselves by a solemn oath, which they renewed annually,
 never to guide a stranger to it.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> The strange
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>spell was broken, however, and the legend exploded in
-1584, when Johannes Müller, curé of Lucerne, was
+1584, when Johannes MÃ¼ller, curÃ© of Lucerne, was
 bold enough to throw stones into the lake, and to stand
 by complacently to await the consequences.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
 
@@ -3352,7 +3314,7 @@ It was early morning, probably
 between six and seven o'clock,
 when the accusing multitude
 moved from the judgment seat
-of Caiaphas to the Prætorium of Pilate. Oriental
+of Caiaphas to the PrÃ¦torium of Pilate. Oriental
 labor anticipates the day because of the excessive heat
 of noon; and, at daybreak, Eastern life is all astir. To
 accommodate the people and to enjoy the repose of
@@ -3366,14 +3328,14 @@ palace of Herod, situated in the northwest quarter of
 the city. This probability is heightened by the fact
 that it was a custom born of both pride and pleasure,
 for Roman procurators and proconsuls to occupy the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>splendid edifices of the local kings. The Roman proprætor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>splendid edifices of the local kings. The Roman proprÃ¦tor
 of Sicily dwelt in the Castle of King Hiero;
 and it is reasonable to suppose that Pilate would have
 passed his time while at Jerusalem in the palace of
 Herod. This building was frequently called the
-"King's Castle," sometimes was styled the "Prætorium,"
+"King's Castle," sometimes was styled the "PrÃ¦torium,"
 and was often given the mixed name of
-"Herod's Prætorium." But, by whatever name
+"Herod's PrÃ¦torium." But, by whatever name
 known, it was of gorgeous architecture and magnificent
 proportions. Keim describes it as "a tyrant's
 stronghold and in part a fairy pleasure-house." A
@@ -3381,14 +3343,14 @@ wall thirty cubits high completely encircled the buildings
 of the palace. Beautiful white towers crowned
 this wall at regular intervals. Three of these were
 named in honor of Mariamne, the wife; Hippicus,
-the friend; and Phasælus, the brother of the king.
+the friend; and PhasÃ¦lus, the brother of the king.
 Within the inclosure of the wall, a small army could
 have been garrisoned. The floors and ceilings of the
 palace were decorated and adorned with the finest
 woods and precious stones. Projecting from the main
 building were two colossal marble wings, named for
-two Roman imperial friends, the Cæsareum and the
-Ægrippeum. To a person standing in one of the towers,
+two Roman imperial friends, the CÃ¦sareum and the
+Ã†grippeum. To a person standing in one of the towers,
 a magnificent prospect opened to the view. Surrounding
 the castle walls were beautiful green parks,
 intercepted with broad walks and deep canals. Here
@@ -3418,7 +3380,7 @@ explanation, and a legitimate one, of their disdain
 and opposition. He therefore detested the Jews,
 and his detestation was fully reciprocated." It is
 not surprising, then, that he preferred to reside at
-Cæsarea by the sea where were present Roman modes
+CÃ¦sarea by the sea where were present Roman modes
 of thought and forms of life. He visited Jerusalem as
 a matter of official duty, "during the festivals, and
 particularly at Easter with its dreaded inspirations of
@@ -3430,7 +3392,7 @@ of the feast of the Passover.</p>
 
 <p>Having condemned Him to death themselves, the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>Sanhedrin judges were compelled to lead Jesus away
-to the Prætorium of the Roman governor to see what
+to the PrÃ¦torium of the Roman governor to see what
 he had to say about the case; whether he would reverse
 or affirm the condemnation which they had pronounced.
 Between dawn and sunrise, they were at the
@@ -3456,7 +3418,7 @@ open air. Publicity was characteristic of all Roman
 criminal proceedings. And, in obedience to this principle,
 we find that the proconsul of Achaia at Corinth,
 the city magistrates in Macedonia, and the procurators
-at Cæsarea and Jerusalem, erected their tribunals in
+at CÃ¦sarea and Jerusalem, erected their tribunals in
 the most conspicuous public places, such as the market,
 the race course, and even upon the open highway.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> An
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span>example directly in point is, moreover, that of the
@@ -3502,7 +3464,7 @@ trial of Christ. It is also reasonably certain that no
 special orator like Tertullus, who informed the governor
 against Paul, was present to accuse Jesus.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>
 Doubtless Caiaphas the high priest played this important
-rôle.</p>
+rÃ´le.</p>
 
 <p>When Pilate had mounted the <i>bema</i>, and order had
 been restored, he asked:</p>
@@ -3515,7 +3477,7 @@ Every word rings with Roman authority
 and administrative capacity. The suggestion is also
 prominent that accusation was a more important element
 in Roman criminal trials than inquisition. This
-suggestion is reënforced by actual <i>dictum</i> from the lips
+suggestion is reÃ«nforced by actual <i>dictum</i> from the lips
 of Pilate's successor in the same place: "It is not the
 manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die,
 before that he which is accused have the accusers face
@@ -3662,12 +3624,12 @@ given in a single verse of St. Luke:</p>
 
 <p>"And they began to accuse him, saying, We found
 this fellow perverting the nation, and forbidding to
-give tribute to Cæsar, saying that he himself is Christ,
+give tribute to CÃ¦sar, saying that he himself is Christ,
 a King."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
 
 <p>It is noteworthy that in this general accusation is a
 radical departure from the charges of the night before.
-In the passage from the Sanhedrin to the Prætorium,
+In the passage from the Sanhedrin to the PrÃ¦torium,
 the indictment had completely changed. Jesus had not
 been condemned on any of the charges recorded in this
 sentence of St. Luke. He had been convicted on the
@@ -3717,40 +3679,40 @@ own tribunal, and that had been abandoned because of
 the contradictory testimony of these witnesses.</p>
 
 <p>The second count in the indictment, that He had forbidden
-to give tribute to Cæsar, was of a more serious
+to give tribute to CÃ¦sar, was of a more serious
 nature than the first. A refusal, in modern times, to
 pay taxes or an attempt to obstruct their collection, is
 a mild offense compared with a similar act under ancient
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>Roman law. To forbid to pay tribute to Cæsar
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>Roman law. To forbid to pay tribute to CÃ¦sar
 in Judea was a form of treason, not only because it was
 an open defiance of the laws of the Roman state, but
 also because it was a direct denial of Roman sovereignty
 in Palestine. Such conduct was treason under
 the definitions of both Ulpian and Cicero. The Jews
 knew the gravity of the offense when they sought to
-entrap Jesus in the matter of paying tribute to Cæsar.
+entrap Jesus in the matter of paying tribute to CÃ¦sar.
 They believed that any answer to the question that they
 had asked, would be fatal to Him. If He advised to
 pay the imperial tribute, He could be charged with
 being an enemy to His countrymen, the Jews. If
 He advised not to pay the tribute, He would be
-charged with being a rebellious subject of Cæsar. His
+charged with being a rebellious subject of CÃ¦sar. His
 reply disconcerted and bewildered them when He
-said: "Render therefore unto Cæsar the things which
-are Cæsar's; and unto God the things that are God's."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
+said: "Render therefore unto CÃ¦sar the things which
+are CÃ¦sar's; and unto God the things that are God's."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
 In this sublime declaration, the Nazarene announced
 the immortal principle of the separation of church and
 state, and of religious freedom in all the ages. And
 when, in the face of His answer, they still charged
-Him with forbidding to pay tribute to Cæsar, they
+Him with forbidding to pay tribute to CÃ¦sar, they
 seem to have been guilty of deliberate falsehood.
 Keim calls the charge "a very flagrant lie." Both at
 Capernaum,<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> where Roman taxes were gathered, and
 at Jerusalem,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> where religious dues were offered, Jesus
 seems to have been both a good citizen and a pious
-Jew. "Jésus bon citoyen" (Jesus a good citizen) is
+Jew. "JÃ©sus bon citoyen" (Jesus a good citizen) is
 the title of a chapter in the famous work of Bossuet
-entitled "Politique tirée de l'Ecriture sainte." In it
+entitled "Politique tirÃ©e de l'Ecriture sainte." In it
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>the great French ecclesiastic describes very beautifully
 the law-abiding qualities of the citizen-prophet of
 Galilee. In pressing the false charge that he had advised
@@ -3760,7 +3722,7 @@ revealed a peculiar and wanton malignity.</p>
 <p>The third count in the indictment, that the prisoner
 had claimed to be "Christ a King," was the last and
 greatest of the charges. By this He was deliberately
-accused of high treason against Cæsar, the gravest
+accused of high treason against CÃ¦sar, the gravest
 offense known to Roman law. Such an accusation
 could not be ignored by Pilate as a loyal deputy of
 Tiberius. The Roman monarch saw high treason in
@@ -3813,7 +3775,7 @@ and charged Him with claiming to be a king, the recent
 cases of Judas, Simon, and Athronges must have
 arisen in his mind, quickened his interest in the pretensions
 of the prisoner of the Jews, and must have
-awakened his sense of loyalty as Cæsar's representative.
+awakened his sense of loyalty as CÃ¦sar's representative.
 The lowliness of Jesus, being a carpenter, did not
 greatly allay his fears; for he must have remembered
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>that Simon was once a slave and that Athronges was
@@ -3852,7 +3814,7 @@ and proceeded at once to examine the prisoner on the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span>charge that he pretended to be a king. "If," Pilate
 must have said, "the fellow pretends to be a king, as
 Simon and Athronges did before him; if he says that
-Judea has a right to have a king other than Cæsar, he
+Judea has a right to have a king other than CÃ¦sar, he
 is guilty of treason, and it is my solemn duty as deputy
 of Tiberius to ascertain the fact and have him put to
 death."</p>
@@ -3900,7 +3862,7 @@ religious side.</p>
 of this world."</p>
 
 <p>By this He meant that there was no possible rivalry
-between Him and Cæsar. But, in making this denial,
+between Him and CÃ¦sar. But, in making this denial,
 He had used two words of grave import: My Kingdom.
 He had used one word that struck the ear of
 Pilate with electric force: the word Kingdom. In the
@@ -3926,9 +3888,9 @@ voice."<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84
 of the kingdom of Christ and of His title to spiritual
 sovereignty. His was not an empire of matter,
 but a realm of truth. His kingdom differed widely
-from that of Cæsar. Cæsar's empire was over the
+from that of CÃ¦sar. CÃ¦sar's empire was over the
 bodies of men; Christ's over their souls. The strength
-of Cæsar's kingdom was in citadels, armies, navies, the
+of CÃ¦sar's kingdom was in citadels, armies, navies, the
 towering Alps, the all-engirdling seas. The strength
 of the kingdom of the Christ was and is and will ever
 be in sentiments, principles, ideas, and the saving
@@ -3971,7 +3933,7 @@ and fruitless search, never-ending, ever beginning,
 across wastes of doubt and seas of speculation lighted
 by uncertain stars." He knew full well that Roman
 philosophy had been wrecked and stranded amidst the
-floating débris of Grecian thought and speculation.
+floating dÃ©bris of Grecian thought and speculation.
 He had thought that the <i>ultima ratio</i> of Academicians
 and Peripatetics, of Stoics and Epicureans had been
 reached. But here was a new proposition&mdash;a kingdom
@@ -3982,19 +3944,19 @@ but clouds, hopes, and dreams.</p>
 
 <p>What did Pilate think of Jesus? He evidently regarded
 Him as an amiable enthusiast, a harmless religious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>
-fanatic from whom Cæsar had nothing to fear.
+fanatic from whom CÃ¦sar had nothing to fear.
 While alone with Jesus in the palace, he must have
 reasoned thus with himself, silently and contemptuously:
 The mob outside tells me that this man is
 Rome's enemy. Foolish thought! We know who
-Cæsar's enemies are. We have seen and heard and
+CÃ¦sar's enemies are. We have seen and heard and
 felt the enemies of Rome&mdash;barbarians from beyond the
 Danube and the Rhine&mdash;great strong men, who can
 drive a javelin not only through a man, but a horse, as
-well. These are Cæsar's enemies. This strange and
+well. These are CÃ¦sar's enemies. This strange and
 melancholy man, whose subjects are mere abstract
 truths, and whose kingdom is beyond the skies, can be
-no enemy of Cæsar.</p>
+no enemy of CÃ¦sar.</p>
 
 <p>Believing this, he went out to the rabble and pronounced
 a verdict of acquittal: "I find in him no fault
@@ -4058,7 +4020,7 @@ which He belonged. He felt that fortune favored
 his design; for Herod, Tetrarch of Galilee, was at that
 very moment in Jerusalem in attendance upon the
 Passover feast. He acted at once upon the happy idea;
-and, under the escort of a detachment of the Prætorian
+and, under the escort of a detachment of the PrÃ¦torian
 Cohort, Jesus was led away to the palace of the Maccabees
 where Herod was accustomed to stop when he
 came to the Holy City.</p>
@@ -4113,7 +4075,7 @@ upon Archelaus.</p>
 before whom Jesus, his subject, was now led to be
 judged. The pages of sacred history mention the name
 of no more shallow and contemptible character than
-this petty princeling, this dissolute Idumæan Sadducee.
+this petty princeling, this dissolute IdumÃ¦an Sadducee.
 Compared with him, Judas is eminently respectable.
 Judas had a conscience which, when smitten
 with remorse, drove him to suicide. It is doubtful
@@ -4162,7 +4124,7 @@ province and could not afford to give way, in
 a matter of palatial residence, to a petty local prince.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span>But, whatever the cause, the unfriendliness between
 them undoubtedly had much to do with the transfer
-of Jesus from the Prætorium to the palace of the
+of Jesus from the PrÃ¦torium to the palace of the
 Maccabees.</p>
 
 <p>"And when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceeding
@@ -4195,7 +4157,7 @@ Jesus as a clever magician whose performance
 would make a rich and racy programme for an hour's
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span>amusement of his court. This was no doubt his dominant
 feeling regarding the Nazarene. But it is nevertheless
-very probable that his Idumæan cowardice
+very probable that his IdumÃ¦an cowardice
 and superstition still conjured images of a drunken
 debauch, the dance of death, and the bloody head;
 and connected them with the strange man now before
@@ -4223,7 +4185,7 @@ earthly representatives.</p>
 
