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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Moths of the British Isles, Second
-Series, by Richard South
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Moths of the British Isles, Second Series
-       Comprising the Families Noctuidæ to Hepialidæ
-
-Author: Richard South
-
-Release Date: January 26, 2013 [EBook #41920]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHS--BRITISH ISLES, 2ND SERIES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 1.
-        1. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING.
-  2, 3, 5. _ZYGAENA ACHILLEAE_.
-  4, 6, 8. BRINDLED BEAUTY, VARIETY; 7. CATERPILLAR OF DO.
-
-THE MOTHS
-
-OF THE
-
-BRITISH ISLES
-
-BY
-
-RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
-
-AUTHOR OF "THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES" EDITOR OF "THE
-ENTOMOLOGIST," ETC.
-
-SECOND SERIES
-
-COMPRISING
-
-_THE FAMILIES NOCTUIDAE TO HEPIALIDAE_
-
-WITH ACCURATELY COLOURED FIGURES OF EVERY SPECIES AND MANY VARIETIES ALSO
-DRAWINGS OF EGGS, CATERPILLARS, CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS
-
-LONDON
-
-FREDERICK WARNE & CO.
-
-AND NEW YORK
-
-1909
-
-(_All rights reserved_)
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{v}
-
-PREFACE.
-
-In the present and previous series of "The Moths of the British Isles,"
-over 750 species have been portrayed on the plates and described in the
-text--a number that includes all those insects formerly grouped under the
-now obsolete term "Macro-Lepidoptera." The task of dealing with so many
-species in two volumes has necessarily imposed brevity in their treatment;
-but it is hoped that nothing has been omitted that could be legitimately
-regarded as falling within the scope of volumes especially designed for the
-votaries of Nature Study.
-
-To have comprised in this scheme the large contingent of our moths known as
-"Micro-Lepidoptera" would have reduced further the space available for
-those species which experience shows appeal to the majority of nature
-students in a way that the minuter forms may not do. Even then, only a few
-general remarks on each group would have been possible, with, perhaps, a
-portrait or two of representative species. Such a course seemed hardly
-likely to prove of practical utility. The "Small Fry," as they have been
-called, exceedingly interesting though they may be to a limited number of
-students, have therefore been left for separate treatment at some more
-convenient season.
-
-Both classification and nomenclature are always under revision, and we are
-probably a long way from hearing the last word concerning either. These
-are, however, matters that {vi} cannot be ignored even in a popular work;
-consequently I have ventured to adopt sundry changes in arrangement and in
-names which, although not departing from the old style in any very large
-way, still approach pretty closely to the new.
-
-I have again to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. Robert Adkin, F.E.S., for
-kindly lending specimens of rare species and varieties for figuring; and
-also to Mr. B. Adkin, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.E.S., and Mr. A. J. Scollick,
-F.E.S. I desire also to gratefully acknowledge the loan of further
-beautiful coloured drawings by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S. These figures have
-been most accurately reproduced in black and white by Mr. Horace Knight, to
-whom I am greatly indebted for his able assistance in connection with the
-numerous drawings of ova, larvae, and pupae. In some cases the preserved
-skin of a caterpillar had to serve as a model, and where this occurs the
-fact is mentioned. A few figures of larvae have been copied from Dr. G.
-Hofmann's _Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas_, 2nd edit., by Professor
-Dr. Arnold Spuler. All such reproductions are duly noted in the text.
-
-Mr. Knight is also responsible for the coloured drawings for Plates 1, 13,
-36, 61, 96, 98, 100, 104, 134, and 148; the figures on which, except that
-of _Zygaena filipendulae ab. chrysanthemi_, are from specimens.
-
-"A Forester," Mr. H. Main, F.E.S., and Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., were
-good enough to furnish prints of some of their excellent photographs
-depicting life-history details of moths and caterpillars in repose, as met
-with in nature.
-
-  RICHARD SOUTH.
-
-       *       *       *       *       * {1}
-
-THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES.
-
-NOCTUIDAE.
-
-TRIFINAE (_continued_).
-
-THE HEART MOTH (_Dicycla oo_).
-
-A male specimen of the ordinary form of this moth is shown on Plate 2, Fig.
-1. Ab. _renago_, Haworth has the space between the central shade and the
-submarginal line more or less suffused with dusky or reddish grey. An
-intermediate form (Fig. 2) has a transverse band of darker colour between
-the second and submarginal lines of the fore wings (ab. _ferruginago_,
-Hubn.). The ground colour varies from a whitish or straw-yellow to reddish
-yellow (ab. _rufescens_, Tutt), and the markings are more distinct in some
-specimens than in others.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds from April to early June on the foliage of the
-oak, is black above and brownish beneath; there are three white lines on
-the back, the central one widest and more or less interrupted; the stripe
-along the black-outlined reddish spiracles is yellowish-white; head, and
-plate on first ring of the body, black and shining.
-
-The moth appears about the end of June or early July, and has been noted,
-in good condition, as late as August 17. It seems to be of very local
-occurrence in England, but some of {2} its known haunts nearest to London
-are Bromley in Kent, Richmond Park and Norbury in Surrey. At Palmer's
-Green, Middlesex, a specimen was found on an oak trunk, July 27, 1902, and
-a female example came to light in West London in 1906. In 1888 it was
-plentiful at sugar in the Bromley district. The New Forest in Hampshire is
-a noted locality for the species, but although it may abound there in some
-years, in other years it is scarce or entirely absent. It is rather more
-constant in Epping, Romford, and some other of the Essex woodlands, and
-occurs also in Berkshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire,
-Gloucestershire, and Devon. Odd specimens have been recorded from
-Tarrington, Herefordshire; St. Albans, Hertfordshire; and from Tuddenham,
-Suffolk. The var. _renago_, and its modifications, has been chiefly
-obtained in Essex and Huntingdonshire, but it has been found also in the
-Reading district, and elsewhere.
-
-THE LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia pyralina_).
-
-There are two colour forms of this species; var. _corusca_, Esp., is rather
-brighter in colour than the female specimen shown on Plate 2, Fig. 3, which
-approaches more nearly the duller coloration of the type as described by
-Vieweg. The latter is perhaps the least frequent in England generally, but
-it occurs sparingly in Middlesex.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with whitish warts emitting fine hairs, and has
-three lines along the back, the central one white and stripe-like; a yellow
-stripe low down along the sides is edged above with black. It feeds in
-April and May on elm, oak, apple, plum, etc., among the leaves of which it
-hides by day, and may be dislodged therefrom by jarring the boughs. (Plate
-3, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 2.
-     1. HEART MOTH.
-  4, 5. LESSER-SPOTTED PINION.
-     2.   "    "    VAR. RENAGO.
-  6, 7. WHITE-SPOTTED PINION.
-     3. LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION.
-  8-11. DUN-BAR.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 3.
-  1. DINGY SHEARS: _caterpillar_.
-  2. LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION: _caterpillar_.
-  3. WHITE-SPOTTED PINION: _caterpillar_.
-
-{3} The moth is out from about mid-July to mid-August. On some nights it
-will come freely to sugar and on others it seems more partial to honeydew.
-It is obtained most frequently perhaps in Berkshire, Middlesex, Surrey, and
-Hampshire, but it is also known to occur in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Essex,
-Suffolk, Cambs., Hunts, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire,
-Herefordshire, and South Wales. A specimen has been taken at a gas lamp in
-Chester.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Japan.
-
-THE LESSER-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia affinis_).
-
-This species varies in the ground colour of the forewings from reddish
-(typical) to greyish brown (var. _suffusa_, Tutt). A pale ochreous-brown
-form has been named _ochrea_, Tutt. The cross markings and stigmata are
-sometimes all well defined, but often the latter are hardly traceable, the
-cross lines only distinct on the front margin, and the outer one frequently
-is conspicuously widened. One example of each sex is shown on Plate 2,
-Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on elm from April to June, is of a pale green,
-inclining to whitish green above, the raised dots white; there are three
-white lines on the back, the central one broader and clearer white than the
-others; the lines along the area of the black spiracles are whitish; head
-green and glossy, legs black, pro-legs greenish marked with reddish. It
-feeds at night, and conceals itself between leaves during the day.
-
-The moth appears in July and August, is very partial to sugar and
-"honeydew," and has been taken at light. It lurks among the foliage of
-trees and bushes in the daytime, and may occasionally be dislodged
-therefrom when the boughs are jarred. Although its range extends northwards
-into Yorkshire, where it is local and scarce, the species seems to be
-chiefly obtained in the eastern and southern counties of England. No doubt
-it flourishes best where the elm (_Ulmus campestris_) is most plentiful. In
-Wales it has been noted from Glamorganshire and Flint. {4} Kane states that
-it is very rare in Ireland, and I fail to find any record from Scotland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Japan.
-
-THE WHITE-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia diffinis_).
-
-This pretty species is shown on Plate 2, Figs. 6 [male] and 7 [female]. Its
-colour and marking are little prone to variation. Sometimes the ground
-colour has less red and rather more purple in its composition, and in some
-specimens the white marks on the front margin are larger than in others.
-
-The caterpillar is pale green, with three whitish lines along the back; the
-central of these is rather yellowish, agreeing in tint with the usual
-raised dots, and the outer ones are edged above with bluish green; head,
-brownish, inclining to black below. It feeds at night, in April, May, and
-early June, on the common elm, and rests during the day on the undersides
-of the foliage or between leaves. (Plate 3, Fig. 3.)
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and is obtained at sugar or at light,
-in almost all parts of England where its favourite tree grows freely. It
-seems to be more local in the Midlands, and appears to be but little known
-in the northern counties, although a specimen was taken at sugar in
-Hazleden Dene, Durham, in the autumn of 1898.
-
-THE DUN-BAR (_Calymnia trapezina_).
-
-On Plate 2 will be found portraits of four specimens of this variable
-species. Figs. 8 and 9 represent a male and a female of the more ordinary
-forms. Specimens of the typical whitish or greyish buff colour vary in the
-matter of cross lines, which are well defined in the type, but absent in
-ab. _pallida_, Tutt. Some examples have a reddish central band, and in
-others the band is blackish or black; the latter are referable to ab.
-_badiofasciata_, {5} Teich. Ab. _ochrea_, Tutt, is of a reddish-tinged
-ochreous colour with clearly defined cross lines; and ab. _rufa_, Tutt, is
-red with distinct cross lines. Perhaps the rarest form of all is ab.
-_nigra_, Tutt, which in ground colour is deep blackish grey, with the cross
-lines faint.
-
-The caterpillar is green with black, glossy, raised dots, each encircled
-with white; there are three whitish lines along the back, the central one
-rather wider than the other two; a pale yellowish line along the area of
-the black spiracles; head, green, tinged with dark brown or black about the
-jaws. It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of elm, oak, sallow, and
-other trees and shrubs; also, be it noted, on other caterpillars. The
-larvae hunter should therefore get to know this cannibal on sight, so that
-he may exclude it from the common receptacle.
-
-The moth, which frequents woods and woody country generally, is out in July
-and August.
-
-The species appears to be common throughout England and Wales, the south of
-Scotland, and more or less frequent northwards up to Moray. It is widely
-spread in Ireland.
-
-ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW (_Cosmia paleacea_).
-
-From the typical pale yellowish ochre, the fore wings range in tint to a
-deeper buff, inclining to orange. The transverse lines are brown, or
-sometimes reddish, but are not always distinct, especially in the male. The
-stigmata are not infrequently obscure, but the blackish spot of the
-reniform is generally present. In some examples, chiefly of the female sex,
-there is an angulated dark shade crossing the central area, and some dark
-clouds or dashes on the outer area. (Plate 4, Fig. 1 [male].)
-
-The caterpillar is pale dingy green, dusted with whitish, and yellow
-between the rings; three white lines along the back, and a double white
-line along the region of the purplish-edged white spiracles; head, pale
-yellow, the jaws black, and a small red {6} spot on each side above them.
-(Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of
-birch and aspen, and may be found in the daytime between the lower leaves.
-
-The moth flies in August and September, and at night will visit the sugar
-patch and also heather blossom. It has but few fixed localities in England,
-and these are chiefly in Nottinghamshire (Sherwood Forest), and Yorkshire
-(woods near Doncaster, Huddersfield, and Sheffield). There are, however,
-records of its occurrence in the south of England. Stainton obtained one at
-Lewisham in 1846, and Barrett notes one at Highgate in 1870. One or two
-specimens have occurred in Essex, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire. From
-its headquarters in Notts and Yorks. it seems to find its way occasionally
-into some of the adjoining and other counties. Forsythe states that he bred
-the moth from larvae obtained from oak at Methop, Lancs., and it has been
-reared from a caterpillar taken in North Shropshire. It has occurred on
-Cannock Chase, Staffs., and rarely in Worcestershire.
-
-From Porritt's _List of the Lepidoptera of Yorkshire_ we learn that the
-occurrence of this species in Yorkshire was not noted until 1880
-(Doncaster), but it seems to have since extended its range in the county,
-as in 1900 it was found in the Huddersfield district, and a few specimens
-occurred near York in 1903. As stated, it has been bred at Methop, Lancs.,
-and, according to Barrett, it is not scarce in Cumberland. Southwards from
-its Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire headquarters it has been noted, more or
-less rarely, in Staffordshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire,
-and Somerset; and on the east side in Lincoln, Norfolk, Essex, and Kent. In
-Scotland it appears to be not uncommon in Moray, and it is occasionally
-recorded from Inverness and Perth. The range abroad extends to Amurland and
-to North America.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 4.
-     1. ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW.
-  2, 3. THE SUSPECTED.
-  4, 5. DINGY SHEARS.
-     6. THE OLIVE.
-     7. DOUBLE KIDNEY.
-     8. CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW.
-     9. CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW, VAR. UNICOLOR.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 5.
-  1, 1a. BEADED CHESTNUT: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-      2. RED-LINE QUAKER: _caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a. THE BRICK: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-
-{7}
-
-THE SUSPECTED (_Dyschorista suspecta_).
-
-Of this species (Plate 4, Figs. 2 and 3) there are two groups of
-forms--plain and variegated. To the first belongs the type with
-reddish-brown fore wings; a dark modification of this form is ab.
-_nigrescens_, Tutt, which has the fore wings blackish red; a brighter red
-form is ab. _rufa_, Tutt. Of the variegated sections three forms have been
-named, but the most important of these is var. _congener_, Hubn., with the
-inner and the outer marginal areas of the reddish fore wings ochreous; two
-other modifications have the ground colour redder or dark purplish
-inclining to blackish.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on birch and sallow in April and May, is
-purplish brown above, and obscure greenish beneath; there are three lines
-along the back, the central one white and distinct, the others less defined
-but noticeable on the black plate on ring nearest the head; on each side of
-the central line are blackish marks; head, ochreous brown, streaked with
-black.
-
-The moth flies in July and August, and is partial to sugar and to the
-flowers of heather and ragwort. Its chief British quarters appear to be in
-Yorkshire, in which county it was first noted in 1841; thence it extends
-into Lancashire, Cumberland, and Durham, but is local and scarce in the
-latter county. Southwards it is found in the counties of Cheshire (locally
-not uncommon on moors and mosses), Derby, Nottingham, Stafford, Shropshire,
-Warwick, Gloucester (rarely); more locally in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and
-Kent (once at West Wickham). In 1896 it occurred in numbers in the New
-Forest, Hants, and I believe that a solitary specimen was secured in
-Hayling Island in 1901. In Scotland it occurs up to Inverness and Aberdeen;
-and Kane states that in Ireland it is doubtfully recorded from Londonderry,
-but that he has seen lovely forms of the species from Killarney. It also
-occurs in Co. Wicklow. The range abroad extends to Siberia, Amurland, and
-Mongolia. {8}
-
-THE DINGY SHEARS (_Dyschorista fissipuncta_).
-
-In its typical form this species (Plate 4, Fig. 4) has the fore wings pale
-greyish brown, but occasionally they assume a reddish tinge. Var.
-_corticea_, Esp., is of the latter colour, and has the black edges of the
-claviform extended to beyond the middle of the wing. In another form the
-fore wings are dark grey brown (Fig. 5), leading up to var. _nigrescens_,
-Tutt, with blackish fore wings and the hind wings darker than usual.
-Besides the forms just mentioned, I have a bred specimen from Canterbury in
-which the fore wings are of a pale whity brown, with very faint markings,
-and the hind wings are almost white; it is rather below the average size,
-and possibly is an abnormal aberration. This species is the _ypsilon_ of
-Borkhausen, and the _upsilon_ of other authors.
-
-The caterpillar is brown, sometimes inclining to reddish marked with black
-above, and the under surface is paler; there are three pale lines along the
-back, and one low down along each side; head, pale brown freckled with
-darker brown. It feeds in April and May on willows, chiefly the
-narrow-leaved kind, and also, although less frequently perhaps, on poplar.
-These caterpillars may often be found in the daytime under loose bark of
-the willow, or lurking among grass roots or _debris_ around the trunk.
-(Fig. 1 on Plate 3 is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.)
-
-The moth is out from late June through July. It is a constant visitor to
-the sugar patch, and will put in an appearance even when other species
-refuse to be drawn thereto. It appears to be pretty well distributed over
-England, and in the southern half at least is not uncommon, wherever there
-are old-established willows. In the northern counties it seems to be much
-less frequent, but it is recorded as common or plentiful in one or two
-Cheshire localities, and is said to be taken by all the Newcastle {9}
-collectors. In Scotland it has been noted in only a few localities. Abroad,
-the range extends to Amurland.
-
-
-
-_Mesogona acetosellae_, Fabricius.--Mr. R. Adkin has a specimen of this
-Central and South European species. It was taken at sugar on the evening of
-October 26th, 1895, by Mr. T. Salvage, in his garden at Arlington, Sussex
-(_Entomologist_, xxviii. p. 316).
-
-THE DOUBLE KIDNEY (_Plastenis retusa_).
-
-This olive-brown species, shown on Plate 4, Fig. 7, has a reddish-tinged
-form--ab. _gracilis_, Haw.--but otherwise there is little to be noted in
-the way of variation. The caterpillar is pale green with three whitish
-lines on the back, and a narrower and more irregular whitish line low down
-along the sides; head, yellowish green, or dark brown. Sometimes the body
-has a yellowish tinge at each end. It feeds on the foliage of sallow and
-willow, from April to June, drawing together the terminal leaves of a shoot
-as a retreat.
-
-The moth is on the wing in July and August, and is more frequently
-attracted at night to the aphis secretion known as "honeydew" than to the
-sugar patch, although it does not ignore the latter altogether, and
-occasionally enters the illuminated moth trap. Barrett states that he has
-found it at the flowers of figwort (_Scrophularia aquatica_). Apparently a
-local species, but found more or less frequently in most of the southern
-and eastern counties of England, and through the Midlands to Cheshire,
-Lancashire, and Yorkshire; it is, however, rarely seen in the three
-last-named counties.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE OLIVE (_Plastenis subtusa_).
-
-This moth is shown on Plate 4, Fig. 6. It is somewhat similar in general
-appearance to the last mentioned, but the {10} colour of the fore wings is
-greyer; the cross lines are not parallel, and the outer margins of these
-wings are less irregular. The caterpillar is greenish, with black dots, and
-white lines along the back and sides; the head and plate on the first ring
-of the body black. It feeds, on poplar and aspen, in April and May. By day
-these caterpillars may be found spun up between two leaves or in a folded
-leaf. The moth is out in July and August, but is rarely noticed in the
-daytime, although at night, when it becomes active, it may be obtained,
-sometimes not altogether uncommonly, at honeydew, or in much fewer numbers
-at sugar or light. The best way to obtain the species is to search for the
-caterpillars, which are not at all difficult to rear. Most of them,
-however, prefer the higher foliage of well-grown aspen or poplar, where
-they may be seen but not readily secured; but I have generally found as
-many as I wanted within reach.
-
-The species seems to have a wide distribution throughout England, and
-Scotland up to Moray, its occurrence in any locality depending on the
-presence of the poplar or aspen. The range abroad extends to Eastern
-Siberia.
-
-THE CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW (_Cirrhoedia_ (_Atethmia_) _xerampelina_).
-
-The typical form of this pretty species has the fore wings yellow, with a
-purplish-red central band. The band, which fills up the space between the
-first and second lines, is rarely carried through to the front margins of
-the wing, but usually is only fragmentary above the reniform stigma, which
-forms part of it; it also varies in the intensity of the purple tint. In
-most British specimens the band varies as indicated above, but the general
-colour of the fore wings is orange-yellow (Plate 4, Fig. 8)--ab.
-_centrago_, Haw.--the hind marginal band agreeing in colour with that of
-the central band. Or the fore wings may assume the colour of Fig. 9, var.
-_unicolor_, Staud., but this form is rare in Britain, although it is known
-to occur in the Isle of Man, and has been recorded from Ripon, Skipworth,
-and York, also from Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Notts, Lincoln, and
-Gloucestershire. The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greyish above
-and to greenish grey beneath, freckled with darker brown; of the three
-whitish lines along the back, the central one is widest, but is only really
-distinct on the middle part of each ring; the lines are margined with
-black, the edging of the central one irregular, but of the others more
-complete; the spiracles are whitish, and the area above them is dark
-grey-brown enclosing paler spaces on each ring; head, shining grey-brown
-freckled with blackish. It feeds, in April, May, and June, on ash, and
-until the leaves expand it is content with the buds. After dark it may be
-beaten from saplings in the hedgerow, as well as from full-grown trees. By
-day it hides among moss or litter, or in the crevices of bark, and at dark
-may be found crawling up the trunks of ash trees.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 6.
-      1. ORANGE UPPER-WING: _caterpillar_.
-      2. DOTTED CHESTNUT: _caterpillar_.
-      3. PINK-BARRED SALLOW: _eggs, natural size and enlarged_.
-  4, 4a. SALLOW: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 7.
-    1-4. LUNAR UNDERWING.
-   5, 6. RED-LINE QUAKER.
-   7, 8. YELLOW-LINE QUAKER.
-  9, 10. THE BRICK.
-
-{11} The moths are out in August and September, and in the late afternoon
-may be seen, newly emerged from the chrysalis, on ash trunks, or on twigs
-and herbage immediately around the tree stems. When on the wing at night it
-is attracted by light, especially electric, and by sugar. Now that the
-habits of the species are better known than formerly, it has been
-ascertained to occur in most English counties. In Scotland it is widely
-distributed up to Argyll and Perthshire; it has been recorded from several
-parts of Wales, and in Ireland is found in counties Antrim, Tyrone,
-Fermanagh, Down, Armagh, Louth, Westmeath, Wicklow, Sligo, Galway,
-Tipperary, and Cork.
-
-THE LUNAR UNDERWING (_Omphaloscelis_ (_Anchocelis_) _lunosa_).
-
-In the general colour of the fore wings, this species, of which four
-figures will be found on Plate 7, ranges from pale ochreous {12} brown to
-dark blackish grey. The typical form (_lunosa_, Haworth) has the ground
-colour pale, or bright, reddish (Figs. 1 and 3); the markings are well
-defined, and the wing rays are sometimes pale ochreous, or whitish. Four
-modifications of this form have been named; one of these has pale veins,
-but the general colour is red brown (ab. _brunnea_, Tutt); in another (Fig.
-2) the colour is ochreous brown, the veins pale, and the other markings
-distinct (ab. _humilis_, Humph. and Westw.). Of the greyish forms, var.
-_agrotoides_, Guenee, is the darkest (Fig. 4).
-
-The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greenish beneath; there are three
-whitish lines along the back, the outer edged below with blackish; a thin
-whitish line along the sides is shaded above with blackish. It feeds on
-meadow grass (_Poa annua_), and other kinds of grass, from October to May.
-The moth appears in September and October, sometimes at the end of August.
-It is partial to light and to sugar, and where the latter is smeared over
-the foliage of trees and bushes it seems better attended by this, and other
-autumnal moths, than when painted on tree-trunks in the usual manner.
-
-The species seems to be pretty generally distributed throughout Southern
-and Western England, and in some seasons it is very common. Eastward and
-through the Midlands it is perhaps less frequent; in the northern counties
-it is scarce on the east, but locally common on the west. It occurs in
-Wales; also in Scotland up to Perthshire. According to Kane, it is widely
-distributed in Ireland, but most common on the coast.
-
-Abroad, it appears to be confined to France and Spain, although it has been
-recorded from North-west Africa.
-
-THE RED-LINE QUAKER (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _lota_).
-
-In its typical form this species is of a leaden-grey coloration on the fore
-wings, but these wings sometimes have a reddish {13} tinge (ab. _rufa_,
-Tutt). In others the ground colour is blackish (ab. _suffusa_, Tutt), and a
-rarer form (ab. _pallida_, Tutt) has the fore wings whitish grey with a
-distinct black reniform stigma, and red submarginal line. (Plate 7, Figs.
-5, 6.)
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous brown, sometimes tinged with reddish or
-purplish brown on the sides; of three whitish lines along the back, the
-central one is composed of spots, and the outer ones are not well defined,
-except on the dark first and last rings; the line along the sides is
-reddish. Head, glossy, pale reddish brown, marked with darker brown. It
-feeds on willow and sallow, and may be found among the foliage from April
-to June, and especially the topmost leaves of a twig, which it spins
-together with silk to form a retreat during the day. (Plate 5, Fig. 2.)
-
-The moth comes freely to sugar in September and October, sometimes even
-later. It may be found pretty freely also at ivy bloom, and at the flowers
-of _Tritoma_. Although apparently commoner in the south, it is generally
-distributed throughout England, Wales, and Scotland up to Perthshire and
-Aberdeen. In Ireland it is widely distributed, but local.
-
-THE YELLOW-LINE QUAKER (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _macilenta_).
-
-The typical coloration of this species (Plate 7, Figs. 7 and 8) is pale
-ochreous brown, inclining to reddish in some specimens; the lower part of
-the reniform stigma black. Sometimes, the black spot is absent (ab.
-_obsoleta_, Tutt). Another form has the ground colour pale yellowish brown,
-and this, with the black lower portion of the reniform present, is ab.
-_straminea_, Tutt, while specimens of the same tint, but minus the black
-spot, are referable to ab. _obsoleta-straminea_ of the same author.
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown with white dots, and three white lines on
-the back; the line along the spiracles is whitish {14} with a dusky edge
-above. Head, ochreous brown; plate on first ring blackish lined with white.
-It feeds on beech, oak, and heather. When approaching full growth it
-probably feeds on low-growing plants, and it may be found from April to
-June.
-
-The moth flies in September and October, sometimes in November. Decaying
-apples seem to have a stronger attractive influence at times than either
-sugar or ivy bloom. Except that it appears to be local or scarce in the
-Midlands, the species occurs, in many parts commonly, throughout England,
-Wales, and Scotland to Moray. In Ireland it is generally distributed and
-abundant in some localities.
-
-THE BRICK (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _circellaris_).
-
-Yellow or ochreous is the typical coloration, but the most frequent form of
-this common species in Britain is ab. _ferruginea_, Hubn., which is
-ochreous tinged with rust colour. Sometimes, the fore wings are more or
-less suffused with blackish, and with the markings black, such specimens
-are referable to _macilenta_ as figured by Hubner, Noct., Fig. 688. The
-more usual form is shown on Plate 7, Figs. 9, 10.
-
-At the time it is freshly laid, the egg (Plate 5, Fig. 3a) is yellowish,
-but changes in about a week to purplish with a more or less distinct pearly
-sheen.
-
-The caterpillar is brown inclining to yellowish, the head is reddish, and
-the plate on first ring blackish; there are three pale lines along the
-back, the central one more or less interrupted by dusky V-shaped marks, the
-others with an interrupted edging above; the stripe along the region of the
-blackish spiracles is yellowish grey. It lives on wych-elm and ash, eating
-the flowers, seeds, and leaves, but has a decided preference for the first
-two. It may be beaten in May and early June, sometimes in numbers, from the
-seeds (Plate 5, Fig. 3).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 8.
-  1. CONFORMIST: _caterpillar_.
-  2. EARLY GREY: _caterpillar_.
-  3. RED SWORD-GRASS: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 9.
-  1, 2. FLOUNCED RUSTIC.
-   3-6. BEADED CHESTNUT.
-   7-9. BROWN-SPOT PINION.
-
-{15}
-
-The moth is out from late August well on into October, and is to be found,
-wherever its favourite trees are established, throughout the British Isles.
-
-THE FLOUNCED RUSTIC (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _helvola_).
-
-On Plate 9 is shown a male specimen of the typical form (Fig. 1). In ab.
-_ochrea_, Tutt, the general colour of the fore wings is ochreous with a
-greenish tinge, and so it differs from the type, in which the ground colour
-is reddish. In another ochreous form the cross bands are of a purplish tint
-(ab. _punica_, Borkhausen), and in ab. _rufina_, Hubner, the bands are also
-purplish, but the ground colour is of a somewhat brighter red than in the
-type. Ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, is dull reddish with indistinct cross markings,
-and seems to be a modification of the almost unicolorous form of a bright
-red colour, ab. _rufa_, Tutt. (Fig. 2.)
-
-The full-grown caterpillar feeds, in April and May, on the foliage of the
-oak, the elm, and some other trees; also on sallow, hawthorn, and,
-according to Barrett, on bilberry and heather. In general colour it is
-brownish, often tinged with red, and more or less flecked with dark brown;
-a fine whitish line along the middle of the back is only clearly traceable
-on the front rings, but there is a very distinct white stripe along the
-region of the black spiracles. In an earlier stage it is green with three
-whitish lines on the back, and another on the sides.
-
-The moth is out in September and October, rather earlier in Scotland.
-Though much commoner in some districts than in others, this species is
-found in woodlands throughout the greater part of England, Wales, and the
-mainland of Scotland. In Ireland it appears to be rare, and has only been
-recorded, chiefly in single specimens, from Waterford, Wicklow, Galway,
-Armagh, and Derry. {16}
-
-THE BEADED CHESTNUT (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _lychnidis_).
-
-The name of this variable species (Plate 9, Figs. 3-6), long known as
-_pistacina_, is now recognised as the _lychnidis_ of Schiffermiller, so, as
-the latter name has page priority over the former, it has to be adopted.
-Fig. 3 on the plate represents a well-marked reddish specimen of the
-typical form. A great many forms have been named, but only a few of the
-more distinct of these can be referred to here. Fig. 4 shows the greyish
-ochreous aberration known as _serrina_, Fab. Ab. _ferrea_, Haworth (Fig. 5)
-has almost uniform reddish fore wings, and ab. _venosa_, Haworth has the
-fore wings greyish brown with the veins whitish.
-
-When newly laid the egg (Plate 5, Fig. 1a) is yellowish, but changes to
-olive-brown. The caterpillar (Plate 5, Fig. 1) is green inclining to
-yellowish, freckled with greyish, and dotted with whitish; there are three
-fine whitish lines along the back, and a broad white stripe along the
-sides. It is found from March to June, and feeds on grasses, dandelion,
-groundsel, buttercup, and a variety of low plants; it will also eat sallow.
-
-The moth is out from September to November, and is often abundant at sugar
-and ivy bloom, and not uncommon on gas lamps or around electric lights.
-Generally distributed and plentiful over the greater part of England and
-Wales, but from Yorkshire northwards and through Scotland to Perthshire it
-is very local, and apparently not at all frequent. In Ireland it is widely
-spread and common.
-
-THE BROWN-SPOT PINION (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _litura_).
-
-On Plate 9 are shown specimens from Scotland (Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]).
-The male, which has the basal area of the fore wings pale, is referable to
-ab. _borealis_, Sparre-Schneider, whilst the female is more nearly typical.
-In England the majority of the {17} specimens belong to ab. _rufa_, Tutt,
-which is reddish in the coloration of fore wing (Fig. 7). Sometimes the
-basal area in this colour form is pale also.
-
-The caterpillar is green, sometimes tinged with olive and freckled with
-darker green; there are three dark-edged pale-green lines along the back;
-the under surface is tinged with yellowish, and is separated from the green
-colour of the upper surface by a whitish stripe, edged above with black;
-head, brownish, with darker freckles. It occurs in April and May, when it
-feeds on bramble, rose, oak, sallow, and some low-growing plants.
-
-The moth is found in September and October throughout England, and Scotland
-up to Moray.
-
-THE ORANGE SALLOW (_Cirrhia_ (_Xanthia_) _citrago_).
-
-The ground colour of the fore wings is generally yellow, but in some
-districts the specimens exhibit a tendency towards orange-red. The latter
-tint is very decided in var. _aurantiago_, Tutt. There is but little
-variation in marking, but the central cross line is broader in some
-specimens than in others. (Plate 10, Fig. 1.)
-
-The caterpillar is dark olive-grey above, with white dots, and obscure
-greenish beneath; of the three whitish lines along the back, the central
-one is rather wider than the other two, which are edged above with black;
-along the region of the spiracles the colour is whitish grey. Head, brown,
-shining, and darker on the mouth; a black mark on ring of body next the
-head. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on lime (_Tilia vulgaris_) in April
-and May, and conceals itself between two spun-together leaves during the
-daytime. In such retreats I have frequently detected them by simply
-standing under the branches and looking upwards and outwards from the
-trunk. When nearly full grown they more often descend the tree, and hide by
-day {18} among the undergrowth, etc., at the base of the trunk, whence they
-return to their feeding quarters by crawling up the tree at dusk.
-
-The moth is out in August and September, and although it does not seem to
-care much about the collector's sugar when spread on tree trunks in the
-usual way, it seems to accept it freely enough when daubed on the foliage.
-The leaves of the lime are, however, generally well coated with a sweet
-substance proceeding from _Aphides_, and commonly known as honeydew. This
-in itself is very attractive to the moths. The species seems to be widely
-distributed over England, and will perhaps be found in most districts where
-limes flourish. In Wales it has occurred in Flintshire, Denbighshire, and
-Carnarvon. McArthur obtained a specimen in the Isle of Lewis in 1887, and
-Renton records it as found in Roxburghshire. Little is known of it from
-Ireland, but it has been noted from Wicklow and Galway.
-
-THE BARRED SALLOW (_Ochria_ (_Xanthia_) _aurago_).
-
-The ground colour of the fore wings, which in the type is pale yellow,
-ranges through various shades of yellow to deep orange. The basal and outer
-marginal bands are pale purplish, in the type, but in the more orange forms
-the bands are rather more reddish purple. In ab. _fucata_, Esper, the
-purplish colour of the bands spreads over the orange central area, and in
-ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, the orange invades the basal and outer marginal
-regions, so that the bands are pretty well obliterated, and the fore wings
-assume a more or less uniform orange coloration. The latter form is
-uncommon, but a rarer one in this country is ab. _lutea_, Tutt, which has
-the fore wings almost entirely orange-yellow. (Plate 10, Figs. 2 and 3, the
-latter inclining to ab. _unicolor_.)
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown with pale dots, and with {19} three
-whitish lines along the back; a pale stripe along the sides. Head, pale
-brown, shining. May be found from April to June on beech, or on maple where
-this occurs around beech woods. At first it feeds on the buds, but later on
-the leaves; for protection during the day it spins together two of the
-leaves, and so forms a suitable resting place. Sycamore, it may be
-mentioned, is acceptable to this caterpillar when reared in captivity.
-
-The moth is out in September and early October, and is chiefly found in the
-neighbourhood of beech woods, especially those in chalky districts in
-Oxford and adjoining counties, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk,
-Norfolk, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, and Devon. It also
-occurs in the counties of Hereford, Worcester, and Cheshire; it has been
-found in Yorkshire since 1890 in several localities, including Barnsley,
-Doncaster, Huddersfield, and Rotherham. At least one specimen has been
-recorded from Pembrokeshire, and others from Flint and Denbighshire, in
-Wales.
-
-THE PINK-BARRED SALLOW (_Xanthia lutea_ (_flavago_)).
-
-In some examples of this species (Plate 10, Figs. 4, 5) the oblique band of
-the fore wings is purplish, and in others red or reddish; the former are
-typical, and the latter are referable to ab. _ochreago_, Borkhausen. Often
-the band is incomplete, and sometimes it is only indicated by three more or
-less regular series of reddish dots (ab. _togata_, Esper). I have one
-example of this form from the Isle of Hoy, and another specimen from the
-same locality is somewhat similar, but the spots are not so well separated,
-and are purplish in colour.
-
-The eggs (Plate 6, Fig. 3) are yellowish when laid, but become purplish
-later, and the ribs then appear whitish.
-
-The caterpillar when young lives on catkins of the sallow, and when these
-fall it feeds on low-growing plants, but it will {20} eat the leaves of
-sallow and the seeds of wych-elm. It may be found from March to June.
-
-The moth appears in September and October. It is widely distributed, and
-often common at the sugar patch, over the whole of England, Wales, Scotland
-up to Moray, and Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland, Japan, Kamtschatka, and North
-America.
-
-THE SALLOW (_Xanthia fulvago_).
-
-A typical male and female of this species are shown on Plate 10, Figs. 7,
-8; Fig. 6 on the same plate represents ab. _flavescens_, Esper. Sometimes
-the fore wings are orange-tinged, and such examples having the typical
-markings well defined are referable to ab. _aurantia_, Tutt. In _cerago_,
-Hubner, the markings are fainter than in the type, and the orange-yellow
-modification of this form has been named _imperfecta_, Tutt.
-
-The caterpillar is brown above with a tinge of red or purple, and freckled
-with darker; there are three pale lines along the back, but only the
-central one is distinct, and this is more or less interrupted by clusters
-of darker freckles; there is a darker stripe composed of freckles on the
-sides, and below this is a pale brownish stripe; head, brown, plate on the
-first ring of the body blackish with pale lines upon it. It feeds when
-young in sallow catkins, and later on low-growing plants, also leaves of
-sallow and seeds of wych-elm. Early stages are figured on Plate 6. The moth
-is out in September and early October. It is widely distributed, and
-generally common, throughout England and Wales, Scotland to Moray, and
-Ireland. Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-NOTE.--It may be stated here that the present species, together with
-_aurago_, _lutea_, _fulvago_, _gilvago_, and _ocellaris_, are referred to
-_Cosmia_, Ochs. and Treit., by Hampson (_Cat. Lep. Phal._ vi. 497).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 10.
-      1. ORANGE SALLOW.
-    6-8. THE SALLOW.
-   2, 3. BARRED SALLOW.
-  9, 10. DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW.
-   4, 5. PINK-BARRED SALLOW.
-     11. PALE-LEMON SALLOW.
-     12. ORANGE UPPER-WING.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 11.
-    1, 2. RED-HEADED CHESTNUT MOTH.
-    7-10. DARK CHESTNUT.
-     3-6. CHESTNUT MOTH.
-  11, 12. DOTTED CHESTNUT.
-
-{21}
-
-THE DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW (_Mellinia_ (_Xanthia_) _gilvago_).
-
-Two examples of this species are shown on Plate 10, Figs. 9 and 10. The
-purplish-brown mottling or clouding and greyish suffusion of the fore wings
-is much denser in some specimens than in others. Often the suffusion is
-quite absent, and the purplish brown is only seen as spots. Again, in an
-almost unicolorous form the ground colour is of a pale orange tint, the
-cross markings and outlines of the reniform are as in the type, and the
-series of blackish points on the submarginal line, usually present in the
-type, are more conspicuous, owing to absence of the other usual dark
-markings; this seems to be the _palleago_ of Hubner, which has been
-considered a distinct species; I think, however, that it is only a form of
-_gilvago_. The earliest recorded British specimen of this form was taken at
-Brighton in 1856, and it and others captured in the same district were then
-thought to be examples of _M. ocellaris_, but their true identity was
-established by Doubleday in 1859. Very few specimens of this form have been
-reported from other parts of England, but I have recently seen one that was
-taken at light in the Canterbury district, Kent, on October 3, 1907. In its
-typical form this species has an extensive range in England, spreading from
-Yorkshire to Surrey and Sussex. The earliest known British specimens were
-captured in the neighbourhood of Doncaster over sixty years ago, but its
-occurrence in Surrey seems not to have been noted until comparatively
-recent times.
-
-The caterpillar is pinkish grey-brown, with three paler lines and a series
-of purplish diamonds along the back; the sides are mottled with purplish
-brown above the black spiracles, and striped with ochreous grey below them.
-According to Buckler, whose description is here adapted, the four pale
-raised dots circled with dark brown, placed within the dark marks on the
-back of each ring, serve to distinguish this caterpillar from its {22}
-allies. It feeds on the seeds of wych-elm, and may be beaten or jarred from
-the branches in April and May. The moth is out in the autumn.
-
-THE PALE-LEMON SALLOW (_Mellinia_ (_Xanthia_) _ocellaris_).
-
-Although sparsely marked yellowish examples of the last species have been
-mistaken for the present one, the true _M. ocellaris_ was not known to
-occur in Britain until 1893, when three specimens were taken at Wimbledon
-and Twickenham. In 1894 a specimen was recorded from Bognor in Sussex, and
-another in West Dulwich. The following year one specimen was taken at
-Richmond, Surrey, and one at Ipswich, Suffolk. Three specimens were
-obtained at sugar in 1899, and five others in 1900, in a locality in North
-Kent. Odd specimens have also been noted as follows:--Suffolk, Beccles
-(1898), Woodbridge (1899); West Norfolk (1904 and 1906); Cambridge (1907).
-The caterpillar, which is ochreous grey with black dots, feeds on poplar,
-and is stated by one continental author to live in the buds and catkins
-when young, and afterwards on low plants. So far, it has not been detected
-in England.
-
-A German specimen of the moth is depicted on Plate 10, Fig. 11. From the
-last species this one is easily separated by the more pointed fore wings,
-by the white dot at lower end of the reniform stigma, and by the different
-shaped cross lines.
-
-The moth has been taken at sugar or light in September and October.
-
-THE ORANGE UPPER-WING (_Xantholeuca_ (_Hoporina_) _croceago_).
-
-This species is shown in its typical form on Plate 10, Fig. 12.
-Occasionally a dull reddish-brown form (ab. _latericolor_, Raynor) occurs,
-of which I some years ago reared several examples, {23} from eggs laid by a
-female taken at sallow in Darenth Wood, Kent.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 6, Fig. 1) is pale ochreous brown, inclining to
-orange, finely freckled with brown, and with brown V-marks on the back of
-rings 4 to 11; the line along the middle of the back is pale yellow, and
-there are two pale yellow spots on ring 11; head, pale brown, freckled with
-darker brown, and sometimes rosy tinged. It feeds on oak, and may be found
-in May and June.
-
-The moth flies in September and October, and then visits ivy bloom and
-sugar at night; after hibernation it comes to sallow bloom. It has been
-found during the winter between dry leaves on oak twigs in the hedgerows.
-Females taken late in the spring and enclosed in a chip box will probably
-deposit a good supply of eggs; caterpillars hatching from them are not
-difficult to rear.
-
-The species does not appear to have been noticed in the eastern or northern
-counties of England, but it occurs from Worcester southwards to Somerset,
-Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall. From Herefordshire it spreads into Wales.
-North of London it is found in Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and to the south
-in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire.
-
-It is represented in Japan by _sericea_, Butler, which is considered a
-distinct species by some authors.
-
-THE RED-HEADED CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _erythrocephala_).
-
-The portraits of this species on Plate 11 are from Austrian specimens. Fig.
-1 is typical and Fig. 2 is ab. _glabra_, Hubner.
-
-A specimen was captured at Marlow, Bucks, in October, 1859, by Mr. A. H.
-Clarke, who presented it to the British Museum in 1903; but perhaps the
-earliest-known British specimen was one taken near Brighton in 1847.
-Between the {24} last-named Sussex locality and Eastbourne in one
-direction, and Lewes in the other, one or more specimens of the type or of
-ab. _glabra_ have occurred from time to time, but there are no records from
-the county for a number of years now. The species has also been noted from
-Hampshire (New Forest and Bournemouth), Somerset, Devon, Kent (Darenth),
-and Hertfordshire (St. Albans). The most recent records refer to two
-captures at Bournemouth in 1902.
-
-THE CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _vaccinii_).
-
-Figure 3 on Plate 11 represents this species in its typical form, which is
-of a dark chestnut colour, and almost without markings. The brighter red
-modification of this form has been named ab. _rufa_, Tutt; while another
-assuming the blacker hue of _O. ligula_ has been described as ab.
-_unicolor_, Tutt. In some of the redder forms the cross lines are dark and
-conspicuous, thus approaching ab. _spadicea_, Hubner, which has distinct
-black lines as seen in Fig. 6. It should be noted that the figure just
-referred to is from a German specimen, as I was unable to obtain a suitable
-British example of the form. Another far more frequent form of this
-variable species is ab. _mixta_, Staud. (Fig. 4), in which the ground
-colour is ochreous, more or less tinged with red; the more yellow-coloured
-examples of this form have been separated under the name _ochrea_, Tutt.
-Figure 5 shows a form that is rather less common than either of those just
-adverted to; the specimen is one of a short series from Kent that I have
-labelled ab. _suffusa_, Tutt; as will be noticed, the band on the outer
-area is in strong contrast to the rest of the fore wings. Apart from the
-above and other named forms, there is considerable aberration in the
-markings, and more especially as regards the stigmata. The lower extremity
-of the reniform is usually black or blackish, but it may be very faint or
-entirely absent, and as a contrast {25} to this, the orbicular sometimes
-has a blackish dot at its lower end.
-
-The caterpillar feeds, in May and June, on oak, elm, etc., and also upon
-low-growing plants. It is reddish brown above, and greenish beneath,
-sometimes the upper surface is tinged with green also; the back is freckled
-with pale brown, and the three lines along it are faintly paler, the raised
-dots are whitish; head, glossy pale brown, freckled with reddish-brown, and
-lined with darker brown.
-
-The moth occurs at sugar, ivy bloom, etc., in the autumn and early winter,
-also at sallow catkins in the spring, in probably almost all wooded
-localities throughout the British Isles.
-
-Its range abroad extends to Japan.
-
-THE DARK CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _ligula_).
-
-Four examples of this species are shown on Plate 11. The typical form has a
-white band on the outer area of the fore wings (Fig. 7); sometimes this
-band is ochreous (ab. _subnigra_, Haworth), and a modification of this, in
-which the outlines of the stigmata and the veins are pale, is var.
-_ochrea_, Tutt. Ab. _polita_, Hubner (Fig. 9), has a whitish-grey
-submarginal band and greyish cross lines, and ab. _spadicea_, Haworth (Fig.
-10), is a dark form without any distinct markings. This species has long
-been incorrectly known as _spadicea_, Hubner, which, as noted above, is a
-form of _vaccinii_, L. Staudinger, probably to prevent confusion, deposed
-_spadicea_, Haworth, and set up _subspadicea_ in its place.
-
-Fig. 8 represents a specimen from North Kent that somewhat suggests ab.
-_suffusa_, Tutt, of the previous species. On comparing the outer marginal
-contour of the fore wings of these closely allied species, it will be noted
-that in all forms of _ligula_ the margin below the tip is always slightly
-concave, thus giving {26} the wings a decidedly pointed tip, a character
-which will serve to distinguish _ligula_ from _vaccinii_ in nearly every
-instance.
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown, freckled with paler; the three pale lines
-along the back are distinctly white on the plate on ring 1, the outer lines
-edged below with brownish; spiracles outlined in black, and the stripe
-along them is reddish ochreous. It feeds in spring and early summer, at
-first on oak, sallow, and hawthorn, and afterwards on low-growing weeds.
-
-The moth flies in October and November, and as it lives through the winter
-is seen at sugar on any mild night, but it does not seem to turn up at the
-sallow catkins in the spring. The species is rather less generally
-distributed than the last, but it is not uncommon in the southern and
-eastern counties, and is found throughout England to the Tyne. Recorded
-from very few localities in Ireland, and apparently not noticed in
-Scotland.
-
-THE DOTTED CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Dasycampa_) _rubiginea_).
-
-A pair of typical specimens are represented on Plate 11, Figs. 11 and 12. A
-form of the species occurring in Somersetshire has the fore wings reddish
-brown, and the usual black dots are largely absent (ab. _unicolor_, Tutt).
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 6, Fig. 2) is purplish brown freckled with blackish;
-there are three obscure paler lines along the back from ring 3, and a
-central series of black spots; the head is black, and the fine hairs of the
-body are yellowish brown. It feeds, in May and June, on apple, plum,
-dandelion, etc. The fact has been noted that, if supplied with apple until
-about half grown, and afterwards with dandelion, it attains full size more
-quickly than when kept to one kind of food only.
-
-The moth appears in October and November, retires during the cold weather,
-and comes forth again in the spring. When {27} reared in confinement, it
-emerges from the chrysalis about a month earlier. Ivy bloom, ripe yew
-berries, and also sugar attract it in the autumn, and in the spring it
-visits the blossoms of sallow, damson, and sloe. There are several records
-of its having been taken at light, perhaps the latest of these being that
-of a specimen captured at Exeter on April 11, 1906.
-
-Except in Devonshire, where it is of more regular occurrence, the species
-is far from common in England, but is taken in, or has been recorded from,
-the counties of Dorset, Wilts, Gloucester, Hereford, Monmouth (S. Wales),
-Hants and Isle of Wight, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Bucks, and Cambridge. In
-Ireland it is noted from Dublin, King's County, Kerry, Wicklow, and Galway.
-
-It is represented in Japan by the larger ab. _fornax_, Butler.
-
-THE SATELLITE (_Eupsilia_ (_Scopelosoma_) _satellitia_).
-
-An example of each sex of this species is shown on Plate 12, together with
-a less common form. Although specimens vary in the amount of red in the
-colour of the fore wings, there is more striking aberration in the colour
-of the lunular marks representing the reniform stigma; these are frequently
-white, but may be yellow (typical), or reddish orange in either sex. The
-dull brownish specimen (Fig. 3) is from Yorkshire, and appears to be
-referable to var. _brunnea_, Lampa.
-
-The caterpillar is dark brown, with indistinct paler lines on the back; the
-line along the spiracles is white or whitish, but often reduced to a series
-of spots on rings 1, 2, 5, and 11. Head, ochreous-brown, darker about the
-mouth. It feeds, in May and June, on the leaves of oak, beech, elm, and
-other trees, also on low plants; and has a keen appetite, it is said, for
-other caterpillars when the opportunity offers.
-
-The moth is out in September, and may be seen at ivy bloom or sugar during
-that month, and also in October and November {28} if the weather is
-favourable; it is early on the wing again in the spring.
-
-Although apparently uncommon in some few parts, the species seems to be
-generally distributed and plentiful throughout England, Wales, Scotland up
-to Ross (recorded from Stromma, Orkney), and Ireland.
-
-In Japan, a greyish form with larger spots (ab. _tripuncta_, Butler)
-occurs.
-
-THE TAWNY PINION (_Lithophane_ (_Xylina_) _semibrunnea_).
-
-An example of this species is represented on Plate 12, Fig. 4. The black
-streak from above the middle of the inner margin towards the hind margin
-should be noted, as this character distinguishes _semibrunnea_ from dark
-forms of the following species--_L. socia._
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a broad creamy stripe along the
-middle of the back, and two indistinct fine lines on each side; below the
-black-outlined white spiracles is a yellow stripe. Head, bluish green,
-freckled with darker green. It feeds on ash in May and June.
-
-The moth appears on the wing, and may be seen at ivy bloom and sugar, from
-September to November, and is sometimes captured at sallow, after
-hibernation, in March or April.
-
-It is on record that two specimens taken in November were kept in
-confinement, and three other captives were added in February. All continued
-to live until June, and two were still alive on the 23rd of that month.
-
-Although this species is found more or less regularly in most of the
-English counties south of Worcester on the west, and Huntingdon on the
-east, it is always very local, and never plentiful. It has been reported
-from Carmarthenshire in South Wales; and Kane states that in Ireland it has
-been taken in Galway and Kerry.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 12.
-   1-3. THE SATELLITE.
-     6. GREY SHOULDER-KNOT.
-     4. TAWNY PINION.
-     7. EARLY GREY.
-     5. PALE PINION.
-  8, 9. GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 13.
-  1, 2. THE CONFORMIST.
-     3. THE NONCONFORMIST.
-  4, 5. THE CUDWEED.
-
-{29}
-
-THE PALE PINION (_Lithophane_ (_Xylina_) _socia_).
-
-The pale ochreous-brown insect shown on Plate 12, Fig. 5, is without the
-dark, sometimes blackish suffusion on the inner area which is
-characteristic of the type of this species. Var. _rufescens_, Tutt, is a
-reddish form.
-
-The caterpillar is pale green with three white lines, the central one broad
-and stripe-like; the line along the spiracles is yellow. Head, pale green,
-variegated with white. (Adapted from Porritt.)
-
-The moth comes to ivy bloom, sugar, etc., in September and October, and
-even later if the weather is mild. After hibernation it reappears as early
-as February, and visits the sallows as soon as the catkins open.
-
-Although it seems to be absent from the eastern counties, except
-Cambridge--where, however, it is scarce--this species is found in most of
-the other counties mentioned for the last species. It is generally more
-plentiful, especially in the west. Occasionally specimens have been taken
-in Cumberland, and single examples have been recorded from the Liverpool
-and Hartlepool districts. It seems to be not uncommon in South Wales, and
-has been reported from Capel Curig, in Carnarvonshire. As regards Ireland,
-Kane says that there are few Irish localities where this species is not
-found.
-
-THE CONFORMIST (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _furcifera_).
-
-The typical form of this species has the fore wings of a pale slaty grey
-colour; this, however, does not seem to occur in Britain. Our form, var.
-_suffusa_, Tutt (shown on Plate 13, Figs. 1 and 2), is much darker grey
-with blackish mottling, a yellowish mark at the base and a reddish cloud in
-the reniform stigma; the outer area is more or less tinged with violet, and
-this tint sometimes spreads over the whole of the fore wings; {30} the
-inner margin is tinged with reddish orange at the base, or along the basal
-half, and there are some clouds of the same colour on the black submarginal
-line. This is _conformis_ of British authors.
-
-The caterpillar (drawn from a skin, Plate 8, Fig. 1) is olive brown, tinged
-with green above, and paler brown, tinged with pink beneath; the dots are
-yellowish in black circles, and there is a dark olive-brown mark on ring 1;
-there are three yellow lines along the back, the central one interrupted by
-darker brown freckles, clustered so as to form a series of diamond-shaped
-patches, and the others are edged above with dark olive. It feeds on alder,
-from April to June.
-
-The moth is out in September and October, and, after hibernation, in March
-and April. Ivy bloom and sugar attract it in the autumn, and it has been
-taken at sallow catkins as well as at sugar in the spring.
-
-Since 1861, when its occurrence in Wales was first announced, it has been
-found more or less regularly in Glamorganshire, South Wales, or the
-adjoining English county of Monmouth. The latest record is that by Mr. P.
-J. Barraud, who took a male specimen at sallow bloom in the Wye Valley on
-March 31, 1907. The capture of a specimen at sugar, near Brighton,
-September 13, 1898, has been reported. One specimen has been recorded from
-Yorks., another from Westmoreland; and in 1902, two from near Lancaster.
-Wales, however, appears to be the home of this species in the British
-Isles.
-
-THE NONCONFORMIST (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _lamda_).
-
-The example of this species shown on Plate 13, Fig. 3, is of the typical
-form, and hails from the Continent. Of the six specimens observed in
-England the majority have been recorded as _zinckenii_, Treitschke, a form
-having the fore wings more variegated with white. Another form, ab.
-_somniculosa_, Hering, {31} has most of the typical markings, especially on
-the outer area, absent.
-
-The earliest occurrence of this species in Britain appears to have been
-that of a specimen on the trunk of a poplar tree in the northern environs
-of London, October, 1865. Then on September 30, 1866, one was detected on
-the bole of a willow tree in a locality not indicated more definitely than
-"near New Cross"; another specimen was taken in the same year in the
-Guildford district, at sugar. On October 3, 1870, a fourth was found on the
-reverse side of a tree that had been sugared, at Dartford, Kent; and a
-specimen, labelled Erith, September, 1875, was in the collection of the
-late Mr. Bond. Lastly, a specimen came to sugar at Copdock, Ipswich, in
-late September, 1895.
-
-The range of this species abroad extends through Scandinavia, Belgium,
-North Germany, and North Russia, to East Siberia, and Amurland. It is found
-in North America, where it is known as _thaxteri_, Grote.
-
-THE GREY SHOULDER-KNOT (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _ornithopus_).
-
-The moth, of which a portrait will be found on Plate 12, Fig. 6, emerges
-from the chrysalis in the autumn, and may then be found at night on ivy
-bloom or at the sugar patch; and in the daytime it may frequently be seen
-on tree trunks, palings, etc. After hibernation, it is again seen in the
-spring, on fences, pales, etc., and visits the sallow catkins at night.
-Females of this species, and other hibernating kinds, taken in the spring
-generally deposit fertile eggs pretty freely; often such specimens are not
-in the best condition, but one female, if she has not already parted with
-most of her eggs, will as a rule deposit quite as many as the collector is
-likely to need.
-
-The caterpillar is of a blue-green colour with whitish freckles; {32} three
-broken whitish lines along the back; head, green, with a paler mark on each
-cheek. It is to be found in May and early June on the leaves of oak.
-
-The species is widely distributed throughout England and Wales, but is more
-frequently met with in the south than in the north. It is found in
-Scotland, but only rarely, and the same remark applies to Ireland
-generally, although the species is not uncommon in some parts of Wicklow,
-Cork, and Kerry.
-
-Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE (_Lithomoia solidaginis_).
-
-On Plate 12, Fig. 8 represents a Lancashire specimen, whilst Fig. 9 is
-taken from an Aberdeen example. The first, having the central area suffused
-with brown, is more nearly typical, and the other varies in the direction
-of ab. _virgata_, Tutt, in which form the central shade is black. Other
-named forms are--ab. _cinerascens_, Staud. = _pallida_, Tutt (pale
-ashy-grey, central shade almost or quite obsolete), ab. _suffusa_, Tutt
-(similar to _virgata_, but the basal area also black or blackish).
-
-The caterpillar is brown, with a purplish or violet tinge, and freckled
-with grey; an indistinct line along the middle of the back and a creamy
-stripe along the sides, the latter is edged above with black; head, shining
-reddish-brown, freckled with darker brown. It feeds on bilberry, bearberry
-(_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_), heather, sallow, birch, and hawthorn, and is
-to be found from May to July.
-
-The moth is out in August and September, and in its woodland and moorland
-haunts is to be seen sitting about on the dead stems of bracken, charred
-twigs and stems of heather, or on birch trunks, rocks, walls, etc. When
-thus resting, however, they very closely resemble twisted birch bark,
-grouse droppings, and other common objects occurring in the haunts of the
-species, so that its detection is not easy at first. {33}
-
-In England this species is found from Shropshire and Staffordshire
-northwards to Cumberland; thence through Scotland to Aberdeen and
-Sutherland. In Wales it has been obtained commonly near Rhos in the north.
-
-Abroad its range spreads to Amurland; and it occurs in North America, where
-it is known as _germana_, Morrison.
-
-THE EARLY GREY (_Xylocampa areola_).
-
-A typical specimen of this widely distributed and, at least in the southern
-half of England, rather common species, is shown on Plate 12, Fig. 7. A
-dark form has been named ab. _suffusa_, Tutt, and one with the fore wings
-of the typical grey colour, but with a pinkish flush, is ab. _rosea_, Tutt.
-
-The caterpillar (figured from a skin, on Plate 8, Fig. 2) is
-yellowish-brown, with a fine pale central line along the back, often only
-distinct on rings 1, 11, and 12, and always obscured by dark brown patches
-on 7 and 8; a blackish line low down along the sides. The body tapers
-towards each end, and especially so towards the small head. It lives upon
-honey-suckle, and feeds on the leaves at night, during May and June, or
-sometimes later.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 1.
-
-EARLY GREY AT REST.
-
-(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)]
-
-The moth appears in March and April, and, in the daytime, is often met with
-at rest on posts, fences, and the trunks of trees; also upon stone walls,
-but seemingly less frequently, probably owing to the moth being then less
-easy to detect. At night it flies around sallow bushes and sometimes
-settles on the catkins, but is always on the alert. {34}
-
-THE SWORD-GRASS (_Calocampa exoleta_).
-
-Except that the pale grey brown fore wings are more clouded with blackish
-in some specimens than in others, there is little of importance to note.
-Usually there are two black wedges pointing inwards from the indistinct
-submarginal line, but occasionally one, or more rarely both, may be absent.
-(Plate 14, Figs. 3 [male] and 4 [female].)
-
-The caterpillar is green, with two series of white spotted black marks, the
-line below these is yellow, and that lower down on the side is bright red;
-the spots between the lines are white, encircled with black. From April to
-May it feeds, often in the sunshine, as well as at night, on restharrow,
-thistles, stonecrop, groundsel, dock, in fact on almost all low-growing
-plants, as well as the foliage of some trees. The caterpillars of this and
-the next species are exceedingly pretty creatures, and are sure to attract
-attention whenever met with. Dr. Chapman notes that the caterpillar will
-feed on stale leaves.
-
-The moth emerges in the autumn, and seems to be on the wing until quite
-late in the year, and is seen again as early as March, and thence on until
-May. One male and two females captured at sugar, March 12 and 13, were
-placed in a glass cylinder with various food plants, and a sprig of sallow
-catkins, moistened occasionally with syrup, afforded nourishment for the
-moths every evening. On April 13, two batches of eggs were noted on nettle,
-but these were not fertile. On April 15 and 20 pairing took place; and by
-May 3 over three thousand eggs had been deposited. On May 13 the two
-females, being still alive, were set at liberty (Goodwin).
-
-Although it certainly appears to be less frequently seen in the south than
-northwards, the species is known to occur pretty well all over England and
-Wales. In Scotland, where it is generally commoner than in England, except
-perhaps in the {35} northern counties of the latter, its range extends to
-the Orkneys.
-
-Abroad, it is found throughout Europe (except the most northern parts);
-Asia to Japan; and the Canaries.
-
-THE RED SWORD-GRASS (_Calocampa vetusta_).
-
-In this species the ground colour of the fore wings varies from whity brown
-to ochreous brown with a slight reddish tinge. A greyish shade spreads from
-the base along the median vein to below the reniform stigma in the paler
-and more typical specimens; the inner area is dark brown, but widely broken
-below the reniform by the grey suffusion. The specimens figured on Plate 14
-(Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) are from Sligo, Ireland, and are referable to
-var. _brunnea_, Tutt. The inner area in this form is red-brown, or
-inclining to blackish brown.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with three yellow lines along the back, and a
-reddish orange stripe along the area of the spiracles; a series of
-black-circled white dots on each side of the central line; in the form
-figured (from a skin) on Plate 8, Fig. 3, the lines on the back are white,
-and the spaces between them black, dotted with white; the stripe along the
-reddish spiracles also white, edged above with black; head, shining light
-reddish brown. It feeds, from May to July, on various low herbage, such as
-dock, persicaria, knotgrass, etc., also sedges and yellow flag.
-
-The moth appears in September and October, and again in March and April,
-but seems to have been noted at various times both earlier and later.
-Mathew records that a female captured at sugar on June 11, deposited 36
-eggs during the following week. These were laid in a chip box, and the
-caterpillars hatched out on June 24, fed up quickly on knotgrass, attained
-full growth by July 24, and pupated about that date. {36} One moth emerged
-September 29, and five others, including three cripples, later.
-
-This species is most frequent in Ireland and Scotland, being distributed
-throughout the latter country to Orkney and Shetland. It has been noted
-from almost every part of England, but does not seem to be plentiful
-generally in the country.
-
-The distribution abroad ranges to East Siberia and to North America.
-
-THE MULLEIN (_Cucullia verbasci_).
-
-Two specimens, representing both sexes, of this species are shown on Plate
-15, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. Sometimes the darker colour on the marginal
-areas, especially the inner, inclines to blackish; while in some specimens
-the whole of the fore wings is suffused with brownish.
-
-The caterpillar is white with a greenish tinge, each ring of the body is
-banded with yellow, has four black spots on the back, and some black dots
-and lines on the sides; the head is yellowish, dotted with black. It may be
-found in June and July quite exposed on mullein (_Verbascum thapsus_, and
-_V. pulverulentum_); also figwort (_Scrophularia nodosa_, and _S.
-aquatica_). Barrett states that it has been noted on _Buddlaea globosa_, an
-American plant sometimes grown in gardens. These caterpillars are certainly
-attacked by parasitical flies, but do not seem to be quite so frequently
-"stung" as those of some other species of the "Sharks." The caterpillar
-figured on Plate 18, Fig. 1, was obtained at Box Hill by Mr. Norman Riley.
-
-The moth is out in late April and in May, and, except an occasional capture
-at light, is rarely seen in the open. The caterpillars are probably
-obtainable in most English and Welsh counties, especially the southern ones
-of both countries, wherever there is an abundance of its food plants.
-Except that McArthur found the species in the Isle of Lewis, in 1901, there
-is no record from Scotland. In Ireland it has been recorded from Dublin by
-Birchall; and in 1901 three moths were taken at Timoleague, Co. Cork, and
-caterpillars later on were plentiful in the district.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 14.
-  1, 2. RED SWORD-GRASS, _male and female_.
-  3, 4. THE SWORD-GRASS,    "   "    "
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 15.
-  1, 2. THE MULLEIN MOTH.
-  4, 5. THE STRIPED LYCHNIS.
-     3. THE WATER BETONY.
-     6. THE STARWORT.
-
-{37}
-
-THE WATER BETONY (_Cucullia scrophulariae_).
-
-A good deal of confusion exists both in Britain and on the Continent as to
-the identity of the _Cucullia_ figured and described by Capieux in 1789,
-and by most authors since that time. I have received over twenty specimens
-from Austria, Germany, and other parts of Europe, sent to me as
-_scrophulariae_. As I have been unable to separate the majority of these
-specimens from _C. lychnitis_, and the others from _C. verbasci_, Mr. F. N.
-Pierce has been good enough to examine the genitalia of six of the males,
-and of these he reports four are _C. lychnitis_, and two are _C. verbasci_.
-
-In England we certainly have a _Cucullia_ sometimes appearing in the moth
-state rather later than _C. verbasci_ and always earlier than _C.
-lychnitis;_ the caterpillar producing it feeds on _Scrophularia nodosa_ in
-July. It is, however, very local, and is found chiefly in North Kent, and
-occasionally in the Eastern Counties. Mr. Pierce finds that the male
-genitalia of a North Kent _scrophulariae_ sent to him do not differ from
-these parts in _C. verbasci_, but Dr. Chapman informs me that he detects a
-slight difference in one that he examined.
-
-It must be admitted that the identity of the North Kent and East Anglian
-_Cucullia_ with the _scrophulariae_ of Capieux is very doubtful, but we
-evidently shall not be greatly opposed to Continental methods if we
-continue to allow April and May moths resulting from Scrophularia nodosa
-caterpillars to do duty for _C. scrophulariae_. I have therefore figured as
-this species a specimen that was reared, with others, in April and May,
-1877, from larvae obtained in the Dartford marshes. (Plate 15, Fig. 3.)
-{38}
-
-The caterpillar is of a whitish-grey colour; along the middle of the back
-is a series of broad deep yellow triangles pointing backwards, each edged
-on both sides by large confluent deep black spots, usually forming a
-somewhat C-shaped marking, which encloses another yellow spot, and below is
-followed by several black spots; behind all these, on each segment, is a
-deep green transverse spotless band. The forms of the black markings,
-composed of united spots, vary in the degree of union of these spots; each
-anterior spot is confluent with the posterior one below it, but does not
-unite transversely with the others; in one variety they resemble tadpole
-forms united by the tails, in another these tails are as thick as the spots
-and form blotched curves; and in still another they are so thick and
-confluent as to include some of the side spots, thus completely edging two
-sides of the yellow triangle with a blotched black border. (Adapted from
-Buckler.)
-
-THE STRIPED LYCHNIS (_Cucullia lychnitis_).
-
-An example of each sex of this species is shown on Plate 15, Figs. 4 and 5.
-The general colour of the fore wings is paler, and the streaks along the
-front and inner margins are darker than in _C. verbasci_; and the outer
-margins of the wings are less jagged.
-
-The caterpillar (figured on Plate 18, Fig. 2, from a photo by Mr. H. Main)
-is greenish white or yellow; the rings are cross banded with yellow and
-spotted with black; usually the spots are united as in the figure,
-sometimes they are smaller and well separated, and occasionally all but
-those low down along the sides are absent. Coupled with decrease in size
-and number of the black spots, there is variation in the width of the
-yellow bands. _Verbascum nigrum_ is the more usual food plant in Britain,
-but it will also eat _V. lychnitis_. It feeds, in July and August, on the
-flowers and unripe seed capsules in preference to the foliage. {39}
-
-Between sixty and seventy years ago, the late Mr. Samuel Stevens obtained
-the caterpillars on mullein growing in a chalk pit at Arundel in Sussex,
-and this seems to be the earliest notice of the species occurring in
-Britain. It is now known also to inhabit Hampshire, Surrey, and
-Oxfordshire; has been reported from Norfolk, Suffolk, and Gloucestershire.
-
-THE STAR-WORT (_Cucullia asteris_).
-
-The silvery-grey fore wings of this moth (Plate 15, Fig. 6) are broadly
-suffused with reddish brown along the front margin, and more narrowly with
-purplish brown inclining to blackish along the inner margin; the latter is
-separated from a purplish brown blotch at the outer angle by a whitish
-edged black curved mark.
-
-The caterpillar (figured on Plate 18, Fig. 3, from a photo by Mr. Main) is
-green with a black-edged yellow stripe along the back, and another along
-the white spiracles; between these stripes are two pale greenish lines;
-head, green, sprinkled with blackish. In another form the body is suffused
-with reddish, inclining to purplish on the back; yellow markings pretty
-much as in the green form. It feeds chiefly on golden-rod (_Solidago
-virgaurea_) and sea star-wort (_Aster tripolium_), showing a decided
-preference for the flowers, but will eat the foliage of the plants
-mentioned. In confinement it can be reared on garden asters and Michaelmas
-daisy. It may be obtained on its food plants from July well into September.
-
-The moth emerges in June and July as a rule, sometimes in early August, but
-has been known to come from the chrysalis during September up to the 23rd
-of that month. The species is found often abundantly in the caterpillar
-state in the seaboard counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex,
-Hants, and Dorset. In Surrey it has occurred at Haslemere, and in {40} the
-Croydon district (?); and it has been recorded from Herefordshire and North
-Lancashire.
-
-The range abroad extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan.
-
-THE SHARK (_Cucullia umbratica_).
-
-On the fore wings of this greyish species (Plate 16, Figs. 5 [male] and 6
-[female]) there is some variation in the short black streaks on the basal
-and outer areas, and in the dots around the stigma; the front margin is
-sometimes brownish tinged. The hind wings of the female are always darker
-than those of the male.
-
-The caterpillar feeds on plants of the sowthistle (_Sonchus_) kind, also on
-garden lettuce and the wild species. It may be found in August and early
-September, but, as it feeds only at night, it should be searched for in the
-daytime on the undersides of the lower leaves. In general colour it is
-ochreous inclining to greyish, with an intricate raised pattern in blackish
-on the upper surface; the head is black, and there is a yellow spotted
-sooty brown plate on the first ring of the body.
-
-The moth is to be seen in June and July, sitting on the upper parts of
-palings, and other kinds of wooden fencing; also on tent pegs, etc.; but it
-is not easy to detect even when its whereabouts is indicated. At night it
-visits flowers of campion, sweet william, honeysuckle, etc.
-
-Widely distributed throughout the British Isles to the Orkneys, but
-seemingly more plentiful and regular in occurrence in the south of England
-than in the north.
-
-THE CHAMOMILE SHARK (_Cucullia chamomillae_).
-
-Although somewhat similar to the last species, this moth may be
-distinguished by the more brownish tinge of its grey fore wings. The hind
-wings are also brown-grey in both sexes, but darkest in the female. {41}
-
-Sometimes the central area of the fore wings is clouded with blackish from
-the front to the inner margin; such specimens are referable to ab.
-_chrysanthemi_, Hubn. (Plate 16, Figs. 1 typical, 2 ab.)
-
-The caterpillar, which may be found in the summer months, is greenish white
-with zigzag olive markings, the lines on the back meeting in the middle of
-each ring, where there is a small pinkish blotch; head, pale yellowish,
-striped with brown on the face. It feeds on wild chamomile (_Matricaria_),
-stinking mayweed (_Anthemis_), and _Pyrethrum_ (Plate 18, Fig. 1). The Rev.
-Miles Moss, writing his experience of this species at Rossall, near
-Fleetwood, Lancashire, notes that until half-grown the caterpillars live
-exposed, and are then found lying in a half-circle on the crowns of
-unexpanded flower heads. At this time they are green with dark and also
-white markings. He adds that caterpillars measuring about an inch in length
-when collected, were preparing for pupation a week later.
-
-The moth is out in April and May, and has been captured even in July. When
-chrysalids are kept indoors, but not dry, the moths sometimes emerge in
-March, and occasionally in the earlier months of the year. A habit more or
-less general among the species of this genus is to remain in the chrysalis
-state for two or more winters; the present species has been known to emerge
-during March of the first, second, and third years following that in which
-the caterpillars were found.
-
-Widely distributed over England and Wales, but apparently most frequent in
-the seaboard counties. In Scotland it occurs up to Perthshire, and it is
-found on various parts of the Irish coast.
-
-THE CUDWEED (_Cucullia gnaphalii_).
-
-Portraits of two specimens of this very local species, kindly lent by Mr.
-R. Adkin, will be found on Plate 13, Figs. 4 and 5. {42} The general
-coloration is usually silvery grey, but occasionally it inclines to
-yellowish. The moth has rarely been noted by day, and only one specimen
-seems to have been captured on the wing. Even caterpillars are by no means
-common in their best-known localities, and of those obtained after much
-labour a large proportion may frequently prove to have been the victims of
-parasitic flies.
-
-The caterpillar is green, inclining to olive green, thickly freckled with
-pale yellow atoms; a purplish-brown stripe along the middle of the back and
-two faint purplish lines along the sides; a pale yellow line along the
-region of the black-edged spiracles, which are set in purplish-brown
-blotches. (Adapted from Buckler.)
-
-Its food plant is golden-rod (_Solidago_) and it feeds at night and hides
-by day, low down on the stems or under the leaves: July to September. In
-confinement the caterpillars will eat garden aster and Michaelmas daisy.
-
-The British haunts of the species are chiefly in Kent (Sevenoaks, Tunbridge
-Wells, etc.), and Sussex (Tilgate Forest, etc.); but according to Barrett
-it is also known from Hampshire, Surrey, and Essex. Abroad, the range
-extends through Central Europe to Southern Scandinavia, Livonia, Southern
-Russia, the Altai Mountains, Italy, and Armenia; but the species is nowhere
-plentiful.
-
-It may be mentioned here that a very closely allied, and on the Continent
-common, species--_C. xeranthemi_, Boisduval--might easily be mistaken for
-_C. gnaphalii_.
-
-THE WORMWOOD (_Cucullia absinthii_).
-
-This moth is shown on Plate 16, Fig. 4. The fore wings are usually tinged
-with purplish over the greyish ground colour; black dots on the stigmata
-give to each of these marks some resemblance to the figure 8. {43}
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on the flowers and seeds of wormwood
-(_Artemisia absinthium_) and will eat mugwort (_A. vulgaris_), is best
-found on sunny days. It is yellowish green, suffused with purplish grey on
-the back of each ring; there are three pale green lines along the back, and
-an ochreous grey plate on ring 1. To be found in August and early
-September, but on dull days it must be sought for among the lower leaves,
-or on the ground. When resting among the flowers it so closely harmonises
-with them that it might easily escape detection.
-
-The moth is out in July.
-
-The species is perhaps most abundant on the South Devonshire coast, but its
-range extends into Cornwall, and eastward to the Isle of Portland and the
-Isle of Wight; it is not uncommon along the coasts of North Devon (Lee and
-Croyde), Somerset (Minehead), and South Wales. It has also been recorded
-from North Wales, and from parts of the Suffolk coast. In Ireland, a
-specimen was taken in a garden at Cromlyn, Westmeath, in 1873, and more
-recently two specimens of the moth, and also some caterpillars, were
-obtained at Timoleague, Cork.
-
-_Cucullia artemisiae (abrotani)_.
-
-This species, of which a Continental example is represented on Plate 16,
-Fig. 3, is apparently exceedingly rare in this country, and most probably
-is not a native.
-
-In the collection of the late Dr. Mason, which was dispersed at Stevens' in
-1905, there were three specimens, each of which had seemingly been included
-among series of _C. absinthii_ purchased at three separate sales. A fourth
-specimen, also mixed with _C. absinthii_, was in the collection of the late
-Rev. H. Burney. Two other specimens have been reported from Devonshire,
-where, it is said, they were found sitting on a fence. {44}
-
-The caterpillar feeds, in August and September, on wormwood and other kinds
-of _Artemisia_. It is green with red raised spots, a white line along the
-middle of the back, and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; head,
-brown inclining to blackish above. The moth is out in June and July.
-
-THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING (_Anarta myrtilli_).
-
-In its typical form (Plate 17, Figs. 1, 2) this species has the fore wings
-purplish brown or blackish brown, whilst in var. _rufescens_, Tutt, the
-general colour of the fore wings is reddish inclining to crimson, and the
-white markings are clearly defined. In some dark specimens the markings are
-more or less obscure, and in others only the central white dot is distinct.
-
-The caterpillar is green, dotted and marked with white; there are three
-rows of yellowish bars along the back, those forming the outer series
-slightly curved. It is to be found on ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), also on
-heath (_Erica_), from July to October, but it seems to be more frequently
-obtained in early autumn. Occasionally it has been found in the spring.
-Hawthorn has been mentioned as a food-plant (Plate 20, Fig. 1).
-
-The moth has been taken in each month from April to August, but it is
-perhaps most plentiful from May to July. The species occurs on heath and
-moorlands throughout the British Isles, but so far it has not been recorded
-from the Shetlands. It flies on sunny days and is very active on the wing,
-but when the sun is obscured, or towards evening, it may be found at rest
-on the heather sprays, usually at their tips.
-
-THE SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING (_Anarta cordigera_).
-
-The pretty moth represented on Plate 17, Fig. 7, is only found in the
-British Isles, on the mountains of Scotland, chiefly in Perthshire and
-Aberdeenshire. Sometimes the basal area of the fore wings is suffused with
-black, and to a lesser extent the outer area also (var. _aethiops_, Hoffm.
-= _suffusa_, Tutt); on the other hand, typical examples have both basal and
-outer areas silvery grey, and the central area black. A form, which I have
-not seen, is described as having the black central area broken by an ashy
-cross band passing between the stigmata (var. _variegata_, Tutt).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 16.
-  1, 2. CHAMOMILE SHARK.
-     4. THE WORMWOOD.
-     3. _CUCULLIA ARTEMISIAE_.
-  5, 6. THE SHARK.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 17.
-    1, 2. BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING.
-    3, 4. SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING.
-    5, 6. BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING.
-       7. SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING.
-    8, 9. THE PEASE BLOSSOM.
-  10, 11. BORDERED SALLOW.
-
-{45} The caterpillar is reddish brown, with three white lines along the
-back, and a reddish-freckled ochreous stripe low down on the sides.
-Sometimes the general colour is blackish. It feeds on bearberry
-(_Arctostaphylos_) in June and July; also said to eat _Vaccinium
-uliginosum_; in confinement it will thrive on _Arbutus unedo_, commonly
-known as the "strawberry tree."
-
-The moth is out in May, when it flies in the sunshine, and in dull weather
-sits about on the rocks, stones, lichen, etc. Mr. Cockayne notes that at
-Rannoch he met with it from May 17 in numbers, but always in isolated spots
-where bearberry was plentiful. Here the moths were either feeding on the
-flowers or settled on the ground. He further remarks that this species
-occurs at the comparatively low elevation of 800 to 900 feet, whereas the
-next species ascends to 2000 feet.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to Amurland and Labrador.
-
-THE BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING (_Anarta melanopa_).
-
-This species has the ground colour of the fore wings greyish in the type
-and brownish in var. _wistromi_, Lampa. Specimens with the fore wings more
-or less typical, but with the normally white area of hind wings dark
-greyish, are referable to ab. _rupestralis._ I remember seeing a specimen
-of the last-named form in the collection of the late Mr. S. Stevens, but I
-believe that it is very rare in the British Isles. In all forms there is
-variation in the stigmata, and in the orbicular especially. (Plate 17,
-Figs. 5 [male] and 6 [female].) {46}
-
-The caterpillar is of a purplish pink colour, with a black-edged
-ochreous-brown line along the middle of the back, broken up by
-reddish-brown triangles; the stripe along the region of the black spiracles
-is yellowish white flecked with red; the sides of the body above the stripe
-are flecked with reddish, and above them is a yellowish-white line and some
-black marks. Head, brownish, freckled with darker. It feeds at night, in
-July, on bilberry (_Vaccinium myrtillus_), cowberry (_V. vitis-idaea_), and
-can also be reared on strawberry tree, sallow, knotgrass, etc. In the
-daytime it must be searched for under the leaves.
-
-The moth is out in May and the early part of June, and is most active in
-the sunshine, but flies on dull days when the weather is warm. It seems
-confined to the higher level of the mountains, and its habits are similar
-to those of the last species, but its range extends to the Shetland Isles.
-The species was not recognised as British until about 1830, and the same
-remark applies to _A. cordigera._
-
-THE SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING (_Heliaca tenebrata_).
-
-The fore wings are a little more reddish in some specimens than in others,
-and occasionally the yellow of the hind wings is much reduced in area by
-the expansion of the black border, or it may be suffused with blackish.
-(Plate 17, Figs. 3 and 4.)
-
-The caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one
-dark green and the others whitish, bordered below with dark green; the
-stripe low down along the sides is yellowish white, edged above with dark
-green. It feeds, in June and July, on mouse-ear chickweed (_Cerastium_),
-devouring the blossom and seeds, when young boring into the unripe capsule.
-
-The moth flies on sunny days in May and early June, and is more or less
-common in grass-bordered lanes, hay meadows, etc., in most counties
-throughout the southern part of England. {47} In the midland counties it
-appears to be far more local, thence to Durham (its northern limit in
-England) it is generally scarce. It has been recorded from Pembrokeshire
-and Flintshire, in Wales. A specimen has been reported from Robroyston,
-near Glasgow, in Scotland. As the species has been obtained in Kerry and
-Sligo, the probability is that it occurs in other parts of Ireland.
-
-THE PEASE-BLOSSOM (_Chariclea delphinii_).
-
-The beautifully tinted moth represented by Figs. 8 and 9 on Plate 17 was
-known as British to Haworth (1802), but it had been figured by Wilkes in
-1773, and by Moses Harris in 1775. In 1829 Stephens remarked that there
-were then but few native specimens in British cabinets, among which were
-examples from the Windsor district "caught about fifteen years since, in
-June." He adds, the interest and value of these, and older specimens, was
-lessened by "the execrable practice of introducing Continental insects into
-collections." Stainton (1857) refers to the Windsor specimens only, and
-Newman (1869) ignores the species altogether. In 1902 two specimens were
-presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. F. Bennett, and are now in the
-National Collection of British Lepidoptera. These were obtained at Brighton
-in 1876 by the donor's father, but whether captured or reared is not known.