 <p>Again, though weak, crafty and vacillating, he still
 had enough of the cunning of the fox not to wish to
-excite the enmity of Cæsar by a false judgment upon
+excite the enmity of CÃ¦sar by a false judgment upon
 a noted character whose devoted followers might, at
 any moment, send an embassy to Rome to make serious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span>
 and successful charges to the Emperor. He afterwards
@@ -4231,7 +4193,7 @@ lost his place as Tetrarch through the suspicions
 of Caligula, who received news from Galilee that
 Herod was conspiring against him.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> The premonitions
 of that unhappy day probably now filled the
-mind of the Idumæan.</p>
+mind of the IdumÃ¦an.</p>
 
 <p>On the other hand, Herod was too frivolous to conduct
 from beginning to end a solemn judicial proceeding.
@@ -4268,7 +4230,7 @@ Him at length. The Master treated his
 insolent questions with contemptuous scorn and withering
 silence. No doubt this conduct of the lowly
 Nazarene greatly surprised and nettled the supercilious
-Idumæan. He had imagined that Jesus would
+IdumÃ¦an. He had imagined that Jesus would
 be delighted to give an exhibition of His skill amidst
 royal surroundings. He could not conceive that a
 peasant would observe the contempt of silence in the
@@ -4303,11 +4265,11 @@ the behavior of Christ at the court of Herod.
 "How comes it," asks Strauss, "that Jesus, not only the
 Jesus without sin of the orthodox school, but also the
 Jesus who bowed to the constituted authorities, who
-says 'Give unto Cæsar that which is Cæsar's'&mdash;how
+says 'Give unto CÃ¦sar that which is CÃ¦sar's'&mdash;how
 comes it that he refuses the answer due to Herod?"
 The trouble with this question is that it falsely assumes
 that there was an "answer due to Herod." In the first
-place, it must be considered that Herod was not Cæsar.
+place, it must be considered that Herod was not CÃ¦sar.
 In the next place, we must remember that St. Luke,
 the sole Evangelist who records the event, does not
 explain the character of the questions asked by Herod.
@@ -4387,7 +4349,7 @@ jurisdiction and dispose finally
 of the matter. On the contrary,
 Herod simply mocked and brutalized
 the prisoner and had him sent back to Pilate.
-The Roman construed the action of the Idumæan to
+The Roman construed the action of the IdumÃ¦an to
 mean an acquittal, and he so stated to the Jews.</p>
 
 <p>"And Pilate, when he had called together the chief
@@ -4490,14 +4452,14 @@ Barabbas meant Jesus the Son of the Father. This
 frightful coincidence was so repugnant to the Gospel
 writers that they are generally silent upon it. In this
 connection, Strauss remarks: "According to one reading,
-the man's complete name was <span lang="el" title="Greek: hiêsous barabbas">&#7985;&#951;&#963;&#959;&#8166;&#962; &#946;&#945;&#961;&#961;&#945;&#946;&#945;&#962;</span>,
+the man's complete name was <span lang="el" title="Greek: hiÃªsous barabbas">&#7985;&#951;&#963;&#959;&#8166;&#962; &#946;&#945;&#961;&#961;&#945;&#946;&#945;&#962;</span>,
 which fact is noted only because Olshausen considers it
 noteworthy. Barabbas signifies 'son of the father,' and
 consequently Olshausen exclaims: 'All that was essential
 to the Redeemer appears ridiculous in the assassin!'
 and he deems applicable the verse: '<i>Ludit in
 humanis divina potentia rebus.</i>' We can see nothing
-in Olshausen's remark but a <i>ludus humanæ impotentiæ</i>."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
+in Olshausen's remark but a <i>ludus humanÃ¦ impotentiÃ¦</i>."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>Amidst the tumult provoked by the angry passions
 of the mob, a messenger arrived from his wife bearing
@@ -4512,7 +4474,7 @@ this day in a dream because of him."<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_
 
 <p>This dream of Pilate's wife is nothing strange.
 Profane history mentions many similar ones. Calpurnia,
-Cæsar's wife, forewarned him in a dream not to
+CÃ¦sar's wife, forewarned him in a dream not to
 go to the senate house; and the greatest of the Romans
 fell beneath the daggers of Casca and Brutus, because
 he failed to heed the admonition of his wife.</p>
@@ -4525,13 +4487,13 @@ Last night I saw him in a vision. He was walking on
 the waters. He was flying on the wings of the winds.
 He spoke to the tempest and to the fishes of the lake;
 all were obedient to him. Behold! the torrent in
-Mount Kedron flows with blood, the statues of Cæsar
-are filled with the filth of Gemoniæ, the columns of the
+Mount Kedron flows with blood, the statues of CÃ¦sar
+are filled with the filth of GemoniÃ¦, the columns of the
 Interium have given away and the sun is veiled in
 mourning like a vestal in the tomb. O, Pilate, evil
 awaits thee if thou wilt not listen to the prayer of thy
 wife. Dread the curse of the Roman Senate, dread the
-powers of Cæsar."</p>
+powers of CÃ¦sar."</p>
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
 This noble and lofty language, this tender and pathetic
 speech, may appear strange to those who remember
@@ -4596,7 +4558,7 @@ scornfully and mockingly:</p>
 <p>The cringing, hypocritical priests shouted back their
 answer:</p>
 
-<p>"We have no king but Cæsar."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+<p>"We have no king but CÃ¦sar."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
 
 <p>And on the kingly idea of loyalty to Roman sovereignty
 they framed their last menace and accusation.
@@ -4604,9 +4566,9 @@ From the quiver of their wrath they drew the last
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span>arrow of spite and hate, and fired it straight at the
 heart of Jesus through the hands of Pilate:</p>
 
-<p>"If thou let this man go, thou art not Cæsar's
+<p>"If thou let this man go, thou art not CÃ¦sar's
 friend: whosoever maketh himself a king speaketh
-against Cæsar."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p>
+against CÃ¦sar."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p>
 
 <p>This last maneuver of the mob sealed the doom of
 the Christ. It teaches also most clearly that Pilate was
@@ -4620,9 +4582,9 @@ been appropriated only after blood had been shed in
 the streets of Jerusalem. The gilt shields of Tiberius
 that he had placed in Herod's palace were taken down
 at the demands of the Jews and carried to the temple
-of Augustus at Cæsarea. And now the same fanatical
+of Augustus at CÃ¦sarea. And now the same fanatical
 rabble was before him demanding the blood of the
-Nazarene, and threatening to accuse him to Cæsar if
+Nazarene, and threatening to accuse him to CÃ¦sar if
 he released the prisoner. The position of Pilate was
 painfully critical. He afterwards lost his procuratorship
 at the instance of accusing Jews. The shadow of
@@ -4743,8 +4705,8 @@ the great glory so lately His. Jesus was alone."</p>
 
 <hr class="l65" />
 <div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fp141.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="CHRIST LEAVING THE PRÆTORIUM (DORÉ)" title="CHRIST LEAVING THE PRÆTORIUM (DORÉ)" />
-<p class="caption"><a name="CHRIST_LEAVING_THE_PRAETORIUM" id="CHRIST_LEAVING_THE_PRAETORIUM"></a>CHRIST LEAVING THE PRÆTORIUM (DORÉ)</p>
+<img src="images/fp141.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="CHRIST LEAVING THE PRÃ†TORIUM (DORÃ‰)" title="CHRIST LEAVING THE PRÃ†TORIUM (DORÃ‰)" />
+<p class="caption"><a name="CHRIST_LEAVING_THE_PRAETORIUM" id="CHRIST_LEAVING_THE_PRAETORIUM"></a>CHRIST LEAVING THE PRÃ†TORIUM (DORÃ‰)</p>
 </div>
 
 <hr class="l65" />
@@ -4834,7 +4796,7 @@ Testament narratives nowhere discovers even an intimation
 that a bench of judges helped Pilate to conduct
 the trial of Jesus. And yet, as Geikie says, "Roman
 law required their presence," and the legal presumption
-is that they were in and about the Prætorium
+is that they were in and about the PrÃ¦torium
 ready to lend assistance, and that they actually took
 part in the proceedings. This inference is strengthened
 by the fact that Pilate, after he had learned the
@@ -4896,7 +4858,7 @@ case of Paul before Felix and before Festus was entirely
 different. Paul was a Roman citizen and, as
 such, was entitled to all the rights involved in Roman
 citizenship, which included the privilege of an appeal
-to Cæsar against the judgment of a provincial officer;
+to CÃ¦sar against the judgment of a provincial officer;
 and he actually exercised this right.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> It was incumbent,
 therefore, upon Roman officials to observe due
 forms of law in proceeding against him. And St.
@@ -4976,7 +4938,7 @@ ancient and modern criminal trials:</p>
 man?"</p>
 <p class="hang">"And they began to accuse him, saying, We
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span>found this fellow perverting the nation,
-and forbidding to give tribute to Cæsar,
+and forbidding to give tribute to CÃ¦sar,
 saying that he himself is Christ a King."</p>
 <p>2. The Examination, or <i>Interrogatio</i>.</p>
 
@@ -5049,7 +5011,7 @@ the Jews were compelled, then, to make the formal
 charge, that:</p>
 
 <p>"We found this fellow perverting the nation, and
-forbidding to give tribute to Cæsar, saying that he
+forbidding to give tribute to CÃ¦sar, saying that he
 himself is Christ a King."</p>
 
 <p>Here we have presented the indictment, the first step
@@ -5097,7 +5059,7 @@ His answer seemed to say: "I recognize your authority
 in matters of this life and this world. If my claims
 to kingship were temporal, I fully appreciate that they
 would be treasonable; and that, as the representative of
-Cæsar, you would be justified in delivering me to
+CÃ¦sar, you would be justified in delivering me to
 death. But my pretensions to royalty are spiritual, and
 this places the matter beyond your reach."</p>
 
@@ -5136,11 +5098,11 @@ that is of the truth heareth my voice."</p>
 thereby made Himself momentarily liable on the
 charge of high treason, He at once avoids the effect of
 the declaration by alleging new matter which exempted
-Him from the operation of the <i>crimen Læsæ
+Him from the operation of the <i>crimen LÃ¦sÃ¦
 Majestatis</i>. He boldly declares His kingship, but
 places His kingdom beyond the skies in the realm of
 truth and spirit. He asserts a bold antithesis between
-the Empire of Cæsar and the Kingdom of God. He
+the Empire of CÃ¦sar and the Kingdom of God. He
 cheerfully acknowledges the procuratorship of Pilate
 in the first, but fearlessly proclaims His own Messiahship
 in the second.</p>
@@ -5238,7 +5200,7 @@ connection, he says: "His prosecutors insisted tenaciously
 upon His answering to a charge of <i>continuous</i>
 sedition, as lawyers call it. This offence had been
 begun in Galilee and ended in Jerusalem&mdash;that is to
-say, in Judæa. Now it was a rule of Roman law,
+say, in JudÃ¦a. Now it was a rule of Roman law,
 which the procurator of Rome could neither fail to
 recognize nor afford to neglect, that the competence
 of a court territorially constituted was determined
@@ -5247,7 +5209,7 @@ by the place in which the offence was committed.
 Jesus had been arrested at the gates of Jerusalem; His
 alleged offence had been committed for the most part,
 and as far as all the final acts were concerned, in the
-city itself and in other localities of Judæa. In continuous
+city itself and in other localities of JudÃ¦a. In continuous
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span>offences competence was determined by the place
 in which the last acts going to constitute the offence
 had been committed. Thus no justification whatever
@@ -5263,7 +5225,7 @@ which should only have been discussed and resolved
 by the Jewish judicial authorities; or else he had no
 intention of abdicating his power, and in this case he
 ought never to have raised the question of competence
-between himself, Governor of Judæa, and Herod,
+between himself, Governor of JudÃ¦a, and Herod,
 Regent of Galilee, but between himself and the Roman
 Vice-Governor of Galilee, his colleague, if there had
 been such an one. It is only between judges of the
@@ -5304,7 +5266,7 @@ what evil hath he done?" The mob continues to cry:
 <p>And as a final assault upon his conscience and his
 courage, the hypocritical priests warn him that he
 must not release a pretender to kingship, for such a
-man is an enemy to Cæsar. The doom of the Nazarene
+man is an enemy to CÃ¦sar. The doom of the Nazarene
 is sealed by this last maneuver of the rabble. Then, as
 a propitiation to the great God of truth and justice,
 and as balm to his hurt and wounded conscience, he
@@ -5661,7 +5623,7 @@ Herod, unmanliness and cowardice begin.</p>
 
 <p>This last act of the great drama presents a pitiable
 spectacle of Roman degeneracy. A Roman governor of
-courtly origin, clothed with <i>imperium</i>, with a Prætorian
+courtly origin, clothed with <i>imperium</i>, with a PrÃ¦torian
 Cohort at his command, and the military authority
 and resources of an empire at his back, cringes and
 crouches before a Jerusalem mob. The early Christian
@@ -5673,7 +5635,7 @@ of the man.</p>
 <p>There is inherent in the highest and noblest of the
 human species a quality of courage which knows no
 fear; that prefers death and annihilation to dishonor
-and disgrace; that believes, with Cæsar, that it is better
+and disgrace; that believes, with CÃ¦sar, that it is better
 to die at once than to live always in fear of death;
 and, with Mahomet, that Paradise will be found in
 the shadow of the crossing of swords. This quality of
@@ -5690,7 +5652,7 @@ when we think of his cowardly, cringing, crouching,
 vacillating conduct before a few fanatical priests in
 Jerusalem, another scene at another time comes up
 before us. The Tenth Legion rises in mutiny and defies
-Julius Cæsar. The mighty Roman summons his rebellious
+Julius CÃ¦sar. The mighty Roman summons his rebellious
 soldiers to the Field of Mars, reads to them the
 Roman riot act, and threatens to dismiss them not only
 from his favor but from Roman military service. The
@@ -5699,7 +5661,7 @@ and conquered by the tone and glance of a single man;
 and with tearful eyes, beg forgiveness, and ask to be
 permitted to follow once again him and his eagles to
 the feast of victory and of death. Imagine, if you can,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span>
-Cæsar in the place of Pilate. it is not difficult to conceive
+CÃ¦sar in the place of Pilate. it is not difficult to conceive
 the fare of a vulgar rabble who persisted in annoying
 such a Roman by demanding the blood of an
 innocent man.</p>
@@ -5859,7 +5821,7 @@ The Jews made the complaint, and the Romans ordered
 and effected the arrest of the prisoner in Gethsemane.
 Having tried Him before their own tribunal,
 the Jews then led Jesus away to the Roman
-governor, and in the Prætorium accused Him and furnished
+governor, and in the PrÃ¦torium accused Him and furnished
 evidence against Him. But the final act of
 crucifying was a Roman act. It is true that Jewish
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span>elements were present in the crucifixion of Jesus. The
@@ -5967,7 +5929,7 @@ Roman proceeding in the case of stubborn and
 rebellious towns. Scipio razed Carthage and drove
 Carthaginians into the most remote corners of the
 earth. Was any Roman or Punic god interested in this
-event? Cæsar destroyed many Gallic cities and scattered
+event? CÃ¦sar destroyed many Gallic cities and scattered
 Gauls throughout the world. Was any deity
 concerned about these things?</p>
 
@@ -6036,7 +5998,7 @@ the benefits of the amnesty of the Father of mercy and
 forgiveness.</p>
 
 <p>If the perpetrators of the great injustice of the Sanhedrin
-and of the Prætorium are to be forgiven because
+and of the PrÃ¦torium are to be forgiven because
 they knew not what they did, is there any justice,
 human or divine, in persecuting their innocent descendants
 of all lands and ages? "When Sir Moses
@@ -6242,15 +6204,15 @@ historians; Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Offenbach,
 Goldmark, Joachim, Rubinstein, and Strauss among
 musicians; Sonnenthal, Possart, Rachel, and Bernhardt
 among actors and actresses; Disraeli, Gambetta,
-Castelar, Lasker, Crémieux, and Benjamin among
+Castelar, Lasker, CrÃ©mieux, and Benjamin among
 statesmen; Halevi and Heine among poets; Karl
 Marx and Samuel Gompers among labor leaders and
-political economists; the Rothschilds, Bleichrörders,
+political economists; the Rothschilds, BleichrÃ¶rders,
 Schiffs, and Seligmans among financiers; Auerbach
 and Nordau among novelists; Sir Moses Montefiore
 and Baron Hirsch among philanthropists!</p>
 
-<p>But there are no Cæsars, no Napoleons, no Shakespeares,
+<p>But there are no CÃ¦sars, no Napoleons, no Shakespeares,
 no Aristotles among them, you say? Maybe
 so; but what of that? Admitting that this is true, is
 anything proved by the fact? These characters represented
@@ -6341,13 +6303,13 @@ comparison."<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footn
 <p>Throughout Napoleonic literature two names constantly
 recur as exhibiting the Corsican's ideals of spiritual
 and intellectual perfection. These names are
-those of Jesus Christ and Julius Cæsar. Napoleon's
+those of Jesus Christ and Julius CÃ¦sar. Napoleon's
 stupendous genius and incomprehensible destiny
 formed the basis of a secret conviction within his soul
-that with Jesus and Cæsar displaced, he himself would
+that with Jesus and CÃ¦sar displaced, he himself would
 be the grandest ornament of history. But in the mind
 of the emperor there was no element of equality or
-comparison between Jesus and Cæsar. The latter he
+comparison between Jesus and CÃ¦sar. The latter he
 regarded as the crown and consummation of Roman
 manhood, the most superb character of the ancient
 world. The former he believed to be divine.</p>
@@ -6370,7 +6332,7 @@ of the Man of Nazareth. "I think I understand
 somewhat of human nature," said Napoleon, "and I
 tell you all these were men, and I am a man, but not
 one is like Him; Jesus Christ was more than man.
-Alexander, Cæsar, Charlemagne, and myself founded
+Alexander, CÃ¦sar, Charlemagne, and myself founded
 great empires; but upon what did the creations of our
 genius depend? Upon force. Jesus alone founded
 His empire upon love, and to this very day millions
@@ -6418,7 +6380,7 @@ he live."</p>
 <h2><span class="small">
 PART II</span>
 <br />
-<i>GRÆCO-ROMAN PAGANISM</i>
+<i>GRÃ†CO-ROMAN PAGANISM</i>
 </h2>
 
 <hr class="l65" />
@@ -6430,7 +6392,7 @@ PART II</span>
 <hr class="l65" />
 <h2>CHAPTER I</h2>
 
-<h3>GRÆCO-ROMAN PAGANISM</h3>
+<h3>GRÃ†CO-ROMAN PAGANISM</h3>
 
 <p>
 <img src="images/letter_e_ch1x.jpg" width="100" height="112" alt="E" title="E"
@@ -6519,18 +6481,18 @@ which we write may be had from a perusal of the
 Roman satirists, Tacitus and Juvenal. The ordinary
 Roman debauchee was not the sole victim of their
 wrath. They chiseled the hideous features of the
-Cæsars with a finer stroke than that employed by
+CÃ¦sars with a finer stroke than that employed by
 Phidias and Praxiteles in carving statues of the Olympic
 gods.</p>
 
 <p>The purpose of Part II of this volume is to give coloring
 and atmosphere to the picture of the trial and
-crucifixion of Jesus by describing: (1) The Græco-Roman
-religion; and (2) the Græco-Roman social<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span>
+crucifixion of Jesus by describing: (1) The GrÃ¦co-Roman
+religion; and (2) the GrÃ¦co-Roman social<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span>
 life, during the century preceding and the century following
 the birth of the Savior.</p>
 
-<h4>1.&mdash;THE GRÆCO-ROMAN RELIGION</h4>
+<h4>1.&mdash;THE GRÃ†CO-ROMAN RELIGION</h4>
 
 <p><i>Origin and Multiplicity of the Roman Gods.</i>&mdash;The
 Romans acquired their gods by inheritance, by importation,
@@ -6551,7 +6513,7 @@ were Hellenized and received plastic form. The
 Greeks and Romans had a common ancestry and the
 amalgamation of their religions was an easy matter.
 The successive steps in the process of blending the two
-forms of worship are historical. From Cumæ, one of
+forms of worship are historical. From CumÃ¦, one of
 the oldest Greek settlements in Italy, the famous Sibylline
 books found their way to Rome; and through these
 books the Greek gods and their worship established
@@ -6559,9 +6521,9 @@ themselves in Italy. The date of the arrival of several
 of the Hellenic deities is well ascertained. The first
 temple to Apollo was vowed in the year 351 <span class="small">A.U.C.</span> To
 check a lingering epidemic of pestilence and disease,
-the worship of Æsculapius was introduced from Epidaurus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span>
+the worship of Ã†sculapius was introduced from Epidaurus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span>
 into Rome in the year 463. In 549, Cybele,
-the Idæan mother, was imported from Phrygia, in the
+the IdÃ¦an mother, was imported from Phrygia, in the
 shape of a black stone, and was worshiped at Rome by
 order of the Sibylline books.</p>
 
@@ -6574,7 +6536,7 @@ in Rome.</p>
 
 <p>The introduction of Greek literature also resulted in
 the importation of Greek gods. The tragedies of
-Livius Andronicus and the comedies of Nævius,
+Livius Andronicus and the comedies of NÃ¦vius,
 founded upon Greek legends of gods and heroes, were
 presented in Rome in the later years of the third century
 <span class="small">B.C.</span> Fragments of Greek literature also began to
@@ -6600,7 +6562,7 @@ was still enamored of the beautiful myths and exquisite
 statues of the Greek gods. And it was only by
 Hellenizing their own deities that they could bring
 themselves into touch and communion with the Hellenic
-spirit. The æsthetical and fascinating influence
+spirit. The Ã¦sthetical and fascinating influence
 of the Greek language, literature and sculpture, was
 overwhelming. "At bottom, the Roman religion was
 based only on two ideas&mdash;the might of the gods who
@@ -6673,11 +6635,11 @@ early periods of their history, the Romans used cattle
 as a medium of exchange in buying and bartering.
 Pecunia was then the goddess of such exchange. But
 when, in later times, copper money came into use, a
-god called Æsculanus was created to preside over the
+god called Ã†sculanus was created to preside over the
 finances; and when, still later, silver money began to
 be used, the god Argentarius was called into being to
 protect the coinage. This Argentarius was naturally
-the son of Æsculanus.</p>
+the son of Ã†sculanus.</p>
 
 <p>Not only the beneficent but the malign forces of nature
 were deified. Pests, plagues, and tempests had
@@ -6783,7 +6745,7 @@ formalists and ritualists of antiquity. Every act of
 Roman public and private life was supposed to be
 framed in accordance with the will of the gods.
 There was a formula of prayer adapted to every vicissitude
-of life. Cæsar never mounted his chariot, it is
+of life. CÃ¦sar never mounted his chariot, it is
 said, that he did not repeat a formula three times to
 avert dangers.</p>
 
@@ -6914,7 +6876,7 @@ be buried alive in the forum as a form of constructive
 possession. This was nothing but a human sacrifice
 to the gods.</p>
 
-<p>Again, two of Cæsar's soldiers, who had participated
+<p>Again, two of CÃ¦sar's soldiers, who had participated
 in a riot in Rome, were taken to the Campus Martius
 and sacrificed to Mars by the pontiffs and the Flamen
 Martialis. Their heads were fixed upon the Regia, as
@@ -6931,8 +6893,8 @@ dashed it while still warm at the face of the image of
 the god.</p>
 
 <p>Suetonius tells us that after the capture of Perugia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span>
-Augustus Cæsar slaughtered three hundred prisoners
-as an expiatory sacrifice to Julius Cæsar.</p>
+Augustus CÃ¦sar slaughtered three hundred prisoners
+as an expiatory sacrifice to Julius CÃ¦sar.</p>
 
 <p>Thus at the beginning of the Christian era, human
 beings were still being sacrificed on the altars of superstition.</p>
@@ -7040,7 +7002,7 @@ and sacred inclosures of these places.</p>
 <p>These various methods of ascertaining the will of
 the deities were employed in every important transaction
 of Roman public and private life. At times, all
-of them coöperated on occasions of vast import and
+of them coÃ¶perated on occasions of vast import and
 when the lives and destinies of great men were
 involved.</p>
 
@@ -7048,11 +7010,11 @@ involved.</p>
 contains allusions to all the modes of divination which
 we have just discussed:</p>
 
-<div class="blockquot"><p>After the death of Cæsar, upon his return from Apollonia
+<div class="blockquot"><p>After the death of CÃ¦sar, upon his return from Apollonia
 as he was entering the city, on a sudden, in a clear and
 bright sky a circle resembling the rainbow surrounded the
 body of the sun; and immediately afterwards, the tomb of
-Julia, Cæsar's daughter, was struck by lightning. In his
+Julia, CÃ¦sar's daughter, was struck by lightning. In his
 first consulship whilst he was observing the auguries, twelve
 vultures presented themselves as they had done to Romulus.
 And when he offered sacrifice, the livers of all the victims
@@ -7104,13 +7066,13 @@ guardian, had pointed to one amongst them, to whom they
 were to prefer their requests; and putting his fingers to the
 boy's mouth to kiss, he afterwards applied them to his own.</p>
 
-<p>Marcus Cicero, as he was attending Caius Cæsar to the
+<p>Marcus Cicero, as he was attending Caius CÃ¦sar to the
 Capitol, happened to be telling some of his friends a dream
 which he had the preceding night, in which he saw a comely
 youth let down from heaven by a golden chain, who stood
 at the door of the Capitol, and had a whip put into his
 hands by Jupiter. And immediately upon sight of Augustus,
-who had been sent for by his uncle Cæsar to the sacrifice,
+who had been sent for by his uncle CÃ¦sar to the sacrifice,
 and was as yet perfectly unknown to most of the company,
 he affirmed that it was the very boy he had seen in his dream.
 When he assumed the manly toga, his senatorian tunic becoming
@@ -7119,8 +7081,8 @@ would have this to forebode, that the order of which that
 was the badge of distinction, would some time or other be
 subject to him.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a></p></div>
 
-<p>Omens also played an important rôle in molding the
-destiny of the Roman state. In his "Life of Cæsar
+<p>Omens also played an important rÃ´le in molding the
+destiny of the Roman state. In his "Life of CÃ¦sar
 Augustus," Suetonius says:</p>
 
 <div class="blockquot"><p>Some signs and omens he regarded as infallible. If in
@@ -7139,7 +7101,7 @@ recovered themselves upon his arrival; at which he was so
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span>delighted, that he made an exchange with the Republic of
 Naples, of the Island of Ischia, for that of Capri. He likewise
 observed certain days; as never to go from home the
-day after the Numdinæ, nor to begin any serious business
+day after the NumdinÃ¦, nor to begin any serious business
 upon the nones; avoiding nothing else in it, as he writes to
 Tiberius, than its unlucky name.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p></div>
 