-
-THE BORDERED SALLOW (_Pyrrhia umbra_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 17, Figs. 10, 11) in its typical form
-are yellow inclining to orange, with the outer area more or less tinted
-with purplish. In a paler form, ab. _marginata_, Fab., the fore wings are
-without the orange tint, and the outer area is rather greyish brown. {48}
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 20, Fig. 4) is grey or greenish, speckled with
-white, and with raised black dots; there are three lines along the back,
-the central one white edged, broader and darker than the outer ones, which
-are sometimes white; a white-edged pale yellow stripe low down along the
-sides. In some examples the general colour is pinkish brown.
-
-It feeds on restharrow (_Ononis_) in July and August, but can be reared on
-knotgrass, and has been known to thrive on the green pods of the scarlet
-runner bean (_Phaseolus vulgaris_). The moth flies at dusk in June,
-sometimes earlier or later. It visits the flowers of various plants,
-especially those of _Silene_ and _Lychnis_; also comes to the sugar patch
-and may be attracted by light. Although not generally common, it seems to
-be widely distributed over England and Wales, but is most frequent in the
-seaboard counties, and this is more particularly the case in the north. In
-Scotland it appears to occur from Berwick northwards to Moray, and in
-Ireland it has been noted from several of the littoral counties, chiefly
-southern, but also from Sligo.
-
-The range abroad extends to the North-west Himalayas, Amurland, Corea, and
-Japan; the species also occurs in North America from the Atlantic to the
-Rocky Mountains.
-
-THE MARBLED CLOVER (_Heliothis dipsacea_).
-
-The ground colour of this species (Plate 19, Figs. 1, 2) ranges from
-yellowish to ochreous with a greyish, or olive, tinge; the central band
-including the reniform stigma is olive, or reddish brown, terminating on
-the inner margin in a cloud extending towards the hind margin; submarginal
-line preceded by a shade-like band similar in colour to the central one,
-but often only well defined on costal and inner margins; the whitish area
-of the hind wings is sometimes much reduced. The darker specimens are
-typical of the species, whilst those with the paler ground colour and
-brighter cross bands are referable to var. _maritima_, Grasl.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 18.
-      1. MULLEIN: _caterpillar_.
-      2. STRIPED LYCHNIS: _caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a. STARWORT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-      4. CHAMOMILE SHARK: _chrysalis and cocoon_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 19.
-  1, 2. MARBLED CLOVER.
-     3. SPOTTED CLOVER.
-  4, 5. BORDERED STRAW.
-   6-8. SCARCE BORDERED STRAW.
-     9. PALE SHOULDER.
-    10. THE FOUR-SPOTTED.
-
-{49} The caterpillar varies in colour, green of various shades, pinkish, or
-purplish brown; three lines along the back, the central one with dark
-edges, and the outer ones whitish, with dark lower edge; the line low down
-along the sides is often whitish; but this, and also the other white lines,
-may be replaced by greenish or yellowish. It feeds on various low-growing
-plants such as restharrow, scabious, toadflax, white campion, bladder
-campion, clover, etc., preferring the flowers and seeds. It has been found
-from July to September. Sometimes it has been reared on the pods of the
-scarlet-runner bean.
-
-The moth, which is out in June and July, dashes about rapidly in the
-daytime, and as it is partial to the flowers of the bugloss, or those of
-clover, etc., it may be netted when feasting on the blossoms. It occurs in
-meadows, on heaths, and on sandhills by the sea, in most of the southern
-and eastern counties of England, but is only rarely seen northwards, and
-has not been recorded from other parts of the British Isles.
-
-Distribution abroad: the whole Palaearctic region less the extreme north;
-also represented in North America by _phlogophagus_, Grote and Robinson.
-
-THE SPOTTED CLOVER MOTH (_Heliothis scutosa_).
-
-The very distinct-looking moth shown on Plate 19, Fig. 3, is exceedingly
-rare in Britain, only about eleven specimens being authenticated. The
-earliest-known British specimen was captured in a locality near Dalston, in
-Cumberland, July, 1835. The next record is of three examples near
-Skinburnness, also in Cumberland. Then, in 1875, one occurred in Norfolk,
-at the Cromer lighthouse, and this was followed by another in 1876. In 1877
-one was captured as it flew over clover at Weston-super-Mare. On September
-19, 1878, a specimen was netted at {50} the flowers of ragwort on the shore
-of Lough Swilly, near Buncrana, Ireland, and one is recorded as taken near
-Aberdeen, Scotland, in July of that year. The late Dr. Mason had a specimen
-said to have been taken at Attleborough, in Norfolk, June, 1880. The latest
-recorded capture is that of a specimen taken by Mr. F. Capel Hanbury in a
-clover field near Dartmouth, South Devon, September 4, 1900.
-
-The range abroad extends through Central and Southern Europe eastward to
-North India, North China; and southwards to North-west Africa. It occurs
-also in the Western United States of America.
-
-THE BORDERED STRAW (_Heliothis peltigera_).
-
-Two examples of this species are shown on Plate 19, Figs. 4, 5. The fore
-wings are pale ochreous brown, with a more or less reddish tinge; the cross
-lines are not always distinct, but there is generally a dark dot on the
-costal end of the first line, and a large olive-brown spot between the
-second and submarginal lines; following the submarginal line is a pale band
-of variable width, but always with a black dot (sometimes double) towards
-its lower end. Very pale specimens are referable to ab. _pallida_,
-Cockerell.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 20, Fig. 3, figured from a coloured drawing by Mr.
-A. Sich) is green, with three darker green or reddish stripes along the
-back; the stripe along the area of the spiracles is dark green, edged below
-with white, but when the other stripes are reddish this is also marked with
-that colour. Several other forms have been described, and the caterpillar
-seems to be a most variable one. It feeds, from June to August, and again
-in September and October, on many kinds of low-growing herbage, such as
-restharrow (_Ononis_), clover (_Trifolium_), _Matricaria inodora_, etc.;
-also on furze or gorse (_Ulex_), and thorn apple (_Datura_). The blossoms
-and unripe {51} seeds are preferred in almost all cases, and flowers of the
-garden marigold will be found useful when these caterpillars are reared in
-confinement.
-
-From eggs deposited by a female moth taken at Deal in the evening of June
-17, 1904, the caterpillars hatched out in due course, fed up on wild
-convolvulus, pupated at the end of July, and the moths emerged during the
-last week of August and the first week of September. In another case, moths
-were developed in about forty-seven days from eggs laid in mid-July. In
-1907 six caterpillars were found in South Devon during the second week in
-August, and one of these attained the moth state on September 3. Previous
-to 1906, which was a notable one for the species, the moth seems not to
-have been observed earlier than June, but in the year mentioned several
-were taken at the flowers of valerian during May, at Torquay. Caterpillars
-were plentiful on restharrow in the same district during June and July, and
-an example, presumably, of a second generation was captured at bramble
-blossom on August 11. In the same year and on the 15th of the month just
-noted, a specimen was reared from a caterpillar found on _Ononis_, July 18,
-and another specimen captured, August 24, as it flew in the sunshine on a
-slope of the South Downs. In Clarendon Wood, near Salisbury, Wilts, one
-example was taken at sugar, September 2, 1906. The species seems to be of
-fairly regular occurrence in Devonshire and Cornwall, but it has also been
-observed, more or less rarely, in many other English counties, chiefly
-those on the coast; in Pembrokeshire and Glamorganshire, South Wales; a few
-specimens have occurred in Co. Cork, and one in Co. Wicklow, Ireland. All
-that appears to be known of this species in Scotland is that one specimen
-has been recorded from Markton, Ayrshire.
-
-Abroad, its distribution is extensive, ranging from Africa, the Canaries,
-and Madeira to Central and Southern Europe, and through Asia to India. {52}
-
-THE SCARCE BORDERED STRAW (_Heliothis armigera_).
-
-This species (Plate 19, Figs. 6-8) has an almost universal distribution. It
-is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. As regards the
-British Isles, it was first recorded by Mr. Edleston, who noted a specimen
-taken at Salford, Lancashire, by Mr. John Thomas, in September, 1840. This
-specimen, also one captured at Mickleham, Surrey, and others "taken in
-various localities," are referred to in the _Entomologist's Annual_ for
-1855. The following year one was reported from Exeter and one from the Isle
-of Wight. The summer of 1859 was a hot one (as were the two previous
-summers), and the species was recorded from the following localities:
-Brighton, Bristol, Cambridge, Edmonton, Isle of Wight, Ramsgate, Torquay,
-Weston-super-Mare, Worthing, and other places. Apart from the captures on
-the Devonshire coast, chiefly at Torquay, where the moth seems to occur
-pretty nearly every year, the records since 1859 are: 1866 (Scarborough);
-1871 (Wakefield); 1876 (Hartlepool, and Kentish Coast); 1877 and 1881
-(Gloucester); 1890 (Chatham); 1895 (Tunbridge Wells); 1901 (Isle of Wight);
-1902 (Chester and Harwich); 1903 (Lewes). In all cases only single
-specimens. The species has been noted once in South Wales, and twice in
-North Wales; several specimens were secured in 1898 near Berwick-on-Tweed,
-and odd specimens have been recorded from Ireland.
-
-The caterpillar is variable in colour; in one form it is green with a
-yellowish stripe along the sides, and in another the colour is purplish
-brown. The form figured (Plate 20, Fig. 2) is pinkish brown with a
-black-edged whitish line along the back, and a pinkish freckled and
-brownish edged yellowish stripe along the sides; the raised dots are white
-as a rule, but sometimes in the darker forms they are blackish. In some
-examples of the green form the dots and lines are black. {53}
-
-In 1869 two specimens of the moth were reared from caterpillars imported
-with tomatoes from Spain; twenty-three years later Mr. Arkle referred to
-the arrival here of _H. armigera_ in the larval state with consignments of
-tomatoes, from Valencia, landed at Liverpool in the months of June and
-July. The late Mr. Tugwell reared larvae, from eggs deposited by a captured
-female moth, on scarlet geranium; and there is a record of the finding of
-caterpillars on such plants, in the autumn of 1876, in the Isle of Wight.
-Specimens of the moth found at large in Britain occur in the autumn.
-
-In the United States of America, where it is known as the "Cotton Boll
-worm," "Corn-ear worm," and "Tomato fruit worm," this caterpillar is
-chiefly destructive to corn crops, as of the five generations stated to
-occur during the year in the States three occur in cornfields. It also
-attacks beans, tobacco, pumpkins, melons, oranges, garden flowering-plants,
-and many kinds of wild plants. The British nurserymen and farmers are
-perhaps to be congratulated on the fact that this moth is only an
-accidental visitor and not a native.
-
-THE PALE SHOULDER (_Acontia_ (_Tarache_) _lucida_, var. _albicollis_).
-
-Only eight specimens of this species seem to have been noted in Britain,
-and all these are apparently referable to the summer form, var.
-_albicollis_, Fabricius. (Plate 19, Fig. 9.) Stephens, who figured it as
-_solaris_, Wien Verz. (Haustellata iii., Plate 29, Fig. 3), states that the
-specimen was in Marsham's collection, but that nothing farther was known
-about it. He, however, mentions two other specimens "taken within the
-Metropolitan area about ten years ago [that would be 1820] and four others
-near Dover above six years ago." Dale fixes the date of Dover captures as
-June, 1825. On August 25, 1859, a specimen was taken in a clover field at
-Brighton. {54}
-
-The species has an extensive range abroad, being found in Southern Europe
-and North-west Africa to Madeira and the Canaries; also in Central Europe,
-through Western and Central Asia to North India and East Siberia.
-
-THE FOUR-SPOTTED (_Acontia_ (_Tarache_) _luctuosa_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 19, Fig. 10) are sometimes finely
-powdered with white, but more often the outer marginal area is distinctly
-flecked with white. The conspicuous central spot is usually white, but
-occasionally it has a pinkish ochreous tinge; very rarely it is reduced to
-a narrow streak with a short spur from its outer edge. The white band on
-the hind wings is sometimes narrowed and contracted below the middle.
-
-The eggs are shown on Plate 23, Fig. 2. They were, when laid on June 17,
-whity brown marked with reddish brown.
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous greyish inclining to reddish or brownish; three
-dark-edged stripes along the back, a dark-brown line along the black
-spiracles, with two finer wavy lines above it; lower down there is a broad
-stripe of reddish brown; head marked with four lines of black dots. It
-feeds, at night, during June, July, and August (later in some seasons), on
-the small bindweed (_Convolvulus arvensis_), and although it will eat the
-leaves when nearly full grown it prefers the flowers and seeds in its
-infancy.
-
-The moth appears in May and June, and a second generation in August and
-September. In the sunshine it is active on the wing, but in dull weather it
-hides under herbage, in clover fields, chalky slopes, and rough places
-where its food plant occurs.
-
-The female will often lay her eggs in a chip-box when she is thus secured
-after capture; the caterpillars are not difficult to rear if flower buds of
-the bindweed can be obtained to start them upon.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 20.
-  1. BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING: _caterpillars_.
-  2. SCARCE-BORDERED STRAW: _caterpillar_.
-  3. BORDERED STRAW: _caterpillar_.
-  4. BORDERED SALLOW: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 21.
-    1, 2. PURPLE MARBLED.
-       3. SMALL MARBLED.
-       4. SILVER-BARRED.
-       5. SILVER HOOK.
-       6. _THALPOCHARES PAULA_.
-       7. MARBLED WHITE-SPOT.
-       8. STRAW DOT.
-       9. ROSY MARBLED.
-  10, 11. SMALL PURPLE BARRED.
-      12. SPOTTED SULPHUR.
-
-{55}
-
-The species is especially common in the south-west of England, chiefly on
-the coast, but it seems to occur in most suitable localities in nearly all
-the southern counties, and its range extends to Gloucestershire on the west
-and to Norfolk on the east. About seventy-five years ago Stephens used to
-obtain specimens on a chalky ridge near Hertford, and recently the moth has
-been found at Hitchin in North Hertfordshire.
-
-THE PURPLE MARBLED (_Thalpochares ostrina_).
-
-Two Continental specimens of this little moth are shown on Plate 21, Figs.
-1 typical, 2 ab. _carthami_. An example of this species was obtained in
-June, 1825, in a lane near Bideford, Devonshire, and Stephens refers to
-this as the only specimen of the species that up to that time (1830) had
-been noted in England. Nothing more was heard of _T. ostrina_ until 1858,
-when another Devonshire specimen was taken, this time near Torquay, on June
-8, and during the month several others were captured on the coast; two were
-also secured in the Isle of Wight, and one in Ayrshire, Scotland. In 1865,
-a specimen was recorded as taken in July a few years previously at Pembrey,
-South Wales; 1880, one at Dover in September, and one near Swanage; Barrett
-mentions specimens taken on the Culver Cliffs, Isle of Wight, in 1859.
-
-It seems unquestionable that examples of this species captured in Britain,
-and also of the other two _Thalpochares_ to be presently referred to, are
-immigrants, and it is quite conceivable that besides the specimens captured
-here, others which have escaped detection may also have arrived with them.
-
-The distribution abroad is extensive, embracing South Europe, Turkey, Asia
-Minor, Egypt, North-west Africa, Madeira, and the Canary Isles. It has also
-been found in France and Germany, but its occurrence in the latter country
-has been even less frequent than in England. {56}
-
-THE SMALL MARBLED (_Thalpochares parva_).
-
-This species, of which a foreign example is represented on Plate 21, Fig.
-3, has a similar distribution to that of _T. ostrina_, only it does not
-seem to occur in Madeira or the Canaries, and its eastward range extends to
-Central and Southern India.
-
-The fore wings are pale reddish ochreous; first line, oblique, dusky,
-slightly waved on lower half, bordered inwardly with brownish and outwardly
-with white; second line, dusky and irregular.
-
-The earliest specimen noted in Britain was captured at Teignmouth, South
-Devon, in July, 1844; another was said to have been captured at
-Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, but it has been suggested that this specimen
-might probably be referable to _T. ostrina._ Mr. E. Bankes has a specimen,
-taken by himself on a salt marsh in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, June 8,
-1892. This seems to be all that is definitely known of this species in
-Britain, but others have been noted from the Isle of Wight and the Isle of
-Man.
-
-_Thalpochares paula._
-
-The fore wings are white, clouded with pale brownish grey beyond the almost
-straight and rather oblique first line, and also beyond the angulated
-second line.
-
-Of this species (Plate 21, Fig. 6) a specimen, now in the collection of Mr.
-E. R. Bankes, was taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in June, 1872. Two
-other specimens, one of which seems to have been captured by a boy who was
-collecting on the south coast, were recorded in 1873; these insects were at
-that time in the collection of the Rev. H. Burney, and had been caught
-several years earlier.
-
-The range abroad extends through Europe and Asia to South Siberia. The
-specimen figured is from Dresden. {57}
-
-THE MARBLED WHITE SPOT (_Hapalotis_ (_Erastria_) _fasciana_).
-
-The ground colour of the fore wings of this species (Plate 21, Fig. 7) is
-brownish grey, more or less clouded and sometimes suffused with blackish;
-the white patch on the outer marginal area is, in some examples, much
-obscured by dark-grey markings, and in occasional specimens the only trace
-of white on this part of the wing is a thin edging to the second line (ab.
-_albilinea_, Haworth).
-
-The caterpillar is pale yellowish, with a greenish, sometimes red, tinged
-line along the middle of the back, and a brown one on each side; a reddish
-line under the black spiracles; head, brownish; the raised dots of the body
-are dusky edged with reddish. It feeds from July to September. A reddish
-form of this caterpillar has been noted. Buckler, from whose description
-the above has been condensed, states that the food-plant is blue
-moor-grass, or purple melic-grass (_Molinia caerulea_), and this is
-confirmed by Bignell, who remarks that in Devonshire he easily finds the
-caterpillars "feeding about half way up the blades" of this grass.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, or in forward seasons in late May. It is
-partial to pine and larch trunks as a resting place during the day, and is
-local and more or less frequent in most of the southern counties, from Kent
-to Cornwall, through Somerset and Gloucester (extending into Oxford), to
-Hereford and Worcester, on the west, and from Essex to Norfolk on the east.
-A specimen was taken at light in Chester in June, 1901.
-
-The range abroad extends to Japan.
-
-THE SILVER BARRED (_Bankia_ (_Erastria_) _argentula_).
-
-In its typical form this species (Plate 21, Fig. 4) has the colour of the
-fore wings olive brown, but occasionally it is {58} tinged with reddish in
-some English, and more generally in Irish, specimens. The silvery oblique
-lines, or bands, vary in width, and sometimes there is a distinct spur from
-the lower outer edge of the first band.
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a rather darker green line along
-the middle of the back, and a yellow one on each side of it. It feeds on
-grasses, such as _Poa aquatica_ and _P. Pratensis_, etc., in July and early
-August.
-
-The moth is out in June, and may be found during the day sitting about on
-the herbage in its marshy haunts, or flying over the vegetation towards the
-evening.
-
-The species is exceedingly local in Britain. In ancient times it occurred
-in Norfolk, but in the present day it seems to be confined to
-Cambridgeshire, in which county it was first noted rarely in Wicken fen
-about thirty years ago, but in 1882 it was found plentifully in Chippenham
-fen, and in that locality (which is a private one) the species still
-flourishes. In Ireland it is well distributed over co. Kerry, and is
-especially abundant on the bogs of Killarney.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland, where the brownish form var.
-_amurula_, Staud., is found.
-
-THE SILVER HOOK (_Hydrelia_ (_Erastria_) _uncula_).
-
-The usually olive brown central area of the fore wings is sometimes reddish
-tinged, and in fresh specimens the whitish front marginal streak is
-distinctly rosy; the reniform stigma, which appears to be a spur of the
-costal streak, is also white or rosy tinged, and sometimes encloses a
-greyish mark. This stigma is the so-called "hook" to which both the English
-name and the Latin specific name refer. (Plate 21, Fig. 5.)
-
-The caterpillar feeds in July and early August on sedges (_Carex_) and
-coarse grasses. It is green, with three lines along the back, the central
-one rather darker green, and the other two whitish; low down along the
-sides is a broader yellowish line; the head is green with a yellowish
-tinge.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 22.
-     1. THE HERALD.
-     2. THE DARK SPECTACLE.
-     3. THE SPECTACLE.
-     4. GOLDEN PLUSIA.
-  5, 6. BURNISHED BRASS.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 23.
-  1. CHAMOMILE SHARK: _caterpillar_.
-  2. THE FOUR-SPOTTED: _eggs_.
-  3. STRAW DOT: _caterpillar_.
-
-{59}
-
-The moth is out from late May to early July, sometimes later.
-
-This is also a marsh-loving species, and is generally plentiful in the fens
-of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire; in the Southern counties it is
-either very local or, owing to its small size, has escaped detection, but
-has been noted as occurring in Surrey (Wisley), Kent (Deal), Hants (New
-Forest), Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Somersetshire; also in Yorkshire
-(Askham bog), and in Cumberland. The Welsh counties in which it has been
-found are Pembroke, Glamorgan and Carnarvon (Abersoch). It is locally
-common in Clydesdale, and has also been reported from Kirkcudbrightshire,
-and Perthshire. In Ireland it abounds in the boggy parts of Kerry, and is
-more or less frequent in several other parts of Ireland. Near Castle
-Bellingham, co. Louth, where it is common, a second brood was observed on
-Aug. 1st, 1894.
-
-Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE ROSY MARBLED (_Erastria venustula_).
-
-Another local species, but a frequenter of drier localities than the last
-two. This delicate rosy-flushed whitish moth first became known as a native
-of Britain by the capture of a few specimens in Essex. Stephens, writing in
-1830, remarks, "I have hitherto seen four examples only--a pair in my own
-cabinet; one of the latter taken, I believe, in Epping forest by the late
-Mr. Honey, the other by the late Mr. Bentley." No other British specimens
-seem to have been recorded until 1845, when the late Mr. H. Doubleday, in
-July, noted several of the moths disporting themselves over, or settling
-upon, bracken in Epping Forest. For many years Loughton and some other
-parts of the forest remained the only known English haunts of the species,
-but in 1874 it was found commonly in {60} St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex;
-later still, it was discovered in the Brentwood district, Essex. It still
-occurs in all these localities, but appears to be now less frequently
-noticed in the original one than formerly (Plate 21, Fig. 9).
-
-The caterpillar feeds in July and August on the flowers of cinquefoil
-(_Potentilla_), and is said to eat bramble blossoms also. Hellins describes
-it as rich brown, with a row of eight dusky-red diamonds down the back,
-enclosing the dorsal line of brighter red. The moth is out from the end of
-May and in June; it may be put up from herbage during the day, but its
-proper time of flight is in the early evening, and then only when the
-weather is favourable. If cold or damp the insects will not get on the
-wing. (Plate 25, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.)
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE STRAW DOT (_Rivula sericealis_).
-
-This pale ochreous species, an example of which is represented on Plate 21,
-Fig. 8, varies in the amount of darker shading or suffusion on the outer
-marginal area of the fore wing; sometimes this is grey-brown or pale
-reddish brown, but often there is no shading whatever, and in such
-specimens the ground colour is usually very pale. The dark brown reniform
-mark is always present, but the cross lines are more often absent than
-present.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with a darker green line along the middle of the
-back, and a white stripe on each side of it, the inner edge of each of the
-latter irregular; head, greenish grey, and the bristle-bearing raised dots
-are shining green with a dusky cap. It feeds on _Brachypodium sylvaticum_,
-but seems to accommodate itself to a diet of _Phalaris arundinacea_, and
-would perhaps eat other grasses: August to May. (Plate 23, Fig. 3; after
-Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out all through the summer months, and {61} frequents marshes,
-damp rides and borders of woods, heaths, and where there is plenty of tall
-grass.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England and Wales, although it
-appears to be rather scarce in the midlands and northwards. In Ireland it
-is generally abundant, but in Scotland it has only been noted from the
-south, and is there local and rare.
-
-The distribution abroad includes Amurland, Corea, and Japan.
-
-THE SMALL PURPLE BARRED (_Prothymnia viridaria_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 21, Figs. 10 [male], 11 [female])
-range in colour from olive grey to olive brown, and are frequently adorned
-with two rosy-red (typical) or purplish bands (_aenea_, Haw.). In some
-specimens the bands are of a dusky hue and not very distinct, whilst in
-others the wings are of a uniform dingy brown tint (ab. _fusca_, Tutt).
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 25, Fig. 2) is velvety-green above and paler
-beneath, yellowish between the rings, with a dark green slender line
-bordered by paler lines along the back, and three pale lines along the
-sides; below the yellowish spiracles there is a broader pale line becoming
-whitish on rings 9-12; head, green mottled with brown (adapted from
-Hellins).
-
-It is to be found in August and September on the common milkwort (_Polygala
-vulgaris_). On May 31, 1906, I met with the moth in some numbers on a
-marshy bit of heath in Surrey, where there was a plentiful growth of
-lousewort (_Pedicularis_), but, so far as I know, no _Polygala_. All the
-moths were much below the average size, the bands were mainly purple, but
-in no case rosy. The moth flies in May and June, and specimens have been
-captured both earlier and later. Except that it does not appear to occur in
-the extreme north of Scotland, the species seems to be pretty generally
-distributed over the British Isles, and is often very common in many parts.
-
-The eastern distribution extends to E. Siberia. {62}
-
-THE SPOTTED SULPHUR (_Emmelia trabealis_).
-
-Although this pretty black and yellow moth (Plate 21, Fig. 12) was noted by
-Stephens (1830) as being occasionally captured in Battersea fields, and as
-occurring near Margate, and elsewhere in Kent, it was not until 1847 that
-the Breck-sand district of Norfolk, adjoining parts of Suffolk, and
-Cambridge, became known as being inhabited by The Spotted Sulphur. The
-vicinity of Brandon and Tuddenham is especially favoured by the species,
-but it occurs in several other parts of the area. Occasionally, specimens
-have been captured in various Kentish localities, and between thirty and
-forty years ago single examples were taken in Hackney Marshes, Lower
-Clapton (August 2), also in Wandsworth (at light, July 26). From these
-facts it would appear possible that the species occasionally strays from
-its haunts in the eastern counties and sometimes to a considerable
-distance. Once, indeed, a specimen was found on a gas lamp at Exeter. On
-the other hand, it is quite conceivable that such wanderers may have come
-from abroad.
-
-Some specimens are of a paler yellow than others, but there is rather more
-noticeable aberration in the number and intensity of the black markings.
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown, with three darker lines along the back,
-the central one pale edged; a pale yellow stripe runs along the region of
-the spiracles, and has a fine brownish line running through it from end to
-end. Another form is green with white lines. It feeds on the bindweed
-(_Convolvulus arvensis_) in July, and has a second brood in September. The
-moth, which rests among herbage by day, and flies towards evening, is found
-in June, July, and August.
-
-The species is found throughout Central and Southern Europe, its range
-extending to Denmark and South Sweden; eastward it occurs in Asia Minor,
-Syria, and through Asia to Japan. {63}
-
-GONOPTERINAE.
-
-THE HERALD (_Scoliopteryx libatrix_).
-
-Haworth (1802) gave this attractive species the English name of "Furbelow
-Moth," but Harris (1782) had named it Herald Moth (Plate 22, Fig. 1).
-
-In the majority of specimens the purplish, or grey-brown fore wings, are
-more or less reddish tinged throughout, but occasionally the outer marginal
-area is free of this tint; the orange red marks on the central and basal
-areas are brighter in some specimens than in others.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on sallow, osier, willow, and probably poplar
-(a chrysalis having been found in a curled leaf of black poplar), is a
-long, rather thin, greenish creature without any distinct markings, except
-that when full grown the front rings have two black spots. It may be found
-reposing on the upper leaves of its foodplant, from June to August. (Plate
-25, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.)
-
-The moth may be obtained at sugar, ivy-blossom, etc., from August to
-October, and it seems that the earliest to emerge are those that first take
-up hibernating quarters in barns, outhouses, roofs, belfries, and under
-arches. In the spring it reappears, and may be met with even in June. A
-specimen was taken at sugar on July 20, 1899, but whether this is to be
-regarded as a very late date or an unusually early one, I cannot say.
-Generally distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but of the
-Scottish Isles only recorded from Shetland. Abroad it ranges through Europe
-to North-West Africa, and through Asia to Amurland and Japan; also in
-temperate North America.
-
-NOTE.--Stephens (1829) referred this species to the genus _Calyptra_,
-Ochs., but in 1831 he adopted _Scoliopteryx_, Germar (1811). _Gonoptera_,
-Latr., which has been frequently used, only dates from 1825. {64}
-
-QUADRIFINAE.
-
-THE GOLDEN PLUSIA (_Plusia moneta_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 2.
-
-GOLDEN PLUSIA AT REST.
-
-(Photo by H. Main.)]
-
-The British history of the grey tinged pale golden species, shown on Plate
-22, Fig. 4, dates back only to 1890. In that year, on July 2, Mr. Christy,
-of Watergate, Emsworth, found a specimen in his illuminated moth trap; this
-was noted in the _Entomologist_ for August, 1890. From subsequent records
-it appears that a specimen had been taken on the same date at a gas lamp
-near Reading, by Mr. W. Holland; whilst one was captured, at a light, near
-Tunbridge Wells on July 1. The earliest British specimen, however, was one
-netted whilst hovering over flowers of _Delphinium_ at Dover, on June 25 of
-the same year, but this was not announced until October. Since its arrival
-here the species seems to have spread over England at a great rate, and it
-has recently been reported from Cheshire. In some southern gardens the
-caterpillars abound to such an extent that they are regarded as a plague.
-On the continent it is said to feed on sunflower, artichoke, burdock, and
-cucumber.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 24.
-     1. SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS.
-     2. GOLD SPANGLE.
-  3, 4. GOLD SPOT.
-  5, 6. BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN Y.
-  7, 8. PLAIN GOLDEN Y.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 25.
-  1. HERALD: _caterpillar_.
-  2. SMALL PURPLE-BARRED: _caterpillar_.
-  3. ROSY-MARBLED: _caterpillar_.
-
-{65}
-
-The caterpillar is green, dotted with white; a dark line along the back and
-a white one along the sides. In the early stage it is black or sooty brown,
-and hides itself among the spun together flower buds, or in a turned down
-tender leaf. It feeds in May and June, occasionally found in late April,
-after hibernation, and a second generation sometimes occurs in July and
-August. Monkshood (_Aconitum_) and larkspur (_Delphinium_) are the usual
-food plants, and it is curious to note that whilst some observers state
-that larkspur alone is eaten, others say that monkshood is the only food.
-The moth flies in June and July, and sometimes there is an emergence in
-August and September. It visits the blossoms of various garden plants, and
-is also attracted by light.
-
-The caterpillar, represented on Plate 27, Fig. 1, was found with others on
-larkspur in Mr. Herbert Smith's garden at Wallington, Surrey. The cocoon
-and chrysalis is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. Another photo by Mr. Main
-shows the young caterpillar constructing its retreat.
-
-According to Duponchel this species occurred in Normandy, Central and
-Northern Europe, as far back as 1829. A much paler form inclining to
-silvery, var. _esmeralda_, Oberthur, is found in Ussuri, North China, and
-other parts of East Asia.
-
-THE BURNISHED BRASS (_Plusia chrysitis_).
-
-Two forms of this metallic-looking species are represented (Plate 22); 5 is
-typical and 6 shows the ab. _juncta_, Tutt. Between these are various
-intermediate stages leading to the complete division of the central band.
-The broken central band is a character of var. _nadeja_, Oberthur, from
-Amurland and {66} Japan, but that form has also a more or less complete
-series of ochreous-brown dots on the outer area. The metallic colour is
-sometimes greenish in all forms.
-
-The caterpillar is pale green, with a darker green line along the middle of
-the back, bordered on each side by an irregular white line; an oblique
-white streak on the sides of each ring from 4-11; a stripe low down along
-the sides is white; head, yellowish tinged. It feeds on stinging nettle,
-probably on other plants, and after hibernation attains full growth about
-May. In favourable seasons caterpillars also occur in July and August. The
-moth is out in June, July, and August, less frequently in September, and
-may be found flying along the sides of hedges and ditches, especially where
-flowering weeds are plentiful, throughout the British Isles; so far,
-however, it has not been recorded from the Hebrides, Orkneys, or Shetlands.
-
-THE SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS (_Plusia chryson_).
-
-The more or less square golden (sometimes green-tinged) patch on the
-velvety purplish brown fore wings, distinguish this species (Plate 24, Fig.
-1) from any other British _Plusia_.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with a darker line along the middle of the back,
-and a fine white line on each side of it; there is a dark green stripe low
-down along the sides, edged below with white, and oblique white lines run
-from it to the central line on rings 3-11. It feeds on hemp-agrimony
-(_Eupatorium cannabinum_), hibernates when small, and completes its growth
-in May or early June.
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and is said to be occasionally seen, on
-sunny days, flying about, or resting on, the flowers of the hemp-agrimony
-and other plants. Night, however, is its more usual time of activity, and
-it may also be found at the blossoms of the larval food plant, and at those
-of honeysuckle, etc. {67}
-
-The species has been found, chiefly in the past in most of the southern
-counties of England from Kent (Deal district) to Cornwall, also in
-Gloucestershire, and in South Wales. Chippenham fen in Cambridgeshire is
-the most noted locality for it in the present day, and it has been found in
-Norfolk and Suffolk. There is even a record of a specimen having been
-beaten out of honeysuckle near Preston, Lancs., but this happened nearly
-forty years ago.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE GOLD SPANGLE (_Plusia bractea_).
-
-The purplish brown fore wings of this moth have a bright solid-looking
-golden mark on the upper edge of a velvety, deep brown patch. This metallic
-"spangle" varies a little in size and in shape, but not to any noteworthy
-extent (Plate 24, Fig. 2).
-
-The caterpillar is bright green, dotted with white, above, and dull darker
-green below; there is a fine dark green line along the middle of the back,
-some indistinct and irregular white lines followed by a whitish stripe
-lower down, along the sides. It seems to feed upon a variety of low-growing
-plants, among which are groundsel, dandelion, white dead-nettle (_Lamium
-album_), and stinging nettle, also on honeysuckle, from August to May. In a
-state of nature, it hibernates when small, and becomes full grown in May or
-early June, but when reared from the egg it can be induced, by keeping it
-in a warm place, to continue feeding, grow up quickly, pupate, and assume
-the winged state in the late autumn. Under such artificial conditions it is
-said to eat lettuce and plantain.
-
-Normally, the moth is out in June and July, and has been met with in
-August. Like all members of this group it is partial to flowers, and has
-been frequently taken at those of the honeysuckle, although all sorts of
-blossoms, down to the lowly _Viola cornuta_, have attraction for it. {68}
-
-The species is more especially a denizen of Ireland and Scotland, but it
-occurs in most of the northern counties of England, and has been recorded
-from Worcestershire and Herefordshire; also from Carmarthenshire in South
-Wales.
-
-Abroad, its range extends to Central Asia; and in Amurland and Japan it is
-represented by P. excelsa, Kretschmar.
-
-THE GOLD SPOT (_Plusia festucae_).
-
-In this species (Plate 24, Figs. 3 and 4) the fore wings are golden brown,
-clouded with purplish brown; sometimes the purplish brown is confined
-almost entirely to the broad area. Besides the large central metallic
-marks, there are more or less conspicuous patches of metallic colour at the
-base of the costa, on the middle of the inner margin, and towards the tips
-of the wings. Usually the central spots are clearly apart, but I have one
-example from Bishop Auckland, Durham, in which they are only separated one
-from the other by a slender brown line.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with a white-edged dark-green line along the
-middle of the back, and some slender yellowish lines on each side of it; a
-whitish or yellow tinged stripe low down along the sides; head, tinged with
-brown.
-
-It feeds on sedge, coarse grasses, bur-reed (_Sparganium ramosum_), and
-yellow-flag (_Iris pseudacorus_); also said by Collins to eat water
-plantain (_Alisma plantago_): April to June, and in some localities and
-seasons, again in July and August. The black chrysalis is enclosed in a
-rather long greyish cocoon, spun up on the undersides of the leaves of
-sedge or reed; usually placed towards the tip of the leaf, which droops
-over and so hides it.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and in some years there seems to be an
-emergence in August and September; this has been more particularly noted in
-Cheshire, where Arkle has had moths emerge in June, July, August, and
-September. A second flight has been noted in Ireland by Kane and others;
-and late examples have also been recorded from Scotland.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 26.
-  1, 2. SILVER Y.
-     3. NI MOTH.
-  4, 5. SCARCE SILVER Y.
-  6, 7. MOTHER SHIPTON.
-  8, 9. BURNET COMPANION.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 27.
-  1, 1a, 1b. GOLDEN PLUSIA: _caterpillars and chrysalis_.
-          2. DARK SPECTACLE: _caterpillar_.
-
-{69} Although it has been recorded from some of the southern counties, it
-is most frequent in the eastern and northern parts of England, and in South
-Wales. Occurs throughout Scotland up to Moray; and in Ireland it is found
-in most localities, though not often common, except by the sea in Co.
-Kerry, and in Connamara, Co. Galway.
-
-Abroad, it extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan.
-
-THE PLAIN GOLDEN Y (_Plusia iota_).
-
-In typical specimens the metallic mark is V-shaped, with a dot below and a
-little to one side (Plate 24, Fig. 8). In ab. _percontationis_, Treit.
-(Fig. 7), these spots are united and form a Y-like mark. Sometimes the spot
-is absent and the V-mark much reduced, and more rarely the V also
-disappears (ab. _inscripta_, Esp.).
-
-The larva is yellowish green, white dotted, with a white-edged darker line
-along the middle of the back; a band composed of whitish irregular lines
-runs along the sides, and a thin yellow line along the area of the
-spiracles. It hatches from the egg in the late summer, hibernates when
-quite small, and feeds up in the spring. The food plants comprise the dead
-nettles (_Lamium_), woundwort (_Stachys_), mint, stinging nettle,
-honeysuckle, hawthorn, etc. There is a record of sixteen larvae which
-hibernated among dead leaves of _Lamium album_, resumed feeding on February
-18, spun up April 23-25, and produced moths May 27-June 4. Usually the moth
-is on the wing in June and July.
-
-The species seems to be pretty widely distributed throughout the British
-Isles to the Orkneys; it was not known to occur in the Hebrides until 1901,
-when McArthur obtained it in the Isle of Lewis. {70}
-
-THE BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN Y (_Plusia pulchrina_).
-
-This species (Plate 24, Figs. 5 and 6) so closely resembles the last that
-it has been considered a variety thereof; there is no question, however,
-that it is quite distinct. The fore wings in both species are somewhat
-similar in general tints, but the following points of difference
-distinguish _pulchrina_--the darker colour is less evenly displayed, and
-gives the wings a more mottled or marbled appearance; the cross lines,
-especially those on the basal area, are almost invariably golden edged; the
-second cross line is more acutely bent inwards above the inner margin, the
-reniform has a more or less complete golden outline, and it is placed in a
-dark cloud; the golden V-mark and dot below are generally thicker. As a
-rule, the fringes of all the wings are more distinctly chequered, but this
-feature cannot be relied on alone in separating one species from the other.
-In ab. _percontatrix_, Aurivillius (= _juncta_, Tutt), the golden V and dot
-are united and so form a Y-mark (Fig. 5).
-
-The caterpillar is green with a broad central white stripe and several
-finer white lines along the back; a yellowish-tinted white stripe low down
-along the sides; head shining, marked with black on each side of the mouth.
-This caterpillar has the bristles rather more in evidence than they are in
-the larva of _P. iota_. It feeds on various low-growing plants, such as the
-dead nettles, groundsel, etc., also on honeysuckle and bilberry.
-
-The moth occurs in June and July, and is found more or less frequently all
-over the British Isles to Orkney, but in England is more plentiful from the
-Midlands northwards than in the southern counties.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE NI MOTH (_Plusia ni_).
-
-The present species (Plate 26, Fig. 3) bears a strong resemblance to a
-small pale specimen of _P. gamma_; but, as {71} will be noted, the silvery
-central Y-mark is differently formed. Here it is made up of a curve
-somewhat like the letter U, and an oval or round spot, the latter very
-close to and sometimes, as in the example figured, united with the former.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on cabbage and other Cruciferae, also on
-lettuce, tomato, etc., is green, inclining to yellowish green and dotted
-with white; three white lines along the back, and a white stripe along the
-sides. It is said to be more slender in form than the caterpillar of _P.
-gamma_. (Plate 28, Fig. 1.)
-
-The earliest British specimen was taken at flowers of red valerian in a
-garden at Exeter, August, 1868. The next year a specimen occurred, also in
-a garden, at Penzance. Then followed captures in Dorset, one 1885, and one
-(Isle of Portland) 1888. Two caterpillars were found in the Isle of
-Portland in 1894, and these produced moths in September of that year. At
-least eight moths were secured at Penzance in 1894, and specimens were
-subsequently reared from caterpillars found on cabbages in the gardens
-around Lynwood. In May, 1896, one example of the moth was taken by Mr.
-Percy Richards at Norbiton, Surrey. The last recorded capture appears to be
-that by Mr. Finzi of a female specimen at Tenby, South Wales, on June 9,
-1906. She deposited a few eggs in the collecting-box, and the caterpillars
-that hatched from them were reared on broccoli and lettuce, and produced
-moths, July 24-30.
-
-_Plusia ni_ ranges through south-east and southern Europe, to Asia Minor,
-North Africa, and the Canaries. In the Isle of Capri it is said to be
-almost as common as _P. gamma_. _Brassicae_, Riley (1870), is a well-known
-_Plusia_ in America, where it is classed among noxious insects. It is
-somewhat larger and browner in colour than European _ni_, but in every
-other respect it seems to agree so exactly that it can hardly be considered
-specifically distinct. {72}
-
-THE SILVER Y (_Plusia gamma_).
-
-This species, represented by portraits of two specimens on Plate 26, Figs.
-1 and 2, varies somewhat in the ground colour of the fore wings, which
-ranges from a whitish grey through various tints of grey and brown to
-velvety black. The melanic form last referred to is very rare, but I caught
-one example of it at Eastbourne in the late summer of 1888, and I saw, but
-did not secure, another near Esher in the autumn of 1906; one taken at
-Dartmoor in September, 1894, is in Mr. F. J. Hanbury's collection.
-
-Occasionally a purplish red tinge, often present below the silvery Y,
-spreads over a larger area of the fore wings. The Y-mark is well defined as
-a rule, but now and then specimens are found in which only the tail of the
-Y is distinct.
-
-The caterpillar varies in general colour from pale green to a dark olive
-green approaching black. In the white dotted paler green forms there are
-several transverse whitish lines, some of them wavy, between the yellowish
-spiracular line and the dark green line along the middle of the back; head,
-marked with black on each cheek. It will eat almost every kind of
-low-growing vegetation, either wild or cultivated, and in some years may be
-found throughout the summer. Small larvae were recorded as seen at the end
-of October, 1901. The blackish chrysalis is enclosed in a whitish cocoon,
-often placed under leaves of thistle, burdock, etc.
-
-The moth is seen in the spring and early summer (most probably immigrants),
-and again in the autumn, when it is generally more abundant.
-
-This well-known migrating species has been observed in greater or lesser
-numbers over the whole of the British Isles. Its distribution abroad
-embraces the Palaearctic Region, North Africa, and North America. {73}
-
-THE SCARCE SILVER Y (_Plusia interrogationis_).
-
-Portraits of two examples of this species will be found on Plate 26, Figs.
-4 and 5. The metallic central marks on the fore wings vary a good deal in
-size and in form, and are sometimes almost absent; these wings have the
-general greyish colour more clouded or suffused with blackish in some
-specimens than in others. Kane states that Irish specimens, when freshly
-emerged, have a tinge of violet purple, and Tutt notes some British
-specimens as beautifully tinted with rose colour (ab. _rosea_).
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on heather (_Calluna_) and bilberry
-(_Vaccinium_), is green inclining to blackish on the sides and underparts,
-with six white lines along the back; two of which are irregular; the raised
-dots are white and the bristles therefrom dark; head, green dashed with
-purple, shining. (Fenn.) After hibernation it may be found without much
-difficulty in May and June on its food plants, either in the daytime, or by
-the aid of a lamp at night. Large numbers fall victims to parasitical
-flies. (Plate 28, Fig. 2.) The white cocoons enclosing the black chrysalids
-are spun up on or under the twigs of bilberry and heather. The moth is out
-in July and August, and may be found on moorlands, in the north of England
-from Shropshire (with Radnor) and Staffordshire on the west, and
-Lincolnshire on the east, through Scotland to Sutherland, and in all
-suitable localities in Ireland.
-
-THE DARK SPECTACLE (_Abrostola triplasia_).
-
-The fore wings of this moth are blackish grey inclining to purplish and
-rather shining; the basal area is pale reddish brown, edged by a curved
-dark chocolate brown cross line; a reddish grey band on the outer area
-clouded with ground colour {74} and edged above the inner margin by a dark
-chocolate brown curved line; raised scales on the central area and on the
-cross lines. Two oval reddish brown marks on the front of the collar have
-some resemblance to a pair of spectacles, hence the English name. (Plate
-22, Fig. 2.)
-
-The caterpillar is green, sprinkled with white dots; on rings 4, 5, and 11
-are whitish-edged darker marks, and there is a dark line, also
-whitish-edged, along the middle of the back between rings 5 and 11; a white
-line on the back from ring 4 to the brownish head, and white-edged dark
-oblique lines on the sides of rings 6 to 11; the line low down along the
-sides is whitish with an ochreous tinge. A purplish brown form also occurs
-(Plate 27, Fig. 2), in which the pale markings are ochreous tinged. It is
-found from July to September on nettle and hops, the latter more
-especially. The earlier caterpillars, in some years, attain the moth state
-in August or early September, but the bulk of them remain in the chrysalis
-state during the winter, the moth emerging in June or July of the following
-year.
-
-The species is not uncommon in most southern English counties, but becomes
-less frequent or more local northwards from the Midlands to Cumberland,
-Northumberland, and South Scotland. It occurs in Wales, and is widely
-spread in Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE SPECTACLE (_Abrostola tripartita_).
-
-This species, known also as _urticae_, Hubner, has the basal and outer
-marginal areas of the fore wings whitish grey, finely mottled with darker
-grey; the central area is greyish brown, mottled with darker brown. The
-spectacle mark in front of the thorax is whitish grey, ringed with black,
-and the raised scales on the cross lines and central area of the fore wings
-are more distinct in this species (Plate 22, Fig. 3). The {75} caterpillar
-is pale green, with white-edged dark-green V-shaped marks along the back,
-most in evidence on rings 4-11; two slender whitish lines on each side,
-only distinct on rings 1-4; a white stripe low down along the sides, edged
-above with dark green and with whitish streaks from it to the white edging
-of the marks on the back. Head, green, rather shining, with dusky marks on
-each cheek (adapted from Fenn). It feeds in July, at night, on the common
-stinging nettle, from the foliage of which it may be beaten out, or, by
-searching, found on the undersides of the leaves. In some years there is a
-second brood in September.
-
-The moth is out in June, sometimes late May, and, when there is a second
-emergence, in August. Occasionally it is seen on fences, etc., but at night
-it visits the blossoms of various plants, both wild and cultivated; the
-flowers of spur-valerian (_Centranthus ruber_), honeysuckle, and woundwort
-(_Stachys_) being especially attractive, as also they are to the Dark
-Spectacle, and most of the species of _Plusia_.
-
-Although apparently commoner in some counties than in others, this species
-ranges over the British Isles to the Orkneys.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE MOTHER SHIPTON (_Euclidia mi_).
-
-The ancient fathers of British Entomology were sometimes happy in their
-selection of names in the vernacular for those of our moths that were known
-to them at the time, and the present species is a fair example of this.
-Moses Harris first dubbed it the Shipton Moth, but afterwards changed the
-name to the "Mask Moth." Both names refer to the peculiar shape of the
-markings which adorn the fore wings and bear a more or less fanciful
-resemblance to a grotesque mask, and even more closely to the profile of an
-historical dame yclept {76} Shipton. This character, also supposed to be
-like the letter M, hence the specific name _mi_, stands out very distinctly
-in the paler specimens, but in some of the darker individuals it is
-somewhat obscured. On the hind wings the spots are whitish or yellowish,
-and those composing the central series are sometimes united, and form a
-band. (Plate 26, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female].)
-
-The egg is greenish, and the caterpillar is pale ochreous-brown, with
-darker brown lines along the back and sides: head, ochreous, with brown
-lines. It feeds on clover and grasses, in July, August, and September, and
-the chrysalis, which is covered with a whitish powder, is enclosed in a
-brownish cocoon spun up in a blade of grass. All the early stages are
-figured on Plate 30. The enlarged chrysalis, Fig. 1, is from a photo by Mr.
-H. Main. The moth flies in May and June, and is often common in meadows, on
-railway banks, and other sloping banks and such-like places where wild
-flowers abound. The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and
-South Scotland; also Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE BURNET COMPANION (_Euclidia glyphica_).
-
-The ground colour of the fore wings is purplish brown, sometimes becoming
-greyish on the outer area; the space between the dark brown or blackish
-cross bands is sometimes filled up with the darker colour. Some specimens
-are much greyer than others, and all the examples in a series from the Lake
-district that I have seen were distinctly grey, with very dark bands. The
-yellow on the hind wings sometimes inclines to orange, and sometimes it is
-so pale as to be almost whitish; there is also variation in the amount of
-black marking and shading on these wings. (Plate 26, Figs. 8 [male], 9
-[female].)
-
-The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species; it feeds
-on clovers and trefoils in July and August, but so far does not seem to
-have been noted to eat grasses.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 28.
-  1. THE NI MOTH: _caterpillar_.
-  2. SCARCE SILVER Y: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 29.
-  1. LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE.
-  2. THE ALCHYMIST.
-  3. CLIFDEN NONPAREIL.
-
-{77} The moth is on the wing at the end of May and in June, and inhabits
-similar kinds of places to those mentioned for the last species, often in
-company with it, and also with the Burnet moths. Widely distributed over
-the greater part of the British Isles; common in some southern localities.
-Its distribution abroad extends to Amurland, and in Japan it is represented
-by the larger and paler form _consors_, Butler.
-
-
-
-_Leucanitis_ (_Ophiusa_) _stolida_, Fab.--An example of this species, which
-is a native of Africa and South Europe, was captured by Mr. J. Jager in the
-neighbourhood of Dartmouth, S. Devon. It was in fine condition, and came to
-sugar on September 23, 1903.
-
-THE LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE (_Pseudophia lunaris_).
-
-The portrait of this species on Plate 29, Fig. 1, is taken from a Spanish
-example. Exceedingly few British specimens have been recorded. The earliest
-seems to be the following: "Among my cabinet specimens there is one example
-of _Ophiodes lunaris_, captured at the Lowestoft Light in 1832. I conclude
-this is a great rarity, having seen many cabinets without it.--E. Chawner."
-_Entom._ vi. p. 147 (1872-73). Presumably this is the same specimen as that
-mentioned by Stainton (1857), Newman (1869), and later authors, as taken in
-Hants by Captain Chawner. In 1860 one example was obtained at sugar at West
-Wickham; and in 1864 Bouchard caught two specimens at Killarney. On June
-17, 1873, one came to sugar in Abbots Wood, Sussex; one at Brighton in
-June, 1874, and another in Sussex, May, 1875. One specimen came to light in
-Norfolk, May, 1878; and one to sugar at Folkestone, May, 1892. In June,
-1901, a specimen was secured in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, also at sugar.
-Dr. B. White's record of a capture at Perth makes a total of eleven
-specimens. {78}
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous brown, sprinkled and lined with reddish brown;
-a stripe low down along the sides is reddish orange. It feeds, in July and
-August, on the leaves of oak and poplar, but it has not been found in our
-Isles.
-
-THE ALCHYMIST (_Catephia alchymista_).
-
-This moth seems to have been known as a British species to Haworth, but he,
-and subsequently Stephens (1830), referred it to _Noctua leucomelas_, Linn.
-At all events, Stephen's description of the specimen in Haworth's cabinet
-bearing this name applies exactly to _C. alchymista_. In the _Ent. Ann._
-for 1860 there is a figure of a specimen that was taken at sugar in the
-Isle of Wight, September, 1868. Seven years later, one was captured in an
-oak wood near Horsham, Sussex (June 4), and another found on the trunk of
-an oak tree near Colchester (June 9). In 1882, a specimen was taken at
-sugar in a wood near Dover (June), and on June 24, 1888, one came to sugar
-at St. Leonards, Sussex. In the last-named year, two other specimens, said
-to have been taken in the Isle of Wight, July, 1867, were recorded.
-
-Fig. 2, Plate 29, represents a specimen from Dalmatia.
-
-THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (_Catocala fraxini_).
-
-This handsome species (Plate 29, Fig. 3) seems to have been known to quite
-the earliest writers on, and delineators of, British moths, and a specimen
-in the Dale collection, now in the Hope Museum, Oxford, was obtained in
-Dorset in 1740. Stephens (1830) mentions captures in the years 1821, 1827,
-and 1828. Since that time the occurrence of the species in the British
-Isles, chiefly in single specimens, may be tabulated as follows:
-England--London, 1842, 1870, 1872. Kent, 1889, {79} 1893, 1895, 1900.
-Sussex, 1838, 1869, 1889, 1895. Isle of Wight, 1866, 1900. North Devon,
-1895. Somerset, 1850. Shropshire, 1872. Suffolk, 1868, 1872, 1901, 1905.
-Norfolk, 1846, 1872, 1894, 1900. Lincoln, 1872. Yorkshire, five specimens
-in all, the most recent in 1896. Lancashire, six specimens, latest 1868.
-Cheshire, four specimens, latest 1868. Scotland--1876 (Berwick); 1896
-(Aberdeen and Orkney); 1898 (Roxburghshire). Ireland--1845, 1896.
-
-It may be noted that during a period of seven years--1866 to 1872
-inclusive--1867 and 1871 were the only years in which a specimen was not
-recorded from some part of England.
-
-The caterpillar is pale ochreous, tinged with greenish and freckled with
-brown; head, pinkish, inclining to purplish above. It feeds on poplar in
-May, June, and July. From eggs (obtained from abroad) the caterpillars
-hatched April 27 till May 9, pupated between June 17 and 27, and the moths
-emerged July 20 to August 4.
-
-The range abroad extends through Central Europe to Scandinavia, and
-eastward to Amurland.
-
-_Catocala electa._
-
-Only two specimens of this moth are known to have occurred in Britain. One
-of these was taken at Shoreham, near Brighton, Sussex, September 24, 1875,
-and the other at Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire, September 12, 1892. The
-specimen shown on Plate 31, Fig. 1, is from Saxony.
-
-In a general way this species is not unlike (_C. nupta_), but the fore
-wings are smoother looking, of a softer grey coloration, and the black
-cross lines are more irregular; the black markings on the crimson hind
-wings are similar, but the inner edge of the marginal border is more even.
-
-This Central European species ranges to Amurland and Corea, and is
-represented in Japan by a larger form, _zalmunna_, Butler. {80}
-
-THE RED UNDERWING (_Catocala nupta_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 3.
-
-RED UNDERWING AT REST.
-
-Photo by H. Main.]
-
-Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 31, Figs. 2 and 3. The fore
-wings are darker in some specimens than in others, and very rarely, in
-connection with a change in the hind wings from red to brownish, there has
-been a purplish tinge over all the wings. Specimens with the hind wings of
-a brown tint have only so far been noted in the environs of London. In 1892
-one was taken at Mitcham (warm brown), another at Wandsworth, 1895, a third
-at Chingford, 1896 (dusky black-brown), and a fourth at Brondesbury in
-1897. At a meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History
-Society, held on January 10, 1889, a coloured sketch of a specimen with
-blue hind wings, taken at Colchester, was exhibited (ab. _caerulescens_,
-Cockerell). Sometimes the hind wings are a dingy red, or they may incline
-to an orange tint; the central black band usually terminates just beyond
-the middle, but there is often a detached blackish cloud on the inner
-margin; and I have two specimens in which the band unites with this cloud.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 30.
-  MOTHER SHIPTON: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, caterpillar, and
-      chrysalis, natural size and enlarged_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 31.
-     1. _CATOCALA ELECTA_.
-  2, 3. RED UNDERWING.
-
-{81} The eggs which are deposited on bark of poplar trees, as Fig. 2a on
-Plate 33, are deep purplish with a whitish bloom, and inclining to
-yellowish on the top. The caterpillar (Plate 33, Fig. 2) is whitish-grey
-clouded and mottled with darker brown; the head is rather paler grey,
-marked with black. It feeds at night on willow and poplar, and, although
-rather difficult to detect, may be found in the chinks of the bark from
-April to July. The pupa is brownish, thickly powdered with bluish-white,
-and is enclosed in a strong, coarse, cocoon, spun up between leaves.
-
-The moth is out in August and September, sometimes later, and in
-confinement has emerged in July. It is more abundant in some years than in
-others, and is fond of sitting on walls, pales, etc.; occasionally quite
-large numbers have been observed at rest on telegraph poles by the
-roadside, only one on a pole, as a rule, but sometimes in twos and threes.
-Mr. W. J. Lucas, when at Oxford in August, 1900, counted six on one post,
-and five on each of two other posts.
-
-The species is found in suitable localities, that is, where poplars and
-willows grow, throughout the south and east of England. The only clear
-record from Ireland is that of a worn specimen at sugar, September 16,
-1906, at Passage West, co. Cork; but Kane mentions two others.
-
-Represented in North India by var. _unicuba_, Walker, and in Amurland by
-var. _obscurata_, Oberthur. {82}
-
-THE DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala sponsa_).
-
-The fore wings of this species vary in general colour from ashy grey to an
-almost olive brown; the dark clouding is much in evidence in some
-specimens, but absent in others; the white or yellow marks in the vicinity
-of the white outlined reniform are noticeable features. Hind wings,
-crimson, more or less tinged with purple; the upper half of the central
-black band is acutely angled on its outer edge, and bluntly so on its inner
-edge, thence curved to the inner margin. (Plate 32, Fig. 1.)
-
-The caterpillar is greyish-brown with a greenish tinge, and dusted with
-black; paler on the fourth ring and between rings 7 and 8, and 10 and 11;
-the hump on ring 8 has an ochreous tip; raised spots, red, bearing black
-bristles; head, pale brown, (Fenn.) It feeds on oak in May and June.
-
-The chrysalis is reddish, dusted with purplish grey, enclosed in a rather
-open silken cocoon between leaves. (Plate 33, Fig. 1 larva, 1a pupa.) The
-moth is out in July and August. Its chief home is the New Forest, Hants,
-where it abounds, in some years, and in others is so scarce that few
-specimens can be found. It has been taken occasionally in one or other of
-the southern English counties adjoining Hants, and has been noted in
-Oxfordshire and Suffolk; but such occurrences seem to be exceptional.
-
-THE LIGHT CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala promissa_).
-
-Generally smaller, and the fore wings are usually greyer, than the last
-species; the first black cross line is inwardly shaded with blackish; on
-the hind wings the central black band is straighter, and the upper half,
-although sometimes slightly expanded, is not angled; in some examples the
-band does not quite reach the inner margin, and such specimens have been
-referred to ab. _mneste_, Hubner. (Plate 32, Fig. 2.) {83}
-
-The caterpillar is of a greenish-tinged greyish coloration, freckled with
-darker grey, and with yellowish brown patches on rings 4, 8, and 9. It
-feeds, at night, on oak, boring into the buds at first, but afterwards
-attacking the foliage: May and June. The moth occurs in oak woods in July
-and August, but it does not seem to be met with anywhere in England so
-frequently as in the New Forest, Hampshire. Even in that favourite locality
-it is seen but rarely in some seasons. It is, or has been, found in several
-other southern and eastern counties, but, as a rule, only in a casual way.
-
-THE BLACKNECK (_Toxocampa pastinum_).
-
-In some examples of this species (Plate 32, Fig. 3) the ground colour of
-the fore wings, usually pale grey sprinkled with brown, is inclined to
-whitish, and but little powdered with brown, except the outer fourth, upon
-which there is generally some brown shading. The reniform stigma varies in
-shape; in some specimens it is lunular, and in others triangular, with the
-apex directed inwards; the orbicular, represented by a black dot, is
-occasionally absent; the cross lines are usually traceable, but the central
-shade is not often distinct.
-
-The caterpillar is rather long, and tapers slightly from the middle towards
-each end. In colour it is greyish, inclining to ochreous on the back, and
-dusted with black; there are three reddish lines along the back, the outer
-ones edged below with white; the spiracles are black, and the line along
-their area is white. It feeds at night on the tufted vetch (_Vicia
-cracca_), and after hibernation attains full growth about May, when it
-pupates in a cocoon among leaves on the plant, or on the ground. The moth
-comes out in June and July, and in its haunts, which are the borders of
-woods or the clearings therein, it flutters about at early dusk, when it
-can be easily netted. Unlike the species next referred to, it does not seem
-to have any great partiality {84} for flowers, but it has been taken at
-sugar, and the females are found at night upon the food plant. It is known
-to occur in Berkshire and most of the southern counties from Kent to Devon,
-and eastward from Essex to Norfolk, Cambs., and Hunts.; has also been
-recorded from Yorks., Hereford, and South Wales.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE SCARCE BLACKNECK (_Toxocampa craccae_).
-
-This species (Plate 32, Fig. 4) is similar to the last, but the wings are
-rather less ample, the tint is slightly more brownish, and the veins are
-paler, especially on the outer area. Distinguishing features are the
-heavier and deeper black collar, and four blackish dots on the front edge
-of the fore wings. Var. _plumbea_, Bankes, the usual form in Cornwall, is
-darker than the type, having the fore wings bluish-grey mixed with
-chocolate, instead of pale ash-grey mixed with light walnut brown; hind
-wings brownish grey, instead of pale greyish brown. The caterpillar, which
-in shape is similar to that of the last species, is ochreous brown, with
-darker brown lines along the back and sides. It feeds at night on the wood
-vetch (_Vicia sylvatica_), but is said to eat other kinds of vetch in
-confinement. It may be found resting on stems of the food plant by day, or,
-when feeding at night, by the aid of a lantern, but it quickly falls off
-when disturbed. The moth flies at dusk in July and August, and has a strong
-liking for the flowers of the wood-sage, but visits golden-red and other
-flowers also, and will sometimes turn up at the sugar patch. It is not
-uncommon in some parts of the rocky coast of North Devon, as near Lynmouth,
-where it was first met with by the late Rev. E. Horton in 1861. It has
-since been found commonly on the Cornish coast. From what I know of its
-habits, I should say that the species would be found all along the North
-Devon and Cornish coasts, wherever the food plant occurs; but it does not
-seem to inhabit in any other part of Britain. Abroad, its range extends to
-East Siberia and Amurland.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 32.
-  1. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING.
-  2. LIGHT CRIMSON UNDERWING.
-  3. THE BLACK NECK.
-  4. SCARCE BLACK NECK.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 33.
-  1, 1a. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-  2, 2a. RED UNDERWING: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_.
-
-{85}
-
-HYPENINAE.
-
-THE BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP (_Laspeyria flexula_).
-
-Some specimens are browner and others greyer than that shown on Plate 36,
-Fig. 1; the pale even lines are generally edged with reddish brown, and the
-notch under the tip of the wing is margined with the same colour.
-
-The caterpillar has the first and second pairs of prolegs very short, and
-below the brown-ringed spiracles there is a projecting ridge, fringed with
-a row of fleshy greenish-white filaments, some of which are forked.
-Bluish-green, sometimes tinged with ochreous; raised dots, black at the
-tips, on a base of whitish green; along the middle of the back is a series
-of darker green spear-points, and beyond this on each side a pale line,
-edged above by a fine wavy black line, and below by a darker green line;
-the eighth and eleventh rings of the body darker than the others. (Abridged
-from description by Buckler.) It feeds on lichens growing upon larch,
-spruce, hawthorn, sloe, fruit trees, etc., from September to May. The moth
-is out in June, July, and August, and may be beaten from the branches of
-trees, and from hedges, but the flushing of a specimen in this way is
-always a more or less casual event. It has been taken on several occasions
-at street lamps, and also in illuminated moth traps.
-
-In England the species seems to be widely distributed over the southern
-counties to Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire; and in the east to Norfolk. It
-has also been recorded from Derbyshire (one), and Yorkshire (two).
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland. {86}
-
-THE WAVED BLACK (_Parascotia fuliginaria_).
-
-In the shape of its wings and general appearance the dingy insect
-represented on Plate 36, Fig. 2, would seem to belong to the Geometridae
-rather than to the present group, and, indeed, has been mistaken for a dark
-form of _Ematurga atomaria_. However, the long, projecting palpi are
-evidence of its being a member of this sub-family.
-
-The caterpillar, which is moderately stout, and tapers slightly towards
-each end, has only twelve feet. Ground colour, sooty black, with
-orange-coloured raised dots, from which arise long recurved hairs. The late
-Mr. W. H. Tugwell (from whose description of the larva that given above has
-been adapted), in 1884, was shown caterpillars upon a black sooty-looking
-fungus (determined by Dr. M. C. Cooke as an effused _Muscedine_), growing
-in masses on rotten wood in an old wooden building in Bermondsey, near the
-river. He afterwards reared the moths.
-
-The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, but it is not full grown
-until May or June, when it spins a fairly compact cocoon of greyish silk,
-which is coated with particles of decayed wood and dried fungus.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and most of the known British specimens
-have been captured in London, or reared from caterpillars found therein.
-Stephens (1831) mentions three or four examples taken during the previous
-thirty years, and gives as localities--Blackfriars bridge, and Little
-Chelsea; Stainton (1859) adds, Fleet Street. Other specimens have been
-taken in the City in 1855, 1859, 1862, 1870, 1879, and 1881. One occurred
-at Clapham in 1864, and one has been reported from Crome in Worcestershire.
-More recent records are--one specimen flying around a sugared post at
-Walthamstow, July 29, 1901; eight, chiefly at light, at Camberley, 1904-5;
-and lastly, a specimen at St. Katharine's Docks, July, 1906. {87}
-
-THE FAN-FOOT (_Zanclognatha tarsipennalis_).
-
-This species is shown in both sexes on Plate 35, Figs. 1 [male], 2
-[female]; it is the _Pyralis tentaculalis_ of Haworth, and also that
-author's _tarsicrinatus_, and the _tarsicrinalis_ of Stephens. The general
-colour is brownish, sometimes inclining to ochreous, and occasionally with
-a greyish cast. The submarginal line starts from the front edge, before the
-tip, of the fore wing.
-
-The caterpillar is greyish brown, darker freckled, and dotted with black,
-downy; three broken darker lines along the back, the central one broad and
-inclining to black, and lower down along the sides is a series of blackish
-streaks; head, darker. It feeds in July and August, and hibernates when
-nearly or quite full grown. Among various foods that have been mentioned
-for it are raspberry, ivy, and knotgrass. Some years ago I had some moths
-emerge in the autumn; these resulted from caterpillars that I had reared
-from the egg on blackberry, and I remember that they showed a decided
-preference for the withered leaves left in the cage for them to pupate
-among. (Plate 34, Fig. 2.)
-
-The moth is out in June and July, but individuals of a second generation
-seldom occur in the open. Although it occurs in woods, it is far more
-frequent in lanes and hedgerows. Common and generally distributed, from
-Worcester southwards, and to the east and west; northwards its range
-extends to Yorkshire, but it is local and uncommon.
-
-In Scotland it is not scarce in some parts of Ayrshire, and has been
-recorded from Kircudbrightshire. Kane mentions it as fairly common in
-Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. {88}
-
-THE SMALL FAN-FOOT (_Zanclognatha grisealis_).
-
-This species (Plate 35, Fig. 3) is somewhat similar to the last in colour,
-but it is smaller, and the submarginal line is rather curved, and runs to
-the tip of the fore wing. The caterpillar is obscurely greyish, with a
-pinkish tinge; three darker lines along the back, the central one broadest,
-but not distinct on the first three rings; head, brown, freckled with
-darker brown, plate of first ring of the body, blackish brown. It feeds on
-oak, and may be beaten from the foliage in August and September. Buckler
-states that this species passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and this
-has been confirmed by Plum. (Plate 34, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.)
-
-The moths emerge in June and July, and may frequently be dislodged from
-trees, hedges, and undergrowth in the daytime. Pretty generally distributed
-over the southern half of England, plentiful in many parts, and widely
-spread over the northern half of the country. It is not scarce in some
-parts of Wales, but seems to be uncommon in Scotland, and has been recorded
-from the south only. In Ireland it has a wide range, but does not appear to
-be noted as common in any locality.
-
-THE OLIVE CRESCENT (_Zanclognatha_ (_Sophronia_) _emortualis_).
-
-The species depicted on Plate 36, Fig. 8, from a continental specimen, is
-exceedingly rare in England, in fact, apart from the specimens mentioned by
-early authors, only three authentic British examples appear to be known.
-These are--one captured at Brighton, Sussex, in June, 1858; one in June,
-1859, in Epping Forest, Essex; and one taken at sugar by the Rev. B. H.
-Binks, of Stonor, Henley-on-Thames, in July of the year last mentioned.
-
-Stephens (1834), who gives a very unsatisfactory description {89} of the
-species, refers to two specimens, of which one was in his collection, from
-Devonshire. Wood's figure (768) of _emortualis_, in the Westwood edition of
-the _Index Entomologicus_, does not represent this species, but is far more
-like _Herminia derivalis_, Hubner.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.
-
-THE LESSER BELLE (_Madopa salicalis_).
-
-A portrait of this uncommon British moth will be found on Plate 35, Fig. 4.
-The greyish fore wings are crossed by three paler edged reddish-brown
-lines, the outer one running to the tip of the wing, and the inner one is
-sometimes faint or absent.
-
-The caterpillar is said to feed in July and August on sallow and aspen, and
-is described by Hofmann as having only fourteen feet; green, inclining to
-greyish, in colour, with black spiracles, and the ring divisions yellowish.
-(Plate 39, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and in its few known localities in England
-it is found in moist woods, hiding among grass and varied undergrowth.
-
-Stephens (1834) wrote, "A very rare and local insect: I have specimens
-taken many years since in the neighbourhood of Bexley, in which vicinity I
-believe my friend Mr. Newman has captured it within these few years; it has
-also been found at Charlton." Since that time other localities in Kent have
-been mentioned, among which were Darenth Wood and West Wickham; the species
-was also noted from Birch wood, Surrey. A specimen was found in a gas lamp
-at Dulwich in 1858 by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, and one was taken in
-Shooter's Hill wood, Kent, in June, 1859.
-
-Between 1862 and 1868 specimens were obtained at Haslemere, Surrey, and
-near Sevenoaks, Kent. According to Barrett {90} it occurred at Petersfield,
-on the borders of Sussex and Hampshire, in 1877.
-
-It has also been recorded from Dunham, Cheshire.
-
-Abroad, its distribution extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.
-
-THE DOTTED FAN-FOOT (_Herminia cribrumalis_ (_cribralis_)).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 35, Fig. 5) are whitish tinged with
-brown, inclining to purplish on the outer margins; beyond the blackish
-central dot there are two series of blackish dots crossing the wings, but
-these are not always distinct.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on various marsh grasses, _Carex_, _Luzula_,
-etc., hatches from the egg in late summer, hibernates when about
-half-grown, and feeds up in the spring. It is pale greyish brown with fine
-yellowish freckles; there are three lines along the back; the central one
-dark, finely edged on each side with pale greyish, the outer ones pale; the
-usual dots are dusky and the spiracles are black.
-
-The moth may be found in June and July in fens and marshes, where it hides
-among the herbage in the daytime, but is easily seen and netted when it
-takes wing at dusk, or sits on the sedges, etc., before or after flight.
-
-It is most frequent in the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, (Stalham), but
-occurs also in Suffolk; Essex (Shoeburyness); Kent (Deal); Surrey (recorded
-from marshes near Redhill, Dorking and Guildford); Sussex; Hants (bogs near
-Lyndhurst), and, according to Barrett, Somerset.
-
-THE CLAY FAN-FOOT (_Herminia derivalis_).
-
-This local species has the wings pretty much of the same shape as those of
-_S. emortualis_, and has been mistaken for that species; but the colour is
-ochreous-brown, and the cross lines {91} are dark brown. Its favourite
-haunts appear to be woods in Kent and Sussex, and in the last-named county
-it is perhaps most frequently met with in Abbots wood, Guestling, and
-Lewes. It has also been recorded from Essex (Colchester). (Plate 35, Fig.
-6.)
-
-The caterpillar feeds on dead oak leaves, chiefly those that have fallen to
-the ground. After hibernation it becomes full grown about June, and is then
-brown with a downy appearance; there are three faintly darker lines along
-the back, and the usual dots are dusky. (Plate 34, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.)
-The moth is out in June and July, and in the daytime may be put up from its
-lurking place among herbage in wood clearings, or netted as it flies in the
-gloaming. It is also attracted by sugar and light.
-
-The species has been erroneously recorded from Chester and Barmouth (North
-Wales); and Mr. Carr informs me that he is not quite sure that a specimen
-he recorded from Dawlish, South Devon, was correctly identified. In the
-catalogue of Malvern Lepidoptera _H. derivalis_ is stated to be rather
-common in that district, but the occurrence of the species in the Midlands
-requires confirmation.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.
-
-THE COMMON FAN-FOOT (_Pechipogon barbalis_).
-
-The fore wings of the species shown on Plate 35, Fig. 7, are greyish brown,
-crossed by three darker lines, the outer one almost parallel with the hind
-margin, and edged with whitish.
-
-The caterpillar feeds on the dead leaves of oak and birch, and has almost
-attained full growth when it retires for the winter. In the spring it has
-been known to eat birch catkins. The general colour is reddish ochreous,
-with diamond-shaped markings, forming a series along the back and two
-series along each side. {92}
-
-The moth, which is out from late May until early July, frequents the more
-open parts of woods, and in the daytime may be induced to show itself by
-tapping the lower branches of trees or brushing the bushes and undergrowth
-as we pass along.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England, from Staffordshire
-southwards, but it is apparently most frequently met with in some of the
-woods of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE BEAUTIFUL SNOUT (_Bomolocha fontis_).
-
-The portraits of this species on Plate 35 show each sex in its most usual
-form: Fig. 8 representing the male, and Fig. 9 the female. The outer and
-inner areas of the fore wings are generally ashy grey, more or less
-brownish tinged, in the male; and the same parts are whitish in the female.
-Although some examples of the male have the outer and inner areas whitish,
-as in the female, they can be distinguished by their darker hind wings and
-the blackish central crescent thereon. A form of the female in which the
-large central patch of the fore wings is reddish brown has been named
-_rufescens_, Tutt; there may be males also of this form, but I have not
-seen any. In both sexes, the brown patch extends nearer to the inner margin
-in some specimens than in others, and not infrequently there is a spur from
-the lower edge of the patch to this margin.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with darker green lines, one along the middle of
-the back, and two along each side; the usual raised dots are green or
-brownish, and each emits a fine hair; the head is green and rather glossy.
-It feeds on bilberry (_Vaccinium myrtillus_) in August and September.
-(Plate 37, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.) The moth, which is out in June and July,
-hides by day among heather, bilberry, etc., especially where these plants
-overhang the edges of banks or trenches. It may be found locally in most of
-the southern counties of England from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks,
-Stafford, and Leicester. It has been recorded from Suffolk, Worcester,
-Cheshire (one at electric light, Chester, July, 1900), and North Wales. In
-Ireland it is widely distributed, and is not uncommon in Co. Kerry.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 34.
-  1. SMALL FANFOOT: _caterpillar_.
-  2. FANFOOT: _caterpillar_.
-  3. CLAY FAN-FOOT: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 35.
-    1, 2. FAN-FOOT.
-       3. SMALL FAN-FOOT.
-       4. LESSER BELLE.
-       5. DOTTED FAN-FOOT.
-       6. CLAY FAN-FOOT.
-       7. COMMON FAN-FOOT.
-    8, 9. BEAUTIFUL SNOUT.
-      10. THE SNOUT.
-  11, 12. BUTTONED SNOUT.
-
-{93}
-
-THE SNOUT (_Hypena proboscidalis_).
-
-This species (Plate 35, Fig. 10) is more generally distributed and common
-than any other of the group. Wherever nettles grow in quantity there we may
-expect to find this moth in its season, that is, in June and July. In
-favourable years there is sometimes a second flight, on a small scale, in
-the autumn; this was the case in 1905.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with raised dots, from each of which a brownish
-hair arises; the line along the middle of the back is dark, and those along
-the sides are yellowish; the head is ochreous brown. It feeds on nettles in
-May and June. (Plate 37, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.)
-
-In Amurland, and some other parts of eastern Asia, the species is
-represented by the brown-sprinkled yellowish form, var. _deleta_,
-Staudinger.
-
-THE BLOXWORTH SNOUT (_Hypena obsitalis_).
-
-The fore wings of this species are brown, crossed by a number of darker
-lines and a thicker angulated line beyond the middle; the latter is
-outwardly edged with pale brown, chiefly towards the costa; some white dots
-on the veins represent the submarginal line, and below the tips of the
-wings there are some black streaks.
-
-One example of this form of the species, which is a variable one, was taken
-by the Rev. O. Pickard, Cambridge, in {94} September, 1884. He found it
-sitting on a door-jamb in his garden at Bloxworth, Dorset.
-
-The specimen shown on Plate 36, Fig. 9, hails from Mogador.
-
-Abroad, the range of the species includes southern Europe, Asia Minor,
-Egypt, North-West Africa, Madeira, and the Canaries.
-
-THE BUTTONED SNOUT (_Hypena rostralis_).
-
-Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 35. The typical one is
-represented by Fig. 12, and Fig. 11 shows ab. _palpalis_, Tutt (?), Fabr.
-and Stephens. The front margin of the fore wings is often streaked with a
-pale colour, and in ab. _radiatalis_, Hubner (134), which is otherwise
-similar to the last-named form, this is pale or ochreous brown. A uniform
-pale greyish form has been named ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, and one almost
-entirely ochreous or greyish-ochreous, ab. _ochrea_, Tutt.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with blackish dots; a darker line along the
-middle of the back, and white lines along the sides; head, yellowish green
-dotted with black. It feeds on hop (_Humulus lupulus_) in June and early
-July, and in the daytime may be found on the undersides of the leaves.
-(Plate 37, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in August and September,
-and after hibernation reappears in the spring, and may be met with until
-June. It may be obtained at sugar, or at ivy bloom. Given the food plant,
-the species will probably be found in most of the counties of England from
-Worcester southwards, but its occurrence northwards appears to have been
-very rarely noted.
-
-The range abroad extends to East Siberia.
-
-THE WHITE-LINE SNOUT (_Hypenodes taenialis_ (_albistrigalis_)).
-
-This species, and also the two immediately following, are so small in size,
-and so obscure in appearance, that they are {95} probably more often
-neglected than secured when met with. The moth under consideration, and of
-which the sexes are figured on Plate 36 (Figs. 3 [male] and 4 [female]) has
-brownish fore wings which are crossed by two rather irregular blackish
-lines, sometimes hardly traceable on the front margin; the outer line is
-edged externally with whitish, and the space between the lines is often
-somewhat darker; the black central mark is more or less X-shaped.
-
-The caterpillar does not seem to have been noted in this country, and it is
-not well known on the continent. It is said to feed on the flowers, chiefly
-the withering ones, of heather and thyme, in August and September.
-
-The moth is out in July and early August, sometimes in September. Its
-haunts are the edges of woods, hillsides, and sloping banks, where there is
-plenty of bushes and herbage to hide in. From such retreats it may be
-disturbed, but is more easily obtained at sugar, or honey dew, and
-sometimes at ivy bloom. It is widely distributed over the southern half of
-England; occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from Cheshire and
-Yorks.
-
-Abroad, the species is found in Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria,
-Armenia, and the Canaries; also recorded from south Sweden and Corea.
-
-THE PINION-STREAKED SNOUT (_Hypenodes costaestrigalis_).
-
-Although somewhat similar in the general colour of the forewings, this
-species (Plate 36) may be distinguished from the preceding by the whitish
-dash from the tips of the wings and the black streak running inwards from
-it; this black streak is to be seen clearly in Fig. 6 [male], but owing to
-the darker ground colour is less distinct in Fig. 7 [female].
-
-The caterpillar is shining purplish-brown, inclining to yellowish-brown
-below, with three pale brownish lines along {96} the back, the central one
-rather broad, and that on each side is edged below with dusky. What the
-food may be in a natural state has not been ascertained, but the
-caterpillars have been reared from the egg on a diet of thyme flowers,
-supplemented by the bodies of a few brothers or sisters. July and August.
-
-The moth has been noted in June (end), July, August, September, and
-October; but whether there are two generations or only one in the year is
-not definitely known; the assumption is that there are two.
-
-This species is partial to moist localities, and its favourite haunts are
-fens, mosses, or marshy heaths, and the outskirts of damp woods. It ranges
-over the greater part of England, and is found in Wales (Pembrokeshire). In
-Scotland it has been noted from Roxburghshire, and is locally common in
-Clydesdale. It is known to occur in Cork, Kerry, and Sligo, and probably is
-to be found in other parts of Ireland.
-
-THE MARSH OBLIQUE-BARRED (_Tholomiges turfosalis_).
-
-The species shown on Plate 36, Fig. 5, is much smaller than either of the
-last two. The narrow fore wings are whitish-ochreous, more or less thickly
-sprinkled with brown; the first of the three dark cross lines is often
-indistinct, the second is bent under the black central dot, and the third
-runs obliquely to the tip of the wing; the last two are each outwardly
-edged with whitish.
-
-Nothing seems to be known of the early stages.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 36.
-     1. BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP.
-     2. WAVED BLACK.
-  3, 4. WHITE-LINE SNOUT.
-     5. MARSH OBLIQUE BARRED.
-  6, 7. PINION-STREAKED SNOUT.
-     8. OLIVE CRESCENT.
-     9. BLOXWORTH SNOUT.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 37.
-  1. BEAUTIFUL SNOUT: _caterpillar_.
-  2. BUTTONED SNOUT: _caterpillar_.
-  3. THE SNOUT: _caterpillar_.
-
-{97} This species was first made known as an inhabitant of the British
-Isles by Doubleday, who described it as _Hypenodes humidalis_, in 1850,
-from specimens taken in Ireland by Weaver in 1848. In 1850 it was found
-plentifully on one of the Cheshire moors; and Harrison, in _The Zoologist_
-for 1851, writes: "From the middle of July up to the 8th of August, it
-might be seen any fine evening, between the hours of six and eight, flying
-on most of our swamps [Keswick] in plenty." He goes on to state that the
-moths were so common that he boxed forty in less than an hour, and could
-have secured as many dozens. At the present day the species is to be found
-on boggy heaths and moors in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset
-through Gloucestershire into Berkshire, and thence northwards through
-Warwick and Staffordshire to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Barrett
-mentions Perthshire as a Scottish locality, and Kane states that it is
-common at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies receive
-more of the collector's attention they may probably be found in many
-localities from which there are no records at present.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-BREPHIDAE.