@@ -7184,7 +7146,7 @@ the old gods grew stale and new deities were
 sought. The human soul could not forever feed upon
 myths, however brilliant and bewitching. The mysterious
 and melancholy rites of Isis came to establish
-themselves by the side of those of Janus and Æsculapius.
+themselves by the side of those of Janus and Ã†sculapius.
 The somber qualities of the Egyptian worship
 seemed to commend it. Even so good and grand a man
 as Marcus Aurelius avowed himself an adorer of
@@ -7232,7 +7194,7 @@ were invited. These feasts were characterized at times
 by extreme exclusiveness. It was not right, thought
 the Romans, to degrade and humiliate the greater gods
 by seating them at the banquet board with smaller<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span>
-ones. So, a right royal fête was annually arranged in
+ones. So, a right royal fÃªte was annually arranged in
 the Capitol in honor of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
 The statue of the great god was placed reclining on a
 pillow; and the images of the two goddesses were
@@ -7308,7 +7270,7 @@ of superstition to be destroyed; for that presses upon and
 pursues and persecutes you wherever you turn yourself,
 whether you consult a diviner or have heard an omen or
 have immolated a victim, or beheld a flight of birds;
-whether you have seen a Chaldæan or a soothsayer; if it
+whether you have seen a ChaldÃ¦an or a soothsayer; if it
 lightens or thunders, or if anything is struck by lightning;
 if any kind of prodigy occurs; some of which things must
 be frequently coming to pass, so that you can never rise with
@@ -7375,7 +7337,7 @@ Greece and Italy. Pausanias, who lived about the
 middle of the second century of the Christian era, tells
 as that in his time the olden legends of god and hero
 were still firmly believed by the common people. As
-he traveled through Greece, the cypresses of Alcmæon,
+he traveled through Greece, the cypresses of AlcmÃ¦on,
 the stance of Amphion, and the ashes of the funeral
 piles of Niobe's children were pointed out to him. In
 Phocis, he found the belief still existing that larks laid
@@ -7423,7 +7385,7 @@ the centuries were sure to bring. Natural philosophy
 and historical study began to dissolve the sacred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span>
 legends and to demand demonstration and proof
 where faith had before sufficed. Skeptical criticism
-began to dissect the formulæ of prayer and to analyze
+began to dissect the formulÃ¦ of prayer and to analyze
 the elements of augury and sacrifice. Reason began
 to revolt against the proposition that Jupiter was justified
 in rejecting a petition because a syllable had been
@@ -7557,7 +7519,7 @@ gods, but also the immortality of the soul. Cicero is
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span>said to have been the only great Roman of his time
 who believed that death was not the end. Students of
 Sallust are familiar with his account of the conspiracy
-of Cataline in which it is related that Julius Cæsar, in
+of Cataline in which it is related that Julius CÃ¦sar, in
 a speech before the Roman senate, opposed putting the
 traitor to death because that form of punishment was
 too mild, since beyond the grave there was neither joy
@@ -7706,20 +7668,20 @@ a substitute for their ancient faith and as a supplement
 to philosophy, they began to deify their illustrious men
 and women. The apotheosis of the emperors was the
 natural result of the progressive degradation of the
-Roman religion. The deification of Julius Cæsar was
+Roman religion. The deification of Julius CÃ¦sar was
 the beginning of this servile form of worship; and the
 apotheosis of Diocletian was the fifty-third of these
 solemn canonizations. Of this number, fifteen were
 those of princesses belonging to the imperial family.</p>
 
-<p>Divine honors began to be paid to Cæsar before he
+<p>Divine honors began to be paid to CÃ¦sar before he
 was dead. The anniversary of his birth became a national
 holiday; his bust was placed in the temple, and
 a month of the year was named for him. After his
 assassination, he was worshiped as a god under the
 name of Divus Julius; and sacrifices were offered upon
-his altar. After Julius Cæsar, followed the deification
-of Augustus Cæsar. Even before his death, Octavian
+his altar. After Julius CÃ¦sar, followed the deification
+of Augustus CÃ¦sar. Even before his death, Octavian
 had consented to be worshiped in the provinces,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span>
 especially in Nicomedia and Pergamus. After his
 death, his worship was introduced into Rome and
@@ -7736,7 +7698,7 @@ and received from Livia a valuable gift of money as
 a token of her appreciation of his kindness.</p>
 
 <p>Not only were grand and gifted men like Julius and
-Augustus Cæsar, but despicable and contemptible
+Augustus CÃ¦sar, but despicable and contemptible
 tyrants like Nero and Commodus, raised to the rank
 of immortals. And, not content with making gods of
 emperors, the Romans made goddesses of their royal
@@ -7751,7 +7713,7 @@ cowardly and obsequious Roman senate decreed him a
 temple in Rome. The royal rascal erected another to
 himself, and appointed his own private priests and
 priestesses, among whom were his uncle Claudius, and
-the Cæsonia who afterwards became his wife. This
+the CÃ¦sonia who afterwards became his wife. This
 temple and its ministry were maintained at an enormous
 expense. Only the rarest and most costly birds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span>
 like peacocks and pheasants, were allowed to be sacrificed
@@ -7790,7 +7752,7 @@ a short topical review of Roman society at the time of
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span>Christ. Only a few phases of the subject can be presented
 in a work of this character.</p>
 
-<h4>II.&mdash;<span class="smcap">GRÆCO-ROMAN SOCIAL LIFE</span></h4>
+<h4>II.&mdash;<span class="smcap">GRÃ†CO-ROMAN SOCIAL LIFE</span></h4>
 
 <p><i>Marriage and Divorce.</i>&mdash;The family is the unit of
 the social system; and at the hearthstone all civilization
@@ -7817,7 +7779,7 @@ divorce was granted. Carvilius Ruga, the name of the
 first Roman to procure a divorce, has been handed
 down to us.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p>
 
-<p>If we are to believe Döllinger, the abandonment of
+<p>If we are to believe DÃ¶llinger, the abandonment of
 the policy of lifelong devotion to the marriage relation
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span>and the inauguration of the system of divorce were
 due not to the faults of the men but to the dangerous
@@ -7831,7 +7793,7 @@ which they had themselves prepared, and were thus
 put to death. And, about a half century after this
 divorce, several wives of distinguished Romans were
 discovered to be participants in the bacchanalian
-orgies. From all these things, Döllinger infers that
+orgies. From all these things, DÃ¶llinger infers that
 the Roman men began to tire of their wives and to seek
 legal separation from them.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p>
 
@@ -7859,21 +7821,21 @@ her.</p>
 
 <p>After being several times previously divorced, Pompey
 put away Mucia in order that he might wed Julia,
-Cæsar's daughter, who was young enough to be the
+CÃ¦sar's daughter, who was young enough to be the
 child of Pompey.</p>
 
-<p>Cæsar himself was five times married. He divorced
+<p>CÃ¦sar himself was five times married. He divorced
 his wife, Pompeia, because of her relationship to Clodius,
 a dashing and dissolute young Roman, who
-entered Cæsar's house on the occasion of the celebration
+entered CÃ¦sar's house on the occasion of the celebration
 of the feast of the Bona Dea in a woman's dress,
 in order that he might pay clandestine suit to the object
-of his lust. Cæsar professed to believe that the charges
+of his lust. CÃ¦sar professed to believe that the charges
 against Pompeia were not true, but he divorced her
-nevertheless, with the remark that "Cæsar's wife must
+nevertheless, with the remark that "CÃ¦sar's wife must
 be above suspicion." We are reminded by this that,
 in ancient as in modern times, society placed greater
-restrictions upon women than upon men; for Cæsar,
+restrictions upon women than upon men; for CÃ¦sar,
 who uttered this virtuous and heroic sentiment, was a
 most notorious rake and profligate. Suetonius tells us
 that he debauched many Roman ladies of the first
@@ -7884,8 +7846,8 @@ made a reproach to Pompey, "that to gratify
 his ambition, he married the daughter of a man upon
 whose account he had divorced his wife, after having
 had three children by her; and whom he used, with a
-deep sigh, to call Ægisthus." But the favorite mistress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span>
-of Cæsar was Servilia, the mother of Marcus Brutus.
+deep sigh, to call Ã†gisthus." But the favorite mistress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span>
+of CÃ¦sar was Servilia, the mother of Marcus Brutus.
 To consummate an intrigue with her, he gave Servilia
 a pearl which cost him six millions of sesterces. And
 at the time of the civil war he had deeded to her
@@ -7895,11 +7857,11 @@ price, Cicero humorously remarked: "To let you
 know the real value of the purchase, between ourselves,
 Tertia was deducted." It was generally suspected at
 Rome that Servilia had prostituted her daughter Tertia
-to Cæsar; and the witticism of the orator was a
+to CÃ¦sar; and the witticism of the orator was a
 <i>double entendre</i>, Tertia signifying the third (of the
 value of the farm), as well as being the name of the
 girl, whose virtue had paid the price of the deduction.
-Cæsar's lewdness was so flagrant and notorious that his
+CÃ¦sar's lewdness was so flagrant and notorious that his
 soldiers marching behind his chariot, on the occasion
 of his Gallic triumph, shouted in ribald jest, to the
 multitude along the way:</p>
@@ -7913,7 +7875,7 @@ multitude along the way:</p>
 the world, who, at the time of his death, was Pontifex
 Maximus, the supreme head of the Roman religion,
 what must have been the social life of the average citizen
-who delighted to style Cæsar the demigod while
+who delighted to style CÃ¦sar the demigod while
 living and to worship him as divine, when dead?</p>
 
 <p>A thorough knowledge of the details of the most
@@ -7981,8 +7943,8 @@ him to think only of endowing Sparta with brave
 boys."<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p>
 <hr class="l1" />
 <div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fp240.jpg" width="600" height="293" alt="AVE CÆSAR! IO SATURNALIA (ALMA-TADEMA)" title="AVE CÆSAR! IO SATURNALIA (ALMA-TADEMA)" />
-<p class="caption"><a name="AVE_CAESAR_IO_SATURNALIA" id="AVE_CAESAR_IO_SATURNALIA"></a>AVE CÆSAR! IO SATURNALIA (ALMA-TADEMA)</p>
+<img src="images/fp240.jpg" width="600" height="293" alt="AVE CÃ†SAR! IO SATURNALIA (ALMA-TADEMA)" title="AVE CÃ†SAR! IO SATURNALIA (ALMA-TADEMA)" />
+<p class="caption"><a name="AVE_CAESAR_IO_SATURNALIA" id="AVE_CAESAR_IO_SATURNALIA"></a>AVE CÃ†SAR! IO SATURNALIA (ALMA-TADEMA)</p>
 </div>
 <hr class="l1" />
 <p>At Athens the principle was the same, even if the
@@ -8158,7 +8120,7 @@ on the guests below.</p>
 
 <p>Concerning the luxurious life of the later days of the
 republic, Mommsen says: "Extravagant prices, as
-much as one hundred thousand sesterces (£1,000)
+much as one hundred thousand sesterces (Â£1,000)
 were paid for an exquisite cook. Houses were constructed
 with special reference to this subject.... A
 dinner was already described as poor at which the
@@ -8173,9 +8135,9 @@ rich silver plate."<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href=
 <p>But the luxury and extravagance of the Romans
 were nowhere so manifest as in their public bathing
 establishments. "The magnificence of many of the
-thermæ and their luxurious arrangements were such
+thermÃ¦ and their luxurious arrangements were such
 that some writers, as Seneca, are quite lost in their descriptions
-of them. The piscinæ were often of immense
+of them. The piscinÃ¦ were often of immense
 size&mdash;that of Diocletian being 200 feet long&mdash;and
 were adorned with beautiful marbles. The halls
 were crowded with magnificent columns, and were
@@ -8207,7 +8169,7 @@ might indulge their appetite to the fullest extent, and
 prolong the pleasures of eating beyond the requirements
 and even the capacity of nature, they were in
 the habit of taking an emetic at meal times. We learn
-from the letters of Cicero that Julius Cæsar did this on
+from the letters of Cicero that Julius CÃ¦sar did this on
 one occasion when he went to visit the orator at his
 country villa. And the degeneracy of Roman life is
 nowhere more clearly indicated than in the Fourth
@@ -8226,7 +8188,7 @@ hardy warriors. The beginning of the empire witnessed
 a radical change. Hundreds of thousands of
 these farmers had been driven from their lands to
 furnish homes to the disbanded soldiers of conquerors
-like Sulla, Marius, and Cæsar. Homeless and poverty-stricken,
+like Sulla, Marius, and CÃ¦sar. Homeless and poverty-stricken,
 they wandered away to Rome to swell
 the ranks of mendicants and adventurers that crowded
 the streets of the imperial city. The soldiers themselves,
@@ -8324,12 +8286,12 @@ off, hanging from his neck, because he had stolen some
 trifling article of silverware. Cicero, in his prosecution
 of Verres, recites an instance of mean and cowardly
 cruelty toward a slave. "At the time," he says,
-"in which L. Domitius was prætor in Sicily, a slave
-killed a wild boar of extraordinary size. The prætor,
+"in which L. Domitius was prÃ¦tor in Sicily, a slave
+killed a wild boar of extraordinary size. The prÃ¦tor,
 struck by the dexterity and courage of the man, desired
 to see him. The poor wretch, highly gratified
 with the distinction, came to present himself before
-the prætor, in hopes, no doubt, of praise and reward;
+the prÃ¦tor, in hopes, no doubt, of praise and reward;
 but Domitius, on learning that he had only a javelin
 to attack and kill the boar, ordered him to be instantly
 crucified, under the barbarous pretext that the law
@@ -8441,7 +8403,7 @@ bloody butchery of the gladiatorial shows.</p>
 funerals, and were intended to honor the dead. In 264
 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, at the burial of D. Junius Brutus, we are told,
 three pairs of gladiators fought in the cattle market.
-Again, in 216 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, at the obsequies of M. Æmilius
+Again, in 216 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, at the obsequies of M. Ã†milius
 Lepidus, twenty-two pairs engaged in combat in the
 Forum. And, in 174 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, on the death of his father,
 Titus Flaminius caused seventy-four pairs to fight for
@@ -8475,13 +8437,13 @@ had the fury of the passions reached at the beginning
 of the empire that Romans were no longer satisfied
 with small fights by single pairs. They began to demand
 regular battles and a larger flow of blood. And
-to please the populace, Julius Cæsar celebrated his
+to please the populace, Julius CÃ¦sar celebrated his
 triumph by a real battle in the circus. On each side
 were arrayed 500 foot soldiers, 300 cavalrymen, and 20
 elephants bearing soldiers in towers upon their backs.
 This was no mimic fray, but an actual battle in which
 blood was shed and men were killed. To vary the entertainment,
-Cæsar also arranged a sea fight. He
+CÃ¦sar also arranged a sea fight. He
 caused a lake to be dug out on Mars Field, and placed
 battleships upon it which represented Tyrian and
 Egyptian fleets. These he caused to be manned by a
@@ -8568,7 +8530,7 @@ of an army, through accessions of slaves and desperadoes
 from the neighborhood of the volcano. During
 two years, they terrorized all Italy, defeated two consuls,
 and burned many cities. Crixus was defeated and
-killed at Mount Gargarus in Apulia by the prætor
+killed at Mount Gargarus in Apulia by the prÃ¦tor
 Arrius. Spartacus compelled three hundred Roman
 prisoners, whom he had captured, to fight as gladiators,
 following Roman custom, at the grave of his
@@ -8646,7 +8608,7 @@ for the stormy sermons of Gavazzi, who called the
 people to arms from thence in the Revolution of
 March, 1848.</p>
 
-<p><i>Græco-Roman Social Depravity, Born of Religion
+<p><i>GrÃ¦co-Roman Social Depravity, Born of Religion
 and Traceable to the Gods.</i>&mdash;The modern mind identifies
 true religion with perfect purity of heart and
 with boundless love. "Do unto others as you would
@@ -8688,7 +8650,7 @@ showered upon him. At other times, he became an
 object of insane jealousy.</p>
 
 <p>An obscene couplet in Suetonius attributes this filthy
-habit to Julius Cæsar in the matter of an abominable
+habit to Julius CÃ¦sar in the matter of an abominable
 relationship with the King of Bithynia.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> "So strong
 was the influence of the prevalent epidemic on Plato,
 that he had lost all sense of the love of women, and in
@@ -8748,7 +8710,7 @@ god believed that he was always ready to help them in
 their intrigues and adventures. The same writer also
 tells us that young maidens of Tr&#339;zene dedicated their
 girdles to Athene Apaturia, the deceiver, for having
-cunningly betrayed Æthra into the hands of Neptune.
+cunningly betrayed Ã†thra into the hands of Neptune.
 The festivals of Bacchus were far-famed in ancient
 times for the drunken debauches and degrading ceremonies
 that accompanied them. The Attic feasts of
@@ -8788,7 +8750,7 @@ and appetites of the multitude had grown so fierce and
 depraved that ordinary spectacles were regarded as
 commonplace and insipid. Lifelike realities were demanded
 from the actors on the stage; and accordingly,
-the hero who played the rôle of the robber chief,
+the hero who played the rÃ´le of the robber chief,
 Laureolus, was actually crucified before the spectators,
 and was then torn to pieces by a hungry bear.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span>
 The burning of Hercules on Mount &#338;ta and the
@@ -8845,7 +8807,7 @@ pure and virtuous thoughts in the minds and hearts of
 tender youths and modest maidens who looked upon
 and contemplated them. At Athens, especially, was
 the corrupting influence of painting and plastic art
-most deeply felt. "At every step," says Döllinger,
+most deeply felt. "At every step," says DÃ¶llinger,
 "which a Greek or Roman took, he was surrounded
 by images of his gods and memorials of their mythic
 history. Not the temples only, but streets and public
@@ -8866,7 +8828,7 @@ of the gods, men could not deem sinful in their
 own behavior. Indeed, lewd and lascivious acts were
 frequently proclaimed not only right, but sacred,
 because they had been both sanctioned and committed
-by the gods themselves. "As impurity," says Döllinger,
+by the gods themselves. "As impurity," says DÃ¶llinger,
 "formed a part of religion, people had no
 scruples in using the temple and its adjoining buildings
 for the satisfaction of their lust. The construction
@@ -8935,7 +8897,7 @@ of disease, spread from Etruria to Rome; where, the
 size of the city affording greater room for such evils, and
 more means of concealment, cloaked it at first; but information
 of it was at length brought to the consul, Postumius,
-principally in the following manner. Publius Æbutius, whose
+principally in the following manner. Publius Ã†butius, whose
 father had held equestrian rank in the army, was left an orphan,
 and his guardians dying, he was educated under the
 eye of his mother Duronia, and his stepfather Titus Sempronius
@@ -8958,15 +8920,15 @@ lot than the mode of life to which she had been accustomed
 when very young, and a slave, and by which she had
 maintained herself since her manumission. As they lived in
 the same neighborhood, an intimacy subsisted between her
-and Æbutius, which was far from being injurious either to
+and Ã†butius, which was far from being injurious either to
 the young man's character or property; for he had been loved
 and wooed by her unsolicited; and as his friends supplied
 his wants illiberally, he was supported by the generosity of
 this woman; nay, to such a length did she go under the influence
 of her affection, that, on the death of her patron,
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span>because she was under the protection of no one, having petitioned
-the tribunes and prætors for a guardian, when she
-was making her will, she constituted Æbutius her sole heir.</p>
+the tribunes and prÃ¦tors for a guardian, when she
+was making her will, she constituted Ã†butius her sole heir.</p>
 
 <p>As such pledges of mutual love subsisted, and as neither
 kept anything secret from the other, the young man jokingly
@@ -9020,21 +8982,21 @@ mother or stepfather, or even the gods themselves." His
 mother on one side and his stepfather on the other loading
 him with reproaches, drove him out of the house, assisted
 by four slaves. The youth on this repaired to his aunt
-Æbutia, told her the reason of his being turned out by his
+Ã†butia, told her the reason of his being turned out by his
 mother, and the next day, by her advice, gave information
 of the affair to the consul Postumius, without any witnesses
 of the interview. The consul dismissed him, with an order
 to come again on the third day following. In the meantime,
 he inquired of his mother-in-law, Sulpicia, a woman of respectable
 character, "whether she knew an old matron called
-Æbutia, who lived on the Aventine hill?" When she had
-answered that "she knew her well, and that Æbutia was a
+Ã†butia, who lived on the Aventine hill?" When she had
+answered that "she knew her well, and that Ã†butia was a
 woman of virtue, and of the ancient purity of morals;" he
 said that he required a conference with her, and that a messenger
-should be sent for her to come. Æbutia, on receiving
+should be sent for her to come. Ã†butia, on receiving
 the message, came to Sulpicia's house, and the consul, soon
 after, coming in, as if by accident, introduced a conversation
-about Æbutius, her brother's son. The tears of the woman
+about Ã†butius, her brother's son. The tears of the woman
 burst forth, and she began to lament the unhappy lot of the
 youth: who after being robbed of his property by persons
 whom it least of all became, was then residing with her,
@@ -9044,8 +9006,8 @@ to be initiated in ceremonies devoted to lewdness, as report
 goes.</p>
 
 <p>The consul thinking that he had made sufficient inquiries
-concerning Æbutius, and that his testimony was unquestionable,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span>having dismissed Æbutia, requested his mother-in-law
+concerning Ã†butius, and that his testimony was unquestionable,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span>having dismissed Ã†butia, requested his mother-in-law
 to send again to the Aventine, and bring from that quarter
 Hispala, a freedwoman, not unknown in that neighborhood;
 for there were some queries which he wished to make of
@@ -9077,7 +9039,7 @@ that there was such a person, who had heard the
 whole from her, and had given him a full account of it."</p>
 
 <p>The woman, now thinking without a doubt that it must
-certainly be Æbutius who had discovered the secret, threw
+certainly be Ã†butius who had discovered the secret, threw
 herself at Sulpicia's feet, and at first began to beseech her,
 "not to let the private conversation of a freedwoman with
 her lover be turned not only into a serious business, but even
@@ -9085,12 +9047,12 @@ capital charge;" declaring that "she had spoken of such
 things merely to frighten him, and not because she knew anything
 of the kind." On this Postumius, growing angry, said
 "she seemed to imagine that then too she was wrangling
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span>with her gallant Æbutius, and not that she was speaking in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span>with her gallant Ã†butius, and not that she was speaking in
 the house of a most respectable matron, and to a consul."
 Sulpicia raised her, terrified, from the ground, and while she
 encouraged her to speak out, at the same time pacified her
 son-in-law's anger. At length she took courage, and, having
-censured severely the perfidy of Æbutius, because he had
+censured severely the perfidy of Ã†butius, because he had
 made such a return for the extraordinary kindness shown to
 him in that very instance, she declared that "she stood in
 great dread of the gods, whose secret mysteries she was to
@@ -9148,7 +9110,7 @@ remove; accordingly an apartment was assigned her in the
 upper part of it, of which the stairs, opening into the street,
 were stopped up, and the entrance made from the inner court.
 Thither all Fecenia's effects were immediately removed, and
-her domestics sent for. Æbutius, also, was ordered to remove
+her domestics sent for. Ã†butius, also, was ordered to remove
 to the house of one of the consul's clients.</p>
 
 <p>When both the informers were by these means in his power,
@@ -9166,7 +9128,7 @@ matter with singular diligence, and without exciting any
 alarm. They then commit to the consuls the holding an inquiry,
 out of the common course, concerning the Bacchanals
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span>and their nocturnal orgies. They ordered them to take care
-that the informers, Æbutius and Fecenia, might suffer no
+that the informers, Ã†butius and Fecenia, might suffer no
 injury on that account; and to invite other informers in the
 matter, by offering rewards. They ordered that the officials
 in those rites, whether men or women, should be sought for,
@@ -9180,10 +9142,10 @@ or to perform any such kind of worship;" and above all,
 that search should be made for those who had assembled or
 conspired for personal abuse, or for any other flagitious practices.
 The senate passed these decrees. The consuls directed
-the curule ædiles to make strict inquiry after all the priests
+the curule Ã¦diles to make strict inquiry after all the priests
 of those mysteries, and to keep such as they could apprehend
 in custody until their trial; they at the same time charged
-the plebeian ædiles to take care that no religious ceremonies
+the plebeian Ã¦diles to take care that no religious ceremonies
 should be performed in private. To the capital triumvirs the
 task was assigned to post watches in proper places in the
 city, and to use vigilance in preventing any meetings by
@@ -9356,7 +9318,7 @@ their guilt, caused no delay to the ends of justice.</p>
 
 <p>But so great were the numbers that fled from the city, that
 because the lawsuits and property of many persons were going
-to ruin, the prætors, Titius Mænius and Marcus Licinius
+to ruin, the prÃ¦tors, Titius MÃ¦nius and Marcus Licinius
 were obliged, under the direction of the senate, to adjourn
 their courts for thirty days until the inquiries should be finished
 by the consuls. The same deserted state of the law
@@ -9391,7 +9353,7 @@ in Rome or in Italy:" and ordering that, "in case
 any person should believe some such kind of worship incumbent
 upon him, and necessary; and that he could not,
 without offence to religion, and incurring guilt, omit it, he
-should represent this to the city prætor, and the prætor should
+should represent this to the city prÃ¦tor, and the prÃ¦tor should
 lay the business before the senate. If permission were granted
 by the senate, when not less than one hundred members were
 present, then he might perform those rites, provided that no
@@ -9413,13 +9375,13 @@ an opportunity of committing suicide.</p>
 
 <p>Spurius Postumius some time after came to Rome and on
 his proposing the question, concerning the reward to be given
-to Publius Æbutius and Hispala Fecenia, because the Bacchanalian
+to Publius Ã†butius and Hispala Fecenia, because the Bacchanalian
 ceremonies were discovered by their exertions, the
-senate passed a vote, that "the city quæstors should give
+senate passed a vote, that "the city quÃ¦stors should give
 to each of them, out of the public treasury, one hundred
 thousand asses; and that the consuls should desire the plebeian
 tribunes to propose to the commons as soon as convenient,
-that the campaigns of Publius Æbutius should be
+that the campaigns of Publius Ã†butius should be
 considered as served, that he should not become a soldier
 against his wishes, nor should any censor assign him a horse
 at the public charge." They voted also, that "Hispala
@@ -9429,7 +9391,7 @@ choosing a guardian, as if a husband had conferred them
 by will; that she should be at liberty to wed a man of honorable
 birth, and that there should be no disgrace or ignominy
 to him who should marry her; and that the consuls
-and prætors then in office, and their successors, should take
+and prÃ¦tors then in office, and their successors, should take
 care that no injury should be offered to that woman, and
 that she might live in safety. That the senate wishes, and
 thought proper, that all these things should be so ordered."&mdash;All
@@ -9475,12 +9437,12 @@ of evil things, disobedient to parents, without understanding,
 covenant-breakers, without natural affection,
 implacable, unmerciful"?<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p>
 
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span>Suffice it to say, in closing the chapter on Græco-Roman
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span>Suffice it to say, in closing the chapter on GrÃ¦co-Roman
 paganism, that, at the beginning of the Christian
 era, the Roman empire had reached the limit of
 physical expansion. Roman military glory had culminated
 in the sublime achievements of Pompey and of
-Cæsar. Mountains, seas, and deserts, beyond which
+CÃ¦sar. Mountains, seas, and deserts, beyond which
 all was barbarous and desolate, were the natural barriers
 of Roman dominion. Roman arms could go no
 farther; and Roman ambition could be no longer
@@ -9511,7 +9473,7 @@ with flowers. Earth and fire consume all that remains
 after death." And, finally, one of them assures us that
 Greek mythology is false: "Pilgrim, stay thee, listen
 and learn. In Hades there is no ferryboat, nor ferryman
-Charon; no Æacus or Cerberus;&mdash;once dead, and
+Charon; no Ã†acus or Cerberus;&mdash;once dead, and
 we are all alike."<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p>
 
 <p>Matthew Arnold has very graphically described the
@@ -9558,7 +9520,7 @@ finest of Roman intellects. Already Cicero had pictured
 a glorious millennium that would follow if perfect
 virtue should ever enter into the flesh and come to
 dwell among men.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> Already Virgil, deriving inspiration
-from the Erythræan Sibylline prophecies, had
+from the ErythrÃ¦an Sibylline prophecies, had
 sung of the advent of a heaven-born child, whose coming
 would restore the Golden Age, and establish enduring
 peace and happiness on the earth.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> Already a
@@ -9584,9 +9546,9 @@ class="floatl" />
 sketches of about forty of the
 members of the Sanhedrin who
 tried Jesus are from a work entitled
-"Valeur de l'assemblée qui
-prononça la peine de mort contre
-Jésus Christ"&mdash;Lémann. The
+"Valeur de l'assemblÃ©e qui
+prononÃ§a la peine de mort contre
+JÃ©sus Christ"&mdash;LÃ©mann. The
 English translation, under the
 title "Jesus Before the Sanhedrin,"
 is by Julius Magath, Oxford, Georgia.</p>
@@ -9664,7 +9626,7 @@ these arbitrary changes,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a
 of the Roman conquests the election of the high priest
 took place almost every year at Jerusalem, the procurators
 appointing and deposing them in the same manner
-as the prætorians later on made and unmade
+as the prÃ¦torians later on made and unmade
 emperors.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> The Talmud speaks sorrowfully of this
 venality and the yearly changes of the high priest.</p>
 