-
-By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a subfamily of
-the Geometridae. _Brephos_, however, which is typical of the family, does
-not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidae or with the
-Geometers, and is therefore better considered as apart from both those
-families. Meyrick includes _Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and
-_Baptria_, in his family Monocteniadae.
-
-Only five species are known to inhabit the Palaearctic Region, and two of
-these occur in Britain.
-
-THE ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos parthenias_).
-
-The white markings of the fore wings vary a good deal in size; in some
-specimens, chiefly males, they are very small and confined to the front
-margin; in others, mainly females, they are much enlarged, and the central
-one is continued as a band across the wings. On the orange hind wings the
-blackish {98} central band is usually more or less complete, but sometimes
-it is nearly or quite absent above the blackish triangular patch on the
-inner margin. Occasionally, there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and
-frequently another on the costal area. Still more rarely the whole ground
-colour is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs. 1 [male] and 2 [female].) The
-caterpillar is green, with six white lines along the back, and white
-stripes along the sides. When young it feeds on the catkins of birch, and
-afterwards on the foliage. April to early June. (Plate 39, Fig. 1.)
-
-The moth is out in March and April, and on sunny days the males may be seen
-flying, generally pretty high up, on the lee side of the birch trees
-growing on heaths; also in open spaces in or around birch woods. The
-females rest on the twigs, as also do the males when the sun is obscured.
-Both sexes have been found sitting on the ground in sunny glades.
-
-The species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties,
-common in many parts; but its range extends through England to Durham, and
-it has been recorded from Wales. Although it does not seem to have been
-noted in Scotland south of Kincardineshire, it occurs on the east to Moray.
-Westmeath is the only Irish locality that has so far been mentioned.
-
-Its distribution abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland.
-
-THE LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos notha_).
-
-Very similar to the last species, but rather smaller in size, and the fore
-wings are much less variegated. The antennae of the male of this species
-are bipectinated, whilst those of _parthenias_ are finely serrated. (Plate
-38, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 38.
-  1, 2. ORANGE UNDERWING.
-     3. THE REST HARROW.
-  4, 5. LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING.
-   6-8. GRASS EMERALD.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 39.
-      1. ORANGE UNDERWING: _caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a. LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-      3. LESSER BELLE: _caterpillar_.
-
-{99} The caterpillar feeds in May and June on aspen, eating the foliage and
-hiding between two leaves drawn together. The head is greenish or
-greenish-brown, with three conspicuous black spots. Body, green,
-olive-green, or reddish; line along middle of the back darker green edged
-with white; two thin white lines on each side, and a whitish stripe along
-the spiracles. When mature it burrows into decayed bark or wood (virgin
-cork in confinement), and before changing to a reddish-brown chrysalis, it
-spins a thin covering of silk and woody particles over the mouth of the
-chamber. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2
-and 2a. Although the bulk of the moths emerge the following April, some
-have been known to remain until the following or even the third year. The
-males fly about aspen, but only in the sunshine; in other respects its
-habits are pretty much those of the last species.
-
-The distribution of the species in England seems confined to two areas: a
-western one represented by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales,
-Wilts, and Dorset; and an eastern one by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk,
-Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from
-Moray.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-GEOMETRIDAE.
-
-Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only
-two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four claspers,
-the extra ones are only rudimentary and therefore useless. In moving from
-place to place the caterpillar stretches out to its full length, first to
-one side and then to the other, as though measuring the distance. When a
-hold is secured with the true legs the body is arched and the claspers are
-brought up almost to the point held by the true legs; the latter are then
-thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds as before. Some kinds
-perform the looping manoeuvre very deliberately, but others at a quick
-rate. In common parlance among British entomologists the caterpillars are
-called {100} "geometers" or "loopers," but to our American confreres they
-are known as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms."
-
-Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrubs, or
-low-growing herbs, and the majority remain upon their respective plants
-during the day.
-
-A large proportion of the moths may be obtained in the daytime, either by
-beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage or herbage among which they
-hide; several kinds rest on tree trunks, palings, rocks, walls, etc., where
-they are sometimes conspicuous, but more frequently not easy to distinguish
-from their surroundings. On the whole, members of this family are more
-available to the day collector than are those of the Noctuidae. Although
-several species occasionally visit the sugar patch, such species are, as a
-rule, obtained more readily and in larger numbers by other methods.
-Brilliant light has a great attraction for many of the moths, some are more
-often captured at gas or electric lamps than in any other way, and among
-these are the migratory species.
-
-Staudinger divides the family into the following subfamilies:--
-
-  Geometrinae (= Geometridae, Meyrick).
-  Acidaliinae (= Sterrhidae, Meyrick).
-  Larentiinae (= Hydriomenidae, Meyrick).
-  Orthostixinae (not represented in Britain).
-  Boarmiinae (= Selidosemidae, Meyrick).
-
-Except as regards the Larentiinae, I have largely adhered to Staudinger's
-arrangement of genera in each of the above subfamilies.
-
-The typical genus of Larentiinae would be _Larentia_, Treit, to which
-something over two hundred species are referred by Staudinger, among which
-are upwards of sixty that occur in the British Isles. Following some of the
-later generic changes, I find that none of our species are left in
-_Larentia_, but a few fall into _Hydriomena_, Hubner, and therefore
-Hydriomeninae has been adopted for this subfamily. {101}
-
-GEOMETRINAE.
-
-THE REST HARROW (_Aplasta ononaria_).
-
-This greyish-brown moth has two darker, sometimes reddish, cross lines on
-the fore wings, and one such line on the hind wings. It is presumably only
-to be regarded as an accidental visitor to England. The first record was of
-a specimen captured in the Warren at Folkestone in July, 1866, and since
-that year others were obtained in the same locality, but apparently not
-more than about half a dozen altogether. None seems to have been recorded
-for over thirty-five years. The specimen, whose portrait is shown on Plate
-38, Fig. 3, was obtained from Dresden.
-
-Abroad, the range includes Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Syria,
-and Armenia.
-
-THE GRASS EMERALD (_Pseudoterpna pruinata_).
-
-When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, the species represented by Figs. 6
-to 8 on Plate 38 is of a beautiful blue-green colour, but in course of time
-a greyish shade creeps over the wings. The dark cross lines vary in
-intensity; in some specimens well defined and blackish, in others very
-faint, and hardly discernible; occasionally, the space between the lines on
-the fore wings is dark shaded; the whitish submarginal line is not always
-present. This species is the _cythisaria_ of Schiffermiller, and the
-_cytisaria_ of other authors.
-
-The caterpillar (figured on Plate 41, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by
-Mr. A. Sich) is green, with three lines along the back, the central one
-dark green, the others whitish; a pinkish stripe low down along the sides,
-the points on the head and the first and last rings of the body are often
-pink also. It feeds on pettywhin (_Genista anglica_), also on broom
-(_Cytisus scoparius_) {102} and gorse (_Ulex_); in captivity it seems to
-thrive on laburnum. Most frequently obtained in the springtime after
-hibernation.
-
-The moth is to be found in June and July on moorlands and commons pretty
-well throughout the British Isles, but it seems not to have been noted
-north of Perthshire, in Scotland.
-
-Odd specimens have been known to occur in late August or early September,
-but this is quite exceptional.
-
-THE LARGE EMERALD (_Geometra papilionaria_).
-
-This charming green species (Plate 40, Figs. 1 and 4) varies in tint and in
-the distinctness of the whitish wavy cross lines. In some examples, one or
-other of the lines is absent, and far more rarely there is but little trace
-of any of these markings. Occasionally, the discal mark is preceded by a
-whitish wedge-shaped spot on the fore wings (ab. _cuneata_, Burrows).
-
-When newly laid the eggs are whitish, but soon change to greenish yellow,
-and finally to pinkish.
-
-The caterpillar hatches in late summer, and feeds on birch, hazel, and
-beech, until the leaves begin to fall in the autumn; it then constructs a
-carpet of silk on a twig, and near a bud, upon which it takes up its
-position for the winter. When thus seen, its reddish brown colour,
-variegated more or less with green, assimilates so closely with its
-surroundings that the creature is not easy to detect. In the spring, when
-it awakens, the green colour increases in extent as the buds open and the
-leaves unfold; when they are fully expanded, the caterpillar sits among the
-foliage towards the tip of a twig, and is then almost entirely green, the
-reddish brown only showing on the head, slightly on the warts, and more
-distinctly on the hinder parts which are in touch with the twig. The
-chrysalis, enclosed in a flimsy silken web among the dead leaves, usually
-on the ground, is of a delicate green colour, dotted with buff on the back,
-and shaded with buff on the wing cases. The early stages are figured on
-Plate 42.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 40.
-  1, 4. LARGE EMERALD.
-  2, 3. SMALL EMERALD.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 41.
-  1. GRASS EMERALD: _caterpillar_.
-  2. BLOTCHED EMERALD: _caterpillar_.
-  3. COMMON EMERALD: _caterpillar_.
-
-{103} The moth is out in June and July, and may occasionally be beaten out
-of a hedge or bush, but is most frequently obtained late at night, when it
-is active on the wing, and is attracted by a brilliant light.
-
-The species occurs in woods, on heaths and moors, and in fens, throughout
-the British Isles, except the most northern parts of Scotland and the
-isles.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE SMALL EMERALD (_Geometra vernaria_).
-
-This species (Plate 40, Figs. 2 and 3) is smaller than the last mentioned,
-the green colour is of a softer tint, and the lines crossing the wings, two
-on the fore wings and one on the hind wings, are whitish, and not waved.
-
-The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, and after hibernation is to
-be found in May and June on Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard (_Clematis
-vitalba_). It is then green, with white dots arranged in lines along the
-back and sides; the head is deep reddish brown, and this, and also the
-first and last rings of the body, have raised points. Transformation to the
-greenish chrysalis is effected among the leaves, drawn together with silk.
-(Plate 44, Figs. 3 and 3a.)
-
-The moth flies in the evening in July and August, and in the daytime may be
-disturbed, by the application of the beating stick, from its retreats in
-hedges, etc., where the food plant flourishes. Found in most of the
-southern and eastern counties of England, most frequently on the chalk; its
-range extends to Worcestershire. Except that it has been recorded as a
-doubtful inhabitant of Ireland, the species does not appear to occur
-elsewhere in the British Isles. The distribution abroad extends to
-Amurland. {104}
-
-THE BLOTCHED EMERALD (_Euchloris_ (_Comibaena_) _pustulata_).
-
-When quite fresh, this moth (Plate 43, Fig. 1) is exceedingly pretty; the
-pale blotches vary a little in size, as also do the reddish marks upon
-them.
-
-The caterpillar adorns itself with particles of its food as soon as it
-leaves the egg in July; after hibernation it uses the scales or husks of
-the oak buds for the same purpose. When stripped of its trappings it is
-found to be reddish brown in colour, with three slightly darker lines along
-the back; hooded bristles arising from raised brownish spots afford means
-for the attachment of the masquerading outfit, each moiety of which is
-covered with silk on one side before being placed in the required position.
-When beating oaks for larvae in May and June, the contents of the umbrella
-or beating tray should not be too hastily thrown away, but allowed to
-remain therein for awhile, and closely watched for any movement among the
-litter. The spectacle of a cluster of oak bracts suddenly becoming active
-will certainly arouse curiosity, and on examination the cause of the
-commotion will frequently be found to be the caterpillar of this species.
-(Plate 41, Fig. 2; after Auld.)
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and flies at dusk in and around oak
-woods. In the daytime it may be jarred from its perch in oak trees, and
-once I found a specimen on a fence in the Esher district. It has been known
-to visit light, and examples of a September emergence have been recorded.
-
-As a British species it only inhabits England, and it has been noted from
-Staffordshire and Leicester, but seems to be rare in the midland counties
-generally. It is more frequently found in the southern and eastern
-counties.
-
-Abroad, the range extends through Central Europe to Southern Sweden, S.
-Russia, N. Asia Minor, and Andalusia. {105}
-
-THE ESSEX EMERALD (_Euchloris smaragdaria_).
-
-In some examples of this species (Plate 43, Figs. 2, 3) the green colour is
-brighter than in others, and very occasionally it is tinged with bluish;
-typically, there are white cross lines on the fore wings, but the inner one
-is not infrequently absent, and more rarely both are missing. The white
-central spot is very rarely absent, and the edges of the fore wings are
-yellowish.
-
-The caterpillar feeds on the sea wormwood (_Artemisia maritima_), and
-adorns itself with fragments of its food plant in much the same manner as
-that of the species last referred to. Although obtained in the autumn in
-some numbers from its food plant, it seems to have been rarely met with in
-the spring after hibernation. It is, therefore, advisable to collect the
-caterpillars about September, and transfer them to plants of the garden
-_Artemisia abrotanum_, locally known as "Southernwood," "Old man," or
-"Lad's love," or, where available, wormwood (_A. absinthium_) will suit it
-admirably. Upon either of these plants the larvae will hibernate, feed up
-in the spring, and become full grown about May. The early stages are
-figured on Plate 42, larva and pupa from photos by Mr. H. Main.
-
-The moth is out in June and early July, but it is rarely seen in the open,
-although over sixty years ago a few specimens were put up from among grass
-and netted at St. Osyth; in later years an example or two have been taken
-at Sheerness in Kent. Possibly, others may also have been captured in one
-or other of the insect's haunts, but records are silent on the matter.
-Barrett mentions a specimen emerging in September, and the Rev. C. R. N.
-Burrows notes that part of a brood of caterpillars reared from eggs, and
-fed on _A. absinthium_, attained the moth state during the autumn. So far
-as concerns {106} the British Isles it seems to be almost exclusively an
-inhabitant of the salterns, or sea marshes of Essex.
-
-Abroad, the species occurs inland, and is not confined to the coast; its
-range extends eastwards to Siberia and Amurland.
-
-THE SMALL GRASS EMERALD (_Nemoria viridata_).
-
-This species, represented on Plate 43, Figs. 5 and 6, is readily
-distinguished by its small size and the well-defined white cross line on
-each wing. In most examples there is a more or less distinct whitish inner
-line on the fore wings. Ab. _mathewi_, Bankes, has all the wings dusted
-with orange scales, more especially on the outer marginal areas. A few
-examples of this form were reared in 1905, with a number of normal
-specimens, from eggs laid by a female captured in South Devonshire.
-
-The caterpillar (figured from a skin on Plate 44, Fig. 1) is green,
-roughened with whitish points; a dusky line along the middle of the back,
-marked on the front and end rings, also between the rings, with purplish
-red. Head, and first ring of the body, notched, the points reddish; last
-ring of the body pointed. When at rest on a twig it assumes a rigid
-posture, and the legs are tightly drawn together. It feeds on heather,
-sallow, and birch, but the general experience appears to be that in
-captivity it thrives best on a diet of hawthorn, and is especially partial
-to the young shoots. It may be obtained in July and August, and the moth
-comes out in the following May or June. In 1905, Mr. A. J. Scollick reared
-some caterpillars from eggs laid June 2nd, and hatched June 16th; all duly
-pupated, and a moth came up on December 20th of that year. Four others
-appeared in January and February, 1906.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 42.
-  1, 1a, 1b, 1c. LARGE EMERALD: _egg, caterpillars and chrysalis_.
-          2, 2a. ESSEX EMERALD: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 43.
-     1. BLOTCHED EMERALD.
-  2, 3. ESSEX EMERALD.
-  4, 7. LITTLE EMERALD.
-  5, 6. SMALL GRASS EMERALD.
-  8, 9. COMMON EMERALD.
-
-{107} The Rev. F. E. Lowe states that in Guernsey the species occurs
-exclusively among furze on cliffs by the sea, and chiefly where the plant
-is cut down from time to time. In Britain it inhabits heaths and mosses,
-but is very local. It is found in the English counties of Hants (New
-Forest, etc.), Dorset (Poole Heath, etc.), Devon (Woodbury, Exeter
-district, etc.), Norfolk (Horning), Worcester (Malvern district, rare);
-also at Methop, Witherslack, and other localities in Westmoreland and
-Cumberland. Only doubtfully recorded from Scotland and Ireland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, and China.
-
-THE LITTLE EMERALD (_Iodis lactearia_).
-
-The green tint in this species (Plate 43, Figs. 4 and 7) is even more
-unstable than in others of the group. When quite fresh the wings can often
-only be described as whitish with a delicate green tinge, but even when the
-greatest care is taken to preserve it, the colour is apt to fade.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 44, Fig. 2, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich)
-is long and thin, with two points on the edge of the first ring, and one on
-the last ring, of a bright green colour, paler between the rings; the spots
-along the back are reddish, as also is the whitish-fronted deeply notched
-head. It feeds on the leaves of various trees and bushes, such as birch,
-oak, hawthorn, sallow, etc. It may be obtained by beating or searching from
-August to September.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, in some seasons later, and may be beaten
-out of hedges, as well as from trees in woods. Generally distributed, and
-often common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland it is
-locally common in Clydesdale, and occurs in other southern parts of that
-country.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, China, and Japan.
-
-THE COMMON EMERALD (_Hemithea strigata_).
-
-When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, this species (Plate 43, Figs. 8
-and 9) is darkish green, but it soon fades to a greyish {108} tint. Easily
-distinguished by its shape, and by the chequered fringes. It is the
-_aestivaria_ of Hubner, and _thymiaria_ of Guenee. The long, thin, green
-caterpillar is ornamented with reddish brown, the V-shaped marks on rings 5
-to 8 are sometimes whitish; head, deeply notched, brown; the first ring of
-the body is also notched. It hatches from the egg in August, when it is
-said to feed on mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), and other low plants; after
-hibernation it feeds on the foliage of oak, birch, hawthorn, rose, etc.,
-and attains full growth in May or June. In late June and in July the moth
-may be put up from the undergrowth in woods, or from bushes in
-well-timbered hedgerows bordering lanes and fields. Specimens so obtained
-are poor in colour as a rule, and it is well, therefore, to rear the
-species from the caterpillar. (Plate 41, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) This
-remark applies to all "Emeralds."
-
-The species is often common in the south and east of England, and along the
-western side, including Wales, up to Cheshire and Lancashire, but it
-becomes local in Worcestershire and northwards. There are few records of it
-from Yorkshire, and its occurrence in Durham, Northumberland, and Scotland
-is doubtful. In Ireland it appears to be widely distributed, but scarce.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.
-
-
-
-[_Thalera fimbrialis_. A specimen of this Central European species
-(identified by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett) was taken on August 7, 1902, by
-Mr. C. Capper, from a blade of grass growing on a slope under Beachy Head,
-Sussex. The species is somewhat similar in appearance to _H. strigata_, but
-is larger; the hind wings are notched above the angle on the outer margin;
-the fringes of all the wings are chequered with red, and the antennae of
-the male are bipectinated.] {109}
-
-ACIDALIINAE.
-
-PURPLE-BORDERED GOLD (_Hyria muricata_).
-
-Two forms of this pretty little species (known also as _auroraria_) are
-shown on Plate 45. Fig. 1 represents the more usual form, but between this
-and the almost entirely purple variety (Fig. 4), which occurs chiefly in
-the north, there are various modifications. Then again, especially in the
-south of England, there is a tendency to become entirely yellow, the
-purple, inclining to crimson in such specimens, being confined to the front
-margin and cross lines on the fore wings, and a narrow band on the outer
-margin of all the wings.
-
-The caterpillar is pale brownish, inclining to ochreous at each end, marked
-with irregular blackish lines on the back, and dots and streaks on the
-sides. Its natural food plant seems to be unknown, but when reared from the
-egg the caterpillar will eat knotgrass, and sometimes a few will feed up
-and attain the moth state the same year. August to May.
-
-The moth occurs in late June and in July, and frequents fens, boggy heaths,
-and mosses. Although odd specimens may, occasionally, be flushed during the
-day, the collector will need to be up early in the morning if he would see
-this species on the wing, as it seems to fly most freely about sunrise. The
-New Forest in Hampshire is a noted district for it, as also are Ranworth,
-Horning, etc., in Norfolk, and Witherslack in Westmoreland. In Ireland, it
-is found in counties Galway, Kerry, and Mayo.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, China, Corea, and Japan.
-
-WEAVER'S WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _contiguaria_).
-
-The earliest known British specimen of this species (Plate 45, Figs. 2 and
-5) was taken in North Wales by Weaver, in 1855, {110} and was figured and
-described in _The Entomologist's Annual_ for 1856 as _Dosithea eburnata_,
-Wocke. About seven years later Greening captured a female specimen, and he
-subsequently reared the insect, when it became known as "Greening's Pug."
-Still later, about 1875, the English name was changed to "Capper's
-Acidalia."
-
-Fortunately, the species seems not difficult to rear from the egg,
-otherwise specimens in collections would be not only very limited in
-number, but frequently very indifferent in condition.
-
-In colour the moth is whity brown, more or less dusted or clouded with dark
-grey; except in the darker forms, three irregular black lines on the fore
-wings, and two on the hind wings, are clearly seen. It flies at dusk in
-June and July, and sits by day on lichen-covered rocks.
-
-The caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with irregular dark brown lines. It
-feeds on ling (_Calluna_) and crowberry (_Empetrum_) from September to May;
-but when eggs are obtained, the caterpillar hatching from them may be kept
-on chickweed, knotgrass, etc., and the moth be reared the same year.
-
-Mr. R. Tait records the finding of ten caterpillars on navelwort
-(_Cotyledon_) growing among heather in a very sheltered corner among rocks
-in North Wales, at Easter, 1906. He also notes that moths reared in
-captivity pair readily.
-
-The British localities, all in North Wales, are Aber, Bangor, Barmouth,
-Bettws-y-coed, Conway, Dolgelly, Lanfairfechan, and Penmaenmawr.
-
-THE LEAST CARPET (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _rusticata_).
-
-The whitish fore wings of this species (Plate 45, Figs. 3 and 6) are
-crossed by a blackish central band, and there is a blackish patch at the
-base of the wings, with an extension along the front margin, almost or
-quite to the central band; the hind wings have a central dot, and three or
-four dark grey wavy lines, the space between the first and second darkened,
-and appearing to be a continuation of the fore wing band. The thick set,
-pale ochreous-brown, or grey-brown, caterpillar (Plate 48, Fig. 1, drawn
-from a skin) has three more or less distinct pale lines along the back, and
-a series of darker diamonds along the central area; head, brown. In the
-open, its food probably consists of decaying or withered leaves, but when
-treated in captivity it will eat and thrive upon growing knotgrass,
-groundsel, dandelion, etc. August to May. Mr. Mera mentions that some
-caterpillars he reared on dandelion produced moths that were larger in size
-than most captured specimens.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 44.
-      1. SMALL GRASS EMERALD: _caterpillar_.
-      2. LITTLE EMERALD: _caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a. SMALL EMERALD: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 45.
-       1, 4. PURPLE BORDERED GOLD.
-       2, 5. WEAVER'S WAVE.
-       3, 6. LEAST CARPET.
-      7, 10. RUSTY WAVE.
-  8, 11, 14. SMALL DUSTY WAVE.
-      9, 12. DOTTED BORDER WAVE.
-         13. SILKY WAVE.
-     15, 18. DWARF CREAM WAVE.
-         16. ISLE OF WIGHT WAVE.
-         17. SATIN WAVE.
-
-{111} The moth is out in July, and specimens have been bred in September
-from eggs laid in July of the same year. To obtain this species, a journey
-will have to be made to one or other of its special haunts in Kent, lying
-between Greenhithe and Sheerness. Other localities from which it has been
-recorded are Kingsdown, Dover, Folkestone (Kent); Brighton, Lewes, West
-Horsham (Sussex); Isle of Portland (Dorset); Rame Head, Torquay (Devon);
-and single specimens have been reported from Stowmarket and Felixstowe
-(Suffolk).
-
-THE RUSTY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _herbariata_).
-
-In _The Entomologists Annual_ for 1856, two species of _Acidalia_ were
-brought forward as new to the British list. One of these has been referred
-to under _A. contiguaria_, the other was the present species, which at the
-time was wrongly referred to _circuitaria_, Hubner. The specimens depicted
-on Plate 45, Figs. 7 and 10, are of continental origin.
-
-Although other specimens were then known to exist in at least two British
-collections, the first recorded example was that mentioned above. This was
-captured in Bloomsbury Street, {112} London. In June, 1868, three or four
-examples were found in a herbalist's shop in Holborn; one occurred on a
-shop window in Oxford Street in 1873; one example was taken from a
-door-post in Cannon Street, July 21, 1879; and two others have been noted
-from the same street, but dates were not given. The latest record, that of
-a specimen on July 21, 1898, in a shop in Southampton Row, Bloomsbury,
-closes the list; it then appears that all the British specimens known to us
-have been taken in London.
-
-The eggs are laid on dry or withered plants, upon which the long brownish
-or greenish caterpillars feed throughout the autumn, winter, and following
-spring. They pupate towards mid-May, and the moths appear in June and July.
-According to Guenee, caterpillars seem to have been found only in herb or
-drug stores, and the moths occur in gardens and houses in July and August.
-
-THE SMALL DUSTY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _virgularia_).
-
-In most parts of the southern half of England this species, of which three
-specimens are shown on Plate 45, Figs. 8, 11, 14, is more or less common,
-and is often to be seen on garden walls, pales, and other kinds of fences.
-Although apparently infrequent in the Midlands, it has been recorded as
-common at Rugely in Staffordshire; in several parts of Cheshire it is not
-uncommon, and its distribution is known to extend to Northumberland.
-Possibly the species is more widely spread over England than the records
-show it to be. In Wales, it has been found in the North; in Scotland, it
-occurs locally from Berwick to Aberdeen; and it is doubtfully recorded from
-Ireland. The long, thin caterpillar is ochreous-brown, with a pale stripe
-on each side. It feeds on the leaves of various low plants, and seems, at
-times, to like its food best when withered. Some {113} that I reared from
-eggs deposited in September, 1904, fed for a time on fresh dandelion, but
-on the approach of winter they apparently ceased feeding, and were allowed
-to remain in the box with the food last supplied. In March it was found
-that they had been, and were then, eating the old provender. Some fresh
-dandelion was added, but this was not touched until all the old had been
-consumed. The same thing was repeated until the caterpillars were nearly
-full grown, when the fresh food was eaten as well as the stale. The moths
-resulting from them emerged during the last week in April, 1905, and were
-all well above the average size, and considerably larger than the female
-parent. One example is represented by Fig. 11 on the plate.
-
-There are certainly two generations of the moth during the year; in some
-years possibly more.
-
-DOTTED BORDER WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _straminata_).
-
-In its ordinary form this moth (Plate 45, Figs. 9, 12) is greyish white,
-sometimes with a tinge of brown, especially on the fore wings; the darker
-cross lines are slightly wavy; each wing has a central black dot, and there
-is a more or less distinct series of black dots on their outer margins. Ab.
-_circellata_, Guenee (Plate 61, Fig. 3), has the first and second lines of
-the fore wings strongly defined and deep brown, and the first is united
-with the central shade above the inner margin; the corresponding lines on
-the hind wings are also deep brown. This form, which occurs on the
-Lancashire and Cheshire mosses, and is known as the Obscure Wave, has been
-considered a distinct species, but it is connected with typical
-_straminata_ by intermediate aberrations which occur together with
-_circellata_ and the ordinary form on the same ground. Similar intergrades
-also occur in the New Forest, Hampshire, the Dover district of Kent, and
-probably elsewhere. {114}
-
-The rough-looking, long and slender caterpillar is pale greyish, with a
-black-edged pale line along the middle of the back, the black edging
-interrupted on rings 4-9; on each side of the central line, and lower down
-along the sides, are other black streaks; head, notched on the crown, and
-marked with brown.
-
-Some eggs laid August 8th, hatched on September 1st; the infant
-caterpillars were long and thread-like, the colour was black, and there was
-a whitish stripe low down along the sides. They would not feed on knotgrass
-and other plants offered to them, and I failed to rear them. Moths have,
-however, been bred, as a second generation, in the autumn from caterpillars
-reared from the egg, on bramble and knotgrass.
-
-The moth occurs in July and August on bush-sprinkled heaths, or heathy
-ground, where it may be disturbed from the herbage in the daytime, or
-netted as it flies in the evening. South of England from Kent to Dorset;
-also in Berkshire, Cheshire (one specimen, Whitegate Heath, 1901, one ab.
-_circellata_ in Delamere Forest, July, 1903); Yorkshire (Thorne Moor, and
-rather plentiful on Skipton Common in 1900 and subsequent years; ab.
-_circellata_ also occurred).
-
-THE DWARF CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _interjectaria_).
-
-This moth (Plate 45, Figs. 15, 18) is said to be referable to
-_fuscovenosa_, Goeze, and as this is an earlier name than _interjectaria_,
-Guenee, it may have to be adopted. For many years it was known in England
-as _osseata_, and was described by Haworth, Stephens, and others, under
-this name. It is also the _dilutaria_ of some authors, but not of Hubner.
-Hubner's dilutaria is considered by some writers to be the _holosericata_
-of Duponchel, and therefore an earlier name for the species generally known
-by the latter name. {115}
-
-The present species, to which Haworth gave the English name here used, is
-whitish straw-coloured, and silky in appearance; the wings have a central
-black dot and four or five dusky cross lines, some of which are more
-distinct than others; the front edge of the fore wings is tinged with
-reddish brown, in which is often a dark dot at the ends of the first and
-central lines; a series of linear blackish dots at the base of the fringes,
-most distinct on the fore wings.
-
-The somewhat stumpy caterpillar is dull smoky brown, marbled and variegated
-with ochreous, the darker colour most in evidence in front, and the
-ochreous behind; an ochreous line along the middle of the back, and one
-along the region of the spiracles; white spots on rings 5-7. (Adapted from
-Porritt.) It feeds from August to April on dandelion and other low-growing
-plants, and especially on the withered leaves. The moth occurs among weeds
-growing on banks, and hedgerows, and the outskirts of woods, in greater or
-lesser plenty throughout the South of England; but it becomes local, and
-more or less rare in the north of the country. In Scotland it is said to be
-uncommon in Clydesdale, but has not been noted from Ireland, or from Wales.
-
-ISLE OF WIGHT WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _humiliata_).
-
-This species (Plate 45, Fig. 16) is the _osseata_ of Fabricius, but not of
-Haworth and other British authors. It is very similar in general appearance
-to the species last considered, but the wings are somewhat less ample, and
-rather yellower in tint. It is most readily recognised, however, by the
-distinctly reddish stripe on the front edge of the fore wings. Previous to
-1891, when specimens were obtained by Mr. A. J. Hodges in the Isle of
-Wight, the species was not certainly known to be an inhabitant of the
-British Isles, although it seems to have been represented in many
-collections. The {116} insect is still found by those who know where to
-look for it on the sea cliffs of its island home, but so far as appears to
-be known at present, it does not occur in any other part of Britain. For
-this reason, it does not seem desirable to indicate the exact locality more
-definitely; but it may be added that the moth flies in July.
-
-SILKY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _holosericata_).
-
-Somewhat similar to A. _interjectaria_, but tinged with pale brown, and
-even more glossy; the front edge of the fore wings is of the general
-coloration, and the only markings on the wings are darker cross lines, the
-third on the fore wings, and the second on the hind wings, being the most
-distinct. (Plate 45, Fig. 13.)
-
-The rough and rather stumpy caterpillar tapers towards the small notched
-head; general colour dusky reddish-brown, a pale line along the middle of
-the back, finely edged with black. It feeds from August to May on rock rose
-(_Helianthemum_), eating the withered and even mouldy leaves. Will eat
-knotgrass, and, no doubt, dandelion also.
-
-Here, again, we have an ancient name brought forward to supplant that which
-the species has borne for years, and by which it is well known to
-entomologists. As I am not quite certain that Hubner's (Fig. 100)
-_dilataria_ does represent this species, Duponchel's name is here retained.
-
-As a British insect, it has only been known since 1851, when the capture of
-a specimen in the neighbourhood of Bristol was recorded in _The Zoologist_.
-Subsequently it transpired that the scene of capture was Durdham Down,
-Gloucestershire, and here it has been found annually, and in some plenty,
-among the bushes and low vegetation covering the ground in that rugged
-locality. Specimens have also been noted from Berkshire (Newbury), Bucks
-(Chalfont St. Peter), Dorset (Halstock), {117} and Norfolk (Thetford).
-Possibly there are other localities in England, more especially in the
-west, where this species may be awaiting discovery.
-
-THE SATIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _subsericeata_).
-
-The wings of this species (Plate 45, Fig. 17) are glossy whitish, with a
-faint greyish, or sometimes yellow greyish, tinge; the cross lines are
-grey, oblique and straight on the fore wings, but the outer two on the hind
-wings are curved or bent.
-
-Var. _mancuniata_, Knaggs, a local form found in Lancashire and Yorkshire,
-is rather more tinged with yellowish, the lines being distinct, and some
-more or less distinct dusky dots on the outer margin of the fore wings.
-
-A blackish form, with white fringes, has been recorded from North Cornwall,
-where the species, in its usual form, has been noted as abundant.
-
-The rough-looking caterpillar is pale greyish, inclining to reddish above;
-three black lines along the back, the central one slender, and the outer
-ones widening out towards each end. It feeds on knotgrass, dandelion,
-chickweed, and other kinds of weeds, and will eat plum. Hatching in August,
-it hibernates, as a rule, and attains full growth in the following spring;
-but sometimes caterpillars feed up quickly, and produce moths the same
-year.
-
-The moth, which is out in June and July, is partial to heathy ground, but
-not confined to heaths, as it has been met with in lanes bordered by
-pasture fields. Widely distributed throughout England and Wales, rare in
-Scotland, where it has only been recorded from the Solway. In Ireland it
-has been found commonly at Howth, near Dublin; and in the counties Cork and
-Waterford. {118}
-
-PORTLAND RIBBON WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _degeneraria_)
-
-This reddish-banded species (Plate 46, Fig. 1) is, so far as we know, only
-found, in Britain, in the Isle of Portland, Dorset, where it was first
-noted on June 24th, 1831. It will be seen that apart from its different
-colour, the bands in this moth are placed nearer the base of the wings than
-in _A. aversata_; on the fore wings the band is limited by the first and
-central lines, but sometimes it encroaches on the basal area; on the hind
-wings, it occupies more or less of the basal area, from the first line
-inwards; the front edge of the fore wings is also reddish.
-
-The caterpillar is ridged along the sides of the roughened body, and tapers
-towards the slightly notched, blackish marked head; the general colour is
-reddish-ochreous, darker on the back of the middle rings, along which are
-three interrupted pale greyish ochreous lines, and dark V-shaped marks. The
-natural food plant is not known, but it may be reared from the egg on
-bramble, traveller's joy (_Clematis_), and, of course, knotgrass and
-dandelion, both of these plants being generally acceptable to larvae of the
-Acidaliinae, as well as to those of many other species of Geometridae.
-
-The moth is out in June and July in the open, but has been bred as early as
-June 2. Some of the caterpillars from eggs laid in June will feed up
-quickly, and produce moths in September; from these, other eggs may be
-obtained, the caterpillars from which will feed for a time and then
-hibernate; as also do the slow-growing individuals of the earlier hatching.
-
-Abroad, this seems to be a Mediterranean species, ranging eastward through
-Asia Minor to parts of Central Asia; and northwards to Austro-Hungary,
-Castile, France, and West Central Germany.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 46.
-       1. PORTLAND RIBBON WAVE.
-       2. PLAIN WAVE.
-     3-6. RIBAND WAVE.
-    7-10. SMALL FAN-FOOTED WAVE.
-   9, 12. SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE.
-   8, 11. TREBLE BROWN-SPOT.
-  13, 14. LACE BORDER.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 47.
-  1, 1a. SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-      2. RIBAND WAVE: _caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a. PLAIN WAVE: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-{119}
-
-THE PLAIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _inornata_).
-
-Somewhat similar to the last in appearance, but without reddish bands, and
-front edging to the fore wings; the second or outer line of the fore wings
-is generally distinct, but the others, especially the central, are often
-obscure. This species, one example of which is shown on Plate 46, Fig. 2,
-may be distinguished from the plain form of _A. aversata_ by its generally
-smaller size and more silky appearance; the cross lines are less distinct,
-and the outer one of the fore wings is not indented below the front margin.
-The eggs (Plate 47, Fig. 3a) are laid in strings of from 6-20; at least
-this is so in captivity. Like the eggs of other species in this genus that
-I have seen, they are at first whitish bone colour, changing to reddish.
-They were laid in July, and most of the caterpillars that hatched from them
-attained the moth state in September; about one-third hibernated, but died
-off during the winter.
-
-The much-wrinkled and rough-looking caterpillar is pale reddish brown,
-varying to greyish; the back with V-shaped marks, and a light coloured spot
-on rings 5 and 6. It feeds, from August to June, on dandelion, dock, and
-other weeds, also on sallow, bramble, heather, etc.
-
-The moth is out in July, earlier or later in some seasons; it affects woods
-in which there is plenty of heather or bilberry, and may often be seen
-resting on tree trunks, especially those of the pine. It is on the wing in
-the evening, and is said to visit the sugar patch, as well as flowers
-growing in its haunts. Widely distributed over England and Scotland to
-Moray, but does not appear to have been noted in Wales. Reported from
-Kingstown, Killarney, and Londonderry in Ireland. {120}
-
-THE RIBAND WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _aversata_).
-
-There are two distinct colour forms, one is greyish white (ab. _spoliata_,
-Staudinger), and the other decidedly ochreous; the former is sometimes
-tinged with ochreous, and sometimes heavily sprinkled with dark grey. In
-the type form of _aversata_, the general colour is greyish white, and the
-space between the central and outer lines of the fore wings, and that
-enclosed by the first and central of the hind wings, is more or less
-entirely filled up with dark grey inclining to blackish; occasionally the
-dark colour spreads beyond the outer line, and covers a large portion of
-the outer area. These bands also occur in the ochreous and intermediate
-colour forms. A specimen, bred in June by Mr. W. G. Sheldon, from a
-caterpillar found on a fence at West Wickham in May, had the wings and
-abdomen black, but the head, thorax, anal tuft, and fringes of the wings
-were normal. (Plate 46, Figs. 3-6.)
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 47, Fig. 2; from coloured drawing by Mr. Sich) is
-much wrinkled, rather thickened behind, and tapers gradually towards the
-small, black-flecked head; the general colour is brownish, merging into
-ochreous on the hinder rings; a darker brown shade along the back,
-interrupted on the middle rings by V-shaped marks, encloses a slender
-whitish line, and there is a whitish spot on ring eight; a wavy pale
-ochreous line low down along the sides. (Adapted from Fenn.) It feeds on
-dandelion, dock, primrose, bedstraw, knotgrass, and many other low-growing
-plants; after hibernation, from April to May, it will thrive on the young
-growth of sallow, birch, hawthorn, etc. It will sometimes feed up and reach
-the moth state in August or September.
-
-The moth flies in June and July, and is generally distributed; but in
-Scotland does not seem to have been observed north of Moray. {121}
-
-SMALL FAN-FOOTED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _bisetata_).
-
-One form (Plate 46, Fig. 10) has whitish wings, with a deep, dark-grey
-border on the outer area of all the wings; this border is traversed by a
-whitish, wavy line (ab. _fimbriolata_, Stephens). Another form (Plate 46,
-Fig. 7) is more or less typical, and in this it will be noted that the
-marginal borders are much paler, and are broken up into bandlets. Between
-these two forms there are modifications, and sometimes a greyish shade
-spreads over all the wings.
-
-The caterpillar is long and slender, with a somewhat flattened appearance,
-and gradually tapered towards the notched head; the general colour of the
-roughened body is greyish brown, the middle ring divisions, and V-shaped
-marks on the back, are blackish or dark brown; there is also a double
-dark-brown line along the back, not always distinct. It feeds, from August
-to May, on a variety of low-growing plants, and is partial to withered
-leaves, especially those of bramble and dandelion. The moth is out in June
-and July, and is often common, and pretty generally distributed throughout
-our islands, except that it seems not to have been noted north of Moray, in
-Scotland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia and Amurland.
-
-THE SINGLE DOTTED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _dimidiata_).
-
-The most noticeable feature in this whity brown moth (Plate 47, Figs. 9 and
-12), sometimes known as _scutulata_, are the larger dots at the costal end
-of the dotted cross lines, and the blackish or dark-brown chain-like mark
-on the lower part of the outer marginal area of the fore wings; the latter
-is sometimes obscured in a cloud of its own colour. {122}
-
-Eggs (Plate 47, Fig. 1a), laid in a batch on a dried leaf of dandelion,
-were whitish at first, but turned reddish later.
-
-The elongated and somewhat flattened caterpillar (figured on Plate 47, Fig.
-1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. Sich) is ochreous, with brown lines on
-the back, the central one double, and interrupted on the middle rings, upon
-which are oblique pale-brown dashes. It feeds, from September to April, on
-beaked parsley (_Anthriscus sylvestris_), burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella_),
-etc., and may be reared on withered leaves of dandelion and other weeds.
-The moth is out in June and July, and in northern localities in August.
-Generally distributed, and often common.
-
-TREBLE BROWN SPOT (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _trigeminata_).
-
-This species (Plate 46, Figs. 8, 11) is similar to the last, but generally
-rather larger and somewhat paler; the front edge of the fore wings is
-marked with blackish or dark purplish grey, and there is a band of the same
-colour on the outer marginal area; the inner edge of this band is formed by
-the second line, and the outer edge is wavy, interrupted above the middle,
-and sometimes below also.
-
-The rough and rather flattened caterpillar tapers towards the head; in
-colour it is dusky brown. The markings comprise interrupted black lines and
-V-shaped blackish marks on the back. Buckler states that this caterpillar
-may be distinguished from those of its nearest allies by having a rather
-long, dingy ochreous bristle from each of the raised dots; these bristles,
-which are of the same thickness throughout, curve forwards on all rings to
-the ninth, and on the other three backwards. It feeds, from September to
-April, on various low-growing plants, ivy, birch, etc. If kept warm, it is
-said that whole broods will attain the moth state in July or August; this
-may happen sometimes, but in my experience only a few individuals have
-obliged in this way. The moth is another inhabitant of the hedgerow and the
-bushy wood-border, where it may be disturbed in the daytime during late May
-and June. It flies in the evening, and will visit light, and occasionally
-the sugar patch. Always a local species, but not uncommon in its special
-haunts in Kent, Surrey, Wiltshire, Essex, and Suffolk; it is also found
-more or less frequently in Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire,
-Herefordshire and Worcestershire. In Scotland, it is reported as scarce in
-Renfrew; and Kane notes that it does not occur in Ireland.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 48.
-          1. LEAST CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a, 2b. SMALL BLOOD-VEIN: _egg enlarged, caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 49.
-    1, 2. CREAM WAVE.
-    3, 4. LESSER CREAM WAVE.
-     5-7. MULLEIN WAVE.
-       9. LEWES WAVE.
-       8. SUB-ANGLED WAVE.
-      10. ROSY WAVE.
-  11, 12. SMALL BLOOD-VEIN.
-
-{123}
-
-THE LACE BORDER (_Acidalia_ (_Craspedia_) _ornata_).
-
-The conspicuously marked white moth depicted on Plate 46, Figs. 13 and 14,
-is unlikely to escape the notice of the collector who visits rough fields
-and hillsides in some of the chalk districts of Southern England,
-especially in the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Usually there are
-two generations of the moth during the year; one is on the wing in May and
-June, and the other flies in August and September.
-
-The caterpillar is of long and slender build, the head is notched, and the
-skin of the body is roughened. In colour it is ochreous brown above and
-greyish beneath; there are three lines along the back, the central one
-pale, except towards the head, edged with dusky, the others dark brown. On
-each ring, from four to eight, are two dark V-shaped marks; low down along
-the sides there is a dusky edged and mottled, pale ochreous stripe. It
-feeds, from October to May, and in July and August, on thyme, marjoram, and
-may be reared on garden mint. Abroad, the species ranges over Central and
-Southern Europe, and through Asia to Amurland.
-
-NOTE.--According to Prout (_Entom._ xxxix. 267), this species is the type
-of the genus _Scopula_, Schrank. {124}
-
-THE CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _remutaria_).
-
-This species (Plate 49, Figs. 1, 2) has the wings white or ochreous white,
-becoming rather smoky grey on the front edge of the fore wings, and
-sometimes this tinge spreads all over the wings. In well-marked specimens
-there are two dark, wavy, cross-lines, a dusky central shade, and a dusky
-shade-like stripe along the outer area beyond the second line; the first
-line of the fore wings is often placed close to the central shade, and
-sometimes it is merged in it. Not infrequently the lines are barely
-traceable, but almost as often the wings appear to have a pair of lines
-only, and these distinctly darker than usual.
-
-The caterpillar is rough, long and slender; grey-brown with irregular
-darker marks, a pale line along the middle of the back, and a dark cross on
-the back of ring ten. The notched head is pale brown with a black V-mark.
-It feeds, from July to September, on bedstraw (_Galium_), woodruff
-(_Asperula_), dock, sallow, etc.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and often is plentiful in woods throughout
-the greater part of England and Wales; in Yorkshire and northwards through
-Scotland up to Moray it is rather local. In Ireland it has been found in
-Wicklow and Louth, but more commonly in the south and west.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE LESSER CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _immutata_).
-
-White, more or less tinged with ochreous or ochreous grey in the male, is
-the general colour of this moth; the wings are crossed by several ochreous
-lines, the third line of the fore wings and the second line of the hind
-wings rather wavy. All the wings with central black dots, most distinct on
-the hind pair, occasionally absent from fore wings. (Plate 49, Figs. 3
-[male], 4 [female].) {125}
-
-The long caterpillar is pale greyish-brown, with three dusky lines on the
-back; the black spiracles are set in a pale stripe, and below this is a
-dusky line; head small and round (Barrett). August to May. The natural food
-appears to be _Valeriana officinalis_, and _Spiraea_, but it has been
-reared from the egg on groundsel, knotgrass, etc., also hawthorn, and moths
-obtained the same year, about September.
-
-In the open the moth is to be found in fens, bogs, and marshy places in
-fields and woods, during June and July. It is not uncommon, in suitable
-spots, in most of the southern and eastern counties of England. In the
-west, including Wales, and through the Midlands, it is local to Yorkshire,
-but is widely distributed in the south of the latter county; it occurs,
-rarely, in Durham. In Scotland it has only been definitely noted from
-Arran. Widely distributed, and common, in many parts of Ireland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.
-
-THE MULLEIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _marginepunctata_).
-
-This species exhibits more variation than is usual in this group.
-Typically, the moth is greyish white, but in some specimens the grey is
-most in evidence, and in others the white. A practically black form, with
-white fringes, has been noted from North Cornwall, and at Eastbourne and
-Portland many of the specimens have a clear, bone-coloured ground, with
-fine but very distinct cross-markings; these seem to be referable to ab.
-_pastoraria_, Joannis. The cross lines in both dark and light forms are
-sometimes very indistinct, but occasionally the first and second of the
-fore wings are united, and so form an irregular dusky band; the greyish
-clouding on the outer marginal area is also variable. Three {126} specimens
-are shown on Plate 49; two from Eastbourne, Figs. 5 [female], 6 [male], and
-one from Essex, Fig. 7 [female].
-
-The long caterpillar is very pale slaty-olive, with three paler lines along
-the back, the central one edged on each side with olive, darkest on the
-last three rings; spiracles black, and under surface of the body pale slate
-blue (adapted from Porritt). It feeds on various low-growing plants, among
-which, yarrow, mugwort, chickweed, cinquefoil, and knotgrass have been
-mentioned; also, it is said, on sallow. There are certainly two broods in
-the south, one feeding up in the summer, and the other hatching in
-September, and after hibernation attaining full growth in May or June.
-Moths of the first generation are on the wing in June and July, and of the
-second in August and September. Although sometimes found inland, the
-species is more especially attached to the coast, and is found in nearly
-all the seaboard counties of England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it
-occurs in Wigtownshire, and very dark specimens have been obtained on rocks
-in dry pastures at Ardrossan; June to end of July.
-
-THE LEWES WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _immorata_).
-
-Although the late Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a British specimen of this
-species, as a curious variety of _Strenia clathrata_, at a meeting of the
-Entomological Society of London in 1868, it was not until the year 1887,
-when Mr. C. H. Morris captured two specimens in Sussex, that the insect
-became recognized as a native. It is probable that the earlier example,
-taken some years before it was shown at the meeting referred to, may have
-come from the same locality in the Lewes district where the later specimens
-were captured. Anyway, the species has, so far, not been recorded from any
-other part of our islands, but it continues to be found in its original
-haunts, described as "some heathy ground," up to the present day. (Plate
-49, Fig. 9.) {127}
-
-The long, slender, and roughened caterpillar is pale greyish brown; the
-central line along the back is greyish-white, each side edged on the hinder
-half with brown, having at the beginning of each ring after the third a
-black dot on either side; side stripes dark brown, inclining to black
-above; a slender brown line below the black spiracles. (Adapted from
-Barrett.) It feeds from August to May on ling (_Calluna vulgaris_),
-marjoram, thyme, knotgrass, etc.
-
-From eggs laid on July 1 and 2 caterpillars hatched on July 17 and 18.
-These were placed on leaves of ribwort plantain (_Plantago lanceolata_),
-and as soon as large enough transferred to a potted plant, and kept out of
-doors. Two of the caterpillars grew up quickly, and on August 24 were taken
-indoors, where they spun up for pupation, one on August 28, and the other
-on September 1. A female moth emerged September 14 from the first chrysalis
-(F. C. Woodbridge, 1906).
-
-The range abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland.
-
-THE SUB-ANGLED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _strigilaria_).
-
-This species is greyish white, sometimes brownish-tinged; dusky cross
-markings, of which the oblique shade following the central black dot of the
-fore wings, and that before the central black dot of the hind wings, are
-usually most distinct, forming a narrow band across both pairs of wings;
-the outer margin of the hind wings is angled.
-
-The long, slender caterpillar has a roughened appearance; the colour is
-greenish grey, and the markings comprise a dull green line along the middle
-of the back, spotted with black on each side; the grey head is variegated
-with very pale brown. (Adapted from Porritt.)
-
-This species (Plate 49, Fig. 8) was known to Haworth, who gave it the
-English name which it bears to-day. Stephens, {128} writing of it in 1831,
-states that it was very rare, and that specimens in his collection were
-from a lane near Darenth, in Kent. With one exception (Hastings, Sussex,
-1876), the only present known locality in the British Isles for the species
-is the Warren, near Folkestone, Kent, where it was discovered in 1859. Here
-it occurred more or less freely for several years, then it became scarce,
-and finally, about 1890, seemed to be practically extinct. In 1906,
-however, Mr. G. H. Conquest netted a female specimen in the Warren on July
-24, and as she laid a few eggs, it may be presumed that others had been
-deposited before capture. From the eggs obtained by Mr. Conquest, nine
-moths were reared in July, 1907. The caterpillars thrived on traveller's
-joy (_Clematis vitalba_), which is probably the natural food; but they will
-also eat dandelion, knotgrass, etc., and like the withered leaves. By
-keeping in a warm place, it is possible to get moths out the same year,
-but, as a rule, the caterpillars prefer to hibernate.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland, China, Corea, and Japan.
-
-THE ROSY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _emutaria_).
-
-Figure 10, Plate 49, shows an example of this species, which also has
-angled hind wings. In coloration it is whiter and more silky than the last,
-and when fresh is delicately tinged with pink; the first and second lines
-are dotted or represented by dots, and the greyish central shade is
-obliquely inclined in the direction of the tips of the wings. In the
-marshes on the Essex and Kentish coasts the species is generally rather
-more rosy (ab. _subroseata_, Haworth), but this form occurs occasionally in
-the New Forest also. The long, slender caterpillar is whitish ochreous,
-inclining to pinkish; on the back of each ring is a broad grey shade
-enclosing a white spot, and a faint grey line on each side. Spiracles,
-black, with black spots below them on {129} rings four to eight;
-undersurface bluish-grey with a central white stripe. (Adapted from Fenn.)
-When reared from the egg, the caterpillar will feed on knotgrass,
-chickweed, birdsfoot trefoil, etc. The moths sometimes appear in August or
-September, but the more usual habit of the larva is to hibernate when small
-and complete growth in the following spring.
-
-The moth, which is out in July and early August, conceals itself by day
-among the vegetation growing in its somewhat restricted haunts. These are
-chiefly the marshes on the east coast, and similar spots in Kent and
-Sussex; also the bogs of Hampshire and Dorset, but especially those between
-Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst in the former county. It is not readily put up
-during the day, but towards evening it becomes active on the wing, and
-after its flight may be found sitting about upon the herbage.
-
-Abroad, it seems to be pretty much confined to Southern Europe and
-North-west Africa.
-
-THE SMALL BLOOD-VEIN (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _imitaria_).
-
-All the wings of this pale reddish-brown species are angulated (Plate 49,
-Figs. 11 and 12). A conspicuous character is the reddish or purplish-red
-stripe crossing both the wings, and to which its English name no doubt
-refers. It varies somewhat in the amount of reddish in the general
-coloration, also in the tint and the width of the prominent oblique cross
-stripe.
-
-The early stages are shown on Plate 48, Figs. 2-2b. The eggs, when laid on
-June 18 and 19, were whitish-green, but soon turned pinkish, inclining to
-coral red. The caterpillars hatched July 3 to 6, and were reared on a diet
-of privet leaves--a food that I have always found they preferred to any
-other that has been offered to them, and upon which I have found them in
-the open. They are exceedingly easy to rear, and if, as sometimes happens,
-they refuse to feed up and get through to the moth state in {130} September
-of the same year, they do not die off during the winter or early spring, as
-do so many larvae of other hibernating species. Enclosed in a suitable
-receptacle, such as a roomy glass cylinder, with some twigs of privet
-plugged in a bottle of water, the caterpillars may be left in any odd
-corner until spring, when fresh twigs should be introduced from time to
-time. Other food plants are dock, groundsel, dandelion, knotgrass,
-bedstraw, etc. In colour the caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with three
-darker brown lines on the back, the central one broken on the front rings,
-and the others edged above with whitish; the spiracles are black, and the
-stripe along the side pale drab.
-
-The moth affects hedgerows, banks, bushy places on rough sloping ground,
-and sandhills by the sea. It flies in the evening, and may be met with in
-July and August, sometimes in September, in most English and Welsh
-counties, and in the south of Ireland. It is local and somewhat rare in
-Northern England, and seems not to occur in Scotland.
-
-TAWNY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _rubiginata_).
-
-This attractive little moth (Plate 50, Figs. 1, 2), known also as
-_rubricata_ Fab., varies in colour from ochreous brown with a purplish or
-reddish tinge, to purplish brown or crimson; the first line of the fore
-wings is curved, and the second is parallel with the central shade.
-Sometimes the space between the last two lines and between the first and
-second lines of the hind wings is paler than the general colour. A dusky
-brown form has been recorded from boggy heaths in Norfolk.
-
-The roughish caterpillar, which gradually tapers to the notched head, is
-greyish inclining to yellowish or greenish; three blackish lines on the
-back, the central one widened on the middle rings, and the others only
-distinct on the front rings; a black-edged pale line above the black
-spiracles, and a dusky stripe below them (Barrett). It feeds from August to
-May on clover, trefoil, {131} knotgrass, etc. Sometimes as a second
-generation in June and July.
-
-According to Stephens, who figured this species in 1831, a specimen was
-taken, near Dover, somewhere about 1825; he also refers to Yorkshire
-specimens, one of which he had in his collection. Since that time the
-species has been obtained in Lancashire (Ashton-on-Mersey), and it was
-noted, not uncommon from the first to third week in July, 1875, on low
-heathery ground at Winch Bridge, Upper Teesdale, Durham. Casual specimens
-have also been recorded from Folkestone, Kent; Hastings, Sussex, and South
-Devon. The last concerns a specimen taken in the Newton Abbot district in
-1902. What may be termed the British home of the species is, however, the
-Breck sand district in the eastern counties, where, since 1860, it has been
-found in greater or lesser plenty, in June, each year up to the present
-time. The best known localities are Tuddenham, Brandon, Thetford, and Bury
-St. Edmunds. It sits among the vegetation in fields or the borders thereof,
-and also on heaths. Occasionally, it indulges in flight in the afternoon,
-but it is more often put up as the collector approaches its place of
-retreat. At night it is usually active, and light has a strong attraction
-for it.
-
-Abroad, its range extends to Amurland and Corea.
-
-THE SMOKY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Pylarge_) _fumata_).
-
-The sexes of this greyish-white moth are figured on Plate 50, Figs. 4
-[male], 5 [female]. It will be seen that the female is smaller than the
-male. The caterpillar is very slender, and finely wrinkled; pale ochreous
-brown, with three pale lines along the back, each of which is shaded on
-both sides with brown. Beneath the ridge, low down along the sides, is a
-dark stripe, and the under surface is pale. It feeds on bilberry, sallow
-and heather, and will eat knotgrass, chickweed, and dandelion. Hatching in
-August, it {132} hibernates when nearly mature, but it resumes feeding in
-the spring. The moth is out in June and July, and frequents moors and
-mosses. Plentiful in Scotland and in the north of England, its range
-extends through Wales and the west of England to Devonshire, where it
-occurs on Exmoor and is common in some parts of that extensive area. In
-Ireland, recorded by Birchall as widely distributed; Kane notes it from
-counties Kerry, Waterford, and Galway.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-BRIGHT WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Sterrha_) _ochrata_).
-
-At one time this ochreous brown species (Plate 50, Fig. 3) was an
-inhabitant of the Essex coast, and was found commonly at Southend among
-other places. Deal and other parts of the Kentish coast are more frequently
-mentioned in connection with later records of the species. In the present
-day it is far less plentiful at Deal than formerly, but it is still to be
-found there. Specimens have been taken in the Isle of Wight, and one has
-been noted from Suffolk (Aldeburgh).
-
-The pale ochreous brown or greyish ochreous caterpillar has three broken
-greyish lines on the back; it tapers towards the small head, and the skin
-of the body is closely wrinkled. It feeds from August to May, or a little
-later, on the flowers of hawk's-beard (_Crepis_), dandelion, coltsfoot,
-golden rod, etc., and in confinement it seems to accept most kinds of
-flowers that are offered, even when widely different. Thus, Mr. Conquest,
-in 1907, had some caterpillars which hatched during the first week in
-August from eggs laid on July 25; these were at first supplied with
-flowering sprays of yellow bedstraw (_Galium verum_), and later on with the
-flowers of golden rod (_Solidago_). Instead of hibernating, which is no
-doubt the normal habit in the species, some larvae reared from the egg in
-confinement and subjected to fostering warmth will grow very quickly and
-produce moths the same year.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 50.
-   1, 2. TAWNY WAVE.
-      3. BRIGHT WAVE.
-   4, 5. SMOKY WAVE.
-      6. _ACIDALIA PEROCHRARIA_.
-   7, 8. SMALL SCALLOP.
-  9, 10. BLOOD-VEIN.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 51.
-  1, 1a, 1b. DINGY MOCHA: _eggs, caterpillars and chrysalis_.
-          2. MOCHA: _caterpillar_.
-
-{133} This species has been referred to the genus _Sterrha_, Hubner, but
-authorities are not agreed as to the validity of this.
-
-_Acidalia perochraria._
-
-The species last referred to as _A. ochrata_ was formerly known in Britain
-as _pallidaria_, and was figured by Curtis in 1831 under that name.
-Afterwards the name was changed to _perochraria_, and later still the
-correct name was found for it.
-
-How far there may have been confusion of the two species in the records of
-the present one, I have no means of ascertaining, but probably all but two
-should properly refer to _ochrata_. The only two known British specimens of
-_perochraria_ therefore appear to have been captured in the Redhill
-district of Surrey, one in 1865 and one in 1869. As will be seen on
-reference to Plate 50, where a portrait of a Continental specimen will be
-found (Fig. 6), the general colour is much brighter than that of _ochrata_.
-It will be noted, also, that there are four darker cross lines on the fore
-wings, and three on the hind wings. The antennae, too, of the male are
-toothed, and therefore differ from these organs in _ochrata_.
-
-THE SMALL SCALLOP (_Ania emarginata_).
-
-As will be noted on turning to Plate 50, Figs. 7, 8, the male of this pale
-ochreous brown species is generally rather larger than the female, and the
-more ample wings are less acutely angled in outline; the latter sex is also
-more clouded with reddish brown.
-
-The caterpillar is variable in colour; one form is of a dusky ochreous
-colour with a pale line along the middle of the back, edged on each side
-with a darker tint, and most conspicuously {134} so on the hinder rings;
-the back is also dotted with black, and has some dark V- or X-shaped marks
-upon it; the body tapers to the notched dark-brown head. It feeds on
-bedstraw (_Galium_), convolvulus, etc., and, like others of its tribe, has
-a taste for withered leaves. August to May or June, according to the
-season. In confinement it has been induced by warmth to feed up quickly,
-and appear as a moth the same year. Only a short time is passed in the
-chrysalis stage. July is perhaps the best month for the moth, but it may be
-seen at any time from late June to early August. Its haunts are fens,
-marshes, and moist woodlands, etc., and although it is more frequent in the
-south, it is widely spread throughout England, but in the north it is rare,
-and its occurrence more or less casual.
-
-In Wales it has been recorded from Glamorganshire and Flintshire; but it is
-apparently unknown in Scotland and Ireland.
-
-THE BLOOD-VEIN (_Timandra amata_).
-
-The stripe across the wings of this pretty species (Plate 50, Figs. 9 and
-10), extending from the apex of the fore wings to near the middle of the
-inner margin of the hind wings, is normally pinkish red, but it may be of a
-more crimson or purplish hue; it also varies in width. The fringes are
-usually pinkish red, and occasionally the margins of the wings are tinged
-with the same colour. The whitish-ochreous ground colour is normally finely
-powdered with grey, but sometimes so thickly that a greyish tinge is
-imparted to the wings. Barrett mentions a specimen with pale smoky brown
-wings, and, excepting that the tips of the fringes are tinged with pink,
-the usual markings are absent. In another example, "the space between the
-central and second lines is filled up with purple brown."
-
-The caterpillar is brownish grey, with three whitish lines on the back, the
-central one intersecting a series of four dark {135} lozenges. It feeds on
-various low-growing plants, such as persicaria, orach, sorrel, etc., but
-dock seems to be the most frequently selected pabulum. July to May,
-sometimes feeding up and appearing as a second generation of the moth in
-August.
-
-Weedy ditches, hedge banks, or moist waste places, are the favourite
-resorts of the moth; and when one example is flushed from its lurking
-place, others are almost certain to be hiding in the immediate vicinity.
-
-Widely distributed throughout England, but most common in the south; found
-also in North and South Wales; and sparingly in Scotland to Aberdeenshire,
-also recorded from Arran. Apparently rare in Ireland, as it is only noted
-from Kerry and Galway.
-
-FALSE MOCHA (_Ephyra porata_).
-
-The wings are pale ochreous brown, finely flecked with purplish grey, and
-more or less tinged with reddish; the cross lines are indicated by blackish
-dots, the central shade is greyish inclining to reddish, and the rings
-enclosing white dots are blackish or dark brown, but sometimes indistinct
-on the fore wings; occasionally there are some purplish grey clouds on the
-outer marginal area, and this is more frequent in examples of a second
-generation. Sometimes the wings are entirely suffused with dull reddish
-brown, and all the markings, except the white dot on the hind wings, are
-obscured. (Plate 53, Figs. 7 and 8.)
-
-The caterpillar is pale pinkish ochreous, with inconspicuous wavy white
-lines, and brownish dots, on the back; dark oblique marks on the sides; the
-head is pencilled with darker brown. It feeds on oak and birch in June and
-July, and individuals of a second brood sometimes occur in September or
-October.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and rests in the daytime {136} among the
-foliage of trees and bushes in or around woods. Like others of the genus,
-it is attracted by light, and is said to visit the sugar patch. Specimens
-of a second generation sometimes appear in August and September, but, I
-believe, more frequently in the breeding cage than in the open. Although it
-has been recorded from several of the northern counties from Staffordshire
-to Cumberland, this is more especially an inhabitant of the south and west
-of England, and of Wales. In Scotland, it is known to occur singly and
-rarely in Clydesdale and Arran, and has been found in Perthshire.
-
-NOTE.--This species, and the other five here included in _Ephyra_, have
-been referred to _Zonosoma_, Lederer, and more recently to _Cyclophora_,
-Stephens.
-
-MAIDEN'S BLUSH (_Ephyra punctaria_).
-
-In a general way, this moth (Plate 53, Figs. 10-12) is not unlike the last
-mentioned. Apart, however, from the absence of ringed dots on all the
-wings, the central line is more prominent. Certain vagaries occur in
-connection with this line, which is generally reddish, or purplish brown.
-Occasionally, it may be visible on the fore wings, but absent on the hind
-wings; or it may change its course about mid-way, and turn inwards to the
-base of the fore wing. I have a specimen from Surrey in which this line is
-double the normal width, and dark purplish in colour. Examples of the
-second generation have brownish clouds on the outer margin (Fig. 12).
-
-The caterpillar is pale reddish-ochreous or bright green; a black line
-along the middle of the back, and a brownish one along the sides; a black
-horse-shoe mark, edged below with yellow, on the back of rings four to
-nine.
-
-It feeds, in June and July, on oak, but may be reared on birch; also found
-in September as a second brood. {137}
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and specimens of a second generation are
-often not uncommon in August. It occurs in woodlands throughout England,
-but is most plentiful in the south. In Scotland, it appears to be local in
-Clydesdale, but is found thence up to Moray. In Ireland, only recorded from
-Galway (two specimens).
-
-CLAY TRIPLE-LINES (_Ephyra linearia_).
-
-This species (Plate 53, Fig. 13) varies in the general colour from
-yellowish to pale reddish ochreous; the cross lines are also variable,
-often the first is missing (Plate 53, Fig. 14), and not infrequently the
-dark central line is the only visible marking, but very exceptionally the
-central line is very little, if at all, more distinct than the normal first
-and second. The ringed white dots are rarely very conspicuous, and are
-often quite absent.
-
-The caterpillar is pale brownish, with a brown-edged yellowish line along
-the middle of the back, and some yellow-edged dark-brown streaks on the
-sides. In another form, the head is brown and the body green.
-
-It feeds in June, July, and again in September, on beech. The moth is out
-in May and June, and again in August and September. Beech woods are its
-favourite haunts, and it seldom strays far from them. It is generally
-common in the south, and its range apparently extends to Northumberland;
-but it is local and infrequent in the north. Three specimens have been
-recorded from Co. Galway, and one from Co. Cork, in Ireland.
-
-NOTE.--Nearly fifty years ago, at Brighton, a single specimen was reared
-from one of eight larvae that hatched from the same number of eggs
-deposited by a female _E. linearia_ that had paired with a male _E.
-orbicularia_. This hybrid has been named _brightoni_, Tutt. {138}
-
-THE MOCHA (_Ephyra annulata_).
-
-Normally, the wings of this species (Plate 53, Figs. 6, 9) are yellowish
-white, inclining to ochreous yellow with the blackish central shade near to
-and sometimes united with the blackish irregular and outwardly toothed
-second cross line on both fore and hind wings; the rings are deep brown or
-blackish. There is variation in the width and intensity of the central
-shade, and the rings sometimes are absent on the fore wings (ab.
-_obsoleta_, Riding), and occasionally all the wings are devoid of the
-annular mark (ab. _biobsoleta_, Riding). Examples of a second generation
-reared in captivity are rather deeper coloured, and have a sprinkling of
-black scales, chiefly on the fore wings.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 51, Fig. 2, after Hofmann) is dark green, yellow
-between the rings; there are three yellow lines along the back, the outer
-ones waved; head reddish brown, paler marked. (Adapted from Porritt.) There
-is also a pale ochreous brown form.
-
-It feeds on maple in June, and as a second generation in August and
-September. It may be reared on sycamore. The moth frequents lanes, woods,
-and thickets, especially those in which maple is plentiful; it flies at
-dusk, and in the daytime may be beaten from hedgerows in which the food
-plant grows. It has also been found among hornbeam. The species is most
-frequent from Kent to Hampshire, but widely distributed over England up to
-Worcester and Herefordshire, and eastward to Norfolk, occurring also in
-Northampton and Yorkshire.
-
-The colour and ornamentation of this charming little insect seem to have
-struck Haworth, who named the species in the vernacular, as bearing some
-resemblance to the Mocha stone from Arabia, a kind of transparent agate in
-which are seen brownish moss-like markings. {139}
-
-DINGY MOCHA (_Ephyra orbicularia_).
-
-The wings are greyish, thickly striped with darker grey; the markings
-similar to those of the next species, but the rings are nearly always
-reddish or purplish, and the central line is wavy. (Plate 53, Figs. 4 and
-5.)
-
-The egg (which, together with the caterpillar and chrysalis, is figured on
-Plate 51) is at first bone-coloured; later, pink dots and patches appear.
-
-The caterpillar is bright green with three lines along the back, the
-central one edged on each side with dark green and the others wavy; the
-sides are blotched with pink or pale purple, or sometimes whitish and
-unmarked; head slightly notched on the crown, pale brown, marked with
-darker; fore legs tipped with pink. (Porritt, abridged.) In another form of
-the green coloration, the sides are pinkish with dark-brown oblique
-stripes; in a third the general colour is pale brown. The first brood of
-caterpillars feeds in June on sallow and alder, and a second in August and
-September.
-
-The moth appears in May and June, and again in July and August; sometimes a
-third brood has been reared in captivity. It is less frequently met with
-than the other species of _Ephyra_, even in its most favourite haunts, such
-as the New Forest, in Hampshire. Other localities for it are Abbots Wood,
-St. Leonards and Tilgate Forests, and elsewhere in Sussex; Redstone,
-Haslemere, and the Croydon districts, in Surrey; and in some Kentish woods.
-It has also been taken rarely in Dorset, Devon (Tiverton), S. Wales, and
-Suffolk (Lowestoft).
-
-BIRCH MOCHA (_Ephyra pendularia_).
-
-The general colour of this species (Plate 53, Figs. 1, 2) is whitish, more
-or less powdered or suffused with grey; all the {140} wings have two
-blackish dotted cross lines and a greyish, sometimes reddish, central
-shade; not infrequently there is an interrupted grey or dark greyish band
-on the outer marginal area, and this margin itself is always dotted with
-black; the rings enclosing white dots on all the wings are usually black,
-but sometimes reddish. In some specimens having a reddish central shade,
-the general colour, especially of the fore wings, is delicately tinged with
-reddish. Var. _subroseata_, Woodforde (Fig. 3), a form of this species
-occurring in N. Staffs. is slaty grey, with the space between the inner and
-outer cross lines of fore wings rosy pink or reddish.
-
-The caterpillar is of a green colour with slender yellowish lines along the
-back and sides; between the rings the colour inclines to yellowish, and the
-head, legs, and prolegs are reddish brown. In another form the general
-colour is greyish, inclining to reddish, and the lines paler grey. It feeds
-on birch in June and July, and again in August and September. It is said to
-eat alder and oak. The chrysalis, which is similar in shape to that of the
-last species (Plate 51), is pale greyish-ochreous marked with dark brown.
-
-The moth, which appears in May and June, and in some seasons in August,
-frequents woodlands and heaths where birch flourishes. Although fairly
-plentiful in most of the southern English counties, it appears to be rare
-in Dorset and Devon, and more or less so in the eastern counties. It is
-very local in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, but not uncommon at Strensall
-in the latter county; and although it has been recorded from Cumberland, it
-seems to be absent from Lancashire and Cheshire. Doubtfully reported from
-North Northumberland, but found in Wells Wood, Roxburghshire, and appears
-to be widely distributed in Scotland, although generally scarce in that
-country. In Ireland it is local, but not uncommon sometimes.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 52.
-  1. MALLOW: _caterpillar_.
-  2. SHADED BROAD-BAR: _caterpillar_.
-  3. CHALK CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 53.
-  1, 2, 3. BIRCH MOCHA.
-     4, 5. DINGY MOCHA.
-     6, 9. THE MOCHA.
-     7, 8. FALSE MOCHA.
-    10-12. MAIDEN'S BLUSH.
-   13, 14. CLAY TRIPLE-LINES.
-
-{141}
-
-HYDRIOMENINAE.
-
-THE VESTAL (_Sterrha sacraria_).
-
-The fore wings are pale yellow inclining to ochreous, and the front edge is
-more or less tinged with the same colour as that of the oblique stripe from
-the tips of the wings to the middle of the inner margin. In the type, this
-stripe is purplish-brown, but in ab. _labda_, Cramer, it is crimson, and in
-ab. _atrifasciaria_, Stefan, it is blackish. In ab. _sanguinaria_, Esper,
-the ground colour is pinkish. The hind wings are always white. (Plate 54,
-Figs. 1 and 2.)
-
-From 1857, in which year the first specimen recorded as British was
-captured in September at Plymouth, to 1874, one or more examples of this
-interesting migrant seem to have occurred during the autumns of most years,
-in some part of the British Isles, but chiefly in the South of England. The
-years in which it was apparently unrecorded were 1860, 1861, 1870, 1872,
-and 1873. Since 1874 there have been very few records. In 1879 a male
-specimen was taken at Chingford, Essex, August 17th, and a female (ova
-obtained) on September 1st; a specimen occurred at Christchurch, Hants,
-October, 1893; a male was obtained in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset,
-September, 1895, and one was secured at Timoleague, Co. Cork, in August,
-1898; one was accounted for at Malvern, Worcestershire, in August, 1901; a
-female in fine condition was captured, as it flew in the sunshine over a
-Cambridgeshire meadow, in the autumn of 1906. Mr. H. M. Edelsten obtained a
-male specimen in South Devon, on September 12, 1908. The largest number of
-specimens appears to have been recorded in 1867, when nearly thirty were
-secured, and of these four were taken in May in the Isle of Wight, where
-also two females were captured on {142} August 14th and 16th, and one
-specimen on September 3rd. Six or seven occurred during August in
-Lancashire, and three in Perthshire, also in August.
-
-The long caterpillar is variable, but is usually some shade of green above,
-inclining to whitish beneath, and yellowish between the rings; the lines
-along the back are paler green, reddish, and olive green. It feeds on
-low-growing plants, such as knotgrass and dock, and has been reared from
-the egg in August and September. If eggs were obtained in May it would be
-possible to raise two generations of moths, or, perhaps, even three, during
-the year.
-
-The species is an inhabitant of Southern Europe and North Africa, and its
-range extends to India, Madeira, and the Canaries. In Central Europe,
-including the British Isles, its occurrence is always a more or less casual
-event.
-
-NOTE.--It is possibly incorrect to assign this species to _Sterrha_,
-Hubner, which is adopted by some authors for the Acidaliid _ochraria_.
-There is, however, considerable doubt among authorities about accepting the
-Hubnerian genus, but Herrich-Schaffer's genus _Sterrha_ appears to be valid
-and is here employed. If it has to give way, _Pseudosterrha_, Warren, or
-_Rhodometra_, Meyrick, may have to be used.
-
-
-
-_Lythria purpuraria_ has long been reported as a British species, but there
-does not appear to be any very convincing record of its capture in the
-British Isles. It is widely distributed in Europe, and generally common. As
-it is a sun-loving insect, it could hardly escape detection if it occurred
-in any part of our isles. A note by Mr. V. R. Perkins, in _The Zoologist_
-for 1861, p. 7449, should, however, not be overlooked. This refers to the
-capture, on June 18th, of two male specimens that were disturbed from
-broom, "not far from the city of Perth, by Mr. D. P. Morrison." {143}
-
-LEAD BELLE (_Ortholitha plumbaria_).
-
-Two ordinary examples of this species are shown on Plate 54, Figs. 4, 5.
-The ground colour is greyish, ranging in one direction to whitish, and in
-the other to brownish; on the fore wings there are three cross lines,
-usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes dark brown inclining to
-blackish; the first of these lines is always slender and sometimes very
-indistinct; the second is often shaded on its outer edge, and the third on
-its inner edge, with brownish; occasionally the space between the second
-and third is more or less dusky, especially on the lower half; sometimes
-these two lines approach each other very closely on the inner margin; the
-short oblique streak from the tip of the wing to the wavy submarginal line,
-and also the blackish central dot, are far more distinct in some specimens
-than in others.
-
-The long stick-like caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, often striped with
-darker brown or blackish. It feeds on furze (_Ulex_) and broom (_Cytisus_),
-from August to April. The moth is out in May and June, earlier or later
-according to the season, and is to be found almost everywhere that its food
-plants flourish.
-
-THE MALLOW (_Ortholitha cervinata_).
-
-The fore wings of this species are normally ochreous brown, inclining to
-reddish, but sometimes the general colour is of a light chocolate tint, and
-in such specimens the slender white lines edging the dark markings, and the
-white wavy submarginal line, are more distinct; the central band-like
-marking occasionally tapers towards the inner margin. (Plate 54, Figs. 6,
-7.)
-
-The long caterpillar (figured from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich, Plate
-52, Fig. 1) is of a greenish colour, inclining {144} to yellowish between
-the rings; there are indications of darker lines on the middle of the back
-and along the sides; the usual dots are whitish and the spiracles black; in
-some specimens the central line on the back is pinkish. It hatches from the
-egg in March or April, and feeds until June on mallow (_Malva sylvestris_);
-will also eat hollyhock.
-
-The moth appears in September and October, and is sometimes seen in
-November. It hides under the mallow, and other plants around, and is not
-much inclined to move during the day, but it becomes active in the evening,
-and then flies pretty briskly. The occurrence of this species in any
-locality will, of course, largely depend upon the presence of the food
-plant, but it seems to be widely distributed throughout the greater part of
-the British Isles. It is, however, most frequent in the southern half of
-England.
-
-SHADED BROAD-BAR (_Ortholitha limitata_).
-
-To the earliest British entomologists this species (Plate 54, Figs. 8 and
-9) was known by the English name given to it by Moses Harris, which is here
-revived. Haworth's popular name for the insect is the "Small Mallow," but
-this seems less suitable.
-
-The fore wings are usually ochreous brown in colour, with a darker brown
-band, the inner area of which is often paler. The ground colour, however,
-varies considerably, in some examples tending to whity brown, and in others
-to a smoky hue. The whitish hind wings are generally more or less dusky
-clouded, chiefly from the base of the wing to the dark brown or blackish
-cross shade; but sometimes these wings are entirely blackish, with just a
-trace of a pale cross stripe.
-
-The caterpillar is greyish, with a pinkish tinge and black dots; there are
-three lines along the back, the central one slaty blue, and the others
-ochreous, shaded on each side with pale brown; a pinkish irregular ridge
-runs low down along the sides. It feeds on clover, vetch, grass, etc., from
-September to June. (Plate 52, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 54.
-    1, 2. THE VESTAL.
-   3, 10. OBLIQUE-STRIPED.
-    4, 5. LEAD BELLE.
-    6, 7. MALLOW.
-    8, 9. SHADED BROAD-BAR.
-  11, 12. CHALK CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 55.
-   1, 2. DRAB LOOPER.
-      3. GREY CARPET.
-   4, 5. CHIMNEY SWEEPER.
-    6-8. TREBLE-BAR.
-  9, 10. MANCHESTER TREBLE-BAR.
-
-{145} The moth is out in July and August, and is often common in fields and
-grassy places, generally throughout the greater part of the British Isles.
-In ancient times it was dubbed the "Aurelian's Plague." The range abroad
-extends to Amurland.
-
-
-
-_Ortholitha moeniata._--Except that one specimen was said to have been
-taken near Baron Wood, Carlisle, some years prior to 1855; and another, in
-1866, near York; there is no evidence that this species is an inhabitant of
-the British Isles.
-
-CHALK CARPET (_Ortholitha bipunctaria_).
-
-In this species (Plate 54, Figs. 11 and 12) the ground colour of the fore
-wings is white (inclining to bluish-white in some specimens), more or less
-stippled and scored with greyish brown; the cross band is darker grey
-brown, and there are two black dots placed :-wise (sometimes united) in the
-paler central space of the band. Hind wings, smoky grey, with a darker
-shade across the middle, and a pale one parallel with the outer margin. In
-some rare instances, the ground colour of the fore wings is entirely white,
-and the band exceedingly dark; but specimens with the general colour,
-slaty-black and the band and basal patch grey, are extremely rare; Barrett
-mentions one such example, from Box Hill, Surrey, in Mr. R. Adkin's
-collection.
-
-The caterpillar is whity brown, more or less tinged with pink, dotted with
-black, and lined with grey along the back, the sides, and the under
-surface. It feeds, at night, on clover and trefoils, from September to
-June. (Plate 52, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and
-August, and in suitable localities, such as chalk downs, lime-stone hills,
-etc., is generally plentiful {146} throughout England and South Wales. It
-does not appear to have been noted in Ireland, or in Scotland, except that
-it has been recorded from the Isle of Arran.
-
-OBLIQUE STRIPED (_Mesotype virgata_).
-
-The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 54, Figs. 3 [male], 10
-[female]. The fore wings are greyish, inclining to whitish or to brownish,
-with two white-edged oblique bands, which in the lighter coloured specimens
-are broad and show up conspicuously, but in the darker are narrower and
-much less distinct.
-
-The caterpillar is brownish, but varies in tint, in some cases inclining to
-pink; there are three lines along the back, the central one dark green or
-brown, and the others more or less yellowish; a blackish or dark grey line
-low down along the sides. It feeds on yellow bedstraw (_Galium verum_), and
-may be reared on other kinds of _Galium._ There are two broods, one in May
-and June, and the other in August and September.
-
-The moth, which frequents sand-hills and shelving banks by the seaside, is
-found resting upon its food plant or other vegetation around, in May and
-June, and again in July and August.
-
-The species has a wide distribution, and occurs in suitable localities
-around the coasts of England (except the north-east), and on the west coast
-of Wales. It also inhabits the Breck sand district of Norfolk and Suffolk,
-and has been found on chalk downs and hills in the south of England, and in
-Cambridgeshire and Berkshire. In Ireland, it has been recorded from the
-counties of Down and Kerry.
-
-Abroad, its distribution spreads to Eastern Siberia and Amurland.
-
-DRAB LOOPER (_Minoa murinata_).
-
-The grey brown or ochreous brown wings of this delicate, but unattractive
-little moth (Plate 55, Figs. 1 and 2), are silky in {147} texture. After it
-has flown for a time, the wings become paler, and lose most of their sheen.
-
-The thick-set, roughish caterpillar is reddish brown, dotted with pale
-ochreous; there is a slender white line along the middle of the back, and
-black oblique streaks on the sides; a blackish wavy line along the area of
-the spiracles is bordered below with yellowish. It feeds on wood spurge
-(_Euphorbia amygdaloides_) and also, I have reason to believe, on petty
-spurge (_E. peplus_), a rather common weed in some gardens, from July to
-September. In forward seasons the moth, which flies in the sunshine, has
-been noted in late April, but May and June are the best months for it. In
-the New Forest, and elsewhere, it has occurred in August. On one occasion I
-remember that, in a garden at Brockenhurst, several specimens were taken in
-the autumn, and it was supposed that they resulted from eggs laid by a
-damaged female that had been captured in the woods and turned out into said
-garden. It has been taken at gas lamps, at Dorking among other places.
-
-The species has been recorded from Pembrokeshire, Glamorganshire, and
-Monmouth, in South Wales; and it appears to be found in most of the
-counties of England southwards from Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester,
-Oxford, and Bucks. Except that it has been doubtfully recorded from
-Stowmarket, Suffolk, it does not seem to be found in the eastern counties;
-and I cannot find that it has been noted from Devon or Cornwall.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-CHIMNEY-SWEEPER (_Odezia atrata_).
-
-This white-tipped but otherwise plain black moth (Plate 55, Figs. 4 [male],
-5 [female]) is very constant, and except that specimens after having been
-on the wing for a day or two become sooty brown, there is nothing much to
-note. It is the fringe at the tip of the {148} fore wings rather than the
-tip itself that is white, and this sometimes extends for a short distance
-along the fringe of the outer margin. Haworth's English name for this
-insect (his _chaerophyllata_) was "The Looping Chimney Sweeper" in
-reference to its caterpillar, and to distinguish it from his "Chimney
-Sweeper," "Chimney Sweeper's Boy," and other oddities in the vernacular
-among the Psychids.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds in the spring on flowers of the earth-nut
-(_Conopodium denudatum_, or _Bunium flexuosum_), is green, and paler on the
-sides than on the back; there are three darker green lines along the back,
-the central one merging into reddish on the last ring, and the others
-narrowly edged on each side with white; a whitish stripe runs below the red
-spiracles.
-
-The moth is a sun lover, and flits about flowers growing among or near its
-food plant, in June and July.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, Ireland, and
-Scotland, but it does not appear to have been noted north of Moray in the
-last-named country. It is always very local, frequents moist fields,
-borders of woods, and even waysides.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE GREY CARPET (_Lithostege griseata_).
-
-The more or less greyish moth, shown on Plate 55, Fig. 3, varies in tint,
-some specimens being decidedly more grey than others. At the apex of the
-fore wings is a short blackish dash, and from this a curved dusky line may
-be traced to the inner margin. The female has the wings rather shorter than
-those of the male.
-
-The slender, dark-lined, greenish caterpillar feeds on the seed pods of
-flixweed (_Sisymbrium_), and treacle mustard (_Erysimum_), in July and
-August. When reared in captivity it will thrive on other kinds of
-Cruciferae. {149}
-
-The moth is out in June, sometimes late May; it is exceedingly local in
-Britain, and only occurs in the Breck district, where it was first met with
-about fifty years ago. Tuddenham, in Suffolk, is a noted locality, as also
-is Thetford, in Norfolk.
-
-THE TREBLE-BAR (_Anaitis plagiata_).
-
-This is a greyish white species, of which specimens of both generations are
-shown on Plate 55, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female] (1st generation), Fig. 8
-[male] (2nd generation). The chief variation is in the cross central bars
-of the fore wings, which are sometimes much widened, and occasionally
-joined from the middle to the inner margin; or the space between these two
-bars is more or less filled up with dark grey. On the other hand, the bars
-are sometimes very faint, but such aberrations are perhaps most frequent in
-the second generation, which consists of smaller specimens.
-
-The long caterpillar is brown, inclining to reddish or to greenish, with
-several darker and paler lines on the back and a yellowish line low down
-along the sides. It feeds on St. John's wort (_Hypericum_) in June and
-July; the caterpillars, hatching in the autumn, are not mature until the
-following April.
-
-Usually there are two generations of the moth, the first appearing in May
-and June, and the second in August and September. The species is pretty
-generally distributed over the British Isles, extending to the Hebrides and
-the Orkneys; and will probably be found in all localities where its food
-plant occurs freely. It affects cliffs and sandhills by the sea, rough
-places on chalk slopes, and sometimes the moths fly up in numbers as we
-walk over the herbage in such spots.
-
-The range abroad extends to Western India and Japan. {150}
-
-MANCHESTER TREBLE-BAR (_Carsia paludata_).
-
-In general character this species somewhat resembles that last considered.
-It is, however, much smaller, and there are reddish clouds on the outer
-marginal area.
-
-This reddish shading is more or less absent in the type, which is otherwise
-less variegated than var. _imbutata_, the form to which our British
-specimens are almost entirely referable. (Plate 55, Figs. 9 and 10.)
-
-The caterpillar is of somewhat stoutish build, and reddish brown in colour;
-three darker lines along the back, and yellow stripe low down along the
-sides, the latter edged above with black on the front three rings, and
-blotched with pinkish on the middle rings; the head is rather paler than
-the body, and the dots on the latter are yellow. It feeds on cowberry
-(_Vaccinium vitis-idaea_) and cranberry (_V. oxycoccos_), and seems to have
-a preference for the flowers of these plants: April to June.
-
-The moth is out in July and August among the _Vaccinium_ in its swampy
-haunts on the heaths and moors of the north of England, and Scotland, even
-to the Shetlands. McArthur took a specimen in the Isle of Lewis in 1901. It
-also occurs in Ireland. In England it does not seem to have been noted
-south of Staffordshire.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland.
-
-THE STREAK (_Chesias spartiata_).
-
-The most striking features of this shining brownish coloured species are
-the oval-shaped marks on the disk of the fore wings, and the long whitish
-streak running to the tips of the wings. (Plate 57, Figs. 3 [male], 4
-[female].)
-
-The long caterpillar (Plate 56, Fig. 2) is deep green, with a darker line
-along the middle of the back, and whitish lines along the sides and the
-under surface; the spiracles are reddish, encircled with black, and the
-head is flecked with brown. It feeds in the spring on broom (_Cytisus
-scoparius_).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 56.
-  1, 1a. BROOM-TIP: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-  2, 2a. STREAK: _egg (enlarged) and caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 57.
-   1, 2. THE BROOM-TIP.
-   3, 4. THE STREAK.
-   5, 6. BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED.
-   7, 8. EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED.
-  9, 10. THE SERAPHIM.
-
-{151} The moth is out in September and October, and secretes itself during
-the day, but may be found at night flying about the broom bushes for a
-short time, and later on it sits upon the twigs. It occurs in almost every
-part of the British Isles where the food plant of the caterpillar is well
-established.
-
-BROOM-TIP (_Chesias rufata_).
-
-A noticeable character in this glossy, greyish moth (Plate 57, Figs. 1
-[male], 2 [female]) is the black mark on the upper part of the second cross
-line of the fore wings (which probably suggested the English name "Chevron"
-given to the species by Donovan); following the mark is a reddish or
-ochreous flush, extending to the tips of the wings.
-
-The long, green caterpillar inclines to bluish above, and to paler green
-beneath; a darker line along the middle of the back, then a slender whitish
-line edged with darker green, and between this and the white spiracular
-line there is another slender whitish line. It feeds, in August and
-September, on broom; when full grown it enters the earth, and there turns
-to a reddish brown chrysalis, the wing cases of which are greenish. I am
-indebted to Mr. A. J. Scollick for the caterpillar and chrysalis figured on
-Plate 56, Figs. 1, 1a.
-
-The moth emerges the following year, from May to July, but its time of
-appearance is uncertain, and it may come up in early spring or not until
-early autumn. Sometimes it will remain in the chrysalis for two winters.
-
-In England the species occurs in the counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex,
-Berks, Hants, Devon, Somerset, Hereford, Worcester, Stafford, Leicester,
-Cheshire (rare in the last five), Cumberland and Yorkshire (recorded once
-from each county), {152} Norfolk, Suffolk; also Glamorgan, and other parts
-of South Wales. In Scotland it is found in the south, but is more frequent
-from Perthshire to Moray. Probably occurs in other British localities where
-there is plenty of broom.
-
-THE BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _polycommata_).
-
-The general colour of the species represented on Plate 57, Figs. 5 [male],
-6 [female], is greyish, inclining to ochreous or to whitish; but
-occasionally it is clouded with dark greyish on the basal area, and there
-is a broad band of the same colour on the outer marginal area; in such
-specimens the central band becomes less conspicuous.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 59, Fig. 2) feeds in May and June, on privet, at
-first on the leaf buds, and afterwards on the expanded leaves. It will also
-eat ash and honeysuckle. In colour it is rather deep green, with three fine
-lines along the back, the central one darker than the ground colour, and
-the others whitish and irregular; a whitish stripe low down along the
-sides; two points on the last ring of the body. The chrysalis (Plate 59,
-Fig. 2a), which is enclosed in an oval earthen cocoon, is dark yellowish
-brown, inclining to blackish on the wing cases.
-
-The moth may be found at night, in March and April, sitting on the privet
-hedge, and may then be easily boxed, as it seems very disinclined to fly at
-that time, but earlier in the evening it flits along the hedgerows, and is
-equally easy to net. When resting, however, one is able to select just the
-finest specimens.
-
-The species appears to be very local in Britain, but it occurs in the
-Brighton, Lewes, and Emsworth districts of Sussex; Hants, Wilts
-(Salisbury), Somerset, Devon (Sidmouth), Gloucestershire, Herefordshire,
-Worcestershire (Malvern), {153} North Lancashire, Cumberland, Northampton,
-Berks, Essex, and Kent. In Scotland it has been reported from Clydesdale
-and Arran, but has not been noted from Ireland.
-
-THE EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _carpinata_).
-
-The whitish fore wings of this species are tinged with grey or greenish
-grey, the cross lines and bands vary in intensity, and, as a rule, are more
-distinct and complete in the female than in the male. A form of not
-infrequent occurrence in Scotland (ab. _fasciata_, Prout) has blackish
-bands, which show up in strong contrast with the general whitish colour of
-the wings. The ordinary form is represented on Plate 57, Fig. 7 [male], and
-Fig. 8 on the same plate shows the named variety referred to.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with rather darker lines along the back, and a
-yellow stripe low down along the sides; the two points on the last ring are
-also yellow. It feeds, in June and July, on honeysuckle, sallow, birch, and
-alder. The moth is out in April and May, and seems to be more or less
-common in woodlands throughout the greater part of the British Isles. In
-Scotland it appears to be most plentiful from Perthshire northwards to
-Sutherlandshire, but it has not been reported from the Orkneys, Shetlands,
-or Hebrides. (Early stages are shown on Plate 59, Figs. 3-3b.)
-
-The boles of trees are favourite resting places, and upon them, and also
-upon gate-posts, etc., the moth is often met with in the daytime.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia.
-
-YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _viretata_).
-
-The general colour of the fore wings is olive green, varying from pale to
-dark, the wavy cross lines are blackish, dotted {154} with black, and
-sometimes there are whitish lines between them; those on the central area
-are often united by a blackish cloud, and so form a band, and not
-infrequently the basal area is also blackish marked. (Plate 58, Figs. 3 and
-4.) The ground colour is very apt to fade if the insect is exposed to
-moisture of any kind, as, for instance, when pinned in a damp collecting
-box, but I have one bred specimen of a reddish ochreous colour, and I am
-assured that it was of this tint when it emerged from the chrysalis. An old
-English name was "The Brindle-barred Yellow."
-
-The thick-set caterpillar is green, more or less tinged with pinkish; three
-interrupted pink lines on the back, the central one sometimes inclining to
-purple, and broken up into spots; the head is brown, sometimes marked with
-purplish, and there are two tiny points on the last ring of the body. It
-varies in the green tint and also in marking. It feeds on flowers and
-leaves of holly, ivy, dogwood, privet, etc., in June and July, and in some
-sheltered southern localities again in September and October.
-
-The moth is out in May and early June, and where a second generation is
-developed, in August and early September. It sits in the daytime on
-tree-trunks, but more especially those with smooth bark; the stems of holly
-are a favourite resting place, but at Box Hill I have occasionally seen a
-specimen on the trunk of a beech tree. Barrett states that it also rests on
-the trunks of fir trees, and that it is then very easily seen. Night is its
-time of activity, and it is then attracted by light.
-
-The species seems to be widely distributed, but locally and not generally
-common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; it has only been recorded
-from Rosemount, Ayr, and one or two other localities in the south of
-Scotland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Western India, Amurland, and Japan.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 58.
-  1, 2. SMALL SERAPHIM.
-  3, 4. YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE.
-   5-7. NORTHERN WINTER MOTH.
-  8-10. THE WINTER MOTH.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 59.
-          1. NORTHERN WINTER-MOTH: _eggs_.
-      2, 2a. BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-  3, 3a, 3b. EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-
-{155}
-
-THE SERAPHIM (_Lobophora halterata_).
-
-Fore wings whitish, with two greyish bands on the basal area; first and
-second lines greyish, variable in width, and sometimes only represented by
-marks on the front or inner margins; there is a black central dot, and the
-outer area beyond the submarginal line is clouded with dark grey,
-especially on the upper half. Sometimes the wings are so thickly stippled
-with the darker colour that they appear to be greyish, with interrupted and
-indistinct whitish cross lines. A rather frequent form has the fore wings
-tinged with ochreous, and of this tint is ab. _zonata_, Thnbg., which has
-the basal bands and outer marginal border blackish, the central area being
-without cross lines. (Plate 57, Figs. 9 [male] and 10 [female].)
-
-The caterpillar is green, darker below and between the rings; the most
-distinct markings are two yellow lines along the back; head, notched; body
-wrinkled, and with two points on the last ring. It feeds on aspen, and
-other kinds of poplar, in June and July.
-
-The moth appears in May, and continues out well into June, especially in
-its northern localities. It rests on the trunks of poplar trees, or on the
-stems of bushes around, and is sometimes easily alarmed, and flies off on
-the collector's approach, whilst at other times it sits quietly, and may be
-easily boxed. At dusk it may be seen flying around the poplars.
-
-Widely distributed in the southern half of England, and only found where
-poplars, chiefly aspens, are well established. From Worcester its range
-extends northwards to Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, and
-Cheshire; and it has been recorded from Yorkshire and Cumberland; also from
-Glamorganshire, South Wales. In Scotland it seems not to have been noted in
-the south, but is found more or less frequently from Perthshire to
-Sutherlandshire. Rare in Ireland.
-
-Abroad, its range extends to Amurland and Japan. {156}
-
-THE SMALL SERAPHIM (_Lobophora_ (_Mysticoptera_) _sexalisata_).
-
-This is a much smaller species than the last. The fore wings are whitish,
-with brownish-grey, or blackish-grey, cross lines and bands; the central
-most distinct towards the front margin, where it encloses a black dot; hind
-wings greyish, with black central dot. (Plate 58, Figs. 1 and 2.)
-
-The green, much wrinkled caterpillar has three whitish lines or stripes
-along the back, and in some examples there is a white line low down along
-the sides; the head, which inclines to yellowish, is notched, and there are
-two pinkish points on the last ring of the body. It feeds on sallow in
-August and September.
-
-The moth is to be found in May and June, and, in some years, again in July
-and August. It inhabits woods and hedgerows where sallow is plentiful, but,
-perhaps, is obtained more freely in fens. Occasionally it may be beaten
-from the hedges, but it is active on the wing just before the close of day,
-and then disports itself over and about the sallow bushes. It occurs in
-suitable localities in most of the eastern and southern counties of
-England, and has been reported from some of the northern ones, and from
-Glamorganshire, in South Wales. Kane states that it has been found in the
-north, south, east, and west of Ireland, but is always local and scarce.
-
-NOTE.--Prout considers this species to be the _sexalata_ of Retzius (1783).
-
-WINTER MOTH (_Cheimatobia brumata_).
-
-In orchards and gardens wherein are fruit trees one may have noticed that
-the trunks of the trees have broad bands around them. If these bands are
-examined, they will be seen {157} to be covered with a sticky compound,
-which has been put there for the purpose of trapping the almost wingless
-females of the Winter Moth, as they crawl up the tree after emergence from
-the chrysalis. In spite of such devices, and other precautionary measures
-taken to safeguard the trees from attack, the foliage of apple, pear, etc.,
-will not be quite free from the caterpillars of this species in their
-season.
-
-The male has greyish brown fore wings, which are crossed by rather darker
-lines, and a dark, more or less distinct, central band (ab. _hyemata_,
-Huene). The ground colour is very much darker in some specimens than in
-others, and examples of a sooty brown colour are not infrequent; Barrett
-mentions an almost buff-coloured specimen. In the female, the tiny affairs
-representing wings are brownish, with indications of a darker band towards
-the outer margin of the front pair.
-
-A small, purplish brown form, reared in January, 1882, from caterpillars
-found in Cumberland, feeding on sweet gale (_Myrica gale_), was described
-as a new species under the name _myricaria_, Cooke (_Entom._, xv. 57). This
-has been referred by Staudinger to _C. boreata_, as a form of that species,
-but it is probably an aberration of _C. brumata._
-
-The caterpillar is green, with a stripe of darker green along the back; on
-each side of this are two white lines, and along the black spiracles is a
-pale yellowish line; head, green, sometimes marked with blackish. It feeds
-on the foliage of trees and bushes, and sometimes abounds in April and May.
-
-The moth appears during the winter months, and has been noted as early as
-October and as late as February. (Plate 58, Figs. 8-10.)
-
-Generally distributed throughout the British Isles.
-
-NORTHERN WINTER MOTH (_Cheimatobia boreata_).
-
-This species is generally larger than the last-mentioned. The fore wings
-are marked somewhat as in that species, {158} but they are paler in colour
-and more glossy; hind wings whitish and glossy. In the female, the wings
-are useless for flying, but still they are larger than those of _brumata_.
-The front pair have a blackish band. (Plate 58, Figs. 6 and 7 [male], 5
-[female]; ova. Plate 59, Fig. 1.)
-
-The caterpillar is greenish, with a greyish stripe along the back, another
-edged above with yellow along the black spiracles, and a greyish line
-between the stripes; the head is black. It feeds, in May and June, on
-birch, and the moth does not appear until October or November.
-
-At one time considered to be a purely northern species: the earliest known
-British specimens, four in number, having been captured at Petty Pool,
-Delamere, Cheshire, on October 31, 1848. It is now known, however, to have
-a wide distribution in the south of England. Northwards, its range extends
-throughout England and Scotland up to Moray. It is found in South Wales;
-also in Galway, Monaghan, and Connemara, in Ireland.
-
-THE TISSUE (_Triphosa dubitata_).
-
-The fore wings of this glossy species (Plate 60, Figs. 1, 2) are pale
-brown, tinged more or less strongly with rosy or purplish; there are
-numerous darker and paler cross lines, the most distinct and constant being
-the blackish basal, and the two forming the edges of the central band; the
-latter are marked with black; the submarginal line is whitish, wavy, and
-sometimes broken up into dots. The species varies considerably in tint,
-some specimens inclining to pale greyish brown, others to smoky brown. Hind
-wings, whitish grey, with several darker grey cross lines; in dark
-specimens these wings are smoky grey. Ab. _cinereata_, Stephens, is a small
-pale greyish form, almost without rosy tinge and with fewer cross lines.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 62, Fig. 1) is yellowish green with {159} darker
-green stripes and lines. In another form there are four pale yellowish
-lines along the back and a yellow stripe low down along the sides. It feeds
-on buckthorn (_Rhamnus_), the leaves of which it fastens together with
-silk, and so forms a retreat. It will also eat sloe and bird-cherry
-(_Prunus padus_).
-
-The moth is out in August and through the autumn, when it sometimes visits
-the flowers of ivy, ragwort, etc.; after hibernation it is again seen,
-perhaps even more frequently, in April and May, and is then occasionally
-found at sallow catkins. The species seems to have been noted from nearly
-all the English counties, but becomes rare from Yorkshire northwards. In
-Wales, and in Ireland, it is apparently widely distributed, but in Scotland
-it seems confined to southern localities, and is only rarely met with.
-
-Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland, China, and Japan.
-
-THE SCARCE TISSUE (_Eucosmia_ (_Calocalpe_) _certata_).
-
-This species is very similar to the last, but the wings are not glossy,
-only reddish on the outer margin, and the black marked lines edging the
-central band of the fore wings are less irregular, the inner ones usually
-being much straighter. On the under side of the hind wings of the male is a
-fold enclosing hairs; this is on the inner margin, just above the anal
-angle. (Plate 60, Fig. 3 [female].)
-
-The thickset caterpillar (Plate 62, Fig. 3, after Hofmann) is greyish
-inclining to greenish; four white lines along the back, the central pair
-enclosing a dark line, the others are bordered below with dark greyish; the
-black spiracles are set in yellowish blotches, and the plates on first and
-last rings are brown; head, reddish-brown, glossy (adapted from Fenn). It
-feeds on the barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_) and the holly-leaved barberry
-(_B. aquifolium_) grown in gardens, in June and July. The moth {160} is out
-in May and June, but in favourable seasons has appeared in late April. When
-on the wing at night it is freely attracted by light, but otherwise not
-often noticed. The species has occurred in many of the English counties
-from Devon to Durham, but it seems to be only common in the eastern
-counties, and most frequent perhaps in Suffolk. It has been recorded from
-South Wales, but is seemingly absent from Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-THE SCALLOP SHELL (_Eucosmia undulata_).
-
-Wings pale greyish, sometimes ochreous tinted, and crossed by numerous
-dark-grey wavy lines inclining to blackish on the front margin of the fore
-wings; the waves of the central pair of lines on the fore wings often meet
-and so form a series of rings; sometimes the space between the eighth and
-twelfth lines is of a dusky hue, and occasionally it is distinctly darker
-and band-like; the outer margin of all the wings is brownish and traversed
-by a wavy white line. The male has tufts of blackish hair in a fold on the
-inner margin of the hind wing, this is noticeable on the upper side, but is
-best seen from the under side. (Plate 60, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female].)
-
-The somewhat dumpy caterpillar is reddish-brown with four yellowish lines
-along the back; a greyish stripe along the sides, and a creamy stripe along
-the black spiracles; head, pale brown and glossy. It feeds on sallow,
-aspen, and bilberry, and may be found from August throughout the autumn in
-spun-together leaves at the tips of the shoots. (Plate 62, Fig. 2.)
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and occurs in woods where there is a good
-growth of bilberry, or in marshy spots where sallow bushes abound.
-
-In England the species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern
-counties; its range extends through the Midlands to Cheshire, Lancs., and
-Westmorland, rarely in Lincoln and Yorks., and once recorded in Durham; it
-occurs in Wales and in Scotland, but only in the more southern part of each
-country. It is not plentiful in Ireland, but widely distributed. The range
-abroad includes Amurland.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 60.
-  1, 2. THE TISSUE.
-     3. SCARCE TISSUE.
-  4, 5. THE SCALLOP SHELL.
-     6. THE BROWN SCALLOP.
-  7, 8. THE DARK UMBER.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 61.
-     1. NETTED CARPET.
-     2. SPECKLED YELLOW, VAR.
-     3. DOTTED BORDER WAVE (AB. _CIRCELLATA_).
-     4. GARDEN CARPET (AB. _COSTOVATA_).
-  5, 6. YELLOW SHELL, ABERRANT FORMS.
-     7. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE (AB. _NIGROFULVATA_).
-  8, 9. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET, SCOTTISH FORM.
-
-{161}
-
-THE BROWN SCALLOP (_Scotosia vetulata_).
-
-The male is always smaller than the female, and is noticeable for its long
-body with tuft of hairs at the extremity. The wings in both sexes are dingy
-brown, or greyish brown, and the usual lines on fore wings are blackish,
-the space between first and second often dusky. (Plate 60, Fig. 6.)
-
-The caterpillar is short and stout, and in form very like that of the
-winter moth; the back and a central dorsal stripe are black, the latter
-bordered with white, the sides are yellow; the spiracular line is black,
-broken, and unconnected; the spiracles are black; the head is black, and
-the edge of the first ring of the body is yellow. (Crewe.) It feeds, in May
-and June, on purging buckthorn (_Rhamnus catharticus_), and is to be found
-between two or more leaves, which it spins together as a hiding place.
-
-In June and July the moth may sometimes be obtained by beating bushes of
-buckthorn, or the herbage below and around; this plan works best when
-operated just before dusk. As a British insect it is only found in England,
-and is most frequent in the southern and eastern counties, but widely
-distributed in the west to Worcester, and has been found in Lancashire,
-Westmorland, and Yorks. In the last-named county, caterpillars were
-obtained freely at Askham Bogs in 1900.
-
-When Stephens wrote of this insect in 1831 he noted its occurrence "in a
-lane near Fulham." Even so recently as 1906 I obtained specimens on the
-Putney side of Wimbledon Common.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia. {162}
-
-THE DARK UMBER (_Scotosia rhamnata_).
-
-The blackish oblique band on the fore wings of this ochreous brown species
-(Plate 60, Fig. 7 [male], 8 [female]) is sometimes indicated only by the
-blackish lines, the space between them being hardly darker than the general
-colour. Sometimes all the wings are suffused with blackish brown, and in
-such specimens the only distinct marking is the whitish submarginal line.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one
-dark green, and the others yellow; the hind wings are marked with purple,
-and a stripe of the same colour runs along under the spiracles. In another
-form the general colour is greyish with a reddish-brown stripe along the
-back, and series of spots of the same colour along the sides. It may be
-found in May and June, concealed between leaves that it has fastened
-together to form a retreat.
-
-The moth flies in late June and in July, and may be disturbed in the
-daytime from buckthorn bushes. It is widely distributed, and often common
-in the South of England, but is rare in the north; and has also been
-recorded from South Wales.
-
-NOTE.--This species has been referred to _transversata_, Hufnagel, and as
-this is an earlier name it may have to be adopted. According to Prout, both
-this and the preceding species should be placed in the genus _Philereme_,
-Hubner.
-
-SMALL PHOENIX (_Eustroma silaceata_).
-
-In its typical form (Plate 63, Fig. 3) the blackish band of the fore wings
-is entire, but in ab. _insulata_, Haworth (Fig. 4), this band is
-interrupted by two whitish lines along the median veins, and so divided
-into three or four portions, the smaller section placed between the lines;
-occasionally, the dividing lines assume stripe-like proportions, and the
-main portions are consequently smaller in size and further from each other,
-but one "island" still remains. In another form, the lower outer corner is
-distinctly separate from the costal portion; thus the band is broken into
-four parts.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 62.
-  1. THE TISSUE: _caterpillar_.
-  2. SCALLOP SHELL: _caterpillar_.
-  3. SCARCE TISSUE: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 63.
-  1, 2. THE PHOENIX.
-  3, 4. SMALL PHOENIX.
-   5-7. THE CHEVRON.
-  8-10. NORTHERN SPINACH.
-
-{163} The long caterpillar is green, with a reddish-brown stripe along the
-back; this is broken up into spots, except on the first three rings; there
-are some reddish-brown spots on the sides. It feeds on various kinds of
-willow herb (_Epilobium_), and enchanter's nightshade (_Circaea lutetiana_)
-in July, and sometimes in August and September.
-
-The moth should be looked for in beech and other woods amongst the food
-plants, from which, and the surrounding herbage, it is readily evicted. It
-flies at twilight, and later on, when it has been known to visit the sugar
-patch; it is also attracted by light. It is out in May and June, and
-specimens of a second generation sometimes occur in the South. The species
-occurs locally throughout England, probably Wales, and in Scotland up to
-Ross. In Ireland, it is widely distributed and locally common in the North,
-but apparently not noted in the South.
-
-NETTED CARPET (_Lygris reticulata_).
-
-The white veins and white lines passing through the blackish blotches at
-the base and on the front margin of the fore wings, give these wings a
-curious netted appearance; the hind wings are smoky grey, with two white
-lines which appear to be continuations of the white second line and
-sub-marginal of the fore wings. (Plate 61, Fig. 1.)
-
-The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish, and more or less tinged
-with pinkish, especially on the sides; three lines on the back, the central
-one reddish, the others whitish; a central line along the pinkish
-spiracles. It feeds at night on yellow balsam (_Impatiens
-noli-me-tangere_), preferring the flowers, {164} seeds, and young foliage,
-and rests by day on the undersides of the leaves: September and October.
-(Plate 64, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and, of course, will only be found in
-localities where the balsam flourishes; these are very limited, and in
-Britain are confined to Westmorland and the northern border of Lancashire,
-and North Wales. The species was first introduced as British in 1861, when
-the late Henry Doubleday recorded the capture of three specimens in August,
-1856, on the border of one of the lakes in Westmorland, by his friend the
-late Thomas H. Allis. It seems that other specimens had been taken at the
-same time, but these passed into collections as the "second brood of
-_silacearia_." The caterpillar is said to have been found in North Wales,
-but has been more frequently obtained in the English Lake District.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea, and Japan;
-but in the three last-named countries it is chiefly represented by var.
-_aerosa_, Butt., a large form.
-
-THE PHOENIX (_Lygris prunata_).
-
-The English name here retained was given to this species (Plate 63, Figs. 1
-[male], 2 [female]) by Harris, in 1775, but in 1782 he changed it to
-"Clouded Carpet."
-
-In ground colour the fore wings are pale brown, more or less clouded with
-darker brown, or with reddish-brown; the basal patch, central band, and
-blotch on outer margin below the tip of the wing, are all chocolate brown
-clouded with blackish and edged with white. Hind wings, whitish, suffused
-with smoky grey, except on front area; three dusky whitish-edged wavy
-lines, inclining to blackish on the inner margin. The egg (Plate 67, Fig.
-3) is yellowish when laid, and then changes to purplish with a whitish
-bloom.
-
-The caterpillar is green, varying to brownish; along the {165} middle of
-the back is a series of purplish-edged, brown-centred, whitish, triangular
-markings; the third ring is swollen, and has a black collar. It feeds at
-night on the foliage of red and black currant, also on gooseberry, and may
-be found in April and May, earlier or later according to season, sitting by
-day upon the bushes.
-
-The moth flies in July and August, and occurs in gardens, but is said to be
-partial to sloe bushes and hedges. It is always more or less local,
-although it is distributed over the greater part of the British Isles.
-
-This species occurs in the Northern United States of America.
-
-THE CHEVRON (_Lygris testata_).
-
-The fore wings of this rather variable species (Plate 63, Figs. 5-7) are
-yellowish or reddish grey, with a darker basal patch and central band; a
-reddish blotch below the tip of the wing is edged with white, and the
-central band is also outwardly edged with white. Hind wings, whitish, with
-two lines, and dusky hind marginal border, the latter sometimes inclining
-to reddish. Occasionally, the fore wings are entirely pale ochreous, and
-the basal patch and the central band only very slightly darker, but the
-limiting lines are reddish, and the patch under the tip of the wing is
-bright orange red. Var. _insulicola_, Staud., from the isles of Scotland,
-has the fore wings rather narrower, and suffused with purplish brown or
-deep violet grey; the hind wings are smoky grey. The female is usually
-smaller than the male, and often more yellow in colour.
-
-Eggs, whitish brown, mottled with darker. The early stages are shown on
-Plate 67, Figs. 2-2b.
-
-The long caterpillar is pale yellowish brown, with three lines along the
-back, the central one dark brown, and most distinct at each end; the others
-are white, irregularly shaded above {166} with reddish; another white line
-along the region of the spiracles. It feeds, in May or June (earlier or
-later in some seasons), on sallow and birch. The moth is out in July and
-August, and frequents heaths and bogs more especially, but is also found in
-or around woods, and I have captured male specimens as they flew along
-hedgerows bordering fields, at dusk, in Middlesex. The female is rarely
-seen on the wing.
-
-The species, which ranges through Central and Northern Europe to the Ural
-and Altai, is generally distributed throughout the British Isles; it is
-found also in the Atlantic States of America.
-
-NORTHERN SPINACH (_Lygris populata_).
-
-The fore wings are yellow, with a reddish or purplish-brown basal patch,
-central band, and small patch on outer margin below tip of the wing, the
-central band more or less clouded or mottled with yellow. Hind wings,
-whitish, tinged with yellow. The female is usually smaller, the colour
-generally paler, and the markings frequently only represented by cross
-lines. Specimens from the Isle of Arran have the ground colour of fore
-wings more or less dappled with brown of the same tint as that of the
-central band and other markings; the hind wings are tinged with a smoky
-hue. In other parts of Scotland the brown colour becomes more and more
-general, until the fore wings are uniformly brown, and the hind wings
-dusky. On the mountains in the north nearly black specimens occur, and
-these seem to be referable to ab. _musauaria_, Freyer. (Plate 63, Figs.
-8-10.)
-
-The long caterpillar is variable in general colour, brown, mottled with
-greyish, pale grey, reddish brown, or yellowish green; all have darker or
-whitish lines along the back, and whitish or pinkish triangles or X-marks.
-It feeds, in May and June (earlier in some localities, and later in
-others), on bilberry, crowberry, and sallow; it may also be reared on
-willow.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 64.
-  1. DARK UMBER: _caterpillar_.
-  2. NETTED CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 65.
-  1, 2. THE SPINACH.
-   3-5. BARRED STRAW.
-  6, 7. BARRED YELLOW.
-  8-10. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET.
-
-{167}
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and may be found on the leaves and
-among the sprays of _Vaccinium myrtillus_ growing in woodlands (especially
-the more ancient), bogs, and moorlands.
-
-The species is widely spread, and generally abundant in suitable districts,
-over the greater part of the British Isles; but it seems to be more or less
-casual in England south of the Midlands, although its range runs through
-Gloucestershire and Somerset into Devon. In the last-named county it
-sometimes swarms at Martinhoe, on the edge of Exmoor.
-
-The distribution abroad includes Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Labrador, and
-North America.
-
-THE SPINACH (_Lygris associata_).
-
-The fore wings are pale ochreous, more or less clouded with darker; three
-brownish cross lines. Hind wings, paler, with indication of cross lines on
-the inner margin. Fringes of all the wings chequered with brown, most
-distinct on the fore wings. (Plate 65, Figs. 1, 2.)
-
-The long caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish; three lines along
-the back, the central one dark green and the others whitish; there is also
-a whitish line low down along the sides. It feeds at night, in May and
-June, on currant (_Ribes rubrum_ and _R. nigrum_), and may be found on the
-underside of a leaf in the daytime. (Figured on Plate 67, Fig. 1, from a
-coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.)
-
-During July and August the moth flies in the evening, and after dark it
-often comes to any bright illumination. It is essentially a garden insect,
-and where currant bushes are there also spinach is often grown; hence it
-was probably connected with the vegetable rather than the fruit when
-Haworth named it _spinachiata_. The species seems to be found more or less
-frequently in suitable spots through England. In Wales it has {168} been
-recorded from Glamorganshire, and from Rhyl, Flintshire; in Scotland,
-Renton states that it is common in Roxburgh gardens; and it is also noted
-from Paisley. It has been doubtfully recorded from Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-BARRED STRAW (_Cidaria pyraliata_).
-
-In certain respects this species (Plate 65, Figs. 3-5) is not unlike that
-last referred to. The fore wings are yellowish straw-colour, the cross
-lines are brownish, but the central two are closer together, especially on
-the inner margin, than they are in _associata_, and are straightly oblique
-from the angle, or elbow, below the front margin; there is often a line of
-brownish dots between the second line and the outer margin, and the fringes
-are brown, not chequered. Occasionally there are darker clouds on the
-second line, at the angle, and such clouds sometimes appear in the central
-space. Not infrequently the markings are very faint. Staudinger and others
-refer this species to _dotata_, L., but there seems to be some doubt in the
-matter.
-
-The caterpillar feeds, in April and May, on the common cleavers or
-goose-grass (_Galium aparine_) of our hedgerows, etc., but it also eats _G.
-mollugo_ and other kinds of bedstraw. It is to be found low down on the
-stems.
-
-The moth may be disturbed from the herbage along hedges and ditches in
-lanes, and the borders of woods, but it seems most partial to the former.
-
-The species is generally distributed, and often plentiful, in the southern
-half of England; but although widely spread in the northern half, it is
-only common locally. It occurs in Wales, both North and South; is common in
-Roxburghshire and Clydesdale, and is said to be found on the Aberdeenshire
-coast and in West Ross. In Ireland it is widely distributed, {169} and
-sometimes abundant; but more frequent on the coast than inland.
-
-The distribution abroad includes Eastern Siberia and Amurland.
-
-BARRED YELLOW (_Cidaria fulvata_).
-
-This very pretty, and most distinct, little species (Plate 65, Figs. 6, 7)
-does not vary very greatly; there is certainly some modification in the
-general colour, and in that of the markings, but in both it is only a
-matter of tint.
-
-The caterpillar is somewhat wrinkled, and in colour is green, with three
-greyish lines along the back, the central one double; the ring divisions
-are yellow, and there is a yellow line low-down along the sides. It feeds
-at night, in May and June, on the leaves of wild rose, and does not object
-to the garden kinds. (Plate 69, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out in June and July. It hides by day under leaves in hedges,
-and although not often induced to get on the wing at that time, the male
-commences its evening flight at an early hour. It is generally a common
-species in England and Wales; it occurs here and there through Scotland, up
-to the Orkneys; and although somewhat local, it is common enough, where
-found, in Ireland.
-
-BROKEN-BARRED CARPET (_Cidaria corylata_).
-
-The fore wings have an olive-brown basal patch and central band, both are
-edged with white, wavy lines, and the band is contracted below the middle.
-(Plate 65, Fig. 9), and often broken at this point (Fig. 10); the inner
-marginal portion sometimes very small; the space between the basal patch
-and central band is pale brown, and so also is the outer marginal area; but
-there are dark clouds and white marks beyond the {170} white wavy
-submarginal line. Variable in tint and in marking, the variety generally
-known as _albocrenata_, Curtis (Plate 65, Fig. 8), is perhaps most frequent
-in Perthshire and Sutherland. Two other examples of the Scottish form,
-which Staudinger has named _effusaria_, are depicted on Plate 61, Figs. 8,
-9.
-
-The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish; three stripes on the
-back, the central one reddish brown and broad, but only distinct at each
-end, the other paler green; spiracles, white, placed in a reddish-brown
-stripe, which is sometimes broken up. It feeds on sloe, birch, oak, and the
-foliage of other trees, and may be found from July to September, and even
-later.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and is to be beaten from hedges, or may be
-found at rest on tree-trunks, palings, etc.
-
-Generally distributed, but not extending to the Scottish Isles.
-
-Abroad, the range spreads to Amurland and Japan.
-
-COMMON MARBLED CARPET (_Cidaria truncata_).
-
-Six examples of this very variable species are shown on Plate 66, and these
-have been selected to illustrate the more important forms. There are a
-number of modifications of each of the forms, and several of these have
-been named. Fig. 1 of our plate represents the typical form, and this is
-Haworth's _centumnotata_ (Common Marbled Carpet); Fig. 2 is ab.
-_commanotata_ of Haworth (Yellow Marbled Carpet); Fig. 3 is ab.
-_perfuscata_, Haworth (The Brown Marbled Carpet), and Fig. 4 is a
-modification of the same form. A specimen from Arran is shown in Fig. 5;
-this example agrees fairly well with that figured in Wood's _Index_ as
-_concinnata_ from Arran. In his description of the form, Stephens does not
-mention fulvous bands in his type. Fig. 6 shows a specimen from Stornoway,
-Isle of Lewis, which appears to be a modification of the typical form of
-_truncata_, but it has some of the character of _concinnata_. The latter,
-it may be mentioned, is considered by Mr. L. B. Prout to be a distinct
-species, and as the genitalia have been found, on examination by Mr.
-Pierce, to differ from these organs in _truncata_ and _immanata_, there
-seems to be reason to accept it as such.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 66.
-   1-6. COMMON MARBLED CARPET.
-  7-12. DARK MARBLED CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 67.
-          1. SPINACH: _caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a, 2b. CHEVRON: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-          3. PHOENIX: _eggs_.
-
-{171} The caterpillar is long, slender, and wrinkled, especially on the
-sides; the ground colour is green, inclining to yellowish; three lines
-along the back, the central one dark green, and the others yellowish;
-sometimes a rosy stripe, or a series of dashes along the sides; the points
-on the last ring are green, or rosy. It feeds, in the autumn and again in
-the spring after hibernation, on sallow, birch, hawthorn, bilberry, wild
-strawberry, etc. It will also eat rose, but as the specimens resulting from
-caterpillars reared on rose are frequently small, such food is probably
-unsuitable; garden strawberry, on the other hand, is an excellent pabulum.
-A photograph of the caterpillar by Mr. H. Main is shown on Plate 69, Fig.
-1. There is a second brood in late June and in July. The first generation
-of the moth is out in May and June, and the second emerges in the autumn;
-specimens, possibly of a third generation, have been seen in December in
-favourable localities.
-
-The species, which frequents woods and hedgerows, and is pretty generally
-common, is to be found almost everywhere throughout the British Isles. It
-has not, however, been noted from Shetland.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to Amurland, China, and Japan.
-
-DARK MARBLED CARPET (_Cidaria immanata_).
-
-This is another exceedingly variable species (Plate 66), and here again six
-examples have been chosen to illustrate something of the range of
-aberration. Figs. 7 and 8 are of the {172} typical form, and Figs. 9 and 10
-show the form _marmorata_, Haworth (Marbled Carpet); while Figs. 11 and 12
-represent specimens from Shetland, and are referable to the island race
-known as _pythonissata_, Milliere; neither of the specimens figured,
-however, quite agrees with the type of this form, but Fig. 12 does so
-fairly well. In some specimens the general colour of the fore wings is
-tawny or rust-colour, or they are strongly suffused with that tint (ab.
-_ferruginea_, Prout). I have such examples in my series of specimens from
-Lewes and the Shetlands. Ab. _thingvallata_, Staud., from Iceland, has the
-fore wings white, with black basal patch and central band, and I have seen
-at least one example from Yorkshire that closely approached this variety.
-
-The caterpillar is not very unlike that of the last species, but it is
-rounder in appearance, the general green colour is paler, and the points on
-the last ring are blunt. It feeds from April to June on sallow, birch,
-bilberry, and wild strawberry. (Plate 69, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) The moths
-are out in July and August, and may be found resting on tree-trunks, rocks,
-or stone walls; at night, when it is active on the wing, it is said to be
-often seen in numbers on the flowers of the rush, and this habit has been
-noted more particularly in Scotland.
-
-The species affects woods and moors, and appears to be found more or less
-commonly throughout the British Isles.
-
-MARSH CARPET (_Cidaria sagittata_).
-
-The fore wings of this very distinct species are brown, with white-edged
-black bands at base and across the central area, the latter with a strong
-projection on its outer edge, almost reaching a white spot on the outer
-margin; sub-marginal line whitish, often only traceable on the front edge.
-The central band is always narrowed below the middle, sometimes divided,
-{173} and occasionally this part of the band is finely cut off from both
-upper and lower portions. (Plate 68, Figs. 7, 8.)
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, merging into pinkish on the sides; the
-pink is edged below with black, and this is followed by a dark olive
-stripe; rings 1-3 and 10-12 are wrinkled, whilst all the others are ridged
-across the back and along the sides. It feeds, in August and September, on
-the unripe seeds of meadow-rue (_Thalictrum flavum_), also on _T. minus_,
-and, according to Barrett, on old withered leaves of columbine.
-
-The moth is out in July, occasionally at the end of June, and occurs
-locally in "Fenland."
-
-Doubleday introduced it as British in the _Zoologist_ for 1848. He there
-states, "A single example of this pretty species was obtained last season
-near Peterborough, but I believe it was not in very good condition. A
-splendid female was sent to me from the same neighbourhood this week (July
-15, 1848)."
-
-In 1853 and 1854 the species was discovered in the fens of Huntingdonshire
-and Cambridgeshire. Later it was found to inhabit the fens of Norfolk and
-Suffolk. It is still obtained in the Cambridge fens from Bottisham to
-Chatteris. Outside "Fenland" it has been recorded from Worcestershire
-(Bewdley Forest) and Warwickshire (Rugby).
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-RED-GREEN CARPET (_Cidaria siterata_).
-
-The general colour of the fore wings of this species (Plate 68, Figs. 1-4)
-is greyish green, with more or less of rosy suffusion; the basal patch and
-central band are darker green, and the latter is outwardly edged with
-whitish below the front margin, and towards the inner margin. The female
-has rather more ample wings, and is generally of a darker hue, but in both
-sexes the basal patch and central band are blackish; the hind {174} wings
-are dark greyish brown, inclining to blackish in some females, and there is
-a blackish central dot and two or three curved lines.
-
-The long caterpillar is yellowish green, with an interrupted red line along
-the middle of the back; two green points on last ring are usually
-pink-tipped. It feeds on oak, birch, ash, sloe, apple, etc., in July and
-August.
-
-The moth occurs in woodlands, but is not easily disturbed in the daytime
-from its lurking-place in bush or tree. In the autumn it may be found at
-ivy-bloom, and in the spring, after hibernation, has been taken at sallow.
-
-The species appears to be widely distributed over England and Wales,
-Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland.
-
-AUTUMN GREEN CARPET (_Cidaria miata_).
-
-Somewhat similar to the last, but the general colour of the fore wings is
-paler, inclining to whitish, and the basal patch and central band are pale
-green tinged with greyish; there is no rosy suffusion, but the wavy
-sub-marginal line is distinctly white. The hind wings are greyish white,
-with black discal dot, and dark-grey curved lines. (Plate 68, Figs. 5, 6.)
-
-The caterpillar is pale green, inclining to yellowish, especially between
-the rings, and with a more or less distinct dark-green line along the
-middle of the back; the points on the last ring are pinkish brown, and
-there is a line of the same colour along the centre of the under surface of
-the body.
-
-It feeds on alder, birch, oak, sallow, etc., and may be beaten out from
-June to August.
-
-The moth is out in September and October, when it may be obtained at
-ivy-bloom, and in the following spring, after hibernation, it visits sallow
-catkins.
-
-The range in the British Isles agrees pretty closely with that of the last
-species, but in Scotland it extends to the Hebrides and to the Orkneys.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 68.
-   1-4. RED-GREEN CARPET.
-  5, 6. AUTUMN GREEN CARPET.
-  7, 8. MARSH CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 69.
-  1. COMMON MARBLED CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  2. DARK MARBLED CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  3. BARRED YELLOW: _caterpillar_.
-
-{175}
-
-NOTE.--According to Prout, _sagittata_ is not a _Cidaria_, as its larva is
-of a very different form; and _siterata_ and _miata_ are referred to
-_Chloroclysta_, Hubner.
-
-GREY PINE CARPET (_Thera variata_).
-
-In its typical form, the fore wings of this species are greyish, and from
-this the colour ranges through various tints of greyish brown to smoky
-brown or blackish; sometimes these wings are shades of ochreous brown. The
-usual markings are a basal patch, more or less clearly defined, and a
-central band, and these may be either brown or blackish; the band varies in
-width, is not infrequently narrowed or contracted below the middle,
-occasionally broken at this point, and more rarely only represented by a
-small angular spot near the front margin.
-
-Four examples are shown on Plate 70, and of these 1 and 2 represent our
-ordinary form _obeliscata_, Hubner (Shaded Broad Bar, of Newman). Fig. 6 is
-a blackish banded specimen of the _obeliscata_ form, and Fig. 3 is the
-almost entirely blackish form _obliterata_, White (_scotica_, Staud.),
-which is not uncommon in the Paisley district, and other parts of Scotland,
-and also occurs in a modified form in some pine-woods in the South of
-England.
-
-The long caterpillar (Plate 71, Fig. 1), which feeds on the needles of
-Scots pine in April and May, also in July, and sometimes in September, is
-bright green, with three whitish lines along the back, the central one
-broad, and a yellowish line low down along the sides; the green roundish
-head is lined with white.
-
-The moth is generally common in pine-woods throughout the greater part of
-the British Isles. The May-June flight is the most abundant, but there is
-occasionally a good sprinkling of moths in the autumn.
-
-Abroad, the area of distribution includes Eastern Siberia, Corea, China,
-and Japan. {176}
-
-CHESTNUT-COLOURED CARPET (_Thera cognata_).
-
-This is a generally smaller species than that last referred to, and it is
-more glossy in appearance. The fore wings are brown, sometimes grey-brown,
-more or less tinged with reddish, and the basal patch and central band are
-darker; these markings are usually white-edged, and there is a wavy whitish
-submarginal line. Hind wings whitish, tinged with smoky grey. Specimens
-from the Hebrides are strongly purplish; and Kane states that some he
-reared from Sligo caterpillars are more richly coloured than any that he
-has seen from Scotland. (Plate 70, Figs. 9 [male] 12 [female].)
-
-The bright green caterpillar is stouter than that of the last species. It
-is of a bluish hue along the back, and marked with three lines, the central
-one greenish and the others whitish and broad; there are sometimes reddish
-markings low down on the sides, just edging the broad white spiracular
-line. It feeds in May and June, earlier or later in some seasons, on
-juniper; it turns to a dark-green chrysalis in a frail cocoon spun up among
-the litter under the juniper bushes.
-
-The moth is to be found in July and August among juniper growing in the
-hilly and maritime haunts of the species in North England, Wales, Scotland,
-and Ireland.
-
-This species, long known as _simulata_, Hubner, has been referred to
-_cognata_, Thunberg, and as this is an earlier name it will have to be
-used.
-
-PINE CARPET (_Thera firmata_).
-
-The pale reddish-grey fore wings have a rather darker central band and
-round-edged basal patch, but the latter is often indistinct, and the band,
-which is always deeply indented about the middle of its inner edge, is
-sometimes not well defined. The hind wings are whitish, tinged more or less
-with greyish or pale brownish, but always paler than in any form of _T.
-variata_, with which it is often confused. (Plate 70, Figs. 10, 11.)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 70.
-  1, 2, 3, 6. GREY PINE CARPET.
-  4, 5, 7, 8. JUNIPER CARPET.
-       9, 12. CHESTNUT-COLOURED CARPET.
-      10, 11. PINE CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 71.
-  1. GREY PINE CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  2. PINE CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  3. WELCH WAVE: _caterpillar_.
-
-{177} The caterpillar is bluish-green above, and green beneath; three lines
-along the back, the central one a darker tone of the ground colour, the
-others whitish; head reddish, marked with brown on each cheek. It feeds in
-April and May (June in Scotland) on Scots pine; Barrett states that there
-is a second brood in August. (Plate 71, Fig. 2.)
-
-The moth is out in September and October, and may be disturbed from the
-pine boughs, or occasionally seen resting on the trunks, but it is more
-frequently met with at night when it flies naturally, and has been known to
-visit the sugar patch. Barrett, who considered this species to be double
-brooded, gives June and July for the first flight of moths. Certain it is
-that moths have been reared even as late as October from Spring
-caterpillars. As adverted to, the pale reddish forms of _T. variata_ are
-sometimes confused with _T. firmata_, but in addition to other differences
-indicated above, it may be noted that in the male of the latter the
-antennae are bipectinated except towards the tips. Most of the pine woods
-throughout England seem to produce this delicate insect more or less
-frequently; the same remark applies to Wales. In Scotland it is found up to
-Aberdeen, and also in the Hebrides. The only localities mentioned by Kane
-for Ireland are in counties Westmeath, Dublin, and Fermanagh.
-
-JUNIPER CARPET (_Thera juniperata_).
-
-On Plate 70, Figs. 4 and 5 represent the sexes of the typical form of this
-species, the small and rather more strongly marked Scottish form is shown
-by Figs. 7 and 8. In these small forms a noticeable character is the
-brownish band on the fore wings, between the central band and the outer
-margin; this band is {178} only indicated by a dusky greyish shade in the
-larger form. Most of the examples of the small form from the Isle of Hoy
-have also a dark central line on the hind wings. The central band of the
-fore wings is often broken below the middle, in both forms.
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, inclining to a black tinge on the back,
-along which are three lines, the central one dark green, and the others
-yellow and rather broad; a whitish stripe low down along the sides is
-sometimes marked with yellow and red, and there is a red thread above it;
-head, pink tinged; two points on last ring of the body. It feeds in July
-and August, on juniper. The moth is out in October and November, and may be
-found plentifully flying at night about the juniper bushes.
-
-Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex appear to be the only English counties
-in which it is established, and it is probably most plentiful in the last
-named. It has, however, been recorded from Suffolk, Lancashire, York, and
-Durham; also from Carnarvonshire in North Wales. It is more widely spread
-throughout Scotland, including the Orkneys and Shetlands, where the moths
-fly in July. Only doubtfully reported from Ireland.
-
-WATER CARPET (_Lampropteryx suffumata_).
-
-The fore wings are whitish, more or less clouded with brownish, with dark
-brown, inclining to blackish, basal patch and central band. The variation
-tends in two opposite directions; in the one the general colour is so
-clouded and suffused with blackish-brown, that the entire fore wings become
-almost entirely of that colour (ab. _piceata_, Stephens), N. England and
-Scotland; the other extreme is ab. _porrittii_, Robson, in which the
-central band and basal patch are black, and the white ground colour is
-almost free of brown clouding; the last named occurs at Dover {179} in
-Kent, and Huddersfield, Yorks. On Plate 72, Fig. 1 shows the typical form,
-Fig. 3 ab. _piceata_, and 2 ab. _porrittii_. The caterpillar varies from
-greyish, with pinkish or greenish tinge, to ochreous brown; the upper
-surface is rather darker than the under, and there is a series of dark
-V-shaped marks and arrow-heads on the back of rings 4-8; there is a whitish
-central stripe on 1-3, and a dark one on 9-12; head, brownish, marked with
-black. It feeds on goose-grass (_Galium aparine_), and other kinds of
-bedstraw, in May and early June. It seems to thrive best, however, on the
-goose-grass. (Plate 74, Fig. 1, after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth may be found in weedy lanes and along hedgerows, pretty well
-throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Moray, and Ireland. It cannot,
-however, be said to occur in all suitable places, as although it may be
-found in some plenty in one lane or hedgerow in a district, it may be quite
-absent in similar spots just around. Wherever it is noted one year it may
-be almost certainly obtained there in subsequent years. April and May are
-the months in which it is usually seen, but it has been taken in June in
-late seasons, and occasionally in July.
-
-LARGE TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _quadrifasciaria_).
-
-The ground colour of the fore wings of this species is most often of a pale
-reddish brown, but sometimes it inclines to grey brown; the outwardly
-angled central band is often black, but more frequently perhaps the middle
-area is pretty much of the ground colour or greyish, with a black dot in
-the upper portion, and limited by two black lines which approach, or join,
-in the lower half. A dusky basal blotch is not always present, but it is
-sometimes well in evidence, as also is a dusky shade before the whitish
-submarginal line; frequently there are two blackish {180} or brownish dots
-on the upper part of this line, and a third dot above them, but nearer the
-outer margin. (Plate 72, Figs. 4, 5.)
-
-The caterpillar is pale yellowish brown, finely freckled with grey, and
-with greyish V-shaped marks on the back; three greyish lines along the
-back, the central one broken, and the others most distinct at each end. It
-feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_) and other plants, such as primrose, groundsel,
-etc., from August to April. The moth is out in June and July, and should be
-looked for on tree-trunks growing around the borders of woods or in lanes
-near by. It may also be beaten out of hedgerows in the vicinity of woods.
-
-A very local species and only found with us in the southern half of
-England. Its chief haunts appear to be in the counties of Kent, Surrey,
-Hants, Essex, Suffolk, Cambridge, and Norfolk (the Breck sand district);
-thence its range extends through Hertford, Buckingham, and Berkshire to
-Gloucester, where, however, it is scarce, as it is also in Lincoln. Abroad,
-the range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea and Japan.
-
-RED CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _munitata_).
-
-The typical form (Plate 72, Fig. 6) has pale greyish fore wings, and these
-are crossed by a black-edged purplish central band. In var. _hethlandica_,
-Prout (Fig. 7), the ground colour is ochreous and the band is reddish; this
-form is frequent in the Shetlands.
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, with greyish clouds around white dots,
-tinged with pink between the rings; three lines along the back, the central
-one grey inclining to blackish, broken on three of the hinder rings, and
-edged with whitish; the others are double, wavy, brownish, a whitish stripe
-bordered above with grey along the area of the spiracles; head, ochreous,
-dotted with dark brown (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on lady's mantle
-(_Alchemilla_), chickweed, groundsel, etc., from September to May.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 72.
-   1-3. WATER CARPET.
-  4, 5. LARGE TWIN-SPOT CARPET.
-  6, 7. RED CARPET.
-  8-12. RED TWIN-SPOT CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 73.
-  1. BEECH-GREEN CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  2. STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  3. MOTTLED GREY: _caterpillar_.
-
-{181} The moth is out in July and August, and in England is only found in
-the mountain districts of Yorkshire and the more northern centres. It has
-been reported from the high-lying district on the border of Cheshire,
-between Macclesfield and Buxton (Day), and from Llantrissant,
-Glamorganshire, S. Wales (Evan John). Generally distributed through
-Scotland and the Isles. Widely spread, but local, and not always common, in
-Ireland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland and North America.
-
-DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _unidentaria_).
-
-Portraits of three examples of this species will be found on Plate 75,
-Figs. 1-3. The ground colour of the fore wings is whitish tinged with pale
-ochreous or greyish; the central band is blackish with darker wavy lines
-running through it near the edges, and not infrequently the middle area is
-greyish, either on the upper half, or throughout from front to inner
-margins; a narrow patch at the base of the wings is of the same colour as
-the central band, and is followed by a reddish-brown streak; as a rule,
-there is an irregular reddish-brown line, commencing in a cloud on the
-front margin, and sometimes stripe-like, beyond the pale edging of the
-central band; in ab. _coarctata_, Prout, the central band is much narrowed;
-the two black dots on upper part of the outer margin, generally well in
-evidence, are occasionally united, but sometimes they are very tiny. The
-hind wings are whitish, more or less sprinkled with dusky scales, chiefly
-on the basal two thirds, and crossed by dark-grey wavy lines.
-
-Sometimes the central band and the basal patch of the fore {182} wings are
-dull reddish-brown, inclining to purplish. This form which has been
-referred to _corculata_, Hufnagel, is pretty generally distributed abroad,
-but is apparently only of local occurrence in the British Isles.
-
-The caterpillar is very similar to that of the next species, it feeds on
-the same kinds of plants, and during the same months of the year. (Plate
-74, Fig. 2.) The first generation of moths is on the wing in May and June,
-and the second in August.
-
-The species is widely distributed in England and Wales, often plentiful in
-some districts in the southern half of the former country, scarce and more
-local northwards from Yorkshire. Widely spread in Roxburghshire and
-Clydesdale in Scotland, but less frequent than _ferrugata_; this also seems
-to be the case in Ireland. The range abroad extends to North America.
-
-NOTE.--It is to be regretted that the names by which this and the following
-species have been known for many years may have to be changed. It has been
-claimed that the reddish-banded form of _unidentaria_, Haworth, is
-identical with _ferrugata_ as figured by Clerck, _Icones_, Plate XI. Fig.
-14, and is also referable to _corculata_, Hufnagel, both earlier names. If
-the red form referred to is adopted as the _ferrugata_ of Clerck, then that
-name will supersede _unidentaria_, Haworth, and the species now known as
-_ferrugata_, Clerck, will become _spadicearia_. Authorities, however, are
-not agreed upon this point, so the question still remains open.
-
-RED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _ferrugata_).
-
-Five examples of this variable species are shown on Plate 72, Figs. 8-12.
-The ground colour of the fore wings is usually greyish, more or less
-ochreous tinted, but sometimes inclining to whitish; the basal patch and
-the central band are reddish brown, the latter usually entire in southern
-specimens, but {183} frequently broken up (ab. _spadicearia_, Borkhausen),
-especially in northern examples. A bright, ochreous form, with the central
-band much streaked, occurring in Scotland, has been referred to ab.
-_salicaria_, Haworth. Occasionally the central band is dark purplish. The
-hind wings are whitish, more or less suffused with smoky grey, and lined
-with the same; the outer margin is bordered with smoky grey.
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous brown, mottled with greyish, and marked with
-pale diamonds and black spots on the back of the middle rings; there are
-wavy lines along the sides. It feeds in June and July, and also in
-September and October, on various low plants: knotgrass, dandelion,
-bedstraw, garden marigold, and ground ivy (_Nepeta_) being especially
-useful in captivity. The moth is usually double-brooded, at least in the
-southern half of England, the first flight occurring in May and June, and
-the second in July and August.
-
-The species is generally distributed, and often common, over the greater
-part of England and Wales, but somewhat local north of the Midlands and
-through Scotland to Aberdeen; widely spread in Ireland.
-
-FLAME CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _designata_).
-
-The ground colour of this rather common woodland species (Plate 75, Figs.
-4-6) is pale grey, varying to whitish, or sometimes faintly brownish
-tinged. The purple band on the fore wings is always broadly edged in front
-with black, but the black outer edging is irregular, and sometimes only
-distinct towards the front margin of the wings; it varies in width, and in
-tint, being, in some specimens, faint purplish grey.
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous, inclining to greyish on the back, which is
-marked with whitish lines on the front rings, and with ochreous diamonds
-and black dots on the other rings; there is also a row of black spots low
-down along the sides; head, {184} brownish, freckled with black. It feeds,
-in June and July, probably, in a wild state, on some kind of "cress,"
-growing in the moister parts of woods; in confinement, it will eat cabbage,
-horseradish, and wallflower, among other kinds of Cruciferae. There is a
-second brood in August and September. (Plate 74, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and again in August. It is fond of resting
-on tree-trunks in woods, especially where the ground is moist, but it may
-also be beaten out of hedges and bushes. It is most plentiful in the
-southern half of England, but is spread over the greater part of the
-British Isles, including the Orkneys.
-
-Abroad, its range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Japan, and North
-America.
-
-THE BEECH-GREEN CARPET (_Amoebe olivata_).
-
-The species, depicted on Plate 75, Figs. 9, 10, when quite fresh has the
-fore wings greenish, and the central band more or less tinged with brown,
-in some specimens with blackish; the inner edge of the band is not so
-clearly defined as the outer, the latter being followed by a narrow whitish
-wavy band; a series of black dots edged with white represent the
-submarginal line. Hind wrings, smoky grey, with a pale band beyond the
-middle, and a pale line nearer the outer margin.
-
-The roughened caterpillar (Plate 73, Fig. 1) is ochreous brown, mottled
-with darker brown, and lined with grey; the raised dots are black, each
-with a short bristle. It feeds at night on bedstraw (_Galium_), in the
-spring to May, after hibernation.
-
-The moth is out, as a rule, in July and August, but sometimes much earlier.
-I reared specimens during the last week in May, 1907, from caterpillars
-sent from Torquay by Mr. Walker. It {185} lurks among the vegetation
-growing on banks, and the hedgerows of lanes, etc.
-
-In the south of England the species chiefly affects the coasts of Dorset,
-Devon, and Cornwall; but it occurs locally in and around beech woods of
-Kent, and is more frequent in those of Berks, Oxford, and Bucks. From
-Somerset it spreads through the western counties, including part of Wales,
-to Lancashire. It is, however, most common among the hills and rills from
-Yorkshire northwards. In Scotland it is local in Roxburgh, widely
-distributed, and sometimes abundant in Clydesdale and throughout the
-Highlands to Sutherland. It has also been noted from Arran. Local in
-Ireland, but apparently abundant in some parts.
-
-GREEN CARPET (_Amoebe viridaria_).
-
-This species (Plate 75, Figs. 7, 8), also, has green fore wings, with a
-rather deeper green central band and basal patch. The former is limited by
-white lines marked with black, conspicuously so on the front and inner
-margins; there are also black marks on the front edge of the basal patch,
-and at the tips of the wings. The green colour quickly fades to a yellowish
-or sandy tint.
-
-The wrinkled caterpillar is olive brown, with bristle-bearing black dots;
-the back has a dark central line, and is adorned with reddish V-shaped
-marks except on the end rings. It feeds in the spring, after hibernation,
-on bedstraw (_Galium_), but it is said to eat sorrel, dead-nettle
-(_Lamium_), etc.
-
-The moth is out in June, earlier in the south, and later in the north. It
-hides among herbage during the day, and may occasionally be seen resting on
-tree-trunks, etc., then feeding just before dark about hedges, and on
-commons and heaths. Specimens have been noted in some years in September.
-
-Except that it has not been detected in the Shetlands, the species seems to
-be found in all parts of the British Isles. {186}
-
-STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Malenydris salicata_).
-
-Portraits of a male and a female of this species will be found on Plate 75,
-Figs. 11 [male] and 12 [female]. The fore wings are greyish white, crossed
-by several darker grey wavy lines; the central band is rather darker, and
-in some specimens there is also a darker basal patch. In an almost
-unicolorous form the fore wings are wholly suffused with darker; Kane, who
-states that such specimens occur with the paler form in Ireland, refers the
-aberration to _unicolorata_, Gregson.
-
-The caterpillar is brownish, with three whitish lines along the back, and a
-pinkish line low down along the sides. It feeds, at night, on bedstraw
-(_Galium_), in September and October, but may be found on the plants in the
-daytime. (Plate 73, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and in some localities again in August and
-September. It is fond of sitting on rocks, and also on tree-trunks.
-
-Except that it has been found, not infrequently, on Dartmoor and Exmoor, in
-Devon, and has also been once noted from Dorset, the species in England is
-chiefly an inhabitant of the northern counties. It occurs in Wales, but
-almost exclusively in the north. In Scotland it appears to be widely
-distributed throughout; and in Ireland it occurs locally in all four
-provinces.
-
-MOTTLED GREY (_Malenydris multistrigaria_).
-
-The fore wings in the typical form of this species are grey, with a slight
-brownish tinge; basal patch, central band, and shade before the whitish
-submarginal line, sometimes darker. (Plate 77, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].)
-In some specimens the central band is very much darker (ab. _virgata_,
-Tutt); and in some parts of {187} south-west Yorkshire a blackish form (ab.
-_nubilata_, Tutt) is not uncommon. (Plate 77, Fig. 3.)
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous grey, with three brownish lines along the back,
-and two other lines on each side, the upper one yellowish, wavy, and edged
-above with dusky. It feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_) in May and June. (Plate
-73, Fig. 3.)
-
-The moth is out in March and April, and keeps pretty much to the shelter
-afforded by its food plant or other herbage around in its favourite haunts,
-which are damp woodlands, heaths, and mosses. Occasionally, however, it may
-be seen on the lower parts of fences, tree-trunks, rocks, etc. About dusk
-it may be found sitting on grass and other vegetation, and at such times is
-not much disposed to fly away from the collector.
-
-Pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles, including the
-Orkneys.
-
-TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Malenydris didymata_).
-
-The fore wings in the male are pale greyish, more or less tinged with
-ochreous brown, and crossed by a dark grey, inclining to blackish, central
-band; the base of the wings is often banded with dark grey, as also is the
-outer marginal area; on the latter, above the middle, are twin black spots,
-and there is a black spot or streak above nearer the tip of the wing. The
-female is smaller, paler, often whitish, and sometimes pale ochreous; the
-latter form is prevalent in the Shetlands; the central band is the only
-distinct cross marking in this sex. On the moorlands in the north of
-England a blackish form of the male occurs (ab. _nigra_, Prout), and this
-is very similar to ab. _nubilata_ of the previous species; ab.
-_ochroleucata_, Aurivillius, is uniformly greyish brown, with a white
-submarginal line, and I have a specimen near this from Durham.
-
-The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish on the back, {188} and to
-pinkish on the sides; three lines along the side, the central one dark
-green, and the others whitish. It feeds on primrose, red campion (_Lychnis
-diurna_), bilberry, etc., as well as on the flowers of coarse grasses; in
-North Devon I found it in profusion at night, on the blossoms of a
-wood-rush (_Luzula_), growing in a sheltered wood near the sea. April and
-May, later perhaps in the north. (Plate 77, Figs. 4-6 [male], 7-9
-[female].)
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and is common in almost every part of
-the British Isles.
-
-NOVEMBER MOTH (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _dilutata_).
-
-The more usual forms of this common autumnal species are those represented
-by Figs. 1 and 2, Plate 78. Fig. 3 is a small example of the pale form, ab.
-_christyi_, Prout, which, in many respects, is very similar to _autumnata_,
-Guenee, a form of the next species. Fig. 4 is a female approaching ab.
-_obscurata_, Staud., and Fig. 5 shows the uniformly blackish ab. _melana_,
-Prout. In some pale-coloured specimens the only conspicuous marking is a
-broad central band which is almost black in colour (ab. _latifasciata_,
-Prout).
-
-The eggs (Plate 76, Fig. 1a) were yellowish when laid, but soon changed to
-crimson red.
-
-The caterpillar is green, inclining to whitish below, often marked, more or
-less distinctly, with purplish red, as a central line, or series of spots,
-along the back, and sometimes as bands on the ring division. It feeds on
-the foliage of trees, such as elm, oak, birch, etc., also on fallow,
-hawthorn, sloe, apple, plum, and other fruit trees. April to June. (Plate
-76, Fig. 1.)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 74.
-  1. WATER CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  2. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  3. FLAME CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 75.
-     1-3. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET.
-     4-6. FLAME CARPET.
-    7, 8. GREEN CARPET.
-   9, 10. BEECH-GREEN CARPET.
-  11, 12. STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET.
-
-{189} The moth is out in October and November in the South, but earlier in
-the North. It is an inhabitant of woodlands, and may be disturbed from
-bushes, trees, and sometimes may be seen on the trunks of the latter, and
-on fences. At night it flies lazily and will occasionally visit ivy then,
-and even sugar, but is more frequently attracted by light.
-
-The species is pretty generally common throughout England and Wales,
-Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland.
-
-THE AUTUMNAL MOTH (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _autumnata_).
-
-Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 78. Figs. 6 [male] and 7
-[female] represent the typical form except that the male should be rather
-more silvery white in the ground colour of the fore wings, and the cross
-bands more distinctly separated. Fig. 8, also a female, is very close to
-ab. _sandbergi_, Lampa, in the character of the central cross bands of the
-fore wings. Ab. _gueneata_, Prout (_autumnata_, Guenee, not Borkhausen), is
-a form with the typical coloration, but with fainter cross bands.
-
-The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species, but there
-is a yellowish tint in the general green coloration, and it is rarely
-marked with reddish. It is found chiefly on birch, alder, fir, and larch,
-but will eat hawthorn, and probably the foliage of other shrubs and trees.
-May and June.
-
-The moth is out in September and October, sometimes later. It may be
-dislodged from trees in the daytime, but it seems to be rarely noticed at
-rest on the trunks.
-
-The species is so often confused with that previously mentioned that its
-distribution in our islands has not, so far, been clearly ascertained.
-However, it certainly occurs in the following northern counties of
-England--Lancashire (Liverpool district); Cheshire (Delamere Forest);
-Yorkshire (Cleveland district); North Durham (Birch woods); Cumberland
-(Carlisle). In Scotland it is found in Clydesdale, Perthshire, where it was
-first noted by Weaver in 1851, Kincardineshire, Aberdeen, and probably
-further north; in Ireland at Belfast and Enniskillen. Prout notes that he
-has seen a specimen from Swansea in South Wales. {190}
-
-SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _filigrammaria_).
-
-This is most probably a small moorland form of _O. autumnata_, but it
-rarely assumes the silvery white typical coloration of that species. A male
-specimen and two examples of the female are depicted on Plate 77, Figs. 10
-[male], 11, and 12 [female].
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds in the spring on bilberry and heather, is
-green, with yellow lines, a line of darker green between the two central
-yellow lines along the back; head, green, inclining to brown above.
-
-The moth appears in August and early September, and may be found on the
-moors, resting on rocks, stones, and even on the ground, as well as on the
-stems of its food plants.
-
-As a British species it was first recorded by Weaver, who obtained it in
-the Isle of Arran in 1841; but Edleston, writing in 1842, states that he
-had taken specimens off stone walls near Staley Bridge, in the Manchester
-district, "every year for the last three years." It appears to be peculiar
-to the British Isles and is found in suitable localities from North
-Staffs., through Cheshire, Lancs., Yorks., and northwards over England and
-Scotland to the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Ireland it is known to occur
-in Antrim, Derry, Mayo, Galway, and Limerick.
-
-THE WELSH WAVE (_Venusia cambrica_).
-
-This moth, of which two portraits are given on Plate 78, Figs. 9 [male], 10
-[female], is known also by the English name of "Cambric Wave." It was not
-ascertained to be an inhabitant of Britain until 1839, when it was figured
-and described by Curtis from specimens obtained in Cardiganshire in Wales.
-{191}
-
-In its typical form the fore wings are white, inclining to greyish, with a
-number of brownish or dark-grey cross lines; two pairs on the central area
-are marked with black. Sometimes the wings are greatly suffused with smoky
-grey, and this tint in examples from the Sheffield and Rotherham districts
-of Yorkshire assumes a much darker hue, so that all the markings are
-obscured, but the veins are blacker.
-
-The caterpillar is green, marked with some irregular reddish blotches; a
-yellowish line along the back. It feeds in August, earlier or later in some
-seasons, on mountain ash (_Pyrus aucuparia_), and the moth, which rests by
-day on tree-trunks, is out in July and early August. The haunts of the
-species are chiefly in hilly localities of the northern counties of
-England, but it has also been reported from Gloucestershire (Cotswolds),
-Somersetshire (Weston-super-Mare), and Devon (Dulverton). In Wales it
-occurs in Merionethshire, as well as in Cardiganshire; and in Scotland it
-spreads from Roxburghshire, where it is locally common among mountain ash,
-through Clydesdale to Inverness. It is widely distributed in Ireland. The
-range abroad extends to Japan and North America.
-
-GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET (_Entephria caesiata_)
-
-The typical greyish form, with blackish wavy cross lines and dark central
-band, is shown on Plate 80, Fig. 1 [male] and 2 [female]. Figure 3
-represents a specimen from Shetland in which the band is sooty black (ab.
-_annosata_, Zetterstedt = _nigristriaria_, Gregson). The interesting
-blackish suffused form from the Isle of Arran (Fig. 4) leads up to a still
-blacker variety, occurring in the same isle, and also in the Shetlands, in
-which the whole of the fore wings is nearly as dark as the central band of
-Fig. 3, and the hind wings are also much darkened; such specimens are
-referable to ab. _glaciata_, Germar. Ab. _prospicuata_, Prout = _gelata_,
-Staud., is a form with the fore wings whitish, and the {192} base and the
-central band thereof blackish; some Shetland specimens closely approach
-this pretty variety.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with a brownish line along the middle of the
-back, and a series of pinkish or purplish-red oblique streaks which nearly
-meet at the central line and so form V-shaped marks; a whitish or yellowish
-stripe low down along the sides, sometimes edged above with reddish. In
-some examples the general colour is reddish brown. It feeds in April and
-May, after hibernation, on bilberry, ling, and heath in a wild state, but
-may be reared on knot-grass or sallow.
-
-The moth is out from June until early August, and may be found resting,
-often in numbers, on rocks and stone walls in mountain and moorland
-districts, from Herefordshire, northwards through England, North Wales, and
-over the whole of Scotland, including the isles, and Ireland. Kane states
-that in the latter country melanic forms, such as those from Yorks, etc.,
-are nowhere met with.
-
-YELLOW-RINGED CARPET (_Entephria flavicinctata_).
-
-The general colour of the fore wings of British specimens of this species
-(var. _obscurata_, Staud.) is slaty grey; the basal, central, and outer
-marginal cross bands are thickly sprinkled with yellowish-brown, and it is
-this feature that at once separates this species (Plate 80, Figs. 5, 6)
-from that last referred to.
-
-The bristly caterpillar is green, chocolate, or red brown, but always of a
-dull shade; on the back is a series of black V-shaped marks, and a central
-dark, slender line; the front part of each V-mark filled up with pink or
-lilac, forming a triangle, the apex of which is yellow; a yellowish stripe
-low down along the side (adapted from Fenn). It feeds in the spring till
-April, after hibernation, on saxifrage (_Saxifraga aizoides_, _S.
-hypnoides_, etc), and also on stonecrop (_Sedum_), and is most partial to
-the flowers of these plants.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 76.
-  1,  1a. NOVEMBER MOTH: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-  2,  2a. BEAUTIFUL CARPET: _caterpillars and chrysalis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 77.
-   1-4. MOTTLED GREY.
-   5-8. TWIN-SPOT CARPET.
-  9-12. SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET.
-
-{193}
-
-The moth flies throughout the summer, possibly in two generations, as, when
-reared in confinement, moths appear in May, and from eggs obtained from
-these, caterpillars feed in June and July, and attain the perfect state in
-August. Like the last species, its chief resting-places are the rocks, in
-its favourite haunts, in gorges among the hills and moorlands. It has been
-recorded from few parts of northern England, but one specimen is said to
-have been taken in Dovedale, Derbyshire. In Lancashire it has been noted as
-scarce about Clougha; and in Yorkshire one example was taken on Malham Moor
-in August, 1876, and one at Hutton Buscel Moor, near Scarborough, July 16,
-1891. It is more plentiful in Scotland; in Clydesdale it is local, but not
-uncommon, the localities mentioned being Lochgoilhead, and watercourses
-above Ardentinny; more frequent in Perthshire, thence to Sutherland, and it
-occurs also in the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Ireland, it is found in Co.
-Antrim; and Mr. Thomas Greer informs me that it is common at Murlough Bay,
-Fair Head.
-
-SILVER-GROUND CARPET (_Xanthorhoe montanata_).
-
-Figs. 7 and 8 on Plate 80 represent the most usual form of this species,
-which is variable in the amount of clouding on the fore wings and in the
-intensity of the cross marking. In some specimens, chiefly from southern
-localities, the fore wings are almost clear white, and the central band is
-broadly blackish (Fig. 9). Shetland specimens, on the other hand, are much
-clouded or suffused with ochreous brown, and the central band is greyish
-brown (ab. _shetlandica_, Weir (Fig. 10)). Then there is variation in the
-central band, which is often entire, but more frequently broken up by
-bandlets; or it may be considerably narrowed, especially from the middle to
-the inner margin, and not altogether rarely it is completely severed below
-the middle, and the lower part almost or quite absent. A specimen with all
-{194} the wings smoky leaden-grey, and the central bar of the fore wings
-pale grey-brown, was taken near Longfleet in Wiltshire, in the summer of
-1881.
-
-The caterpillar is wrinkled, with a ridge along the sides; in colour it is
-pale brown, inclining to purplish with blackish dots; three lines along the
-back, the central one dark greyish, the others paler and broader; below the
-latter the sides are greyish tinted with a lower edging of pale yellowish
-brown. It feeds at night on bedstraw, and various low-growing herbage,
-including grass. August to April.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, sometimes earlier in the south. It is
-generally distributed, and, as a rule, common, in woodlands, lanes, etc.,
-throughout the British Isles.
-
-GARDEN CARPET (_Xanthorhoe fluctuata_).
-
-Of this common frequenter of our gardens four examples are depicted on
-Plate 80. Figs. 11 and 13 are the more frequent forms, but specimens with
-the central band complete, as in Fig. 12, are not uncommon. Chiefly, but by
-no means exclusively, in Southern localities, some examples have the ground
-colour almost pure white; often the wings are more or less suffused with
-dark grey (ab. _neapolisata_, Milliere), and this is especially the case in
-Scotland, where, in Aberdeenshire and in Shetland, a blackish form, ab.
-_thules_, Prout, occurs. Fig. 14 represents a specimen of this form from
-Aberdeen. Somewhat rarely, the central band is only indicated by a small
-spot on the front area of the wing (ab. _costovata_, Haworth), and more
-often the band is much narrowed or otherwise modified in the direction of
-that aberration. Fig. 4, Plate 61, shows an extreme example of this form.
-Specimens vary in size from rather under one inch to one inch and a half in
-expanse.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 78.
-    1-5. NOVEMBER MOTH.
-    6-8. AUTUMNAL MOTH.
-  9, 10. WELSH WAVE.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 79.
-      1, 1a. ARGENT AND SABLE: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and
-          caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a, 2b. WOOD CARPET: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-          3. GALIUM CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-          4. COMMON CARPET: _chrysalis_.
-
-{195}
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 4.
-
-GARDEN CARPET AT REST.
-
-(Photo by H. Main.)]
-
-The caterpillar varies in colour from dark grey through yellowish green to
-obscure green, but the underside is always paler; on the back there is a
-series of pale blotches, and some black spots on the middle rings; the head
-is rather paler than the general colour, and marked with black. It feeds,
-at night, on cabbage, horseradish, wallflower, white arabis, and many other
-kinds of Cruciferae; and it is said to eat the foliage of gooseberry and
-currant. June--October.
-
-There are certainly two broods, and possibly more, as the moths occur in
-greater or lesser numbers throughout the year, from late April to October,
-but it seems to be most plentiful in May and June, and in August and
-September.
-
-Generally distributed over the British Isles. It is also an inhabitant of
-North America.
-
-THE GALIUM CARPET (_Xanthorhoe galiata_).
-
-The more usual forms of this species are represented on Plate 81, Figs. 1,
-2. Fig. 3 is the portrait of a form occurring in Yorkshire, Sussex, and
-probably elsewhere, in which the central band is blackish and
-solid-looking; this seems to be referable to _unilobata_, Haworth. Besides
-varying in tint of ground colour, and in the amount of freckling or
-mottling, there is modification in the width of the central band.
-
-The caterpillar is brown, dotted with black, and striped with blackish
-brown on the back, and with pale brown on the sides; the head is light
-brown, sprinkled with black, and marked with {196} a dark V. It feeds on
-bedstraw in late June and July, and there is a second brood in August and
-September. The figure of the caterpillar on Plate 79, Fig. 3, is from a
-coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.
-
-The moth is out in June, sometimes later in the north and earlier in the
-south, where it occurs as a second generation in August. It is chiefly
-found in chalk and limestone districts, and may be easily put up from the
-herbage among which it secretes itself during the day. In the seaboard
-counties of England, from Kent to Cornwall, it is especially common on the
-coast, but is also to be met with in suitable inland localities in these
-counties, and also in Surrey, Middlesex, Herts, Bucks., and Oxford. It is
-always rare on the eastern side, but on the west, including Wales, it is
-more or less frequent from Somerset and Wilts. to Westmorland. Not uncommon
-in Yorkshire, principally in the West Riding, and an odd specimen has been
-recorded from Durham. Somewhat rare in Scotland, but it has been noted in
-Berwick, Wigtown, Arran, Clydesdale, and Perthshire. In Ireland it is
-local, although often plentiful on the coast.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia.
-
-WOOD CARPET (_Xanthorhoe (Epirrhoe) rivata_).
-
-The broad, clear white borders of both edges of the dark central band of
-the fore wings, coupled with the clearer white of the hind wings, and the
-generally larger size of the moth, should distinguish this species from its
-very close ally, _X. sociata_; but it must be added that some forms of the
-latter species approach the present one exceedingly close. (Plate 81, Figs.
-4, 5.)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 80.
-    1-4. GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET.
-   5, 6. YELLOW-RINGED CARPET.
-   7-10. SILVER-GROUND CARPET.
-  11-14. GARDEN CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 81.
-    1-3. GALIUM CARPET.