@@ -9686,7 +9648,7 @@ of the intrigues by which the sovereign pontificate was
 surrounded in those days, it was customary for the more
 influential of the chief priests to bring in their sons
 and allies as members of their chamber. The spirit
-of caste was very powerful, and as M. Dérembourg,
+of caste was very powerful, and as M. DÃ©rembourg,
 a modern Jewish savant, has remarked: "<i>A few priestly,
 aristocratic, powerful, and vain families, who cared
 for neither the dignity nor the interests of the altar,
@@ -9819,7 +9781,7 @@ might dispose of a robe which no longer pleased her
 caprices. ("Talmud," "Pesachim," or "of the Passover,"
 fol. 57, verso; "Yoma," or "the Day of Atonement,"
 fol. 9, verso; 35, recto; Jos., "Ant.," XVIII.
-II. 2; XX. VIII. 11; Bartolocci, "Grand Bibliothèque
+II. 2; XX. VIII. 11; Bartolocci, "Grand BibliothÃ¨que
 Rabbinique," T. III. p. 297; Munk, "Palestine," pp.
 563, 575.)</p>
 
@@ -9838,7 +9800,7 @@ circumstance, and hence unworthy to be worn during<span class="pagenum"><a name=
 the services of the following day. What a remarkable
 instance of Pharisaical purity and charity! ("Talmud,"
 "Yoma," or "the Day of Atonement," fol. 47,
-verso; Jos., "Ant.," XVIII. II. 2; Dérembourg, "Essai
+verso; Jos., "Ant.," XVIII. II. 2; DÃ©rembourg, "Essai
 sur l'histoire," p. 197, n. 2.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">John</span>, simple priest. He is made known to us
@@ -9856,7 +9818,7 @@ very rich is to be learned from the fact that King
 Herod Agrippa asked and obtained from him the loan
 of two hundred thousand pieces of silver. (Acts iv. 6;
 Jos., "Ant.," XVIII. VI. 3; XX. V. 2; Petri Wesselingii,
-"Diatribe de Judæorum Archontibus," Trajecti
+"Diatribe de JudÃ¦orum Archontibus," Trajecti
 ad Rhenum, pp. 69-71.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">Ananias</span> <i>ben</i> <span class="smcap">Nebedeus</span>, simple priest at that time;
@@ -9876,7 +9838,7 @@ as having been brought together for his repast. ("Talmud,"
 Bab., "Pesachim," or "of the Passover," fol. 57,
 verso; "Kerihoth," or "Sins which Close the Entrance
 to Eternal Life," fol. 28, verso; Jos., "Ant.," XX. V.
-2; Dérembourg, work quoted above, pp. 230, 234;
+2; DÃ©rembourg, work quoted above, pp. 230, 234;
 Munk, "Palestine," p. 573, n. 1.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">Helcias</span>, simple priest, and keeper of the treasury
@@ -9893,7 +9855,7 @@ chamber of the Sanhedrin at the time of the trial of
 Christ.</p>
 
 <p>From the documents which we have consulted and
-the résumé which we have just given, we gather:</p>
+the rÃ©sumÃ© which we have just given, we gather:</p>
 
 <p>1. That several of the high priests were personally
 dishonorable.</p>
@@ -10052,7 +10014,7 @@ Ganz, "Chronologie" to 4810; Mishna, "Aboth," or
 "of the Fathers," C. I.; "Talmud," Jerusalem, "Berachoth,"
 or "of Blessings," fol. 6, verso; "Historia
 Docorium Misnicorum," J. H. Otthonis, pp. 110-113;
-De Champagny, "Rome et la Judée," T. ii.
+De Champagny, "Rome et la JudÃ©e," T. ii.
 86-171.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">Onkelos</span> was born of heathen parents, but embraced
@@ -10119,8 +10081,8 @@ immediately. ("Talmud," "Succa," or "the
 Festival of Tabernacles," fol. 28, verso; David Ganz,
 "Chronol." 4728; Gesenius, "Comm. on Isaiah," Part
 I. p. 65; Zunz, "Culte divin des Juifs," Berlin, 1832,
-p. 61; Dérembourg, work quoted above, p. 276; Hanneburg,
-"Révelat Bibliq.," ii. 163, 432.)</p>
+p. 61; DÃ©rembourg, work quoted above, p. 276; Hanneburg,
+"RÃ©velat Bibliq.," ii. 163, 432.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">Samuel Hakaton</span>, or <i>the Less</i>. Surnamed to distinguish
 him from Samuel the prophet. It was he who,
@@ -10234,7 +10196,7 @@ down." (Mishna, "Shabbath," or "of the Sabbath,"
 C. XXIV. 5 to end; "Eduth," or "of Testimony,"
 C. VII. 1; "Aboth," or "of the Fathers of Tradition,"
 IV. 5; David Ganz, "Chronol." 4785; Seph.
-Juchasin," fol. 21, 26; Schikardi, "Jus Regium Hebræorum,"
+Juchasin," fol. 21, 26; Schikardi, "Jus Regium HebrÃ¦orum,"
 p. 468; Dan. ix. 25-27; Luke xxi. 6; Matt.
 xxvi. 2.)</p>
 
@@ -10287,7 +10249,7 @@ of Tabernacles," fol. 28, verso; Mishna, Chapter,
 of Ancestors," fol. 20, recto; "Seph. Hakkabalah";<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span>
 Otthonis, "Hist. Doct. Misn.," pp. 93-103; Hosea iv.
 14; Jos., "Wars," VI. V. 3; De Champagny, "Rome
-et la Judée," T. i. p. 158.)</p>
+et la JudÃ©e," T. i. p. 158.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">Abba Saul.</span> He was of prodigious height, and had
 the charge of superintending the burials of the dead,
@@ -10467,9 +10429,9 @@ and deed of the others," proves that he had a right to
 be in the grand assembly and take part in the discussions.
 (Matt. xxvii. 57-59; Mark xv. 43-46; Luke
 xxiii. 50; John xix. 38; Jacobi Alting, "Schilo seu de
-Vaticinio patriarchæ Jacobi," p. 310; Goschler, <i>Diction.
+Vaticinio patriarchÃ¦ Jacobi," p. 310; Goschler, <i>Diction.
 Encyclopediq.</i>; word, "Arimathea"; Cornelius
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span>Lapidus, "Comment. in Script. sac.," edition Vivés,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span>Lapidus, "Comment. in Script. sac.," edition VivÃ©s,
 T. xv. p. 638, second col.)</p>
 
 <p><span class="smcap">Nicodemus.</span> St. John the Evangelist says that he
@@ -10537,8 +10499,8 @@ have belonged to the council of the Sanhedrin. Besides,
 his birth alone at a time when nobility of origin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span>
 constituted, as we have already said, a right to honors,
 would have thrown wide open to him the doors
-of the assembly. (Jos., "Ant.," XIX. VII. 4; Dérembourg,
-"Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de
+of the assembly. (Jos., "Ant.," XIX. VII. 4; DÃ©rembourg,
+"Essai sur l'histoire et la gÃ©ographie de
 la Palestine," p. 207, n. 1; Frankel, <i>Monatsschrift.</i>,
 III. 440.)</p>
 
@@ -10731,7 +10693,7 @@ conceded by the critics: That there are now in existence
 certain ancient documents called the "Acts of
 Pilate"; that they were probably discovered at Turin,
 in northern Italy, and were first used by the
-noted New Testament palæographer, Dr. Constantine
+noted New Testament palÃ¦ographer, Dr. Constantine
 Tischendorf, who studied them in company with the
 celebrated orientalist, Victor Amadee Peyron, professor
 of oriental languages in the University of Turin;
@@ -10895,9 +10857,9 @@ Acts of the Senate, Acts of the City, or People of
 Rome, Acts of other cities, and Acts of governors of
 provinces. Of all these we can discern clear proofs
 and frequent mention in ancient writers of the best
-credit. Julius Cæsar ordered that Acts of the Senate,
+credit. Julius CÃ¦sar ordered that Acts of the Senate,
 as well as daily Acts of the People, should be published.
-See Sueton. Jul. Cæs. c. xx.</p>
+See Sueton. Jul. CÃ¦s. c. xx.</p>
 
 <p>"Augustus forbade publishing Acts of the Senate.</p>
 
@@ -10931,7 +10893,7 @@ other accounts.</p>
 registering all remarkable transactions and occurrences.</p>
 
 <p>"Justin Martyr and Tertullian could not be mistaken
-about this; and the learned bishop of Cæsarea
+about this; and the learned bishop of CÃ¦sarea
 admits the truth of what they say. And in the time
 of the persecuting emperor Maximin, about the year
 of Christ 307, the heathen people forged Acts of Pilate,
@@ -10966,7 +10928,7 @@ Matt. xxvii.; Mark xv.; Luke xxiii.; John xviii. Pilate
 was hard pressed. The rulers of the Jews vehemently
 accused our Lord to him. They said they had
 found him perverting the nation, and forbidding to
-give tribute to Cæsar, saying that himself is Christ, a
+give tribute to CÃ¦sar, saying that himself is Christ, a
 king, and the like; and all without effect for a while.</p>
 
 <p>"Pilate still sought for expedients to set Jesus at
@@ -11298,9 +11260,9 @@ inclined to be a Christian.</p>
 
 <p>"Nor did Tertullian intend to say any such thing,
 for immediately after the passage first cited from him,
-he adds: 'But the Cæsars themselves would have believed
+he adds: 'But the CÃ¦sars themselves would have believed
 in Jesus Christ, if they had not been necessary
-for the world, or if Christians could have been Cæsars.'</p>
+for the world, or if Christians could have been CÃ¦sars.'</p>
 
 <p>"Grotius appears to have rightly understood the importance
 of these passages of Tertullian; whose note
@@ -11558,7 +11520,7 @@ the accused.</p>
 <p>"It is incorrect, moreover, to draw a conclusion from
 Justin's designation of the Acta which is not warranted
 by the whole character of the work. The Acta, the
-<i><span lang="el" title="Greek: hypomnêmata">&#8017;&#960;&#959;&#956;&#957;&#8053;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945;</span></i>, are specified in Justin's account not less
+<i><span lang="el" title="Greek: hypomnÃªmata">&#8017;&#960;&#959;&#956;&#957;&#8053;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945;</span></i>, are specified in Justin's account not less
 than in the manuscripts which we possess, as being
 written <i>under</i> Pontius Pilate, and that can signify nothing
 else than that they were an official production composed
@@ -11573,7 +11535,7 @@ to the notable Acts of Pilate."<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214">
 
 <p class="center">(<i>First Greek Form</i>)</p>
 
-<p>I, Ananias, of the proprætor's bodyguard, being
+<p>I, Ananias, of the proprÃ¦tor's bodyguard, being
 learned in the law, knowing our Lord Jesus Christ
 from the Holy Scriptures, coming to Him by faith,
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span>
@@ -11600,7 +11562,7 @@ to their households. Amen.</p>
 <p><span class="smcap">Chapter 1.</span>&mdash;Having called a council, the high
 priests and the scribes Annas and Caiaphas and Semes
 and Dathaes, and Gamaliel, Judas, Levi and Nepthalim,
-Alexander and Jaïrus, and the rest of the Jews,
+Alexander and JaÃ¯rus, and the rest of the Jews,
 came to Pilate accusing Jesus about many things, saying:
 We know this man to be the son of Joseph the
 carpenter, born of Mary; and he says that he is the
@@ -11695,7 +11657,7 @@ in again in whatever way may please thee. And Jesus
 and the runner went out of the Pretorium. And Pilate,
 summoning those who had formerly held up the standards,
 says to them: I have sworn by the health of
-Cæsar, that if the standards do not bend down when
+CÃ¦sar, that if the standards do not bend down when
 Jesus comes in, I will cut off your heads. And the
 procurator ordered Jesus to come in the second time.
 And the runner did in the same manner as before, and
@@ -11758,11 +11720,11 @@ Mary.</p>
 
 <p>And Pilate, calling these twelve men who said that
 he was not born of fornication, says to them: I adjure
-you, by the health of Cæsar, to tell me whether it be
+you, by the health of CÃ¦sar, to tell me whether it be
 true that you say, that he was not born of fornication.
 They say to Pilate: We have a law against taking oaths,
 because it is a sin; but they will swear by the health
-of Cæsar that it is not as we have said, and we are
+of CÃ¦sar that it is not as we have said, and we are
 liable to death. Pilate says to Annas and Caiaphas:
 Have you nothing to answer to this? Annas and Caiaphas
 say to Pilate: These twelve are believed when they
@@ -11831,10 +11793,10 @@ and Levites, said to them privately: Do not act thus,
 because no charge that you bring against him is worthy
 of death; for your charge is about curing and Sabbath
 profanation. The elders and the priests and the Levites
-say: If anyone speak evil against Cæsar, is he worthy
+say: If anyone speak evil against CÃ¦sar, is he worthy
 of death or not? Pilate says: He is worthy of death.
 The Jews say to Pilate: If anyone speak evil against
-Cæsar, he is worthy of death; but this man has spoken
+CÃ¦sar, he is worthy of death; but this man has spoken
 evil against God.</p>
 
 <p>And the procurator ordered the Jews to go outside
@@ -11962,10 +11924,10 @@ in whom I find no fault. Which of them do you wish
 me to release to you? And they cry out: Bar Abbas.
 Pilate says: What, then, shall we do to Jesus, who is
 called Christ? The Jews say: Let him be crucified.
-And others said: Thou art no friend of Cæsar's if thou
+And others said: Thou art no friend of CÃ¦sar's if thou
 release this man, because he called himself the Son
 of God and King. You wish this man, then, to be a
-king, and not Cæsar?</p>
+king, and not CÃ¦sar?</p>
 
 <p>And Pilate, in a rage, says to the Jews: Always has
 your nation been rebellious, and you always speak
@@ -11983,7 +11945,7 @@ death. And now you charge me with hating the emperor.</p>
 