-   4, 5. WOOD CARPET.
-    6-9. COMMON CARPET.
-  10-12. SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE.
-
-{197} The caterpillar is brown or olive-brown, dotted and freckled with
-white; three lines on the back, the central one black, the others whitish,
-not seen on rings 5-8, which have dark V-shaped marks enclosing white ones;
-sometimes there is a V-mark instead of lines on ring 4; head, large, pale
-brown sprinkled with blackish, and marked with a blackish V, the apex of
-which appears to meet the central line of the body. It feeds, at night, in
-July and August, on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_, and _G. verum_), but will
-thrive very well on cleavers or goose-grass (_G. aparine_). The chrysalis,
-which is enclosed in a cocoon of silk coated with earth, is reddish brown,
-thorax and wing-cases paler, shining. A coloured drawing of the
-caterpillar, kindly lent, with others, for this volume, by Mr. A. Sich, has
-been used for the figures on Plate 79, Figs. 2, 2a; but the description of
-the caterpillar, and also of the chrysalis (Fig. 2b), are from material
-that Mr. Pope, of Exeter, was good enough to furnish. In captivity a second
-brood may be reared in August.
-
-The moth is out in July and early August, and although local, is not
-uncommon in bushy places on downs, etc., also in lanes, in chalk districts,
-in most of the southern and eastern counties. In the north of England it is
-far more local and uncommon, but is known to occur in Cheshire, Yorkshire,
-and Cumberland, and has been recorded from Durham. It is found in Wales,
-and in Scotland has been noted as very local in Roxburghshire and rare in
-Clydesdale and Arran. Kane states that in Ireland it is "very rare and
-local."
-
-COMMON CARPET (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Epirrhoe_) _sociata_).
-
-The white ground colour of this species is nearly always obscured, to a
-greater or lesser extent, by greyish markings and suffusions on the basal
-area; the outer margin is broadly bordered with dark grey, and the white
-band between this and the dark-grey central band is intersected throughout
-its length by a grey line. As shown on Plate 81, Figs. 6, 7, the central
-band varies in width; it is often contracted below the middle, sometimes
-completely severed at this point, and in ab. _degenerata_, {198} Haworth,
-both portions are much reduced in width. Figs. 8 and 9 represent two
-specimens from the Isle of Lewis; these brownish-grey examples are var.
-_obscurata_, South. There are intermediate modifications leading up to a
-form in which the whole of the central third of the fore wings is whitish,
-with the usual cross lines dingy grey, and some tiny clouds of the same
-colour around the black discal spot.
-
-The caterpillar is very like that of the last species referred to, but it
-is rather smaller in size and rougher in appearance. There is variation in
-the general colour, from pale fawn through greenish-brown, to dull or
-bright green, and sometimes the markings are tinged with reddish (Hellins).
-
-It feeds on bedstraw, in June and July, and a second brood occurs in
-September. The figure of the brownish, inclining to reddish, chrysalis
-(Plate 79, Fig. 4), is from a photo by Mr. H. Main, and is twice the
-natural size.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and, in the South especially, again in
-August and September. It is generally distributed over the British Islands,
-but so far has not been noted from the Shetlands.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland.
-
-According to Prout, the earliest name for this species is _alternata_
-(Muller).
-
-SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Epirrhoe_) _tristata_).
-
-On Plate 81 are shown three examples of this variable species. Fig. 10
-represents the typical form from N. Devon. Fig. 11 is a black-marked
-specimen from Yorkshire, and Fig. 12 depicts a smoky-brown marked specimen
-from Clydesdale, in which the ground colour has a brownish tinge. All these
-have the central band more or less entire, but this character may be
-broader or narrower, and is sometimes divided into two parts, and these
-reduced to very small proportions; the white projections into {199} the
-outer marginal border of all the wings is not infrequently enlarged, in
-some cases so much so that the borders are separated into two parts, and
-also reduced in width.
-
-The caterpillar is grey brown, ochreous brown between the rings and on the
-underside; a dark line along the back, and a dark-edged, pale line on each
-side; a black dot on each ring at the junction of the dark upper and pale
-lower areas; head, grey-brown, with blackish freckles. It feeds, in July
-and August, on bedstraw, preferring the heath kind (_Galium saxatile_), but
-will eat the large hedge kind (_G. mollugo_).
-
-The moth is out in June, or from late May, and in some parts specimens are
-seen in August. Its haunts are moors and upland heaths, and its British
-distribution extends from Dartmoor and Exmoor, in Devon, through Western
-England and Wales to Westmorland. It appears to be very local in Somerset,
-Gloucester, Hereford, Shropshire, and Cheshire; from Staffordshire and
-Derbyshire northwards, and through Scotland, it becomes more plentiful; and
-has been recorded from the Shetlands. In Ireland it is local, but common
-where it occurs.
-
-SHARP-ANGLED CARPET (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Euphyia_) _unangulata_).
-
-This species (Plate 82, Figs. 1, 2) may be recognized by the distinctly
-angled outer edge of the blackish central band, which is thrown into strong
-relief by the usually broad white stripe following it. Wilkes, who figured
-the moth in 1742, called it the "White Stripe." By some authors the species
-is referred to _amniculata_, Hubner.
-
-The caterpillar is pale whity brown, with a slightly darker but indistinct
-line along the centre of the back, and a black spot on the middle rings; a
-pale line on the sides is edged with dark grey; head, brown, marked with
-black. It feeds, in July and early August, on chickweed (_Stellaria
-media_).
-
-The moth, which is partial to hedges and easily disturbed {200} therefrom,
-is out in June and July, and even later in some seasons. The earliest
-hatched caterpillars reared in confinement sometimes attain the moth state
-in August of the same year. Although certainly local, the species has a
-wide distribution in the southern half of England, and is not uncommon in
-some localities. Its range extends into Wales, and also northwards to
-Cumberland and Westmorland, but it is generally very much scarcer in the
-north than in the south. In Ireland it is known to occur locally in
-counties Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Waterford, Kerry, and Galway, but, as a
-rule, only sparingly.
-
-Abroad, the distribution includes North Amurland and North America.
-
-CLOAKED CARPET (_Euphyia picata_).
-
-An older English name for this species (Plate 82, Figs. 4, 5) is "The Short
-Cloak Carpet," Harris (1782), but that given to it by Haworth is here
-adopted. It is also the _biangulata_ of Haworth, Stephens, and others.
-
-As will be observed on referring to the figures, the outer edge of the
-blackish central band of the fore wings is twice angled just above the
-middle; the basal area and the outer marginal border are dark greyish
-brown, more or less tinged with olive; the whitish ground colour only shows
-distinctly as a strip immediately beyond the central band, and from this an
-irregular streak runs to the tips of the wings; some white wavy cross-lines
-through the outer border are often obscure.
-
-The stoutish caterpillar is yellowish brown, or sometimes reddish brown;
-there is a series of blackish or dark-brown spots along the back, and a
-stripe of dusky freckles along each side; lower down are two slender wavy
-lines enclosing a dusky stripe; head, yellowish-brown mottled with darker
-brown. It feeds, at night, on chickweed and other kinds of _Stellaria_, in
-{201} August and September. One of the mouse-ear chickweeds (_Cerastium
-glomeratum_) has also been mentioned as a food plant, and for rearing the
-caterpillars this would perhaps be useful, as common chickweed, unless in a
-growing state, is difficult to keep in a suitable condition for larval
-requirements.
-
-The moth, which is partial to a hedgerow as a hiding-place, is out in June
-and July, and may be sometimes reared as a second generation in September.
-
-The species is somewhat local, but it is not scarce in many parts of
-England; its range does not appear to extend northwards beyond
-Worcestershire on the western side, although it has been recorded from
-North Wales; on the eastern side it is found up to Norfolk.
-
-THE ARGENT AND SABLE (_Eulype hastata_).
-
-About one hundred and sixty years ago Wilkes figured this species as "The
-Mottled Beauty," but Harris in 1778 gave it its present English name. On
-Plate 82 are shown two examples of the typical form (Figs. 7, 8), also two
-specimens of the small form (Figs. 10, 11), var. _subhastata_, Nolcken (=
-_hastulata_, Hubner); the latter form in Britain occurs chiefly in
-Sutherlandshire and the Isle of Lewis. As regards variation there is, in
-the small form, a tendency to an increase of black; whilst in the typical
-form there is a considerable reduction of the black marking--so much so
-occasionally that of the central black band only a few dots remain around
-the discal spot, and perhaps a speck or two below it, and a dot or two on
-the inner margin (ab. _demolita_, Prout).
-
-The rather stumpy caterpillar is dark olive-green, inclining to blackish,
-and somewhat shiny; the skin along the sides puckered and marked with
-ochreous; a black line along the middle of the back; head, black and
-glossy. It feeds, in July and August, later in the north, on birch,
-_Vaccinium_, chiefly {202} _uliginosum_, and sweet gale (_Myrica_). It
-spins together the leaves at the tips of the twigs, and so forms a
-cocoon-like habitation. The moth is out in May and June, and even July in
-the north. It flies in the afternoon sunshine around and over birch trees,
-and occasionally alights on the leaves. It has been taken in Kent, and more
-frequently in Essex and Suffolk, but it is more plentiful in Oxfordshire
-and Berkshire, and from Surrey to Dorsetshire and Wiltshire; also in
-Herefordshire and Worcestershire, and on high ground in North Wales,
-Staffordshire, and Derbyshire; its range extending through Cheshire and
-Lancashire to Cumberland and Northumberland, but only odd specimens have
-been reported from the last-named county and from Durham. The egg and the
-caterpillar are shown on Plate 79, Figs. 1 and 1a.
-
-It is widely distributed, and often common in places, throughout Scotland.
-In Ireland it is local, but has occurred plentifully in some of its haunts
-in that country; Kane states that var. _subhastata_ has not been noted.
-
-The range abroad spreads to Amurland, China, Iceland, Labrador, and North
-America.
-
-BEAUTIFUL CARPET (_Mesoleuca albicillata_).
-
-The English name of this species (Plate 82, Fig. 13) is exceedingly
-appropriate; few of our native moths exhibit such a pleasing combination of
-colour and marking. It varies but very little in a general way, but a
-specimen taken in York some years ago has the fore wings dark leaden grey
-instead of creamy white (ab. _suffusa_, Carrington), and very rarely the
-ground colour inclines to yellow.
-
-The stoutish caterpillar (Plate 76, Fig. 2) is green with reddish marks
-along the back; a white line low down along the sides is edged below with
-purplish red on the first three rings; the last ring, and the claspers,
-tinged with purplish red. It feeds {203} at night on bramble and raspberry,
-in August and September, occasionally earlier or later. In the daytime it
-rests on the underside of a leaf. When full grown it forms a cocoon just
-under the surface of the soil, or among rubbish (in the cage), and therein
-changes to a dark reddish-brown chrysalis (Plate 76, Fig. 2a).
-
-The moth is out in June, sometimes in late May, and occasionally there
-seems to be a few individuals about in August. The species is a denizen of
-the woodlands, and is generally to be found in the more open parts of woods
-where its food plants are well established. It is widely distributed over
-England and Wales, but most frequent in the south of the former country. In
-Scotland, it is local in Roxburghshire and Wigtownshire; and it occurs in
-many parts of Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE PURPLE BAR (_Mesoleuca ocellata_).
-
-The whitish fore wings of this species (Plate 82, Fig. 12) are often tinged
-with pale ochreous brown on the lower two-thirds of the outer marginal
-area, and this tint sometimes invades the central portion of the
-bluish-black central band. Rarely the ground colour is almost entirely
-white, and the central band is very slender (ab. _coarctata_, Prout), and
-perhaps rather more frequently the band is completely severed below the
-middle.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds at night on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_ and _G.
-verum_), is pale ochreous brown, or pale pinkish brown, netted with darker
-brown; on the back are a reddish ochreous central line, and some reddish
-edged pale V-marks: June and July, and sometimes again in the autumn.
-
-The moth is out in June and early July, occasionally in late May in some
-southern localities. Individuals of a second emergence sometimes appear in
-August and September. It {204} rests by day on tree-trunks or in hedges,
-and flies at night. Widely distributed over the British Isles, but, except
-perhaps in the highlands of Scotland, not very common.
-
-BLUE-BORDERED CARPET (_Mesoleuca bicolorata_).
-
-The more usual form of this pretty little species is shown on Plate 82,
-Figs. 3 and 6. In the type the central band is only represented by a spot
-on the front margin of the fore wings; in ab._parvula_, Retz =
-_rubiginata_, Hubner, there is also a portion of the band showing on the
-inner margin. Ab. _plumbata_, Curtis, from Scotland has the central band
-entire and the ground colour inclining to creamy white. In ab. _fumosa_,
-Prout, the usual white parts of the wing are smoky or dark lead colour
-(Fig. 9). Barrett mentions a form with all the wings smoothly smoky black;
-markings of the fore wings olive brown, margined with slender stripes of
-smoky white.
-
-The long, thin, caterpillar is green, with a darker stripe along the back,
-and a yellowish green stripe on each side; two points on the last ring. It
-feeds on alder, birch, sloe, and crab; also in orchards and gardens on plum
-and apple: April to June.
-
-The moth is out in July and August. It appears to occur most freely in
-districts where alder is plentiful, but it is not uncommon in country
-lanes, especially where these are rather moist. It is one of the earliest
-Geometrid moths to get on the wing, as it is generally active well before
-dark. Decidedly more common in some districts than in others, but it may be
-said to be generally distributed.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, and Japan, but the
-ab._fumosa_ is only known from Britain.
-
-PRETTY CHALK CARPET (_Melanthia procellata_).
-
-From almost any well-grown hedgerow, in which traveller's joy, or old-man's
-beard (_Clematis vitalba_) is plentiful, throughout the southern counties
-of England, this species (Plate 82, Fig. 14) may be disturbed by the
-beating stick. It is generally to be met with in July and early August, but
-may be obtained in forward seasons, or in sheltered localities, at the end
-of June.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 82.
-          1, 2. SHARP-ANGLED CARPET.
-       3, 6, 9. BLUE-BORDERED CARPET.
-          4, 5. CLOAKED CARPET.
-  7, 8, 10, 11. ARGENT AND SABLE.
-            12. PURPLE BAR.
-            13. BEAUTIFUL CARPET.
-            14. PRETTY CHALK CARPET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 83.
-            1, 2. RIVULET.
-            3, 6. SMALL RIVULET.
-            4, 5. BARRED RIVULET.
-           9, 12. HEATH RIVULET.
-  10, 11, 13, 14. GRASS RIVULET.
-            7, 8. PRETTY PINION.
-
-{205} On the fore wings the dark, slender and wavy cross lines are more
-distinct in some specimens than in others, and occasionally the blackish
-blotch on the front margin is traversed by a white line, sometimes by two
-lines.
-
-The caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with three darker brown lines along
-the back, the central one slender, spotted with black on the middle rings;
-usual dots, black, encircled with white; head, marked with a reddish brown
-triangle. It feeds on _Clematis_ in August and September.
-
-Distribution of the species abroad extends to Amurland, and in Japan,
-Corea, and China it is represented by the darker _inquinata_, Butler.
-
-THE RIVULET (_Perizoma affinitata_).
-
-The whitish band crossing the brownish fore wings is generally fairly wide,
-sometimes broad, but occasionally it is very narrow; the reduction in width
-is mainly the result of brownish suffusion of the outer half of the band,
-leaving the inner half white. Kane mentions a smoky form from Co. Derry, in
-which the band is absent, and refers this to ab. _unicolorata_, Gregson. In
-a specimen from Sligo in my series, the band is tinged with brownish
-throughout. The hind wings are usually smoky brown, with a paler central
-band, but in some specimens, referable to ab. _turbaria_, Stephens, the
-basal two-thirds are whitish. The moths also vary in size (Plate 83, Figs.
-1 and 2).
-
-The caterpillar is pinkish-ochreous inclining to brown; three pinkish lines
-along the back, and a similar line along the blackish spiracles; a dark
-plate on the first and last rings. It feeds in the capsules, on the seeds,
-of red campion (_Lychnis_ {206} _dioica_), and will eat those of the white
-_L. vespertina_: July to September. When eggs can be obtained early, it is
-possible to rear moths from them in August of the same year.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, in some southern districts in late May.
-
-As it conceals itself during the day among its food plant, or other
-vegetation around, it may be put up therefrom by gently stirring the
-herbage; but it flies freely about sundown, and is then easily netted.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland, up to
-Moray. In Ireland it is local and not plentiful, and the same is the case
-in the North of England.
-
-SMALL RIVULET (_Perizoma alchemillata_).
-
-This species (Plate 83, Figs. 3 and 6) is exceedingly close to the last
-mentioned, but in a general way it is to be distinguished by its
-greyish-brown coloration. A stippled whitish stripe before the central
-band, usually only faintly indicated in _affinitata_, is fairly distinct as
-a rule. Although the outer edge of the central band is rather more
-irregular, the middle tooth is not so prominent as in _affinitata_.
-
-The rather plump caterpillar is purplish above and yellowish green below;
-three yellow lines on the back, the central one broad; the spiracles are
-black, and a little above them is another yellow line; head, black and
-glossy, and there are black shining plates on the first and last rings of
-the body, that on the first ring divided by the yellow central line
-(adapted from Porritt). It feeds, in August and September, in the seed
-capsules of hemp nettle (_Galeopsis tetrahit_), sometimes on the rarer _G.
-ladanum_, and is said to eat woundwort (_Stachys_) occasionally.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and, as in the case of the last species,
-may be stirred up from among its food plant or the surrounding vegetation,
-in lanes, and around wood borders. The species is widely distributed over
-the British Isles, except that it seems not to have been noticed in
-Scotland, north of Moray, although it occurs in the Hebrides.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 84.
-      1. GRASS RIVULET: _caterpillar_.
-      2. WAVED CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a. YELLOW SHELL: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 85.
-  1, 2. SANDY CARPET.
-     3. BARRED CARPET.
-   4-9. YELLOW SHELL.
-
-{207}
-
-SANDY CARPET (_Perizoma flavofasciata_).
-
-The pale ochreous-brown, or sandy, markings on the white fore wings of this
-species readily distinguish it from either of its allies. Variable in size,
-and also in the brownish tint of the markings; the central band is usually
-contracted below the middle, and not infrequently it is completely severed
-at this point. It is the _decolorata_ of Hubner, and although more
-generally known by that name, the earlier _flavofasciata_, Thunberg, will
-have to be adopted for this species. (Plate 85, Figs. 1 [male], 2
-[female].)
-
-The stoutish caterpillar is pale reddish ochreous with browner lines; head,
-brown and shining, plate on first and last rings of the body brown. It
-feeds on the flower buds, and on the immature seeds, of the red campion
-(_Lychnis dioica_), and the white campion (_L. vespertina_), but is more
-partial to the first named; in Ireland it is said to feed on bladder
-campion (_Silene inflata_).
-
-In July and August, or even later, the moth may be beaten out of hedgerows,
-sandy banks, and borders of woods, and sometimes disturbed from patches of
-the campion growing in thickets; in such places it is on the wing about
-sundown.
-
-Although local to some extent, it appears to be common enough in most of
-the counties of England and Wales. In Scotland, it is more or less
-generally common in Roxburghshire and Clydesdale, and is said to have been
-an inhabitant of Perthshire (Moncrieffe Hill). It appears to be very local
-in Ireland, but is recorded from Antrim, Derry, and Kerry, and noted as
-common at Larne in the first-named county. {208}
-
-GRASS RIVULET (_Perizoma albulata_).
-
-Although some English specimens approach the larger and whiter typical
-form, the species as it occurs in the British Isles is generally greyer,
-var. _griseata_, Staudinger; two examples of this form are shown on Plate
-83, Figs. 10 and 11. In the Shetland Isles, the species assumes a darker
-coloration, and is either well marked on the fore wings, as in Fig. 14, or
-almost plain, as in Fig. 13 (ab. _thules_, Weir), which is an extreme
-aberration of the form _subfasciaria_, Boheman. In other examples of a deep
-leaden grey, or brown tint, the central area is no darker than the rest of
-the wing. In the Isle of Lewis a white form with faint markings is
-prevalent, and this leads up to a clear white aberration devoid of
-markings, ab. _niveata_, Stephens, = _hebudium_, Weir.
-
-The wrinkled caterpillar, which feeds, in July and August, on the seeds of
-the yellow rattle (_Rhinanthus crista-galli_), and lives in the capsule, is
-whitish, inclining to greenish, dotted with black, and striped with dark
-green on the back and sides; head, black and glossy; plates and first and
-last rings of the body dusky. (Plate 84, Fig. 1.)
-
-The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later. It occurs chiefly in dry
-meadows where the yellow rattle flourishes, and is to be seen on the wing,
-often in large numbers, in the late afternoon about sundown. Generally
-abundant in suitable places, throughout the British Isles.
-
-THE BARRED RIVULET (_Perizoma bifasciata_).
-
-Haworth described two forms of this species, and a specimen of each is
-shown on our Plate 83. Fig. 4 represents _bifasciata_ (_bifaciata_, the
-Double-barred Rivulet), and Fig. 5 depicts {209} _unifasciata_ (the
-Single-barred Rivulet). The chief difference appears to be that in the type
-(_bifasciata_) the "rivulets" are white and distinct, thus bringing out a
-dark band between the central one and the base of the wing.
-
-The stoutish caterpillar is pale brown, inclining to ochreous on the back,
-along which are three lines, the central one greyish, and the others
-whitish shaded with greyish; a whitish stripe low down along the sides; the
-usual dots are black, and the spiracles are black, margined with ochreous
-(adapted from Fenn). In September and October it feeds in the seed capsules
-of _Bartsia odontites_, and is often plentiful; Mr. G. F. Mathew records
-obtaining nearly five hundred from three small bundles of the food plant
-gathered in the Harwich district.
-
-The moth is out in July and August, but is not often seen in the daytime,
-and is not taken very frequently, even when flying at night, but it comes
-to light, and visits flowers.
-
-From chrysalids obtained from caterpillars reared in 1900, Mr. Robert Adkin
-bred ten moths in 1901, eleven in 1902, two in 1903, five in 1904, and two
-in 1905.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and the south of
-Scotland, but it is most frequent in the south of England. Not much is
-known of it in Ireland, but it has been noted from counties Dublin, Louth,
-and Derry.
-
-HEATH RIVULET (_Perizoma minorata_).
-
-The British form of this species (Plate 83, Figs. 9, 12) is rather smaller
-and darker than typical _minorata_, Treitschke, and as Stephens has figured
-and described it as _ericetata_, this name should be adopted for our native
-race.
-
-The white fore wings have a greyish basal patch and three bands of the same
-colour; the outer one is traversed by a more or less distinct wavy whitish
-line; the band nearest the basal patch is sometimes very faint; more rarely
-the markings are {210} absent from the central area of the wings (ab.
-_monticola_, Staud.), and a specimen approaching this form has been taken
-in Perthshire.
-
-The caterpillar is pale green with a dark-green edged ochreous brown stripe
-along the middle of the back, and green stripes on each side; the usual
-dots are black, and the plates on first and last rings are brown, as also
-is the head. It feeds, in September, on the seeds of eyebright (_Euphrasia
-officinalis_).
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and is found very locally, flying in
-the late afternoon among its food plant, on the moorlands and
-pasture-grounds of Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Westmorland; and
-has been reported from Hawkshead, in Lancashire. In Scotland, it is common
-in suitable parts of Roxburghshire and several localities in Clydesdale;
-thence widely spread to the Orkneys. Only noted from the Mourne Mountains
-in the north-east of Ireland, but probably to be found in other parts of
-that country.
-
-PRETTY PINION (_Perizoma blandiata_).
-
-This species (Plate 83, Figs. 7, 8) is also known as _adaequata_,
-Borkhausen, the name under which it is catalogued by Staudinger. As a rule
-the central band on the whitish fore wings is only represented by a round,
-or sometimes triangular, blackish spot on the front margin, a smaller
-blackish mark on the inner margin, and some dusky clouding between these
-two portions. In specimens from the Hebrides the band is more or less
-complete, and in some of them it is very much narrowed, especially towards
-the inner margin (ab. _coarctata_, Prout).
-
-The caterpillar is green, with three crimson lines, the outer ones bent
-inwards to the central one on the middle of each ring; two lines above and
-one below the yellowish spiracular line are pink; head green, tinged and
-freckled with pink. It {211} feeds in September on the flowers and seeds of
-the eyebright (_Euphrasia officinalis_).
-
-The moth is out from late May to July, and its habits are similar to those
-of the last species. In Scotland it appears to be commoner than in other
-parts of the British Isles, its range extending from Clydesdale to the
-Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetland; but it has been recorded from Cumberland,
-and once from Durham. In Wales it has been taken at Dolgelly, in
-Merionethshire. Prout states that in 1902 he secured two specimens near Cwm
-Bychan, and that the species has since been captured regularly in the
-locality. It is widely distributed throughout Kerry and Galway, and also
-recorded from Cork and Derry, in Ireland.
-
-THE BARRED CARPET (_Perizoma taeniata_).
-
-This species is shown on Plate 85, Fig. 3. There are two forms of the
-central band of the fore wings, which in the type as figured by Stephens is
-broad, but is narrow in ab. _arctaria_, Herrich-Schaeffer =
-_angustifasciata_, Staud. The colour of the bands may be greyer or browner
-than in the specimen figured, and the ochreous general colour of the fore
-wings is more tinged with brown in some specimens than in others.
-
-The rather bristly caterpillar is light brown with a pinkish tinge; the
-back is marked with browner diamonds and some black dots, and there is a
-yellow stripe along the sides. It feeds on moss (Hodgkinson, _Entom._
-xxviii. 241) growing in damp places, hibernates when quite small, and
-reappears about April, when it seems to prefer the fruit of the moss, but
-will also thrive on chickweed. The moths appear from the end of June, and
-may be found, but in wasted condition, up to early September.
-
-The species is extremely local, and in its secluded haunts may be found on
-the trunks of holly and yew trees, or it may {212} be disturbed from the
-branches of such trees, or from hedgerows, etc.
-
-In Britain the species seems to have been first noted in Castle Eden Dene,
-Durham (1825), and subsequently in Cumberland (Flimby, near Maryport),
-Westmorland, Lancashire (Arnside and Silverdale), Yorkshire (Scarborough),
-Derbyshire (Dovedale), Arthog in North Wales, and Tintern in Monmouthshire.
-The only English locality for it south of Monmouth is Watersmeet, near
-Lynton, in North Devon. In Scotland, it has been noted from Rannoch and
-Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, and from Dalmallin, in Argyllshire. It has a
-wide distribution in Ireland, and is common in some parts of that country,
-as at Killarney, Co. Kerry, and Rockwood, in Sligo.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland; it is represented in Japan by
-_fulvida_, Butler, and in North America by _basaliata_, Walker.
-
-YELLOW SHELL (_Camptogramma bilineata_).
-
-This very common and generally distributed species is subject to a good
-deal of variation in the tint of ground colour, and also in the greater or
-lesser amount of black marking. On Plate 85 six specimens are shown; Figs.
-4, 5 represent the more frequent form in most localities, but in many
-districts ab. _infuscata_, Gumppenberg (Fig. 6), is hardly less common; in
-some specimens the central band is entirely blackish, and occasionally the
-middle area of the band is partly or wholly whitish. Sometimes the wings
-are uniformly yellow without markings, but such aberrations are scarce, or
-have not been noted often. A small form occurring in the Hebrides and the
-Shetlands, var. _atlantica_, Staud., has the wings generally darkened;
-Figs. 7-9 depict three specimens from the Isle of Lewis. Portraits of two
-very local Irish forms will be found on Plate 61; one is ab. _hibernica_,
-Prout (Fig. 5), and the other approaches the dark ab. _isolata_, Kane (Fig.
-6).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 86.
-     1-6. JULY HIGHFLYER.
-    7-10. MAY HIGHFLYER.
-  11, 12. RUDDY HIGHFLYER.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 87.
-  1. JULY HIGHFLYER: _eggs and caterpillars_.
-  2. MAY HIGHFLYER: _caterpillar_.
-
-{213} The eggs, which are laid loosely, are yellowish or pale straw colour
-(Plate 84, Fig. 3a). Caterpillar, stoutish, green inclining to yellowish;
-three lines on the back, the central one dark green, and the others
-yellowish, as also are the ring divisions; a pale wavy line low down along
-the sides. In some examples the general colour is pale greyish-brown,
-inclining to reddish brown. It feeds on grass, dock, chickweed, and various
-low-growing plants, from August to May, and is often abundant in hay
-meadows (Fig. 3, Plate 84, is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich). The
-moth occurs throughout the summer, and is very plentiful (often a pest) in
-almost every hedgerow and most bushy places.
-
-JULY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena furcata_).
-
-Some idea of the variable character of this species (_sordidata_, Fab., and
-_elutata_, Hubner) may be formed from the selection of half a dozen
-examples shown on Plate 86. The typical form has the fore wings greyish,
-with dark bands as in Fig. 1, and a modification without the dark bands
-seems to be ab. _cinereata_, Prout. In the form _sordidata_, Fabricius, the
-general colour of the fore wings is greenish, and the bands are dark; ab.
-_obliterata_, Prout, is of the same colour, but the bands are absent. Ab.
-_fusco-undata_, Donovan, has the general colour reddish, with dark bands;
-without dark bands it becomes _testaceata_, Prout. Blackish or sooty forms
-are referable to _infuscata_, Staud. (Fig. 4). Frequently in the green
-forms, and less often in the reddish, there is a broad whitish central
-stripe, and a narrow one on the basal area; in the green form again the
-basal and central areas are occasionally crossed by red bands, and this is
-one of the prettiest forms of the species and, so far as I know, occurs
-only in the large sallow-feeding race; {214} it possibly represents ab.
-_fusco-undata_, which is most frequent in the smaller moorland race.
-
-The egg (Plate 87, Fig. 1b) when figured, February 8, 1908, was whitish as
-regards the shell, but the interior was dark greenish. In April the
-caterpillar appeared to be formed, but it did not leave the shell until
-early in May.
-
-The full-grown caterpillar (Plate 87, Figs. 1, 1a) is brownish, inclining
-to blackish; whitish between the rings, white lines along the back and
-sides, and tinged with red along the spiracular region. It feeds, in May
-and June, on sallow, willow, poplar, hazel, bilberry, and heather. The moth
-is out in July and August, but I have seen the small bilberry-feeding form
-(Plate 86, Figs. 5, 6) on a corner of Exmoor, North Devon, in great
-profusion in late June, whilst in the same district the sallow-feeding,
-larger form appeared about a fortnight later, at which time specimens among
-bilberry were not numerous, and rather shabby in appearance.
-
-Except perhaps in the Shetlands, this species is to be found in all parts
-of the British Isles. It is very common in hedgerows, and around the
-margins of woods; the smaller race frequents woods where bilberry is
-established, and also occurs on mountains and moors.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, China, Japan, and also to North
-America.
-
-MAY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena impluviata_).
-
-The typical and commoner form of this species is shown on Plate 86, Figs. 7
-and 8. The ground colour, usually pale green, is sometimes almost white,
-but more frequently it is tinged with greyish brown, thus leading up to the
-blackish ab. _infuscata_, Prout (Figs. 9, 10).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 88.
-      1. ROYAL MANTLE.
-    2-4. SHOULDER-STRIPE.
-   5, 6. BARBERRY CARPET.
-   7, 8. THE STREAMER.
-  9, 10. THE FLAME.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 89.
-  1, 1a. SHOULDER-STRIPE: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-  2, 2a. STREAMER: _eggs and caterpillars_.
-
-{215} The caterpillar is brownish grey, or purplish grey, dotted with black
-and dappled with dark brown; of the three lines along the back, the central
-one is black and swells out on the middle of each ring, the others are
-pale; a clear stripe of the ground colour below the black spiracles, and a
-slender line above them. The general colour is sometimes pale pinky brown
-or ochreous. It feeds on alder throughout the summer and autumn, and may be
-found in its domicile of spun-together dry leaves even in November, and
-sometimes later. Occasionally, a few caterpillars will feed up quickly, and
-attain the moth state in July or August, but the bulk do not become
-chrysalids until later in the year, and the moths emerge therefrom in May
-and early June. (Plate 87, Fig. 2.)
-
-The species seems to occur, more or less freely, wherever there are alders
-throughout the greater part of the British Isles.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland.
-
-RUDDY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena ruberata_).
-
-This species is most readily distinguished from the last by the short
-oblique black streak on the tips of the rather narrower fore wings; there
-are also black streaks between the veins and below the tips of the wings,
-as in the last species, but they are generally shorter and often hardly
-traceable.
-
-The ground colour ranges from pale grey (sometimes with a green tinge),
-through brownish grey to reddish brown; usually central and outer marginal
-bands of a darker shade are present, but these characters may be very
-indistinct or entirely lost in the general coloration. (Plate 86, Figs. 11
-and 12.)
-
-The caterpillar is pale brown, dappled with grey; three dark greyish lines
-along the back; spiracles and the usual dots black, the latter with fine
-hairs; head, reddish brown, plates on first and last rings of the body
-light brown. It feeds, at night, during the summer and autumn, on sallow
-and willow, spinning together the leaves at the top of a twig to form a
-retreat during the day. {216}
-
-The moth is found in hedges, woods, and on heaths, in May and June; it may
-be occasionally beaten out of sallow bushes, but flies in the early
-evening, and is then more readily obtained. The species is widely
-distributed, but not generally common, in England and Wales, and in
-Scotland to Perthshire and probably further north, as it is found in
-Orkney, where specimens are numerous but rather small in size, and the
-caterpillars, according to McArthur, feed on heather as well as on sallow.
-Decidedly uncommon in Ireland, but it has been met with, in most instances
-singly, in Armagh, Tyrone, Westmeath, Kerry, Galway, and Sligo.
-
-ROYAL MANTLE (_Anticlea cucullata_).
-
-This species (Plate 88, Fig. 1) is also known as _sinuata_, Hubner. The
-white fore wings have a blackish patch at the base and a blackish mark on
-the front margins beyond the middle; the former is separated into two parts
-by a pale reddish-brown band, and there is a reddish band, most distinct on
-the front area, beyond the black mark; in some specimens these bands are
-greyish.
-
-The caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to yellowish, with two black
-or purplish stripes, enclosing a broader pale yellow one, along the back;
-head, green, freckled with black. It feeds on the flowers of bedstraw
-(_Galium mollugo_, and _G. verum_), in July and August, or later in some
-seasons.
-
-The moth is out in late June and in July, and occasionally may be disturbed
-from its food plant or the surrounding herbage. About dusk it is on the
-wing, and later is attracted by light. It seems to occur in most of the
-English counties from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks., Oxon., Herts, and
-the eastern counties. Always local, and except in the east, where it is
-found in the Breck-sand area, most frequent in chalky localities. Barrett
-notes a specimen from Knowle, Warwickshire, and there are at {217} least
-two records from Scotland (Perthshire). In Ireland, Mr. W. F. de V. Kane
-took one example from a wall in co. Clare, and another has been recorded
-from Galway.
-
-The range of the species abroad extends to Siberia and Amurland; and it is
-represented in Corea and Japan by _A. yokohamae_, Butler.
-
-THE SHOULDER STRIPE (_Anticlea badiata_).
-
-The ground colour of the fore wings is pale ochreous brown, inclining to
-whitish; there are three dark-edged black cross-lines, the first of them
-sharply bent below the front margin, the second is rather oblique, and the
-third is wavy and often not clearly defined towards the inner margin; the
-outer marginal area is broadly bordered with pale reddish brown or dark
-purplish brown, there is a black streak from the more or less indistinct,
-whitish submarginal line to the tips of the wings, and a white mark about
-the middle of the line; the ground colour is most in evidence on the
-central area of the wings, but even here it is frequently reduced to a
-slender band, or occasionally only a patch near the front margin of the
-wing. (Plate 88, Figs. 2-4.)
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 89, Fig. 1) is green, inclining to yellow between
-the rings; the spiracles are black, and there is sometimes a pinkish brown
-or purplish stripe along their area. Varies in general colour, and also in
-marking. It feeds, at night, on wild rose, and may be beaten from the
-bushes from May to July. When full grown it forms an oval cocoon in the
-earth, and therein changes to a chrysalis (Plate 89, Fig. 1a), which is
-dark reddish brown, inclining to blackish on the thorax, wing-cases, and
-the front edges of the body rings.
-
-The moth appears in March and April, and may be obtained from almost any
-hedgerow, where wild rose is plentiful, throughout the British Isles,
-except that it seems not to extend north of Moray in Scotland. {218}
-
-BARBERRY CARPET (_Anticlea berberata_).
-
-The fore wings are greyish or whitish, tinged with grey; there are two
-dark-edged black lines on the basal half, and a black line beyond the
-middle of the wings; the latter has a conspicuous tooth in its upper half,
-but the lower wavy half is indistinct; there is a black streak in the tip
-of the wing. (Plate 88, Figs. 5, 6.)
-
-The stout and roughened caterpillar is brown, with indistinct darker
-stripes along the back; the head is brown, checkered with darker brown. It
-feeds, in June and July, on barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_); there is a
-second brood in late August and September.
-
-The moth is out in May and early June, and again in August. Although it
-certainly has been noted from other parts of England, the species seems at
-present to be confined to the eastern counties. Barrett gives Somerset
-also.
-
-THE FLAME (_Anticlea rubidata_).
-
-The markings on the reddish fore wings of this species (Plate 88, Figs. 9
-and 10) are somewhat similar to those of the last mentioned, but there is
-no black streak in the tips of the wings, and the upper part of the outer
-black line is not toothed. The lower central area is often greyish, and the
-reddish ground colour is sometimes obscured.
-
-The caterpillar is pale brown, sometimes greyish or greenish tinged, with
-obscure darker diamond-shaped marks on the back; a black central line,
-indistinct on the middle rings; under side striped and lined with pale and
-dark brown; head, with a black V-shaped mark. It feeds, in July and early
-August, on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_ and _G. verum_), and will eat
-cleavers or goosegrass (_G. aparine_) in confinement.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 90.
-  1. BLOMER'S RIVULET: _caterpillar_.
-  2. SMALL WHITE WAVE: _caterpillar_.
-  3. HAWORTH'S PUG: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 91.
-   1, 3. DINGY SHELL.
-   2, 4. SMALL YELLOW WAVE.
-   5, 6. SMALL WHITE WAVE.
-   7, 9. WAVED CARPET.
-  8, 10. BLOMER'S RIVULET.
-
-{219}
-
-The moth flies in June and July, and in the daytime may be readily
-disturbed from hedges in localities on the chalk in the southern half of
-England and Wales, especially in the seaboard counties from Kent to
-Cornwall. It has been recorded from Derbyshire and Yorkshire, and once from
-the Isle of Arran (_Entom._ xv. 250).
-
-THE STREAMER (_Anticlea nigrofasciaria_).
-
-The two examples of this species depicted on Plate 88 show the ordinary
-form with the central area of the fore wings greyish brown (Fig. 7, Essex),
-and a New Forest specimen in which the central area is whitish (Fig. 8).
-
-The long caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish between the rings; a
-purplish, or reddish-brown, stripe along the back is broken up into spots
-on the middle rings. It feeds on the flowers and leaves of wild rose, and
-can be found or beaten out in May and June. (Plate 89, Figs. 2, larva, 2a,
-ova.)
-
-The moth is out in April and early May, and is often seen at rest on
-palings, etc., but it occurs chiefly in hedgerows, along which it flies at
-dusk.
-
-This species (also known as _derivata_, Borkhausen) is pretty well
-distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland up to Sutherlandshire. In
-Ireland it seems to be local.
-
-DINGY SHELL (_Euchoeca obliterata_).
-
-This pale ochreous brown species (Plate 91) is in the male (Fig. 1) more or
-less sprinkled and shaded with darker brown, and the three brown cross
-lines are consequently often obscure, and rarely as distinct as in the
-female (Fig. 3).
-
-The green caterpillar has a yellow line running down the middle of a black
-stripe along the back, and this stripe is {220} bordered on each side with
-yellow, and broken up by the yellow ring divisions; head, with a black spot
-on each side. It feeds, in July and August, on alder.
-
-The moth is out in June and early July, and will be found in almost every
-locality in England where the alder flourishes, most plentifully, perhaps,
-on the eastern and western sides. It has been recorded from North and South
-Wales, but it does not seem to have been noted from Ireland or Scotland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-SMALL WHITE WAVE (_Asthena candidata_).
-
-The delicately lined white moth shown on Plate 91, Figs. 5 [male] and 6
-[female], is chiefly a woodland species. It is generally common in the
-south of England, occurs more or less frequently throughout the northern
-half, and is widely distributed in Wales. In Scotland, it is said to be
-locally common in Clydesdale, and to be found in Arran and in Perthshire.
-It is plentiful at Dromoland, co. Clare, Ireland, not uncommon in parts of
-Galway, and once recorded from Wicklow.
-
-The caterpillar is found, in July and August, on birch, hazel, and wild
-rose. In general colour it is green, inclining to bluish at each end, and
-tinged with yellowish along the ridge on the sides; the back is marked with
-crimson. (Plate 90, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.)
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes July, and individuals of a
-second generation occasionally appear in August or September.
-
-SMALL YELLOW WAVE (_Asthena luteata_).
-
-This pretty little species (Plate 91, Figs. 2 and 4) has the pale yellowish
-wings marked with ochreous brown lines, which vary in thickness, and a dash
-of the same colour on the fore wings, from the central pair of lines to the
-middle of the outer margin.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 92.
-  1. GREY PUG: _egg and caterpillar_.
-  2. LIME SPECK PUG: _caterpillars_.
-  3. COMMON PUG: _caterpillar_.
-  4. NETTED PUG: _caterpillar_.
-  5. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG: _caterpillar_.
-  6. CURRANT PUG: _caterpillar_.
-  7. BORDERED PUG: _chrysalids_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 93.
-         1, 4. LIME SPECK PUG.
-  2, 5, 8, 11. NETTED PUG.
-        7, 10. FOXGLOVE PUG.
-         3, 6. TOADFLAX PUG.
-            9. MARBLED PUG.
-           12. DWARF PUG.
-
-{221} The caterpillar, which feeds in August and September, on maple, and
-in the northern counties on alder, is green, inclining to whitish between
-the rings.
-
-The moth is out in June and early July, sometimes from mid May in warm
-localities. It is widely distributed over England and Wales, and in the
-southern counties of England it occurs in hedges wherever the maple grows,
-but in the midlands and northwards it is chiefly found among alder. In
-Scotland it is local and rare in Clydesdale, and is known to occur in
-Perthshire.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-WAVED CARPET (_Asthena testaceata_).
-
-The typical, greyish-dusted, white form is depicted on Plate 91, Figs. 7
-[male] and 9 [female]. Mr. E. R. Bankes states (_Entom._, xl. 33) that in
-one restricted area in mid-Kent this species varies in the direction of
-melanism, and he describes two forms as under: ab. _intermedia_ has the
-usual coloration, but the wings are thickly dusted with dusky brown,
-chiefly along the front edge of the fore wings, and the cross lines are
-more distinct than in the type. In ab. _goodwini_ all the wings have the
-whitish ground colour largely obscured by dusky brown powdering.
-
-The rather spindle-shaped caterpillar is purplish brown, inclining to
-greenish on the sides and below at each end; on the back of the middle
-rings are whitish V-marks, and the last three rings incline to purplish red
-above (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on the young leaves of alder, birch,
-and sallow, in July and August. The moth is out in June, and hides by day
-among the bushes, but may be seen occasionally {222} on tree-trunks. Its
-haunts are in damp woods and plantations, and it occurs in most of the
-English and Welsh counties, although it is rarely common, except in the
-south of England. In Ireland it has been noted as scarce in counties
-Wicklow, Kerry, Galway, and Sligo.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-BLOMER'S RIVULET (_Asthena blomeri_).
-
-The earliest British specimens of this species (Plate 91, Figs. 8 [male]
-and 10 [female]) were taken in Castle Eden Dean, Durham, and among the
-first to detect these was Captain Blomer, after whom Curtis named the
-species in 1832. It is still found in that locality, but is also known to
-occur in Cumberland, Lancs., Yorks., Derby, Staffs., Merionethshire,
-Worcester, Hereford, Glamorgan, Gloucester, Somerset, Devon, Wilts.,
-Oxford, and Bucks.
-
-The slender caterpillar is yellowish green, generally marked with
-pinkish-brown on the back, but most or all such markings may be absent. It
-feeds, on wych elm (_Ulmus montana_) (Plate 90, Fig. 1), in August and
-September. The moth is out in June and July, earlier or later in some
-seasons. As a rule, it sits on the trunks of beech trees, but I have seen
-it on the stems of cherry and fir, though hardly ever on wych-elm.
-Occasionally, newly emerged specimens have been noted on the leaves of
-dog's mercury (_Mercurialis perennis_).
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-LIME-SPECK PUG (_Eupithecia oblongata_).
-
-The characteristic features of this white, or greyish white, species (Plate
-93, Figs. 1 and 4) is the bluish grey blotch on the front margin, in the
-lower end of which is the black discal {223} spot. Occasionally, the blotch
-is much reduced in size, but it is usually large, and sometimes there are
-indications of a dusky stripe from it to the inner margin.
-
-When freshly laid, the egg is whitish, but changes to pale orange. The
-caterpillar (Plate 92, Figs. 2, 2a) is greenish, with more or less
-connected reddish marks on the back, or green inclining to yellowish, or
-bluish, without markings. It feeds through the summer on flowers of
-ragwort, knapweed, scabious, yarrow, golden rod, etc.
-
-The moth, which is often common in gardens, is out from May to August, and
-specimens of a second brood occur in September and October.
-
-It is widely distributed over the British Islands, but in Scotland it does
-not, apparently, extend north of Perthshire.
-
-FOXGLOVE PUG (_Eupithecia pulchellata_).
-
-The fore wings are pale ochreous brown with a dusky basal patch limited by
-a black line; a greyish central band inclining to blackish near the costa,
-and clouded with ochreous below the middle; the black-and-white edges are
-wavy; a reddish stripe across the wing before the central band, and a
-similar, but more irregular, one beyond the band. The hind wings are
-whitish grey, with several dark-grey bands (Plate 93, Figs. 7 [male], 10
-[female]).
-
-In var. _hebudium_, Sheldon, from the Hebrides, the usual reddish stripes
-are replaced by narrower dark-brown ones; the space left by the reduction
-in width is white, giving the insect a decidedly grey appearance.
-
-The caterpillar lives in the flowers of the foxglove (_Digitalis purpurea_)
-and feeds therein upon the stamens and the immature seeds. It enters by
-boring through the side walls, and then secures the longer lobe of the
-blossom to the shorter upper one with a few silken threads. Tenanted
-flowers have {224} a rather faded look and are easily detected. July is the
-best month, but the caterpillar may be found earlier as well as later.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and is found in almost every part of the
-British Isles where the foxglove is common.
-
-TOADFLAX PUG (_Eupithecia linariata_).
-
-Very similar to the last species, but generally smaller, neater and more
-glossy looking. The central band of the fore wing is blacker, without
-ochreous clouding below the middle, and the edges are not wavy. The hind
-wings are darker, and the only distinct band is a whitish one beyond the
-middle (Plate 93, Figs. 3, 6).
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a series of dull olive or rust
-coloured spots or bars along the back, bordered on each side by a dusky
-olive line; in some examples the markings are absent (Crewe). It feeds in
-the flowers of yellow toadflax (_Linaria vulgaris_), and may be reared on
-flowers of the snapdragon (_Antirrhinum_). It is hardly necessary to
-examine each blossom separately to find the caterpillar, except, perhaps,
-to make sure when doubtful about the quarry being there. Probably, a
-handful of the flower sprays gathered in August or September in any
-locality in the southern half of England where the food plant abounds would
-furnish moths in the following May or June. The _Linaria_ should be secured
-on a dry day for choice, but when brought home it need not be put in water;
-just throw it into an airy breeding cage, and hopefully await emergence of
-the perfect insects in due course. Sometimes caterpillars attain the moth
-state the same year.
-
-The range of the species in England extends to Durham, but it seems to be
-rather uncommon from the Midlands northwards. It is found in Wales, and has
-been recorded once from Scotland (Inverurie), and once from Ireland
-(Dublin). {225}
-
-MARBLED PUG (_Eupithecia irriguata_).
-
-The fore wings are whitish and rather shining, the discal spot is black and
-very distinct, but the dark grey-brown markings, which are only well
-defined on the front and outer marginal areas, vary in intensity (Plate 93,
-Fig. 9).
-
-The long, slender and roughened caterpillar is dull yellowish green; three
-lines along the back, the central one reddish and expanded on the middle
-rings, the others yellowish; head, reddish. It feeds on oak, in late May
-and in June. The moth is out in April and May, and is sometimes found on
-fences or palings in the neighbourhood of oak woods, but may be jarred from
-the oak boughs, on the undersides of which it usually sits.
-
-The New Forest in Hants is, perhaps, the best British locality for the
-species, but it has been found in Dorset (Glanville's Wootton), Devon
-(Exeter district, Tiverton, etc.), Sussex (Abbots Wood, St. Leonard's
-Forest, etc.), Wilts. (Savernake Forest); also oak woods in Surrey, Berks.,
-Gloucester, Hereford and Glamorgan. On the eastern side it occurs in
-Suffolk (Bury and Needham), and Norfolk.
-
-DWARF PUG (_Eupithecia pusillata_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 93, Fig. 12) are pale greyish white,
-discal spot black, cross lines irregular dark grey inclining to brownish,
-usually most distinct on the front margin.
-
-The long, slender caterpillar is orange-red or dull ochreous green; three
-dusky olive lines along the back, the central one often only distinct on
-the front rings; a yellow line low down along the sides. It feeds, in June
-and early July, on spruce (_Picea excelsa_). The moth is out in May and
-June, and rests by day among the branches of the spruce. {226}
-
-The species is very local, but is found in Kent (West Wickham, etc.),
-Surrey (Mickleham district), Hants (New Forest), Devon (Exeter district,
-Plymouth), Wilts. (Watlington district), and Suffolk.
-
-OCHREOUS PUG (_Eupithecia indigata_).
-
-Captured specimens of this pale greyish-ochreous-brown species nearly
-always have a washed-out appearance, and even freshly emerged examples are
-unattractive. In some specimens, cross lines are more or less traceable on
-the fore wings; in others four or five tiny dusky dots will be noted on the
-front edge; as a rule, the only clearly defined character is the black
-discal spot (Plate 96, Fig. 1).
-
-The long caterpillar is greenish-yellow or yellowish-red; three lines on
-the back, the central one brownish, but often only distinct on the front
-rings; the others, and also one low down along the sides, yellowish; head,
-reddish (adapted from Crewe). It feeds, in June and July, on pine and
-larch, or may be reared on juniper.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes there seems to be another
-emergence in the latter part of the summer. It frequents pine-woods, where
-it rests upon the trunks and branches of the trees.
-
-Generally distributed over the whole of England; has been found in South
-Wales, and occurs in Perthshire, in Scotland. In Ireland, it has been noted
-from Tyrone, Derry, and Galway.
-
-PINION-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia insigniata_).
-
-The greyish white fore wings have a blackish basal line, and three slender
-double lines between this and the outer margin; three blotches on the front
-margin of the wings, the middle one blackish, the others brown with dashes
-of the same colour below; discal spot, black and streak-like (Plate 96,
-Fig. 2).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 94.
-  1. PLAIN PUG: _caterpillars_.
-  2. DARK SPINACH: _caterpillars_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 95.
-         1. PIMPINEL PUG.
-         4. THYME PUG.
-         7. BLEACHED PUG.
-  3, 6, 10. WORMWOOD PUG.
-         9. CURRANT PUG.
-     2, 12. LING PUG.
-         5. CAMPANULA PUG.
-     8, 11. JASIONE PUG.
-
-{227} The long, slightly roughened caterpillar is green, inclining to
-yellowish, especially between the rings; reddish marks on the back
-connected by a slender line of the same colour; head, green, flecked with
-reddish. It feeds, on apple, eating flowers and leaves, in May and June.
-Also said to eat hawthorn and sloe. The moth is out in April and May, but
-it is rarely met with in the open. If, however, one is lucky enough to
-capture a female, and fertile eggs are obtained, moths should hardly fail
-to result. From these the stock might go on increasing year by year for
-quite a long period. Ten specimens presented to the National Collection of
-British Lepidoptera in 1904, by the late Mrs. Hutchinson, were bred in
-April of the previous year, and were the direct descendants of a female
-captured in 1874, at Grantsfield, Herefordshire.
-
-Other counties in England from which the species has been recorded
-are--Worcester (Birchwood), Gloucester, Somerset, Wilts., Hants (Hayling
-Island), Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Berks., Bucks., Huntingdon, Cambridge (once
-bred from mixed larvae beaten from hawthorn on the "Gogs"), Suffolk (beaten
-from hawthorn at Brandon, Tuddenham, etc.), and Norfolk.
-
-As _insigniata_, Hubner, is claimed to be at least two years older than
-_consignata_, Borkhausen, the former name will have to be adopted for this
-species.
-
-NETTED PUG (_Eupithecia venosata_).
-
-This moth has also been named by the old authors "the Pretty Widow Moth."
-On Plate 93 are shown four examples; the typical form (Fig. 2), in which
-the fore wings are pale greyish, with black cross lines, two of which are
-edged with whitish; var. _fumosae_, Gregson = _nubilata_, Bohatsch (Fig.
-5)--the Shetland race--is brownish grey, with the markings obscure; Fig. 8
-{228} represents a variegated modification of the last form, for which the
-name _bandanae_ was proposed by Gregson; Fig. 11 depicts another specimen,
-which in its light-brown colour closely approaches the Orkney form var.
-_ochracae_, Gregson = _orcadensis_, Prout.
-
-Specimens from North Devon have a rather darker tone of the typical
-coloration, and those from North Wales and from Ireland incline to
-brownish.
-
-The rather stumpy caterpillar is greyish brown above, and pale greenish or
-yellowish below; three darker brown lines along the back; head, blackish.
-It is found from late June to early August, in the seed capsules of
-catchfly (_Silene inflate_, _S. maritima_, etc.). Plate 92, Fig. 4, from a
-coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and is widely distributed over the British
-Isles.
-
-PIMPINEL PUG (_Eupithecia pimpinellata_).
-
-A portrait of this species, which, as a British insect, was first noted in
-Suffolk nearly sixty years ago, will be found on Plate 95, Fig. 1. The fore
-wings are pale brownish, except on the front edge, which is greyish; the
-black discal spot is distinct and rather long; the median vein and its
-branches are dotted with black, and most of the cross lines are only
-distinct on the front margin, where they are blackish; the rather wavy
-whitish submarginal line is sometimes marked with blackish. In some
-specimens the costal half of the fore wings is greyish, and the other
-portion only tinged with pale brownish.
-
-The long caterpillar is green, with three purplish lines along the back,
-the central one wider and more distinct than the others; the head is
-purple. Sometimes purple, with two lines of a deeper shade on each side of
-the back (Crewe). It feeds, in the autumn, on flowers of burnet-saxifrage
-(_Pimpinella_). {229} The moth is out in June and July, and in the late
-afternoon is occasionally put up from among its food plant or the herbage
-around, but such specimens are rarely worth keeping, unless of the female
-sex, when eggs may be obtained.
-
-The species has a wide distribution in England, especially in the southern
-half; it occurs in Wales, and also in Ireland, but not in Scotland.
-
-THYME PUG (_Eupithecia distinctaria_).
-
-This delicately marked species, better known, perhaps, as _constrictata_,
-Guenee (Plate 95, Fig. 4), has the fore wings whitish grey, with three
-slender blackish curved cross lines, and some less distinct greyish ones;
-the outer margin is slightly darker, and traversed by a wavy whitish line;
-discal spot black and conspicuous.
-
-I have not seen specimens from the Hebrides, but, according to Barrett,
-these have a more decided grey tint.
-
-The rather long, wrinkled caterpillar is dark green, inclining to yellowish
-between the rings, with a broad purplish red line along the back. It feeds
-on the flowers of wild thyme (_Thymus serpyllum_), in August and September.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and inhabits dry places where there is an
-abundant growth of wild thyme. It is easily alarmed, and quickly rises on
-the wing from its hiding-place among the herbage.
-
-The species is, or has been, found in most of the southern counties of
-England, from Sussex to Cornwall, on the western side from Somerset to
-Westmorland, including North Wales and the Isle of Man; also recorded from
-Buckinghamshire, Yorkshire (Richmond), and Northumberland. In Scotland it
-occurs chiefly on the west to Ross, and in the Hebrides; in Ireland it is
-widely spread, but most frequently met with on the coast. {230}
-
-BLEACHED PUG (_Eupithecia expallidata_).
-
-The ample wings light brown in colour, with large black discal spot, and
-smaller black marks on the front edge of the fore wings, distinguish this
-species (Plate 95, Fig. 7) from its closest British allies.
-
-The caterpillar feeds, in September and October, on flowers of golden rod
-(_Solidago virgaurea_), but it will thrive on those of michaelmas daisy,
-and probably the asters of the garden. It varies in ground colour, but this
-is usually some shade of green, and there are brownish spots and lines on
-the back.
-
-The moth is out from late June until August, and may be put up from among
-golden rod during the day, or netted as it flies about the plant in the
-gloaming.
-
-It is rather local, but occurs in most of the southern counties of England,
-from Kent to Devonshire, and westward from Somerset to Hereford and South
-Wales; also recorded from North Lancashire. Rare in Scotland, and only
-noted from Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. Reported from a few localities on
-the coast in Ireland.
-
-CURRANT PUG (_Eupithecia assimilata_).
-
-This species (Plate 95, Fig. 9) is similar in marking to that next
-mentioned, but the wings are shorter and rounder; the fore wings are a
-trifle redder in tint, and the white mark at the termination of the
-submarginal line is usually more conspicuous.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 96.
-     1. OCHREOUS PUG.
-     2. PINION-SPOTTED PUG.
-  3, 4. EDINBURGH PUG.
-   5-8. SATYR PUG.
-     9. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG, VAR. _ANGELICATA_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 97.
-      1. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG.
-   2, 5. BORDERED PUG.
-      3. LARCH PUG.
-   4, 7. COMMON PUG.
-      6. GREY PUG.
-  8, 11. TAWNY SPECKLED PUG.
-      9. PLAIN PUG.
-     10. GOLDEN-ROD PUG.
-     12. SCARCE PUG.
-     13. TRIPLE-SPOTTED PUG.
-     14. SHADED PUG.
-
-{231} The rather slender caterpillar, figured on Plate 92, Fig. 6, from a
-coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich, is yellowish green, inclining to yellow
-between the rings; three darker green lines on the back, the central one
-most distinct, the others rather broad and not well defined; sometimes the
-central line is tinged with brown, as also is the front edge of each ring.
-It feeds on currant and hop, and is said to eat the leaves of gooseberry
-also. The first brood is in June and July, and the second in the autumn.
-The moth is out in May and June and in August. It frequents gardens, and
-hides among the foliage, or occasionally sits on walls or palings; from
-hedges where the wild hop grows freely it may be beaten out in the daytime,
-but it flies in the twilight, sometimes in numbers, around the hop bines.
-
-Widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland up to Ross; in Ireland
-it has been noted from Tyrone, Dublin, Cork, Galway, and Sligo.
-
-WORMWOOD PUG (_Eupithecia absinthiata_).
-
-The fore wings are reddish or purplish brown; cross lines indistinct, but
-represented on the front edge by black marks; discal dot black, submarginal
-line whitish interrupted, often indistinct, except above the inner margin
-(Plate 95, Figs. 3, 6, 10). The short, stout, and roughened caterpillar
-varies in colour, and may be yellowish green, deep rose colour, or dirty
-reddish brown; a series of lozenge-shaped reddish spots on the back, faint
-towards each end (often absent in green forms); oblique yellow stripes on
-the sides form borders to the marks on the back (adapted from Crewe). It
-feeds, in the autumn, on the flowers of ragwort, golden rod, aster, yarrow,
-hemp agrimony, etc. The moth is out in June and July.
-
-The species is generally common in the south of England, and is widely
-distributed over the rest of that country, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland
-its range extends to Moray.
-
-Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland.
-
-LING PUG (_Eupithecia goossensiata_).
-
-The fore wings are rather narrower and more pointed at the tips than those
-of the last species; the ground colour of the fore wings is of a paler
-reddish brown, and frequently tinged {232} with greyish; the hind wings are
-usually greyish-brown (Plate 95, Figs. 2, 12). The caterpillar, which feeds
-in August and September on the flowers of heath (_Erica_), and ling
-(_Calluna_), is pinkish with dusky marks on the back, most distinct on the
-middle rings; a yellowish line low down along the side has dusky marks upon
-it; head, dusky olive, marked with white (adapted from Crewe).
-
-It may be mentioned here, that _knautiata_, Gregson, which was described as
-a distinct species, is by some authorities considered to be a form of this
-species, whilst others refer it to _absinthiata_. The caterpillar is
-stouter than that of _goossensiata_, varies in colour from whitish to
-green, and even purplish-brown, but not to pinkish; it feeds on the flowers
-and seeds of _Knautia arvensis_. The moth is out in June and July, and
-occurs on heaths and moors throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In
-Scotland, it is obtained freely in some parts of the south, and its range
-extends to the Orkneys.
-
-This species is the minutata of Guenee and other authors, but this name,
-being a synonym of _absinthiata_, will have to be discarded in favour of
-_goossensiata_, Mabille (1869).
-
-CAMPANULA PUG (_Eupithecia denotata_).
-
-The faint reddish tinged pale-brown fore wings distinguish this species
-(Plate 95, Fig. 5). The blackish marks on the front edge are minute, the
-cross lines are usually indistinct and often absent; the discal spot,
-however, is black and conspicuous, and the whitish submarginal line is very
-wavy. In general colour, the caterpillar is pale brownish; lines and marks
-on the back, dark brown or blackish. It feeds on the seeds of the
-nettle-leaved bell-flower (_Campanula trachelium_), and may be reared on
-the flowers of the various kinds of _Campanula_ grown in gardens: August
-and early September. {233} The moth is out in July, but is rarely seen in a
-state of nature. Caterpillars, however, are not uncommon, where the food
-plant is plentiful, in several of the English counties from Worcestershire
-southwards to Kent and Cornwall; also in Norfolk.
-
-This species is the _campanulata_ of most British authors.
-
-JASIONE PUG (_Eupithecia jasioneata_).
-
-Except that the ground colour inclines to dark greyish brown, and the cross
-markings are rather more in evidence, this species is somewhat similar to
-that last mentioned, pale specimens especially (Plate 95, Figs. 8, 11). The
-caterpillar feeds in the seed heads of sheep's bit (_Jasione montana_), is
-very like that of _denotata_ (_campanulata_), and occurs in the same
-months. Possibly this insect, which is regarded as purely British, may
-eventually be reduced to varietal rank. As pointed out by Mr. Prout, it is
-in its paler form not easily separable from _atraria_, Herrich-Schaeffer, a
-mountain form of _denotata_, Hubner. Whether species or variety, it is
-equally interesting to the student of British Lepidoptera from the fact
-that, up to the year 1878, it seems to have been unknown to entomologists.
-From its close allies, it stands out more distinctly than do _absinthiata_
-and _goossensiata_ from each other, and the latter can hardly escape a
-similar fate if _jasioneata_ is degraded.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, but it is very rarely seen at large,
-though caterpillars are found locally in Devon and Somerset, England; at
-Barmouth, in Merionethshire, North Wales; and in Cork and Kerry, Ireland.
-Possibly, it awaits discovery in several other parts of the British Isles,
-and almost certainly in the west of England. In ascertaining new localities
-for the species, the best method of investigation would be to search for
-the caterpillars. {234}
-
-WHITE-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia albipunctata_).
-
-This greyish brown species (Plate 97, Fig. 1) will be recognised by the
-white spot at the lower end of the whitish submarginal line on the fore
-wings; not infrequently there is a second white spot placed on the line
-about the middle, and sometimes a third near the front margin; the hind
-wings have a white dot at the anal angle, and, occasionally, a second is
-placed a little beyond. Ab. _angelicata_, Barrett, occurring with the type
-in the north of England, is blackish with the discal spot and the veins
-showing blacker, but without white spots. (Plate 96, Fig. 9.) The
-caterpillar is pale lemon yellow, or yellowish green; three brown lines
-along the back, the central one with brown marks upon it; some brownish
-marks on the sides. Variable in general colour, and the markings sometimes
-absent. It feeds on the flowers of angelica (_Angelica sylvestris_),
-hogweed (_Heracleum sphondylium_), and other Umbelliferae. It has also been
-reared on a diet of elder leaves: August, September, or even later. Our
-figure (Plate 92, Fig. 5) is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The
-moth emerges in May and June, sometimes earlier in confinement, and then a
-second generation has resulted in July.
-
-Widely distributed in England, in many localities the caterpillars are not
-uncommon, although the moth may never be seen at large. Also occurs in
-South Wales, in Scotland to Aberdeenshire; and in Ireland it has been found
-in Sligo and Cork.
-
-COMMON PUG (_Eupithecia vulgata_).
-
-This pug varies in colour from pale grey brown through reddish brown to
-blackish. In some of the lighter coloured specimens, the darker cross lines
-and the whitish submarginal lines are all well defined; more frequently,
-perhaps, most of the markings are indistinct or absent, but the small black
-discal dot and a white spot above the outer angle of the fore wing remain
-fairly clear. (Plate 97, Figs. 4, 7, ab. _subfuscata_, Haw.) The
-caterpillar (Plate 92, Fig. 3) is brownish, inclining to reddish, dotted
-with white; a series of dirty green marks along the back, and a pale yellow
-wavy line low down along the sides. It feeds on the leaves of sallow,
-hawthorn, bramble, bilberry, ragwort, golden-rod and various other plants.
-There are at least two broods in the year, one in June and July, and the
-other in the autumn. The moth flies in May and June, and again in August,
-and is often common, almost everywhere, over the greater part of the
-British Isles.
-
-The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 98.
-  1. LEAD-COLOURED PUG.
-  2. HAWORTH'S PUG.
-  3. VALERIAN PUG.
-  4. MARSH PUG.
-  5. SLENDER PUG.
-  6. MAPLE PUG.
-  7. ANGLE-BARRED PUG.
-  8. ASH PUG.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 99.
-    1, 2. NARROW-WINGED PUG.
-       3. BRINDLED PUG.
-       4. MOTTLED PUG.
-       5. OAK-TREE PUG.
-    6, 7. JUNIPER PUG.
-    8-10. DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG.
-  11, 12. CLOAKED PUG.
-
-{235}
-
-GOLDEN-ROD PUG (_Eupithecia virgaureata_).
-
-The fore wings of this obscurely marked species (Plate 97, Fig. 10) are
-pale greyish brown inclining to ochreous; the discal spot is black, the
-veins are marked with dark brown and white, and the whitish submarginal
-line terminates in a white spot above the inner angle.
-
-The caterpillar varies in colour from grey brown or purplish grey to
-reddish brown; a series of blackish triangular spots on the back, and
-yellowish oblique stripes on the sides. It feeds on the flowers of the
-golden-rod (_Solidago virgaurea_), in the autumn; also on ragwort
-(_Senecio_). The moth is out in May and early June, but in captivity there
-is apparently a second emergence in July and early August. The caterpillars
-from which these smaller and rather darker specimens result, hatch from the
-egg in May and feed on the flowers of beaked parsley (_Anthriscus
-sylvestris_).
-
-Widely distributed in England, Wales and Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to north-east Siberia; and the species has been
-recorded from Japan. {236}
-
-TRIPLE-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia trisignaria_).
-
-The most noticeable markings on the rather shiny, pale-brown fore wings of
-this species (Plate 97, Fig. 13) are the black discal spot and two blackish
-clouds above it on the front margin.
-
-The stoutish caterpillar is green, with three darker green lines along the
-back, and a wavy yellowish line low down along the sides; head, black. It
-feeds, in the autumn, on flowers and seeds of angelica and cow-parsnip, but
-the former is its chief food.
-
-June and July are the months for the moth, but it is rarely met with in the
-open. The only English counties in which the species has been noted are
-Surrey, Sussex, Dorset and Devon in the south; from Herefordshire in the
-west its range extends through Worcester, Warwick, Leicester, and Derby to
-Lancashire and York. In Scotland, Renton records it as common at Hawick, in
-Roxburghshire; and it was recorded from Argyllshire in 1902. Hardly known
-in Ireland.
-
-LARCH PUG (_Eupithecia lariciata_).
-
-This species (Plate 97, Fig. 3) is very like that next referred to, but the
-fore wings are rather longer, the ground colour is whiter, and the
-dark-grey or blackish cross lines are rather more angled and slanting; the
-hind wings are paler, and especially so on the front margins.
-
-The long caterpillar is bright green, with a darker green line along the
-back, merging into reddish on the last ring; sometimes reddish ochreous
-with the line along the back brownish. It feeds, in June and July, on
-larch, and will also eat spruce.
-
-The moth is out in May and early June, and may be jarred from larch trees,
-or sometimes be found at rest on their stems. {237}
-
-As a British species, it was first met with in Surrey, in 1862, then it was
-noted in Sussex, and shortly afterwards in Yorkshire. At the present time,
-it will probably be found in any locality where larch is plentiful.
-
-GREY PUG (_Eupithecia castigata_).
-
-Although, as the English name suggests, this insect is greyish, there is
-always a tinge of ochreous in the composition of its general colour (Plate
-97, Fig. 6). Not infrequently the ground colour is decidedly brownish in
-tint. The markings vary in clearness, but are most distinct in the paler
-forms. A blackish form occurs in the north of England, and in the
-Clydesdale district of Scotland, and was formerly known as the "Paisley
-Pug."
-
-The longish caterpillar (Plate 92, Fig. 1) is pale or dusky olive, varying
-to reddish brown, with a series of darker marks on the back. It feeds, from
-August to October, on the foliage of almost any plant.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and occasionally a few specimens emerge in
-the autumn. Generally distributed over the British Isles, but apparently
-not noted in the Orkneys and Shetlands.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.
-
-PLAIN PUG (_Eupithecia subnotata_).
-
-The fore wings of this species are pale ochreous brown, inclining to pale
-reddish on the outer marginal area; the most distinct markings are a pale
-cross band beyond the black discal dot, and a pale winding submarginal
-line. The hind wings are smoky grey, with whitish wavy cross lines, the
-most distinct being the outer (Plate 97, Fig. 9). The stoutish and somewhat
-{238} stumpy caterpillar is green, or pale yellowish brown, with three
-darker lines and marks on the back; a yellowish line low down on the sides.
-It feeds on flowers and seeds of orache (_Atriplex_), and goosefoot
-(_Chenopodium_): August and September. Figured on Plate 94, Figs. 1, 1a,
-from coloured drawings by Mr. A. Sich. In July, the moth may be disturbed
-from its food plant or adjacent herbage, or it may be seen resting on
-palings or fences. It flies at night, and will come to light.
-
-Not uncommon in many places in the southern half of England, and found in
-the rest of the country, chiefly on the coast, to Hartlepool in Durham,
-also in Wales. Once recorded from south Scotland, and only noted from the
-coast near Dublin, in Ireland.
-
-SCARCE PUG (_Eupithecia extensaria_).
-
-The conspicuously marked insect represented on Plate 97, Fig. 12, is, so
-far, only known to occur, in Britain, on the coasts of Norfolk and
-Yorkshire. It was first discovered in the latter county more than thirty
-years ago; about twelve years later it was found on the Norfolk coast, and
-caterpillars were also obtained from the sea wormwood (_Artemisia
-maritima_) in the autumn.
-
-The long caterpillar, which feeds on the flowers and foliage of its food
-plant, is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dusky and
-the others whitish; a white stripe low down along the sides is edged below
-with rosy brown. It will thrive on the cultivated southernwood or "lad's
-love" (_Artemisia abrotanum_).
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and may be found in its haunts among the
-sea wormwood, not only on the coast of Norfolk, but quite possibly, here
-and there, in suitable places on the east coast from Essex to the Humber.
-Caterpillars may be obtained in August and September. [Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 100.
-     1. V. PUG.
-   2-6. GREEN PUG, _and vars_.
-  7, 8. BILBERRY PUG.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 101.
-  1. MAGPIE: _caterpillars and chrysalis_.
-  2. CLOUDED MAGPIE: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillars_.
-
-{239}
-
-EDINBURGH PUG (_Eupithecia helveticaria_).
-
-The two examples of this species on Plate 96, Figs. 3, 4, are from the
-Pentland Hills, Scotland, and are referable to _anglicata_, Milliere. In
-this form, which is smaller than the type, the fore wings are grey brown,
-more or less tinged with reddish, and sometimes inclining to purplish; the
-whitish edged dark cross lines, especially the basal first and second, are
-usually distinct, and the veins are often marked with black and white. Ab.
-_arceuthata_, Freyer, a paler grey form, occurs in Buckinghamshire, and has
-also been reported from Surrey. The specimens from the latter county, at
-least those from the Dorking district, were subsequently referred to _E.
-satyrata_.
-
-The stoutish and rather rough caterpillar is green, with three lines along
-the back, the central one dark green, and the others white; a broad
-yellowish stripe low down along the sides. It feeds on juniper, in June and
-July, and sometimes again in September and October. The moth is out in
-April, May, and June, and a second brood may appear in August and
-September. The species seems to occur among juniper, in Scotland, from
-Roxburghshire to Sutherland. It is local in North Lancashire, has been
-reported from near Llandudno, North Wales, and, as adverted to above,
-occurs in Bucks.
-
-SATYR PUG (_Eupithecia satyrata_).
-
-Four specimens are depicted on Plate 96. Fig. 5 represents the typical pale
-brownish grey form, in which the cross lines are indistinct, and the veins
-are marked with white and dusky. Fig. 6 shows the rather browner, moorland
-ab. _callunaria_, Doubleday, and Figs. 7 and 8 depict two forms of the
-Shetland race, known as var. _curzoni_, Gregson. A much rarer form than
-{240} any of the above is the pale brownish ab. _pernotata_, Guenee
-(_cauchyata_, Meyrick).
-
-The caterpillar is greenish with a series of purplish-brown edged, dusky
-green, Y-shaped marks along the back; above the yellow spiracular line is a
-row of slanting purplish blotches; sometimes the general colour is paler,
-and the markings on the back and sides rosy; occasionally, the whole of the
-back is rosy (adapted from Crewe). It feeds on the flowers of knapweed
-(_Centaurea nigra_), scabious, hawkweed (_Hieracium_), heath, sallow, etc.,
-etc.: August and September.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and is found in woodlands, and on heaths
-and moors. It is widely distributed over the British Isles.
-
-BORDERED PUG (_Eupithecia succenturiata_).
-
-The fore wings are white, clouded and suffused with dark grey on all the
-margins. The greyish clouding sometimes covers the whole area of the wings,
-except a very limited space under the black discal spot (ab. _disparata_,
-Hubner). Plate 97, Figs. 2, a specimen from Lancs., 5, one from Surrey.
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown, paler in some specimens than in others; a
-series of blackish spear-head marks along the back, connected by a blackish
-line, and a dusky line on each side; a whitish line along the spiracles. It
-feeds, in September and October, on mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), tansy
-(_Tanacetum vulgare_), and yarrow (_Achillea_). It may be reared on garden
-Chrysanthemum. Chrysalis, dark buff, inclining to brown; wing cases olive
-green; figure 7 on Plate 92 is from a photo by Mr. Main, and is enlarged to
-twice the natural size.
-
-The moth is out in July and early August; it is not readily put up from its
-hiding-place among herbage, but at night, when on the wing, it will come to
-light. {241}
-
-The species is most frequent, perhaps, on the coast, but it is widely
-distributed over England and Wales. Rare in Ireland, and only noted from
-counties Armagh, Louth, and Dublin; Kane states that he met with it in some
-numbers on Lambay Island. Once reported from Ayrshire, Scotland.
-
-The Surrey specimen (Fig. 5) appears to be referable to _exalbidata_,
-Staudinger, a form occurring chiefly in Asia, but occasionally found in
-Germany and elsewhere in Europe.
-
-TAWNY SPECKLED PUG (_Eupithecia subfulvata_).
-
-Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 97. Fig. 8 represents the
-reddish typical form, and Fig. 11 (from Lancs. coast) the dark ab.
-_oxydata_, Treitschke. Between these two extremes, there are various
-intermediate forms, showing more or less distinct cross lines.
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown, with a chain of oval, olive-brown spots
-along the back; there are also two brownish interrupted lines; the
-spiracular line is white. Sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown,
-or grey brown. It feeds, in September and October, on yarrow, and will
-thrive on tansy, and the flowers of garden chrysanthemum.
-
-The chrysalis of this species is said to differ from that of _E.
-succenturiata_ in being of a rich red colour, inclining to buff on the wing
-cases.
-
-In July and August, the moth may sometimes be seen resting on fences, but
-it is more frequently hidden away among herbage. At night it will visit
-flowers, especially those of the ragwort.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England and Wales, and in Scotland
-up to Moray. In Ireland, it is found on the coast from Louth to Cork.
-
-By some entomologists, _subfulvata_, Haworth, and its variety, _oxydata_,
-are set down as forms of the preceding species. {242}
-
-SHADED PUG (_Eupithecia scabiosata_).
-
-The grey, or greyish-brown lined, whitish species shown on Plate 97, Fig.
-14, has been known by three names in Britain. It was named and described by
-Stephens, in 1831, as _piperata_ (The Speckled Pug), from a specimen, or
-specimens, taken at Riddlesdown, near Croydon, Surrey; later, it was
-supposed to be the _subumbrata_, of the _Vienna Catalogue_ (1776), and
-certainly of Guenee. The name given to it by Borkhausen, in 1794, appears
-to be the correct one, and is here adopted.
-
-Crewe describes the caterpillar as yellowish green, with three dark lines
-on the back, the outer one not clearly defined; a yellow line on each side
-of the head, and of the last ring of the body.
-
-It feeds on flowers of one of the hawkbits (_Leontodon hispidus_), and
-hawk's-beard (_Crepis taraxacifolia_), etc., from July to September. In
-June and early July, the moth may be started up from the herbage, as the
-collector walks over rough ground inland, or more frequently on the coast.
-It also occurs in fens, marshy places in woods, etc.
-
-The species occurs in Bucks., Berks., Surrey, and in the seaboard counties
-from Norfolk in the east to Gloucestershire in the west, also in South
-Wales; in the north it is found in Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, and
-Northumberland. It is not common in Scotland, but has been reported from
-various parts, extending from Wigtown to Argyll and Aberdeen. In Ireland it
-is also a coast insect, from Donegal to Cork.
-
-HAWORTH'S PUG (_Eupithecia haworthiata_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 98. Fig. 2) are pale greyish, with
-dark cross lines, and still darker narrow bands; hind wings, similar, but
-markings less distinct. Resembles {243} the last species in size, but the
-wings are somewhat rounder, darker, and not so silky in appearance; the
-body, near the thorax, is ochreous brown. Also known as _isogrammaria_,
-Herrich-Schaeffer, but _haworthiata_, Doubleday, is stated by Prout to be
-the older name.
-
-In July and August the caterpillar (Plate 90, Fig. 3) may be found in the
-flower-buds of the traveller's joy or old man's beard (_Clematis vitalba_).
-It is green, with a bluish or pinkish tinge, and there are generally three
-darker stripes along the back, but these are sometimes absent; occasionally
-the ground colour is yellowish.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and may be seen flying about clematis in
-the sunshine, but such specimens are not often worth taking. It is easily
-reared from caterpillars, which will thrive on flowers of garden
-_Clematis_, and may be obtained by the score, either by beating, or by
-searching for discoloured or black-specked flower buds of the traveller's
-joy.
-
-The species is most frequent in the south of England, but it occurs in all
-the eastern, some of the midland, and also in the northern counties to
-Lancashire and Yorkshire; in the last-named county, Porritt states that the
-caterpillars were found in profusion on _Clematis_ near Wadworth,
-Doncaster, in 1901, It inhabits South Wales and Ireland.
-
-Abroad, the species ranges to Amurland and China.
-
-VALERIAN PUG (_Eupithecia valerianata_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 98, Fig. 3) are brownish grey, with
-indistinct darker cross lines, and a wavy whitish submarginal line; the
-latter is sometimes not clear, except towards the inner angle.
-
-Caterpillar, rather short, bright green, with three darker green lines
-along the back; a whitish line low down along the sides, and the
-ring-divisions are yellow. It feeds, in July {244} and August, on flowers
-and seeds of all-heal, or cat's valerian (_Valeriana officinalis_).
-
-The moth is out in May and June; its haunts are in fens, marshes, and damp
-spots affected by its food plant, but, as a rule, is only found in the
-caterpillar state. A local, but widely distributed species in England;
-occurs also in Wales and in Ireland.
-
-LEAD-COLOURED PUG (_Eupithecia plumbeolata_).
-
-The small, obscurely marked species, represented on Plate 98, Fig. 1, has
-the fore wings whitish grey, sometimes assuming a yellowish tinge; a number
-of rather wavy, darker cross lines, and a more or less clearly defined pale
-band beyond the middle; discal spot always tiny and rarely distinct.
-
-The stumpy caterpillar is yellowish green, with three purplish-red lines
-along the back, the central one swollen on each ring, and the others
-irregular; sometimes the back is suffused with purplish-red. It feeds on
-the flowers of cow-wheat (_Melampyrum_) in July and August.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and is readily induced to fly out from
-among cow-wheat, or the other herbage around. It may be found in most of
-the English counties, wherever its food plant abounds; in South Wales; in
-Scotland to Argyll and Aberdeen, and in Ireland from Cork to Donegal.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-MARSH PUG (_Eupithecia pygmaeata_).
-
-This species (Plate 98, Fig. 4) may be distinguished from _haworthiata_,
-which it approaches in size and general appearance, by its more pointed
-fore wings and the white dot at the inner angle of these wings. {245}
-
-The long, thin caterpillar is yellowish green; a pale olive line along the
-middle of the back, connecting a series of urn-shaped blotches of the same
-colour; two pale olive, irregular lines on each side. It feeds, in June and
-July, on flowers of stitchwort (_Stellaria holostea_).
-
-The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later; examples of a second
-brood have been obtained in August and September. It flies in the
-afternoon, but only when the sun shines, and where the food plant grows
-freely.
-
-The species occurs in all the eastern counties of England, in Bucks., and
-in the northern counties to Cumberland and Northumberland. In Wales it has
-been recorded from Colwyn, Denbighshire; in Scotland it is widely spread to
-Perthshire; it is local and scarce in Ireland.
-
-SLENDER PUG (_Eupithecia tenuiata_).
-
-The fore wings are rather rounded; grey, more or less tinged with brownish,
-and with ochreous or reddish brown along the front edge; the latter with
-dusky clouds upon it; the cross lines are dark grey brown and fairly
-distinct, and the discal spot is black (Plate 98, Fig. 5). A large grey
-form from Moray, in Scotland, has been named _cinerae_, Gregson.
-
-Caterpillar, rather stumpy, and dingy yellowish green in colour, the sides
-and middle of the back rosy; a series of dusky spots, edged by black lines
-or short streaks, along the back; and a row of pinkish oblique stripes on
-the sides. It feeds, in the spring, in sallow catkins, and the moths may
-often be bred in numbers, in June and July, from those catkins which fall
-most readily from the bushes when we go "a sallowing." Moths frequently
-rest on the stems, and where there is a clump of well-grown sallows, a good
-series may be obtained.
-
-The species is partial to fens and marshy places, and is found in such
-situations over the greater part of the British Isles. {246}
-
-MAPLE PUG (_Eupithecia inturbata_).
-
-The fore wings are greyish brown, with many darker cross lines; the outer
-margin is darker and traversed by a pale line; discal dot, dark grey and
-not very distinct (Plate 98, Fig. 6). This species was long known as
-_subciliata_, Guenee, but is now referred to _inturbata_, Hubner.
-
-In May and June the caterpillars may be beaten from maple, which is
-apparently the only food plant, and of which they have a decided preference
-for the flowers. When full grown the larva is yellowish green with a
-purplish stripe along the back, and whitish lines along the sides.
-
-The moth may be jarred from the branches of the maple in July and August;
-it is occasionally seen resting on fences, etc. It seems to be found in
-England and Wales, in most places where there is a mature growth of maple.
-
-THE ANGLE-BARRED PUG (_Eupithecia innotata_).
-
-The greyish-brown fore wings of this species (Plate 98, Fig. 7) are crossed
-by darker oblique lines, which are angled on the front margin; the
-submarginal line is white and irregular, especially at each end.
-
-Caterpillar, ochreous grey, inclining to pinkish, marked on the back with
-white-edged, purplish- or reddish-brown blotches, and on the sides with
-reddish or purple spots; a whitish line low down along the sides. It feeds
-on the flowers of wormwood and mugwort (_Artemisia_), from August to
-October.
-
-The moth, which is uncommon and very local in England, is out in July. It
-occurs in Devonshire (Exeter district), Kent (Wye), Essex (Shoeburyness),
-Lincolnshire (Skegness, etc.), Worcestershire (Malvern), Lancashire and
-Cheshire (coast sand-hills, Macclesfield, etc.), and Durham (Hartlepool).
-{247}
-
-ASH PUG (_Eupithecia fraxinata_).
-
-Very similar to the last mentioned, but smaller, and the markings are less
-distinct (Plate 98, Fig. 8).
-
-The caterpillar is variable, but generally some shade of green,
-occasionally purplish red; lines on the sides yellowish, and sometimes
-there are dusky purplish marks on the back. It feeds, in August and
-September, on ash, and is said to eat _Artemisia_, _Laurustinus_, and the
-flowers of scabious. The moth is out in late June and July, and sometimes a
-second generation appears in the autumn.
-
-This species, which by some entomologists is considered to be a form of _E.
-innotata_, is widely distributed over England, south Scotland, and Ireland.
-_Tamarisciata_, Freyer, is also considered by some authorities to be a form
-of _E. innotata_.
-
-Some moths reared from larvae obtained, in 1905, from Tamarisk, in
-Cornwall, have been referred to _tamarisciata_.
-
-NARROW-WINGED PUG (_Eupithecia nanata_).
-
-The rather variable species represented on Plate 99, Figs. 1 and 2, will
-easily be recognised by its long pointed fore wings, which in colour are
-whitish grey, darkened by brownish cross-stripes; a whitish spot before the
-small, black discal dot.
-
-The long, thin, caterpillar, which feeds on ling or heather in the autumn,
-is whitish with a greenish tinge: the sides are marked with red, and there
-are some reddish spots on the back.
-
-On almost all heather-clad ground throughout the British Isles, this pretty
-little moth will be found, more or less commonly, during the months of May
-and early June, and sometimes there is a second flight in July and August.
-{248}
-
-BRINDLED PUG (_Eupithecia abbreviata_).
-
-The ochreous grey fore wings of this species (Plate 99, Fig. 3) are crossed
-by dark, bent lines, and marked with black on the veins; the central area
-is sometimes whitish, and generally paler than the ground colour.
-
-Caterpillar, slender, ochreous brown in colour, with browner lines and
-redder V-shaped marks on the back. It feeds on oak, in June and July. The
-moth is not uncommon in oak woods, in April and May, and may be beaten from
-the boughs in the daytime, and not infrequently found resting on the
-trunks. Generally distributed, but in Scotland not noted north of
-Perthshire.
-
-OAK-TREE PUG (_Eupithecia dodoneata_).
-
-This species (Plate 99, Fig. 5) differs from the last in being smaller,
-paler in colour, more distinctly marked, and with a rather larger and more
-conspicuous discal spot.
-
-The caterpillar feeds, in June and July, on young leaves of oak, the
-flowers of the evergreen oak (_Quercus ilex_), and hawthorn. It is orange,
-or ochreous red, with blackish marks connected by a line of the same colour
-along the back, and yellowish stripes and lines on the sides.
-
-The moth is out in May and early June, and occurs in some of the woods in
-most of the southern counties of England, and on the west to
-Worcestershire. It has been recorded from Yorks. and Cumberland; from
-Glamorganshire, South Wales; and from counties Armagh, Dublin, Wicklow, and
-Sligo, in Ireland.
-
-MOTTLED PUG (_Eupithecia exiguata_).
-
-In some respects this species (Plate 99, Fig. 4) is not unlike _E.
-abbreviata_, but the general colour of the fore wings is pale grey
-inclining to brownish; a good character is the blackish {249} band before
-the submarginal line, which is interrupted by patches of the ground colour,
-one above, and the other below, the middle; the submarginal line is whitish
-towards the inner margin.
-
-Caterpillar, long and thin; dark green; a series of yellow dotted reddish
-marks on the back, and a yellow-edged reddish line low down along the
-sides. It feeds, in the autumn, on hawthorn, sloe, currant, sallow, ash,
-etc.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, and is sometimes seen at rest on the stems
-and branches of trees, fences, etc., and may be beaten out of hedgerows.
-
-Widely distributed throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Perthshire, and
-Ireland.
-
-JUNIPER PUG (_Eupithecia sobrinata_).
-
-Two specimens are shown on Plate 99: Fig. 6 represents a more or less
-typical example from the Surrey downs, and Fig. 7 a pale form from Forres
-in Scotland. The species varies in tint of ground colour, and in the
-strength of marking, in all its localities; but in Scotland there is a
-greater tendency to pale forms than in England. Mr. H. McArthur, during the
-present year, obtained an extensive and most variable series from heather,
-at Aviemore, in Inverness. A pale-brownish tinged white pug found in Kent
-and the Isle of Wight, at one time referred to _E. ultimaria_, Boisduval,
-and afterwards known as _stevensata_, Webb, is really, according to Prout,
-_anglicata_, Herrich-Schaeffer. Whether this is a form of the present
-species or specifically distinct is still left in doubt, but personally I
-believe it to be a variety.
-
-The dark-green, sometimes reddish marked, caterpillars may be beaten from
-juniper bushes, from April to early June. The moth is out from late July to
-early October, and may be found {250} in nearly all parts of the British
-Isles where the food plant occurs, and occasionally in localities from
-which juniper appears to be absent.
-
-DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG (_Gymnoscelis_ (_Eupithecia_) _pumilata_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 5.
-
-DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG, AT REST.
-
-(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)]
-
-This species varies a good deal in the tint of the ground colour and the
-cross markings. Three forms are depicted on Plate 99: Fig. 8 is a typical
-male, and Fig. 9 shows a female with distinct red bands (ab.
-_rufifasciata_, Haworth); both specimens are from Surrey. The greyish
-example without red markings (Fig. 10) is from Ireland, and approaches ab.
-_tempestivata_, Zeller, in form.
-
-The caterpillar ranges in colour from yellowish-green to reddish; on the
-back there is a dark-green or blackish line, and often a series of marks of
-the same colour; the lines on the sides are yellowish. It feeds chiefly in
-or on the flowers of furze, broom, holly, clematis, hawthorn, etc., from
-May to September. There are certainly two broods, possibly more. The
-specimens of the first, or spring, generation are usually larger in size
-and more strongly marked than those of the summer brood.
-
-The moth is most frequent, perhaps, in April, May, July, and August, but it
-may be met with in either of the months from April to November. Pretty
-generally distributed over the British Isles, including the Hebrides and
-the Orkneys. {251}
-
-CLOAKED PUG (_Eucymatoge togata_).
-
-Over sixty years ago, this fine pug (Plate 99, Figs. 11 and 12) was
-detected in England. It was first noted in a plantation of spruce fir at
-Black Park, Buckinghamshire, in mid-June, 1845, and for many years this was
-the only known British locality. At the present time it is obtained more or
-less regularly in the New Forest, and has been recorded, chiefly in single
-specimens, from Wiltshire, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Yorkshire, and
-Durham. It is not uncommon in Scotland up to Inverness, but is most
-plentiful in Perthshire.
-
-Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) states that it is
-spreading over an extensive area in Ireland, as a result of the planting of
-spruce fir.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds in the spruce cones, and eats the immature
-seeds, is dingy white with a pinkish tinge, and suffused with blackish
-above; the lines along the back and sides, when present, are whitish but
-not distinct; head, and raised dots on the body, black; a brown plate on
-the first ring: July and August. Cones containing caterpillars may be
-secured by visiting a known locality for the species towards the end of
-August, especially immediately after a gale.
-
-The moth may be dislodged from its resting place among the branches of the
-spruce in June, sometimes earlier or later.
-
-V-PUG (_Chloroclystis coronata_).
-
-This is "_Phalaena_" _v-ata_, Haworth, and also the V-Pug of that author. A
-later English name for the species is "The Coronet Pug," an Anglicism for
-the Latin specific name, and has reference to the black upper part of the
-outer cross line which is twice angled and bears a fanciful resemblance to
-a {252} coronet; the lower angle is, however, most distinct, therefore
-Haworth's English name seems most suitable as it indicates the V-mark,
-which is a noticeable character of this delicate green species. (Plate 100,
-Fig. 1.)
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish green, with three reddish lines along the
-back, the central one most distinct and sometimes forming triangular marks,
-or lozenges. The ground colour varies, and may be greener, yellower, or
-occasionally greyish; and the markings are not always present.
-
-There are two generations, the first in June and July, and the second in
-the autumn, and in confinement a third brood is sometimes obtained. The
-blossoms of various plants are eaten, but those of hemp-agrimony
-(_Eupatorium cannabinum_), golden-rod (_Solidago_), clematis, and purple
-loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_), are perhaps favourites. Hawthorn and
-bramble have also been mentioned as food plants.
-
-The moth is out in most of the months from May to August, but seems to be
-most frequent in the first named.
-
-Generally distributed in the southern half of England, extending into South
-Wales, rare in Yorkshire and in Roxburghshire, Scotland. Widely distributed
-in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Japan.
-
-GREEN PUG (_Chloroclystis rectangulata_).
-
-Of this variable species five examples are shown on Plate 100. Figs. 2 and
-3 represent the typical and more usual forms; 3 varies in the direction of
-ab. _subaerata_, Hubn., and Fig. 4 is the greyish ab. _cydoniata_, Bork.
-Ab. _nigrosericeata_, Haworth (Fig. 6), is blackish with white submarginal
-line; and an intermediate form (Fig. 5) may be referable to ab.
-_sericeata_, Haworth.
-
-The stumpy caterpillar is of a pale yellow green colour, with {253} a more
-or less distinct reddish or dark-green line along the back, and reddish
-ring-divisions. It feeds in flowers of the wild apple or crab, and of
-apples and pears grown in orchards and gardens. It is found in April and
-May, and the moth is out in June and July.
-
-The species is common throughout the greater part of England and Wales, and
-its range extends to Ross in Scotland. It has a wide distribution in
-Ireland.
-
-BILBERRY PUG (_Chloroclystis debiliata_).
-
-As a British insect, this species (Plate 100, Figs. 7 and 8) was first
-found in Devonshire, and was then known by the English name of "The Devon
-Pug." As the yellowish green caterpillar, marked with a darker line along
-the back and a yellowish one low down on the sides, feeds on bilberry, in
-April and May, and is by no means confined to Devonshire, the popular name
-here adopted is more suitable.
-
-When quite fresh the moth, which is out in June and July, has a very
-delicate tinge of green, but this quickly fades out, leaving a pale greyish
-white insect. In the typical form (Fig. 7) the black central lines are
-fairly well defined, but in ab. _nigropunctata_, Chant (Fig. 8), the lines
-are represented by a series of dots.
-
-The species is common in some of the sheltered hollows among the hills in
-Devon and Somerset, and I used to find it in abundance in the Martinhoe
-district, in the former county. The moths were rarely disturbed from the
-food plant during the day, but towards dusk they flew in numbers around
-small trees of mountain ash. Other counties in which it is known to occur
-are--England: Cornwall, Worcester, Staffordshire, Leicester, and Lancashire
-(formerly on Chat Moss). Wales: Glamorgan and Pembroke. Scotland: Aberdeen.
-Ireland: Wicklow, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Sligo. {254}
-
-DENTATED PUG (_Collix sparsata_).
-
-At one time this greyish brown species (Plate 102, Figs. 1, 2) was known by
-the English name of "Broom Scallop," but it is now usually referred to, in
-the vulgar tongue, as the Dentated Pug. The hind wings have their outer
-margins toothed rather than scalloped, and the insect has nothing to do
-with broom.
-
-The rather long caterpillar is pale green, with four white lines along the
-back, and one on each side; a whitish stripe along the black spiracles.
-Head, pale brown, rather flat above. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on
-the yellow loosestrife (_Lysimachia vulgaris_), in July and August, or even
-later. Fens and marshy woodlands are the haunts of the moth, which is out
-in June and early July. It hides among the coarser vegetation, and is not
-always easily disturbed therefrom; neither is it often noticed when on the
-wing at night, although it is sometimes found at the flowers of buckthorn.
-
-Localities for the species are the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, the boggy
-parts of the New Forest, Hants; Dorset (Bloxworth and Hyde, etc.); Cheshire
-(Delamere Forest); Yorkshire (bogs near York, and Thorne Waste).
-
-The range abroad extends to Japan.
-
-DARK SPINACH (_Pelurga comitata_).
-
-The darker banded, pale ochreous species shown on Plate 102, Figs. 3
-[male], 4 [female], varies in the colour of the band to brownish; the
-central area of this band is almost always pale ochreous or whitish, to a
-greater or lesser extent.
-
-Caterpillar, stout and roughened; ochreous inclining to reddish, and tinged
-above with greenish; a series of V-shaped marks along the back, yellow
-oblique darker on the sides, and a greyish edged pale wavy line low down
-along the sides. {255} The figures 2, 2a, on Plate 94 are from coloured
-drawings by Mr. A. Sich.
-
-It feeds in the autumn on the flowers and seeds of various kinds of
-goosefoot (_Chenopodium_), also on Orache (_Atriplex_). The moth is out in
-July and August, and may be found among its food plants and other low
-herbage growing in waste places, more particularly those on sandy coasts.
-Around the borders of market gardens, especially those in the south of
-London, and in Kent and Surrey, it is often very common. The species
-probably occurs more or less freely in suitable places almost throughout
-the British Isles.
-
-Its range abroad extends to East Siberia.
-
-SLENDER-STRIPED RUFOUS (_Phibalapteryx lapidata_).
-
-The rather pointed fore wings are pale brownish, and are crossed by several
-fine wavy and rather darker lines, and three more distinct, slightly curved
-lines, one of which is at the base and two are on the central area. The
-outer margin of the hind wings, which are pale brown, more or less shaded
-with dusky, is irregular. (Plate 102, Fig. 6.)
-
-Caterpillar, whitish-yellow above, inclining to pale buff below; lines of
-grey freckles along the back and sides, the lower one broader and darker;
-head, grey, freckled with darker. According to Hellins, who reared it from
-the egg, it feeds in May and June, on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_).
-The natural food is doubtful, but is said to be grass, whilst Kirby states
-that in the South of France the caterpillar eats evergreen oak.
-
-The moth is out in September and early October, and is found in Scotland on
-the hills, in rough grassy and rush-covered spots, at elevations ranging
-from 300 to 800 feet. In Ireland, it is not uncommon in Antrim, Donegal,
-Sligo, Mayo, Galway, {256} and Limerick. Barrett states that a specimen has
-been taken at Shap Fell in Westmorland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia.
-
-MANY-LINED MOTH (_Phibalapteryx polygrammata_).
-
-The female example of this species, represented on Plate 102, Fig. 5, is
-from Germany; the male is somewhat paler and the central markings less
-distinct. This form is var. _conjunctaria_, Lederer, and most of the
-specimens formerly obtained in the Cambridgeshire fens, chiefly Burwell and
-Wicken, were referable to it. The species has not been seen in its old
-fenland haunts for very many years, and it is probably now extinct in
-Britain. Specimens have been in the past (and still continue to be)
-recorded from other British localities, but these on investigation are
-found to be cases of mistaken identity. _C. vittata_ = _lignata_ bears a
-strong likeness to _P. polygrammata_, and is often confused with it, but in
-the latter the outer band does not run to the tips of the fore wings, as it
-does in the former species.
-
-SMALL WAVED UMBER (_Phibalapteryx_ (_Coenocalpe_) _vitalbata_).
-
-At first sight this moth (Plate 102, Fig. 7) might be mistaken for a small
-specimen of the Waved Umber (_Hemerophila abruptaria_), but it will be
-noted that the dark stripe on the fore wings starts from the middle of the
-inner margin, and runs to just below the tips of the wings; the outer
-margin of the hind wings is not wavy, and the antennae of the male are not
-pectinated.
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_), in
-June-July, and in September-October, is greyish {257} brown, with three
-blackish lines along the back, the central one broader than the other two,
-especially on the middle of each ring, where it swells out into a black
-spot.
-
-In May and June, and again in August, the moth may be disturbed from the
-food plant growing in masses in hedgerows, etc. It occurs in most of the
-southern counties of England, westward to Herefordshire and South Wales,
-and eastward to Suffolk. Forsythe states that it is local in the Lancaster
-district.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE FERN (_Phibalapteryx_ (_Coenocalpe_) _tersata_).
-
-The general colour of this species (Plate 102, Fig. 8) is pale brown, with
-a tendency to reddish in some specimens, and to greyish in others.
-
-Caterpillar, pale brownish inclining to ochreous; on each side of an
-irregular blackish line along the centre of the back is a pale yellowish
-line, and there are white spots on the back of the middle rings. It feeds
-on _Clematis_, in August and September. The moth is out in June and July,
-and will be found in similar localities to those mentioned for the previous
-species, and, except that it has not been recorded from Lancaster, its
-range in England is much about the same.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to Japan.
-
-OBLIQUE CARPET (_Coenocalpe vittata_).
-
-This species, also known as _lignata_, Hubner, is usually pale brown in
-ground colour, tinged with ochreous or pinkish; the darker oblique stripes
-vary in width and in intensity. (Plate 102, Figs. 9 [male], gen. 1; 10
-[male], gen. 2.)
-
-The caterpillar is of a yellow-green colour, inclining to {258} ochreous
-brown on the upper portions of the middle rings; a darker irregular line
-along the back, and a whitish line on each side, the latter edged above and
-below with a fine black line; below the spiracles is a pale pinkish brown
-stripe. Varies in the tint of ground colour and in the markings. It feeds,
-after hibernation, on bedstraw (_Galium palustre_, _G. saxatile_, etc.),
-and caterpillars from eggs laid in June may be reared on clematis, wild or
-cultivated.
-
-The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later, and a second generation
-appears in August and September; the individuals of the later brood are
-often smaller than those of the first brood. Its haunts are fens, marshes,
-and water-meads, but in Middlesex I have taken a specimen or two flying
-along a weedy ditch. Widely distributed throughout the British Isles, but
-not noted in Scotland north of Moray.
-
-THE GEM (_Percnoptilota fluviata_).
-
-Also known in the vulgar tongue as "The Narrow-barred Carpet." As will be
-seen on reference to Plate 102, the male (Fig. 12) is pale brown with a
-dark central band; and the female (Fig. 11) is purplish brown, the central
-band rather blackish, and on it is the discal mark, a black centred white
-spot. The specimens figured are rather small.
-
-The following aberrations have been named--ab. _marginata_, Mathew, with
-the fringes of all the wings conspicuously pinky-grey; ab. _olivacea_,
-Mathew, a form of the female with olive brown fore wings; ab. _obsoleta_,
-Mathew, a form of the male with the dark central band nearly or quite
-absent.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 102.
-    1, 2. DENTATED PUG.
-    3, 4. DARK SPINACH.
-       5. MANY-LINED.
-       6. SLENDER-STRIPED RUFOUS.
-       7. SMALL WAVED UMBER.
-       8. THE FERN.
-   9, 10. OBLIQUE CARPET.
-  11, 12. THE GEM.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 103.
-  1-5. MAGPIE MOTH.
-  6-8. CLOUDED MAGPIE.
-
-{259} The caterpillar is greyish, sometimes tinged with pink, and sometimes
-with green; three dusky lines on the head and first three rings of the
-body, a series of blackish outlined, whitish marks on the middle rings, and
-blackish marks on the other rings, which are pale in colour; a blackish
-line above the black-edged spiracles is broken up into dashes on the middle
-rings. Several other forms of the caterpillar, which is a variable one,
-have been described by Hellins. The food comprises groundsel, knotgrass,
-chrysanthemum, and various other plants. There are several generations
-during the year, and in hot weather the caterpillars feed up rapidly, so
-quickly indeed that in about a month the whole round of changes from egg to
-moth is effected. The species is migratory in habit, and there is little
-doubt that the specimens taken in this country in late spring or early
-summer are immigrants; those examples obtained later in the year are
-probably the descendants of such aliens. It is more frequently noted from
-southern England, chiefly from the seaboard counties, but it has been
-recorded from Lancashire and Yorkshire; also from Wales, and from several
-parts of Ireland: April to November.
-
-BOARMIINAE.
-
-CLOUDED MAGPIE (_Abraxas sylvata_).
-
-A more or less typical example of each sex of this variable species will be
-found on Plate 103. Fig. 7 represents a male, and Fig. 8 a female; the
-slightly marked specimen (Fig. 6) somewhat approaches the continental
-species _A. pantaria_, L., in appearance, and it is probable that such
-individuals have done duty for the species just named in some of the older
-collections of British lepidoptera. On Plate 104 are shown the leaden
-tinted form (Fig. 6), sometimes not infrequent in certain Yorkshire
-localities; a specimen with smoky fore wings (Fig. 7), taken with a few
-other examples of the same form in a wood in Buckinghamshire, in 1907, when
-also the strongly banded form (Fig. 8) was secured by Mr. A. J. Scollick.
-Between these {260} extremes and the more typical forms all kinds of
-intergrades occur, but it is not possible here to discuss these in detail.
-
-The pale greenish yellow eggs and two caterpillars are figured on Plate
-101, Figs. 2, 2a. The latter are whitish, inclining to yellowish on the
-back, and lined with black; stripe below the black spiracles, yellow; head,
-black and glossy. The food is wych-elm (_Ulmus montana_), but beech and
-hazel are said to be eaten at times: August to October. The moth is found
-in May and June, sitting about on the leaves of dog's mercury, and other
-vegetation in its woodland haunts. Although it sometimes occurs sparingly
-in the southern seaboard counties, it is far more frequent in the west,
-ranging from North Devon to Cumberland, and including Wales. It is common
-in Bucks., and northwards to Northumberland, and extends into South
-Scotland. In Ireland, not uncommon at Killarney, and reported from a few
-other localities.
-
-THE MAGPIE (_Abraxas grossulariata_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 6.
-
-MAGPIE MOTH, DRYING WINGS.
-
-(Photo by H. Main.)]
-
-Except that the specimen represented by Fig. 2 has traces of a yellow band
-on the hind wings, Figs. 1-3 on Plate 103 show this highly variable species
-in its typical and most frequent form. Figs. 4 and 5 depict examples of the
-ordinary darker forms leading up to ab. _hazeleighensis_, Raynor, in which
-the whole of the fore wing area between the orange bands is blackish,
-except two tiny white specks near the front margin. Not infrequently the
-black spots on the outer margin of the fore wings exhibit a tendency to
-spread inwards, as in Figs. 2 and 5, and very occasionally they unite with
-the series of spots outside the orange band, as in Plate 104, Fig. 1, which
-represents a specimen (kindly lent by Mr. R. Adkin) with blackish tinged
-hind wings. Sometimes the ground colour of all the wings is yellowish (ab.
-_lutea_, Cockerell), but the markings {261} are of the usual pattern. The
-example of this form (Plate 104, Fig. 3) was reared from a large number of
-caterpillars I collected at Purley, in Surrey, a year or two ago, and was
-the only example among the moths resulting therefrom that was worth
-retaining. The very fine variety shown on Plate 104, Fig. 5, is ab.
-_varleyata_, Porritt, which occurs in Yorkshire, but is mostly reared in
-captivity from eggs obtained from a wild female in the first place, and
-subsequent pairings; the specimen figured is an especially fine example of
-the female sex, raised among others of the same form by Mr. G. T. Porritt
-of Huddersfield, who has been good enough to lend it for the purpose.
-Several other varieties of this species have been named and described by
-the Rev. Gilbert H. Raynor, but reference can only be made here to two of
-these; one is ab. _melanozona_, a Scottish form, in which there is a black
-blotch with traces of yellow in it at the base of the fore wings; a large
-black discal spot in the white central area; a black band, widening towards
-the front margin, before the faint yellow band, the latter followed by four
-black spots; hind wings with central black spot, and two series of black
-{262} spots beyond, seven in each series, separated by a well-defined white
-area. Fig. 2 on Plate 104 represents a specimen that approaches this
-variety. The handsome cream-coloured specimen (Plate 104, Fig. 4) is ab.
-_lacticolor_, Raynor, and I am obliged to Mr. Adkin for the loan of these
-insects also.
-
-The caterpillar and chrysalis are figured on Plate 101, Figs. 1, 1b; the
-former is creamy white, marked on the back with black blotches and dots,
-and lines of black dots on the sides; between the lower two rows is a broad
-reddish line; head, black; sometimes the whole body is black. It occurs in
-gardens, and sometimes is a serious pest where currants and gooseberries
-are cultivated; it frequently abounds on _Euonymus japonicus_. In the open
-country it feeds on sloe and hawthorn; sometimes it is found on elm (low
-growth in hedges), apple, navelwort (_Cotyledon umbilicus_), orpine (_Sedum
-telephium_), and in the Hebrides, on ling (_Calluna_). August to May, or
-early June, are the months in which it is found as a rule; occasionally it
-does not hibernate, but feeds up and attains the moth state in the autumn
-of the year that it hatches from the egg. The moth is out, normally, in
-July and August, and is generally distributed over the greater part of the
-British Isles.
-
-The range abroad extends to East Siberia, China, and Japan.
-
-CLOUDED BORDER (_Lomaspilis marginata_).
-
-Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate 107 represent the more usual forms, in both sexes,
-of this rather common, but pretty, little moth. Occasionally, specimens are
-obtained in which, with the exception of a dark patch or two on the front
-margin, the wings are entirely white or slightly tinged with pale yellowish
-(ab. _pollutaria_, Hubner); a modification of this form is shown in Fig. 3.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 104.
-  1-5. MAGPIE MOTH VARIETIES.
-  6-8. CLOUDED MAGPIE VARIETIES.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 105.
-  1. SCORCHED CARPET: _caterpillar_.
-  2. CLOUDED BORDER: _caterpillar_.
-  3. COMMON WHITE WAVE: _caterpillar_.
-
-{263}
-
-Ab. _nigrofasciaria_, Schoyen, has a rather broad blackish band across the
-central area of each wing, and indications of such bands, in the shape of
-spots or dots, are seen in many examples of the species; occasionally, the
-irregular dark border of the outer margin of the wings is traversed by an
-interrupted whitish line.
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish-green, with three dark-green double lines on
-the back, the central one blotched with purplish brown on the last ring;
-head, green, marked with purplish brown. The figure (Plate 105, Fig. 2) is
-from a drawing in colour by Mr. Sich. It feeds on sallow, willow, and
-aspen, and may be found almost throughout the summer from June. The moth is
-also met with during the summer months, but seems to be most frequent in
-May and June. The species prefers moist localities where sallows abound,
-and in such places seems to occur pretty generally over the British Isles.
-In Scotland, however, it has not, apparently, been noted north of Moray.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE SCORCHED CARPET (_Ligdia adustata_).
-
-The bluish-grey band on the outer third of the fore wings varies in width,
-and the velvety black marking thereon varies in amount; this area of the
-wings is also more or less clouded with reddish brown, and the underside of
-all the wings is much suffused with reddish brown, which gives the insect
-the burnt or scorched appearance to which both Latin and English names
-refer. (Plate 107, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].) In June and early July,
-and again in late August and September, the red-spotted, bright-green
-caterpillar may be beaten from the spindle bushes (_Euonymus europaeus_) in
-hedgerows. (Fig. 1, Plate 105, is from a coloured drawing by Mr. Sich.)
-{264}
-
-The moth is out in late April sometimes, but it is more frequent in May and
-June, and as a second generation in August, earlier or later in some
-seasons. It may be knocked out of hedges in which spindle is growing. The
-species is not uncommon in most of the southern English counties, but in
-the northern ones its occurrence is more casual. It has been recorded from
-North Wales; in Ireland it is fairly common in some western and southern
-counties, and rare in the east and north; in Scotland, only noted from the
-south-east, Arran, and the Hebrides.
-
-Abroad, its range extends to Japan, where it is represented by var.
-_japoniata_, Staudinger.
-
-THE SLOE CARPET (_Aleucis_ (_Bapta_) _pictaria_).
-
-This blackish-grey species (Plate 107, Fig. 6) has been confused in the
-past with _pictaria_, Thunberg, which is referable to _Cleora lichenaria_,
-and it was then known by the popular name of "The Grey Carpet." As the
-caterpillar feeds on the foliage of the sloe, and the moth is fond of
-resting on the stems and twigs, and appears at the time the bushes are
-wreathed in their snowy blossoms, the sloe carpet seems to be rather more
-suitable than are most of the names by which our moths are popularly known.
-
-The caterpillar is dusky brown, with blackish V-shaped marks upon the back,
-white marks on rings 7 and 8, and a black line on the last ring. It feeds
-at night, in June and early July, and as it remains on the bushes during
-the day, it may be obtained by beating. At night the moths fly about the
-bushes for a short time, and then sit on the twigs, when they may be
-secured. Of course, a lantern will be a necessity.
-
-Barrett states that stunted bushes on open heaths and hillsides are
-preferred to hedgerows. {265}
-
-The species is very local, but generally not uncommon where it occurs, as,
-for example, in the New Forest, Hampshire; the Loughton and Colchester
-districts, Essex; and in some parts of Kent. It has been noted from Tilgate
-Forest, and other localities in Sussex; and also from Surrey, Berkshire,
-and Suffolk.
-
-WHITE-PINION SPOTTED (_Bapta bimaculata_).
-
-The two cross lines on the fore wings of this silky white species (Plate
-107, Fig. 9) commence in blackish spots on the front margin; often they are
-only indicated by series of dots, and are rarely really distinct.
-Occasionally, a greyish submarginal line or band is present.
-
-The darkish green caterpillar has a series of purplish marks on the back;
-head, inclining to yellowish, and powdered with purplish. It feeds, in June
-and July, on the leaves of wild cherry and plum, and will eat hawthorn; it
-may be beaten from its food plant in the daytime. The moth is out in May
-and June, and shelters in bushes, etc., in woods and hedgerows. During the
-day it is frequently put up from its hiding-places, but its usual time of
-flight is the evening, when it is readily seen and not difficult to
-capture. It is local, and perhaps most frequently met with in those parts
-of South England where the wild cherry flourishes. Occurs more or less
-commonly in most of the southern counties, but north of Gloucester, Oxford,
-and Norfolk it has only been noted from North Lancashire, Westmoreland, and
-Cumberland. In Wales the late Mr. C. G. Barrett found the moth rare in
-Pembrokeshire, and there is also a record from Anglesey.
-
-The range abroad extends to China, Corea, and Japan. {266}
-
-CLOUDED SILVER (_Bapta temerata_).
-
-In its silky, white wings this species (Plate 107, Figs. 7 [male], 8
-[female]) is similar to the last mentioned. It is, however, rather larger,
-and there are greyish clouds on each side of the outer cross line, but
-there are no blackish spots on the front edge of the fore wings. The
-clouding referred to is heavier and darker in some specimens than in
-others, but occasionally, chiefly in the female, is almost absent.
-
-The green caterpillar, when full grown, is ornamented with brown-bordered
-reddish spots on the back, but these markings are absent in its earlier
-stages. The head is paler than the body, and has a reddish spot on each
-side. It feeds, in July and August, on sloe, plum, and bird cherry in this
-country, but the continental authors give birch, willow, rose, etc. The
-moth is out in May and June, and occurs throughout England and Wales, to
-Cumberland; but it is far more frequent in the south than in the north.
-Barrett mentions a single specimen from Wigtownshire in Scotland. In
-Ireland, Kane states that it is abundant at Clonbrock, Merlin Park, and in
-several other localities in Galway; it is not uncommon at Killarney, Kerry;
-and a few specimens have been taken at Powerscourt, Wicklow, and Sligo.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-COMMON WHITE WAVE (_Cabera pusaria_).
-
-In its typical form (Plate 107, Figs. 10, 11) this white species has three
-dark-grey almost parallel cross lines on the fore wings and two on the hind
-wings. The first or the second of these lines on the fore wings may be
-absent, occasionally both may be missing and the third very faint. Not
-infrequently in undersized bred specimens the first line approaches the
-second line either throughout its length or near the inner margin, and more
-rarely the two are united; in most of such aberrations the tips of the fore
-wings are rather more rounded than in typical specimens, and these are
-referable to ab. _rotundaria_, Haworth (Round-winged Wave). I have over a
-dozen examples of this form, all of which were reared from caterpillars
-which had been kept on short rations when nearly mature; in some, the outer
-margin of the fore wings is distinctly rounded, but in others it is much
-the same as in the larger typical form, and one of these is shown on Plate
-107, Fig. 12. The ground colour occasionally assumes a greyish tint, and
-sometimes this is tinged with pink; more rarely the general colour is
-leaden grey.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 106.
-      1. BARRED RED: _caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a. BARRED UMBER: _egg_, _natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_.
-      3. LIGHT EMERALD: _eggs_, _natural size and enlarged_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 107.
-     1-3. CLOUDED BORDER.
-    4, 5. SCORCHED CARPET.
-       6. SLOE CARPET.
-    7, 8. CLOUDED SILVER.
-       9. WHITE-PINION SPOTTED.
-   10-12. COMMON WHITE WAVE.
-  13, 14. COMMON WAVE.
-
-{267} The caterpillar, of which there are two broods, one in July and
-another in September, feeds on birch, alder, sallow, etc. It is purplish
-brown, spotted with white above, and greenish below on the first three
-rings. There is also a green form with purplish brown marks on the back.
-(Plate 105, Fig. 3, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) The moth is
-out in May, June, and August, and is generally common throughout the
-greater part of the British Isles.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia and Amurland.
-
-COMMON WAVE (_Cabera exanthemata_).
-
-Somewhat similar to the last species, but sprinkled with ochreous grey; the
-fore wings have three greyish cross lines, the first two less regular than
-those of _pusaria_, and the outer one distinctly curved; variation in the
-lines is pretty much the same as in _pusaria_ and its small form ab.
-_rotundaria_. Of the form showing the first and second lines more or less
-confluent, I have seven examples reared from collected caterpillars; six
-are undersized, but the other is of quite ordinary size (ab. _approximata_,
-Haworth); another specimen, also bred, is thinly {268} powdered with
-ochreous grey, and the lines are very indistinct. The more usual forms are
-shown on Plate 107, Figs. 13, 14.
-
-The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish or to brownish; some
-purplish-red marks and white-edged black spots on the back; the ring
-divisions are yellow, and there are reddish-brown or purplish-red marks on
-the sides; the markings vary. It feeds on birch, alder, and sallow, and may
-be beaten out at any time from July to September. The moth is out through
-the summer from May; its range in the British Isles is very similar to that
-of the last species, but it seems to have a preference for moist places.
-
-The distribution abroad extends eastward to Amurland, and a form known as
-ab. _schaefferi_, Bremer, occurs in the last-named country, and also in
-Corea and Japan.
-
-BARRED UMBER (_Numeria pulveraria_).
-
-Pale ochreous or reddish brown freckled with darker; the central dark
-reddish brown band is sometimes much narrowed below the middle; sometimes
-only the edges of the band are dark, the enclosed space being but little
-darker than the ground colour, or occasionally tinged with greenish; one
-example of the latter and two of the former were reared this year (1908)
-from larvae received in July, 1907, from Mr. F. Pope of Exeter; a male
-specimen bred from the same batch of larvae, but which emerged in August of
-the year last mentioned, is distinctly tinged with rosy over all the wings;
-the narrow band on the hind wings, not usually extended to the front edge,
-is in this specimen entire, whilst the greenish-banded specimen referred to
-above is without trace of a band on the hind wings. Two examples which are
-without locality, but which, I believe, came from the New Forest, have pale
-greyish-brown fore wings banded with brown in which there is a tinge of
-olive. Two examples of the male are figured on Plate 108. The eggs (Plate
-{269} 106, Fig. 2a) were pale greenish yellow when laid, May 17 to 20; the
-larvae hatched out from May 31 to June 2.
-
-The caterpillar, which is also depicted on the plate, is reddish brown,
-mottled with yellowish brown. It feeds on birch, sallow, ash, etc., from
-June to August.
-
-The moth, as a rule, does not emerge until the following spring, but
-sometimes specimens will come out the same year.
-
-Although widely distributed over nearly the whole of the British Isles, the
-species seems to be rarely met with in large numbers. The range abroad
-extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.
-
-BARRED RED (_Ellopia_ (_Hylaea_) _prosapiaria_).
-
-The typical form of this species is depicted on Plate 108, Figs. 4 [male],
-5 [female], and Fig. 3 on the same plate represents ab. _prasinaria_,
-Hubner, a form not uncommon in Germany (whence came the example figured),
-Switzerland, and other parts of the continent, but which is very rare in
-Britain, and has been recorded from Kent and Suffolk. Sometimes, but
-chiefly in Scotland, the colour varies to a greyish or even yellowish tint;
-the cross lines are often parallel or nearly so, and frequently approach
-each other about the middle; the usual white edging to the cross lines is
-occasionally absent, and the enclosed space in such specimens is hardly
-darker than the general colour.
-
-On Plate 106, Fig. 1, will be found a figure of the caterpillar, which is
-tawny brown with white-edged, connected reddish marks along the back. It
-feeds, from September to May, on Scots pine (_Pinus sylvestris_), and
-occasionally on larch. The moth is out in June and July, and sometimes in
-September. It may be jarred from the pine boughs, and is not infrequently
-seen resting on foliage of the undergrowth. Generally distributed in
-fir-woods throughout Great Britain, and widely spread in Ireland.
-
-The range abroad extends to East Siberia. {270}
-
-THE LIGHT EMERALD (_Metrocampa_ (_Eudalimia_) _margaritaria_).
-
-When quite fresh, this species (Plate 108, Fig. 6) is of a delicate
-whitish-green colour, but the green tint is apt to fade or to change
-colour, so that the wings are almost ochreous white sometimes.
-
-The eggs shown on Plate 106, Fig. 3, were kindly supplied by Mr. Norman
-Riley.
-
-The caterpillar ranges in colour from greenish brown to purplish brown, and
-is frequently freckled with a darker shade of the general colour; there is
-sometimes a pale patch on rings 6 and 7, and the sides are fringed with
-fine bristles along the spiracle area. It feeds, from September to May, on
-the leaves of oak, birch, beech, elm, etc., and during the winter will
-nibble the bark of the younger twigs, and also eat the buds.
-
-The moth, which is partial to the woodlands, is out in June and July, and
-is pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, except the
-Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetlands.
-
-LARGE THORN (_Ennomos autumnaria_).
-
-This fine species was first definitely ascertained to occur in Britain in
-1855, but it had been reported as British at a much earlier date, and was
-figured by Wood in 1839. Up to 1859 it had only been recorded from the
-North Foreland and Margate in Kent, and from Brighton, Sussex. In 1862, a
-specimen was taken at Brighton and one at Deal, the latter a female. Two
-examples were secured at Gosport, Hampshire, in 1865, and one at Deal in
-1867. Then, after an interval of ten years, three were captured in Hants
-(Alverstoke), and two years later a round dozen were obtained at Gosport.
-During the last thirty years specimens have been recorded from Margate,
-Deal, Dover, Folkestone, Hythe, and Ashford (1907), in Kent, from
-Chichester, Sussex, and from Shoeburyness, Essex (1898). It has been reared
-on several occasions from eggs obtained from captured females, and is still
-more frequently bred from eggs deposited by the descendants of wild
-parents.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 108.
-  1, 2. BARRED UMBER.
-     3. BARRED RED (GREEN VAR.).
-  4, 5. BARRED RED.
-     6. LIGHT EMERALD.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 109.
-  1, 3. LARGE THORN.
-  2, 4, 5. AUGUST THORN.
-
-{271} The eggs are deep olive, with a white ring at one end; and the
-caterpillar is brownish in colour, rather shining, and very twig-like. It
-feeds on birch, alder, hawthorn, sloe, plum, etc., and has been found on
-sycamore and cherry; May to August. The early stages are figured on Plate
-106, Figs. 1, 1a. The moth (Plate 109, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]), which
-varies in colour from pale to deep ochreous yellow, and also in the amount
-of purplish brown freckling, usually has the upper part of the outer
-marginal area some shade of tawny brown. Specimens of a greyish chocolate
-tint have recently been reared by Mr. Newman, of Bexley (Plate 134, Fig.
-9). Most of the specimens captured in England have been obtained at light
-in the autumn. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Japan, and North
-America.
-
-AUGUST THORN (_Ennomos quercinaria_).
-
-The male (Plate 109, Fig. 2) is generally yellower than the female (Fig.
-4), and it is in the former sex that brownish or red-brown clouding on the
-outer area beyond the second cross line appears most frequently, but it
-occurs also in the female (Plate 109, Fig. 5). Sometimes the wings are
-partly or entirely dull reddish brown. Two other examples of the type form
-showing modification of the cross lines will be found on Plate 111, Figs. 5
-[male], 6 [female]. In ab. _carpinaria_, Hubner, the wings are of a reddish
-ochreous colour. A hybrid resulting from a crossing of _E. alniaria_ [male]
-and _E. quercinaria_ [female] has been named _dartfordi_, Tutt.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 113, Fig. 3) is generally grey brown, mottled with
-reddish or olive; but, according to Fenn, it is {272} sometimes greenish,
-without humps or projections. It feeds, in the summer, on lime, birch, oak,
-hawthorn, etc. A chrysalis which I took out of its puparium (two leaves
-spun together with silk) on July 9, 1907, was green, with the upper surface
-tinged with yellowish; a dark-green central line, and a series of
-dark-green irregular marks on each side; the tail pointed and furnished
-with reddish hooks.
-
-The moth is out in August and September, and may often be seen sitting on
-the boles of trees, generally low down. The species is widely distributed
-over England, but is much more frequent in the south than in the north. It
-has been recorded from Swansea in Wales; from Dumfries, Dunoon, and
-Monteith, in Scotland; and from near Derry, Hazlewood (Sligo), Mote Park
-(Roscommon), and Clonbrock (Galway), in Ireland.
-
-CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN (_Ennomos alniaria_).
-
-This species (Plate 111, Figs. 1, 2) is generally easily recognised by the
-canary yellow coloured hairs of the thorax. The fore wings are yellowish,
-sprinkled with purplish grey, and crossed by two curved greyish-brown
-lines, which not infrequently fall close together on the inner margin. In
-some female specimens that I reared from eggs, received from York, the
-wings are more or less tinged with dull tawny brown, especially on the
-outer area, and in two of them the thorax is also brownish tinged.
-
-The at first green, and afterwards blackish slate-coloured, egg, with
-whitish ring, and the caterpillar are shown on Plate 110, Fig. 2, 2a. The
-latter is brownish, mottled with purplish above, and inclining to greenish
-below; head, rather paler brown. It feeds, from May to July, on birch,
-alder, etc. The moth is out in the autumn, and occurs in suitable woodland
-and marshy places over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. It has been
-found in many parts of Ireland.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 110.
-  1, 1a, 1b, 1c. LARGE THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged;
-      caterpillar, chrysalis and puparium_.
-  2, 2a. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and
-      caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a. DUSKY THORN: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 111.
-  1, 2. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN.
-  3, 4. DUSKY THORN.
-  5, 6. AUGUST THORN.
-
-{273}
-
-DUSKY THORN (_Ennomos fuscantaria_).
-
-Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female], Plate 111, represent the usual form of this
-species; in some specimens the outer marginal pale purplish-brown shading
-spreads inwards over the fore wings to the base; in other examples it is
-only seen on the upper part of the outer area.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 110, Fig. 3) is green, pretty much of the same tint
-as the underside of the ash leaf upon which, and the stalks, it rests by
-day. In some examples the general colour inclines to pale brown, or reddish
-brown. It may be found during the summer, and where the leaves are seen to
-have neat round holes in them, these should be examined, when this
-caterpillar will probably be found somewhere adjacent. Ash (_Fraxinus
-excelsior_) is the usual food, but possibly privet might answer as a
-substitute. The moth is out in August and September, and occurs in most
-parts of Southern England where the ash flourishes; its range extends into
-South Wales, and northwards to Durham and Northumberland. Only doubtfully
-recorded from Ireland, and apparently unknown in Scotland.
-
-SEPTEMBER THORN (_Ennomos erosaria_).
-
-This species, shown on Plate 134, Fig. 6, varies in ground colour from pale
-ochreous to pale fulvous; the cross lines approach towards the inner
-margin, and sometimes the second line is bent inwards below the middle. The
-central spot is generally absent, and when present is exceedingly faint.
-The twig-like caterpillar is brownish, with a greenish or purplish tinge.
-In its infancy it is a smooth-looking creature, but as it advances in
-growth knobs and humps appear, the most prominent of which are on rings 2,
-5, 8, and 11; on the {274} last ring there are two points. It feeds on oak
-chiefly, but will eat birch, lime, etc.: May to July. The moth is out in
-August and September, and occurs more or less frequently in most of the
-southern counties of England, but is rather scarce in the Midlands and
-northwards. It occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from the south
-of Scotland. Very rare in Ireland.
-
-NOTE.--The species of _Ennomos_ are fond of light, and in suitable spots,
-gas and electric lamps, in the streets, or even in the house when windows
-are open, will attract these moths. Most of the specimens of _autumnaria_
-that have been captured in Britain have occurred at light. _Quercinaria_
-is, perhaps, less often noted at light than its allies; but, curiously,
-this species is more frequently seen at rest on tree trunks, etc., than are
-either of the other kinds. Female moths taken at light may not always be in
-first-rate condition, but they will probably lay eggs, and should be kept
-for that purpose in a chip box. The caterpillars do not hatch out until the
-following spring. Put the eggs in a cool place.
-
-EARLY THORN (_Selenia bilunaria_).
-
-The sexes of the spring or typical form are depicted on Plate 112, Figs. 1
-[male], 2 [female], and the paler summer form var. _juliaria_ (July Thorn),
-Haworth, is represented by Fig. 3. The underside is shown in Mr. H. Main's
-photo of the moth in its natural resting attitude.
-
-The caterpillar is orange or reddish brown, sometimes inclining to
-purplish; there are pairs of reddish raised points on the back of rings 7
-and 8; as will be seen from the accompanying illustration, which is from a
-photograph by Mr. Main, the creature, when resting, is very like a twig. It
-feeds on birch, alder, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, etc., in May and June, and
-again in August and September. The moth is out in April and {275} early
-May. In 1905, a male occurred at Carnforth, Lancs., on June 8; the second
-generation appears in July and August. A third has been obtained in
-captivity, and the moths of this brood are similar to those of the second.
-It has happened that the emergence of some moths of the second, or summer,
-form has been delayed until the following February, but these remained true
-to their race and did not assume the spring form.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 7.
-
-EARLY THORN AT REST.]
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 8.
-
-CATERPILLAR OF EARLY THORN.]
-
-(Photos by H. Main.)
-
-Generally distributed throughout England and Wales, and often abundant,
-especially in the south. In Scotland, Renton states that it is common in
-Roxburghshire, but there is only one brood; the range extends to
-Sutherlandshire. Widely spread in Ireland and plentiful in some parts.
-{276}
-
-LUNAR THORN (_Selenia lunaria_).
-
-A female of this species is shown on Plate 112, Fig. 4; the male is usually
-more clouded with reddish. A second generation is sometimes raised in
-captivity, and the males of this brood (var. _delunaria_, Hubner) are
-somewhat paler, whilst the females incline to a yellowish tint. In Scotch
-specimens, the reddish markings are tinged with purple; and ab.
-_sublunaria_, Stephens, from Derbyshire, has the coloration very similar to
-that of the spring form of _S. tetralunaria_.
-
-The caterpillar is figured on Plate 113, Fig. 2. The ground colour is
-usually some shade of brown, ranging from greyish or greenish to reddish,
-variegated with darker or paler clouds, and with traces of pale lines on
-the back. It occurs in the open from July to September, but may be reared
-both earlier and later in confinement. It feeds on sloe, plum, oak, birch,
-etc. The moth, in May and June, is sometimes seen on hedges or on the
-plants growing below; or it may be jarred from the branches of trees, when
-it is more apt to fall to the ground than to fly. Like others of this group
-it is fond of light, and is frequently attracted thereto at night. The
-species is rarely plentiful, and always more or less local, but it is
-widely distributed over the British Isles to the Orkneys.
-
-PURPLE THORN (_Selenia tetralunaria_).
-
-On Plate 112, Fig. 5 represents a specimen of the spring brood, and Fig. 6
-one of the summer brood (var. _aestiva_, Staudinger). The ground colour of
-the typical form is whitish, sometimes tinged with grey, and sometimes with
-pinkish; the patch at the tip, and the basal two-thirds of the fore wings,
-also the basal half of the hind wings, are purplish brown, varying almost
-to blackish; or they may be rich red brown. Var. _aestiva_ is rarely
-whitish in ground colour, but this is frequently of a pinkish tinge, and
-the darker portions of the wings are brownish, inclining to olive;
-sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown with dark brown cross lines,
-and a rust-coloured lunule at the tips of the fore wings. The hybrid
-resulting from a female of this species that had paired with a male
-_bilunaria_ has been named _parvilunaria_, Bastel. At the time it is laid,
-the egg is pale olive green, but it changes to shining reddish, and just
-before hatching to purplish black. (Plate 113, Fig. 1a.)
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 112.
-   1-3. EARLY THORN.
-     4. LUNAR THORN.
-  5, 6. PURPLE THORN.
-  7, 8. LILAC BEAUTY.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 113.
-  1, 1a. PURPLE THORN: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a. LUNAR THORN: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-      3. AUGUST THORN: _caterpillar_.
-
-{277} The caterpillar is reddish brown, mottled with darker brown, and with
-pale greyish. It feeds on birch, alder, oak, sallow, cherry, etc.: June and
-July, and again in the autumn. (Plate 113, Fig. 1.)
-
-The moth is out in April and May, and the second generation emerges in July
-and August. A few specimens of a third generation have been reared in
-October, but this is unusual.
-
-The species is more or less local, and rarely common, at least in the moth
-state; it occurs in all the southern counties of England, and a few
-specimens have been recorded from some of the midland and northern
-counties, and from South Wales. In Scotland, only noted from Rannoch,
-Perthshire, and a specimen was reared on April 25, 1901, from a caterpillar
-found at Dunkeld, in the same county, the previous autumn.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-LILAC BEAUTY (_Hygrochroa_ (_Pericallia_) _syringaria_).
-
-The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 112, and it will be noted that
-the male (Fig. 7) is rather smaller and decidedly more brightly coloured
-than the female (Fig. 8). An older English name is "Richmond Beauty,"
-Wilkes. Figures of the curiously shaped caterpillar and chrysalis will be
-found on Plate {278} 115, Figs. 2, 2a. The former is yellowish brown,
-variegated with reddish and violet; it feeds on honeysuckle, lilac, and
-privet, and may be beaten or searched for in May and early June, after
-hibernation. I have found it commonly on privet hedges in the Mill Hill
-district, Middlesex, but in woods, and especially in the New Forest, it is
-obtained from honeysuckle. In my experience, the privet-feeding
-caterpillars always produce larger moths than those reared from
-caterpillars fed on honeysuckle. The moth emerges in June and July, the
-former month chiefly in confinement, and from such early moths a second
-generation may be obtained in the autumn.
-
-Although most frequent in the southern half of England and Wales, the range
-of the species extends to the northern counties; and single specimens have
-been recorded from Durham and Northumberland, but the species has not been
-noted in Scotland.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-SCALLOPED HAZEL (_Gonodontis bidentata_).
-
-This species varies in ground colour, from pale whity brown through shades
-of grey brown, olive brown, ochreous, and dark brown to black; the blackish
-cross lines of the fore wings are generally edged with white, but the
-edging is sometimes absent, and occasionally it alone remains distinct; the
-central space enclosed by the cross lines is often darker than the general
-colour, and not infrequently it is faintly reddish. Figs. 1 and 2, Plate
-114, represent two of the more usual forms of the species. Fig. 3 is the
-black ab. _nigra_, Prout, which occurs on the mosses of Lancashire, and in
-Yorkshire.
-
-The yellowish and brown mottled, purplish caterpillar is figured on Plate
-115, where also are shown the eggs (turquoise blue, changing to reddish
-brown), and the reddish brown chrysalis. The latter, which is twice the
-natural size, is from a photograph by Mr. H. Main. The caterpillar feeds on
-the foliage of oak, birch, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, plum, larch, etc.; it
-grows very slowly, and may be beaten out in most of the months from July to
-October. The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes earlier. Pretty
-generally distributed over the British Isles, but not noted in the Orkneys
-or Shetlands. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 114.
-   1-3. SCALLOPED HAZEL.
-  4, 5. FEATHERED THORN.
-  6, 7. SCALLOPED OAK.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 115.
-  1, 1a, 1b. SCALLOPED HAZEL: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-      2, 2a. LILAC BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-{279}
-
-FEATHERED THORN (_Himera_ (_Colotois_) _pennaria_).
-
-A more or less typical but rather small male specimen is shown on Plate
-114, Fig. 4, but the ground colour is frequently more tawny in tint, and
-sometimes it is much paler inclining to yellowish; the cross lines may be
-either wider apart, or closer together, and the inner one is often clouded
-with blackish; sometimes both lines become almost bandlike; the
-submarginal, usually interrupted, line is occasionally well defined. The
-female, often browner than the specimen depicted (Fig. 5) is frequently
-tinged with purple, and occasionally with pink.
-
-The batch of eggs, as deposited, was photographed by Mr. Main. The egg is
-olive green with a ring of pale specks around the micropylar end. The
-caterpillar is slaty grey inclining to purplish, with a series of not
-clearly defined ochreous diamonds on the back and a row of ochreous dots on
-each side; the raised points on the last ring are tipped with reddish
-(Plate 116). It feeds on oak, birch, poplar, sallow, apple, hawthorn, sloe,
-etc. April to June. The moth is out in October and November, but is seldom
-noticed in the daytime; at night, the males are frequently seen at gas and
-electric light. The species is generally common in woodlands, especially as
-caterpillars, over the southern half of England and Wales, and occurs more
-or less frequently over the rest of the country, also in Scotland to Moray,
-and in Ireland. {280}
-
-SCALLOPED OAK (_Crocallis elinguaria_).
-
-Fig. 6 on Plate 114 shows the usual form of this species, in which there
-are blackish dots on the outer margins of all the wings. Fig. 7 depicts a
-form with the ground colour paler, and the outer marginal dots absent (ab.
-_trapezaria_, Boisduval). The ground colour varies to almost whitish on the
-one hand and to reddish buff on the other; the cross lines on the fore
-wings are distinct as a rule, but may be faint, and occasionally are
-entirely missing; the central space between the lines is most often
-brownish, sometimes tawny, but not infrequently this area is but little
-darker than the general colour. The blackish discal spot on the hind wings
-varies in size and somewhat in shape, but this and also the line beyond,
-are sometimes absent. Porritt (_List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera_) mentions
-two gynandrous specimens. Eggs, pale grey, with darkish grey marking (Plate
-116, Fig. 2b). The caterpillar, of which two figures from coloured drawings
-by Mr. A. Sich are given on Plate 116, Figs. 2, 2a, varies from ochreous
-grey to dark grey tinged with purple; the front rings are often paler
-above, and the back has diamond-shaped marks upon it; the elevation on the
-last ring is edged with black. It feeds on the leaves of most trees and
-bushes during the spring. The moth is out in July and August, sometimes
-earlier. A pretty generally distributed species throughout the British
-Isles, but so far it has not been noted from the Hebrides, Orkneys, or
-Shetland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia.
-
-ORANGE MOTH (_Angerona prunaria_).
-
-Typical males of this species are orange and the females pale ochreous, all
-the wings sprinkled or freckled with purplish grey. (Plate 117, Figs. 1
-[male], 7 [female].) Ab. _corylaria_, Thunberg (Figs. 2 [male], {281} 8
-[female]), is brownish on the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore
-wings, and nearly the whole of the hind wings. The typical ground colour
-appears on the fore wings as a central band, but as a rule this does not
-quite reach the inner margin. Ab. _pickettaria_, Prout, is a modification
-of the _corylaria_ form, in which the typical ground appears on the front
-margin above the brownish basal patch, and also along the outer margin,
-thus narrowing the brownish border on that area; in one male specimen the
-right pair of wings were _corylaria_ and the left pair _pickettaria_.
-Another modification has the basal and outer marginal areas "a nondescript
-grey shade in the male and a golden brown in the female" (ab. _pallidaria_,
-Prout). Ab. _spangbergi_, Lampa, is of the typical form, but is without the
-dark freckles. Other aberrations have been named, and at least one
-gynandrous specimen is known. The eggs, which are laid in June, hatch in
-about twelve days. The caterpillars feed slowly until September or October,
-and then hibernate; but it has been noted that when reared in confinement,
-and supplied with privet, they nibble the stems during the winter.
-Occasionally, a caterpillar will feed up and assume the moth state in the
-autumn, but the usual habit is to complete growth in the spring, enter the
-chrysalis state in May, and appear as moths about the end of that month, if
-in captivity, or in June and July in the open. Various food plants have
-been given, among which are hawthorn, sloe, plum, birch, lilac, privet, and
-honeysuckle. The caterpillar is figured on Plate 118, Fig. 2.
-
-The male flies in the early evening, but the female not until later. The
-species frequents woods, and may be disturbed by day from among the bracken
-and other undergrowth. It is more or less common in many woods throughout
-the southern half of England, and its range extends northwards to
-Yorkshire. In Ireland, it has occurred locally in counties Waterford, Cork,
-Kerry, Limerick, Clare, and Galway. It has been {282} recorded from the
-Isle of Arran, but not from the mainland of Scotland.
-
-Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.
-
-SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH (_Ourapteryx sambucaria_).
-
-This conspicuous-looking insect (Plate 117, Fig. 6) is frequently seen in
-gardens, lanes, and the outskirts of woods, pretty well all over England,
-Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it seems to be rare and confined to the
-south, but has been noted up to Glasgow. Very rarely the cross lines of the
-fore wings are placed close together, but, except in the matter of size,
-there is, as a rule, little variation.
-
-The caterpillar, of which a figure, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich,
-is given on Plate 118, Fig. 1, is brownish, variegated with reddish or
-purplish. It feeds, from August to June, on the foliage of hawthorn, sloe,
-elder, etc., but is especially partial to ivy.
-
-The moth is out in July, and sometimes an odd specimen or two will appear
-in the autumn; one was captured at Gravesend on October 22, 1904.
-
-The species is represented in Amurland and Japan by the smaller and whiter
-var. _persica_, Menetries.
-
-SCORCHED WING (_Eurymene dolabraria_).
-
-The crumpled or shrivelled appearance of the wings, coupled with the brown
-coloration of the streaks and other markings on the wings, no doubt
-suggested the English name of this species (Plate 117, Fig. 3).
-
-The twig-like caterpillar is brownish, tinged with greenish or reddish, and
-variegated with darker, especially along the back of the first three rings,
-the hump on ring 8, and a cross stripe on the last ring. It feeds on oak,
-birch, and sallow, from July to September.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 116.
-  1, 1a, 1b. FEATHERED THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and
-      caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a, 2b. SCALLOPED OAK: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and
-      caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 117.
-  1, 2, 7, 8. ORANGE MOTH.
-           3. SCORCHED WING.
-        4, 5. BRIMSTONE.
-           6. SWALLOW-TAILED.
-
-{283} The moth, which inhabits woods, and is out in late May and in June,
-is sometimes attracted to sugar, but rather more frequently to light. It
-is, however, far more rarely seen than the caterpillar, which has been
-obtained in almost every English county up to Yorkshire. A specimen of the
-moth has been recorded from Darlington, Durham, and one at Meldon Park,
-Northumberland. It occurs in Wales and Ireland, but is hardly known to be
-found in Scotland.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-THE BRIMSTONE (_Opisthograptis luteolata_).
-
-This generally distributed and often common yellow species (Plate 117,
-Figs. 4 and 5) has the front margin of the fore wings marked with reddish,
-and occasionally a stripe of this colour extends along the front margin
-from the base to the tip; the discal mark is whitish outlined in reddish
-brown; the wavy cross lines are often faint, and not infrequently quite
-absent. White specimens, ab. _lacticolor_, Harrison, have been recorded
-from Cheshire and Durham, and probably have occurred elsewhere, since I
-have a specimen said to have been taken in Staffordshire; an orange-yellow
-form has occurred in the last-named county. (Also known as _Rumia
-crataegata_.)
-
-The twig-like caterpillar is brownish tinged with greenish or purplish;
-there is a double-pointed hump on the back of ring 6 and smaller
-projections on 8. It feeds on hawthorn chiefly, but sometimes on sloe,
-plum, etc. It may be found after hibernation in the spring, and a second
-generation occurs in the summer.
-
-The moth seems to have been noted in each month from April to August, but
-it is most frequent in May and June. {284}
-
-BORDERED BEAUTY (_Epione apiciaria_).
-
-The orange-yellow moth whose portrait is shown on Plate 119 (Fig. 1) has
-the outer margins, beyond the second blackish line, more or less shaded
-with purplish grey, inclining to purple near the line; on the fore wings,
-the first cross line is angled at the middle, and the second line runs to
-the tips of the wings. Gynandrous specimens of this and also the following
-species have been noted.
-
-The early stages are figured on Plate 121, Figs. 2, 2a. The eggs, which are
-laid in July and August on the food plant, are pale yellow at first, then
-reddish, with white dots and patches. The caterpillars generally emerge in
-the following spring, but sometimes, at least in captivity, they hatch in
-about a fortnight, feed up quickly, and attain the moth state in September
-or October.
-
-Caterpillar, brown, with a greenish or ochreous tinge; along the back of
-rings 3 to 6 is an ochreous patch, and within this a black mark, and on the
-rings following 6 there are more or less distinct ochreous diamonds; a dull
-yellowish line low down along the sides; head, dull reddish brown. It
-feeds, in May and June, on willow, sallow, alder, etc. The moth is out in
-July and August, and is not uncommon in many parts of Southern and Eastern
-England. Its range extends through England, Wales, and Scotland to
-Sutherland. In Ireland, it is widely distributed, and not at all scarce in
-some northern localities.
-
-DARK BORDERED BEAUTY (_Epione parallelaria_).
-
-As will be seen on referring to Plate 119 the sexes of this species are
-strikingly different. The male (Fig. 2) is very similar to the last
-species, except that the first cross line is curved and reddish brown in
-colour; the second line runs to the front margin before the tip, and the
-outer margin beyond is almost entirely purple. The female (Fig. 3) has the
-ground colour pale yellowish, and the outer borders narrowed, especially on
-the fore wings. Very occasionally, the ground colour in the male approaches
-that of the female. The eggs (Plate 121, Fig. 1) are pale yellow when
-deposited, but afterwards become honey yellow, freckled with reddish, and
-later they are red all over. The caterpillar is dingy brown, inclining to
-greyish on the back of the first four rings, a dark mark about the middle
-of the back, and on each side of this two slender whitish lines are fairly
-distinct; underside, whitish tinged with pale violet. It feeds, in May and
-June, sometimes later, on dwarf sallow and willow, birch, aspen, etc.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 118.
-  1. SWALLOW-TAILED: _caterpillar_.
-  2. ORANGE MOTH: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 119.
-      1. BORDERED BEAUTY.
-   2, 3. DARK BORDERED BEAUTY.
-      4. LITTLE THORN.
-   5, 6. SPECKLED YELLOW.
-      7. PEACOCK.
-      8. SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK.
-  9, 10. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE.
-
-{285} The moth is out in July and August, sometimes later. Although odd
-specimens have been recorded from Norfolk, St. Ives (Hunts), Newbury
-(Berks), and Arundel (Sussex), the species is a northern one, occurring
-chiefly near York (Sanburn Moss).
-
-In 1863, two specimens were secured at Learmouth Bog, near
-Cornhill-on-Tweed, and in 1890, Bolam found it at Newham Bog, on the
-Northumberland border. Renton states that it is fairly common in good
-seasons at Adderstone-lea Moss, Roxburghshire; and Salvage found it widely
-distributed in Sutherlandshire.
-
-LITTLE THORN (_Epione advenaria_).
-
-This species (Plate 119, Fig. 4) is usually whitish, freckled and clouded
-with grey brown; cross lines rather darker. The markings may be tinged with
-ochreous, or with red (Sheffield).
-
-A uniform brown-coloured specimen with white fringes has been bred
-(Surrey).
-
-The caterpillar is greyish brown, minutely freckled with blackish; two
-white spots on front of ring 5, and two smaller {286} ones on 11; the rings
-between 5 and 11 with pale diamonds on the back, and whitish marks on the
-sides; head, black, white dotted. It feeds, in July and August, or even
-later, on dogwood, bilberry, sallow, etc. Mr. A. J. Scollick, who kindly
-provided the caterpillar figured on Plate 121, Fig. 3, informs me that in
-rearing larvae from the egg he finds that they prefer dogwood as a pabulum,
-and that in the locality where he takes the moth in June there is no
-bilberry, but plenty of _Cornus sanguinea_. This local species, which is
-out from late May well into June, is generally associated with bilberry,
-but by no means confined to localities where this plant flourishes. In some
-of its haunts it affects bramble, and in others rose. It occurs, in
-woodlands, in Essex, Kent, Surrey (Leith Hill, Horsley, Chilworth, etc.),
-Berkshire, and Oxfordshire (near Watlington), Sussex (Abbots Wood, St.
-Leonards Forest, etc.), Hampshire (New Forest), Devonshire (Haldon), in the
-West to Shropshire, and South Wales; Derbyshire and South Yorks.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan; thus it has a more
-eastern distribution than either of our other species of _Epione_, which
-only reach Amurland.
-
-SPECKLED YELLOW (_Venilia maculata_).
-
-This pretty blackish-spotted yellow species (Plate 119, Figs. 5 and 6)
-varies somewhat in the tint of ground colour, but more so in the number and
-size of the markings; occasionally some of these are united, forming bands
-or blotches; or they may be reduced in number and size, leading up to ab.
-_quadrimaculata_, Hatchett (Pinion-spotted Yellow), a form that used to
-occur rarely in the Dartford district, Kent, and of which an example is
-depicted on Plate 61, Fig. 2.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with white lines and stripes; head, shining
-green. It feeds, in July and August, on wood sage (_Teucrium_), woundwort
-(_Stachys_), and dead nettle (_Lamium_). {287}
-
-The moth is a lover of the woodlands, and as it flies in the daytime,
-especially when sunny, will be almost certainly noted on the wing by any
-one rambling through the woods in June, or even late May. It is generally
-plentiful in the south and west of England, but although its range extends
-through the northern parts of the country, and widely over Scotland to
-Sutherland, it is more or less local and often rare in the northern area
-indicated. In North Wales and South-west Ireland, it is local, but not
-uncommon.
-
-THE PEACOCK MOTH (_Semiothisa_ (_Macaria_) _notata_).
-
-Whitish, with an ochreous tinge, and clouded with ochreous grey; three
-indistinct cross lines on the fore wings, commencing as brownish spots on
-the front margin; a larger brownish spot, inclining to reddish, on the
-front margin beyond the angle of outer line, and a large blackish or
-brownish divided spot below it; a shallow notch under the tips of the
-wings, edged with dark brown, and fringed with smoky brown. (Plate 119,
-Fig. 7.)
-
-The caterpillar is green, with brown markings on the sides, or brownish
-with green markings; head, black as a rule, but occasionally green. It
-feeds, in late June and in July, on birch and sallow; there is a second
-brood in August and September. The moth may be beaten out from birch bushes
-in May and June, and again in July and August. Woods are its favourite
-haunts, especially those where heather and small birch abound, but it is
-very local in the south of England, although it occurs in most of the
-counties from Kent to Cornwall. Barrett states that it is rather common in
-heathy woods in Staffordshire and Cheshire, and Forsythe gives it as local
-and uncommon in the Lancaster district; also recorded from Cambridgeshire,
-Suffolk, Herts (Bentley Wood, 1901), and Gloucestershire; Glamorganshire,
-South Wales; Inverness and Ross, in Scotland. {288}
-
-SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK (_Semiothisa alternata_).
-
-Whitish clouded and suffused with greyish; fore wings crossed by three dark
-lines, commencing in blackish spots on the front margin; a greyish band
-follows the outer line, a reddish brown spot at the costal end, and a
-blackish spot about the middle, the spot broken up by the veins, which are
-here ochreous; a rather deep notch below the tip is edged with black and
-fringed with blackish. Hind wings with a black central dot, and a greyish
-band beyond. (Plate 119, Fig. 8.)
-
-Mr. A. J. Scollick has recorded that some caterpillars, presumably about a
-week old on June 24, 1905, went into chrysalis July 7 to 12. One moth
-emerged July 18, but no other appeared until December 20. A third came up
-on January 5, 1906, and a fourth on February 5.
-
-The caterpillar is pale green, with reddish brown blotches on the sides,
-and sometimes the back is also reddish brown. It feeds on alder, sallow,
-and sloe, in June, and as a second generation in the autumn. (Eggs and a
-caterpillar, the latter after Hofmann, are figured on Plate 123.) The moth
-flies in May and early June, and occasionally in July or August.
-
-This species, which is always local, is perhaps most frequently met with in
-the New Forest, Hants, but it is not uncommon in some parts of the Isle of
-Wight, Dorset, Devon, and Kent. Also noted from a few other southern
-counties, and from Suffolk, Norfolk, and Westmoreland. In Wales, it has
-occurred at Neath, Glamorganshire.
-
-The range of this species abroad, and also that of the last, extends to
-Amurland.
-
-TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE (_Semiothisa liturata_).
-
-The more frequent forms of this species are shown on Plate 119, Figs. 9,
-10. In some examples the cross lines are almost absent, but in others they
-are very distinct and blackish in colour; the orange yellow band in the
-outer marginal area varies in width and in strength, but it is usually
-present, even in the sooty brown form ab. _nigrofulvata_, Collins (Plate
-61, Fig. 7), described from Delamere, Cheshire, also found in Shropshire,
-and recorded from "Oakley Wood."
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 120.
-           1, 3. EARLY MOTH.
-     2, 4, 5, 6. SPRING USHER.
-           7, 9. SCARCE UMBER.
-  8, 10, 11, 12. DOTTED BORDER.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 121.
-      1. DARK-BORDERED BEAUTY: _eggs_.
-  2, 2a. BORDERED BEAUTY: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-      3. LITTLE THORN: _caterpillar_.
-
-{289} The caterpillar (Plate 123, Fig. 2) is green, with white or creamy
-transverse lines and stripes; head, reddish. Another form is pale ochreous
-grey or brownish, with pale grey lines and stripes; head, almost black,
-with purple tinge. It feeds on the needles of Scots pine (_Pinus
-sylvestris_), in July and August, and occasionally in September and
-October. A photograph of the chrysalis by Mr. H. Main, enlarged to twice
-natural size, is shown on Plate 123.
-
-The moth is to be found in fir woods, where it lurks among the branches or
-sits on the trunks, or on the fallen needles on the ground. The moths of
-the first generation appear in June and July and, where it occurs, the
-second flies in August and September. Widely distributed over the British
-Isles, but not noted north of Moray, in Scotland.
-
-EARLY MOTH (_Hybernia rupicapraria_).
-
-Although generally common, and often abundant, over England, Wales, the
-south of Scotland, and Ireland, this species (Plate 120, Figs. 1 [male], 3
-[female]) hardly ever comes under notice unless hedgerows and hawthorn
-bushes are examined in January and February, by the aid of a lantern, after
-darkness has set in. Then the males, and almost wingless females, will be
-found in numbers, sitting at the ends of the twigs.
-
-The caterpillar is whitish green, clouded with darker green, striped with
-white along the back, and marked with white on the sides. The general
-colour is sometimes very dark green, approaching black, and in this form
-the white markings are {290} more striking. It feeds, in April and May, on
-hawthorn, sloe, plum, and bilberry.
-
-SPRING USHER (_Hybernia leucophaearia_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 9.
-
-SPRING USHER AT REST.
-
-(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)]
-
-On Plate 120 are shown the typical and more usual forms of this variable
-species. Fig. 2 represents the male, and Fig. 4 the female. The form with
-blackish base and outer margin is ab. _marmorinaria_, Esper (Plate 120,
-Fig. 5). Ab. _merularia_, Weymer, is entirely black, and a modification of
-this form is shown in Fig. 6. Between each of these extremes and the type
-there are various gradations.
-
-The caterpillar is usually some shade of green, with yellowish lines on the
-back, and some have brownish marks on the sides; in others there are dark
-brown marks on the back of each ring. It feeds on the leaves of oak, in
-April and May.
-
-The moth rests on tree-trunks, fences, etc., and the males may be thus
-found during the day in February, earlier or later in some seasons; the
-female is less often obtained on trees and fences, but may be beaten,
-together with the male, from the dead leaves which remain upon oak and
-other bushes.
-
-The species appears to occur, more or less locally, in most of the English
-counties; it has also been recorded from Pembrokeshire and Flintshire, in
-Wales. In Scotland, it is obtained in {291} the south, and northwards to
-Aberdeenshire. There are but two records from Ireland, and these are
-doubtful.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-SCARCE UMBER (_Hybernia aurantiaria_).
-
-One specimen of each sex of this orange yellow species will be found on
-Plate 120, where Fig. 7 represents the male, and Fig. 9 the female; the
-cross lines, in the male, are usually distinct on all the wings, but those
-on the hind pair are sometimes very faint, and occasionally absent. The
-ground colour is paler in some specimens than in others, and there is
-variation in the amount of purplish speckling, in the purplish clouding
-following the second line, and in the submarginal series of purplish marks
-of the fore wings. The marginal dots are sometimes absent from the hind
-wings, most frequently in specimens with faint cross lines on these wings.
-
-The eggs (Plate 125, Fig. 2), when I received them in February, were
-purplish, or violet brown.
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish, inclining to ochreous, lined with brown on
-the back, and striped with purplish on the sides; underside, dark purplish
-brown, inclining to blackish, and striped with yellowish. It feeds in the
-spring, sometimes to June, on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc., and may be
-found on the leaves during the day. The moth is out in the latter part of
-the year, from October, and is best obtained at night, when sitting on the
-twigs of trees and bushes, but a specimen or two may be found on
-tree-trunks, palings, etc., in the daytime.
-
-The species is widely distributed over England, and in some parts it is
-common in woods; also occurs in Wales. In Scotland it is very rare and
-local in Roxburghshire; local and uncommon in the Clyde area, and has been
-recorded from other parts of the country up to Aberdeen. Rare in Ireland,
-but noted from {292} Tyrone (local among birches at Cookstown), Monaghan,
-Fermanagh (Enniskillen), and Galway.
-
-DOTTED BORDER (_Hybernia marginaria_).
-
-On Plate 120 four specimens of this rather variable species are depicted.
-Figs. 8 [male] and 10 [female] show the more usual form; Fig. 12 represents
-the northern English, blackish var. _fuscata_, Harrison, and Fig. 11 an
-intermediate form resulting from a cross-pairing of _fuscata_ [female] with
-a southern [male]. Somewhat similar forms to the last have been captured in
-Wear Dale, Durham.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 10.
-
-DOTTED BORDER, MALE.]
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 11.
-
-DOTTED BORDER, FEMALE.]
-
-(Photos by H. Main.)
-
-The caterpillar is figured on Plate 125, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A.
-Sich. It is described by Fenn as dull yellow, olive green, or greenish
-brown; a series of dark grey X-like marks on the back, most distinct on
-rings 5-11; the spiracles are white, each placed in a black cloud, and the
-spaces between them paler, sometimes yellowish; the last ring is often
-brown without marking, and the front rings have a purplish stripe above;
-under surface, paler throughout. It feeds, in April and May, as a rule, but
-has been found later, on hawthorn, sloe, oak, birch, alder, sallow, etc.,
-and may be obtained in the daytime.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 122.
-   1-5. MOTTLED UMBER.
-   6-8. MARCH MOTH.
-  9-11. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 123.
-  1. SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-  2. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE: _caterpillar and chrysalids_.
-
-{293} The moth is out in March and April; and after their short evening
-flight the males may be seen in numbers on hedgerows and the twigs of
-trees. It is not infrequent at sallow catkins, and sometimes is not scarce
-on palings and tree-trunks. The female may occasionally be detected in the
-crevices of bark on tree-trunks, but is more easily obtained on the twigs
-at night.
-
-The species is common over the whole of England and Wales, also in Ireland.
-As regards Scotland, it is abundant in the south, but its range does not
-seem to extend beyond Aberdeen; the var. _fuscata_ occurs in Renfrewshire.
-
-MOTTLED UMBER (_Hybernia defoliaria_).
-
-A female (Fig. 3) and four examples of the male of this variable species
-are shown on Plate 122. The ground colour of the fore wings in the male
-varies from whitish, through ochreous brown to dull russet brown; the cross
-bands (when present) range in colour from reddish brown to dark purplish,
-almost blackish, brown; in all the paler specimens the ground colour is
-more or less sprinkled or suffused with brownish; the darker specimens are
-sprinkled with dark purplish or blackish. Ab. _obscurata_, Staud., is
-almost uniformly dull brownish, and an example approaching this form is
-represented by Fig. 4.
-
-When deposited the eggs (Plate 125, Fig. 1b) were deep straw yellow. {294}
-
-The caterpillar (figured on Plate 125, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by
-Mr. A. Sich) has various shades of reddish brown on the back, and yellowish
-on the sides and beneath; the line above the red-marked white spiracles is
-black, and this has an interrupted edging of white. Fig. 1a shows a pale
-form. It feeds on the foliage of birch, oak, and other forest trees, also
-on fruit trees, rose, honeysuckle, etc. It often occurs in great abundance,
-and is largely responsible for the leafless condition of the trees,
-sometimes noticed in May.
-
-The moth appears from October to December, and occasionally in January,
-February, or March.
-
-Generally abundant throughout England and Wales; widely distributed, and
-often common in Ireland; not uncommon in the south of Scotland, but
-becoming less frequent northwards to Perthshire and Aberdeen.
-
-MARCH MOTH (_Anisopteryx aescularia_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 12.
-
-MARCH MOTH, MALE.]
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 14.
-
-MARCH MOTH, FEMALE X2.]
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 13.
-
-MARCH MOTH, FEMALE.]
-
-(Photos by H. Main.)
-
-Examples of each sex are shown on Plate 122, Figs. 7 and 8 [male], 6
-[female]. The male varies in the general colour from pale to dark grey; the
-central area being sometimes smoky tinged. In the north of England, chiefly
-in Yorkshire, blackish specimens occur in which the markings are more or
-less obscured.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 124.
-   1-3. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY.
-   4-6. BELTED BEAUTY.
-  7, 8. BRINDLED BEAUTY.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 125.
-  1. MOTTLED UMBER: _egg, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillars_.
-  2. SCARCE UMBER: _egg, natural size and enlarged_.
-  3. DOTTED BORDER: _caterpillar_.
-  4. MARCH MOTH: _caterpillar_.
-
-{295}
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 15.
-
-PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY.
-
-(Photo by H. Main.)]
-
-The caterpillar is pale green with a rather darker line along the back, and
-yellowish lines along the sides. It feeds on hawthorn, sloe, privet, lilac,
-currant, plum, cherry, rose, etc., also on oak, hornbeam, and some other
-trees: April to June. The figure of the caterpillar on Plate 125, Fig. 4,
-is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.
-
-The moth is out in the spring, and may be found on palings, tree-trunks,
-etc., in the daytime, and more freely flying about, or sitting on hedges,
-at night, when the spider-like wingless female is more frequently obtained.
-The male is attracted by light, and sometimes is not uncommon on gas lamps.
-
-Except that it seems not to have been noted north of Perthshire in
-Scotland, the species is generally distributed over the British Isles.
-
-PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Phigalia pedaria_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 122, Figs. 9 [female], 10, 11 [male])
-are greyish, tinged with greenish or brown, and sprinkled with darker grey
-or brownish; the irregular cross lines are blackish. Occasional specimens
-in the north of England are more or less sprinkled with yellow buff or
-orange buff, and in these the cross-markings may be present or absent. A
-more frequent form of aberration in the north is a general darkening of the
-colour in {296} the direction of ab. _monacharia_, Staud., which is smoky
-black with the veins black, and occurs chiefly in South Yorkshire.
-
-The caterpillar, figured on Plate 126, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by
-Mr. A. Sich, is dull reddish brown, relieved with rust red mottling; the
-notched head is greyish brown. It feeds, in the spring, on birch, oak, elm,
-lime, poplar, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, plum and other fruit trees, rose,
-etc.
-
-The moth is out as a rule during the first two or three months of the year,
-but it has been noted in November and December, and also in mid-June. It
-may be seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, palings, etc., but the female
-secretes herself in any convenient cranny, and is not easily detected. The
-male flies at night, and comes freely to light.
-
-The species is pretty generally distributed throughout England and Wales,
-and Scotland up to Aberdeen. In Ireland, it has a wide distribution, but
-Kane states that, except in the Belfast district, it is decidedly scarce in
-the country.
-
-SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Apocheima hispidaria_).
-
-In the male (Plate 124, Figs. 1 and 2) the fore wings are ochreous grey
-inclining to brownish, usually much paler on the outer margin; cross lines
-black. Hind wings, greyish white, with a blackish central band. Fringes of
-all the wings chequered with blackish. Often the central area of the fore
-wings, between the first and second lines, is more or less blackish; less
-frequently the whole of these wings, up to or just beyond the submarginal
-line, is blackish; and sometimes the pale outer marginal area is broken up
-by the blackish nervules. Very rarely, the ground colour is almost white,
-and the cross-markings on the fore wings dusky grey. The female (Plate 124,
-Fig. 3) varies from brown to blackish. {297}
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 16.