 <p>And, rising up from the tribunal, he sought to go
 out. And the Jews cry out and say: We know that
-Cæsar is king, and not Jesus. For assuredly the magi
+CÃ¦sar is king, and not Jesus. For assuredly the magi
 brought gifts to him as to a king. And when Herod
 heard from the magi that a king had been born, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span>
 sought to slay him, and his father, Joseph, knowing
@@ -12256,16 +12218,16 @@ he taught what we heard from him, and we saw him
 taken up into heaven. And no one asked them in what
 form he went up. For assuredly, as the book of the
 Holy Scriptures taught us, Helias also was taken up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span>
-into heaven, and Elissæus cried out with a loud voice,
-and Helias threw his sheepskin upon Elissæus, and
-Elissæus threw his sheepskin upon the Jordan, and
+into heaven, and ElissÃ¦us cried out with a loud voice,
+and Helias threw his sheepskin upon ElissÃ¦us, and
+ElissÃ¦us threw his sheepskin upon the Jordan, and
 crossed and came into Jericho. And the children of
-the prophets met him and said, O Elissæus, where is
+the prophets met him and said, O ElissÃ¦us, where is
 thy master Helias? And he said, He has been taken
-up into heaven. And they said to Elissæus, Has not
+up into heaven. And they said to ElissÃ¦us, Has not
 a spirit seized him, and thrown him upon one of the
 mountains? But let us take our servants with us and
-seek him. And they persuaded Elissæus, and he went
+seek him. And they persuaded ElissÃ¦us, and he went
 away with them. And they sought him three days, and
 did not find him; and they knew that he had been
 taken up. And now listen to me, and let us send into
@@ -12490,7 +12452,7 @@ manner. And the Sanhedrin said: The law of Moses
 holds: At the mouth of two or three every word shall
 be established. Buthem, a teacher, says: It is written
 in the law, And Enoch walked with God, and is not,
-because God took him. Jaïrus, a teacher, said: And
+because God took him. JaÃ¯rus, a teacher, said: And
 the death of holy Moses we have heard of, and have
 not seen it; for it is written in the law of the Lord, and
 Moses died from the mouth of the Lord, and no man
@@ -12563,7 +12525,7 @@ forever and ever. Amen.</p>
 
 <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mommsen, "Römisches Staatsrecht," III. I. p. 748.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mommsen, "RÃ¶misches Staatsrecht," III. I. p. 748.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ," 2d Div., I. p. 185.</p></div>
 
@@ -12591,7 +12553,7 @@ forever and ever. Amen.</p>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> "The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time," p. 413.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "Geschichte des römischen <span class="err" title="original: criminalprocesses">Criminalprocesses</span>."</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "Geschichte des rÃ¶mischen <span class="err" title="original: criminalprocesses">Criminalprocesses</span>."</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> "The Trial of Jesus," pp. 291-93.</p></div>
 
@@ -12654,9 +12616,9 @@ forever and ever. Amen.</p>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> "Annals," B. VI. Chap. II.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 33.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 33.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 172.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 172.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," pp. 89, 90.</p></div>
 
@@ -12664,7 +12626,7 @@ forever and ever. Amen.</p>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Correspondence between Pliny and Trajan, Letters XCVII, XCVIII.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Suet., "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. LXIV.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Suet., "CÃ¦sar Augustus," Chap. LXIV.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Philo, "De Legatione ad Cajum," Sec. 38, ed. Mangey, II. 589 <i>sq.</i></p></div>
 
@@ -12678,7 +12640,7 @@ forever and ever. Amen.</p>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Scott, "Anne of Geierstein," Chap. I.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Gessner, "Descript. Mont. Pilat," Zürich, 1555.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Gessner, "Descript. Mont. Pilat," ZÃ¼rich, 1555.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Golbery, "Univers Pittoresque de la Suisse," p. 327.</p></div>
 
@@ -12804,7 +12766,7 @@ forever and ever. Amen.</p>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," pp. 93-95.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> L. 12, Cod. De p&#339;nis, ix. 47: "Vanæ voces populi non sunt audiendæ,
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> L. 12, Cod. De p&#339;nis, ix. 47: "VanÃ¦ voces populi non sunt audiendÃ¦,
 nec enim vocibus eorum credi oportet quando aut noxium crimine absolvi
 aut innocentem condemnari desiderant."</p></div>
 
@@ -12822,40 +12784,40 @@ aut innocentem condemnari desiderant."</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> "Herzog's Encyc." vol. v. 751. Art. "Herder."</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> "Vergängl. u. Bleibendes im Christenthum," 132.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> "VergÃ¤ngl. u. Bleibendes im Christenthum," 132.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> "Études d'Hist. Rel.," pp. 213, 214.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> "Ã‰tudes d'Hist. Rel.," pp. 213, 214.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. pp. 430, 431.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Montholon, "Récit de la Captivité de l'Emp. Napoleon."</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Montholon, "RÃ©cit de la CaptivitÃ© de l'Emp. Napoleon."</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Bertrand's "Memoirs," Paris, 1844.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> "Je meurs dans la religion catholique, apostolique et romaine, dans le
-sein de laquelle je suis né, il y a plus de cinquante ans."</p></div>
+sein de laquelle je suis nÃ©, il y a plus de cinquante ans."</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol ii. p. 29.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol ii. p. 29.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> "Preparation of the World for Christ," pp. 380, 381.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Suetonius, "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. XCV.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Suetonius, "CÃ¦sar Augustus," Chap. XCV.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Matt. i. 20.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Matt. ii. 13.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Suetonius, "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. XCIV.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Suetonius, "CÃ¦sar Augustus," Chap. XCIV.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Suetonius, "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. XCII.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Suetonius, "CÃ¦sar Augustus," Chap. XCII.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 185.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 185.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Liv. xl. 59.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Ap. Aug. C.D. VI. 2.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 183.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. p. 183.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Suetonius, "Caligula," Chap. V.</p></div>
 
@@ -12865,7 +12827,7 @@ sein de laquelle je suis né, il y a plus de cinquante ans."</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> De Superst. 6.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> M. Dic, quæso, num te illa terrent? Triceps apud inferos Cerberus?
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> M. Dic, quÃ¦so, num te illa terrent? Triceps apud inferos Cerberus?
 Cocyti fremitus? travectio Acherontis?
 </p>
 <div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
@@ -12876,33 +12838,33 @@ Cocyti fremitus? travectio Acherontis?
 </div></div>
 <p>
 fortasse etiam inexorabiles judices Minor et Rhadamanthus? apud quos
-nec te L. Crassus defendet, nec M. Antonius; nec, quoniam apud Græcos
+nec te L. Crassus defendet, nec M. Antonius; nec, quoniam apud GrÃ¦cos
 judices res agetur, poteris adhibere Demosthenen; tibi ipsi pro te erit maxima
-corona causa dicenda. Hæc fortasse metuis, et idcirco mortem censes
+corona causa dicenda. HÃ¦c fortasse metuis, et idcirco mortem censes
 esse sempiternum malum. A. Adeone me delirare censes, ut ista esse
-credam? M. An tu hæc non credis? A. Minime vero. M. Male hercule
-narras. A. Cur, quæso. M. Quia disertus esse possem, si contra ista
+credam? M. An tu hÃ¦c non credis? A. Minime vero. M. Male hercule
+narras. A. Cur, quÃ¦so. M. Quia disertus esse possem, si contra ista
 dicerem.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Sallust, "Bellum Catilinarium, 50."</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Renan, "Les <span class="err" title="original: Apotres">Apôtres</span>."</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Renan, "Les <span class="err" title="original: Apotres">ApÃ´tres</span>."</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> "Hamlet," Act III, Scene i.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 175-79.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. pp. 175-79.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Dion. ii. 25.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 267-69.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. pp. 267-69.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Suetonius, "Julius Cæsar," l-li.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Suetonius, "Julius CÃ¦sar," l-li.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Xen. de Rep. Lac. i. 8.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> "Polyb. Fragm." in Scr. Vet. Nov. Coll. ed. Mav. ii. 384.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 249.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. p. 249.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> "Xen. Mem. Socr." iii. 13.</p></div>
 
@@ -12918,7 +12880,7 @@ dicerem.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Tacitus, "Annals," 42-44.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> De Pressensé, "The Religions Before Christ," p. 158.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> De PressensÃ©, "The Religions Before Christ," p. 158.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Milman's "Gibbon's Rome," vol. i. p. 51.</p></div>
 
@@ -12928,23 +12890,23 @@ dicerem.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Pliny, Ep. X. 38.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Suetonius, "Julius Cæsar," Chap. XLIX.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Suetonius, "Julius CÃ¦sar," Chap. XLIX.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 253, 254.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. pp. 253, 254.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 205, 206.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. pp. 205, 206.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 207.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. p. 207.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 208.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol. ii. p. 208.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Livy, b. xxxix. Chaps. VII.-XX.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> "&mdash;&mdash;non possum ferre, Quirites, Græcam urbem." (Sat. III.)</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> "&mdash;&mdash;non possum ferre, Quirites, GrÃ¦cam urbem." (Sat. III.)</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Romans i. 29-31.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Döllinger, vol ii. pp. 155, 156.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> DÃ¶llinger, vol ii. pp. 155, 156.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Matthew Arnold's Poems&mdash;"Obermann Once More."</p></div>
 
@@ -12955,7 +12917,7 @@ dicerem.</p></div>
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Matt. ii. 4; xxi. 15; xxvi. 3, 47, 59; Mark xi. 18; xv. 11; Luke xix.
 47; xx. 1; John xi. 47; xii. 20.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Dérembourg, "Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de la Palestine," p.
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> DÃ©rembourg, "Essai sur l'histoire et la gÃ©ographie de la Palestine," p.
 231, note 1.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Josephus, "Ant.," Book XX. Chap. X. 1; XV. III. 1.</p></div>
@@ -12965,9 +12927,9 @@ dicerem.</p></div>
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Josephus, "Ant.," Book XVIII. Chap. II. 3; Book XX. Chap. IX, 1, 4.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> See "Talmud," "Yoma," or "the Day of Atonement," fol. 35, recto;
-also Dérembourg, work above quoted, p. 230, note 2.</p></div>
+also DÃ©rembourg, work above quoted, p. 230, note 2.</p></div>
 
-<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> "Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de la Palestine," p. 232.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> "Essai sur l'histoire et la gÃ©ographie de la Palestine," p. 232.</p></div>
 
 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Jos., "Ant.," XX. VIII. 8.</p></div>
 
@@ -13095,9 +13057,9 @@ annotated by Thomas M. Cooley. Callaghan
 Jewish Publication Society of America,
 Philadelphia, 1896.</td></tr>
 <tr>
-<td><span class="smcap">Döllinger.</span></td>
+<td><span class="smcap">DÃ¶llinger.</span></td>
 <td>The Gentile and the Jew, by John J. I.
-Döllinger. Two volumes. Gibbings &amp;
+DÃ¶llinger. Two volumes. Gibbings &amp;
 Company, London, 1906.</td></tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Edersheim.</span></td>
@@ -13117,7 +13079,7 @@ P. Fisher. Charles Scribner's Sons, New
 York, 1906.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Geib.</span></td>
-<td>Geschichte des römischen Criminalprocesses,
+<td>Geschichte des rÃ¶mischen Criminalprocesses,
 von Dr. Gustav Geib. Weidmann'sche
 Buchhandlung. Leipzig, 1842.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -13149,7 +13111,7 @@ by A. H. J. Greenidge. Stevens &amp; Sons,
 London, 1901.</td></tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Harnack.</span></td>
-<td>Reden und Aufsätze, von Adolf Harnack.
+<td>Reden und AufsÃ¤tze, von Adolf Harnack.
 J. Ricker'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Giessen,
 1904.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -13173,7 +13135,7 @@ Translation.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Jost.</span></td>
 <td>Geschichte des Judenthums, von I. M.
-Jost. Dörffling und Francke, Leipzig,
+Jost. DÃ¶rffling und Francke, Leipzig,
 1857.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Juvenal.</span></td>
@@ -13189,10 +13151,10 @@ volumes. Williams &amp; Norgate, London,
 <td>Works of Nathaniel Lardner. Ten volumes.
 William Ball, London, 1838.</td></tr>
 <tr>
-<td><span class="smcap">Lémann.</span></td>
-<td>Valeur de l'assemblée qui prononça la
-peine de mort contre Jésus-Christ, par
-MM. Lémann. Translated from the
+<td><span class="smcap">LÃ©mann.</span></td>
+<td>Valeur de l'assemblÃ©e qui prononÃ§a la
+peine de mort contre JÃ©sus-Christ, par
+MM. LÃ©mann. Translated from the
 French into English under the title "Jesus
 Before the Sanhedrin," by Prof. Julius
 Magath, of Oxford, Ga., in 1899.</td></tr>
@@ -13202,7 +13164,7 @@ Magath, of Oxford, Ga., in 1899.</td></tr>
 George Bell &amp; Sons, London, 1906.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Loisy.</span></td>
-<td>Les Évangiles Synoptiques, par Alfred
+<td>Les Ã‰vangiles Synoptiques, par Alfred
 Loisy. Librairie Fishbacher, Paris, 1907.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Mendelsohn.</span></td>
@@ -13217,7 +13179,7 @@ Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1899.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Montesquieu.</span></td>
 <td>De l'Esprit Des Lois, par Montesquieu.
-Garnier Frères, Paris, 1905.</td>
+Garnier FrÃ¨res, Paris, 1905.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Paley.</span></td>
 <td>Evidences of Christianity, by William
@@ -13225,17 +13187,17 @@ Paley. The Religious Tract Society, London,
 1794.</td></tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Rabbinowicz.</span></td>
-<td>Législation Criminelle du Talmud, par I.
+<td>LÃ©gislation Criminelle du Talmud, par I.
 J. M. Rabbinowicz. Chez l'auteur, Paris,
 1876.</td></tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Renan.</span></td>
 <td>Histoire des origines du christianisme,
 par Joseph Ernest Renan. Paris, 1863.
-Livres 1-6: 1. Vie de Jésus. 2. Les
-apôtres. 3. Saint Paul. 4. L'Antichrist.
-5. Les évangiles et la seconde génération
-chrétienne. 6. L'église chrétienne.</td>
+Livres 1-6: 1. Vie de JÃ©sus. 2. Les
+apÃ´tres. 3. Saint Paul. 4. L'Antichrist.
+5. Les Ã©vangiles et la seconde gÃ©nÃ©ration
+chrÃ©tienne. 6. L'Ã©glise chrÃ©tienne.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Rosadi.</span>
@@ -13245,13 +13207,13 @@ Dodd, Mead &amp; Company, New York,
 1905.</td></tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Salvador.</span></td>
-<td>Histoire des Institutions de Moïse, par J.
-Salvador. Michel Lévy-Frères, Paris,
+<td>Histoire des Institutions de MoÃ¯se, par J.
+Salvador. Michel LÃ©vy-FrÃ¨res, Paris,
 1862.</td></tr>
 <tr>
-<td><span class="smcap">Schürer.</span></td>
+<td><span class="smcap">SchÃ¼rer.</span></td>
 <td>The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus
-Christ, by Emil Schürer. Charles Scribner's
+Christ, by Emil SchÃ¼rer. Charles Scribner's
 Sons, New York, 1906.</td></tr>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">Stephen.</span></td>
@@ -13260,7 +13222,7 @@ Fitzjames Stephen. Henry Holt &amp; Company,
 New York, 1873.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr><td><span class="smcap">Suetonius.</span></td>
-<td>The Lives of the Twelve Cæsars, by C.
+<td>The Lives of the Twelve CÃ¦sars, by C.
 Suetonius Tranquillus. George Bell &amp;
 Sons, London, 1906.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -13307,12 +13269,12 @@ New York and London, 1901.</p>
 <li class="in">antiquity of, II, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
 <li class="in">text of, II, <a href="#Page_351">351</a> <i>seq.</i></li>
 