-
-SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY AT REST.
-
-(Photo by H. Main.)]
-
-The caterpillar is brown, inclining to blackish or purplish, the raised
-spots are black, and occasionally the sides are freckled with orange (Plate
-126, Fig. 2, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich). It feeds in May and
-early June on oak, and will also eat hawthorn, birch, and elm.
-
-The moth, which is out in February and March, appears to be local, but has
-a wide distribution through England from Durham to Hampshire, and even
-Devonshire. It has also been recorded from Denbighshire, North Wales. A
-well-known locality is Richmond Park, in Surrey, and here it is found
-resting on oak trunks or on the grass stems, etc., under or around the
-trees. The male is attracted by light.
-
-RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Nyssia lapponaria_).
-
-The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 134, where Fig. 3 represents
-the male, and Fig. 5 the female. It was not known to occur in the British
-Isles until 1871, when a male specimen was captured in Perthshire, on April
-20 of that year. Mr. William M. Christy, in 1895, bred some moths from
-larvae obtained in the Highlands of Scotland, and he sent eggs to Mr. F. W.
-Frohawk, who worked out the life history, and described and figured all the
-stages from egg to perfect insect (_Entom._ xxviii. 237). In July, 1900 and
-1901, Mr. E. A. Cockayne found {298} caterpillars, in Perthshire (Rannoch
-district), on ling, heath, and bog-myrtle; and in June, 1904, he published
-(_Entom._ xxxvii. 149) some interesting observations on the habits of the
-species in its native haunts. The greenish yellow eggs are laid in batches
-of 10 to 150 in the dry corollas of the cross-leaved heath, and less
-frequently between the stem and sheath of reeds, or in cracks in dead
-bracken stems, etc. The caterpillar (Plate 126, Fig. 3) is pale drab,
-inclining to a yellowish tint; irregular yellow stripes along the back and
-sides, and lines of blackish streaks between the stripes. It will eat
-birch, sallow, and hawthorn, in captivity; but in the open it feeds on
-heather and bog-myrtle: May-July. The chrysalis is reddish brown, rather
-paler on the wing covers (figured on Plate 126 from a photo, twice natural
-size, by Mr. H. Main). The moth is out in April and May, and sits on the
-twigs of heather and the stems of bog-myrtle. It has only been recorded
-from Perthshire, and is there very local, frequenting damp places near
-streams.
-
-Mr. A. W. Mera has obtained hybrids from a crossing of this species with
-_N. zonaria_.
-
-BELTED BEAUTY (_Nyssia zonaria_).
-
-Two males and a female of this species are depicted on Plate 124 (Figs. 4,
-5 [male], 6 [female]). There is variation in the ground colour of the male,
-from white to greyish, and the markings are sometimes greyish brown and
-sometimes blackish. Kane states that, in Ireland, a large number of
-Connemara specimens have the fore wings entirely white, broken by dark
-veins, front margin, and three streaks parallel to the outer margin. The
-caterpillar is greenish, with dusky grey lines and freckles on the back,
-and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; the latter is edged below
-with blackish; the underside is black and striped with grey; head, greyish,
-freckled with darker. It feeds on sallow, dandelion, dock, plantain,
-clover, yarrow, grass, etc.: May to August. (Plate 126, Fig. 4; chrysalis,
-Fig. 4a; eggs, Plate 133, Fig. 4.) The moth is out in March and April, and
-rests by day on or among herbage. The male has been known to fly in the
-sunshine, but its more usual time of flight is the early evening.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 126.
-          1. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_.
-          2. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_.
-  3, 3a, 3b. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY: _egg, natural size enlarged.
-      caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-      4, 4a. BELTED BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 127.
-  1-3. OAK BEAUTY.
-
-{299} The species is locally common on sand hills, on the coast of
-Cheshire, Flintshire, and Carnarvon; Wallasey is a noted locality, and the
-earliest British specimens were taken in that district about 1832; it also
-occurs on the Lancashire coast, in the Liverpool and Blackpool districts.
-In Ireland, it was first noted in Co. Antrim, where caterpillars were found
-at Ballycastle, and about twenty-two years ago moths were captured at the
-same place. Other Irish localities are Achill Island, off the coast of
-Mayo; Slyne Head and Roundstone, Connemara coast. There are records of its
-occurrence in the Isles of Skye and Tiree.
-
-BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Lycia hirtaria_).
-
-A male and a female are shown on Plate 124 (Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]),
-and these represent the more usual form of the sexes in the London
-district. Some specimens are paler, others are darker; and not infrequently
-the wings are sprinkled with yellowish.
-
-On Plate 1 (Figs. 4, 6, 8) will be found figures of a female and two male
-examples of a large race taken by Mr. H. McArthur this season (1908) at
-Aviemore, in Scotland. One of these males is of a remarkable ochreous
-coloration, whilst in the other the contrast of grey ground and black
-marking is equally striking. The female is blackish sprinkled with
-ochreous.
-
-The caterpillar is purplish grey or reddish brown clouded and freckled with
-darker, and spotted with yellow on rings 5-8; the first ring is also marked
-with yellow in front, the head is freckled with black, and about the jaws
-with yellow. It feeds on lime, elm, willow, and fruit trees, especially
-plum and pear, {300} in May, June, and July. For the example figured on
-Plate 128, Fig. 1, I am indebted to Mr. Norman Riley; an Aviemore example
-is shown in colour on Plate 1, Fig. 7. The chrysalis (Plate 128, Fig. 1a)
-is dark reddish brown inclining to blackish. The moth comes out in March
-and April and is often a common object on tree-trunks, etc., in the London
-parks, squares, and gardens. Its range extends over the south of England,
-and northwards to Yorkshire and Cumberland, but it is nowhere so plentiful
-in England as throughout the Metropolitan area. It occurs in Wales, in
-Ireland, and in Scotland up to Inverness.
-
-OAK BEAUTY (_Pachys_ (_Amphidasys_) _strataria_).
-
-The fore wings of this species (Plate 127, Figs. 1-3) are white, sprinkled
-and cross lined with black; the first line is bordered inwardly, and the
-second line outwardly with brownish; frequently these two lines fall
-closely together on the inner margin, and sometimes they are united by a
-blackish blotch at this point; the brownish borders of the lines vary in
-width, and in some specimens the outer area beyond the second black line is
-almost entirely brownish; in other specimens the central and outer areas
-are almost free of black speckling, and in such examples the brownish
-borders of the lines stand out conspicuously. The caterpillar (Plate 128,
-Fig. 2) is usually some shade of brown--greyish, violet, or
-purplish--mottled and freckled with a darker hue. It feeds on oak, birch,
-and elm, will also eat sloe, plum, rose, etc., and is found from May to
-July. In confinement, larvae hatched in early May have gone down to pupate
-during the second week in June.
-
-The moth is out in March and April as a rule, but has been noted in late
-February, and also in early May. It may be seen resting during the day on
-trunks of trees, palings, etc., generally near the ground; when on the wing
-at night the male will come to light. Although not generally common it is
-widely distributed over England and Wales. In Ireland it has occurred in
-Wicklow, Westmeath, and Cork, and has been reared from pupae obtained at
-Glenmalure in the former county.
-
-Hybrids resulting from a cross between _strataria_ [male] and _betularia_
-[female] have been named _herefordi_, Tutt.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 128.
-  1. BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-  2. OAK BEAUTY: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_.
-  3. PEPPERED MOTH: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 129.
-  1-3. PEPPERED MOTH.
-
-{301}
-
-PEPPERED MOTH (_Pachys betularia_).
-
-Typically (Plate 129, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]) the wings are white,
-"peppered" with black, and with more or less distinct cross lines, also
-black. The black speckling varies in amount, in some examples it is almost
-absent, whilst in others it is so dense that the wings appear to be black
-sprinkled with white. Specimens of the last form are intermediate between
-the type and the melanic ab. _doubledayaria_, Milliere (Fig. 2). This black
-form, which seems to have been unknown about sixty years ago, is now much
-commoner than the type in the South-west Riding of Yorkshire, and has
-spread into Lancashire, Cheshire, and southwards to Lincolnshire. On the
-wolds of the latter county, and on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, it is said
-to be the dominant form of the species. The aberration also occurs in the
-eastern and the southern counties of England to Hampshire. Northwards, the
-form has extended to Clydesdale in Scotland, where one was reared from a
-caterpillar obtained near Paisley. In Wales _doubledayaria_ is in the
-ascendant at Newport, Monmouth, and in Ireland one example of this variety
-together with some intermediate and typical specimens were reared from
-caterpillars collected at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth. Possibly the
-liberal distribution of the eggs of _doubledayaria_ may have had something
-to do with the comparatively rapid extension of this form, at least to
-districts far away from its original locality.
-
-What is known as the buff var. of this species dates back to {302} the year
-1874, when a buff female, paired with a black male, was captured at Heaton
-Park. From the eggs she deposited caterpillars hatched, and in due course
-pupated, but the moths reared from them were all either typical, or black.
-Some of the female moths were, however, given to other collectors to pair
-with black males with the result that buff specimens appeared among the
-moths reared by seven collectors. Subsequently, by breeding only from buff
-males and females 80 per cent. of this form were said to be obtained. By
-the year 1880, however, the race was extinct. In all the examples of the
-buff var. that I have seen, including a pair in my own collection, the
-ground colour is normal, but the usual black markings of the wings are
-brownish buff; I understand, however, that there are specimens in which the
-ground colour is ochreous. The vapour of chlorine will change an ordinary
-specimen to a buff var.; and it is said that caterpillars reared in an
-apartment where this vapour is present will produce these buff varieties.
-Mr. Mansbridge has recently described ab. _ochrearia_, and in this form the
-typical black markings are present on an ochreous ground. The specimen, a
-female, was captured at St. Annes, Lancashire, June, 1891.
-
-Gynandrous examples have been obtained, and seven of these abnormal forms
-occurred in a single brood reared from eggs by Mr. A. Harrison.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 128, Fig. 3, from a photo by Mr. H. Main) is green,
-brownish green, or purplish brown; in the green form, which is minutely
-dotted with white, there is generally a faint purplish line along the back,
-two purplish knobs on ring 8, and a purplish patch enclosing two ochreous
-spots on ring 11; the deeply notched head is ochreous, shaded with
-purplish; the last ring of the body is tinged with purplish, as also are
-the two small points thereon. It feeds, from July to September, on oak,
-birch, elm, beech, sallow, plum and other fruit trees; also on rose,
-bramble, etc. The moth is out in May and June, {303} sometimes in July. The
-species is generally distributed, and sometimes common in the caterpillar
-state, but seems to be absent from the Scottish Isles.
-
-WAVED UMBER (_Hemerophila_ (_Synopsia_) _abruptaria_).
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 17.
-
-WAVED UMBER AT REST.
-
-(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)]
-
-A male and a female specimen are figured on Plate 130. The males are
-usually darker than the females, but they vary in the amount of darker
-clouding and suffusion. Three forms of the species have been named as
-follows--ab. _brunneata_, Tutt, a modification of the female rather more
-strongly coloured than the darkest typical male. Ab. _fuscata_, Tutt, sooty
-brown, tending to blackish; both sexes somewhat paler in central area of
-fore wings. Ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, similar to ab. _fuscata_, but without
-pale marking; the thorax is also darker. (Plate 134, Fig. 7, ab.
-_fuscata_.) The eggs, furnished by Mr. Norman Riley, were verdigris green
-when laid, but on the third day changed to greyish.
-
-In general colour the caterpillar is greyish brown sometimes tinged with
-green; pinkish brown blotches along the back, often united on the front and
-hind rings. In some cases the caterpillar is almost black, with a lighter
-mark on front of the first ring. It feeds on privet and lilac, and is said
-to eat currant, broom, and jasmine: May to August. (Plate 133, Fig. 3.)
-
-The moth is out in April and May, and is fond of resting on palings, trees,
-and even walls. It appears to be most plentiful {304} in the London
-district, in the north and east of which the dark forms occur; but it is
-found more or less frequently over the greater part of England, and in
-South Wales; single specimens were taken at Hartlepool, Durham, in 1874 and
-1875. One example has been recorded from Kincardineshire, Scotland; and one
-from Enniskillen, Ireland.
-
-RINGED CARPET (_Boarmia cinctaria_).
-
-Two specimens are shown on Plate 130. Fig. 3 represents the more or less
-typical form, and Fig. 4 depicts an example in which the central area is
-almost free of dark speckling, so that the whitish ground colour comes out
-distinctly. There is a good range of variation in the direction of both
-darker and paler forms than those figured. In some specimens with a clear
-white central area, the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore wings,
-and the outer area of the hind wings, are black or blackish; similar
-aberration is sometimes found in the more speckled specimens also.
-Occasionally, there is a projection from below the middle of the second
-black line to the basal band.
-
-The caterpillar is green, with darker green and whitish lines along the
-back and sides. It feeds on birch, sallow, and heath (_Erica cinerea_), and
-may be reared on knot-grass. The moth is out in May, sometimes late April
-or early June. The New Forest in Hampshire is the district _par excellence_
-for this species, the most favoured locality being the heathy tract near
-Lyndhurst, where the moths are very common, in some years, on tree-trunks,
-especially birch, and on heather. Other localities in England are Poole
-Heath, Parley Heath, and Bloxworth in Dorset; Tilgate Forest, etc., in
-Sussex; Reading district in Berks, first noted in 1891. In Ireland, it is
-widely distributed, and is abundant at Killarney and some other parts of
-Kerry.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 130.
-  1, 2. WAVED UMBER.
-  3, 4. RINGED CARPET.
-  5, 6. WILLOW BEAUTY.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 131.
-  1. WILLOW BEAUTY: _eggs and caterpillar_.
-  2. MOTTLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_.
-
-{305}
-
-WILLOW BEAUTY (_Boarmia gemmaria_).
-
-The two portraits on Plate 130 represent the best known forms of this
-species. Stephens in 1831 referred the smoky or dark slaty grey form (Fig.
-6), which is the ordinary one in the London district, now as then, to
-_rhomboidaria_. Newman subsequently named this form _perfumaria_, and he,
-and other entomologists of the time, considered it as a species distinct
-from _gemmaria_ = _rhomboidaria_. We now know that the smoky grey specimens
-are not peculiar to the metropolitan area, but occur in other parts of
-England (Warwickshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, etc.), and are found, with
-the type, at Howth and other localities in Ireland. The more general forms
-throughout England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland up to Perthshire, are pale
-brown, or greyish brown (typical), sometimes ochreous tinged (Fig. 5); the
-latter is referable to ab. _consobrinaria_, Haworth. Black forms have been
-recorded from Norwich in Norfolk, and blackish specimens have been noted
-from Ashdown Forest, Sussex; from Cannock Chase, Staffordshire; and from
-the south of Scotland.
-
-The eggs (Plate 131, Fig. 1a) are green at first, changing to pink mottled
-with green, and finally to dark grey; the latter change indicates early
-hatching of the caterpillar, which usually occurs about a fortnight after
-the eggs are deposited.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 131, Fig. 1, after a coloured drawing by Mr. A.
-Sich) is dull reddish brown, mottled more or less with ochreous; traces of
-diamond-shaped marks on the back, the latter sometimes well defined. It
-feeds on ivy (in London gardens especially), hawthorn, birch, privet,
-lilac, rose, clematis, broom, and many other shrubs, and also on yew and
-fir, in August, and after hibernation in the spring. The moth is out in
-July and August; sometimes a second brood occurs in September. {306}
-
-This species is the _gemmaria_ of Brahm (1791), but _rhomboidaria_,
-Schiffermuller (1776), although only a catalogue name until figured by
-Hubner, about 1797, is adopted by some authors.
-
-SATIN CARPET (_Boarmia abietaria_).
-
-As an inhabitant of Britain this species was first noted from Hampshire,
-and in 1825 was figured and described by Curtis as _Alcis sericearia_. Two
-specimens of this form, from the New Forest, are depicted on Plate 132,
-Figs. 1, 2; but paler, and also darker, examples are found in this
-locality, and, occasionally, melanic specimens occur as well. The latter
-form, some examples of which might be described as sooty black with black
-veins, is more prevalent among the yews and firs of Surrey.
-
-The caterpillar, for the example of which (and also the egg), figured on
-Plate 138, Figs. 1, 1a, I am obliged to Mr. Arthur J. Scollick, is, in one
-form, ochreous brown with paler cream-coloured patches on the back; and in
-another dark grey-brown with paler patches, sometimes of a light cinnamon
-brown; a pale, thin line along the middle of the back runs through a series
-of brownish diamonds; there are other pale lines on the back and sides, and
-these are edged with brownish, and partly with blackish; spiracles outlined
-in black. (Adapted from Buckler.) It feeds on spruce, pine, yew, oak,
-birch, sallow, etc., from August to June. A larva has been found on
-bilberry in Devon.
-
-The moth is out from late June to early August, but captured specimens are
-not often suitable for the cabinet, they are generally more or less frayed
-or scarred.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 132.
-  1, 2. SATIN CARPET.
-   3-6. MOTTLED BEAUTY.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 133.
-  1. DOTTED CARPET: _caterpillars_.
-  2. BRUSSELS LACE: _caterpillars_.
-  3. WAVED UMBER: _caterpillar_.
-  4. BELTED BEAUTY: _eggs_.
-
-{307} Beside Surrey and Hants, previously mentioned, the species occurs in
-Sussex (Tilgate Forest), Buckinghamshire (Halton), and has been recorded
-from Berkshire; Egg Buckland, Oxton, Bickleigh Vale, and other Devonshire
-localities; also from Cornwall, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire (the
-Cotswolds), and Monmouthshire.
-
-Staudinger and other recent authors have adopted _ribeata_, Clerck, for
-this species.
-
-MOTTLED BEAUTY (_Boarmia repandata_).
-
-Two examples of the more ordinary mottled form of this species are shown on
-Plate 132, Figs. 3 [male], and 4 [female]. Fig. 6 represents ab.
-_destrigaria_, Haworth (_muraria_, Curtis); and Fig. 5 depicts a specimen
-near var. _sodorensium_, Weir, from the Isle of Lewis. Dark-brown forms,
-inclining to blackish, are not uncommon in the London district, but in
-South Yorkshire coal-black specimens with whitish submarginal lines occur;
-a sooty black example from the Sheffield district is figured on Plate 134,
-Fig. 4, and, it may be added, these melanic forms are referable to ab.
-_nigricata_, Fuchs.
-
-Two forms of ab. _conversaria_, Hubner, will be found on Plate 134, where
-Fig. 1 depicts a specimen from the New Forest, and Fig. 8 represents an
-extreme example from North Devon. The _conversaria_ form occurs chiefly in
-the south and west of England, and is perhaps most plentiful along the
-North Devon coast; also in South Wales; Durham (rarely, on the coast).
-Broad dark banded specimens are recorded from Arran and Argyll.
-
-The caterpillar (figured on Plate 131, Fig. 2, after Sich) is brownish
-inclining to ochreous; a dark brownish line along the middle of the back,
-and a series of brownish diamond-shaped marks most distinct on the back of
-the middle rings; a line of blackish marks along the sides shows up in the
-paler examples. Sometimes the general colour is dark reddish brown,
-freckled with dark brown; but in all cases the underside is paler than the
-upper, and is striped and lined with dark and pale brown. {308} It feeds on
-hawthorn, birch, elm, hazel, bilberry, heather, etc., from July to May.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and specimens of a second generation have
-been reared in September. Generally common throughout the British Isles.
-
-GREAT OAK BEAUTY (_Boarmia roboraria_).
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 18.
-
-CATERPILLAR OF GREAT OAK BEAUTY.
-
-(Photo by "A. Forester".)]
-
-The fine Boarmid moth shown on Plate 135, Fig. 2, has all the typical
-markings well defined. Occasionally the black cross lines are more
-distinct, but sometimes they are more or less absent, or obscured. An
-almost black specimen is mentioned by Barrett as taken in the Reading
-district, Berkshire; and the same author states that a black example was
-captured in the Midlands about the year 1887, but no other specimen was
-observed until 1893, when a female was obtained, and from eggs deposited
-smoky black moths were reared.
-
-The caterpillar is very like an oak twig in shape, especially when in
-repose. (See Fig. 18.) In colour it is reddish brown, inclining to ochreous
-brown; brownish grey on the humps on rings 5 and 11, and on the skin folds.
-It feeds on oak during the autumn, and, after hibernation, in the spring.
-The moth is out in June and July, and may be found on oak trees rather high
-up the trunks. When on the wing at night it will visit the sugar patch.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 134.
-  1, 4, 7, 8. MOTTLED BEAUTY, VARS.
-           2. SPECKLED BEAUTY.
-        3, 5. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY.
-           6. SEPTEMBER THORN.
-           9. LARGE THORN, VAR.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 135.
-     2. GREAT OAK BEAUTY.
-  1, 3. PALE OAK BEAUTY.
-
-{309} The species occurs most frequently in the New Forest, Hampshire,
-where, in some years, it is very common. Other English counties in which it
-has been found, or still exists, are--Devon (Cann Woods), Dorset (Cranborne
-and Bloxworth), Wilts. (Savernake Forest), Sussex (Abbots Wood, Charlton
-Forest, Holme Bank, etc.), Surrey (Addington, June, 1902), Kent, Essex
-(Epping Forest), Berks., Bucks., Warwick (Princethorpe Wood), Worcester
-(Wyre Forest), Stafford (Cannock Chase), Cheshire (Dunham Park), York (wood
-near Selby), Lancashire (Corporation and Quernmore Woods).
-
-PALE OAK BEAUTY (_Boarmia consortaria_).
-
-Some specimens are rather greyer, and the cross markings are occasionally
-less distinct than in Figs. 1 [male], and 3 [female] on Plate 135, which
-represent the typical forms of this species in England. Examples of a
-blackish form have been noted from a wood in West Kent, and these are
-apparently referable to the melanic ab. _humperti_, Humpert, but the
-Kentish specimens I have seen had the second line of fore wings edged with
-white, and a white submarginal line.
-
-The caterpillar, which in shape is somewhat like that of the last species,
-varies in colour. One form is greenish grey, with three lines, the central
-one darker than those on each side. In another the colour is pale brown
-mottled with reddish and a darker brown. It feeds on oak, birch, and
-sometimes sallow, in July and August.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, and specimens have been recorded as
-captured in September. It may be found on the trunks of oak and fir trees,
-and will come to sugar and light at night. Although local it is not
-uncommon in the New Forest and other woods in Hampshire; also in Sussex,
-Surrey, Kent. {310} and Berkshire. It has been recorded from
-Buckinghamshire, Wiltshire, and Dorsetshire; and as local and scarce in the
-Lancaster district.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan, and in both countries it is
-represented by var. _conferenda_, Butler.
-
-SPECKLED BEAUTY (_Cleora angularia_).
-
-Stephens, who in 1831 figured this insect as _Cleora viduaria_, Wien.
-Verz., remarks, "All the examples I have seen of this beautiful species
-were captured in the New Forest: the first about June, 1822, the remainder
-in 1825 and 1826: I believe in the vicinity of Lyndhurst." Barrett states
-that the late Mr. Samuel Stevens obtained a number of specimens "by
-sweeping the upper branches of oak trees in the New Forest with a long
-pole." This was in 1849; and between that year and 1872, about which time
-it seems to have disappeared, the moth was found, by those who knew where
-to look for it, in the Forest between Brockenhurst and Lyndhurst. Specimens
-have also been taken, in the past, in Tilgate Forest, Sussex, by the late
-William Tester, and by Mr. Merrifield, at Holm Bank, near Henfield, in the
-same county. There have been recent rumours of its reappearance in the New
-Forest, but I have been unable to ascertain anything definite about this.
-The specimen depicted in Plate 134, Fig. 2, has been kindly lent by Mr. R.
-Adkin.
-
-The caterpillar, stated by Hofmann to feed on lichen growing upon oak and
-birch, is brownish variegated with paler shades.
-
-BRUSSELS LACE (_Cleora lichenaria_).
-
-The greenish grey species shown on Plate 136, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female],
-varies in tint; the fore wings are often clouded with olive, and
-occasionally with blackish; there is frequently a tinge of {311} ochreous
-between the black cross lines, but sometimes this area is flushed with
-orange.
-
-Two figures of the caterpillar will be found on Plate 133, Fig. 2. In
-colour and marking it so closely resembles the greenish-grey lichen upon
-which it feeds, that its detection thereon is not always easy. May and June
-are the best months in which to collect the caterpillars (although they may
-be found during the autumn and early spring), and they may then be jarred
-from the lichen (_Usnea barbata_), etc., growing on branches of trees and
-bushes, or searched for among the lichen on the tree trunks, or on wooden
-pales and fences.
-
-The species is widely spread over the southern half of England, but is more
-or less rare from the Midlands northwards. It has occurred in South Wales;
-and Kane states that it is widely distributed and locally common in
-Ireland. In some parts of South Scotland it is not uncommon, and its range
-extends to Aberdeen and Ross.
-
-THE DOTTED CARPET (_Cleora jubata_).
-
-This species (Plate 136, Figs. 3, 4) has long been known as _glabraria_,
-Hubner, but as authorities are agreed that _jubata_, Thunberg, is an
-earlier name, it must be adopted. The general colour is whitish, powdered
-with dark grey and black; there are four black spots on the front margin
-and from these blackish markings cross the wings, but only the first line
-is generally distinct, although a second line, beyond the large black
-discal spot, is sometimes clearly defined and entire; occasionally a
-central shade and a submarginal line are both in evidence. The hind wings
-have a black central spot and a blackish line beyond, but the latter is
-often absent. Exceptional aberration takes the form of leaden black
-blotches, clouds, and streaks on the fore wings, and dusky clouding on the
-hind wings, chiefly on the basal area. {312}
-
-The caterpillar is of a faint bluish green, inclining to greenish white on
-the back; a row of black spots along the back, and a broken black narrow
-stripe along each side. It feeds on tree lichens (_Usnea barbata_), etc.,
-from September to June or July. Three figures of this caterpillar are given
-on Plate 133, Fig. 3.
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and may be found at rest on tree trunks
-now and then, but is more frequently obtained by jarring the lichen-clad
-branches of oak. Although it is known to occur very locally and somewhat
-rarely in the counties of Wilts., Dorset, and Devon, the New Forest in
-Hampshire is the English district where one is most likely to meet with
-this species. It has been recorded from Cornwall (Falmouth district, 1904),
-Hereford, Pembrokeshire, Carnarvonshire (Beddgelert), and Cumberland.
-Charlton Forest, Sussex, has also been mentioned. In Scotland, Renton
-states that it is generally common in Roxburghshire; it occurs in several
-of the woods in Clydesdale, and has been noted from Argyllshire.
-
-THE ENGRAILED (_Tephrosia bistortata_).
-
-In the following brief remarks on _T. bistortata_, Goeze (= _biundularia_,
-Borkhausen), I have included reference to _crepuscularia_, Hubner (=
-_biundularia_, Esper). The former (which is also named _abietaria_,
-Haworth, and _laricaria_, Doubleday) appears on the wing in March and
-April, and there is a second flight in July and August. Moths of the second
-generation are few in number and small in size, and are referable to abs.
-_consonaria_ and _strigularia_, Stephens. A third generation of still
-smaller moths has been reared. _Crepuscularia_ is out in May and June,
-rarely in April; its caterpillar feeds in June and July or later; according
-to Barrett, a second generation of the moth has occurred in August. One or
-two moths have been captured in September or October, but whether these
-were referable to _bistortata_ or _crepuscularia_ is not quite clear.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 19.
-
-SMALL ENGRAILED, AT REST.
-
-(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)]
-
-By some authorities the double-brooded _bistortata_ is {313} considered
-specifically distinct from the, normally, single-brooded _crepuscularia_;
-others hold the opposite view. The March and April moths are generally
-rather browner in colour than those appearing in May and June, but I have
-some specimens taken in Wiltshire at the end of March, which are quite as
-pale as any example in the May-June series. Probably, we should be right in
-regarding _crepuscularia_ as the older stock from which the double-brooded
-race, _bistortata_, has sprung. The former has a more extensive range, as
-it inhabits Northern Europe (Sutherlandshire in British Isles), whilst
-_bistortata_ seems to be confined to Central Europe. A Perthshire form of
-the May-June race is shown on Plate 136, Fig. 7; and an example of ab.
-_delamerensis_, White, from Delamere Forest, Cheshire, is represented by
-Fig. 8. Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female], represent examples of the March and
-April race. Black or blackish forms, with the sub-marginal line more or
-less distinctly white, occur in both races, chiefly in Glamorganshire,
-South Wales.
-
-{314}
-
-A photograph, by Mr. H. Main, of the caterpillar, is reproduced on Plate
-138, Fig. 3. The general colour is grey, inclining to yellowish or
-brownish; sometimes it is reddish brown; two broken dark-grey lines on the
-back, and some pale blotches on the sides. The caterpillars of the first
-race (_bistortata_) feed in May and June, and again in August and
-September. Those of the second race in June and July, or later. They seem
-to eat the foliage of trees, including those in orchards.
-
-NOTE.--Cross-pairings between _bistortata_ [male] and _crepuscularia_
-[female] resulted in the ab. _ridingi_, Tutt, whilst the offspring of a
-crossing of _crepuscularia_ [male] and _bistortata_ [female] have been
-named _bacoti_, Tutt. Pairings of _bistortata_ [male] and _delamerensis_
-[female] produce ab. _ridingi-suffusa_, Tutt; and those of _delamerensis_
-[male] and _bistortata_ [female] = _bacoti-suffusa_, Tutt. Further,
-_bacoti-suffusa_ will pair with _ridingi-suffusa_, or the last named with
-_crepuscularia_; the progeny being in the first case _mixta_, Tutt, and in
-the latter, _reversa_, Tutt.
-
-BRINDLED WHITE-SPOT (_Tephrosia luridata_).
-
-Two examples of this species (also known as _extersaria_, Hubner) are
-depicted on Plate 137, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. There is variation in
-the amount of black speckling and in the strength of the cross lines.
-
-The caterpillar is dull hazel or chocolate brown, often tinged with green;
-a row of whitish dots on each side of a series of pale spots along the
-middle of the back; rings 4 and 8 barred with black-brown or dusky rust
-colour. Sometimes the general colour is green. (Adapted from Fenn.) It
-feeds in July and August, or even later, on oak and birch, sometimes on
-alder and sallow. The moth is out in May and June, earlier or later in some
-seasons. In Britain apparently confined to England, where it occurs
-locally, in woods, from Worcestershire {315} southwards to Kent and
-Cornwall, and eastward to Norfolk and Suffolk. In the New Forest,
-Hampshire, where it is often plentiful, it may be seen on the boles of
-trees, but is more easily obtained after dark when it comes to the sugar
-patch.
-
-SQUARE SPOT (_Tephrosia consonaria_).
-
-Two examples of this species will be found on Plate 137, Figs. 3 [male], 4
-[female]. There is variation in the greyish or brownish speckling of the
-wings, and this in some typical examples is so sparse that the wings appear
-to be almost white with brownish basal band and brownish markings on the
-outer area; the most conspicuous of the latter being the middle square spot
-between the second and submarginal lines, more or less distinct in all
-forms, to which the English name refers. In other specimens the wings are,
-especially the front pair, densely covered with the dark speckling. Some
-Surrey specimens, chiefly from the Leith Hill district, have an ochreous
-tinge; and quite recently a black form of the species has occurred in a
-wood near Maidstone, in West Kent. The last phase of aberration seems to be
-unknown in any other part of Britain, and also, I believe, elsewhere.
-
-The egg (Plate 138, Fig. 2) is yellowish green when laid; later it becomes
-yellow, and orange red markings appear, chiefly at one end.
-
-The somewhat wrinkled caterpillar is ochreous brown above, inclining to
-greyish between the rings; an ochreous line along the middle of the back is
-only clearly defined on the front rings; the under side is greenish
-ochreous, and sometimes this colour extends to the upper side also; the
-head, which is notched on the crown, is pale ochreous, more or less marked
-with brown. It feeds at night, in June and July, on birch, beech, oak,
-pine, etc. {316}
-
-The moth is out in May and June, earlier in some districts. In the daytime
-it may be seen on the trunks or boughs of trees, most frequently at too
-great a height to be easily secured; but still a few sit low enough for
-capture, especially on the trunks of fir trees. The species is a decidedly
-local one, and seems to be largely confined, in Britain, to the southern
-parts of England, Wales, and Ireland. It occurs in some of the woods of
-Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall,
-Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Essex, and
-Suffolk. Edwards notes the species as rare at Malvern, Worcestershire.
-Forsythe, in "A List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Lancaster and District"
-(_Entom._ 1905, p. 12), states that the moth may be found sitting on the
-fir-tree trunks at the end of May, at Witherslack and Quernmore; and a
-single specimen has been recorded from Upton, near Birkenhead, Cheshire.
-The occurrence of _T. consonaria_ in the north of England seems open to
-question. The only county in Wales appears to be Glamorganshire, as
-mentioned by Barrett. Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_)
-noted the species from Derrycunihy, and Mucross, Killarney, where he has
-taken it in moderate abundance; he also gives Clonbullogue, in King's
-County.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan.
-
-GREY BIRCH (_Tephrosia punctularia_).
-
-Three examples of this greyish species are shown on Plate 137. The wings
-are usually whitish grey in the ground colour, and sprinkled or dusted with
-darker grey; there are three blackish, or black dotted, cross lines on the
-fore wings, often indistinct, but rarely entirely absent, and even then
-represented by black marks on the front margin. Sometimes the first and
-third lines may be well in evidence and the central one absent;
-occasionally the second line is placed quite close to the first; the
-sub-marginal line is whitish, inwardly shaded with dark greyish, especially
-at the middle and towards the front margin. The hind wings have two cross
-lines corresponding with the first and third on the fore wings. There is a
-good deal of variation in the amount of dark speckling, and this is
-occasionally so heavy that the insect becomes dark grey in colour; I have
-taken such specimens at Oxshott in Surrey. Dark aberrations are perhaps
-more frequent in the north of England, but the species is more local and
-less plentiful in that part of the country.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 136.
-  1, 2. BRUSSELS LACE.
-  3, 4. DOTTED CARPET.
-  5, 6. SMALL ENGRAILED.
-  7, 8. THE ENGRAILED.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 137.
-  1, 2. BRINDLED WHITE-SPOT.
-  3, 4. SQUARE SPOT.
-   5-7. GREY BIRCH.
-  8, 9. HORSE CHESTNUT.
-
-{317} The caterpillar, which may be beaten from birch, and sometimes alder,
-in July, is bright apple green with yellowish lines on the sides and back;
-the ring divisions are yellow, and the head is tinged with that colour.
-(Adapted from Porritt.) Sometimes the caterpillars are brownish, or
-greenish grey in general colour. The moth, which is out in May and June,
-will be found in woods, or on heaths, where birches grow. It rests on the
-trunks of the trees and may be boxed, as a rule, with ease. On some
-occasions, however, it is very lively, and the net will have to be brought
-into action for its capture.
-
-The distribution of this species extends through England, but it is far
-more plentiful in the south than in the north, although it has been
-recorded from several places in Yorkshire, and from Coal Law Wood in
-Northumberland. It is found also in Wales, and in Scotland up to Moray. In
-Ireland it is not frequent, but has been noted from Mucross, and the Upper
-Lake of Killarney, in Kerry, and from Tinahely in Wicklow; Kane also gives
-Clonbrock in Galway, and adds that "some specimens from this locality have
-the spots very large on a clear whitish ground, so that they have a
-superficial resemblance to _Cleora glabraria_."
-
-The range abroad spreads to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan.
-
-NOTE.--Staudinger places the last four species in _Boarmia_, Treitschke;
-but Prout and others refer them to the genus _Ectropis_, Hubner. The latter
-will probably have to be adopted. {318}
-
-HORSE CHESTNUT (_Pachycnema hippocastanaria_).
-
-The rather long and somewhat oval fore wings of this species (Plate 137,
-Figs. 8, 9) are brownish grey, inclining to purplish grey; the two cross
-lines are blackish, edged with whitish, but generally indistinct; when the
-lines are well defined, the enclosed central area is sometimes darker than
-the other parts of the wings; there is a black central dot, and
-occasionally there is a well-marked dusky central shade. Hind wings,
-whitish, more or less tinged with smoky grey; frequently there is a dusky,
-curved line beyond the middle, and this is sometimes outwardly edged with
-whitish.
-
-The caterpillar is greyish brown, dotted with black, and marked on the back
-and sides with reddish brown. When at rest on the twigs of its food plant,
-heather or ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), this caterpillar agrees so well with
-its surroundings that it is not at all easy to see; at least, we may see
-it, but fail to distinguish it from the twigs of the plant. It may be
-obtained in June and July, and again in the autumn. (Figured on Plate 140,
-after Hofmann.)
-
-The first flight of the moth occurs in April and May; the second in August,
-but specimens of the later generation are usually small in size and in
-number, as compared with those of the early brood.
-
-In Britain, this species has so far only been found on the heaths of Kent,
-Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Berkshire, and
-Suffolk; in all these counties it is more or less local, but it abounds in
-some of its haunts. It has been recorded from Hereford, and Edwards states
-that it occurs rarely in the Malvern district of Worcestershire.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 138.
-  1. SATIN CARPET: _egg and caterpillar_.
-  2. SQUARE SPOT: _eggs_.
-  3. THE ENGRAILED: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 139.
-   1-3. ANNULET.
-  4, 5. SCOTCH ANNULET.
-  6, 7. BLACK MOUNTAIN MOTH.
-
-{319}
-
-THE ANNULET (_Gnophos_ (_Sciadion_) _obscurata_).
-
-In a general way, all the grey specimens of this species are referable to
-the type form _obscurata_, Schiffermuller; the true type, however, appears
-to be rare in Britain, even if it occurs at all. It is, perhaps, best
-represented by well-marked dark specimens from limestone districts, or the
-lighter ones from peaty ground. At Folkestone and in other chalky
-localities on the Kentish coast, the bulk of the specimens are pale grey
-inclining to whitish, usually with the black cross lines showing more or
-less clearly. Sometimes the lines are obscured by heavy freckling (ab.
-_woodiata_, Prout); not infrequently, at Folkestone chiefly, the inner and
-outer areas are pale, more or less free of freckling, but the central area,
-defined by black lines, is densely freckled; this is the banded form (ab.
-_fasciata_, Prout). A form occurs on the chalk hills at Lewes in Sussex, in
-which the wings are almost white, without freckling, but with distinct
-black lines and rings (ab. _calceata_, Staudinger); a modification of this
-whitish form from Lewes has been described by Prout as ab. _mundata_,
-"Almost pure whitish, with virtually no markings, excepting the annulets."
-On heaths in Surrey and Hampshire, and on the mountains of Aberdeen and
-Perthshire, a blackish form occurs (ab. _obscuriorata_, Prout =
-_obscuraria_, Hubner, 146); and sometimes specimens are found in which the
-wings are of "an intense and almost uniform black" (ab. _saturata_, Prout).
-In Devonshire and Cornwall, the species is darkish grey inclining to
-brownish (ab. _anthracinaria_, Esper); whilst on the coasts of North Devon
-and Wales it is of a slaty grey, more or less tinged with brown, and almost
-without markings; the Welsh specimens are large, and the wings are rather
-shining (ab. _uniformata_, Prout). A form, which I have not seen, of "a
-sandy or reddish colour" is referred by Prout (_Trans. City of Lond. Ent.
-Soc._, 1903, p. 39) to ab. _argillacearia_, Staudinger; it {320} occurs in
-sandstone localities. (Plate 84, Figs. 1, Folkestone; 2, New Forest; 3,
-Lewes.)
-
-The rather rough and dumpy caterpillar is dark greyish brown above,
-inclining to purplish brown beneath; the raised dots are capped with white,
-and there is a pair of white-capped warts on the last ring (adapted from
-Barrett). It feeds on rock rose (_Helianthemum_), cinquefoil
-(_Potentilla_), salad burnet (_Poterium_), etc.; or the larvae may be
-reared on groundsel, chickweed, and strawberry, both wild and cultivated:
-September to May. (Plate 140, Fig. 2.)
-
-Mr. A. J. Scollick kindly gave me some eggs, laid by a female taken in
-Surrey; they were yellowish green at first, but changed to pale brownish.
-The caterpillars hatched and seemed to thrive on groundsel, but they died
-during the winter.
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and is widely distributed in England,
-but except that it occurs in Surrey, Berkshire, Herefordshire, and
-Worcestershire, it seems to prefer the seaboard counties, and in them
-chiefly affects localities near the sea. It is found in Wales, and in
-Scotland up to Moray; but in both these countries and also in Ireland it is
-most frequent on the coast.
-
-SCOTCH ANNULET (_Gnophos myrtillata_).
-
-This species (Plate 139, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]) was introduced, as a
-species new to Britain, by Curtis, who described and figured it as
-_Charissa operaria_ in 1826, from specimens captured in Scotland.
-Subsequently, it was found to be the _obfuscaria_, of Hubner, and also the
-_obfuscata_ of the Vienna Catalogue (1776). The latter, however, being only
-a bare name without description, was not generally accepted, although, if
-valid, it would be prior to Hubner. Still later the species was ascertained
-to be the _myrtillata_ of Thunberg (1792), and as this name is much earlier
-than _obfuscaria_ it is here adopted. As a matter of fact, both names are
-in use, as that of Hubner applies to our ashy grey form of the species,
-whilst that given by Thunberg belongs to the typical fuscous grey form.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 140.
-  1. HORSE CHESTNUT: _caterpillar_.
-  2. ANNULET: _caterpillar_.
-  3. BORDERED WHITE: _caterpillar, and chrysalis (enlarged)_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 141.
-  1, 2. NETTED MOUNTAIN MOTH.
-     3. FROSTED YELLOW.
-   4-7. COMMON HEATH.
-  8-10. BORDERED WHITE.
-
-{321} The rather stout caterpillar is grey with darker lines and V-shaped
-marks along the middle of the back, and dark-edged pale lines on the sides;
-two erect whitish points on ring 12. It feeds on heather (_Calluna_), broom
-(_Sarothamnus scoparius_), and needle furze or petty-whin (_Genista
-anglica_), but it may be reared on knot grass. September to June, sometimes
-later.
-
-The moth is out in July and August, and frequents heaths, moor, and
-mountain, in Scotland from Clydesdale (including Bute and Arran) to
-Aberdeen and Ross, and the Isle of Lewis. A male specimen has been recorded
-from Ireland (Dowros Head, co. Donegal, 1898). It may be found resting upon
-rocks, stone walls, etc.; where these have suitable holes, crannies, or
-projections they are selected as hiding places. Sometimes the moth has been
-noted on the wing during the day, but at night it flies freely, and will
-then visit light.
-
-BLACK MOUNTAIN MOTH (_Psodos coracina_).
-
-The smoky-grey species represented on Plate 139, Figs. 6 [male] 7 [female],
-has two black lines on the fore wings; these are often edged with whitish,
-and the space between them blackish; the submarginal line is whitish, and
-the discal spot is black; the hind wings have a black central spot and two
-pale lines or bands. The female is rather smaller and much paler. In both
-sexes the central band of the fore wings is generally narrowed below the
-middle, and sometimes it is completely divided at this point.
-
-As regards the British Isles, this species is known only to occur in the
-Highlands of Scotland. It is a day flyer, and very fond of sunshine, but
-its favourite haunts are situated at elevations of from 2000 to 4000 feet.
-
-{322}
-
-NOTE.--Newman (_British Moths_, p. 68) figures this species as The Dusky
-Carpet (_Mniophila cineraria_), and the insect, then known by the latter
-name, is figured as _Psodos trepidaria_, a synonym of the present species.
-In referring to this transposition of names, it may be well to add that _M.
-cineraria_, catalogued as British by Doubleday, and stated by Stainton
-(_Manual_ ii., p. 31) to have once occurred at Tenby, South Wales, can only
-be regarded as an "accidental." The specimen, which is in the Natural
-History Museum, at South Kensington, appears to be _Tephronia sepiaria_,
-Hufnagel, which is the _cineraria_ of Hubner.
-
-A moth, supposed to be a specimen of _Dasydia tenebraria_, Esper =
-_torvaria_, Hubner, was reported as taken in Ireland "many years" before
-1843, but at the present time that specimen, apparently, does not exist,
-and there is no exact description of it extant.
-
-NETTED MOUNTAIN MOTH (_Fidonia carbonaria_).
-
-The white wings of this species (Plate 141, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) are
-freckled with blackish and crossed by black stripes; sometimes the
-freckling is so heavy that the white ground colour is much obscured and
-only distinctly seen as edging to the cross stripes.
-
-The caterpillar is dingy ochreous or whity brown marked with wavy darker
-stripes. It feeds at night on birch and sallow; _Vaccinium_, _Erica_,
-bearberry (_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_) have also been mentioned as food
-plants.
-
-In April and May, the moth, which is to be found locally, high up on the
-mountains of Scotland from Perthshire to Ross, is on the wing, and flies in
-the sunshine. Writing of this species at Rannoch in May (about 17th), 1905,
-Mr. E. A. Cockayne remarks that the moths began to fly about noon, {323}
-when they appeared on all sides and were fairly active on the wing.
-
-The distribution abroad is northern and Alpine, and the range extends to
-North-east Siberia.
-
-FROSTED YELLOW (_Fidonia limbaria_).
-
-This black-bordered orange-yellow species (Plate 141, Fig. 3) is not likely
-to be confused with any other occurring in Britain. The wings are more or
-less sprinkled with black, but this is usually most noticeable on the hind
-wings which are sometimes thickly sprinkled, or, more rarely, the yellow
-ground colour is entirely obscured. The form with a black discal spot on
-all the wings has been named ab. _quadripunctaria_, Fuchs. In ab. _fumata_,
-Mathew, the orange yellow is replaced by smoky umber brown, tinged with
-orange, and dusted with black atoms (bred July, 1899).
-
-The caterpillar is greenish with grey-edged yellowish lines along the back,
-and a black-edged yellow one along the sides. The ground colour is
-sometimes purplish brown. It feeds on broom chiefly, but will eat other
-Genisteae. There appears to be two broods, one in June, and the other in
-September, or earlier sometimes. The moth is out in May and early June, and
-again in July and August, but it has been known to remain in the chrysalis
-for four years. It flies in the sunshine, and when resting, it sits like a
-butterfly, with its wings brought together over its back.
-
-Stephens (1831) states that the species was "not uncommon among high broom
-in the vicinity of Birch-wood in Kent." Later authors give Stowmarket
-(common), Needham, Barham, and Ipswich, in Suffolk. There are no recent
-records from the county of Kent; and not much has been heard of the species
-from Suffolk, although it may still exist, in greatly reduced numbers, in
-some of its old haunts therein. {324}
-
-COMMON HEATH (_Ematurga atomaria_).
-
-Four specimens of this variable species are shown on Plate 141 (Figs. 4, 5
-[male], 6, 7 [female]). The general colour of all the wings in the male is
-ochreous, inclining to whitish or to brownish. Usually the wings are
-speckled with brown, and the cross lines, or bands, are dark brown.
-Occasionally the cross markings are absent; but more frequently the three
-lines on the fore wings are much broadened and more or less united,
-sometimes forming a central band in which are a few ochreous scales towards
-the front margin: ab. _obsoletaria_, Zetterstedt. Dark brown or blackish
-specimens (ab. _unicolorata_, Staudinger) are captured now and then in the
-southern counties of England, but such uniform dark varieties are more
-frequent in the north (Staffordshire and Yorkshire). The female is white in
-colour, and usually only lightly speckled with blackish; the cross lines
-are more conspicuous, as a rule, than in the male, but they are subject to
-pretty much the same kind of aberration. Sometimes examples of this sex
-greatly resemble _Fidonia carbonaria_, and have been confused with that
-species by Haworth and other entomologists in the past. An abnormal
-specimen with six wings has been recorded, and Barrett mentions a
-gynandrous example--the right side like a small dark female, and the left
-an ordinary male; both antennae shortly pectinated.
-
-The caterpillar, according to Fenn, is variable in colour and markings, all
-shades of brown, greenish brown, ochreous, purple, and grey; in some
-examples there are pale diamonds, and in others whitish spots, along the
-back. It feeds on ling and heath, and will eat clover, trefoils, broom,
-etc.: July and August, and occasionally September. The moth is out in May
-and June, and sometimes there are specimens on the wing in August. Abundant
-on almost every heath throughout the British Isles, except in the
-Shetlands.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 142.
-  1. V-MOTH: _caterpillar_.
-  2. YELLOW BELLE: _caterpillars_.
-  3. BORDERED GREY: _caterpillar_.
-  4. GREY SCALLOPED BAR: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 143.
-  1, 2. BORDERED GREY.
-     3. V-MOTH.
-  4, 5. RANNOCH LOOPER.
-     6. BROWN SILVER-LINE.
-   7-9. LATTICED HEATH.
-
-{325}
-
-BORDERED WHITE (_Bupalus piniaria_).
-
-Two forms of the male of this species are represented on Plate 141. Fig. 9
-shows the yellow English form (ab. _flavescens_, White), and Fig. 10 the
-white North English and Scotch forms. In southern localities, however,
-specimens occur which are almost as white as the northern or even Scotch
-examples; I have two such specimens from Surrey. There is considerable
-variation in the size of area occupied by the pale colour, both in white
-and yellow forms. In one of the former, from Forres, in Scotland, the white
-is represented by a small oval spot and dappled streak on the fore wings;
-an entirely black specimen (ab. _nigricarius_, Backhaus) has been noted
-from Berkshire. In other specimens there is an unusually large proportion
-of pale colour. The females are usually orange, or orange yellow, in the
-south (Fig. 8); and yellowish brown, or dingy orange brown, in the north.
-The brownish-coloured females occasionally occur in the south, and the
-brighter form of this sex is sometimes taken in the Midlands, where the two
-forms of the species seem to overlap.
-
-The long, greenish caterpillar is marked with whitish or yellow lines;
-those along the back are edged with black, and along the sides with dark
-green. It feeds from August to October on the needles of the pine, and also
-on other firs. (Plate 140, Fig. 3; Fig. 3a shows a photo of the chrysalis,
-twice natural size, by Mr. H. Main.) The moth is out in May and June, later
-in the north; it is generally common in pine woods throughout England,
-Wales, and Scotland.
-
-BORDERED GREY (_Selidosema ericetaria_).
-
-Portraits of the male and female of this species (known also as _plumaria_)
-will be found on Plate 143, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. The cross markings
-are more distinct in some specimens than in others, and the central one of
-the fore wings varies in width. {326}
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 142, Fig. 3, from a photograph by Mr. H. Main) is
-grey, with a dark-brown or blackish irregular double line along the back,
-and pale lines along the sides, the lower one edged above with reddish
-brown; spiracles, black, as also are the dots on the back; the last ring
-ends in a point. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on ling (_Calluna_), from
-September well on into the following spring.
-
-The moth occurs on heaths and mosses in July and August, but it is local.
-On warm days the males are very active, but about dusk they are not
-difficult to capture. In southern England, the New Forest, Hants, appears
-to be its special home, but it is also found in other parts of that county,
-including the Isle of Wight, in Dorsetshire, and in Surrey; also noted from
-Berkshire. It is scarce in Cheshire, fairly common on the Witherslack
-mosses in North Lancashire, and at Ullswater in Cumberland. Except that it
-has been recorded from the Isle of Arran (1882), it does not seem to have
-been noted in Scotland. In Ireland it is widely distributed, and is
-abundant at Kinsale, co. Cork.
-
-THE V-MOTH (_Thamnonoma_ (_Itame_) _wauari_).
-
-The popular name of this species (Plate 143, Fig. 3) refers to the black
-discal mark on the more or less violet-tinged pale, greyish fore wings; but
-there is a good deal of variation in this character. Occasionally the wings
-are suffused with smoky (ab. _vau-nigraria_, Hatchett), or more rarely with
-blackish brown (ab. _fuscaria_, Thunberg).
-
-On Plate 142 is a figure of the caterpillar, from a coloured drawing by Mr.
-A. Sich. The general colour is greenish, or some shade of brown; the lines
-on the back are white, and that low down along the sides is broad, and
-yellow; the raised dots are black with short bristles. It feeds in April,
-May, and June on the foliage of gooseberry and currant, and is especially
-fond of the tender shoots. {327}
-
-The moth, which is out in July and August, is often common in gardens and
-orchards where bush fruit is grown, pretty well throughout the United
-Kingdom. It appears to occur only rarely in Ireland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, and a form is found in Labrador.
-
-RANNOCH LOOPER (_Thamnonoma brunneata_).
-
-All the wings are of a rusty ochreous colour, sometimes, chiefly in the
-male, inclining to a purplish tint on the fore wings; the brownish cross
-lines are usually most distinct in the female, which sex Hubner figured as
-_pinetaria_. (Plate 143, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female].)
-
-The caterpillar is reddish brown, with a black-edged dark-green irregular
-line along the middle of the back; a white line on each side of the central
-one, and following this are a dark-brown shade-like stripe and some
-brownish-green lines; the line along the spiracles is whitish, inclining to
-yellow. In general appearance it closely resembles a twig of bilberry
-(_Vaccinium_), upon the foliage of which plant the caterpillar feeds in the
-spring.
-
-The moth is out in June and July, but in the British Isles it is only to be
-obtained in Perthshire and northwards in Scotland. Black-wood, Loch
-Rannoch, is the original, and a now well-known, locality for this species,
-which Curtis in 1828 figured as _Speranza sylvaria_.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan, and to North America.
-
-BROWN SILVER-LINE (_Lozogramma_ (_Phasiane_) _petraria_).
-
-The two cross lines on the pale-brown, sometimes pinkish, fore wings, are
-edged with whitish, but this is most distinct on {328} the outer one. In
-some specimens there is a distinct submarginal line, but this character is
-only faintly in evidence as a rule, and occasionally it is entirely absent.
-(Plate 143, Fig. 6.)
-
-The caterpillar feeds in June, sometimes earlier, on bracken or brake-fern
-(_Pteris aquilina_). It is olive green marked with reddish brown lines, and
-there is a whitish line under the black spiracles.
-
-In most English and Welsh localities where bracken is plentiful, this moth
-should be found in May and June; also in the south of Scotland, but its
-occurrence in that country north of Clydesdale appears to be only casual.
-It is common in several parts of Ireland.
-
-The distribution abroad includes Amurland and Japan.
-
-LATTICED HEATH (_Chiasmia_ (_Strenia_) _clathrata_).
-
-In its ground colour this species (Plate 143, Figs. 7, 8 [male], 9
-[female]) varies from ochreous of some shade to white. The dark-brown or
-blackish cross lines and veins give a latticed appearance to the wings,
-hence both the Latin and popular names for this insect. There is much
-variation in the width of the cross markings; sometimes two or more unite
-and so form bands; more rarely, perhaps, the outer lines are absent, and
-the others broken up into dashes; or the blackish cross lines may be
-slender and the veins remain of the ochreous ground colour (ab. _radiata_,
-Haworth). A less frequent aberration has the wings dark brown or blackish
-all over, except a row of whitish or ochreous spots on the outer margins
-(ab. _nocturnata_, Fuchs = _nigricans_, Oberthur).
-
-The caterpillar, which feeds on clovers and trefoils, is green, with white
-lines along the back and sides; the slightly notched head is rather glossy,
-and the mouth is brownish: June to September, in two broods.
-
-The first generation of the moth is out in April and May, and {329} the
-second in July and August. It may be found in clover fields and on chalk
-slopes, etc., where the food plants flourish; although it is an active day
-flyer, it is not difficult to capture with the net. It is most plentiful in
-southern and eastern England, but its range extends throughout the United
-Kingdom to Clydesdale, and the species is widely distributed in Ireland.
-
-The distribution abroad extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan.
-
-GREY SCALLOPED BAR (_Scodiona fagaria_).
-
-In its typical form this species (also known as _belgiaria_, Hubner) is
-grey, more or less tinged with ochreous, speckled with brownish grey, and
-crossed by black-marked brownish-grey lines. The bulk of British specimens,
-especially those from southern localities, are whitish grey, thinly
-sprinkled with darker grey scales in the male, and sometimes heavily
-powdered in the female; a pair are figured on Plate 144, 1 [male], 2
-[female]. The whiter form of the male, occurring in Britain chiefly in the
-New Forest, Hampshire, has been named _albidaria_, Staudinger.
-
-The roughened caterpillar is figured on Plate 142 (photo by H. Main). In
-general colour it is dingy brown, with a whitish stripe along the back and
-some greyish marking on the sides. It feeds on ling and heath; growing
-slowly in the late summer, but more quickly in the spring, after
-hibernation, when it may be obtained at night from the tips of the heather
-twigs, either by searching or by means of the sweeping net. The moth is out
-in June and July in the south, and later in the north. It is found on moist
-heaths, moors, and mosses; when resting on the dark-coloured earth it so
-closely resembles a stone that it is probably frequently passed unnoticed.
-
-The species is apparently more plentiful in the New Forest than in its
-other known southern localities (Kent, Surrey, Berkshire, Sussex, and
-Dorset). Its range northwards in England {330} extends from Worcestershire
-(Malvern, rare) to Cumberland and Northumberland. It seems to be
-distributed over the greater part of Scotland, including the Hebrides and
-the Orkneys. In Wales it has been recorded from Flint, Denbigh, and
-Carnarvon; and it is widely spread over Ireland, occurring chiefly on the
-bogs.
-
-BLACK-VEINED MOTH (_Scoria lineata_).
-
-This slightly ochreous tinged silky white moth has the veins of the wings
-blackish, and this is especially noticeable on the underside of the fore
-wings. A male specimen is shown on Plate 144, Fig. 3; the wings of the
-female are slightly smaller, and the body is stouter and shorter. This
-species is the _dealbata_ of Linnaeus, but _lineata_, Scopoli, is older by
-four years. The long caterpillar is greyish inclining to ochreous or
-brownish; several irregular darker lines on the back and sides. It feeds,
-in confinement, on knot-grass, dock, bird's-foot trefoil, etc., but in the
-open is said to eat wood grasses, such as _Brachypodium_, upon the blades
-of which the female moth has been seen to deposit eggs: July to May. The
-moth is out from late May through June; it flies in the sunshine, or rests
-among long grass, etc., from which it is readily disturbed. Its chief
-British haunts are in Kent (Higham, Wye, etc.); but it has been recorded
-from Sussex, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester, and Herefordshire, chiefly in
-single specimens.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.
-
-STRAW BELLE (_Aspilates gilvaria_).
-
-This straw-coloured species (Plate 144, Fig. 4 [male], 6 [female]) will be
-easily recognised by the brownish stripe on the fore wings, which extends
-from the front margin, near the tip, almost to the inner {331} margin; this
-is sometimes faint, but rarely quite absent. The hind wings are paler and
-have a dusky central dot and incomplete band. The caterpillar, which in
-shape is somewhat similar to that of the next species, is ochreous grey
-inclining to pinkish on the sides; a dark almost blackish line along the
-middle of the back is edged on each side with pale ochreous, and there are
-other pale and dark lines along the sides. It feeds on thyme, cinquefoil,
-yarrow, and other low-growing plants; it may be reared on knot grass:
-September to June. The moth is out in July and August, and, although very
-local, is not uncommon on downs and hilly fields on the chalk in Kent and
-Surrey--Dover, Folkestone, and Rochester in the former county, and
-Leatherhead, Box Hill, and Reigate in the latter, are the best-known
-localities. It has also been reported from Sussex (Brighton, Horsham, near
-Polgate, Shoreham). In Devonshire it is said to occur at Braunton and
-Ilfracombe, but is scarce. In his catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk
-(1890) the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield notes the species as very plentiful in
-clover fields about Tuddenham. Also recorded from Somerset,
-Gloucestershire, Cheshire (West Kirby and Hale), and from near Harrow in
-Middlesex.
-
-Very local and scarce in Ireland (Kane).
-
-The range abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland.
-
-YELLOW BELLE (_Aspilates ochrearia_).
-
-As will be seen from Fig. 5 [female] on Plate 144, this species differs
-from the last in its yellower colour and rather smaller size; the fore
-wings have two cross bands, generally well defined, but in the male they
-are sometimes very faint and slender, and specimens have been recorded in
-which the bands were missing.
-
-The roughened caterpillar, figured on Plate 142, from a coloured drawing by
-Mr. A. Sich, is pale ochreous brown, lined and striped with darker brown.
-It feeds on wild carrot, plantain, {332} hawks'-beard, etc., and will
-thrive on knot-grass. There are two broods, one feeding in the spring,
-after hibernation; and the other in June and July, sometimes later. The
-first generation of moths flies in May and June, and the second in August
-and early September. The species occurs in all the southern seaboard
-counties of England from Kent to Cornwall, frequenting the downs and rough
-fields near the coast; also in the Sandbreck district of the eastern
-counties. It occurs in South Wales; and odd specimens have been reported
-from Cheshire (Delamere), and from Cumberland.
-
-The range abroad extends to North-west Africa and Asia Minor.
-
-GRASS WAVE (_Perconia_ (_Aspilates_) _strigillaria_).
-
-A male and a female of this species are depicted on Plate 144, Figs. 7
-[male] and 8 [female]. There is variation in the amount of dark speckling
-on the wings, and in the number and width of the cross markings; sometimes
-the first and second on the fore wings are united throughout their length,
-or towards the inner margin; coupled with this there is sometimes
-considerable increase in the width of the first cross marking of the hind
-wings. A rare variety in Britain is ab. _grisearia_, Staudinger, which is
-of an almost uniform greyish or greyish-brown colour, with the markings
-obscured.
-
-The caterpillar is purplish grey, marked with paler and darker; two warts
-on the back of rings 7-10, the middle pair the largest and most prominent.
-It feeds on ling, heath, broom, and the flowers of gorse or furze, and is
-best obtained in the spring after hibernation.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 144.
-  1, 2. GREY SCALLOPED BAR.
-     3. BLACK-VEINED.
-  4, 5. YELLOW BELLE.
-     6. STRAW BELLE.
-  7, 8. GRASS WAVE.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 145.
-  1. TRANSPARENT BURNET: _caterpillar_.
-  2, 2a. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar, chrysalis and
-      cocoon_.
-  3, 3a. FIVE-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar and cocoon_.
-  4. SIX-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar_.
-  5. FORESTER: _caterpillar_.
-
-{333} The moth, which is out in June and July, occurs on most of the heaths
-and moors throughout England; apparently commoner and more generally
-distributed in the south than in the north; but it seems to be rare on the
-eastern side of the country altogether. From Cheshire it spreads into Flint
-and Denbigh, North Wales. In Scotland, it is found in Roxburgh (Bellion
-Moor), Clydesdale (local, but common), and northwards to Ross. It is found
-on the boggy heaths of Ireland, and Kane states that it is abundant where
-it occurs.
-
-The range abroad extends to Scandinavia and eastward to Asia Minor.
-
-ZYGAENIDAE.
-
-The moths belonging to this family are popularly known in Britain as
-Burnets and Foresters. Of the former seven kinds occur in the British
-Isles, and of the latter there are only three species.
-
-All the species live in colonies, so that when a specimen is seen or
-captured others may be expected to occur on, or somewhere around, the same
-spot. The caterpillars bear a close resemblance to each other, and are not
-always easily distinguished.
-
-Over thirty species of _Zygaena_ are found in Europe, and about thirty-six
-more have been described from other parts of the Palaearctic Region. There
-are at least twenty-five Palaearctic species referred to the genus Ino, and
-about ten of these are European.
-
-By most authors _filipendulae_ is regarded as the type of the genus
-_Zygaena_, Fabricius; but others refer this species, and its allies, to the
-genus _Anthrocera_, Scopoli, using the Fabrician genus for _phegea_,
-Linnaeus. The latter species and its allies are perhaps more frequently
-referred to _Syntomis_, Ochsenheimer, the typical genus of the family
-Syntomidae, the systematic position of which is near the Arctiidae. It may
-be added that _S. phegea_, and also _Naclia ancilla_, have been reported as
-British. There does not seem, however, to be any reason to suppose that the
-occurrence of either species in Britain could be other than accidental.
-{334}
-
-THE TRANSPARENT BURNET (_Zygaena purpuralis_).
-
-Two Welsh specimens are depicted on Plate 146, Figs. 1 and 2; these are of
-the typical form. A rare aberration has the spots and the hind wings more
-or less suffused with blackish (ab. _obscura_, Tutt), but a still rarer
-variety has the crimson of spots and hind wings replaced by yellow (ab.
-_lutescens_, Tutt).
-
-Newman in 1861 referred an Irish specimen to _achilleae_, but a little
-later, after seeing other examples, in the same year he changed the name to
-_nubiginea_. Birchall (_Ent. Mo. Mag._, iii. pt. i.) figured four forms of
-the species from Ireland; his _minos_ (Figs. 5a and 5b) seems to represent
-two modifications of ab. _interrupta_, Staudinger, in which form the red
-blotches are widely separated or interrupted by the ground colour; and his
-_nubigena_ is made up of more or less typical _purpuralis_ (Fig. 6a), and a
-variety (Fig. 6b), with red marks between the lower and central blotches.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 1) is dark green inclining to olive above
-and paler below; the spots are black (outer row) and yellow (inner row);
-the line along the back is obscure whitish; hairs, whitish. It feeds on
-thyme and burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella_). _Trifolium_ and _Lotus_ have
-also been given among other food plants. In late summer, and after
-hibernation, in the spring. The moth flies in June, and is locally common
-in Ireland (Clare and Galway), Wales (Abersoch), and Scotland (Oban, Loch
-Etive). It has been reported from Tintagel, Cornwall, and possibly, as
-suggested by Tutt, these Cornish specimens may turn out to be _Z.
-achilleae_, the latest addition to our small band of Burnets. Perhaps the
-Scottish specimens recorded as _purpuralis_, or at least some of them, may
-prove to be _achilleae_.
-
-This species was figured by Brunnich, in 1763, as _purpuralis_, and
-authorities are now agreed that this name must be adopted in place of
-_pilosellae_, Esper (1781), or _minos_, Fuessly (1782). {335}
-
-SCOTCH OR MOUNTAIN BURNET (_Zygaena exulans_).
-
-This semi-transparent and rather greyish moth has five reddish spots on the
-fore wings. (Plate 146, Fig. 3.) So far as concerns the British Isles it is
-only known to occur in Aberdeenshire, where it was discovered on the
-mountains at Braemar in July, 1871, and where it may be still found by
-those who are acquainted with the situation of its lofty haunts. The late
-Dr. Buchanan White named the Scottish form _subochracea_, but others
-consider that it is not readily separable from _vanadis_, Dalman, which in
-turn is said by Tutt to be pretty much the same form of the species as that
-described as the type _exulans_, Hochenwarth.
-
-The caterpillar is dark green above, and paler below; two velvety black
-stripes on the back, each stripe interrupted by yellow spots; warts with
-black hairs; head, black. It feeds on _Silene acaulis_, cyphel (_Arenaria
-cherleria = Cherleria sedoides_), clover, trefoils, _Azalea procumbens_,
-etc.; has been known to eat dock and knot-grass: August to June. The cocoon
-has been found on a stem of crowberry (_Empetrum_), and on heath and grass
-stems. The moth is out in July, and, like the rest of its kindred, delights
-in the sunshine.
-
-_Zygaena achilleae_.
-
-A specimen of this species, quite recently introduced as British, has been
-kindly lent by Mr. B. Adkin. It was taken, with others, in the vicinity of
-Oban, Argyllshire. Mr. Sheldon informs me that he believes that a worn
-Zygaenid he captured in 1898, in the Glencoe district, was this species.
-
-On Plate 1, with the Scottish example (Fig. 2) referred to, is also shown a
-specimen from the continent (Fig. 3), and it will be noted that the former
-is very like the latter. In some {336} respects this species is not unlike
-some confluent-spot forms of _filipendulae_, but it is a more
-slender-looking insect, and the body is more hairy. Further, the upper
-basal spot of the fore wings is lengthened almost to the upper spot of the
-middle pair, and the fifth and sixth spots together form an almost oval
-mark. Both specimens depicted seem to be referable to var. _viciae_,
-Hubner. In the typical forms the spots are larger. A yellow form ab.
-_flava_, Oberthur, is known on the continent.
-
-The caterpillar, after Hofmann, is figured on Plate 1, Fig. 5. It is said
-to feed on _Astragalus_ and _Coronilla_.
-
-NEW FOREST BURNET (_Zygaena meliloti_).
-
-Two examples of this, normally, five-spotted little species are shown on
-Plate 146, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]; a variety, referable to ab.
-_confusa_, Staudinger (spots run together forming streaks somewhat as in
-_purpuralis_), is depicted in Plate 148, Fig. 1. Occasionally a sixth spot
-is in evidence (ab. _sexpunctata_, Tutt). A form in which the body has a
-red belt is known abroad as ab. _stentzii_, Freyer, and examples having
-traces of this belt have been recorded from the New Forest, which, it may
-be added, is the only locality in Britain producing this species.
-
-The caterpillar is of a dull pale greenish colour, with numerous black
-speckles; three whitish lines on the back, the central one greenish tinged
-and broader than the others, which are interrupted on each ring by a yellow
-spot; between the lines is a series of black dots, one on the outer edge of
-each ring; hairs, from greenish warts, white and short; head, black, dotted
-with white. It feeds on bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus corniculatus_), and
-other trefoils and clovers: August to May. Sometimes the caterpillars do
-not complete growth until they have passed two winters in hibernation. The
-cocoon, which is yellow or yellowish white, has been found on a grass stem,
-but {337} it is generally placed so low down among herbage that it seems to
-be rarely detected.
-
-The moth is out in June and early July.
-
-As previously stated the only part of Britain that the species inhabits is
-the New Forest, Hampshire. Here it was first met with in Stubby Copse,
-about 1869, but was apparently not distinguished from _Z. trifolii_ until
-1872. It is now less frequent in its old haunt than formerly, although it
-still occurs there; in other spots around, I believe, it is not uncommon in
-some years.
-
-Some authorities refer this species to _viciae_, Schranck.
-
-FIVE-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena trifolii_).
-
-Four specimens of this species are portrayed on Plate 146. In the typical
-form (Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]) the central pair of crimson spots are
-united and often form a large blotch; ab. _orobi_, Hubner (Figs. 6 [male],
-9 [female]), has the spots placed well apart. Other more or less frequent
-aberrations are depicted by Mr. Horace Knight on Plate 148 where Fig. 2
-represents ab. _glycirrhizae_, Hubner (spots 3, 4, and 5 united); Fig. 3,
-ab. _basalis_, Selys (spots 3 and 4 united with the basal pair); and Fig.
-4, ab. _minoides_, Selys (all the spots united, forming an irregular
-patch). An extreme development of the last-mentioned form has been named
-ab. _extrema_, Tutt (see _Entom._ xxix., p. 341, Fig. 2). Specimens with a
-sixth spot as in _Z. filipendulae_ have been occasionally recorded, and an
-example with the lower spot of the central pair absent has been taken in
-West Sussex by Mr. W. M. Christy, who has also obtained a number of
-specimens of a yellow form (ab. _lutescens_, Cockerell) in the same
-locality. The yellow form is shown on Plate 148, Fig. 5. Some of the yellow
-aberrations also exhibit variation in the spots pretty much as in the
-ordinary form. In some localities, especially marshy ones, the spots on
-{338} the fore wings and the hind wings are occasionally dull orange; and I
-have noted specimens in the Weybridge district, Surrey, with the spots on
-the fore wings of a pinky ochreous colour, whilst the hind wings were of
-the usual crimson. Such "aberrations" as those last mentioned probably
-result from weather exposure. In 1899, Mr. G. B. Corbin recorded the
-capture, near Ringwood, Hants, of a specimen which had the spots on the
-fore wings and the red of the hind wings darkened over with dull smoky
-black, so that the insect when seen at a distance seemed to be wholly
-black. Dr. Hodgson has recently obtained several of these melanic specimens
-in Sussex. A form with the spots and hind wings suffused with brownish has
-been named ab. _obscura_, Oberthur.
-
-With regard to six-spot examples referred to this species, I am inclined to
-suppose that they may be the offspring of a chance pairing of _trifolii_
-and _filipendulae_. That such crossing does occur in nature I have
-evidence, as on one occasion I found four mixed pairs, the male being
-_trifolii_ in each case, and the female typical _filipendulae_. This was in
-the Weybridge district, where I had come across a colony of the latter
-species and was closely examining the specimens for aberrations.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 3) is green inclining to yellowish and to
-bluish, with black marks on the back; a series of black streaks low down
-along the sides. It feeds on _Lotus corniculatus_, and on other trefoils
-and clover: July to May. Sometimes taking two years to complete its
-changes.
-
-In damp meadows the moth is out in May and June, but in marshes it does not
-appear, as a rule, until July, and may be found in early August. The marsh
-specimens, which are sometimes rather large in size, have been referred to
-_palustris_, Oberthur, and are treated by Tutt (_Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep._,
-vol. i.) as a sub-species.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 146.
-  1, 2. TRANSPARENT BURNET.
-     3. SCOTCH BURNET.
-  4, 5. NEW FOREST BURNET.
-   6-9. FIVE-SPOT BURNET.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 147.
-    1, 2. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET.
-     3-5. SIX-SPOT BURNET.
-    6, 7. SCARCE FORESTER.
-    8, 9. THE FORESTER.
-  10, 11. CISTUS FORESTER.
-
-{339} In the British Isles, the species is apparently confined to England
-and North Wales. In the former country it is locally common in most of the
-southern counties; still more local in the eastern counties, and northwards
-to Lancashire and Yorkshire. There are records from Armagh and Fermanagh,
-but Kane appears to doubt the occurrence of the species in Ireland. There
-is no doubt that the next species has frequently been mistaken for the
-present one, therefore the actual range of _trifolii_ in the British Isles
-has probably not been fully ascertained.
-
-NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena lonicerae_).
-
-As will be seen from the two specimens represented by Figs. 1 [male] and 2
-[female] on Plate 147, this species bears considerable resemblance to ab.
-_orobi_ of _Z. trifolii_. The chief differences are in the rather longer
-fore wings and the more pointed tips of the hind pair; the borders of the
-hind wings are often narrower. In a broad way, it may be stated that the
-general tone of colour in the male of _lonicerae_ is bluer than that of
-_trifolii_. The union of any two or more spots is rarely seen in this
-species in Britain, but specimens with all the spots joined together have
-certainly been noted. A yellow form, ab. _citrina_, Speyer (= _flava_,
-Oberthur), is known on the continent, and Barrett states that it has
-occurred in England. In ab. _lutescens_, Hewett, the hind wings are orange.
-Ab. _eboraceae_, Prest, is semi-transparent, steel blue; the spots and the
-hind wings are pink, the border of the hind wings brown, and the fringes of
-all the wings are whitish.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 2) is very similar to that of the last
-species, but the black marks on the sides are heavier, and the hairs of the
-body are longer. It feeds on trefoils and clover, and sometimes passes two
-winters before becoming full grown. The cocoon, which is attached to stems
-of grass, etc., is generally placed well up above the ground, so that it is
-readily seen. {340}
-
-The moth, which is out in late June and in July, occurs in woods and
-plantations; also said to be found in meadows, and on rough waste ground,
-as well as in marshes and salterns. The distribution is much as in the last
-species, but it is plentiful in East Yorkshire, and the range extends to
-Cumberland and Northumberland.
-
-SIX-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena filipendulae_).
-
-This species (Plate 147, Figs. 3-5) is the most generally common of our
-Burnets. Perhaps the most frequent form of variation in the spots of the
-fore wings is that in which the outer pair run together, and so form a
-blotch; but union of the middle pair is not an uncommon occurrence. In ab.
-_cytisi_, Hubner, the three pairs of spots are each united, so that the
-fore wings have three separate blotches, and when these are of a dull
-scarlet instead of the usual crimson, ab. _ramburi_, Lederer, is
-represented. Occasionally, all the spots are united, as in ab. _cytisi_,
-and the blotches thus formed are connected by reddish streaks in various
-modifications leading up to ab. _conjuncta_, Tutt, which has all the spots
-merged into a large blotch, extending over the disc of the fore wings. From
-the normal crimson, the spots and the hind wings vary now and then to
-orange (_aurantia_, Tutt), or to yellow (ab. _flava_, Robson = _cerinus_,
-Robson and Gardner); intermediate shades between these two extremes, and
-the typical coloration, are rather more frequent. I am indebted to Mr. R.
-Adkin for the loan of the example of the yellow form shown on Plate 148,
-Fig. 6. Pink, and orange, forms have been noted from various parts of
-England, but they seem to occur, or have been found, more especially in
-Cambridge and the north-east corner of Essex. Fig. 7, Plate 148, represents
-an example of ab. _chrysanthemi_, Hubner, and is copied from Oberthur's
-_Etudes d'Entom._, xx., Plate 8, Fig. 134. A few specimens referable to
-this form, probably not exceeding half a dozen altogether, have been
-recorded as taken in England. In typical _filipendulae_ the dark blue
-border of the hind wings is narrow, but in ab. _hippocrepidis_, Stephens
-(_tutti_, Rebel), the borders are rather broad. Another character of this
-form is that the nervule upon which the sixth spot is placed is here of the
-ground colour, and therefore divides the spot. (Plate 147, Fig. 3.) At
-Northwood, Middlesex, I have found this form in May and June, and also in
-the Weybridge district, Surrey, in late July; and, it may be added, there
-was a flourishing colony of _Z. trifolii_ hard by in each locality. For
-this reason, plus the fact that _trifolii_ [male] is known to pair with
-_filipendulae_ [female], I hold the opinion that _hippocrepidis_ is a
-hybrid. It may be noted here that hybrids have been raised from the
-crossing of _filipendulae_ and _lonicerae_; the sexes of _lonicerae_ and
-_trifolii_ pair somewhat readily, and the hybrid offspring of such pairings
-are fertile.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 148.
-           1. NEW FOREST BURNET, AB. _CONFUSA_.
-  2, 3, 4, 5. FIVE-SPOT BURNET, VARS.
-        6, 7. SIX-SPOT BURNET, VARS.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 149.
-  1. FESTOON MOTH: _caterpillars and cocoons_.
-  2. TRIANGLE MOTH: _caterpillars_.
-
-{341} It seems, then, that _trifolii_, _lonicerae_, and _filipendulae_ have
-not, so far, lost the power of fertile cross-pairing. Wherever colonies of
-two of the kind exist within visiting distance of each other, there, it
-appears, we may reasonably expect to find hybrids.
-
-From a number of cocoons collected in a Yorkshire locality for _lonicerae_,
-I reared, in 1907, a good many examples of that species, and also about a
-dozen six-spot specimens, which agree in colour with _filipendulae_, but
-they have the vein-interrupted sixth spot and broad border to hind wings,
-as in _hippocrepidis_.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 4) is greenish, with black markings and
-some yellow spots, the latter chiefly on the hind edges of the rings. It
-feeds in the autumn and after hibernation, on trefoils, clover, bird's-foot
-(_Ornithopus_), and kidney-vetch (_Anthyllis_), completing growth in the
-spring.
-
-The moth flies on sunny days in July and August, on chalk downs, etc.,
-inland, and on cliffs and sand hills on the coast, also in marshes; but, as
-previously stated, it also occurs locally in meadows in May and June. {342}
-
-SCARCE FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Rhagades_) _globulariae_).
-
-Of the three species occurring in Britain this is slightly the larger, at
-least in the male. The fore wings are green, sometimes with a slightly
-golden sheen; fringes, greyish. The male is best distinguished from
-_statices_ by its more slender body, and by the pectinated and rather
-pointed antennae. The female is a good deal smaller than the male; the
-antennae are simple, and somewhat thread-like, compared with those of the
-females of _statices_ and _geryon_. (Plate 147, Figs. 6 [male], 7
-[female].)
-
-The caterpillar is green, with the raised spots inclining to bluish; two
-yellowish-white lines along the back, and a dark green stripe along the
-sides; head and plate on first ring of the body, black. It lives on
-knapweeds (_Centaurea nigra_ and _C. scabiosa_), feeding on the leaves much
-in the same manner as the caterpillar of the next two species.
-
-The moth is out in June and July; it is partial to blossoms of salad burnet
-(_Poterium sanguisorba_), and only flies in the sunshine. The late Mr. J.
-Jenner Weir, who found the species commonly on the downs near Lewes,
-Sussex, was the first entomologist to record it as British. The best known
-localities in Sussex are Hollingbury Vale and Cliffe Hill, but it also
-occurs at the Devil's Dyke near Brighton. In Kent it is found on the downs
-behind Folkestone and Shorncliffe Camp.
-
-THE FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Adscita_) _statices_).
-
-In its most frequent form in Britain, this species is bronzy green (ab.
-_viridis_, Tutt); the typical bluish green type is much less frequent. The
-female is smaller than the male, but the difference in size is hardly ever
-so marked as in the sexes of _globulariae_. The antennae of the male are
-pectinated, but the tips are thickened. (Plate 147, Figs. 8 [male], 9
-[female].) {343}
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 5) is whitish, inclining to green, yellow,
-or pinkish, on the back, and the sides are pinkish brown; the hairy warts
-are brown or pinkish brown, and the small head is glossy black. It feeds on
-sorrel (_Rumex acetosa_), and it attains full growth, after hibernation,
-about the end of April. On leaving the egg-shell in the summer, the young
-caterpillar bores into a leaf, and eats the tissue between the upper and
-lower skins; later on it attacks the foliage from the underside, but leaves
-the upper skin intact; or the process may be reversed, and the under skin
-left.
-
-The moth is on the wing in June, sometimes late May. It occurs, locally, in
-meadows, frequently damp ones, where there is plenty of ragged-robin
-(_Lychnis flos-cuculi_), the blossoms of which plant it seems to prefer to
-all others.
-
-Widely distributed over England, but in Wales only recorded from Capel
-Curig and Barmouth, in the north of that country (1900). In Scotland its
-range extends to Moray; and in Ireland it is found in counties Wicklow,
-Cork, Clare, Westmeath, Monaghan, Sligo, and Galway.
-
-CISTUS FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Adscita_) _geryon_).
-
-This species is much smaller than the last; the fore wings, the outer
-margins of which are somewhat rounded, are bronze green, but, in the male,
-rather dull in tint, sometimes tinged with golden towards the base. The
-antennae are more stumpy than those of _statices_, but in other respects
-they are similar in appearance. The female is not much smaller than the
-male. (Plate 147, Figs. 10 [male], 11 [female].)
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish white, with bristle-bearing warts of pretty
-much the same colour; three lines on the back, the central one whitish,
-edged on each side with purplish, the others waved and of a claret colour;
-a reddish-brown stripe low down {344} along the sides; head and plate on
-first ring of the body black, the latter edged in front with yellowish. It
-feeds on rock rose (_Helianthemum chamaecistus_). At first it attacks the
-leaf from the upper side, and partly burrows therein; when older it clears
-away patches from the under surface, leaving the upper skin of the leaf
-more or less transparent; as it approaches full growth it likes to take its
-meals in the sunshine, and then eats the top skin as well as other parts of
-the leaf, and also tender shoots: July to May. The moth is out in June and
-July, as a rule, but is sometimes observed in May. Its haunts are on warm
-slopes of chalk downs and limestone hills, where it flies in the sunshine.
-
-This species was first noted as British in March, 1860, when specimens from
-Worcestershire were recorded as _Procris tenuicornis_. It seems, however,
-to have been considered doubtfully distinct from _statices_ until 1863,
-when the caterpillar was found, and the occurrence of the species in
-several other English counties recorded. At the present time _I. geryon_ is
-known to inhabit Sussex (Brighton and Lewes districts), Kent (Canterbury
-and Shorncliffe), Bucks (Aylesbury and Tring), Oxfordshire (Chinor),
-Gloucestershire (Cotswolds), Worcestershire (Malvern Hills), Derbyshire and
-North Staffordshire (Bakewell and Dovedale), Yorkshire (Richmond, Barnsley,
-Sheffield, etc.), and Durham (banks on the coast). In Wales, it is
-sometimes common on Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire.
-
-COCHLIDIDAE.
-
-This family of moths mainly comprises tropical species, and is but poorly
-represented in the Palaearctic Region. Only two species are European, and
-both occur in Britain.
-
-As _Cochlidion_, Hubner, supersedes _Limacodes_, Latrielle, the name of the
-family so long known as Limacodidae, will have to {345} be changed to that
-here adopted. Meyrick, who sinks _Limacodes_ in favour of _Apoda_, Haworth,
-uses Heterogeneidae as the family name.
-
-THE FESTOON (_Cochlidion_ (_Heterogenea_) _limacodes_).
-
-The fore wings of the male are orange brown, more or less smudged or
-clouded with blackish; two oblique black lines, the first inclined inwards,
-and the second outwards and apparently terminating on the outer margin just
-above the inner angle, but there is a slender dusky curve from this point
-enclosing a clear, orange-brown spot. Hind wings blackish, except on the
-inner margin, which is broadly orange brown. Female, ochreous brown, with
-lines on the fore wings as in the male; hind wings suffused with dark grey
-or blackish, except on the inner area; generally rather larger than the
-male. (Plate 153, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) Not infrequently, the fore
-wings of the male are so much clouded with blackish that the cross lines
-are obscured, and the spot on the inner margin alone remains clear.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 149, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich)
-is green, with two reddish-edged yellow lines on the back; between these
-lines are yellowish spots; a yellow line along the sides extends along the
-front edge of the second ring, where it is marked with red. It feeds on
-oak, and may be beaten from the boughs in the autumn. The brownish cocoon
-is depicted on Plate 149; Fig. 1a shows the hinged lid which covered the
-opening through which the chrysalis protruded previous to the moth's
-escape; Fig. 1b represents one from which the moth has not emerged, and in
-nature this would be attached to a leaf and covered with a delicate film of
-silk. The moth is out in June and July, and both sexes may be beaten from
-the branches of trees, or seen flying around their tops in the sunshine.
-{346}
-
-This species, often referred to as _Limacodes testudo_, and said to be the
-_avellana_ of Linnaeus, is an inhabitant of oak woods, and occurs in
-Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Bucks,
-Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire. A male and two females have been
-reported from Clonbrock, Co. Galway, Ireland.
-
-THE TRIANGLE (_Heterogena asella_).
-
-The fore wings of this little species (Plate 153, Figs. 4 [male] and 5
-[female]) are of triangular shape; in the male, which sex is smaller than
-the female, they are dark brown, sometimes almost blackish (ab. _nigra_,
-Tutt), and those of the female yellowish brown varying to ochreous yellow
-(ab. _flavescens_, Tutt). The hind wings of the male are blackish, and of
-the female clouded with blackish.
-
-The curious woodlouse-shaped caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to
-yellowish; the broad reddish band on the back broadens out before the
-middle, thus giving the idea of a rough cross, or, as sometimes described,
-a blunt spear head. It is found, by searching, in August and until October,
-on the foliage of beech and oak. Birch has also been mentioned as a food
-plant, and on the continent it is said to feed on poplar, lime, hazel, and
-hornbeam. Fig. 2 on Plate 149 is from a photo by Mr. H. Main.
-
-Although the caterpillar constructs its gall-like cocoon on a leaf or in
-the fork of a twig in the autumn, it does not change to a chrysalis until
-late in spring, sometimes not until June. The moth is out in June and July
-and flies in the sunshine, chiefly in the afternoon, and might easily be
-confused with the Lechean Tortrix (_Ptycholoma lecheana_).
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 150.
-  1, 2. GOAT MOTH.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 151.
-  GOAT MOTH: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_.
-
-{347} The species appears to be very local in England and confined to the
-south. Its chief haunts seem to be in Bucks, where it is not uncommon in
-beech woods at Marlow, and in Hampshire, especially parts of the New
-Forest. It has been found in Epping Forest, Essex; rarely in Abbot's Wood
-and Rewell Wood, Sussex; also recorded from Bickleigh Vale and the Plym
-Valley, Devonshire.
-
-The range abroad extends to Amurland.
-
-COSSIDAE.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 20.
-
-GOAT MOTH AT REST.
-
-(Photo by Hugh Main.)]
-
-Of the eighty-six Palaearctic species referred to this family, by far the
-larger number are eastern, only about eight appear to be found in Europe,
-and but three of these occur in Britain.
-
-Meyrick separates _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_) from our other two
-species, adopts _Trypanus_, Rambur, as the generic name, and removes it to
-the Tortricina as a family of that group under the name Trypanidae.
-
-THE GOAT MOTH (_Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_)).
-
-The English name of this species (Plate 150, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female])
-applies more especially to the caterpillar, as this creature gives off an
-odour which has been compared to that of the he-goat. In general colour the
-caterpillar is pinkish ochreous, {348} inclining to dark reddish on the
-back; the small head is black and glossy, and the mark on the first ring of
-the body is black. It feeds in the solid wood of various trees, especially
-elm, ash, and willow, but is three or four years in completing growth. When
-mature, it often leaves its burrow and wanders in search of a suitable
-place for pupation. When met with at such times it should be, if taken,
-placed in a roomy tin box with a good supply of sawdust or decayed wood,
-when it will make its cocoon, and appear as a moth in due course. The early
-stages are shown on Plate 151.
-
-Caterpillars are more likely to come under the notice of the country
-rambler than are the moths; examples of the latter, however, may be seen
-occasionally, in June or July, resting on a tree-trunk, a fence, or a gate
-post; sometimes, although practically tongueless, the moth visits the sugar
-patch and either settles on the tree or flutters around.
-
-The species seems to occur in all parts of the British Isles, except
-perhaps the extreme north of Scotland and the Hebrides.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and to North-west Africa.
-
-THE LEOPARD MOTH (_Zeuzera pyrina_).
-
-As will be seen from the portraits of this blue-black spotted white species
-on Plate 153, the male (Fig. 6) is smaller than the female (Fig. 7); it
-will be further noted that the antennae of the male are bi-pectinated on
-the basal half, and thread-like on the outer half; the antennae of the
-female are thread-like throughout.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 152.
-  1. LEOPARD MOTH: _caterpillar_.
-  2. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING: _caterpillar's burrow and exit hole;
-      chrysalis skin_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 153.
-  1, 2. FESTOON.
-     3. REED LEOPARD.
-  4, 5. TRIANGLE.
-  6, 7. LEOPARD MOTH.
-
-{349} The caterpillar (Plate 152, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A.
-Sich) is dull whitish, more or less tinged with yellow; the spots are
-black, and the head and plates on the first and last rings of the body are
-blackish brown. It feeds in branches and stems of trees and shrubs.
-Hatching from the egg, say in the late summer of 1908, the caterpillar will
-not be full grown until May or June of 1910, or possibly 1911; forming a
-cocoon of silk and wood particles, it turns to a reddish brown chrysalis in
-the burrow, and near the bark of the stem or branch. The moth comes out in
-the summer, and is most often seen in the London district, where the female
-especially is not infrequently found on tree-trunks or on grass, etc.,
-under trees. It visits light, and the electric arc lamps are very
-attractive to it.
-
-The species occurs in the south and east of England, and through the
-north-west counties to Cheshire. It has been recorded from Cardiff, South
-Wales, and doubtfully from Ireland.
-
-Abroad, the range extends to Corea and Japan. In America it seems to be
-established in parts of the State of New York.
-
-THE REED LEOPARD (_Phragmataecia castaneae_).
-
-A male of this species (_Macrogaster arundinis_ of some authors) is shown
-on Plate 153, Fig. 3. The female is rather larger, with longer body, and
-the antennae are without pectinations.
-
-The wrinkled and rather shining caterpillar is ochreous white with
-reddish-brown stripes along the back. It feeds low down on the stems of
-reed (_Phragmites communis_) and is full grown in the spring of the second
-year following that in which it left the egg in late summer. Thus, a
-caterpillar hatching in August, 1908, would be mature about May, 1910,
-pupate in that month, or the next, and the perfect insect would appear in
-June or July.
-
-The moth flies at night, and may be attracted by a brilliant light. The
-earliest known British locality for the species was Holme Fen in
-Huntingdonshire (1841-1848). In 1850 it was found abundantly at Whittlesea
-Mere. Its haunts in the {350} present day are Wicken and Chippenham fens in
-Cambridgeshire, but specimens from these localities are somewhat smaller
-than the old Hunts examples. Barrett states that he put down some eggs of
-the species in Ranworth Fen, Norfolk, and that five years later two males
-were captured within a short distance of the spot where the eggs had been
-placed.
-
-The range abroad extends to China and Japan.
-
-SESIIDAE.
-
-This family--the Aegeriadae of some authors--has over one hundred
-Palaearctic species assigned to it; these are distributed among five
-genera, two of which are not represented in Britain. Fourteen species are
-found in the British Isles, but to obtain fine specimens of most of them
-the mature caterpillars or the chrysalids will have to be collected and the
-moths reared. All species emerge from the chrysalis early in the forenoon,
-and then only under the influence of sunshine.
-
-The caterpillars are somewhat maggot-like, and live in stems, branches, and
-roots of trees and shrubs; or in the crowns and roots of low-growing
-plants. The majority, possibly all, are nearly two years in arriving at
-full growth.
-
-HORNET MOTH (_Trochilium apiformis_).
-
-As indicated by the English name this moth, and also that next to be
-mentioned, are very like the hornet (_Vespa crabro_). On turning to Plate
-154, Fig. 1, it will be seen that this species has a yellow head and
-patches of yellow on the shoulders; these characters at once separate it
-from _T. crabroniformis_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 154.
-     1. HORNET MOTH.
-     2. WELSH CLEARWING.
-     3. WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING.
-     4. CLEAR UNDERWING.
-  5, 6. CURRANT CLEARWING.
-     7. LUNAR HORNET MOTH.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 155.
-     1. YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING.
-  2, 3. RED-BELTED CLEARWING.
-     4. LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING.
-     5. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING.
-     6. SIX-BELTED CLEARWING.
-     7. THRIFT CLEARWING.
-  8, 9. FIERY CLEARWING.
-
-{351} The caterpillar is yellowish white, with a red brown head, and a
-yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds on the roots and lower
-portion of the trunks of poplar. The brown shining chrysalis is enclosed in
-a cocoon of wood scrapings woven together with silk. The moth is out in May
-and June; and has been found, newly emerged, sitting on stems of poplar in
-the morning.
-
-The eastern counties of England appear to be most favoured by this species,
-but it also occurs northwards to Yorkshire, southwards to Devonshire, and a
-specimen has been recorded from Rhyl, North Wales. In Scotland, it has been
-reported from some localities in the south; Kane states that he has reason
-to believe that the species occurs in the northern half of Ireland, and
-that he found caterpillars plentiful in young poplars growing in a marsh
-near the city of Waterford.
-
-LUNAR HORNET (_Trochilium crabroniformis_).
-
-Another hornet-like moth, best distinguished from that just mentioned by
-the yellow collar behind the black head (Plate 154, Fig. 7 [female]). The
-male is rather smaller, but otherwise similar.
-
-The caterpillar is yellowish white, with dark brownish head, and a blackish
-edged yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds in stems of
-sallow, willow, and poplar. In late June and through July the moth is on
-the wing, and may occasionally be seen at rest on leaves or stems of
-sallow, etc.
-
-The species, known also as _bembeciformis_, Hubner, is generally
-distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; in Scotland its range
-extends into Perthshire.
-
-Abroad it seems pretty much confined to Holland, Northern and Central
-Germany, Austria, and Bohemia.
-
-CLEAR UNDERWING (_Sciapteron tabaniformis_).
-
-This species is the _Trochelium vespiforme_ of some British authors, and
-the _Aegeria asiliformis_ of Stephens and others.
-
-Another English name for it is the Dusky Clearwing, and this refers to the
-cloudy fore wings. {352}
-
-Stephens, writing of it in 1828, remarks: "Occasionally taken on poplars,
-near London, in June. I have obtained it from the neighbourhood of Bexley,
-and from Birchwood; but it is doubtless a rare species, and exists in few
-collections: of the male, I have hitherto seen but two specimens, one of
-which I possess." Both places mentioned by Stephens are in Kent, and one or
-two specimens of the species have since been reported from Ashford in the
-same county. The late Henry Doubleday took specimens at Epping, Essex.
-Colney Hatch Wood in Middlesex has also been given as a locality in the
-past; more recently two specimens have been noted from Chiswick. The
-example shown on Plate 154, Fig. 4, is of continental origin.
-
-The caterpillar lives under the bark of poplar trunks, and the moth flies
-in June and July.
-
-WELSH CLEARWING (_Sesia scoliaeformis_).
-
-As a British species this insect was first noted from Llangollen, in North
-Wales, somewhere about fifty years ago. In 1867 it was found to inhabit
-birch woods in the Rannoch district of Scotland, and later on its presence
-was detected in Sutherlandshire. It has been recorded from Hereford; one
-example was reported from Wiltshire in 1857; and two from Delamere Forest,
-Cheshire (1901 and 1905). Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_)
-states that moths have been taken at Killarney, and caterpillars obtained
-in the same district, and also at Kenmare.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 156, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the inner layer
-of bark of large birch trees, and is full grown about May. It turns to a
-dark brownish chrysalis, in a cocoon formed close up to the bark, which
-thinly covers the outer end of the burrow. The moth flies in June or
-sometimes July. It {353} is of comparatively large size, and may be
-distinguished from the next species by the yellow belts on its body, and
-the chestnut coloured tuft at the tail. (Plate 154, Fig. 2.)
-
-WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING (_Sesia spheciformis_).
-
-Although generally smaller, some specimens run very close to the last
-species in size. It may be distinguished by the single belt on the body and
-the black tail (Plate 154, Fig. 3). One of the best known localities for
-the species in England is Tilgate Forest, in Sussex; but it also occurs in
-Hampshire (Basingstoke), Hereford (Tarrington), Worcestershire (Wyre
-Forest), Staffordshire (Burnt Wood), Cheshire (one, Delamere Forest, 1901),
-Denbighshire (Llangollen), Lancashire (Chat Moss), and Yorkshire (Bishop's
-Wood, 1894).
-
-The caterpillar feeds in stems of alder, and is full grown in May of the
-third year after hatching from the egg. It is said that the chrysalis may
-sometimes be found by bending and twisting the stems of alder, so as to
-cause the thin skin of bark over the exit hole of the burrow to crack, and
-so disclose its whereabouts. The burrow is generally low down the stem. The
-moth is out in June and early July, and is sometimes to be seen on sunny
-mornings at rest on alder leaves, or flying over and around the bushes.
-
-ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING (_Sesia andrenaeformis_).
-
-Although known to be a British species since 1829, when a specimen was
-taken in a wood near Greenhithe, Kent, this insect continued to be very
-rare until quite recently. For a long time the caterpillar was supposed to
-feed in the stems of dogwood, but it is now known to live in the stems of
-the wayfaring tree (_Viburnum lantana_), and several specimens of the moth
-{354} have been reared during the past year or two. Unfortunately the
-caterpillar is much infested by parasites, and comparatively few escape
-attack. Notes on the life history of this moth, by the Hon. N. Charles
-Rothschild, Mr. Eustace Bankes, and Dr. Chapman, are published in the
-_Transactions of the Entomological Society of London_ for 1906 (Part IV.,
-pp. 471-482).
-
-Most of the known localities for the species are in Kent, but it has also
-been found in Surrey, Dorset, Gloucester, Hertfordshire (Tring district),
-and Northamptonshire (Oundle). Possibly it will be discovered in other
-parts of the country. I am indebted to Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, for the
-specimen figured on Plate 1, Fig. 1. For the caterpillar mine in stem of
-_Viburnum_ (Plate 156, Figs. 2, 2a) my thanks are due to Mr. Rayward, who
-kindly sent me a living pupa, from which the moth duly emerged, but, I
-regret to add, escaped from the box in which the stick containing the
-chrysalis was kept.
-
-Newman, in 1833, described this species as _Trochilium allantiformis_, and
-in 1842 it was figured by Westwood and Humphreys as _T. andreniforme_. It
-is distinguished from _Sesia tipuliformis_ by the two yellow belts of the
-body (the first sometimes indistinct) and the orange-yellow tuft in the
-blue-black tail; on the underside of the body there is a broad yellow band
-on the fourth ring, sometimes extending to the fifth and sixth.
-
-CURRANT CLEARWING (_Sesia tipuliformis_).
-
-In this species the body is narrowly belted with yellow, usually four belts
-in the male and three in the female; the tail tuft is black in both sexes.
-The outer marginal border of the fore wings has a bronzy tinge, due to
-orange patches between the veins. (Plate 154, Figs. 5 [male], 6 [female].)
-
-The caterpillar lives in the stems and shoots of black and red currant
-bushes; it feeds on the pith, and works its way downwards. When full grown,
-about May, it gnaws an outlet to the {355} side of the stem, but does not
-penetrate the outer skin, although it reduces this to a very thin layer,
-through which the reddish brown chrysalis is able to force itself when the
-moth is ready to emerge. A figure of the caterpillar will be found on Plate
-156, Fig. 1; the chrysalis protruding from currant stem (Fig. 1a) is from a
-photo by Mr. H. Main. In June or July, the moths are not infrequently seen
-on leaves of shrubs in gardens where there are currant bushes in or around
-such gardens, but the foliage of the food plant is a favourite resting
-place.
-
-Generally distributed throughout England, the range extending into Wales,
-and South Scotland, but is apparently rare in these countries and also in
-some of the northern counties of England. Kane states that the species is
-common near Dublin, and is probably widely distributed in Ireland.
-
-This species seems to have been introduced into North America, where its
-caterpillar is known as the "currant borer," and, as in England, is
-regarded with little favour by bush-fruit growers.
-
-YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING (_Sesia vespiformis_).
-
-This species (Plate 155, Fig. 1), known also as _asiliformis_, Rottemburg
-(1775), and _cynipiformis_, Esper (1782), is now held to be correctly
-referred to _vespiformis_, Linnaeus (1761). The crossbar of the fore wings
-is orange red in both sexes; the body of the male has two more or less
-united yellow spots at the junction with the thorax, four yellow belts, and
-the tail tuft is black above, mixed with yellow below; in the female the
-body belts are usually one less than in the male, the yellow spots at the
-junction are generally run together, and the tail tuft is almost wholly
-yellow. As indicated by the English name, the legs are largely yellow in
-both sexes.
-
-The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of oak trees, is full {356} grown
-in May or June, and turns to a brownish chrysalis in a cell formed in the
-bark. A well-known locality for this moth, which is out in July and early
-August, is Hyde Park, London. It is also found in woods or oak-timbered
-parks in Kent (Tunbridge Wells), Surrey, Sussex (Abbot's Wood, Tilgate,
-etc.), Dorset (Glanvilles Wootton, etc.), Devon (Devonport, Plymouth,
-Topsham, etc.), Essex (Epping), Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire,
-Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire (Doncaster).
-
-RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia myopaeformis_).
-
-One example of each sex is shown on Plate 155, where Fig. 2 represents the
-male and Fig. 3 the female; both have a single belt on the body; as a rule,
-the belt is red, but occasionally it inclines to orange or yellow.
-
-The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of the trunks or boughs of apple,
-and sometimes pear, trees. It is nearly two years in maturing, but is full
-grown about June. The moth is out during the summer months, and is to be
-seen early on sunny mornings, newly emerged from the chrysalis on the
-trunks of the trees in which the caterpillar lives; the chrysalis skins
-will also be noted at the same time, sticking out from holes in the bark.
-Later in the day it sits on leaves, etc., after its flights, and I have
-even found it occasionally on a gravel path, and once on the pavement of a
-road in North-west London.
-
-The species seems to be most frequent in gardens and orchards around
-London, but it has been recorded from as far north as Lancashire and
-Yorkshire; it is probably widely distributed over England. The Irish
-localities, mentioned by Kane, are Dublin, Cork, Killarney, and Clonbrock.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 156.
-  1. CURRANT CLEARWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis skin_.
-  2. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING: _caterpillar_.
-  3. WELSH CLEARWING: _caterpillar_.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 157.
-  1, 3. GHOST MOTH.
-  2, 4. DO., VAR. _THULENSIS_.
-  5, 6. ORANGE SWIFT.
-
-{357}
-
-LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia culiciformis_).
-
-This species (Plate 155, Fig. 4) is very similar to the last, but it is
-larger, and the fore wings are dusted with reddish scales towards the base,
-sometimes also along the inner margin. The belt on the body is generally
-red, not infrequently with an orange tinge, but it is sometimes yellow or
-far more rarely white.
-
-The caterpillar, which is full grown in May, feeds on the inner bark of
-birch trees and bushes, apparently preferring the stumps left in the ground
-where stems have been cut down. It is not difficult to find, but as it is
-about two years in this stage it should not be taken until nearly or quite
-full grown, and it is safer to leave it until it has entered the chrysalis
-state. The moth is out in June, or sometimes at the end of May; it flies
-over birch and rests on leaves, and has been known to visit flowers of the
-wood spurge and the rhododendron.
-
-Kent and Sussex appear to be the counties most favoured by this species,
-but it occurs in most of the other English counties in which there are
-birch woods, certainly up to Yorkshire, and probably further north, as it
-is found in Scotland (Clydesdale, Perthshire, and Aberdeen). The Irish
-localities are Killarney, Ballinasloe, and Derry.
-
-RED-TIPPED CLEARWING (_Sesia formicaeformis_).
-
-This is another red-belted species, but it differs from either of the two
-immediately preceding in having the fore wings tipped with red. (Plate 155,
-Fig. 5.)
-
-The caterpillar feeds in the twigs and stumps of osier (_Salix viminalis_),
-sometimes called "withe"; it is full grown about June. (Plate 156, Fig. 2;
-after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and August; it is partial to
-marshes and other wet spots, {358} and is fond of a leaf as a resting
-place. Like the rest of its kind, it is very alert, and skips off quickly
-on one's approach. Probably the species is more widely distributed in
-England, but from the records, it only appears to have been noted from
-Kent, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Derbyshire,
-Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Essex.
-
-SIX-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia ichneumoniformis_).
-
-The inner and outer margins of the fore wings are tinged with orange, and
-there is an orange mark on the outer edge of the cross bar; the body of the
-male has seven yellow belts, and that of the female one less. (Plate 155,
-Fig. 6.)
-
-The caterpillar feeds in the roots of bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus
-corniculatus_), and kidney vetch (_Anthyllis vulneraria_); it is full grown
-about June. July and August are the months for the moth, and its haunts are
-on chalk downs, and on banks by the sea; it seems partial to the edges of
-chalk pits, sloping banks, and broken ground of undercliffs, etc. In such
-places it is to be seen on the wing in the early evening, and, I believe,
-in the early morning also. It has frequently been obtained by sweeping the
-net over herbage in the vicinity of the food plants.
-
-Mr. W. H. Flint records (1902) the species from the Forest of Dean
-district, where, he states, he could easily have captured two dozen a day,
-as they flew over trefoils, etc.
-
-The species occurs in most of the southern seaboard counties of England,
-from Kent to Cornwall and including the Isle of Wight; Surrey, Bucks.,
-Essex, and other eastern counties, including Cambridge; and it has been
-recorded from Yorkshire. On the western side of the country it is found in
-Somerset, Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, Staffordshire, and in South
-Wales. {359}
-
-THRIFT CLEARWING (_Sesia muscaeformis_).
-
-This is our smallest species of the genus, and it is further distinguished
-by narrow clear spaces on the blackish, or bronzy, fore wings, three
-whitish bands on the body, and traces of a whitish line along the middle of
-the back. (Plate 155, Fig. 7.)
-
-The caterpillar feeds on the roots of thrift or sea-pink (_Armeria
-vulgaris_), and is full grown about June. The moth is out in June and July,
-and seems to have a liking for the flowers of thyme.
-
-This species (also known as _philanthiformis_, Laspeyres) frequents rocky
-places on the coasts of Devon (Torquay, Lynmouth, etc.), Cornwall, Wales;
-Isle of Man; Scotland (Aberdeenshire); and Ireland (Saltee Islands,
-Wexford, and Seven Heads, Cork. Gregson recorded it from Howth).
-
-FIERY CLEARWING (_Sesia chrysidiformis_).
-
-The orange red colour on the fore wings, and of the tail tuft, at once
-distinguish this species (Plate 155, Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]) from
-either of its British allies. The blackish body has two pale-yellow belts,
-but in the male the lower one is often double. As a rule, the body of the
-female is stouter than that of the male, but the bodies of some males
-appear quite as thick as those of the females, and the true sex is only
-disclosed by the ciliated antennae, which is a character of the male alone.
-
-The caterpillar feeds on the roots of dock and sorrel, and it is full grown
-about May. In June and July the moth is on the wing and flies in the
-sunshine, about noon, over the food plants.
-
-The species occurs not uncommonly in the Warren at Folkestone, Kent. This
-locality, well known to entomologists, is a long stretch of rough broken
-ground lying between the railway {360} and the sea; and is probably the
-only spot in the British Isles where the Fiery Clearwing is almost certain
-to be found, either in its early or its perfect stage, at the proper
-season. The moth has been recorded from Eastbourne, Sussex (1874), and from
-the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire (1902).
-
-HEPIALIDAE.
-
-Of the twenty-two Palaearctic species belonging to this family, nine appear
-to occur in Europe, and the range of five of these extends to the British
-Isles.
-
-In some of the more recent systems of classification, this family is
-relegated to almost the bottom of the scheme, and therefore occupies a much
-lower place than do the bulk of the families comprised in the old style
-"Micro-Lepidoptera." As, however, these insects, commonly called "Swifts,"
-have long received the attention of collectors, and in collections usually
-occupy a position among the so-called "Bombyces," they have been included
-in the present volume.
-
-GHOST MOTH (_Hepialus humuli_).
-
-On Plate 157 are portraits of a male and a female of the typical form of
-this species (Figs. 1 [male] and 3 [female]); and two male examples (Figs.
-2 and 4) of the Shetland race var. _thulensis_, Newman, better known
-perhaps as _hethlandica_, Staudinger, but the former is the older name. It
-will be noted that in the ordinary form the male has white wings, and that
-the female has yellowish fore wings marked with orange, and smoky hind
-wings. The Shetland male, represented by Fig. 2, has the fore wings whitish
-buff in colour with brownish markings similar in pattern to those of an
-ordinary female; the hind wings are blackish. The second example of
-_thulensis_ (Fig. 4) is somewhat similar in appearance to a typical female.
-In other male specimens of this insular race the wings are pretty much of
-the typical colour, but the markings on the front pair are reduced both in
-number and size. Mr. H. McArthur, who has collected a good deal in the
-Shetland Isles, states that in Unst, the most northern island of the group,
-more or less typical _humuli_ were found on the cliffs facing south-east,
-whilst the majority of the specimens obtained in boggy meadows, etc., were
-of the _thulensis_ form.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 158.
-   1-3. MAP-WINGED SWIFT.
-   4-6. COMMON SWIFT.
-  7, 8. GOLD SWIFT.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-  2 Pl. 159.
-  1, 1a. COMMON SWIFT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
-  2, 2a. GHOST MOTH: _caterpillar and chrysalis (enlarged)_.
-      3. ORANGE SWIFT: _caterpillar_.
-
-{361} The caterpillar feeds on the roots of plants, such as burdock,
-dandelion, dead-nettle, etc. It is full grown in May, and the moth is out
-in June and July. (Plate 159, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The males may be seen
-in the evening, sometimes in numbers in grassy places, swaying themselves
-to and fro without making progress, and appearing as though they dangled
-from the end of an invisible thread; the female flies straight, and, as a
-rule, in the direction of one or other of the pendulous males.
-
-The species is generally distributed over the British Isles.
-
-ORANGE SWIFT (_Hepialus sylvina_).
-
-The male of this species (Plate 157, Figs. 5. [male], 6 [female]) usually
-some shade of orange brown, with greyish-edged white markings on the fore
-wings. Sometimes the female is orange brown, but more often it is some
-shade of grey brown.
-
-The caterpillar (Plate 159, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the roots of
-dock, bracken, viper's bugloss, etc., and is full grown about July. In late
-July and in August the moth may be seen in the early evening flying among
-bracken, and not infrequently around trees fairly high up. Occasionally,
-specimens are seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, fences, etc. At one time
-this species was known in the vernacular as "The Tawny and Brown Swift"; it
-is also "The Orange or Evening Swift" of Harris (1778) and the "Wood Swift"
-of Newman. It is {362} common in many southern and eastern parts, but
-widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. Only
-doubtfully recorded from Ireland.
-
-MAP-WINGED SWIFT (_Hepialus fusconebulosa_).
-
-At one time this species (the _velleda_ of Hubner) was known as the
-"Northern Swift," but as it is plentiful in North Devonshire and
-Somersetshire, and occurs less commonly in other southern English counties,
-that name is hardly suitable. Haworth's English name for it--"The Beautiful
-Swift"--does not quite meet the case, because, although the insect is
-prettily marked, it is scarcely beautiful. We have then to fall back on
-Donovan's Map-winged Swift as a popular name, and this seems a fairly apt
-one, as the markings on the fore wings are somewhat map-like in pattern,
-especially in the more typical specimens.
-
-There is much variation in colour and in marking; some examples, chiefly
-those from Shetland, are prettily variegated. A uniform reddish-brown
-variety, ab. _gallicus_, Lederer, is depicted on Plate 158, Fig. 3; and a
-more or less typical specimen of each sex is shown on the same plate (Figs.
-1 [male], 2 [female]).
-
-The caterpillar is ochreous white, with orange-brown plates, and rather
-paler raised dots; head, reddish brown, and spiracles black. It feeds on
-the roots of the bracken, and is full grown about May. The moth is out in
-June and July, and flies, in the gloaming, on hill slopes, heaths, and the
-edges of mosses and woods; it seems to be more active than either of the
-other British "Swifts"; at all events, I have always found it less easy to
-capture with the net.
-
-The species is pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles.
-{363}
-
-COMMON SWIFT (_Hepialus lupulina_).
-
-Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 158. Fig. 4 is a typical
-male, Fig. 5 a whitish suffused variety, and Fig. 6 is a female. The latter
-sex is generally devoid of marking, and in the male the stripes and dashes
-are far more conspicuous in some specimens than in others.
-
-The glossy whitish caterpillar has a brown head; the plate on the first
-ring of the body is brownish, and the raised dots are pretty much of the
-same colour. It feeds on the roots of grass and other plants, and is full
-grown about April. A figure of the caterpillar, from a drawing in colour by
-Mr. A. Sich, and a photo of the pupa by Mr. H. Main, are shown on Plate
-159, Figs. 1 and 1a; the latter is twice natural size.
-
-The moth is out in June, or sometimes late May, and occasional specimens
-have been noted in September. It is more frequently seen at rest, on
-fences, etc., than either of the other species of the genus; but towards
-dusk it is on the wing, and may then be observed in large numbers careering
-over grass meadows or along stretches of green turf by the wayside.
-
-Generally distributed, and often abundant, throughout the United Kingdom;
-and it occurs in Monaghan, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, in Ireland.
-
-GOLD SWIFT (_Hepialus hecta_).
-
-Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 158, where Fig. 7 represents
-the golden-marked male, and Fig. 8 the more dingy, dull, purplish-grey
-striped female. There is variation in number and in size of the markings on
-the fore wings of the male, and occasionally the hind wings in this sex are
-adorned with golden spangles on the outer area.
-
-The pale greyish brown caterpillar has glossy darker brown {364} plates on
-rings 1-3, and the raised dots and the spiracles are black. It feeds on the
-roots of bracken, and is full grown about May. Buckler states that at first
-it burrows in the root, hibernates when small, resumes feeding in April,
-attains full growth before winter, and hibernates in the earth for a second
-time; in the spring of the second year it gnaws cavities in the young
-shoots of the bracken, and apparently drinks the flowing sap.
-
-The moth is out in June. The males fly at dusk, something in the manner of
-_humuli_, over and among the bracken; but the females fly in a more or less
-direct line. An odour given off by the males of this species has been
-likened to that of the pine apple; whilst the "scent" of the Ghost Moth is
-said to be more of the billy-goat character.
-
-In most woody localities, where the bracken flourishes, this species will
-be found throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Aberdeen and the Hebrides,
-and Ireland.
-
-INDEX.
-
-  _Abraxas grossulariata_, 260, _Plates_ 103, 104;
-    _sylvata_, 259, _Plates_ 103, 104
-  _Abrostola tripartita_, 74, _Plate_ 22;
-    _triplasia_, 73, _Plates_ 22, 27
-  _Acidalia aversata_, 120, _Plates_ 46, 47;
-    _bisetata_, 121, _Plate_ 46;
-    _contiguaria_, 109, _Plate_ 45;
-    _degeneraria_, 118, _Plate_ 46;
-    _dimidiata_, 121, _Plates_ 46, 47;
-    _emutaria_, 128, _Plate_ 49;
-    _fumata_, 131, _Plate_ 50;
-    _herbariata_, 111, _Plate_ 45;
-    _holosericata_, 116, _Plate_ 45;
-    _humiliata_, 115, _Plate_ 45;
-    _imitaria_, 129, _Plates_ 48, 49;
-    _immorata_, 126, _Plate_ 49;
-    _immutata_, 124, _Plate_ 49;
-    _inornata_, 119, _Plates_ 46, 47;
-    _interjectaria_, 114, _Plate_ 45;
-    _marginepunctata_, 125, _Plate_ 49;
-    _ochrata_, 132, _Plate_ 50;
-    _ornata_, 123, _Plate_ 46;
-    _perochraria_, 133, _Plate_ 53;
-    _remutaria_, 124, _Plate_ 49;
-    _rubiginata_, 130, _Plate_ 50;
-    _rusticata_, 110, _Plates_ 45, 48;
-    _straminata_, 113, _Plates_ 45, 61;
-    _strigilaria_, 127, _Plate_ 49;
-    _subsericeata_, 117, _Plate_ 45;
-    _trigeminata_, 122, _Plate_ 46;
-    _virgularia_, 112, _Plate_ 45
-  Acidaliinae, 109
-  _Acontia lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19;
-    _luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23
-  _Adscita geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147;
-    _statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147
-  Alchymist, 78. _Plate_ 29
-  _Aleucis pictaria_, 264. _Plate_ 107
-  _Amathes circellaris_, 14, _Plates_ 5, 7;
-    _helvola_, 15, _Plate_ 9;
-    _litura_, 16, _Plate_ 9;
-    _lota_, 12, _Plates_ 5, 7;
-    _lychnidis_, 16, _Plates_ 5, 9;
-    _macilenta_, 13, _Plate_ 7
-  _Amoebe olivata_, 184, _Plates_ 73, 75;
-    _viridaria_, 185, _Plate_ 75
-  _Amphidasys_. See _Pachys_.
-  _Anaitis plagiata_, 149. _Plate_ 55
-  _Anarta cordigera_, 44, _Plate_ 17;
-    _melanopa_, 45, _Plate_ 17;
-    _myrtilli_, 44, _Plates_ 17, 20
-  _Anchocelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7
-  _Angerona prunaria_, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118
-  Angle-barred Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98
-  Angle-striped Sallow, 5. _Plate_ 4
-  _Ania emarginata_, 133. _Plate_ 50
-  _Anisopteryx aescularia_, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125
-  Annulet, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140
-  _Anticlea badiata_, 217, _Plates_ 88, 89;
-    _berberata_, 218, _Plate_ 88;
-    _cucullata_, 216, _Plate_ 88;
-    _nigrafasciaria_, 219, _Plates_ 88, 89;
-    _rubidata_, 218, _Plate_ 88
-  _Aplasta ononaria_, 101. _Plate_ 38
-  _Apocheima hispidaria_, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126
-  Argent and Sable, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82
-  Ash Pug, 247. _Plate_ 98
-  _Aspilates gilvaria_, 330, _Plate_ 144;
-    _ochrearia_, 331, _Plates_ 142, 144;
-    _strigillaria_, 332, _Plate_ 144
-  _Asthena blomeri_, 222, _Plates_ 90, 91;
-    _candidata_, 220, _Plates_ 90, 91;
-    _luteata_, 220, Plate 91;
-    _testaceata_, 221, _Plate_ 91
-  _Atethmia xerampelina_, 10, _Plate_ 4
-  August Thorn, 271. _Plates_ 109, 111, 113
-  Autumnal Moth, 189. _Plate_ 78
-  Autumn Green Carpet, 174. _Plate_ 68
-
-  _Bankia argentula_, 57. _Plate_ 21
-  _Bapta bimaculata_, 265, _Plate_ 107;
-    _pictaria_, 264, _Plate_ 107;
-    _temerata_, 266, _Plate_ 107
-  Barberry Carpet, 218. _Plate_ 88
-  Barred Carpet, 211. _Plate_ 85
-  Barred Red, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  Barred Rivulet, 208. _Plate_ 83
-  Barred Sallow, 18. _Plate_ 10
-  Barred Straw, 168. _Plate_ 65
-  Barred Tooth-striped, 152. _Plates_ 57, 59
-  Barred Umber, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  Barred Yellow, 169. _Plates_ 65, 69
-  Beaded Chestnut, 16. _Plates_ 5, 9
-  Beautiful Carpet, 202. _Plates_ 76, 82
-  Beautiful Golden Y, 70. _Plate_ 24
-  Beautiful Hook-tip, 85. _Plate_ 36
-  Beautiful Snout, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37
-  Beautiful Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plates_ 17, 20
-  Beech-green Carpet, 184. _Plates_ 73, 75
-  Belted Beauty, 298. _Plates_ 124, 126
-  Bilberry Pug, 253. _Plate_ 100
-  Birch Mocha, 139. _Plates_ 51, 53
-  Black Mountain Moth, 321. _Plate_ 139
-  Blackneck, 83. _Plate_ 32
-  Black-veined Moth, 330. _Plate_ 144
-  Bleached Pug, 230. _Plate_ 95
-  Blomer's Rivulet, 222. _Plates_ 90, 91
-  Blood-vein, 134. _Plate_ 50
-  Blotched Emerald, 104. _Plates_ 41, 43
-  Bloxworth Snout, 93. _Plate_ 36
-  Blue-bordered Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82
-  _Boarmia abietaria_, 306, _Plates_ 132, 138;
-    _cinctaria_, 304, _Plate_ 130;
-    _consortaria_, 309, _Plate_ 135;
-    _gemmaria_, 305, _Plates_ 130, 131;
-    _repandata_, 307, _Plates_ 131, 132, 134;
-    _roboraria_, 308, _Plate_ 135
-  Boarmiinae, 259
-  _Bomolocha fontis_, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37
-  Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121
-  Bordered Grey, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143
-  Bordered Pug, 240. _Plates_ 92, 97
-  Bordered Sallow, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20
-  Bordered Straw, 50. _Plates_ 19, 20
-  Bordered White, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141
-  Brephidae, 97
-  _Brephos notha_, 98, _Plates_ 38, 39;
-    _parthenias_, 97, _Plates_ 38, 39
-  Brick, 14. _Plates_ 5, 7
-  Bright Wave, 132. _Plate_ 50
-  Brimstone, 283. _Plate_ 117
-  Brindled Beauty, 299. _Plates_ 1, 124, 128
-  Brindled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99
-  Brindled White-spot, 314. _Plate_ 137
-  Broad-bordered White Underwing, 45. _Plate_ 17
-  Broken-barred Carpet, 169. _Plates_ 61, 65
-  Broom-tip, 151. _Plates_ 56, 57
-  Brown Scallop, 161. _Plate_ 60
-  Brown Silver-line, 327. _Plate_ 143
-  Brown-spot Pinion, 16. _Plate_ 9
-  Brussels Lace, 310. _Plates_ 133, 136
-  Bupalus piniaria, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141
-  Burnet Companion, 76. _Plate_ 26
-  Burnets, 333
-  Burnished Brass, 65. _Plate_ 22
-  Buttoned Snout, 94. _Plates_ 35, 37
-
-  _Cabera exanthemata_, 267, _Plate_ 107;
-    _pusaria_, 266, _Plates_ 105, 107
-  _Calocampa exoleta_, 34, _Plate_ 14;
-    _vetusta_, 35, _Plates_ 8, 14
-  _Calymnia affinis_, 3, _Plate_ 2;
-    _diffinis_,4, _Plates_ 2, 3;
-    _pyralina_, 2, _Plates_2, 3;
-    _trapezina_, 4, _Plate_ 2
-  Campanula Pug, 232. _Plate_ 95
-  _Camptogramma bilineata_, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85
-  Canary-shouldered Thorn, 272. _Plates_ 110, 111
-  _Carsia paludata_, 150. _Plate_ 55
-  _Catephia alchymista_, 78. _Plate_ 29
-  _Catocala electa_, 79, _Plate_ 31;
-    _fraxini_, 78, _Plate_ 29;
-    _nupta_, 80, _Plates_ 31, 33;
-    _promissa_, 82, _Plate_ 32;
-    _sponsa_, 82, _Plates_ 32, 33
-  Centre-barred Sallow, 10. _Plate_ 4
-  Chalk Carpet, 145. _Plates_ 52, 54
-  Chamomile Shark, 40. _Plates_ 16, 18
-  _Cheimatobia boreata_, 157, _Plates_ 58, 59;
-    _brumata_, 156, _Plate_ 58
-  _Chesias rufata_, 151, _Plates_ 56, 57;
-    _spartiata_, 150, _Plates_ 56, 57
-  Chestnut-coloured Carpet, 176. _Plate_ 70
-  Chestnut Moth, 24.  _Plate_ 11
-  Chevron, 165. _Plates_ 63, 67
-  _Chiasmia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143
-  Chimney-sweeper, 147. _Plate_ 55
-  _Chloroclystis coronata_, 251, _Plate_ 100;
-    _debiliata_, 253, _Plate_ 100;
-    _rectangulata_, 251, _Plate_ 100
-  _Cidaria corylata_, 169, _Plates_ 61, 65;
-    _fulvata_, 169, _Plates_ 65, 69;
-    _immanata_, _Plates_ 66, 69;
-    _miata_, 174, _Plate_ 68;
-    _pyraliata_, 168, _Plate_ 65;
-    _sagittata_, 172, _Plate_ 68;
-    _siterata_, 173, _Plate_ 68;
-    _truncata_, 170, _Plates_ 66, 69
-  _Cirrhia citrago_, 17. _Plate_ 10
-  _Cirrhoedia xerampelina_, 10. _Plate_ 4
-  Cistus Forester, 343. _Plate_ 147
-  Clay Fan-foot, 90. _Plates_ 34, 35
-  Clay Triple-lines, 137. _Plate_ 53
-  Clear Underwing, 351. _Plate_ 154
-  Clearwings, 350
-  _Cleora angularia_, 310, _Plate_ 134;
-    _jubata_, 311, _Plates_ 133, 136;
-    _lichenaria_, 310, _Plates_ 133, 136
-  Clifden Nonpareil, 78. _Plate_ 29
-  Cloaked Carpet, 200. _Plate_ 82
-  Cloaked Pug, 251. _Plate_ 99
-  Clouded Border, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107
-  Clouded Magpie, 259. _Plates_ 101, 103, 104
-  Clouded Silver, 266. _Plate_ 107
-  Cochlididae, 344
-  _Cochlidion limacodes_, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153
-  _Coenocalpe tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102;
-    _vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102;
-    _vittata_, 257, _Plate_ 102
-  _Collix sparsata_, 254. _Plate_ 102
-  Common Carpet, 197. _Plates_ 79, 81
-  Common Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43
-  Common Fan-foot, 91. _Plate_ 34
-  Common Heath, 324. _Plate_ 141
-  Common Marbled Carpet, 170. _Plates_ 66, 69
-  Common Pug, 334. _Plates_ 92, 97
-  Common Swift, 363. _Plates_ 158, 159
-  Common Wave, 267. _Plate_ 107
-  Common White Wave, 266. _Plates_ 105, 107
-  Conformist, 29. _Plates_ 8, 13
-  _Conistra_. See _Orrhodia_
-  _Coremia designata_, 183, _Plates_ 74, 75;
-    _ferrugata_, 182, _Plate_ 72;
-    _munitata_, 180, _Plate_ 72;
-    _quadrifasciaria_, 179, _Plate_ 72;
-    _unidentaria_, 181, _Plate_ 75
-  _Cosmia paleacea_, 5. _Plate_ 4
-  Cossidae, 347
-  _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_), 347. _Plates_ 150, 151
-  _Craspedia_. See _Acidalia_.
-  Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49
-  _Crocallis elinguaria_, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116
-  _Cucullia abrotani_, 43, _Plate_ 16;
-    _absinthii_, 42, _Plate_ 16;
-    _artemisiae_, 43, _Plate_ 16;
-    _asteris_, 30, _Plates_ 15, 18;
-    _chamomillae_, 40, _Plates_ 16, 18;
-    _gnaphalii_, 41, _Plate_ 13;
-    _lychnitis_, 38, _Plates_ 15, 18;
-    _scrophulariae_, 37, _Plate_ 15;
-    _umbratica_, 40, _Plate_ 16;
-    _verbasci_, 36, _Plates_ 15, 18
-  Cudweed Shark, 41. _Plate_ 13
-  Currant Clearwing, 354. _Plates_ 154, 156
-  Currant Pug, 230. _Plates_ 92, 95
-
-  Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet, 181. _Plates_ 74, 75
-  Dark Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121
-  Dark Chestnut, 25. _Plate_ 11
-  Dark Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plates_ 32, 33
-  Dark Marbled Carpet, 171. _Plates_ 66, 69
-  Dark Spectacle, 73. _Plates_ 22, 27
-  Dark Spinach, 254. _Plate_ 102
-  Dark Umber, 162. _Plate_ 60
-  _Dasycampa rubiginea_, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11
-  Dentated Pug, 254. _Plate_ 102
-  _Dicycla oo_, 1. _Plate_ 2
-  Dingy Mocha, 139. _Plate_ 51, 53
-  Dingy Shears, 8. _Plates_ 3, 4
-  Dingy Shell, 219. _Plate_ 91
-  Dotted Border, 292. _Plates_ 120, 125
-  Dotted Border Wave, 113. _Plates_ 45, 61
-  Dotted Carpet, 311. _Plates_ 133, 136
-  Dotted Chestnut, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11
-  Dotted Fan-foot, 90. _Plate_ 35
-  Double Kidney, 9. _Plate_ 4
-  Double-striped Pug, 250. _Plate_ 99
-  Drab Looper, 146. _Plate_ 55
-  Dun-bar, 4. _Plate_ 2
-  Dusky-lemon Sallow, 21. _Plate_ 10
-  Dusky Thorn, 273. _Plates_ 110, 111
-  Dwarf Cream Wave, 114. _Plate_ 45
-  Dwarf Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93
-  _Dyschorista fissipuncta_, 8, _Plates_ 3, 4;
-    _suspecta_, 7, _Plate_ 4
-
-  Early Grey, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12
-  Early Moth, 289. _Plate_ 120
-  Early Thorn, 274. _Plate_ 112
-  Early Tooth-striped, 153. _Plates_ 57, 59
-  Edinburgh Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96
-  _Eltopia prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  _Ematurga atomaria_, 324. _Plate_ 141
-  _Emmelia trabealis_, 62. _Plate_ 21
-  Engrailed, 312. _Plates_ 136, 138
-  _Ennomos alniaria_, 272, _Plates_ 110, 111;
-    _autumnaria_, 270, _Plates_ 106, 109;
-    _erosaria_, 273, _Plate_ 134;
-    _fuscantaria_, 273, _Plates_ 110, 111;
-    _quercinaria_, 271, _Plates_ 109, 111, 113
-  _Entephria caesiata_, 191. _Plate_ 80
-  _Ephyra annulata_, 138, _Plates_ 51, 53;
-    _linearia_, 137, _Plate_ 53;
-    _orbicularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53;
-    _pendularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53;
-    _porata_, 135, _Plate_ 53;
-    _punctaria_, 136, _Plate_ 53
-  _Epione advenaria_, 285, _Plates_ 119, 121;
-    _apiciaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121;
-    _parallelaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121
-  _Epirrhoe_. See _Xanthorhoe_
-  _Epirrita_. See _Oporabia_
-  _Erastria argentula_, 57, _Plate_ 21;
-    _fasciana_, 57, _Plate_ 21;
-    _uncula_, 58, _Plate_ 21;
-    _venustula_, 59, _Plates_ 21, 25
-  Essex Emerald, 105. _Plates_ 42, 43
-  _Euchloris pustulata_, 104, _Plates_ 41, 43;
-    _smaragdaria_, 105, _Plates_ 42, 43
-  _Euchoeca obliterata_, 219. _Plate_ 91
-  _Euclidia glyphica_, 76, _Plate_ 26;
-    _mi_, 75, _Plates_ 26, 30
-  _Eucosmia certata_, 159, _Plates_ 60, 62;
-    _undulata_, 160, _Plates_ 60, 62
-  _Eucymatoge togata_, 251. _Plate_ 99
-  _Eudalimia margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  _Eulype hastata_, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82
-  _Euphyia picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82;
-    _unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82
-  _Eupithecia abbreviata_, 248, _Plate_ 99;
-    _absinthiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95;
-    _albipunctata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97;
-    _assimilata_, 230, _Plates_ 92, 95;
-    _castigata_, 237, _Plates_ 92, 97;
-    _denotata_, 232, _Plate_ 95;
-    _distinctaria_, 229, _Plate_ 95;
-    _dodoneata_, 248, _Plate_ 99;
-    _exiguata_, 248, _Plate_ 99;
-    _expallidata_, 230, _Plate_ 95;
-    _extensaria_, 238, _Plate_ 97;
-    _fraxinata_, 247, _Plate_ 98;
-    _goossensiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95;
-    _haworthiata_, 242, _Plates_ 90, 98;
-    _helveticaria_, 239. _Plate_ 96;
-    _indigata_, 226, _Plate_ 96;
-    _innotata_, 246, _Plate_ 98;
-    _insigniata_, 226, _Plate_ 96;
-    _inturbata_, 246, _Plate_ 98;
-    _irriguata_, 225, _Plate_ 93;
-    _jasioneata_, 233, _Plate_ 95;
-    _lariciata_, 236, 97;
-    _linariata_, 224, _Plate_ 93;
-    _nanata_, 247, _Plate_ 99;
-    _oblongata_, 222, _Plates_ 92, 93;
-    _pimpinellata_, 228, _Plate_ 95;
-    _plumbeolata_, 244, _Plate_ 98;
-    _pulchellata_, 223, _Plate_ 93;
-    _pumilata_, 250, _Plate_ 99;
-    _pusillata_, 225, _Plate_ 93;
-    _pygmaeata_, 244, _Plate_ 98;
-    _satyrata_, 239, _Plate_ 96;
-    _scabiosata_, 242, _Plate_ 97;
-    _sobrinata_, 249, _Plate_ 99;
-    _subfulvata_, 241, _Plate_ 97;
-    _subnotata_, 237, _Plates_ 94, 97;
-    _succenturiata_, 240, _Plates_ 92, 97;
-    _tenuiata_, 245, _Plate_ 98;
-    _trisignaria_, 236, _Plate_ 97;
-    _valerianata_, 243, _Plate_ 98;
-    _venosata_, 227, _Plates_ 92, 93;
-    _virgaureata_, 235, _Plate_ 97;
-    _vulgata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97
-  _Eupsilia satellitia_, 27. _Plate_ 12
-  _Eurymene dolabraria_, 282. _Plate_ 117
-  _Eustroma silaceata_, 162. _Plate_ 93
-
-  False Mocha, 135. _Plate_ 53
-  Fan-foot, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35
-  Feathered Thorn, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116
-  Fern-Moth, 257. _Plate_ 102
-  Festoon, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153
-  _Fidonia limbaria_, 323. _Plate_ 141;
-    _carbonaria_, 322. _Plate_ 141
-  Fiery Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155
-  Five-spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 146, 148
-  Flame Carpet, 183. _Plates_ 74, 75
-  Flame Moth, 218. _Plate_ 88
-  Flounced Rustic, 15. _Plate_ 9
-  Forester, 342. _Plates_ 145, 147
-  Four-spotted, 54. _Plates_ 19, 23
-  Foxglove Pug, 223. _Plate_ 93
-  Frosted Yellow, 323. _Plate_ 141
-
-  Galium Carpet, 195. _Plates_ 79, 81
-  Garden Carpet, 194. _Plates_ 61, 80
-  Gem, 258. _Plate_ 102
-  _Geometra papilionaria_, 102, _Plates_ 40, 42;
-    _vernaria_, 103, _Plates_ 40, 44
-  Geometridae, 99
-  Geometrinae, 101
-  Ghost Moth, 360. _Plates_ 157, 159
-  _Gnophos obscurata_, 319, _Plates_ 139, 140;
-    _myrtillata_, 320. _Plate_ 139
-  Goat Moth, 347. _Plates_ 150, 151
-  Golden Plusia, 64. _Plates_ 22, 27
-  Golden Rod Brindle, 32. _Plate_ 12
-  Golden-rod Pug, 235. _Plate_ 97
-  Gold Spangle, 67. _Plate_ 24
-  Gold Spot, 68. _Plate_ 24
-  Gold Swift, 363. _Plate_ 158
-  _Gonodontis bidentata_, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115
-  _Graptolitha furcifera_, 29, _Plates_ 8, 13;
-    _lamda_, 30, _Plate_ 13;
-    _ornithopus_, 31, _Plate_ 12
-  Grass Emerald, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41
-  Grass Rivulet, 209. _Plates_ 83, 84
-  Grass Wave, 332. _Plate_ 144
-  Great Oak Beauty, 308. _Plate_ 135
-  Green Carpet, 185. _Plate_ 75
-  Green Pug, 252. _Plate_ 61
-  Grey Birch, 316. _Plate_ 137
-  Grey Carpet, 148. _Plate_ 55
-  Grey Mountain Carpet, 191. _Plate_ 80
-  Grey Pine Carpet, 175. _Plates_ 70, 71
-  Grey Pug, 237. _Plates_ 92, 97
-  Grey Scalloped Bar, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144
-  Grey Shoulder-knot, 31. _Plate_ 12
-  _Gymnoscelis pumilata_, 250. _Plate_ 99
-
-  _Hapalotis fasciana_, 57. _Plate_ 21
-  Haworth's Pug, 242. _Plates_ 90, 98
-  Heart Moth, 1. _Plate_ 2
-  Heath Rivulet, 209. _Plate_ 83
-  _Heliaca tenebrata_, 46. _Plate_ 17
-  _Heliothis armigera_, 52, _Plates_ 19, 20;
-    _dipsacea_, 48, _Plate_ 19;
-    _peltigera_, 50, _Plates_ 19, 20;
-    _scutosa_, 49, _Plate_ 19
-  _Hemerophila abruptaria_, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134
-  _Hemithea strigata_, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43
-  Hepialidae, 360
-  _Hepialus fusconebulosa_, 362, _Plate_ 158;
-    _hecta_, 363, _Plate_ 158;
-    _humuli_, 360, _Plates_ 157, 159;
-    _lupulina_, 363, _Plates_ 158, 159;
-    _sylvina_, 361; _Plates_ 157, 159;
-    _velleda_, 362
-  Herald, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25
-  _Herminia cribralis_, 90, _Plate_ 35;
-    _cribrumalis_, 90, _Plate_ 35;
-    _derivalis_, 90, _Plates_ 34, 35
-  _Heterogena asella_, 346, _Plates_ 149, 153;
-    _limacodes_, 345, _Plates_ 149, 153
-  _Himera pennaria_, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116
-  _Hoporina croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10
-  Hornet Moth, 350. _Plate_ 154
-  Horse Chestnut, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140
-  _Hybernia aurantiaria_, 291, _Plates_ 120, 125;
-    _defoliaria_, 293, _Plates_ 122, 125;
-    _leucophaearia_, 290, _Plate_ 120;
-    _marginaria_, 292, _Plates_ 120, 125;
-    _rupicapraria_, 289, _Plate_ 120
-  _Hydrelia uncula_, 58. _Plate_ 21
-  _Hydriomena elutata_, 213;
-    _furcata_, 213, _Plates_ 86, 87;
-    _impluviata_, 214, _Plates_ 86, 87;
-    _ruberata_, 215, _Plate_ 86
-  Hydriomenidae, 141
-  _Hygrochroa syringaria_, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115
-  _Hylaea prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_, 106, 108
-  _Hypena obsitalis_, 93, _Plate_ 36;
-    _proboscidalis_, 93, _Plates_ 35, 37;
-    _rostralis_, 94, _Plates_ 35, 37
-  Hypeninae, 85
-  _Hypenodes albistrigalis_, 94, _Plate_ 36;
-    _costaestrigalis_, 25, _Plate_ 36;
-    _taenialis_, 94, _Plate_ 36
-  _Hyria muricata_, 109. _Plate_ 45
-
-  _Ino geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147;
-    _globulariae_, 342, _Plate_ 147;
-    _statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147
-  _Iodis lactearia_, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44
-  Isle of Wight Wave, 115. _Plate_ 45
-  _Itame wauaria_, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143
-
-  Jasione Pug, 233. _Plate_ 95
-  July Highflyer, 213. _Plates_ 86, 87
-  Juniper Carpet, 177. _Plate_ 70
-  Juniper Pug, 249. _Plate_ 99
-
-  Lace Border, 123. _Plate_ 46
-  _Lampropteryx suffumata_, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74
-  Larch Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97
-  Large Emerald, 102. _Plates_ 40, 42
-  Large Red-belted Clearwing, 357. _Plate_ 155
-  Large Thorn, 270. _Plates_ 106, 109, 134
-  Large Twin-spot Carpet, 179. _Plate_ 72
-  _Laspeyria flexula_, 85. _Plate_ 36
-  Latticed Heath, 328. _Plate_ 143
-  Lead Belle, 143. _Plate_ 54
-  Lead-coloured Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98
-  Least Carpet, 110. _Plates_ 45, 48
-  Leopard Moth, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153
-  _Leptomeris_. See _Acidalia_
-  Lesser Belle, 89. _Plates_ 35, 39
-  Lesser Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49
-  Lesser-spotted Pinion, 3. _Plate_ 2
-  _Leucanitis stolida_, 77
-  Lewes Wave, 126. _Plate_ 49
-  _Ligdia adustata_, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107
-  Light Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plate_ 32
-  Light Emerald, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  Light Orange Underwing, 89. _Plates_ 38, 39
-  Lilac Beauty, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115
-  Lime-speck Pug, 222. _Plates_ 92, 93
-  Ling Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95
-  _Lithomoia solidaginis_, 32. _Plate_ 12
-  _Lithophane semibrunnea_, 28, _Plate_ 12;
-    _socia_, 29, _Plate_ 12
-  _Lithostege griseata_, 148. _Plate_ 55
-  Little Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44
-  Little Thorn, 285. _Plates_ 119, 121
-  _Lobophora carpinata_, 153, _Plates_ 57, 59;
-    _halterata_, 155, _Plate_ 57;
-    _polycommata_,152, _Plates_ 57, 59;
-    _sexalisata_, 156, _Plate_ 58;
-    _viretata_, 153, _Plate_ 58
-  _Lomaspilis marginata_, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107
-  _Lozogramma petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143
-  Lunar Double-stripe, 77. _Plate_ 29
-  Lunar Hornet, _Plate_ 154
-  Lunar-spotted Pinion, 2. _Plate_ 2
-  Lunar Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113
-  Lunar Underwing, 11. _Plate_ 7
-  _Lycia hirtaria_, 299. _Plates_ 124, 128
-  _Lygris associata_, 167, _Plates_ 65, 67;
-    _populata_, 166, _Plate_ 63;
-    _prunata_, 164, _Plates_ 63, 67;
-    _reticulata_, 163, _Plates_ 61, 64;
-    _testata_, 165, _Plates_ 63, 67.
-  _Lythria purpuraria_, 142
-
-  _Madopa salicalis_, 89. _Plates_, 35, 39
-  Magpie, 260. _Plates_ 103, 104
-  Maiden's Blush, 136. _Plate_ 53
-  _Malenydris didymata_, 187, _Plate_ 77;
-    _multistrigaria_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 77;
-    _salicata_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 75
-  Mallow, 143. _Plates_ 52, 54
-  Manchester Treble-bar, 150. _Plate_ 55
-  Many-lined Moth, 256. _Plate_ 102
-  Maple Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98
-  Map-winged Swift, 362. _Plate_ 158
-  Marbled Clover, 48. _Plate_ 19
-  Marbled Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93
-  Marbled White-Spot, 57. _Plate_ 21
-  March Moth, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125
-  Marsh Carpet, 172. _Plate_ 68
-  Marsh Oblique-barred, 96. _Plate_ 36
-  Marsh Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98
-  May Highflyer, 214. _Plates_ 86, 87
-  _Melantha procellata_, 204. _Plate_ 82
-  _Mellinia gilvago_, 22, _Plate_ 10;
-    _ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10
-  _Mesogona acetosellae_, 9
-  _Mesoleuca albicillata_, 202, _Plates_ 76, 82;
-    _bicolorata_, 204, _Plate_ 82;
-    _ocellata_, 203, _Plate_ 82
-  _Mesotype virgata_, 146. _Plate_ 54
-  _Metrocampa margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  _Minoa murinata_, 146. _Plate_ 55
-  Mocha, 138. _Plates_ 51, 53
-  Mother Shipton, 75. _Plates_ 26, 30
-  Mottled Beauty, 307. _Plates_ 131, 132, 134
-  Mottled Grey, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75
-  Mottled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99
-  Mottled Umber, 293. _Plates_ 122, 125
-  Mullein, 36. _Plates_ 15, 18
-  Mullein Wave, 125. _Plate_ 49
-  _Mysticoptera._ See _Lobophora_
-
-  Narrow-bordered Five-Spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147
-  Narrow-winged Pug, 247. _Plate_ 99
-  _Nemoria viridata_, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44
-  Netted Carpet, 163. _Plates_ 61, 64
-  Netted Mountain Moth, 322. _Plate_ 141
-  Netted Pug, 227. _Plates_ 92, 93
-  New Forest Burnet, 336. _Plates_ 146, 148
-  Ni, 70. _Plates_ 26, 28
-  Nonconformist, 30. _Plate_ 13
-  Northern Spinach, 166. _Plate_ 63.
-  Northern Winter-Moth, 157. _Plate_ 58
-  November Moth, 188. _Plates_ 76, 78
-  _Numeria pulveraria_, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108
-  _Nyssia lapponaria_, 297, _Plate_ 126;
-    _zonaria_, 298, _Plates_ 124, 126
-
-  Oak Beauty, 300. _Plates_ 127, 128
-  Oak-tree Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99
-  Oblique Carpet, 257. _Plate_ 102
-  Oblique Striped, 146. _Plate_ 54
-  Ochreous Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96
-  _Ochria aurago_, 18. _Plate_ 10
-  _Ochyria._ See _Coremia_.
-  _Odezia atrata_, 147. _Plate_ 55
-  Olive, 9. _Plate_ 4
-  Olive Crescent, 88. _Plate_ 36
-  _Omphaloscelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7
-  _Ophiusa stolida_, 77
-  _Opisthograptis luteolata_, 283. _Plate_ 117
-  _Oporabia autumnata_, 189, _Plate_ 78;
-    _dilutata_, 188, _Plates_ 76, 78;
-    _filigrammaria_, 190, _Plate_ 77
-  Orange Moth, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118
-  Orange Sallow, 17. _Plate_ 10
-  Orange Swift, 361. _Plates_ 157, 159
-  Orange-tailed Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 156
-  Orange Underwing, 97. _Plates_ 38, 39
-  Orange Upperwing, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10
-  _Orrhodia erythrocephala_, 23, _Plate_ 11;
-    _ligula_, 25, _Plate_ 11;
-    _rubiginea_, 26, _Plates_ 6, 11;
-    _vaccinii_, 24, _Plate_ 11
-  _Ortholitha bipunctaria_, 145, _Plates_ 52, 54;
-    _cervinata_, 143, _Plates_ 52, 54;
-    _limitata_, 144, _Plates_ 52, 54;
-    _moeniata_, 145;
-    _plumbaria_, 143, _Plate_ 54
-  _Orthosia._ See _Amathes_.
-  _Ourapteryx sambucaria_, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118
-
-  _Pachycnema hippocastanaria_, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140
-  _Pachys betularia_, 301, _Plates_ 128, 129;
-    _strataria_, 300, _Plates_ 127, 128
-  Pale Brindled Beauty, 295. _Plates_ 122, 126
-  Pale-lemon Sallow, 22. _Plate_ 10
-  Pale Oak Beauty, 309. _Plate_ 135
-  Pale Pinion, 29. _Plate_ 12
-  Pale Shoulder, 53. _Plate_ 19
-  _Parascotia fuliginaria_, 86. _Plate_ 36
-  Peacock, 287. _Plate_ 119
-  Pease Blossom, 47. _Plate_ 17
-  _Pechypogon barbalis_, 91. _Plate_ 35
-  _Pelurga comitata_, 254. _Plate_ 102
-  Peppered Moth, 301. _Plates_ 128, 129
-  _Percnoptilota fluviata_, 258. _Plate_ 102
-  _Perconia strigillaria_, 332. _Plate_ 144
-  _Perizoma affinitata_, 205, _Plate_ 83;
-    _albulata_, 208, _Plates_ 83, 84;
-    _alchemillata_, 206, _Plate_ 83;
-    _blandiata_, 210, _Plate_ 83;
-    _bifasciata_, 208, _Plate_ 83;
-    _flavofasciata_, 207, _Plate_ 85;
-    _minorata_, 209, _Plate_ 83;
-    _taeniata_, 211, _Plate_ 85
-  _Phasiane petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143
-  _Phibalapteryx lapidata_, 255, _Plate_ 102;
-    _polygrammata_, 256, _Plate_ 102;
-    _tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102;
-    _vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102
-  _Phigalia pedaria_, 295. _Plates_ 122, 126
-  _Philereme._ See _Scotosia_.
-  Phoenix, 164. _Plates_ 63, 67
-  _Phragmataecia castaneae_, 349. _Plate_ 153
-  Pimpinel Pug, 228. _Plate_ 95
-  Pine Carpet, 176. _Plates_ 70, 71
-  Pinion-spotted Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96
-  Pinion-streaked Snout, 95. _Plate_ 36
-  Pink-barred Sallow, 19. _Plates_ 6, 10
-  Plain Golden Y, 69. _Plate_ 24
-  Plain Pug, 237. _Plates_ 94, 97
-  Plain Wave, 119. _Plates_ 46, 47
-  _Plastenis retusa_, 9, _Plate_ 4;
-    _subtusa_, 9, _Plate_ 4
-  _Plusia bractea_, 67, _Plate_ 24;
-    _chrysitis_, 65, _Plate_ 22;
-    _chryson_, 66, _Plate_ 24;
-    _festucae_, 68, _Plate_ 24;
-    _gamma_, 72, _Plate_ 26;
-    _interrogationis_, 73, _Plates_ 26, 28;
-    _iota_, 69, _Plate_ 24;
-    _moneta_, 64, _Plates_ 22, 27;
-    _ni_, 70, _Plates_ 26, 28;
-    _pulchrina_, 70, _Plate_ 24
-  Portland Ribbon Wave, 118. _Plate_ 46
-  Pretty Chalk Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82
-  Pretty Pinion, 210. _Plate_ 83
-  _Prothymnia viridaria_, 61. _Plates_ 21, 25
-  _Pseudophia lunaris_, 77. _Plate_ 29
-  _Pseudoterpna pruinata_, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41
-  _Psodos coracina_, 321. _Plate_ 139
-  _Ptychopoda._ See _Acidalia_
-  Purple Bar, 203. _Plate_ 82
-  Purple-bordered Gold, 109. _Plate_ 82
-  Purple Marbled, 55. _Plate_ 21
-  Purple Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113
-  _Pylarge fumata_, 131. _Plate_ 50
-  _Pyrrhia umbra_, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20
-
-  Rannoch Brindled Beauty, 297. _Plates_ 126, 134
-  Rannoch Looper, 327. _Plate_ 143
-  Red-belted Clearwing, 356. _Plate_ 155
-  Red Carpet, 180. _Plate_ 72
-  Red-green Carpet, 173. _Plate_ 68
-  Red-headed Chestnut, 23. _Plate_ 11
-  Red-line Quaker, 12. _Plates_ 5, 7
-  Red Sword-grass, 35. _Plates_ 8, 14
-  Red-tipped Clearwing, 357. _Plates_ 155, 156
-  Red Twin-spot Carpet, 182. _Plate_ 72
-  Red Underwing, 80. _Plates_ 31, 33
-  Reed Leopard, 349. _Plate_ 153
-  Rest Harrow Moth, 101. _Plate_ 38
-  _Rhagades globulariae_, 342. _Plate_ 147
-  Riband Wave, 120. _Plates_ 46, 47
-  Ringed Carpet, 304. _Plate_ 130
-  _Rivula sericealis_, 60. _Plates_ 21, 23
-  Rivulet, 205. _Plate_ 83
-  Rosy Marbled, 59. _Plates_ 21, 25
-  Rosy Wave, 128. _Plate_ 49
-  Royal Mantle, 216. _Plate_ 88
-  Ruddy High-flyer, 215. _Plate_ 86
-  _Rumia crataegata_, 283. _Plate_ 117
-  Rusty Wave, 111. _Plate_ 45
-
-  Sallow, 20. _Plates_ 6, 10
-  Sandy Carpet, 207. _Plate_ 85
-  Satellite, 27. _Plate_ 12
-  Satin Carpet, 306. _Plates_ 132, 138
-  Satin Wave, 117. _Plate_ 45
-  Satyr Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96
-  Scalloped Hazel, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115
-  Scalloped Oak, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116
-  Scallop Shell, 160. _Plates_ 60, 62
-  Scarce Blackneck, 84. _Plate_ 32
-  Scarce Bordered Straw, 52. _Plates_ 19, 20
-  Scarce Burnished Brass, 66. _Plate_ 24
-  Scarce Forester, 342. _Plate_ 147
-  Scarce Pug, 238. _Plate_ 97
-  Scarce Silver Y, 73. _Plates_ 26, 28
-  Scarce Tissue, 159. _Plate_ 60
-  Scarce Umber, 291. _Plates_ 120, 125
-  _Sciadion obscurata_, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140
-  _Sciapteron tabaniformis_, 351. _Plate_ 154
-  _Scodiona fagaria_, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144
-  _Scoliopteryx libatrix_, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25
-  _Scopelosoma satellitia_, 27
-  Scorched Carpet, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107
-  Scorched Wing, 282. _Plate_ 117
-  _Scoria lineata_, 330. _Plate_ 144
-  Scotch Annulet, 320. _Plate_ 139
-  Scotch Burnet, 335. _Plate_ 146
-  _Scotosia rhamnata_, 162, _Plate_ 60;
-    _vetulata_, 161, _Plate_ 60
-  _Selenia bilunaria_, 274, _Plate_ 112;
-    _lunaria_, 276, _Plates_ 112, 113;
-    _tetralunaria_, 276, _Plates_ 112, 113
-  _Selidosoma ericetaria_, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143
-  _Semiothisa alternata_, 288, _Plates_ 119, 123;
-    _liturata_, 288, _Plates_ 61, 119, 123;
-    _notata_, 287, _Plate_ 119
-  September Thorn, 273. _Plate_ 134
-  Seraphim, 155. _Plate_ 57
-  _Sesia andrenaeformis_, 353, _Plates_ 1, 156;
-    _chrysidiformis_, 359, _Plate_ 155;
-    _culiciformis_, 357, _Plate_ 155;
-    _formiciformis_, 357, _Plates_ 155, 156;
-    _ichneumoniformis_, 358, _Plate_ 155;
-    _muscaeformis_, 359, _Plate_ 155;
-    _myopaeformis_, 356, _Plate_ 155;
-    _scoliaeformis_, 352, _Plates_ 154, 156;
-    _spheciformis_, 353, _Plate_ 154;
-    _tipuliformis_, 354, _Plates_ 154, 156;
-    _vespiformis_, 355, _Plate_ 155
-  Sesiidae, 350
-  Shaded Broad-bar, 144. _Plates_ 52, 54
-  Shaded Pug, 242. _Plate_ 97
-  Shark, 40. _Plate_ 16
-  Sharp-angled Carpet, 199. _Plate_ 82
-  Sharp-angled Peacock, 288. _Plates_ 119, 123
-  Shoulder Stripe, 217. _Plates_ 88, 89
-  Silky Wave, 116. _Plate_ 45
-  Silver Barred, 57. _Plate_ 21
-  Silver-ground Carpet, 193. _Plate_ 80
-  Silver Hook, 58. _Plate_ 21
-  Silver Y, 72. _Plate_ 26
-  Single Dotted Wave, 121. _Plates_ 46, 47
-  Six-belted Clearwing, 358. _Plate_ 155
-  Six-spot Burnet, 340. _Plates_ 145, 147, 148
-  Slender Pug, 245. _Plate_ 98
-  Slender-striped Pug, 255. _Plate_ 102
-  Sloe Carpet, 264. _Plate_ 107
-  Small Argent and Sable, 198. _Plate_ 81
-  Small Autumnal Carpet, 190. _Plate_ 77
-  Small Blood-vein, 129. _Plates_ 48, 49
-  Small Brindled Beauty, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126
-  Small Dark Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plate_ 17
-  Small Dusty Wave, 112. _Plate_ 45
-  Small Emerald, 103. _Plates_ 40, 44
-  Small Fan-foot, 88. _Plates_ 34, 35
-  Small Fan-footed Wave, 121. _Plate_ 46
-  Small Grass Emerald, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44
-  Small Marbled, 56. _Plate_ 21
-  Small Phoenix, 162. _Plate_ 63
-  Small Purple Barred, 61. _Plates_ 21, 25
-  Small Rivulet, 206. _Plate_ 83
-  Small Scallop, 133. _Plate_ 50
-  Small Seraphim, 156. _Plate_ 58
-  Small Waved Umber, 256. _Plate_ 102
-  Small White Wave, 220. _Plates_ 90, 91
-  Small Yellow Underwing, 46. _Plate_ 17
-  Small Yellow Wave, 220. _Plate_ 91
-  Smoky Wave, 131. _Plate_ 50
-  Snout, 93. _Plates_ 35, 37
-  Speckled Beauty, 310. _Plate_ 134
-  Speckled Yellow, 286. _Plates_ 61, 119
-  Spectacle, 74. _Plate_ 22
-  Spinach Moth, 167. _Plates_ 65, 67
-  Spotted Clover, 49. _Plate_ 19
-  Spotted Sulphur, 62. _Plate_ 21
-  Spring Usher, 290. _Plate_ 120
-  Square Spot, 315. _Plates_ 137, 138
-  Star-wort, 39. _Plates_ 15, 18
-  _Sterrha sacraria_, 141. _Plate_ 54
-  Straw Belle, 330. _Plate_ 144
-  Straw Dot, 60. _Plate_ 21
-  Streak, 150. _Plates_ 56, 57
-  Streamer, 219. _Plates_ 88, 89
-  _Strenia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143
-  Striped Lychnis, 38. _Plates_ 15, 18
-  Striped Twin-spot Carpet, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75
-  Sub-angled Wave, 127. _Plate_ 49
-  Suspected, 7. _Plate_ 4
-  Swallow-tailed, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118
-  Sword-grass, 34. _Plate_ 14
-  _Synopsia abruptaria_, 303, _Plates_ 130, 133, 134
-
-  _Tarache lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19;
-    _luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23
-  Tawny-barred Angle, 288. _Plates_ 61, 119, 123
-  Tawny Pinion, 28. _Plate_ 12
-  Tawny-speckled Pug, 241. _Plate_ 97
-  Tawny Wave, 130. _Plate_ 50
-  _Tephrosia bistortata_, 312, _Plates_ 136, 138;
-    _consonaria_, 315, _Plates_ 137, 138;
-    _luridata_, 314, _Plate_ 137;
-    _punctularia_, 316, _Plate_ 137
-  _Thalera fimbrialis_, 108
-  _Thalpochares ostrina_, 55, _Plate_ 21;
-    _parva_, 56, _Plate_ 21;
-    _paula_, 56, _Plate_ 21
-  _Thamnonoma wauaria_, 326, _Plates_ 142, 143;
-    _brunneata_, 327, _Plate_ 143
-  _Thera cognata_, 176, _Plate_ 70;
-    _firmata_, 176, _Plates_ 70, 71;
-    _juniperata_, 177, _Plate_ 70;
-    _variata_, 175, _Plates_ 70, 71
-  _Tholomiges turfosalis_, 96. _Plate_ 36
-  Thrift Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155
-  Thyme Pug, 229. _Plate_ 95
-  _Timandra amata_, 134. _Plate_ 50
-  Tissue, 158. _Plates_ 60, 62
-  Toadflax Pug, 224. _Plate_ 93
-  _Toxocampa craccae_, 84, _Plate_ 32;
-    _pastinum_, 83, _Plate_ 32
-  Transparent Burnet, 334. _Plates_ 145, 146
-  Treble-bar, 149. _Plate_ 55
-  Treble Brown Spot, 122. _Plate_ 46
-  Triangle, 346. _Plates_ 149, 153
-  _Trichopteryx._ See _Lobophora_
-  _Triphosa dubitata_, 158. _Plates_ 60, 62
-  Triple-spotted Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97
-  _Trochilium apiformis_, 350, _Plate_ 154;
-    _crabroniformis_, 351, _Plate_ 154
-  Twin-spot Carpet, 187. _Plate_ 77
-
-  Valerian Pug, 243. _Plate_ 98
-  _Venilia maculata_, 286. _Plates_ 61, 119
-  _Venusia cambrica_, 190. _Plate_ 78
-  Vestal, 141. _Plate_ 54
-  V-moth, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143
-  V-Pug, 251. _Plates_ 99, 100
-
-  Water Betony, 37. _Plate_ 15
-  Water Carpet, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74
-  Waved Black, 86. _Plate_ 36
-  Waved Carpet, 221. _Plate_ 91
-  Waved Umber, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134
-  Weaver's Wave, 109. _Plate_ 45
-  Welsh Clearwing, 352. _Plates_ 154, 156
-  Welsh Wave, 190. _Plate_ 78
-  White-barred Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 154
-  White-line Snout, 94. _Plate_ 36
-  White-pinion Spotted, 265. _Plate_ 107
-  White-spotted Pinion, 4. _Plates_ 2, 3
-  White-spotted Pug, 234. _Plates_ 92, 97
-  Willow Beauty, 305. _Plates_ 130, 131
-  Winter Moth, 156. _Plate_ 58
-  Wood Carpet, 196. _Plates_ 79, 81
-  Wormwood, 42. _Plate_ 16
-  Wormwood Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95
-
-  _Xanthia aurago_, 18, _Plate_ 10;
-    _citrago_, 17, _Plate_ 10;
-    _flavago_, 19, _Plates_ 6, 10;
-    _fulvago_, 20, _Plates_ 6, 10;
-    _gilvago_, 21, _Plate_ 10;
-    _lutea_, 19, _Plates_ 6, 10;
-    _ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10
-  _Xantholeuca croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10
-  _Xanthorhoe fluctuata_, 194, _Plates_ 61, 80;
-    _galiata_, 195, _Plates_ 79, 81;
-    _montanata_, 193, _Plate_ 80;
-    _picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82;
-    _rivata_, 196, _Plates_ 79, 81;
-    _sociata_, 197, _Plates_ 79, 81;
-    _tristata_, 198, _Plate_ 81;
-    _unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82
-  _Xylina._ See _Lithophane_ and _Graptolitha_.
-  _Xylocampa areola_, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12
-
-  Yellow Belle, 331. _Plates_ 142, 144
-  Yellow-barred Brindle, 153. _Plate_ 58
-  Yellow-legged Clearwing, 355. _Plate_ 155
-  Yellow-line Quaker, 13. _Plate_ 7
-  Yellow-ringed Carpet, 192. _Plate_ 80
-  Yellow Shell, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85
-
-  _Zanclognatha emortualis_, 88, _Plate_ 36;
-    _grisealis_, 88, _Plates_ 34, 35;
-    _tarsipennalis_, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35
-  _Zeuzera pyrina_, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153
-  _Zygaena achilleae_, 335, _Plate_ 1;
-    _exulans_, 335, _Plate_ 146;
-    _filipendulae_, 340, _Plates_ 145, 147, 148;
-    _lonicerae_, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147;
-    _meliloti_, 336, _Plates_ 146, 148;
-    _purpuralis_, 334, _Plates_ 145, 146;
-    _trifolii_, 337, _Plates_ 145, 146, 148
-  Zygaenidae, 333
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-A LIST OF THE VOLUMES IN THE WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND SERIES
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND BLOSSOMS A Pocket Guide to British Wild Flowers, for
-the Country Rambler. (First and Second Series.) With clear Descriptions of
-760 Species. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. And Coloured Figures of 257 Species by
-MABEL E. STEP.
-
-WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva. By EDWARD
-STEP, F.L.S. With 127 Plates from Original Photographs by HENRY IRVING. And
-57 Illustrations of the Leaves, Flowers & Fruit by MABEL E. STEP.
-
-WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND FERNS A Pocket Guide to the British Ferns, Horsetails
-and Club-Mosses. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With Coloured Figures of every
-Species by MABEL E. STEP. And 67 Photographs by the Author.
-
-THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES A Pocket Guide for the Country
-Rambler. With clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species. By
-RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature,
-and numerous Black and White Drawings.
-
-THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES (First and Second Series). A Complete Pocket
-Guide to all the Species included in the Groups formerly known as
-Macro-lepidoptera. By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With upwards of 1500 Coloured
-Figures photographed from Nature, and numerous Black and White Drawings.
-
-AT ALL BOOKSELLERS. _Full Prospectuses on application to the Publishers_--
-FREDERICK WARNE AND CO., LTD. LONDON: 15, Bedford Street, Strand. NEW YORK:
-36, East 22nd Street.
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-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Moths of the British Isles, Second
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