-<li>Æbutius, Publius, part of, in the exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II,
+<li>Ã†butius, Publius, part of, in the exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II,
 <a href="#Page_271">271</a> <i>seq.</i></li>
 
-<li>Ædile, Roman, judicial powers of, II, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li>Ã†dile, Roman, judicial powers of, II, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
 
-<li>Æsculapius, Græco-Roman divinity, II, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+<li>Ã†sculapius, GrÃ¦co-Roman divinity, II, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
 
 <li>Akiba, Jewish rabbi, Mishna systematized by, I, 79</li>
 
@@ -13354,7 +13316,7 @@ II, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
 <li>Antecedent Warning, peculiar provision of Hebrew Criminal Law
 regarding, I, 147-152</li>
 
-<li>Antistius, L., Roman tribune, impeachment of Julius Cæsar by, II, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li>Antistius, L., Roman tribune, impeachment of Julius CÃ¦sar by, II, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
 
 <li>Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, persecution of Christians by, II, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
 
@@ -13395,7 +13357,7 @@ heaven, II, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
 
 <li>Augury, modes of, II, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
 
-<li><a name="Augustus_Caesar" id="Augustus_Caesar"></a>Augustus Cæsar, Roman emperor,</li>
+<li><a name="Augustus_Caesar" id="Augustus_Caesar"></a>Augustus CÃ¦sar, Roman emperor,</li>
 <li class="in">reign and policy of, II, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
 <li class="in">care of profligate daughter Julia, II, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
 <li class="in">belief of, in omens, II, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
@@ -13454,7 +13416,7 @@ Brothels, Roman, dedication of, to Venus, II, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
 
 <li class="center p2">C</li>
 
-<li>Cæsar, Caius Julius,</li>
+<li>CÃ¦sar, Caius Julius,</li>
 <li class="in">10th legion cowed by, II, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
 <li class="in">superstition of, II, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
 <li class="in">disbelief of, in immortality, II, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
@@ -13467,7 +13429,7 @@ Brothels, Roman, dedication of, to Venus, II, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
 <li class="in">accusation of, against Christ, before
 Sanhedrin, I, 190</li>
 <li class="in">erratic conduct of, at trial of Christ, I, 290</li>
-<li class="in">rôle of, in trial of Jesus before Pilate, II, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+<li class="in">rÃ´le of, in trial of Jesus before Pilate, II, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
 <li class="in">biographical note on, II, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
 <li class="in">legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea by, II, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
 
@@ -13510,7 +13472,7 @@ Christ, II, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
 <li class="in">on Roman superstition, II, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
 <li class="in">on Roman skepticism, II, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
 <li class="in">his divorce of his wife, II, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
-<li class="in">witticism of, upon Cæsar's gallantries, II, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li class="in">witticism of, upon CÃ¦sar's gallantries, II, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
 
 <li>Cities of Refuge, Jewish, internment in, I, 96-99</li>
 
@@ -13562,7 +13524,7 @@ Coke, Sir Edward, contrast between Pilate and, II, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<
 
 <li>Demosthenes, on the women of Athens, II, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
 
-<li><span class="err" title="original: Derembourg">Dérembourg</span>, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li><span class="err" title="original: Derembourg">DÃ©rembourg</span>, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
 
 <li>Deutsch, Emanuel,</li>
 <li class="in">on the Talmud, I, 74, 80</li>
@@ -13577,7 +13539,7 @@ Coke, Sir Edward, contrast between Pilate and, II, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<
 <li class="in">among the Romans, II, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
 <li class="in">trivial pretexts for, II, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
 
-<li>Döllinger,</li>
+<li>DÃ¶llinger,</li>
 <li class="in">on the Roman view of Christianity and high treason, II, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
 <li class="in">on divorce, and the profligacy of Roman matrons, II, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
 <li class="in">on the effect of art in corrupting Greek and Roman manners, II, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
@@ -13691,7 +13653,7 @@ of Christ, I, 181</li>
 <li class="in">relation of, to Mishna, I, 83. See also <a href="#Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="#Mishna">Mishna</a></li>
 
 <li>Germanicus,</li>
-<li class="in">Cæsar temples profaned on death of, II, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+<li class="in">CÃ¦sar temples profaned on death of, II, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
 <li class="in">exposure of children born on day of death of, II, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
 
 <li>Gestas, legendary name of one of thieves crucified with Jesus, II, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
@@ -13726,7 +13688,7 @@ Christ, I, 181</li>
 <li class="in">Bacchanalian orgies introduced by, II, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
 <li class="in">invective of Juvenal against, II, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
 
-<li>Greenidge, on the interpretation of native law by Roman proprætors,
+<li>Greenidge, on the interpretation of native law by Roman proprÃ¦tors,
 II, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
 
 <li>Greenleaf, Simon, American jurist,</li>
@@ -13981,7 +13943,7 @@ Lardner, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, <a href="#Page_328">32
 <li class="in">slaves released at, II, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
 <li class="in">indecencies of, II, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
 
-<li><span class="err" title="original: Lemann">Lémann</span>, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+<li><span class="err" title="original: Lemann">LÃ©mann</span>, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
 
 <li>Lepidus, Marcus, Roman patrician, magnificence of, II, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
 
@@ -14082,13 +14044,13 @@ subject peoples, II, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
 
 <li>Mosaic Code, the, a basis of Hebrew Criminal Law, I, 73, 84, 85</li>
 
-<li>Müller, Johannes, explodes legend of Pilate and Lake Lucerne, II, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+<li>MÃ¼ller, Johannes, explodes legend of Pilate and Lake Lucerne, II, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
 
 <li class="center p2">N</li>
 
 <li>Nachum Halbalar, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
 
-<li>Nævius, Marcus, accusation of Scipio Africanus by, II, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li>NÃ¦vius, Marcus, accusation of Scipio Africanus by, II, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
 
 <li>Napoleon I,</li>
 <li class="in">fickleness of populace toward, I, 63, 64</li>
@@ -14136,7 +14098,7 @@ subject peoples, II, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
 
 <li class="center p2">P</li>
 
-<li>Paganism, Græco-Roman,</li>
+<li>Paganism, GrÃ¦co-Roman,</li>
 <li class="in">conflict of, with Christianity, I, 16; II, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
 <li class="in">Hellenization of Roman religion, II, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
 <li class="in">importation of foreign gods, II, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
@@ -14161,7 +14123,7 @@ subject peoples, II, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
 
 <li>Paley, William, on the discrepancies of the Gospels, I, 32, 33</li>
 
-<li>Pan, Græco-Roman divinity, feasts of, II, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+<li>Pan, GrÃ¦co-Roman divinity, feasts of, II, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
 
 <li>Paul, St.,</li>
 <li class="in">on the depravity of Rome, II, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
@@ -14171,7 +14133,7 @@ subject peoples, II, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
 
 <li>Pentateuch, the, a basis of Hebrew jurisprudence, I, 73</li>
 
-<li>Permanent Tribunals (quæstiones perpetuæ), mode of trials before, at
+<li>Permanent Tribunals (quÃ¦stiones perpetuÃ¦), mode of trials before, at
 Rome, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
 
 <li>Peter, St.,</li>
@@ -14219,7 +14181,7 @@ Rome, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
 <li class="in">washes his hands of Christ's death, II, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
 <li class="in">releases Barabbas, II, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
 <li class="in">summary of his conduct of Christ's trial, II, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-<li class="in">conduct of, compared with Cæsar, II, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; with Sir Edward Coke, II,
+<li class="in">conduct of, compared with CÃ¦sar, II, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; with Sir Edward Coke, II,
 <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
 
 <li>Pindar, Greek poet, denunciation of, of vulgar superstitions, II, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
@@ -14239,7 +14201,7 @@ Rome, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
 
 <li>Polybius, on Roman pederasty, II, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
 
-<li>Pompeia divorced by Cæsar, II, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+<li>Pompeia divorced by CÃ¦sar, II, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
 
 <li>Pompey, Cneius, the Great,</li>
 <li class="in">conquest of Palestine by, II, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
@@ -14248,12 +14210,12 @@ Rome, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
 
 <li>Pontiffs, Roman, II, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
 
-<li>Poppæa, wife of Nero, deification of, II, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li>PoppÃ¦a, wife of Nero, deification of, II, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
 
 <li>Postumius, Spurius, Roman consul, suppression of Bacchanalians by, II,
 <a href="#Page_270">270</a>-<a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
 
-<li>Prætor, Roman, judicial powers of, II, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li>PrÃ¦tor, Roman, judicial powers of, II, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
 
 <li>Priesthood, Roman. See Roman religion</li>
 
@@ -14387,7 +14349,7 @@ of Christ, I, 177</li>
 
 <li>Schenck, account of, of the bloody sweat of a nun, I, 59</li>
 
-<li>Schürer,</li>
+<li>SchÃ¼rer,</li>
 <li class="in">on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 176</li>
 <li class="in">on the jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin, II, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
 <li class="in">on the administration of civil law by Sanhedrin, II, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
@@ -14406,7 +14368,7 @@ of Christ, I, 177</li>
 <li>Scribes, Jewish Chamber of. See <a href="#Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li>
 
 <li>Segnensis, Henricus, anecdote of,
-illustrative of mediæval ignorance regarding Talmud, II, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+illustrative of mediÃ¦val ignorance regarding Talmud, II, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
 
 <li>Semiramis, Assyrian queen, origin of
 crucifixion imputed to, II, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
@@ -14427,7 +14389,7 @@ paraphrasing of anthropomorphic passages in, I, 237</li>
 <li class="in">images of thrown down, II, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
 <li class="in">Marcus Aurelius an adorer of, II, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
 
-<li>Servilia, mistress of Julius Cæsar, II, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li>Servilia, mistress of Julius CÃ¦sar, II, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
 
 <li>Shammai, School of,</li>
 <li class="in">and the Mishna, I, 79</li>
@@ -14439,7 +14401,7 @@ paraphrasing of anthropomorphic passages in, I, 237</li>
 
 <li>Sibylline Books, II, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
 
-<li>Sibyl, Erythræan, Virgil inspired by, II, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+<li>Sibyl, ErythrÃ¦an, Virgil inspired by, II, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
 
 <li>Simon, Jewish rebel, revolt of, II, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
 
@@ -14462,7 +14424,7 @@ Simon ben Camithus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, <a href="#Page
 <li class="in">under Hebrew law, I, 95</li>
 <li class="in">account of, among Romans, II, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
 
-<li>Social life, Græco-Roman,</li>
+<li>Social life, GrÃ¦co-Roman,</li>
 <li class="in">marriage and divorce, II, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
 <li class="in">prostitution, II, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>-<a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
 <li class="in">luxury and extravagance, II, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
@@ -14574,7 +14536,7 @@ against Jesus, II, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
 
 <li>Three, Jewish Courts of, jurisdiction of, I, 124</li>
 
-<li>Tiberius Cæsar, Roman emperor,</li>
+<li>Tiberius CÃ¦sar, Roman emperor,</li>
 <li class="in">sway of, II, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
 <li class="in">character of, II, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
 <li class="in">prosecutions of, for treason, II, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
@@ -14593,7 +14555,7 @@ Pilate," II, <a href="#Page_345">345</a> <i>seq.</i></li>
 <li class="in">during the regal period, II, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
 <li class="in">Roman, mode of, in the Comitia Centuriata, II, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
 <li class="in">mode of, in the Permanent Tribunals, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
-<li class="in">prosecutor, rôle and selection of, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+<li class="in">prosecutor, rÃ´le and selection of, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
 
 <li><a name="Trial_of_Jesus_Hebrew" id="Trial_of_Jesus_Hebrew"></a>Trial of Jesus, Hebrew,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">405</a></span></li>
 <li class="in">nature of charge against Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, 187</li>
@@ -14662,7 +14624,7 @@ priest, I, 290, 291</li>
 
 <li>Vitia, Roman matron, executed for treason, II, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
 
-<li>Voltaire, François de,</li>
+<li>Voltaire, FranÃ§ois de,</li>
 <li class="in">account of, of the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, 59</li>
 <li class="in">on character of Christ, II, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
 
@@ -14724,12 +14686,12 @@ Christ, I, 175, 179</li>
 <li>Dysmas, legendary name of one of <span class="u">the</span> thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364</li>
 
 <li>Derembourg, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294</li>
-<li><span class="u">Dérembourg</span>, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294</li>
+<li><span class="u">DÃ©rembourg</span>, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294</li>
 </ul>
 <p>p. <a href="#Page_397">397</a>:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>Lemann, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291</li>
-<li><span class="u">Lémann</span>, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291</li></ul>
+<li><span class="u">LÃ©mann</span>, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291</li></ul>
 
 <p>p. <a href="#Page_402">402</a>:</p>
 <ul>
@@ -14739,391 +14701,16 @@ Christ, I, 175, 179</li>
 <p>Footnote <a href="#Footnote_15_15">15</a>:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>
-Geschichte des römischen criminalprocesses</li>
-<li>Geschichte des römischen <span class="u">Criminalprocesses</span></li>
+Geschichte des rÃ¶mischen criminalprocesses</li>
+<li>Geschichte des rÃ¶mischen <span class="u">Criminalprocesses</span></li>
 </ul>
 <p>Footnote <a href="#Footnote_152_152">152</a>:</p>
 <ul><li>Renan, "Les Apotres."</li>
-<li>Renan, "Les <span class="u">Apôtres</span>."</li>
+<li>Renan, "Les <span class="u">ApÃ´tres</span>."</li>
 </ul>
 
 </div>
 
-
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-
-
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